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List of the Fall characters - wikipedia <H1> List of the Fall characters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Fall , starring Gillian Anderson , is a British - Irish drama series produced by Artists Studio and created by Allan Cubitt . It premiered in the Republic of Ireland at 21 : 30 on 12 May 2013 , and in the UK on BBC Two at 21 : 00 on 13 May 2013 . The series features Jamie Dornan , with John Lynch , Bronagh Waugh , Stuart Graham , and Niamh McGrady . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast overview </Li> <Li> 2 Main characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Det . Supt . Stella Gibson </Li> <Li> 2.2 Peter Paul Spector </Li> <Li> 2.3 Asst . Ch . Constable Jim Burns </Li> <Li> 2.4 Katie Benedetto </Li> <Li> 2.5 Sally Ann Spector </Li> <Li> 2.6 PC Danielle Ferrington </Li> <Li> 2.7 Det . Ch . Insp . Matthew Eastwood </Li> <Li> 2.8 DC Gail McNally </Li> <Li> 2.9 Rose Stagg </Li> <Li> 2.10 DC Glen Martin </Li> <Li> 2.11 Professor Reed Smith </Li> <Li> 2.12 DC Rick Turner </Li> <Li> 2.13 Det . Sgt . Tom Anderson </Li> <Li> 2.14 Annie Brawley </Li> <Li> 2.15 Tom Stagg </Li> <Li> 2.16 Ned Callan </Li> <Li> 2.17 James Tyler </Li> <Li> 2.18 Liz Tyler </Li> <Li> 2.19 Det . Sgt . James Olson </Li> <Li> 2.20 Morgan Monroe </Li> <Li> 2.21 Sean Healy </Li> <Li> 2.22 Wallace </Li> <Li> 2.23 Det . Insp . Rob Breedlove </Li> <Li> 2.24 Det . Ch . Insp . Garrett Brink </Li> <Li> 2.25 Kiera Sheridan </Li> <Li> 2.26 Patrick Spencer </Li> <Li> 2.27 August Larson </Li> <Li> 2.28 Sarah Kay </Li> <Li> 2.29 Joe O'Donnell </Li> <Li> 2.30 Alison Walden </Li> <Li> 2.31 Peter Jensen </Li> <Li> 2.32 Det . Ch . Insp . Joan Kinkead </Li> <Li> 2.33 David Alvarez </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th colspan="5"> Series 1 </Th> <Th colspan="6"> Series 2 </Th> <Th colspan="6"> Series 3 </Th> <Th> Total Appearances </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gillian Anderson </Td> <Td> DSI Stella Gibson </Td> <Td colspan="17"> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamie Dornan </Td> <Td> Paul Spector </Td> <Td colspan="17"> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Lynch </Td> <Td> ACC Jim Burns </Td> <Td colspan="17"> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aisling Franciosi </Td> <Td> Katie Benedetto </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="12"> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bronagh Waugh </Td> <Td> Sally Ann Spector </Td> <Td colspan="15"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niamh McGrady </Td> <Td> PC Danielle Ferrington </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stuart Graham </Td> <Td> DCI Matthew Eastwood </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bronágh Taggart </Td> <Td> DC Gail McNally </Td> <Td colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valene Kane </Td> <Td> Rose Stagg </Td> <Td colspan="3"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="3""> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="6""> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmett J. Scanlan </Td> <Td> DC Glen Martin </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Archie Panjabi </Td> <Td> Prof. Reed Smith </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> N / A </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Clements </Td> <Td> DC Rick Turner </Td> <Td colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colin Morgan </Td> <Td> DS Tom Anderson </Td> <Td colspan="8"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karen Hassan </Td> <Td> Annie Brawley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> N / A </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonjo O'Neill </Td> <Td> Tom Stagg </Td> <Td colspan="5"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nick Lee </Td> <Td> Ned Callan </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> N / A </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Milligan </Td> <Td> James Tyler </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> N / A </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seainin Brennan </Td> <Td> Liz Tyler </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> N / A </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ben Peel </Td> <Td> DS James Olson </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> N / A </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ian McElhinney </Td> <Td> Morgan Monroe </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="11"> N / A </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aidan McArdle </Td> <Td> Sean Healy </Td> <Td colspan="12"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruth Bradley </Td> <Td> Wallace </Td> <Td colspan="12"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael McElhatton </Td> <Td> DI Rob Breedlove </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="13"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank McCusker </Td> <Td> DCI Garrett Brink </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="12"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aisling Bea </Td> <Td> Kiera Sheridan </Td> <Td colspan="11"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barry Ward </Td> <Td> Dr. Patrick Spencer </Td> <Td colspan="11"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krister Henriksson </Td> <Td> Dr. August Larson </Td> <Td colspan="13"> N / A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laura Donnelly </Td> <Td> Sarah Kay </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="13"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Coyle </Td> <Td> Dr. Joe O'Donnell </Td> <Td colspan="11"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denise Gough </Td> <Td> Dr. Alison Walden </Td> <Td colspan="13"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seán McGinley </Td> <Td> Fr . Peter Jensen </Td> <Td colspan="9"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genevieve O'Reilly </Td> <Td> DCI Joan Kinkead </Td> <Td colspan="12"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin McCann </Td> <Td> David Alvarez </Td> <Td colspan="15"> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Det . Supt . Stella Gibson ( edit ) </H3> <P> DSI Stella Gibson ( Gillian Anderson ) , a senior Metropolitan Police Superintendent attached to Britain 's major case review team . Gibson has been seconded to the PSNI on a 28 - day review of a murder investigation that quickly escalates into the hunt for a serial killer and she 's made the Senior Investigating Officer ( and Silver Commander ) of Operation Musicman . Gibson is a very capable detective and a woman who 's highly comfortable with her own sexuality ; this plays a pivotal role in her story arc with other characters , primarily James Olson and Jim Burns . Whilst working in Belfast , she becomes embroiled in the politics of policing and uncovers corruption within the force . In the second series , with her investigation stalled , Gibson is forced to get results under the threat of a new 28 - day review into Operation Musicman . As Stella 's personal past comes back to haunt her , her professional present becomes further tangled in it . Stella has what Paul describes as `` daddy - issues '' , due to her father 's untimely death . During series three , Gibson is placed under investigation by the Police Ombudsman following the shooting of Spector . Burns allows her to retain her job , which leads her to fall victim to a vicious assault during her final showdown with the killer . </P> <H3> Peter Paul Spector ( edit ) </H3> <P> Peter Paul Spector ( Jamie Dornan ) , the father of two young children . During the day , Paul is a bereavement counsellor , though at night he is , as dubbed by the press , the `` Belfast Strangler '' . As Paul hunts his prey , he begins to develop an obsession with , and an affinity for , Stella . He is married to Sally Ann , a neo-natal nurse , and has a strong friendship with Katie Benedetto . Spector claims that he had an affair with Katie , a fifteen - year - old school girl , in order to quell the suspicions of his wife . Sally Ann later becomes pregnant , and the first series ends with Paul fleeing Ireland for Scotland as the net closes in . In series 2 , returning to Ireland , Spector 's lust to kill is now stronger than ever . As he gets closer to Stella , he finds an unusual source of help in Katie . After an encounter with James Tyler , Spector is arrested , and , co-operating with officers , is gunned down by Tyler at a crime scene . After surviving his injuries , Spector claims to have lost six years of memory . After undergoing psychological evaluation , he attacks both Gibson and his psychiatrist , before committing suicide . </P> <H3> Asst . Ch . Constable Jim Burns ( edit ) </H3> <P> ACC Jim Burns ( John Lynch ) , the Assistant Chief Constable of the PSNI in charge of operations , and the Gold Commander of Musicman . Burns had an affair with Stella several years previously , and , despite being married , still appears to be infatuated with her . He 's a skilled officer and knows how to balance politics and police - work . He is initially hesitant about linking the murders , but later provides the investigation with all the resources it requires . He is , at first , believed to be linked to the PSNI corruption scandal , though this is later disproved . During series 2 , his lust for Stella becomes more apparent when he attempts to force himself on her whilst drunk . This drinking continues into series three , and he resigns his commission during the series finale . </P> <H3> Katie Benedetto ( edit ) </H3> <P> Katerina `` Katie '' Benedetto ( Aisling Franciosi ) , a 15 - year - old schoolgirl . She babysits the Spectors ' children and - over the course of doing so - develops an affinity for Paul Spector . Katie is a gifted musician and uses online videos to express her feelings . During series 2 she becomes deeply embroiled in Paul 's life . Paul ties her up in a hotel room , for example , whilst Katie breaks into a house wearing a shirt with Spector 's face on . Benedetto is placed under police surveillance and later arrested whilst trying to dispose of evidence that implicates Paul in the murders . In series three , she attacks a girl with acid , and is detained for her crimes . During this time , she reveals to Stella that her father 's death had a severe emotional impact on her , and she has been self - harming . </P> <H3> Sally Ann Spector ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sally Ann Spector ( Bronagh Waugh ) , the wife of Paul Spector and a neonatal nurse . She has a deep devotion to Paul , but is wary of his character as she has never met his family . Sally Ann is the mother of his two children and is unaware of his dark side . Over the course of the series , she becomes embroiled in his crimes without her knowledge , and even provides a false alibi to the police . After leaving Paul for a short time , believing he slept with Katie , the two reconcile and she flees Ireland with him . In series 2 , they return . Sally Ann is pregnant with her third child , though she suffers a miscarriage . Following her arrest for assisting an offender , Sally attempts to kill her children . </P> <H3> Pc Danielle Ferrington ( edit ) </H3> <P> PC Danielle Ferrington ( Niamh McGrady ) , a Police Constable first seen attending a breaking and entering call at Sarah Kay 's home . She blames herself for Kay 's murder and tells Gibson this , resulting in her being recruited by Stella to work with Operation Musicman . Dani is a skilled investigator , and proves herself invaluable to the team . She speaks openly of her homosexuality to bisexual Gibson , and as a result the two develop both a professional and a personal bond . She later returns to patrol , believing she can do the most good on the street . It is in this capacity that she is involved in a gunfight with Spector and , following her suspension from front - line duty , is re-recruited by Stella . </P> <H3> Det . Ch . Insp . Matthew Eastwood ( edit ) </H3> <P> DCI Matt Eastwood ( Stuart Graham ) , a senior Detective Chief Inspector and longtime PSNI officer . Eastwood works for the Discipline and Complaints Commission and , as such , his character withstands the scrutiny of others . His primary task is to investigate corruption allegations within the PSNI . He and Stella work together several times due to her involvement with Olson and Breedlove . As well as being a corruption investigator , he is also trained in criminal investigations . During series 2 , he becomes Stella 's Deputy S.I.O. ( and Bronze Commander ) , questioning many of her investigative decisions . He and Stella become a formidable team during series three , and he is visibly saddened by her departure in the series finale . </P> <H3> DC Gail McNally ( edit ) </H3> <P> DC Gail McNally ( Bronágh Taggart ) , a detective who was assigned to Musicman sometime prior to the second series . She is Martin 's partner . Tough , eager , and skilled , McNally is not afraid to confront criminals in the same manner as her male colleagues . Gibson relies on her heavily during the investigative process . </P> <H3> Rose Stagg ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rose Stagg ( Valene Kane ) , a woman who had a sexual relationship with Paul whilst at university . During a night of passion , Paul tried to strangle her to death . As the Belfast Strangler comes to the attention of the public , Stagg notices the similarities and contacts her close friend Reed Smith . Her husband was unaware the attack had taken place . She is later kidnapped and held captive by Spector . She is later found unconscious in a car trunk . During series three , Stagg reveals that her sexual relationship with Paul was entirely consensual , and that , during sex , he strangled her so aggressively she had to be revived . </P> <H3> DC Glen Martin ( edit ) </H3> <P> DC Glen Martin ( Emmett Scanlan ) , a capable detective with a somewhat boyish attitude towards his work . Martin is an invaluable member of Gibson 's team and , during series two , takes on a more prominent role in the decision making process . He is partnered with DC Gail McNally , and is fiercely protective of her , though not to a fault . Stella is often shown to be displeased at his attitude towards police work , and in particular his habit of eating whilst on duty . </P> <H3> Professor Reed Smith ( edit ) </H3> <P> Professor Reed Smith ( Archie Panjabi ) , an esteemed medical professional and the senior pathologist assigned to Musicman . An avid rider of motorcycles , and somewhat unconventional in manner , Smith develops a personal closeness to Gibson and the two confide in each - other regularly . She 's very professional , though her personal life later becomes embroiled in the case when an old friend of hers reveals she has had a sexual encounter with Spector . Whilst drinking with Stella , the two embrace in a kiss , and go back to Stella 's hotel room , though Reed later gets cold feet . </P> <H3> DC Rick Turner ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rick Turner ( Richard Clements ) , a Detective Constable . </P> <H3> Det . Sgt . Tom Anderson ( edit ) </H3> <P> DS Tom Anderson ( Colin Morgan ) , the Senior Investigating Officer of a death that could be linked to Stella 's investigation . Impressed with both his professional attitude and looks , Stella invites him to join her team . Seeing the parallels between Anderson and Spector , Stella allows him to conduct the arrest and interviews of Paul . He is later gunned down by James Tyler whilst cuffed to the serial killer , and suffers nerve damage as a result . After returning to active duty , Anderson is once again attacked by Spector whilst protecting Stella in an interview . </P> <H3> Annie Brawley ( edit ) </H3> <P> Annie Brawley ( Karen Hassan ) , a woman who is recovering from an attack by Spector in which her brother died . Suffering from memory loss and unable to identify her attacker , Spector manipulates his way into her life . </P> <H3> Tom Stagg ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tom Stagg ( Jonjo O'Neill ) , Rose Stagg 's husband and a close friend of Professor Reed Smith . He is unaware of his wife 's past relationship with Paul , and is at first ignorant to her involvement in the current case . Like Spector , he is the father of two children . He is particularly hurt when his wife goes missing , and is the first one to raise the alarm to Gibson and her team . </P> <H3> Ned Callan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ned Callan ( Nick Lee ) , a journalist with a keen interest in Gibson 's investigation . He 's intrepid , but does not always understand the boundaries placed upon him by the law . </P> <H3> James Tyler ( edit ) </H3> <P> James ' Jimmy ' Tyler ( Brian Milligan ) , a gangster whose son died as a child of meningitis. Tyler is part of the gang that are responsible for the death of DS Olson , and his gang ties allow him to become threatening towards Paul when he believes Spector slept with his wife . Following a confrontation in which Ferrington is shot at , Tyler hunts down Spector and shoots both him and Anderson . He is killed by officers including Hagstrom as a result of this . </P> <H3> Liz Tyler ( edit ) </H3> <P> Liz Tyler ( Séainín Brennan ) , a grieving mother who was counselled by Spector following the death of her young son . Tyler develops a close friendship with Paul , and as a result the killer appears to put himself at great personal risk in order to protect her . Following a violent confrontation with her husband , Liz is placed in a half way house for her own protection . Feeling unattractive , she lied , stating that Spector had had sex with her , and a result Jimmy tracks her down , beats her , and goes on to shoot Paul and Tom Anderson . </P> <H3> Det . Sgt . James Olson ( edit ) </H3> <P> DS James Olson ( Ben Peel ) , a young Sergeant who is first seen investigating an unrelated murder . Gibson invites him to her hotel room , and two engage in sexual activity . Following this , Olson begins to call Gibson , intimating he wants more than a one - night stand with her . After she rejects him , he is gunned down by unknown gang members . At the time of his death , he was married with at least one child . He is later linked to part of a wider corruption scandal within the PSNI . Following his death , Stella begins to see him in her dreams , implying his murder had a huge psychological impact on her . During series three , it is noted that his murder remains unsolved . </P> <H3> Morgan Monroe ( edit ) </H3> <P> Morgan Monroe ( Ian McElhinney ) , the Chairman of the PSNI oversight executive board . Monroe wields great control over the police force and , in particular , Jim Burns . He is of questionable character , both personally and professionally . Morgan is the father - in - law of one of Spector 's victims , though he initially believes his own son to be responsible for the murder . He is linked to the PSNI corruption scandal that Stella uncovers over the course of her investigation . He later threatens Stella with a new 28 - day review into her own investigation . During series three , he is no longer the incumbent chairman . His departure remains unexplained . </P> <H3> Seán Healy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sean Healy ( Aidan McArdle ) , Spector 's defense attorney . He is retained by Sally Ann , and continues to strongly advocate for Spector 's freedom at the possible cost of Stella 's career . This puts him at odds with Wallace , and the two develop a fractious relationship . </P> <H3> Wallace ( edit ) </H3> <P> Wallace ( Ruth Bradley ) , Spector 's defense attorney . Though initially showing a strong support for Healy 's desire to free Spector , she later changes her position following his attack on Gibson . She also realises that her desire to do the right thing means she can not advocate for the criminal . </P> <H3> Det . Insp . Rob Breedlove ( edit ) </H3> <P> DI Rob Breedlove ( Michael McElhatton ) , Sergeant James Olson 's partner . Breedlove finds himself caught up in the gangland violence of Northern Ireland and , as a result , begins moonlighting for a Belfast power broker . Corrupt , Breedlove first crosses paths with Stella following Olson 's death . After being confronted by Stella , Breedlove turns a gun on himself and commits suicide in the middle of the Police Station . His death marks the beginning of Gibson 's quest to uncover the corruption . </P> <H3> Det . Ch . Insp . Garrett Brink ( edit ) </H3> <P> DCI Garrett Brink ( Frank McCusker ) , a veteran Detective Chief Inspector and , originally , the internal reviewer of Gibson 's investigation . After failing to make any progress in his review , he is subjected to a 28 - day review and subsequently becomes Gibson 's deputy SIO ( and Bronze Commander ) during Musicman . He 's a dedicated professional , but is more concerned with the politics of policing than with policing itself . Shortly after the first series , he is called to trial and as such steps down as Gibson 's number two . </P> <H3> Kiera Sheridan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kiera Sheridan ( Aisling Bea ) , an Intensive Care Nurse employed by Belfast General Hospital . During series three , she is responsible for the treatment of Spector . During series three , the two develop a bond , with Kiera gifting Paul both her phone number and a small amount of cash with writing on it . Following Paul 's discharge from hospital , the two share no further communication . </P> <H3> Patrick Spencer ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spencer ( Barry Ward ) , an Intensive Care physician . </P> <H3> August Larson ( edit ) </H3> <P> August Larson ( Krister Henriksson ) , a psychologist retained by the PSNI in order to examine Spector 's competency . Throughout his time with Spector , Larson also develops a strong friendship with Gibson , examining her psychology via various phone - calls and procedural meetings . In the finale , he is viciously attacked by Spector , though it is later stated that he is in critical - yet - stable condition . </P> <H3> Sarah Kay ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sarah Kay ( Laura Donnelly ) , a young solicitor who is brought to the attention of Ferrington after a home invasion . Kay decides to stay at her house , unbeknownst to her that the culprit , Spector , would return . She is later found murdered . Ferrington blames herself for this , however it is her death that allows Stella to link the previous crimes together and establish Musicman . </P> <H3> Joe O'Donnell ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dr. Joe O'Donnell ( Richard Coyle ) , an emergency medical physician who is responsible for the immediate treatment and oversight of Spector . Following Spector 's discharge , O'Donnell shares a tender moment with Gibson , in which he asks her numerous questions in order to assess her for concussion . He reveals he has five children , aged between seven months and twelve years old . </P> <H3> Alison walden ( edit ) </H3> <P> Walden ( Denise Gough ) , a consultant neuropsychologist who works with Spector . </P> <H3> Peter Jensen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Father Peter Jensen ( Seán McGinley ) , was a priest until he was convicted of molesting numerous young choir boys . Regretful , Jensen attempts to make amends with God , but to little avail . During the investigation , Burns and Gibson notice Paul Spector was a member of his congregation , and Burns goes to interview him in order to gather background information on the killer . In series two , Jensen claims that he did not molest Paul , with Paul later clarifying that this was only because he did n't wash himself , with the goal of repulsing Peter . In series three , however , it is revealed that this is a lie , and that Paul was Jensen 's `` favourite , '' subjected to daily abuse for a year . </P> <H3> Det . Ch . Insp . Joan Kinkead ( edit ) </H3> <P> Joan Kinkead ( Genevieve O'Reilly ) , a Detective Chief Inspector , and the senior investigating officer assigned to examine Spector 's shooting . She interviews Gibson under caution , though she later clears her of all wrongdoing . </P> <H3> David Alvarez ( edit ) </H3> <P> David Alvarez ( Martin McCann ) , a childhood friend of Spector . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` BBC Two Sets Premiere Date For ' The Fall ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Fall at BBC Programmes </Li> <Li> The Fall on RTÉ </Li> <Li> The Fall on Netflix </Li> <Li> The Fall on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Fall at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Fall Trailer at ZDF Enterprises </Li> <Li> The Fall on Facebook </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fall_characters&oldid=811099612 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of drama television characters </Li> <Li> Lists of British television series characters </Li> <Li> Lists of Irish television series characters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Use British English from January 2017 </Li> <Li> BBC programme ID not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 14 : 36 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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The Sea of Monsters - wikipedia <H1> The Sea of Monsters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Percy Jackson novel . For other uses , see Sea of Monsters ( disambiguation ) . <Table> The Sea of Monsters <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover of unknown later US edition with Rocco illustration ( same as first ed . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Rick Riordan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> John Rocco ( depicted ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> Percy Jackson & the Olympians ( book 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fantasy , Greek mythology , young - adult novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> April 1 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Miramax Books and Disney Hyperion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 279 pp . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 7868 - 5686 - 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 64664383 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> MLCS 2006 / 45756 ( P ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> The Lightning Thief </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> The Titan 's Curse </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Sea of Monsters is a fantasy - adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan and published in 2006 . It is the second novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Lightning Thief . This book chronicles the adventures of thirteen - year - old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends rescue his satyr friend Grover from the Cyclops Polyphemus and save the camp from a Titan 's attack by bringing the Golden Fleece to cure Thalia 's poisoned pine tree . </P> <P> The Sea of Monsters was released on April 1 , 2006 , by Miramax Books , an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children and thus Disney Publishing ( succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint ) . It was generally well -- received and was nominated for numerous awards , including the 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick and the 2009 Mark Twain Award . It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback with over one million copies total and was released in audiobook format on September 6 , 2006 . The Sea of Monsters is followed by The Titan 's Curse , the third book of the five in the series . </P> <P> A film adaptation of the book , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released on August 7 , 2013 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Major characters </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Audiobook </Li> <Li> 4.2 Film adaptation </Li> <Li> 4.3 Graphic novel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sequel </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Percy Jackson has been having nightmares about Grover Underwood running from an unseen monster and taking refuge in a wedding dress shop . At school , a group of laestrygonians attack Percy and his classmates in a fiery game of dodgeball , but he is saved by his new friend Tyson . Annabeth Chase arrives and takes Percy and Tyson to Camp Half - Blood in the taxi of the Gray Sisters , who give Percy a series of mysterious numbers they call `` the location ( he seeks ) '' . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson find the camp under attack by the Colchis bulls , which Tyson is able to defeat because he is in reality a baby cyclops , not a human . They discover that Thalia 's tree has been poisoned , severely weakening the camp 's magic boundaries . Chiron is suspected of poisoning it because his father is the titan Kronos , and has been fired . </P> <P> Percy tells Annabeth about his dreams , and she deduces that Grover has found the Golden Fleece , which can cure Thalia 's poisoned tree , and is located at the coordinates from the Gray Sisters . Tantalus ( who replaced Chiron as camp counselor ) sends Clarisse La Rue on a quest to find the Golden Fleece . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson run away from camp to find Grover . They are aided in their escape by the god Hermes , who helps them reach a passing cruise ship , the Princess Andromeda . Once aboard , they discover that the ship is full of tourists in a dream - like state living alongside Greek monsters . They are captured by Luke Castellan and learn that he is trying to revive his master Kronos . They escape on a lifeboat and eventually find one of many hideouts that Luke , Thalia , and Annabeth built as children . They are attacked by a hydra but are saved by Clarisse , who is sailing on a confederate ironclad called the CSS Birmingham . </P> <P> En route to the Sea of Monsters ( Bermuda triangle ) , the Birmingham is destroyed by Charybdis and Scylla . Thinking Tyson and Clarisse dead , Percy and Annabeth sail in a lifeboat to a nearby island , where they narrowly escape the sorceress Circe , who turns men into guinea pigs . They steal the Queen Anne 's Revenge from Circe 's harbor and sail towards the island of Polyphemus . Along the way , they pass the island of the Sirens and Annabeth confesses her fatal flaw , hubris , to Percy . When they reach the island , they find Grover , Clarisse , Tyson , and the fleece . Tyson and Percy work together to defeat Polyphemus and return the group to the mainland . Once there , Clarisse takes a plane to Camp Half - Blood with the Fleece . The remaining questers are captured by Luke and taken to the Princess Andromeda . Percy manages to contact Camp Half - Blood through an Iris Message and tricks Luke into admitting that he poisoned Thalia 's tree , proving Chiron 's innocence in front of the entire camp . Mr. D then sends Tantalus back to the Fields of Punishment . Luke duels Percy , beats him , and is about to kill the group , but before he does , Chiron and the his centaur relatives appear and rescue them . Returning to the camp , Chiron is given his job back and the Golden Fleece heals Thalia 's tree . However , in the final pages , the Golden Fleece also revives Thalia Grace , putting another half - blood back into play for the Great Prophecy the gods fear so much . </P> <H2> Major characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Camp Half - Blood characters <Ul> <Li> Percy Jackson : The son of Poseidon ; a 13 - year - old demigod who travels to the island of Polyphemus in the Bermuda Triangle to find Grover and recover the Golden Fleece . He is accompanied by Annabeth and Tyson , his half - brother , on the quest . He is successful in the end ; and gives Clarisse the Fleece while he is attacked by Luke on his way to the Camp . However , he and his friends are rescued by Chiron and the Party Ponies . </Li> <Li> Annabeth Chase : The daughter of Athena . A demigod who is 13 years old and a friend of Percy . She accompanies him to the island and helps him in his quest by rescuing Percy from Circe 's island . Annabeth is injured by Polyphemus and recovers with the help of the Golden Fleece . She accompanies Percy to Camp after Chiron succeeds in rescuing them from the hands of Luke and the Titan army . </Li> <Li> Grover Underwood : The guard for Percy given by the gods , a satyr who has been captured by Polyphemus during his search for the wild god Pan . Due to his poor eyesight , Polyphemus mistakes Grover for a female Cyclops . He is rescued by his friends Percy and Annabeth . </Li> <Li> Clarisse La Rue : Daughter of Ares who was given the quest of retrieving the Golden Fleece . With the help of Percy and his friends , she is successful in her quest . Percy gives her the Fleece that she takes to Camp Half Blood . Polyphemus wishes to wed her after it is revealed to him that Grover is a male satyr . </Li> <Li> Luke Castellan : The main antagonist , now 20 ; he works for Kronos . He captures Percy and the rest before being thwarted by Chiron and his brethren , the Party Ponies . </Li> <Li> Tyson the Cyclops : Percy 's half brother ; he is initially portrayed as a homeless child before Annabeth helps Percy realize that he is a Cyclops . He accompanies Percy and Annabeth in their quest and befriends a hippocampus whom he names Rainbow . He is very big and has one brown eye . When Clarisse 's ship explodes , he is presumed dead until it is learned that he survived due to his immunity to fire . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Sea of Monsters received generally positive reviews with reviewers praising the storyline , the themes and the author 's style of writing . `` In a feat worthy of his heroic subjects , Riordan crafts a sequel stronger than his compelling debut , '' said a Publishers Weekly review . School Library Journal singled out the novel 's plot and main character , stating , `` Percy is an appealing kid , and the subject of a chilling prophecy may resonate with readers . '' Child magazine wrote , `` Featuring the cliff - hangers and sassy attitude kids loved in The Lightning Thief -- plus a surprising new family secret -- this outstanding sequel should win over a fresh legion of fans . '' Children 's Literature called the writing extraordinary and added , `` This book , sequel to The Lightning Thief , is an amazing mixture of mythology and young adult fiction . '' Matt Berman , of Common Sense Media , praised the book , saying `` The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun , with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist . '' Norah Piehl of Kidsreads.com lauded the style of the book , and noted similarities with its prequel . It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time paperback copies were released in April 2007 . </P> <P> However , Kirkus Reviews was critical of the book , writing , `` it 's doubtful Percy would n't guess Tyson 's otherworldly connection immediately after the dodgeball game ... some of the humor will zip over the heads of the target audience '' although they added , `` Percy 's sardonic narration and derring - do would keep the pages turning . '' </P> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick </Li> <Li> 2006 Child magazine Best Book </Li> <Li> 2006 Kirkus Reviews Best Fantasy Sequel </Li> <Li> 2006 Barnes & Noble Best of 2006 for Kids & Teens </Li> <Li> 2006 Voice of Youth Advocates ( VOYA ) Top Shelf Fiction Pick for Middle School Readers </Li> <Li> 2007 Cooperative Children 's Book Center choice </Li> <Li> 2007 Young Adult Library Services Association ( YALSA ) Best Book for Young Adults </Li> <Li> 2009 Mark Twain Award ( Riordan 's The Lightning Thief won the previous year ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Audiobook ( edit ) </H3> <P> On September 6 , 2006 , a seven - hour and 54 minute audiobook version of The Sea of Monsters , read by actor Jesse Bernstein , who also narrated The Lightning Thief 's audiobook , was published worldwide by Listening Library . </P> <P> AudioFile magazine praised the audio book , raving , `` This action - packed book ( second in a series ) will delight fans of Percy Jackson , the half - blood son of Poseidon , as Percy once again battles mythical monsters in modern - day settings while on his mission to save the tree that guards Camp Half - Blood . '' They praised Bernstein , saying `` Narrator Jesse Berns helps listeners slip right into the oddly engaging world that Riordan creates , in which contemporary teen characters and those from classical mythology intermingle '' and that he could successfully portray teenagers , while keeping the pace fast allowing listeners time to revel in the book 's humor . Auditions have already been cast for this yet to be blockbuster . There may still be a few spaces for extras , though . The magazine Publishers Weekly raved about Bernstein 's `` snappy delivery and all the right funny touches '' that made the `` action - packed fantasy such fun . '' </P> <H3> Film adaptation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters <P> Following the box office and DVD success of the movie , Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , a film adaptation of The Sea of Monsters was first reported in early 2011 . In fall 2011 , it was confirmed that 20th Century Fox would release the film on March 27 , 2013 . Filming began in April 2012 . In February 2012 , Mary Birdsong , Missi Pyle and Yvette Nicole Brown were cast as the Gray Sisters . In March 2012 , Nathan Fillion joined the cast as Hermes and Anthony Head , replacing Pierce Brosnan , as Chiron . In April 2012 , Paloma Kwiatkowski was cast as Thalia and The Hunger Games star Leven Rambin has been cast as Clarisse La Rue . It was announced on May 8 , 2012 that the film had moved up to March 15 , 2013 . But later it was postponed for an August 16 , 2013 release . Fox decided on a final release date for August 7 , 2013 . Logan Lerman returned as Percy Jackson in the movie . Jake Abel also returned to the role of Luke Castellan . On January 2012 The Secret Circle star Grey Damon was cast as Chris Rodriguez . According to Alexandra Daddario , the film would be more similar to the book than the first film . </P> <H3> Graphic novel ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Sea of Monsters has been published as a graphic novel . </P> <H2> Sequel ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Percy Jackson and the Titan 's Curse <P> The novel was followed by The Titan 's Curse , released on May 1 , 2007 . In The Titan 's Curse , Percy , Grover , Annabeth and Thalia go to a school to recruit two powerful demigods . Like its predecessors , this book was well received and reviewers praised its humorous style and the plot of the story . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The sea of monsters '' ( first edition ) . LC Online Catalog . Library of Congress ( lccn.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Kirkus Reviews . April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Book awards : BookSense Top Ten Summer Pick '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Twain Readers Award '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nawotka , Edward . `` Son of Poseidon Gaining Strength '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarah , Weinman . `` Will ' Percy Jackson ' Author Rick Riordan Ever Reach J.K. Rowling Territory ? '' . DailyFinance . DailyFinance . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com. 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( May 3 , 2006 ) . The Sea of Monsters . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Miramax Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 5686 - 6 . OCLC 64664383 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Piehl , Norah . `` Kidsreads.com -- The Sea of Monsters '' . Kidsreads.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters : Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 2 '' . School Library Journal . 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Matt Berman . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sea of Monsters '' . Publishers Weekly . 24 April 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters ( Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series # 2 ) '' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Riordan : Percy Jackson '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble.com '' . Barnesandnoble.com. 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Shelf Fiction Pick for Middle School Readers , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Voice of Youth Advocates . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain Award 2007 -- 08 Winners '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sequels for summer '' . Publishers Weekly . 24 July 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jesse . `` Jesse Bernstein '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bernstien , Jesse ( 2006 ) . `` The Sea of Monsters '' . AudioFile . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson and the Olympians ' Sequel Could Be Coming Soon ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson ' Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Missi Pyle , Yvette Nicole Brown , Mary Birdsong Join ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to Play Hermes in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Anthony Head to Play Chiron in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Vancouver High Schooler Gets Dream Role In ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( April 1 , 2007 ) . The Titan 's Curse . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Hyperion Books for Children . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0145 - 1 . OCLC 76863948 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piehl , Norah . `` The Titan 's Curse : Kidsreads '' . Kidsreads.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruth , Sheila . `` The Titan 's Curse : Wands and Worlds Book Review '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Children 's literature portal </Li> <Li> Mythology portal </Li> <Li> Speculative fiction portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Percy Jackson & the Olympians at publisher Disney - Hyperion Books ( US ) </Li> <Li> Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percy Jackson & the Olympians </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lightning Thief </Li> <Li> The Sea of Monsters </Li> <Li> The Titan 's Curse </Li> <Li> The Battle of the Labyrinth </Li> <Li> The Last Olympian </Li> <Li> The Demigod Files </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief </Li> <Li> Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters </Li> <Li> Film cast members </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Heroes of Olympus </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lost Hero </Li> <Li> The Son of Neptune </Li> <Li> The Mark of Athena </Li> <Li> The House of Hades </Li> <Li> The Blood of Olympus </Li> <Li> The Demigod Diaries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Trials of Apollo </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hidden Oracle </Li> <Li> The Dark Prophecy </Li> <Li> The Burning Maze </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods </Li> <Li> Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes </Li> <Li> The Son of Sobek </Li> <Li> The Staff of Serapis </Li> <Li> The Crown of Ptolemy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Percy Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sea_of_Monsters&oldid=821188590 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2006 American novels </Li> <Li> Action novels </Li> <Li> 2000s fantasy novels </Li> <Li> American fantasy novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Percy Jackson & the Olympians </Li> <Li> Books about the Bermuda Triangle </Li> <Li> Long Island in fiction </Li> <Li> 2006 children 's books </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2012 </Li> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 22 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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percy jackson and the olympians sea of monsters summary

Emilio Scotto - wikipedia <H1> Emilio Scotto </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Emilio Scotto </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Emilio Walter Eduardo Alfredo SCOTTO ( 1954 - 09 - 27 ) September 27 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Buenos Aires , Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Miami , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Argentine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Motorcycle traveler , adventurer , writer and motivational speaker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Monica Pino </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Emilio Scotto ( Buenos Aires , September 27 , 1954 ) is an Argentine adventurer , photojournalist , and writer . As of 2009 he holds the Guinness record for the world 's longest motorcycle ride , spanning 10 years , 279 countries and a total distance of 457,000 miles ( 735,000 km ) . The ride was done on a 1980 Honda Gold Wing GL1100 motorcycle Scotto calls `` Black Princess . '' Scotto recounted his travels in a 224 - page book illustrated with his photographs , The Longest Ride : My Ten - Year 500,000 Mile Motorcycle Journey , published in 2007 . </P> <P> In interviews , Scotto is known to make hyperbolic boasts on the importance of his adventures , such as `` This is more than a trip around the world , it 's the biggest trip in the history of human beings . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography </Li> <Li> 2 Reviews of The Longest Ride </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1985 , Scotto quit his job as a Buenos Aires sales representative for the pharmaceutical company Pfizer to see the world on his five - year - old 1100 cc Honda Goldwing Interstate . Scotto , who had never traveled outside of Argentina before , left with only $300 and no contacts for the many stops on his journey . </P> <P> By the end of his journey in 1995 , Scotto went through 13 64 - page passports and his motorcycle received one replacement engine , consumed 12,500 US gallons ( 47,000 L ) of gasoline , 350 US gallons ( 1,300 L ) of oil , 86 tires , 12 batteries and nine new seats . </P> <P> Scotto 's odyssey was often perilous , including journeys through Nicaragua in 1985 during its civil war and Kuwait prior to the 1991 invasion by Iraq . The most dangerous part of his trip , he would later recall , came in Africa when he was arrested as a suspected spy in Burundi , Chad and Cameroon . He was also jailed on suspicion of carrying a forged passport in Zimbabwe . In Liberia , he came into the country during a period of military upheaval and needed to hide in a diplomatic compound in Monrovia for several days until he could receive safe passage out of the country . </P> <P> Scotto was not able to arrange to bring his motorcycle into North Korea , but he was able to walk by foot the demarcation zone separating that country from South Korea . He was nearly denied access to China when border officials insisted that he pay a $70,000 entry fee . Intervention by the Motorcycle Club of Beijing helped him enter the country without any prepayment . </P> <P> Although Scotto did not publicize his journey when he first departed , news of his adventure began to spread during his travels . In late 1986 , when he was stranded in New York City , a television news report helped bring in donations that allowed him to cross the ocean . Scotto was able to personally present a letter to Pope John Paul II at the Vatican , and Libyan leader Col. Muammar al - Gaddafi provided him with $300 for the African portion of his journey . During the later part of his journey , he received corporate sponsorship from Pepsi , Agip and Metzeler . </P> <P> In 1991 , Scotto married Monica Pino in New Delhi , India . She was his companion on the final four years of his trek . </P> <H2> Reviews of the longest ride ( edit ) </H2> <P> A lighhearted capsule review by The Daily Telegraph recommended The Longest Ride on the strength of the approximately 200 photographs . A longer review in Flak Magazine found fault with the book 's lack of introspection , and the author 's apparent lack of curiosity about the world he explores . The reviewer speculates that Scotto is too distracted by his own adventure , and by attractive women , and so the amazing series of places and events he witnesses goes to waste . Alternatively , the reviewer suggests that the limitations of the author 's `` pedestrian prose '' are the reason he seems unable to appreciate the exotic scenes and diverse people he meets . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Emilio Walter Eduardo Alfredo SCOTTO info at Argentine electoral registry , published on Buscar Datos ( Search Data ) website . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ¿ Quien es Emilio Scotto ? '' , Otroladodelmundo ( blog ) ( in Spanish ) , Fotolog.com , 1993 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Best Travelled - UN Master List '' , The Best Travelled Retrieved 21 February 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2009 ) , Guinness World Records 2009 , Random House , p. 176 , ISBN 9780553592566 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stermer , Bill ( 2006 ) , Streetbikes : Everything You Need to Know , MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 9780760323625 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pool , Bob ( July 29 , 1992 ) , `` Slow Orbit Motorcyclist Prepares for 2nd Trip Around the World '' , The Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles , Calif. , p . Metro part B , 1 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scotto , Emilio ( 2007 ) , The Longest Ride : My Ten - Year 500,000 Mile Motorcycle Journey , MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 9780760326329 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clark , Campbell ( 10 June 1994 ) , `` Motorbike odyssey ' biggest trip ' in history : Argentinian 's Goal is ' Moon and back ' '' , The Vancouver Sun , Vancouver , B.C. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emilio Scotto an amazing journey on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emilio Scotto Record for the world 's longest motorcycle ride . Source : Taringa . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ English , Andrew ( May 5 , 2007 ) , `` THE GEAR BOX Product reviews '' , The Daily Telegraph , London ( UK ) , p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rymer , Michael ( 15 May 2007 ) , `` The Longest Ride by Emilio Scotto ; A 500,000 mile motorcycle journey ? Save it for reality TV . '' , Flak Magazine </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Radio interview , part 1 on YouTube , part 2 on YouTube by Fernando del Rincón and Horacio Cambeiro WMRA 106.7 FM Miami , Fl. ( in Spanish ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Long - distance motorcycling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Riders </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pre 1930 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erwin `` Cannonball '' Baker </Li> <Li> William C. Chadeayne </Li> <Li> Carl Stearns Clancy </Li> <Li> Avis and Effie Hotchkiss </Li> <Li> Clare Sheridan and Oswald Frewen </Li> <Li> Robert Sexé </Li> <Li> Bessie Stringfield </Li> <Li> Zoltán Sulkowsky and Gyula Bartha </Li> <Li> Augusta and Adeline Van Buren </Li> <Li> George A. Wyman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dave Barr </Li> <Li> Robert Edison Fulton Jr . </Li> <Li> Pat Garrod </Li> <Li> John Gerber </Li> <Li> David McGonigal </Li> <Li> Walter Muma </Li> <Li> Neil Peart </Li> <Li> Helge Pedersen </Li> <Li> Benka Pulko </Li> <Li> Max Reisch </Li> <Li> Jim Rogers </Li> <Li> Nick Sanders </Li> <Li> Emilio Scotto </Li> <Li> Ted Simon </Li> <Li> Jūgatsu Toi </Li> <Li> Austin Vince </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21st century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cathy Birchall </Li> <Li> Charley Boorman </Li> <Li> Bharadwaj Dayala </Li> <Li> Kanichi Fujiwara </Li> <Li> Simon Gandolfi </Li> <Li> Pat Garrod </Li> <Li> Geoff Hill </Li> <Li> Allan Karl </Li> <Li> Sjaak Lucassen </Li> <Li> Danell Lynn </Li> <Li> Ewan McGregor </Li> <Li> Simon and Monika Newbound </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Polnaja </Li> <Li> Chris and Erin Ratay </Li> <Li> Kevin and Julia Sanders </Li> <Li> Ted Simon </Li> <Li> Claudio von Planta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Long - distance rallies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hoka Hey Motorcycle Challenge </Li> <Li> Hyder Seek </Li> <Li> Iron Butt Rally </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Methodology : Rides of > 30,000 km or > 3,000 km before 1930 or record - setting transcontinental or intercontinental ride </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 51119956 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n2006075134 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Scotto&oldid=833804963 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1954 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Sportspeople from Buenos Aires </Li> <Li> Argentine journalists </Li> <Li> Argentine explorers </Li> <Li> Argentine sportspeople </Li> <Li> Long - distance motorcycle riders </Li> <Li> Motorcycle touring writers </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from September 2009 </Li> <Li> All BLP articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from September 2009 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 14 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who holds the record for longest motorcycle jump

The Great Gatsby - Wikipedia <H1> The Great Gatsby </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film , TV and opera adaptations , see The Great Gatsby ( disambiguation ) . <Table> The Great Gatsby <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover of the first edition in 1925 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> F. Scott Fitzgerald </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> Francis Cugat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> April 10 , 1925 ( Charles Scribner 's Sons ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardcover & paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Tender Is the Night ( 1934 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval , and excess , creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream . </P> <P> Fitzgerald -- inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island 's north shore -- began planning the novel in 1923 , desiring to produce , in his words , `` something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . '' Progress was slow , with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 . His editor , Maxwell Perkins , felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter . Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book 's title and he considered a variety of alternatives , including titles that referenced the Roman character Trimalchio ; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red , White , and Blue . </P> <P> First published by Scribner 's in April 1925 , The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly ; in its first year , the book sold only 20,000 copies . Fitzgerald died in 1940 , believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten . However , the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades . Today , The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title `` Great American Novel . '' In 1998 , the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century 's best American novel and second best English - language novel of the same time period . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical context </Li> <Li> 2 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 3 Major characters </Li> <Li> 4 Writing and production </Li> <Li> 5 Cover art </Li> <Li> 6 Title </Li> <Li> 7 Themes </Li> <Li> 8 Reception </Li> <Li> 9 Legacy and modern analysis </Li> <Li> 10 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Ballet </Li> <Li> 10.2 Computer games </Li> <Li> 10.3 Film and television </Li> <Li> 10.4 Literature </Li> <Li> 10.5 Opera </Li> <Li> 10.6 Radio </Li> <Li> 10.7 Theater </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical context ( edit ) </H2> <P> Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922 , The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative . That era , known for unprecedented economic prosperity , the evolution of jazz music flapper culture , new technologies in communication ( motion pictures , broadcast radio , recorded music ) forging a genuine mass culture ; and bootlegging , along with other criminal activity , is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald 's novel . Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s that were to build Gatsby 's stories from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald 's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby 's fortune . Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book 's plotline within the historical context of the era . </P> <P> Fitzgerald 's visits to Long Island 's north shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsby 's setting . Today , there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book . One possibility is Land 's End , a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party . Many of the events in Fitzgerald 's early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota , and like Nick , he was educated at an Ivy League school , Princeton ( in Nick 's case , Yale ) . Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby , in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loved . Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant , and was stationed at Camp Sheridan , in Montgomery , Alabama . There he met and fell in love with a wild seventeen - year - old beauty named Zelda Sayre . Zelda finally agreed to marry him , but her preference for wealth , fun , and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success . Like Nick in The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting , and , like Gatsby , he had always idolized the very rich . In many ways , The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald 's attempt to confront his conflicting feelings about the Jazz Age . Like Gatsby , Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted , even as she led him toward everything he despised . </P> <P> In her book Careless People : Murder , Mayhem and the Invention of ' The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of The Great Gatsby were based on the Hall - Mills Case . Based on her forensic search for clues , she asserts that the two victims in the Hall - Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby . </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The main events of the novel take place in the summer of 1922 . Nick Carraway , a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest -- who serves as the novel 's narrator -- takes a job in New York as a bond salesman . He rents a small house on Long Island , in the fictional village of West Egg , next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby , a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them . Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin , Daisy Fay Buchanan , and her husband , Tom , a college acquaintance of Nick 's . They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker , an attractive , cynical young golfer with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship . She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress , Myrtle Wilson , who lives in the `` valley of ashes '' , an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City . Not long after this revelation , Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment Tom keeps for his affairs with Myrtle and others . At Tom 's New York apartment , a vulgar and bizarre party takes place . It ends with Tom breaking Myrtle 's nose after she annoys him by saying Daisy 's name several times . </P> The Plaza Hotel in the early - 1920s <P> As the summer progresses , Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby 's parties . Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the party , and they meet Gatsby himself , an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick from their same division in the Great War . Through Jordan , Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy through a purely chance meeting in 1917 , when Daisy and her friends were doing volunteer services ' work with young Officers headed to Europe . From their brief meetings and casual encounters at that time , Gatsby became ( and still is ) deeply in love with Daisy . Even more , he became obsessed with the idea of her , and the ideal of living in the world he saw her living in , as the fulfillment of all the possible dreams he could ever have . </P> <P> Jordan confides in Nick that the only reason Gatsby bought the mansion is because it was across the bay from Tom and Daisy 's home , and that Gatsby 's extravagant lifestyle and wild parties were an attempt to impress Daisy and raise her curiosity about her `` anonymous '' neighbor across the bay . Gatsby had hoped that one day curiosity would have brought the unsuspecting Daisy to appear at his doorstep , and thereby he 'd be able to present himself as a `` new man '' , now of wealth and position , and now able to join her at her side and within her world . That however never played out , and although Tom had been invited ( as a guest of Jordan 's ) to a Gatsby party and had attended more than one of them , both he and Daisy had ( for different reasons ) never responded affirmatively to an RSVP to attend as the Buchanans ( Mr. and Mrs . ) . The deeper reasons behind this fact are expanded upon later in the story by Daisy . His research of Nick , who has so fortuitously rented the small cottage next door to Gatsby 's mansion , results in a wholly new approach to his problem of how to introduce Daisy to the `` new '' J. Gatsby . </P> <P> The whole purpose of the `` invitation '' to Nick to attend a Gatsby party was to develop a relationship with him so that Gatsby could later ask Nick to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy . Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house without telling her that Gatsby will also be there . After an initially awkward reunion , Gatsby and Daisy reestablish their connection . They begin an affair and , after a short time , Tom grows increasingly suspicious of his wife 's relationship with Gatsby . At a luncheon at the Buchanans ' house , Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby . Though Tom is himself involved in an extramarital affair , he is outraged by his wife 's infidelity . He forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel , asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand . In addition to that , he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities . Daisy realizes that her allegiance is to Tom , and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby , attempting to prove that Gatsby can not hurt her . </P> <P> When Nick , Jordan , and Tom drive through the valley of ashes on their way home , they discover that Gatsby 's car has struck and killed Tom 's mistress , Myrtle . Nick later learns from Gatsby that Daisy , not Gatsby himself , was driving the car at the time of the accident but Gatsby took the blame . Myrtle 's husband , George , falsely concludes that the driver of the yellow car is the secret lover he recently began suspecting she has , and sets out on foot to find him . After finding out the yellow car is Gatsby 's , he arrives at Gatsby 's mansion where he fatally shoots Gatsby and then himself . Nick stages an unsettlingly small funeral for Gatsby in which none of Gatsby 's associates or partygoers attend . Later , Nick runs into Tom in New York and finds out that Tom had told George that Gatsby was Myrtle 's secret lover and that Gatsby had killed her , then gave Gatsby 's address to George . Nick breaks up with Jordan , and , disillusioned with the East , moves back to the Midwest . </P> <H2> Major characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nick Carraway -- a Yale graduate originating from the Midwest , a World War I veteran , and , at the start of the plot , a newly arrived resident of West Egg , who is aged 29 ( later 30 ) . He also serves as the first - person narrator of the novel . He is Gatsby 's next - door neighbor and a bond salesman . He is easy - going , occasionally sarcastic , and somewhat optimistic , although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses . He is a more grounded character than the others , and more practical , and is always in awe of other character 's lifestyles and morals . </Li> <Li> Jay Gatsby ( originally James `` Jimmy '' Gatz ) -- a young , mysterious millionaire with shady business connections ( later revealed to be a bootlegger ) , originally from North Dakota . He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan , a beautiful debutante from Louisville , Kentucky whom he had met when he was a young military officer stationed at the Army 's Camp Taylor in Louisville during World War I. Fitzgerald himself was actually based at Camp Taylor in Louisville when he was in the Army and makes various references to Louisville in the novel , including the Seelbach Hotel where the Buchanan party stayed while in town for Tom and Daisy 's wedding . The character is based on the bootlegger and former World War I officer , Max Gerlach , according to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur , Matthew J. Bruccoli 's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Gatsby is said to have briefly studied at Trinity College , Oxford in England after the end of World War I . </Li> <Li> Daisy Fay Buchanan -- an attractive and effervescent , if shallow and self - absorbed , young Louisville , Kentucky debutante and socialite , identified as a flapper . She is Nick 's second cousin , once removed , and the wife of Tom Buchanan . Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald 's own youthful romances with Ginevra King . Daisy once had a romantic relationship with Gatsby , before she married Tom . Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the central conflicts in the novel . </Li> <Li> Thomas ( or Tom ) Buchanan -- a millionaire who lives on East Egg , and Daisy 's husband . Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a `` husky tenor '' voice and arrogant demeanor . He is a former football star at Yale . Buchanan has parallels with William Mitchell , the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King . Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo . Like Ginevra 's father , whom Fitzgerald resented , Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist . </Li> <Li> Jordan Baker -- A professional golfer and Daisy Buchanan 's long - time friend with a sarcastic streak and an aloof attitude . She is Nick Carraway 's girlfriend for most of the novel , though they grow apart towards the end . She has a slightly shady reputation amongst the New York social elite due to her habit of being evasive and untruthful with her friends and lovers . Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that Jordan was based on the golfer Edith Cummings , a friend of Ginevra King . Her name is a play on the two popular automobile brands , the Jordan Motor Car Company and the Baker Motor Vehicle , alluding to Jordan 's `` fast '' reputation and the freedom now presented to Americans , especially women , in the 1920s . </Li> <Li> George B. Wilson -- a mechanic and owner of a garage . He is disliked by both his wife , Myrtle Wilson , and Tom Buchanan , who describes him as `` so dumb he does n't know he 's alive '' . One interpretation of the novel 's ending is that he learns of the death of his wife , he shoots and kills Gatsby , wrongly believing he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle , and then kills himself . </Li> <Li> Myrtle Wilson -- George 's wife , and Tom Buchanan 's mistress . Myrtle , who possesses a fierce vitality , is desperate to find refuge from her complacent marriage , but unfortunately this leads to her tragic ending . She is accidentally killed by Gatsby 's car ( driven by Daisy , though Gatsby insists he would take the blame for the accident ) . </Li> <Li> Meyer Wolfshiem -- a Jewish friend and mentor of Gatsby 's , described as a gambler who fixed the World Series . Wolfshiem appears only twice in the novel , the second time refusing to attend Gatsby 's funeral . He is a clear allusion to Arnold Rothstein , a New York crime kingpin who was notoriously blamed for the Black Sox Scandal which tainted the 1919 World Series . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Writing and production ( edit ) </H2> The now - demolished Beacon Towers served as an inspiration for Gatsby 's home Oheka Castle was another North Shore inspiration for the novel 's setting <P> Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922 , but it was interrupted by production of his play , The Vegetable , in the summer and fall . The play failed miserably , and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production . The stories were , in his words , `` all trash and it nearly broke my heart , '' although included among those stories was `` Winter Dreams '' , which Fitzgerald later described as `` a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea '' . </P> <P> After the birth of their child , the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck , New York , on Long Island , in October 1922 . The town was used as the scene of The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald 's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner , actor Lew Fields , and comedian Ed Wynn . These figures were all considered to be `` new money '' , unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula , places which were home to many of New York 's wealthiest established families , and which sat across the bay from Great Neck . This real - life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for `` West Egg '' and `` East Egg '' . In this novel , Great Neck ( King 's Point ) became the `` new money '' peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington ( Sands Point ) the old - money East Egg . Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby 's home , such as Oheka Castle and Beacon Towers , since demolished . </P> <P> By mid-1923 , Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel but discarded most of his new story as a false start , some of which resurfaced in the 1924 short story `` Absolution '' . </P> <P> Work on The Great Gatsby began in earnest in April 1924 . Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger , `` Out of woods at last and starting novel . '' He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a `` consciously artistic achievement '' and a `` purely creative work -- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world . '' He added later , during editing , that he felt `` an enormous power in me now , more than I 've ever had . '' Soon after this burst of inspiration , work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera , where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed . By August , however , Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October , sending the book to his editor , Maxwell Perkins , and agent , Harold Ober , on October 30 . The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter . Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was `` somewhat vague '' and Gatsby 's wealth and business , respectively , needed `` the suggestion of an explanation '' and should be `` adumbrated '' . </P> <P> Content after a few rounds of revision , Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925 . Fitzgerald 's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII . Despite this , he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book 's publication . He had received a $3,939 advance in 1923 and $1,981.25 upon publication . </P> <H2> Cover art ( edit ) </H2> <P> The cover of the first printing of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated pieces of art in American literature . It depicts disembodied eyes and a mouth over a blue skyline , with images of naked women reflected in the irises . A little - known artist named Francis Cugat was commissioned to illustrate the book while Fitzgerald was in the midst of writing it . The cover was completed before the novel ; Fitzgerald was so enamored with it that he told his publisher he had `` written it into '' the novel . Fitzgerald 's remarks about incorporating the painting into the novel led to the interpretation that the eyes are reminiscent of those of fictional optometrist Dr. T.J. Eckleburg ( depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson 's auto repair shop ) which Fitzgerald described as `` blue and gigantic -- their retinas are one yard high . They look out of no face , but instead , from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose . '' Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting , a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the `` girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs . '' Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read , he immediately disliked the cover , but `` Scott told me not to be put off by it , that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story . He said he had liked the jacket and now he did n't like it . '' </P> <H2> Title ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby , a title inspired by Alain - Fournier 's Le Grand Meaulnes . Prior , Fitzgerald shifted between Gatsby ; Among Ash - Heaps and Millionaires ; Trimalchio ; Trimalchio in West Egg ; On the Road to West Egg ; Under the Red , White , and Blue ; Gold - Hatted Gatsby ; and The High - Bouncing Lover . The titles The Gold - Hatted Gatsby and The High - Bouncing Lover came from Fitzgerald 's epigraph for the novel , one which he wrote himself under the pen name of Thomas Parke D'Invilliers . He initially preferred titles referencing Trimalchio , the crude parvenu in Petronius 's Satyricon , and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel : `` It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night -- and , as obscurely as it had begun , his career as Trimalchio was over . '' Unlike Gatsby 's spectacular parties , Trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but , according to Tony Tanner 's introduction to the Penguin edition , there are subtle similarities between the two . </P> <P> In November 1924 , Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book ... Trimalchio in West Egg '' but was eventually persuaded that the reference was too obscure and that people would not be able to pronounce it . His wife , Zelda , and Perkins both expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby and the next month Fitzgerald agreed . A month before publication , after a final review of the proofs , he asked if it would be possible to re-title it Trimalchio or Gold - Hatted Gatsby but Perkins advised against it . On March 19 , 1925 , Fitzgerald expressed intense enthusiasm for the title Under the Red , White and Blue , but it was at that stage too late to change . The Great Gatsby was published on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald remarked that `` the title is only fair , rather bad than good . '' </P> <P> Early drafts of the novel entitled Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby have been published . A notable difference between the Trimalchio draft and The Great Gatsby is a less complete failure of Gatsby 's dream in Trimalchio . Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby is more even , although Daisy still returns to Tom . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sarah Churchwell sees The Great Gatsby as a `` cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream . '' The story deals with the limits and realities of America 's myths of social and class mobility ; and the inevitably hopeless lower class aspirations to rise above the station ( s ) of their birth . The book in stark relief through the narrator , Nick Carraway , observes that : `` ... a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth . '' Using elements of irony and tragic ending , it also delves into themes of excesses of the rich , and recklessness of youth . Others , like journalist Nick Gillespie , see The Great Gatsby as a story `` underlying permanence of class differences ; even in the face of a modern economy 's attempt to assert that the class structure is based ; not on status and inherited position ; but , upon the innovation and the ability of literally anyone , to succeed by meeting the ever - changing demands and tastes of consumers ' needs . '' This interpretation asserts that The Great Gatsby captures the American experience because it is a story about change and those who resist it ; whether the change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants ( Southern Europeans in the early 20th century , Latin Americans today ) , the nouveau riche , or successful minorities , Americans from the 1920s to the 21st century have plenty of experience with changing economic and social circumstances . As Gillespie states , `` While the specific terms of the equation are always changing , it 's easy to see echoes of Gatsby 's basic conflict between established sources of economic and cultural power and upstarts in virtually all aspects of American society . '' Because this concept is particularly American and can be seen throughout American history , readers are able to relate to The Great Gatsby ( which has lent the novel an enduring popularity ) . </P> <P> Later critical writings on The Great Gatsby , following the novel 's revival , focus in particular on Fitzgerald 's disillusionment with the American Dream -- life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness -- in the context of the hedonistic Jazz Age , a name for the era which Fitzgerald claimed to have coined . In 1970 , Roger Pearson published the article Gatsby : False prophet of the American Dream , in which he states that Fitzgerald `` has come to be associated with this concept of the AMERICAN Dream more than any other writer of the twentieth century '' . Pearson goes on to suggest that Gatsby 's failure to realize the American dream demonstrates that it no longer exists except in the minds of those as materialistic as Gatsby . He concludes that the American dream pursued by Gatsby `` is , in reality , a nightmare '' , bringing nothing but discontent and disillusionment to those who chase it as they realize its unsustainability and ultimately its unattainability . </P> <P> In addition to exploring the trials and tribulations of achieving the great American dream during the Jazz Age , The Great Gatsby explores societal gender expectations as a theme , exemplifying in Daisy Buchanan 's character the marginalization of women in the East Egg social class that Fitzgerald depicts . As an upper - class , white woman living in East Egg during this time period in America , Daisy must adhere to certain societal expectations , including but certainly not limited to actively filling the role of dutiful wife , mother , keeper of the house , and charming socialite . As the reader finds in the novel , many of Daisy 's choices , ultimately culminating in the tragedy of the plot and misery for all those involved , can be at least partly attributed to her prescribed role as a `` beautiful little fool '' who is completely reliant on her husband for financial and societal security . For instance , one could argue that Daisy 's ultimate decision to remain with her husband despite her feelings for Gatsby can be attributed to the status , security , and comfort that her marriage to Tom Buchanan provides . Additionally , the theme of the female familial role within The Great Gatsby goes hand in hand with that of the ideal family unit associated with the great American dream - a dream that goes unrealized for Gatsby and Daisy in Fitzgerald 's prose . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner 's Sons on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald called Perkins on the day of publication to monitor reviews : `` Any news ? '' `` Sales situation doubtful , '' read a wire from Perkins on April 20 , `` ( but ) excellent reviews . '' Fitzgerald responded on April 24 , saying the cable `` depressed '' him , closing the letter with `` Yours in great depression . '' Fitzgerald had hoped the novel would be a great commercial success , perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies . By October , when the original sale had run its course , the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies . Despite this , Scribner 's continually kept the book in print ; they carried the original edition on their trade list until 1946 , by which time Gatsby was in print in three other forms and the original edition was no longer needed . Fitzgerald received letters of praise from contemporaries T.S. Eliot , Edith Wharton , and Willa Cather regarding the novel ; however , this was private opinion , and Fitzgerald feverishly demanded the public recognition of reviewers and readers . </P> <P> The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews from literary critics of the day . Generally the most effusive of the positive reviews was Edwin Clark of The New York Times , who felt the novel was `` A curious book , a mystical , glamourous ( sic ) story of today . '' Similarly , Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` ( the novel ) leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder , '' calling the book `` a revelation of life '' and `` a work of art . '' The New York Post called the book `` fascinating ... His style fairly scintillates , and with a genuine brilliance ; he writes surely and soundly . '' The New York Herald Tribune was unimpressed , but referred to The Great Gatsby as `` purely ephemeral phenomenon , but it contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine - so light , so delicate , so sharp ... a literary lemon meringue . '' In The Chicago Daily Tribune , H.L. Mencken called the book `` in form no more than a glorified anecdote , and not too probable at that , '' while praising the book 's `` careful and brilliant finish . '' </P> <P> Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald 's previous works and promptly criticized him . Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald 's success : `` One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret , not for the fate of the people in the book , but for Mr. Fitzgerald . '' John McClure of The Times - Picayune said that the book was unconvincing , writing , `` Even in conception and construction , The Great Gatsby seems a little raw . '' Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald 's earlier novels endearing and called the book `` a minor performance ... At the moment , its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical . '' Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book 's style `` painfully forced '' , noting that the editors of the paper were `` quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to - day . '' The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point : `` All the reviews , even the most enthusiastic , not one had the slightest idea what the book was about . '' </P> <P> Fitzgerald 's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer , and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels , This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned . Although the novel went through two initial printings , some of these copies remained unsold years later . Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time , and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character . According to his own ledger , now made available online by University of South Carolina 's Thomas Cooper library , he earned only $2,000 from the book . Although 1926 brought Owen Davis 's stage adaption and the Paramount - issued silent film version , both of which brought in money for the author , Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and , most importantly , would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye . For several years afterward , the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece . </P> <H2> Legacy and modern analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1940 , Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack , and died believing his work forgotten . His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as Fitzgerald `` at his best '' . A strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles ; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book 's influence . The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson 's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment , with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction . </P> <P> In 1942 , a group of publishing executives created the Council on Books in Wartime . The Council 's purpose was to distribute paperback books to soldiers fighting in the Second World War . The Great Gatsby was one of these books . The books proved to be `` as popular as pin - up girls '' among the soldiers , according to the Saturday Evening Post 's contemporary report . 155,000 copies of Gatsby were distributed to soldiers overseas , and it is believed that this publicity ultimately boosted the novel 's popularity and sales . </P> <P> By 1944 , full - length articles on Fitzgerald 's works were being published , and the following year , `` the opinion that Gatsby was merely a period piece had almost entirely disappeared . '' This revival was paved by interest shown by literary critic Edmund Wilson , who was Fitzgerald 's friend . In 1951 , Arthur Mizener published The Far Side of Paradise , a biography of Fitzgerald . He emphasized The Great Gatsby 's positive reception by literary critics , which may have influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it . </P> <P> By 1960 , the book was steadily selling 50,000 copies per year , and renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel `` a classic of twentieth - century American fiction '' . The Great Gatsby has sold over 25 million copies worldwide as of 2013 , annually sells an additional 500,000 copies , and is Scribner 's most popular title ; in 2013 , the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies . </P> <P> Scribner 's copyright is scheduled to expire in 2020 , according to Maureen Corrigan 's book about the making of The Great Gatsby , So We Read On . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ballet ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In 2009 , BalletMet premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus , Ohio . It was choreographed by Jimmy Orrante . </Li> <Li> In 2010 , The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center . It was popularly demanded for an encore run the following year . </Li> <Li> In 2013 , the Northern Ballet premiered a version of The Great Gatsby at Leeds Grand Theatre in the UK , with choreography and direction by David Nixon , a musical score by Richard Rodney Bennett , and set designs by Jerome Kaplan . Nixon also created the scenario and costumes designs . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Computer games ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In 2010 , Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby . The game was released for iPad in 2012 . </Li> <Li> In 2011 , as a tribute to old NES games , developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8 - bit - style online game of The Great Gatsby . Ian Crouch of The New Yorker compared it to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1989 ) for the NES . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film and television ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Great Gatsby has resulted in a number of film and television adaptations : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) , by Herbert Brenon -- a silent movie of a stage adaptation , starring Warner Baxter , Lois Wilson , and William Powell . It is a famous example of a lost film . Reviews suggest that it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel , but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist . </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) , by Elliott Nugent -- starring Alan Ladd , Betty Field , and Macdonald Carey . </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) , by Jack Clayton -- starring Robert Redford , Mia Farrow , and Sam Waterston , with a script by Francis Ford Coppola . </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) , by Robert Markowitz -- a made - for - TV movie starring Toby Stephens , Mira Sorvino , and Paul Rudd . </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , by Baz Luhrmann -- starring Leonardo DiCaprio , Carey Mulligan , and Tobey Maguire . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Double Bind ( 2007 ) by Chris Bohjalian imagines the later years of Daisy and Tom Buchanan 's marriage as a social worker in 2007 investigates the possibility that a deceased elderly homeless person is Daisy 's son . </Li> <Li> Great ( 2014 ) by Sara Benincasa is a modern - day young adult fiction retelling of The Great Gatsby with a female Gatsby ( Jacinta Trimalchio ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Opera ( edit ) </H3> <P> The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine 's debut . The work , called The Great Gatsby , premiered on December 20 , 1999 . </P> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> On January 1 , 1950 , an hour - long adaptation was broadcast on CBS ' Family Hour of Stars starring Kirk Douglas as Gatsby . </Li> <Li> In October 2008 , the BBC World Service commissioned and broadcast an abridged 10 - part reading of the story , read from the view of Nick Carraway by Trevor White . </Li> <Li> In May 2012 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Great Gatsby , a Classic Serial dramatisation by Robert Forrest . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Theater ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The 1926 stage adaptation of Owen Davis , subsequently developed , became the 1926 film version . The play , directed by George Cukor , opened on Broadway on February 2 , 1926 and ran for 112 performances . A successful tour later in the year included the performances Chicago , 1 August 20 through 2 October . </Li> <Li> In July 2006 , Simon Levy 's stage adaptation , the only one authorized and granted exclusive rights by the Fitzgerald Estate , had its world premiere at The Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theatre , directed by David Esbjornson . It was subsequently produced by Seattle Repertory Theatre . In 2012 , a revised / reworked version was produced at Arizona Theatre Company and Grand Theatre in London , Ontario , Canada . </Li> <Li> Gatz by Elevator Repair Service earned the # 1 in the best in 2010 NYC theatre from The New York Times 's Ben Brantley . An award - winning Off - Broadway production . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Novels portal </Li> <Li> 1920s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The spelling `` Wolfshiem '' appears throughout Fitzgerald 's original manuscript , while `` Wolfsheim '' was introduced by an editor ( Edmund Wilson ) in the second edition and appears in later Scribner 's editions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The original edition used the anatomically incorrect word `` retinas '' , while some later editions have used the word `` irises '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Karolides , Nicholas J. ; Bald , Margaret ; Sova , Dawn B. ( 2011 ) . 120 Banned Books : Censorship Histories of World Literature ( Second ed . ) . Checkmark Books . p. 499 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 8232 - 2 . Rather than a celebration of such decadence , the novel functions as a cautionary tale in which an unhappy fate is inevitable for the poor and striving individual , and the rich are allowed to continue without penalty their careless treatment of others ' lives . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoover , Bob ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` ' The Great Gatsby ' still challenges myth of American Dream '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Something Extraordinary '' . Letters of Note . Images by Gareth M. lettersofnote.com. 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Novels '' . Modern Library . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 53 -- 54 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gross , Dalton ( 1998 ) . Understanding the Great Gatsby : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historical Documents . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 167 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kellogg , Carolyn . `` Last gasp of the Gatsby house '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : SparkNotes Editors . `` The Great Gatsby : Context '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powers , Thomas ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Road to West Egg '' . London Review of Books . 13 . pp. 9 -- 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarah Churchwell ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Murder , Mayhem , and the Invention of The Great Gatsby '' . The Leonard Lopate Show . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Holowka ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Iron Triangle , part 1 / Wilson 's Garage '' . ArchiTakes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCullen , Bonnie Shannon ( 2007 ) . `` This Tremendous Detail : The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby '' . In Assadi , Jamal ; Freedman , William . A Distant Drummer : Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0820488516 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conor , Liz ( 22 June 2004 ) . The Spectacular Modern Woman : Feminine Visibility in the 1920s . Indiana University Press . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21670 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 9 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1991 ) . Bruccoli , Matthew J. , ed . The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780521402309 . This name combines two automobile makes : the sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 2006 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Great Gatsby . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . p. 95 . ISBN 9781438114545 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1997 ) . Tredell , Nicolas , ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Columbia Critical Guides . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780231115353 . ISSN 1559 - 3002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . p. liv . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . He had begun to plan the novel in June , 1923 , saying to Maxwell Perkins , ' I want to write something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . ' But that summer and fall was devoted to the production of his play , ' The Vegetable . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curnutt , Kirk ( 2004 ) . A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald . Oxford University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0195153030 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . The failure of The Vegetable in the fall of 1923 caused Fitzgerald , who was by then in considerable debt , to shut himself in a stuffy room over a garage in Great Neck , New York , and write himself out of the red by turning out ten short stories for the magazine market . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1963 ) . Turnbull , Andrew , ed . The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 189 . 3 . ' Winter Dreams ' ( a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea from Metropolitan 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Mary Jo ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Eyeing the Unreal Estate of Gatsby Esq '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 38 -- 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Randall , Mónica ( 2003 ) . The Mansions of Long Island 's Gold Coast . Rizzoli . pp. 275 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 2649 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 2000 ) . Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold . Cambridge University Press . p. xi . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89047 - 0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . He produces 18,000 words ; most of this material is later discarded , but he salvages the short story `` Absolution , '' published in June 1924 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haglund , David ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` The Forgotten Childhood of Jay Gatsby '' . Slate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eble , Kenneth ( Winter 1974 ) . `` The Great Gatsby '' . College Literature. 1 ( 1 ) : 37 . ISSN 0093 - 3139 . JSTOR 25111007 . consciously artistic achievement </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flanagan , Thomas ( 21 December 2000 ) . `` Fitzgerald 's ' Radiant World ' '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . He may have been remembering Fitzgerald 's words in that April letter : So in my new novel I 'm thrown directly on purely creative work -- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere yet radiant world . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leader , Zachary ( 21 September 2000 ) . `` Daisy packs her bags '' . London Review of Books . 22 ( 18 ) : 13 -- 15 . ISSN 0260 - 9592 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tate , Mary Jo ( 2007 ) . Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 326 . ISBN 9781438108452 . They lived in ROME from October 1924 to February 1925 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkins , Maxwell Evarts ( 2004 ) . Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ; Baughman , Judith S. , eds . The Sons of Maxwell Perkins : Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Ernest Hemingway , Thomas Wolfe , and Their Editor . Univ. of South Carolina Press . pp. 27 -- 30 . ISBN 9781570035487 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 54 -- 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzerald , F. Scott . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald 's ledger '' . Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections . University of South Carolina . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` The Finances of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Handwritten by Fitzgerald '' . The Atlantic Wire . The Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scribner , Charles , III ( Winter 1992 ) . `` Celestial Eyes : From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . ( originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scribner , Charles , III ( Winter 1992 ) . `` Celestial Eyes : From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . We are left then with the enticing possibility that Fitzgerald 's arresting image was originally prompted by Cugat 's fantastic apparitions over the valley of ashes ; in other words , that the author derived his inventive metamorphosis from a recurrent theme of Cugat 's trial jackets , one which the artist himself was to reinterpret and transform through subsequent drafts . ( originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hemingway , Ernest ( 1964 ) . A Moveable Feast . New York : Scribner . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82499 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kurt ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` American Icons : The Great Gatsby '' . Studio 360 . 14 : 26 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . ( Donald Skemer ( introduced 12 : 59 ) speaking ) He went through many many titles , uh , including Under the Red , White , and Blue and Trimalchio and Gold - hatted Gatsby ... ( James West ( introduced at 12 : 11 ) speaking ) The High Bouncing Lover . And , uh , he in the end did n't think that The Great Gatsby was a very good title , was dissatisfied with it . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The girl at the Grand Palais '' . The Economist. 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vanderbilt , Arthur T. ( 1999 ) . The Making of a Bestseller : From Author to Reader . McFarland . p. 96 . ISBN 0786406631 . A week later , in his next letter , he was floundering : ' I have not decided to stick to the title I put on the book , Trimalchio in West Egg . The only other titles that seem to fit it are Trimalchio and On the Road to West Egg . I had two others , Gold - hatted Gatsby and The High - bouncing Lover , but they seemed too slight . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wulick , Dr. Anna . `` Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald , Chapter 7 opening sentence , The Great Gatsby </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tanner 's introduction to the Penguin edition ( 2000 ) , p. vii -- viii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill , W. Speed ; Burns , Edward M. ; Shillingsburg , Peter L. ( 2002 ) . Text : An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies . 14 . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0472112724 ... , because in early November he wrote Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book . Trimalchio in West Egg . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Francis Scott ; Perkins , Maxwell ( 1971 ) . Kuehl , John ; Bryer , Jackson R. , eds . Dear Scott / Dear Max : the Fitzgerald - Perkins correspondence . Macmillan Publishing Company . p. 87 . When Ring Lardner came in the other day I told him about your novel and he instantly balked at the title . ' No one could pronounce it , ' he said ; so probably your change is wise on other than typographical counts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 206 -- 07 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tate , Mary Jo ( 2007 ) . Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438108452 . He settled on The Great Gatsby in December 1924 , but in January and March 1925 he continued to express his concern to Perkins about the title , cabling from CAPRI on March 19 : ' CRAZY ABOUT TITLE UNDER THE RED WHITE AND BLUE STOP WHART ( sic ) WOULD DELAY BE ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lipton , Gabrielle . `` Where Is Jay Gatsby 's Mansion ? '' . slate.com . The Slate Group , a Division of the Washington Post Company . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . However , nearing the time of publication , Fitzgerald , who despised the title The Great Gatsby and toiled for months to think of something else , wrote to Perkins that he had finally found one : Under the Red , White , and Blue . Unfortunately , it was too late to change . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchwell , Sarah ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` What makes The Great Gatsby great ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . At the last minute , he had asked his editor if they could change the new novel 's title to Under the Red , White and Blue , but it was too late . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lazo , Caroline Evensen ( 2003 ) . F. Scott Fitzgerald : Voice of the Jazz Age . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 75 . ISBN 0822500744 . When the book was published on April 10 , 1924 , the critics raved . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 215 -- 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 2000 ) . Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89047 - 0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` What Baz Luhrmann Asked Me About The Great Gatsby '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Luhrmann was also interested in Trimalchio , the early version of The Great Gatsby that I published in 2000 as a volume in the Cambridge Edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` A Darker , More Ruthless Gatsby '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Gatsby comes across as more confident and aggressive in ' Trimalchio ' during a confrontation with romantic rival Tom Buchanan at the Plaza Hotel , challenging Tom 's assertion that Gatsby and Daisy 's affair is ' a harmless little flirtation . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott . The Great Gatsby . New York : Scribner , 2004 . Print . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchwell , Sarah ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` What makes The Great Gatsby great ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Symkus , Ed ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` ' Gatsby ' : What 's so great ? '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Nick ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby 's Creative Destruction '' . Reason . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pearson , Roger L. `` Gatsby : False Prophet of the American Dream . '' The English Journal 59.5 ( 1970 ) : n . pag . JSTOR . Web . 12 Apr. 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leland , Person S. `` ' Herstory ' and Daisy Buchanan . '' American Literature , Vol. 50 , No. 2 , ( May , 1978 ) , pp. 250 -- 257 . Web . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Meara , Lauraleigh ( 2002 ) . Lost City : Fitzgerald 's New York ( 1st paperback ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 86701 - 6 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Edwin ( 19 April 1925 ) . `` Scott Fitzgerald Looks Into Middle Age '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Lillian C. ( 10 May 1925 ) . `` The Seamy Side of Society '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Books On Our Table '' . The New York Post . 5 May 1925 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Turns with a Bookworm '' . New York Herald Tribune . 12 April 1925 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. ( 3 May 1925 ) . `` Scott Fitzgerald and His Work '' . The Chicago Daily Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eagleton , Harvey ( 10 May 1925 ) . `` Profits of the New Age III . F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . The Dallas Morning News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClure , John ( 31 May 1925 ) . `` Literature - And Less '' . The Times - Picayune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coghlan , Ralph ( 25 April 1925 ) . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snyder , Ruth ( 15 April 1925 ) . `` A Minute or Two with Books - F. Scott Fitzgerald Ventures '' . New York Evening World . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 167 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , p. 175 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Five things you did n't know about The Great Gatsby '' . The Star . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Deirdre ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby by the numbers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scott Fitzgerald , Author , Dies at 44 '' . New York Times . 23 December 1940 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Writers like John O'Hara were showing its influence and younger men like Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg , who would presently be deeply affected by it , were discovering it . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wittels , David ( 23 June 1945 ) . `` What the G.I. Reads '' . The Saturday Evening Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cole , John Y. , ed. ( 1984 ) . Books in Action : the Armed Services Editions . Washington : Library of Congress . p. 28 . ISBN 0844404667 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . One hundred fifty - five thousand ASE copies of The Great Gatsby were distributed - as against the twenty - five thousand copies of the novel printed by Scribners between 1925 and 1942 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beckwith , Ryan Teague ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` A novel fact : Wartime -- and the U.S. military -- boosted sales of ' The Great Gatsby ' from good to ' Great ' '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verghis , Sharon ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` Careless people of F Scott Fitzgerald 's Great Gatsby have a modern equivalent '' . The Australian . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 217 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 183 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corrigan , Maureen ( 2014 ) . So We Read On : How the Great Gatsby Came to Be and Why It Endures . New York : Little , Brown . p. 265 . ISBN 9780316230070 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grossberg , Michael ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Literary classic ' Great Gatsby ' to come to life on BalletMet stage '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Washington Ballet : The Great Gatsby '' . Kennedy Center . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aguirre , Abby ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Gatsby En Pointe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman , Neil ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Dance Review : The Great Gatsby '' . The Sunday Express . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby 's Ballet Makeover '' . Vogue. 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carter , Vanessa ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby '' . gamezebo.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . The game loosely follows the narrative of the F. Scott Fitzgerald classic , ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` The Great Gatsby , Now a Video Game -- Vulture '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby for iPhone / iPad Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2012 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Melissa ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` Great Gatsby ' Nintendo ' game released online '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crouch , Ian ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Nintendo Lit : Gatsby and Tom Sawyer '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Wheeler Winston ( 2003 ) . `` The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby : A Vision Deferred '' . Literature / Film Quarterly . Salisbury , Maryland . 31 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carole ( 18 March 2007 ) . `` The Double Bind By Chris Bohjalian '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wakeman , Jessica ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` FRISKY Q&A : GREAT AUTHOR SARA BENINCASA TALKS YOUNG ADULT FICTION , ZELDA FITZGERALD & WOMEN IN COMEDY '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens , David ( 29 December 1999 ) . `` Harbison Mixes Up A Great ' Gatsby ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Family Hour Of Stars '' . radioechoes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service programmes -- The Great Gatsby '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2007 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Classic Serial , The Great Gatsby , Episode 1 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2012 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Playbill , reproduction of original program , Ambassador Theatre 1926 . http://www.playbill.com/production/the-great-gatsby-ambassador-theatre-vault-0000001115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Great Gatsby -- A Reader 's Guide -- The Play ( 1926 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Levy , Simon . `` The Great Gatsby Play Official Website '' . Thegreatgatsbyplay.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arizona Theatre Company '' . Arizonatheatre.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Hath Not a Year Highlights ? Even This One ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Batchelor , Bob ( 2013 ) . Gatsby : The Cultural History of the Great American Novel . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0810891951 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph , ed. ( 2000 ) . F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby : A Literary Reference . New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0996 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ( 2002 ) . Some Sort of Epic Grandeur : The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 2nd rev . ed . ) . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 455 - 9 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Mizener , Arthur ( 1951 ) . `` The Far Side of Paradise : A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . </Li> <Li> Drudzina , Douglas ( 2006 ) . Teaching F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby from Multiple Critical Perspectives . Prestwick House , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58049 - 174 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : The Great Gatsby ( in the public domain in Canada ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Great Gatsby </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Great Gatsby overview </Li> <Li> Fitzgerald , F. Scott . The Great Gatsby ( plain text ed . ) . Project Gutenberg Australia . </Li> <Li> `` In Gatsby 's Tracks -- Locating the Valley of Ashes '' . litkicks.com . </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby Play -- Authorized and Granted Exclusive Rights by the Fitzgerald Estate </Li> <Li> Conversations from Penn State : Writers of the Lost Generation with Linda Patterson Miller discussing F. Scott Fitzgerald and his relationships with other writers of the `` Lost Generation '' </Li> <Li> Oloizia , Jeff ; Dhanraj , Emanuel ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` A Book by Its Covers '' ( interactive photo gallery ) . T : The New York Times Style Magazine . </Li> <Li> An Index to The Great Gatsby </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jay Gatsby </Li> <Li> Nick Carraway </Li> <Li> Daisy Buchanan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( opera ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Francis Cugat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> This Side of Paradise ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Tender Is the Night ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Tycoon ( unfinished ) ( 1941 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short story collections </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Flappers and Philosophers ( 1920 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Offshore Pirate '' </Li> <Li> `` The Ice Palace '' </Li> <Li> `` Head and Shoulders '' </Li> <Li> `` The Cut - Glass Bowl '' </Li> <Li> `` Bernice Bobs Her Hair '' </Li> <Li> `` Benediction '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tales of the Jazz Age ( 1922 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` May Day '' </Li> <Li> The Diamond as Big as the Ritz </Li> <Li> `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All the Sad Young Men ( 1926 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Rich Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` Winter Dreams '' </Li> <Li> `` The Baby Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Absolution '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adjuster '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taps at Reveille ( 1935 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Freshest Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` First Blood '' </Li> <Li> `` Crazy Sunday '' </Li> <Li> `` Babylon Revisited '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posthumous works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> The Basil and Josephine Stories ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Pat Hobby Stories ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Vegetable , or From President to Postman ( 1923 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Essay collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Crack - Up ( 1945 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Bibliography of F. Scott Fitzgerald </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BNF : cb119466792 ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gatsby&oldid=821432789 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Great Gatsby </Li> <Li> 1925 American novels </Li> <Li> Charles Scribner 's Sons books </Li> <Li> 1922 in fiction </Li> <Li> Modernist novels </Li> <Li> Adultery in novels </Li> <Li> American novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Metafictional novels </Li> <Li> Novels by F. 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where does the story the great gatsby take place

List of Disney animated universe characters - wikipedia <H1> List of Disney animated universe characters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about characters from Walt Disney Animation Studios ' animated films and shorts . For Pixar characters , see List of Pixar characters . For The Nightmare Before Christmas characters , see List of The Nightmare Before Christmas characters . For Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters , see List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( July 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is an alphabetical list of major and recurring animated characters in the Walt Disney universe of animated shorts , feature films , and television series based on films by Walt Disney Animation Studios . Some of the following animated characters have been included in their own Disney marketing franchise , including the Disney Princesses , Disney Villains and Disney Fairies . </P> Contents <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> J </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> O </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Q </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> U </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> X </Li> <Li> Y </Li> <Li> Z </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> See also </Li> <Li> References </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abby Mallard </Td> <Td> Cusack , Joan ! Joan Cusack </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abigail Gabble </Td> <Td> Evans , Monica ! Monica Evans </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abis Mal </Td> <Td> Alexander , Jason ! Jason Alexander </Td> <Td> Return of Jafar , The ! The Return of Jafar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abu </Td> <Td> Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Achilles </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adella </Td> <Td> Lynn , Sherry ! Sherry Lynn </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adorabeezle Winterpop </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agent ! The Agent </Td> <Td> Germann , Greg ! Greg Germann </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agent Wendy Pleakley </Td> <Td> McDonald , Kevin ! Kevin McDonald </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ajax the Gorilla </Td> <Td> ZZZ ! James McDonald </Td> <Td> Donald Duck and the Gorilla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Akela </Td> <Td> Abbott , John ! John Abbott </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Al the Alligator </Td> <Td> Ravenscroft , Thurl ! Thurl Ravenscroft </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aladar </Td> <Td> Sweeney , D.B. ! D.B. Sweeney </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aladdin </Td> <Td> Weinger , Scott ! Scott Weinger Brad Kane </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alameda Slim </Td> <Td> Quaid , Randy ! Randy Quaid </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan - a-Dale </Td> <Td> Miller , Roger ! Roger Miller </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alana </Td> <Td> Robertson , Kimmy ! Kimmy Robertson </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alcmene </Td> <Td> Barbara Barrie </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice </Td> <Td> Beaumont , Kathryn ! Kathryn Beaumont </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Bluebonnet </Td> <Td> ZZZ ! None </Td> <Td> Make Mine Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice 's Sister </Td> <Td> Angel , Heather ! Heather Angel </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amelia Gabble </Td> <Td> Shelley , Carole ! Carole Shelley </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amos Slade </Td> <Td> Albertson , Jack ! Jack Albertson </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amphitryon </Td> <Td> Holbrook , Hal ! Hal Holbrook </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anastasia Tremaine </Td> <Td> Bliss , Lucille ! Lucille Bliss </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anda </Td> <Td> Martin , Andrea ! Andrea Martin </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrina </Td> <Td> Strong , Tara ! Tara Strong </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angel </Td> <Td> Milano , Alyssa ! Alyssa Milano </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angel ( Experiment 624 ) </Td> <Td> Strong , Tara ! Tara Strong </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch : The Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angelique </Td> <Td> Peters , Bernadette ! Bernadette Peters </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angus MacBadger </Td> <Td> Grant , Campbell ! Campbell Grant </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anita Radcliffe </Td> <Td> Davis , Lisa ! Lisa Davis </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anna </Td> <Td> Bell , Kristen ! Kristen Bell </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annette </Td> <Td> Derryberry , Debi ! Debi Derryberry </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April </Td> <Td> ZZZ ! None </Td> <Td> House of Mouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apollo </Td> <Td> David , Keith ! Keith David </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aquata </Td> <Td> DeLisle , Grey ! Grey DeLisle Mona Marshall </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aracuan Bird </Td> <Td> Colvig , Pinto ! Pinto Colvig </Td> <Td> Three Caballeros ! The Three Caballeros </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Archdeacon ! The Archdeacon </Td> <Td> Stiers , David Ogden ! David Ogden Stiers </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Archimedes Q. Porter </Td> <Td> Hawthorne , Nigel ! Nigel Hawthorne </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Archimedes </Td> <Td> Matthews , Junius ! Junius Matthews </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ariel </Td> <Td> Benson , Jodi ! Jodi Benson </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arista </Td> <Td> Robertson , Kimmy ! Kimmy Robertson </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armoire </Td> <Td> Worley , Jo Anne ! Jo Anne Worley </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur / Wart </Td> <Td> Sorensen , Rickie ! Rickie Sorensen </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reitherman , Richard ! Richard Reitherman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reitherman , Robert ! Robert Reitherman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur </Td> <Td> Lander , David ! David Lander </Td> <Td> Jungle Cubs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assistant Mayor Dawn Bellwether </Td> <Td> Jenny Slate </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atka </Td> <Td> Bennett , Jeff ! Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atropos </Td> <Td> Edwards , Paddi ! Paddi Edwards </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Attina </Td> <Td> Wahlgren , Kari ! Kari Wahlgren </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Audrey the Chicken </Td> <Td> Harris , Estelle ! Estelle Harris </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Audrey Ramirez </Td> <Td> Obradors , Jacqueline ! Jacqueline Obradors </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aunt Sarah </Td> <Td> Felton , Verna ! Verna Felton </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aunt Siqiniq </Td> <Td> Malick , Wendie ! Wendie Malick </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aunt Taqqiq </Td> <Td> Najimy , Kathy ! Kathy Najimy </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aurora </Td> <Td> Costa , Mary ! Mary Costa </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Axe </Td> <Td> Bennett , Jeff ! Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> B.E.N. </Td> <Td> Short , Martin ! Martin Short </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babette </Td> <Td> Bergman , Mary Kay ! Mary Kay Bergman </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babyface Beagle </Td> <Td> McGovern , Terry ! Terry McGovern </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baby Red Bird </Td> <Td> MacNeille , Tress ! Tress MacNeille </Td> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baby Herman </Td> <Td> Winchell , April ! April Winchell </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hirch , Lou ! Lou Hirsch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Backwoods Beagle </Td> <Td> Mann , Danny ! Danny Mann </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bacon Beagle </Td> <Td> ZZZ ! None </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baggy Beagle </Td> <Td> Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bagheera </Td> <Td> Cabot , Sebastian ! Sebastian Cabot </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baileywick </Td> <Td> Gunn , Tim ! Tim Gunn </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baker </Td> <Td> Murphey , Alex ! Alex Murphey </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baker </Td> <Td> Paulsen , Rob ! Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Cinderella II : Dreams Come True </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ballerina </Td> <Td> ZZZ ! None </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baloo Bear </Td> <Td> Harris , Phil ! Phil Harris </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bambi </Td> <Td> Donnie Dunagan </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albright , Hardie ! Hardie Albright </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gould , Alexander ! Alexander Gould </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bambi 's Mother </Td> <Td> Winslowe , Paula ! Paula Winslowe Carolyn Hennesy </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Banzai </Td> <Td> Marin , Cheech ! Cheech Marin </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bankjob Beagle </Td> <Td> Cullen , Peter ! Peter Cullen </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bartholomew </Td> <Td> Ingham , Barrie ! Barrie Ingham </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bashful </Td> <Td> Mattraw , Scotty ! Scotty Mattraw </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basil of Baker Street </Td> <Td> Ingham , Barrie ! Barrie Ingham </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baylene </Td> <Td> Plowright , Joan ! Joan Plowright </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bear </Td> <Td> McKennon , Dal ! Dal McKennon </Td> <Td> Bedknobs and Broomsticks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beary Barrington </Td> <Td> Osment , Haley Joel ! Haley Joel Osment </Td> <Td> Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beast </Td> <Td> Benson , Robby ! Robby Benson </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beaver </Td> <Td> Freberg , Stan ! Stan Freberg </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bella </Td> <Td> Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belle </Td> <Td> O'Hara , Paige ! Paige O'Hara </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ben </Td> <Td> Billy Connolly </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ben Ali Gator </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Fantasia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Clawhauser </Td> <Td> Nate Torrence </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benny the Cab </Td> <Td> Charles Fleischer </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bent - Tail the Coyote </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> The Legend of Coyote Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bent - Tail Junior </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Sheep Dog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bentina Beakley </Td> <Td> Joan Gerber </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beret Girl </Td> <Td> Vicki Lewis </Td> <Td> Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berlioz </Td> <Td> Dean Clark </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernard </Td> <Td> Bob Newhart </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Al </Td> <Td> James Gammon </Td> <Td> Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Bad Wolf </Td> <Td> Billy Bletcher </Td> <Td> Three Little Pigs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Mama </Td> <Td> Pearl Bailey </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bigtime Beagle </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill the Lizard </Td> <Td> Larry Grey </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billy Boss </Td> <Td> Thurl Ravenscroft </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billy Bones </Td> <Td> Patrick McGoohan </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bimbette </Td> <Td> Kath Soucie </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Binkie Muddlefoot </Td> <Td> Susan Tolsky </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Binky Beagle </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black Bart </Td> <Td> Thurl Ravenscroft </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blake </Td> <Td> Nick Swardson </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blaze </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Fairy </Td> <Td> Evelyn Venable </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobble </Td> <Td> Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolt </Td> <Td> John Travolta </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bomber Beagle </Td> <Td> Robert Ridgely </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonnie Hopps </Td> <Td> Bonnie Hunt </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bookseller </Td> <Td> Alvin Epstein </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boomer </Td> <Td> Paul Winchell </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonkers D. Bobcat </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Bonkers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boss Beaver </Td> <Td> Brad Garrett </Td> <Td> Timon and Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bouncer Beagle </Td> <Td> Chuck McCann </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bowler Hat Guy </Td> <Td> Stephen J. Anderson </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Br'er Bear </Td> <Td> Nick Stewart </Td> <Td> Song of the South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Br'er Fox </Td> <Td> James Baskett </Td> <Td> Song of the South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Br'er Rabbit </Td> <Td> Johnny Lee </Td> <Td> Song of the South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bradley Uppercrust III </Td> <Td> Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bruno the Dog </Td> <Td> Jimmy MacDonald Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bruton </Td> <Td> Peter Siragusa </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brutus and Nero </Td> <Td> Candy Candido </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buck </Td> <Td> Cuba Gooding Jr . </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buck Cluck </Td> <Td> Garry Marshall </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bucky Bug </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Silly Symphonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bucky Oryx - Antlerson </Td> <Td> Byron Howard </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bucky the Squirrel </Td> <Td> Bob Bergen </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buford the Cook </Td> <Td> Michael Colyar </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bugle Beagle </Td> <Td> Brian Cummings </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burger Beagle </Td> <Td> Chuck McCann </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buster </Td> <Td> Chazz Palminteri </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butch the Bulldog </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Bone Trouble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buzzie the Vulture </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cadpig </Td> <Td> Kath Soucie </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians : The Series ! 101 Dalmatians : The Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calliope </Td> <Td> Lillias White </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Candlehead </Td> <Td> Katie Lowes </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain ! The Captain </Td> <Td> Thurl Ravenscroft </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain Amelia </Td> <Td> Emma Thompson </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain Hook </Td> <Td> Hans Conried </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain John Smith </Td> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain Phoebus </Td> <Td> Kevin Kline </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carl the Robot </Td> <Td> Harland Williams </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carlotta the Maid </Td> <Td> Edie McClurg </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carpenter ! The Carpenter </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Casey Junior </Td> <Td> Margaret Wright </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cash </Td> <Td> Patrick Swayze </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cassim </Td> <Td> John Rhys - Davies </Td> <Td> Aladdin and the King of Thieves </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caterpillar ! The Caterpillar </Td> <Td> Richard Haydn </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Catty the Elephant </Td> <Td> Noreen Gammill </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cecil the Vulture </Td> <Td> Michael McKean </Td> <Td> Jungle Cubs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cedric the Sorcerer </Td> <Td> Jess Harnell </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chaca </Td> <Td> Kellyann Kelso </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chandeleria </Td> <Td> April Winchell </Td> <Td> Belle 's Magical World </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chair Mouse </Td> <Td> Bernard Fox </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chainsaw </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Goof Troop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlotte La Bouff </Td> <Td> Jennifer Cody </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheetata and Cheetato </Td> <Td> Rob Paulsen Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Timon and Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chef Bouche </Td> <Td> Brian Cummings </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chef Louis </Td> <Td> René Auberjonois </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chernabog </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Fantasia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheshire Cat </Td> <Td> Sterling Holloway </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chi - Fu </Td> <Td> James Hong </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicha </Td> <Td> Wendie Malick </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> <Td> Zach Braff </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chief </Td> <Td> Pat Buttram </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chief Bogo </Td> <Td> Idris Elba </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chief Powhatan </Td> <Td> Russell Means </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chien - Po </Td> <Td> Jerry Tondo </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chip </Td> <Td> James MacDonald </Td> <Td> Private Pluto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chip Potts </Td> <Td> Bradley Michael Pierce </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Robin </Td> <Td> Bruce Reitherman </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinderella </Td> <Td> Ilene Woods </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Circus Animals </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clank </Td> <Td> Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clara Cluck </Td> <Td> Florence Gill </Td> <Td> Orphan 's Benefit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clarabelle Cow </Td> <Td> Marcellite Garner </Td> <Td> Plane Crazy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clayton </Td> <Td> Brian Blessed </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cleo </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clio </Td> <Td> Vanéese Y. Thomas </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cloak and Dagger </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clopin Trouillefou </Td> <Td> Paul Kandel </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clotho </Td> <Td> Amanda Plummer </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clover </Td> <Td> Wayne Brady </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coachman ! The Coachman </Td> <Td> Charles Judels </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cobra Bubbles </Td> <Td> Ving Rhames </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Codfish </Td> <Td> Robert Holt </Td> <Td> Bedknobs and Broomsticks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cody </Td> <Td> Adam Ryen </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cogsworth </Td> <Td> David Ogden Stiers </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colette </Td> <Td> Kath Soucie </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonel ! The Colonel </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonel Hathi </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Commander Lyle Rourke </Td> <Td> James Garner </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cookie </Td> <Td> Jim Varney </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Corey Feldman Kurt Russell </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cornelius Robinson </Td> <Td> Tom Selleck </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cousin Randy </Td> <Td> Randy Newman </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crane </Td> <Td> Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Belle 's Magical World </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Creeper </Td> <Td> Phil Fondacaro </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cri - Kee </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crocodile ! The Crocodile ( Tick Tock ) </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cruella de Vil ( a.k.a. De Vil ) </Td> <Td> Betty Lou Gerson </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crumbelina DiCaramello </Td> <Td> Cymbre Walk </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cubby </Td> <Td> Robert Ellis </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyril Proudbottom </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daisy Duck </Td> <Td> Clarence Nash Gloria Blondell </Td> <Td> Mr. Duck Steps Out </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dale </Td> <Td> Dessie Flynn Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Private Pluto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallben </Td> <Td> Freddie Jones </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danielle </Td> <Td> Kath Soucie </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny </Td> <Td> Andrew McDonough </Td> <Td> Return to Never Land </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darby </Td> <Td> Chloë Grace Moretz </Td> <Td> My Friends Tigger & Pooh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darling </Td> <Td> Peggy Lee </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dash </Td> <Td> Stephen Furst </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Kawena </Td> <Td> Jason Scott Lee </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Demetrius </Td> <Td> Wayne Knight </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denahi </Td> <Td> Jason Raize </Td> <Td> Brother Bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Derek Blunt </Td> <Td> Peter Renaday </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DeSoto </Td> <Td> Carl Weintraub </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dewey </Td> <Td> Clarence Nash Russi Taylor </Td> <Td> Donald 's Nephews </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dex Barrington </Td> <Td> Justin Berfield </Td> <Td> Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diablo </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Digger the Mole </Td> <Td> Dub Taylor </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dijon the Thief </Td> <Td> Richard Libertini </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dinah the Cat </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dinah the Dachshund </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Sleepwalker ! The Sleepwalker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dinky </Td> <Td> Richard Bakalyan </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Director ! The Director </Td> <Td> James Lipton </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dixie </Td> <Td> Reba McEntire </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dizzie the Vulture </Td> <Td> Lord Tim Hudson </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Djali </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doc </Td> <Td> Roy Atwell </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doctor Mouse </Td> <Td> Bernard Fox </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodger </Td> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodo ! The Dodo </Td> <Td> Bill Thompson </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dog Catcher ! The Dog Catcher </Td> <Td> Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doli </Td> <Td> John Byner </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Karnage </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> TaleSpin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donald Duck </Td> <Td> Clarence Nash Tony Anselmo </Td> <Td> Wise Little Hen ! The Wise Little Hen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doofus Drake </Td> <Td> Brian Cummings </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doorknob ! The Doorknob </Td> <Td> Joseph Kearns </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doorman ! The Doorman </Td> <Td> Don Barclay </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dopey </Td> <Td> Eddie Collins </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris </Td> <Td> Ethan Sandler </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dormouse ! The Dormouse </Td> <Td> Jimmy MacDonald </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doug Ramses </Td> <Td> Rich Moore </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Calico </Td> <Td> Malcolm McDowell </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. David Q. Dawson </Td> <Td> Val Bettin </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Doppler </Td> <Td> David Hyde Pierce </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Facilier </Td> <Td> David , Keith ! Keith David </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Forrester </Td> <Td> Ronn Moss </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel </Td> <Td> Bennett , Jeff ! Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Stitch ! The Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Joshua Sweet </Td> <Td> Morris , Phil ! Phil Morris </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Jumba Jookiba </Td> <Td> Stiers , David Ogden ! David Ogden Stiers </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Reginald Bushroot </Td> <Td> Tino Insana </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drake Mallard ( Darkwing Duck ) </Td> <Td> Cummings , Jim ! Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drizella Tremaine </Td> <Td> Rhoda Williams Russi Taylor </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duchess </Td> <Td> Eva Gabor </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duchess </Td> <Td> Marjorie Bennett </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duckworth </Td> <Td> Chuck McCann </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duke of Weselton </Td> <Td> Alan Tudyk </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duke Weaselton </Td> <Td> Alan Tudyk </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dumbo </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duncan </Td> <Td> Horatio Sanz </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ed </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edgar Balthazar the Butler </Td> <Td> Roddy Maude - Roxby </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward </Td> <Td> Roger Rees </Td> <Td> Return to Never Land </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eema </Td> <Td> Della Reese </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eeyore </Td> <Td> Ralph Wright </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Einstein </Td> <Td> Richard Mulligan </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Capitan </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eli `` Big Daddy '' La Bouff </Td> <Td> John Goodman </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ellie Mae </Td> <Td> Jeanette Nolan </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elliott </Td> <Td> Charlie Callas </Td> <Td> Pete 's Dragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elmer Elephant </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Silly Symphonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elsa </Td> <Td> Idina Menzel </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmitt Otterton </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emperor of China </Td> <Td> Pat Morita </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enchantress ! The Enchantress </Td> <Td> Soucie , Kath ! Kath Soucie </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Esmeralda </Td> <Td> Demi Moore </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eudora </Td> <Td> Oprah Winfrey </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eugene Fitzherbert </Td> <Td> Zachary Levi </Td> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evangaline </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evinrude </Td> <Td> Jimmy MacDonald </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fa Li </Td> <Td> Freda Foh Shen </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fa Zhou </Td> <Td> Soon - Tek Oh </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fagin </Td> <Td> Dom DeLuise </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fairy Godmother </Td> <Td> Verna Felton Russi Taylor </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fairy Mary </Td> <Td> Jane Horrocks </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faline </Td> <Td> Cammie King Ann Gillis </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fall - Apart Rabbit </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Bonkers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faloo </Td> <Td> Carla Meyer </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fat Cat </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Father Wolf </Td> <Td> Ben Wright </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fauna </Td> <Td> Barbara Jo Allen </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fawn </Td> <Td> America Ferrera </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Felicia the Cat </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fenton Crackshell ( Gizmoduck ) </Td> <Td> Hamilton Camp </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fenton Q. Harcourt </Td> <Td> David Ogden Stiers </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ferdie Fieldmouse </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Steam Roller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ferdinand the Bull </Td> <Td> Milt Kahl </Td> <Td> Silly Symphonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fflewddur Fflam </Td> <Td> Nigel Hawthorne </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fidget </Td> <Td> Candy Candido </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fiddler Pig </Td> <Td> Mary Moder </Td> <Td> Three Little Pigs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fife the Piccolo </Td> <Td> Paul Reubens </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fifer Pig </Td> <Td> Dorothy Compton </Td> <Td> Three Little Pigs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fifi the Featherduster </Td> <Td> Kimmy Robertson </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Figaro the Cat </Td> <Td> Mel Blanc </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Figment </Td> <Td> Dave Goelz </Td> <Td> Journey into Imagination with Figment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finnick </Td> <Td> Tommy `` Tiny '' Lister Jr . </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First Ancestor Fa </Td> <Td> George Takei </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Firebird ! The Firebird </Td> <Td> Hugo Weaving </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fish Out of Water </Td> <Td> Dan Molina </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fix - It Felix , Jr . </Td> <Td> Jack McBrayer </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flaps the Vulture </Td> <Td> Chad Stuart </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flash Slothmore </Td> <Td> Raymond S. Persi </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flintheart Glomgold </Td> <Td> Hal Smith </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flit </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flora </Td> <Td> Verna Felton </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flotsam and Jetsam </Td> <Td> Paddi Edwards </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flounder </Td> <Td> Jason Marin </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flower </Td> <Td> Stan Alexander Sterling Holloway </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flunkey the Baboon </Td> <Td> Leo De Lyon </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Footman </Td> <Td> Larry Grey </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Forte the Pipe Organ </Td> <Td> Tim Curry </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foxy Loxy </Td> <Td> Amy Sedaris </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fran </Td> <Td> Edie McClurg </Td> <Td> Higglytown Heroes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francis </Td> <Td> Roscoe Lee Browne </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francois </Td> <Td> Bronson Pinchot </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francois </Td> <Td> Ed Gilbert </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank </Td> <Td> Wayne Robson </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frankie the Frog </Td> <Td> Aurian Redson </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franny Robinson </Td> <Td> Nicole Sullivan </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred </Td> <Td> S. Scott Bullock </Td> <Td> Timon and Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Friar Tuck </Td> <Td> Andy Devine </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Friend Owl </Td> <Td> Will Wright </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frou - Frou </Td> <Td> Nancy Kulp </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gadget Hackwrench </Td> <Td> Tress MacNeille </Td> <Td> Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gaetan `` Mole '' Moliére </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain Gantu </Td> <Td> Richardson , Kevin Michael ! Kevin Michael Richardson </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gaston </Td> <Td> Richard White </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gazelle </Td> <Td> Shakira </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General Hologram </Td> <Td> Dennis Haysbert </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General Li </Td> <Td> James Shigeta </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genie </Td> <Td> Robin Williams </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Darling </Td> <Td> Hans Conried </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georges Hautecourt </Td> <Td> Charles Lane </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgette </Td> <Td> Bette Midler </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geppetto </Td> <Td> Christian Rub </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giddy the Elephant </Td> <Td> Dorothy Scott </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gideon </Td> <Td> Mel Blanc </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giselle </Td> <Td> Amy Adams </Td> <Td> Enchanted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gladstone Gander </Td> <Td> Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gliss </Td> <Td> Grey DeLisle </Td> <Td> Secret of the Wings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glittering Goldie </Td> <Td> Joan Gerber </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gloyd Orangeboar </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goob </Td> <Td> Josten , Matthew ! Matthew Josten </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goofy </Td> <Td> Colvig , Pinto ! Pinto Colvig Bill Farmer </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Revue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goosey Loosey </Td> <Td> Mark Walton </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gopher </Td> <Td> Howard Morris Michael Gough </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gosalyn Mallard </Td> <Td> Christine Cavanaugh </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Governor John Ratcliffe </Td> <Td> Stiers , David Ogden ! David Ogden Stiers </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grace </Td> <Td> Jennifer Tilly </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gramma Tala </Td> <Td> Rachel House </Td> <Td> Moana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gramps </Td> <Td> Larry Clemmons </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grand Councilwoman </Td> <Td> Zoe Caldwell </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grand Duke ! The Grand Duke </Td> <Td> Luis van Rooten Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grandma Duck </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> This is Your Life , Donald Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grandmother Fa </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grandmother Willow </Td> <Td> Linda Hunt </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Granny Rose </Td> <Td> Vicki Lawrence </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greasy the Weasel </Td> <Td> Charles Fleischer </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Prince of the Forest </Td> <Td> Fred Shields </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grimsby </Td> <Td> Ben Wright </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Groundhog ! The Groundhog </Td> <Td> Brian Pimental </Td> <Td> Bambi II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grumpy </Td> <Td> Pinto Colvig </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gurgi </Td> <Td> John Byner </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gus Lollygagger </Td> <Td> Jimmy MacDonald Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gus Goose </Td> <Td> Clarence Nash </Td> <Td> Donald 's Cousin Gus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gyro Gearloose </Td> <Td> Hal Smith </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hades </Td> <Td> James Woods </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hands </Td> <Td> Michael McShane </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Happy </Td> <Td> Otis Harlan </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harold the Seahorse </Td> <Td> Will Ryan </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haroud Hazi Bin </Td> <Td> James Avery </Td> <Td> Aladdin ( TV series ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harvey Fenner </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Headless Horseman </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heihei the Rooster </Td> <Td> Alan Tudyk </Td> <Td> Moana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helga Sinclair </Td> <Td> Claudia Christian </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hen Wen </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry Fenner </Td> <Td> Jerry Kernion </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hera </Td> <Td> Samantha Eggar </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herb Muddlefoot </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hercules </Td> <Td> Tate Donovan Joshua Keaton </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hermes </Td> <Td> Paul Shaffer </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hiram Flaversham </Td> <Td> Young , Alan ! Alan Young </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hit Cat the English Cat </Td> <Td> Lord Tim Hudson </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honker Muddlefoot </Td> <Td> Katie Leigh </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hook Hand </Td> <Td> Brad Garrett </Td> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hoonah </Td> <Td> Tress MacNeille </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horace & Jasper </Td> <Td> Frederick Worlock J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horace Horsecollar </Td> <Td> Walt Disney Bill Farmer </Td> <Td> Plow Boy ! The Plow Boy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horned King ! The Horned King </Td> <Td> John Hurt </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Huey </Td> <Td> Clarence Nash Russi Taylor </Td> <Td> Donald 's Nephews </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hugo </Td> <Td> Jason Alexander </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Humbert the Huntsman </Td> <Td> Stuart Buchanan </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Humphrey the Bear </Td> <Td> Jimmy MacDonald Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Hold That Pose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hyacinth Hippo </Td> <Td> Tress MacNeille </Td> <Td> Fantasia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iago </Td> <Td> Gilbert Gottfried </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ian the Alligator </Td> <Td> Kevin Michael Richardson </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ichabod Crane </Td> <Td> Pinto Colvig </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indian Chief ! The Indian Chief </Td> <Td> Candy Candido </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Innoko </Td> <Td> Wanda Sykes </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iridessa </Td> <Td> Raven - Symoné </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> J ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J. Audubon Woodlore </Td> <Td> Bill Thompson </Td> <Td> Grin and Bear It </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J. Gander Hooter </Td> <Td> Danny Mann </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J. Thaddeus Toad </Td> <Td> Eric Blore </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J. Worthington Foulfellow </Td> <Td> Walter Catlett </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack - in - the - Box </Td> <Td> John Lithgow </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jackson `` Jaq '' Hopscotch </Td> <Td> Jimmy MacDonald Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jafar </Td> <Td> Jonathan Freeman </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake </Td> <Td> Tristan Rogers </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jane </Td> <Td> Harriet Owen </Td> <Td> Return to Never Land </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jane Porter </Td> <Td> Minnie Driver </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeb the Goat </Td> <Td> Joe Flaherty </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer `` Jenny '' Foxworth </Td> <Td> Natalie Gregory </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jenny Wren </Td> <Td> Martha Wentworth </Td> <Td> Silly Symphonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jerry Jumbeaux Jr . </Td> <Td> John DiMaggio </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jesse the Ram </Td> <Td> John DiMaggio </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jessica Rabbit </Td> <Td> Kathleen Turner </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Crow </Td> <Td> Cliff Edwards </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Dear </Td> <Td> Lee Millar </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Hawkins </Td> <Td> Joseph Gordon - Levitt </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jiminy Cricket </Td> <Td> Cliff Edwards Eddie Carroll </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jobless Joe </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jock </Td> <Td> Bill Thompson </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Giraffe </Td> <Td> Pinto Colvig </Td> <Td> Silly Symphonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joey Hippo </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Silly Symphonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Darling </Td> <Td> Paul Collins </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Silver </Td> <Td> Brian Murray </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnny Appleseed </Td> <Td> Dennis Day </Td> <Td> Melody Time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> José Carioca </Td> <Td> José Oliveira Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Saludos Amigos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jubileena Bing - Bing </Td> <Td> Josie Trinidad </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judge Claude Frollo </Td> <Td> Tony Jay </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judge Doom </Td> <Td> Christopher Lloyd </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judy Hopps </Td> <Td> Ginnifer Goodwin </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> House of Mouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Junior </Td> <Td> Clint Howard </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Junior the Buffalo </Td> <Td> Lance LeGault </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaa </Td> <Td> Sterling Holloway Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kala </Td> <Td> Glenn Close </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kanga </Td> <Td> Barbara Luddy </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kata </Td> <Td> Catherine O'Hara </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Katrina Van Tassel </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kekata the Medicine man </Td> <Td> Gordon Tootoosis </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenai </Td> <Td> Joaquin Phoenix </Td> <Td> Brother Bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerchak </Td> <Td> Lance Henriksen </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiara </Td> <Td> Michelle Horn Neve Campbell </Td> <Td> Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King ! The King </Td> <Td> Luis Van Rooten </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King of Hearts ! The King of Hearts </Td> <Td> Dink Trout </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Candy / Turbo </Td> <Td> Alan Tudyk </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Eiddileg </Td> <Td> Arthur Malet </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Hubert </Td> <Td> Bill Thompson </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Kashekim Nedakh </Td> <Td> Leonard Nimoy </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Leonidas </Td> <Td> Lennie Weinrib </Td> <Td> Bedknobs and Broomsticks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Louie </Td> <Td> Louis Prima </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Richard </Td> <Td> Peter Ustinov </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Roland II </Td> <Td> Travis Willingham </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Stefan </Td> <Td> Taylor Holmes </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Triton </Td> <Td> Kenneth Mars </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kirby </Td> <Td> Sean Elmore Matthew Joston Evan Dunn </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kit Cloudkicker </Td> <Td> R.J. Williams Alan Roberts </Td> <Td> TaleSpin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kocoum </Td> <Td> James Apaumut Fall </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koda </Td> <Td> Jeremy Suarez </Td> <Td> Brother Bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kovu </Td> <Td> Ryan O'Donohue Jason Marsden </Td> <Td> Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krebbs </Td> <Td> Douglas Seale </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kristoff </Td> <Td> Jonathan Groff </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kron </Td> <Td> Samuel E. Wright </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kronk Pepikrankenitz </Td> <Td> Patrick Warburton </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kuzco </Td> <Td> David Spade </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lachesis </Td> <Td> Carole Shelley </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady </Td> <Td> Barbara Luddy </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady DeBurne </Td> <Td> April Winchell </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady Kluck </Td> <Td> Carole Shelley </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady Mouse </Td> <Td> Shani Wallis </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady Tremaine </Td> <Td> Eleanor Audley Susanne Blakeslee </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lafayette the Basset Hound </Td> <Td> George Lindsey </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lampwick </Td> <Td> Frankie Darro </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larry the Duck </Td> <Td> Marshall Efron </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Launchpad McQuack </Td> <Td> Terry McGovern </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laverne </Td> <Td> Mary Wickes </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lawrence the Valet </Td> <Td> Peter Bartlett </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Le Fou </Td> <Td> Jesse Corti </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lefty </Td> <Td> Nathan Greno </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leonard Helperman </Td> <Td> Fleming , Shaun ! Shaun Fleming </Td> <Td> Teacher 's Pet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LePlume </Td> <Td> Paulsen , Rob ! Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Belle 's Magical World </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lewis </Td> <Td> Jordan Fry </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Li Shang </Td> <Td> B.D. Wong </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lil Bad Wolf </Td> <Td> Andrew Lawrence </Td> <Td> Porker 's Court ! The Porker 's Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lilo Pelekai </Td> <Td> Chase , Daveigh ! Daveigh Chase </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ling </Td> <Td> Gedde Watanabe </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liquidator ! The Liquidator </Td> <Td> Jack Angel </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Little John </Td> <Td> Phil Harris </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Little Toot </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Melody Time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Litwak </Td> <Td> Ed O'Neill </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lizzy </Td> <Td> Tracey Miller - Zarneke </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lizzy Griffths </Td> <Td> Lauren Mote </Td> <Td> Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louie </Td> <Td> Clarence Nash Russi Taylor </Td> <Td> Donald 's Nephews </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louie the Hot Dog Man </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis the Alligator </Td> <Td> Michael - Leon Wooley </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lucifer the Cat </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lucille Krunklehorn </Td> <Td> Laurie Metcalf </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lucky </Td> <Td> Mimi Gibson </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lucky Jack </Td> <Td> Charles Haid </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ludwig Von Drake </Td> <Td> Paul Frees </Td> <Td> Adventure in Color ! An Adventure In Color </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luke </Td> <Td> Pat Buttram </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lumière </Td> <Td> Jerry Orbach </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lumpy the Heffalump </Td> <Td> Kyle Stanger </Td> <Td> Pooh 's Heffalump Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyle </Td> <Td> Jeff Foxworthy </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ma Beagle </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mad Hatter </Td> <Td> Ed Wynn </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madame Adelaide Bonfamille </Td> <Td> Hermione Baddeley </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madame Medusa </Td> <Td> Geraldine Page </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madam Mim </Td> <Td> Martha Wentworth </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madame Upanova </Td> <Td> Tress MacNeille </Td> <Td> Fantasia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madellaine </Td> <Td> Jennifer Love Hewitt </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maggie </Td> <Td> Roseanne Barr </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magic Carpet </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Magic Mirror </Td> <Td> Moroni Olsen </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magica De Spell </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mahra the Baboon </Td> <Td> Tress MacNeille </Td> <Td> Jungle Cubs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maid Marian </Td> <Td> Monica Evans </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Major the Horse </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maleficent </Td> <Td> Eleanor Audley </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malina </Td> <Td> Jessica DiCicco </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New School ! The Emperor 's New School </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mama Heffalump </Td> <Td> Brenda Blethyn </Td> <Td> Pooh 's Heffalump Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mama Odie </Td> <Td> Jenifer Lewis </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Man the Hunter </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marahute </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March Hare </Td> <Td> Jerry Colonna </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marie </Td> <Td> Liz English </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Markowski </Td> <Td> Joe Lo Truglio </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marlon the Alligator </Td> <Td> Emeril Lagasse </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Darling </Td> <Td> Heather Angel </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Matchmaker </Td> <Td> Miriam Margolyes </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maui </Td> <Td> Dwayne Johnson </Td> <Td> Moana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maurice </Td> <Td> Rex Everhart </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max Goof </Td> <Td> Dana Hill Jason Marsden </Td> <Td> Goof Troop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max Hare </Td> <Td> Ned Norton </Td> <Td> Tortoise and the Hare ! The Tortoise and the Hare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max the Sheepdog </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maximus </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> House of Mouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayor Lionheart </Td> <Td> J.K. Simmons </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mechanicles </Td> <Td> Charlie Adler </Td> <Td> Aladdin ( TV series ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meeko </Td> <Td> John Kassir </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Megabyte Beagle </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Megara </Td> <Td> Susan Egan </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Megavolt </Td> <Td> Dan Castellaneta </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melody </Td> <Td> Tara Strong </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melinda </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Fantasia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melpomene </Td> <Td> Cheryl Freeman </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melvin </Td> <Td> Fred Willard </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mena </Td> <Td> Cree Summer </Td> <Td> Bambi II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Merlin </Td> <Td> Karl Swenson </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Merlock the Magician </Td> <Td> Christopher Lloyd </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Merryweather </Td> <Td> Barbara Luddy </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mertle Edmonds </Td> <Td> Walls , Miranda Paige ! Miranda Paige Walls Liliana Mumy </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Darling </Td> <Td> Tommy Luske </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse </Td> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> <Td> Steamboat Willie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike the Microphone </Td> <Td> Rod Roddy </Td> <Td> House of Mouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mildred </Td> <Td> Angela Bassett </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milo Thatch </Td> <Td> Michael J. Fox </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mindy </Td> <Td> Kari Wahlgren </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnie Mouse </Td> <Td> Walt Disney Marcellite Garner </Td> <Td> Plane Crazy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minty Zaki </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mirage </Td> <Td> Bebe Neuwirth </Td> <Td> Aladdin ( TV series ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miranda Wright </Td> <Td> Karla DeVito </Td> <Td> Bonkers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Bianca </Td> <Td> Eva Gabor </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Kitty </Td> <Td> Melissa Manchester </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Nettle </Td> <Td> Megan Mullally </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mittens </Td> <Td> Susie Essman </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moana </Td> <Td> Auli'i Cravalho </Td> <Td> Moana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moley </Td> <Td> Colin Campbell </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monsieur D'Arque </Td> <Td> Tony Jay </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monstro </Td> <Td> Thurl Ravenscroft </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monterey Jack </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mooch </Td> <Td> Bill Fagerbakke </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morcupine Porcupine </Td> <Td> Mark Dindal </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morgana </Td> <Td> Pat Carroll </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morgana McCawber </Td> <Td> Kath Soucie </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morph </Td> <Td> Dane A. Davis </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mortimer Mouse </Td> <Td> Maurice LaMarche </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Rival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morty Fieldmouse </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Steam Roller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mother Gothel </Td> <Td> Donna Murphy </Td> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mother Rabbit </Td> <Td> Barbara Luddy </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mowgli </Td> <Td> Bruce Reitherman </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mozenrath </Td> <Td> Jonathan Brandis </Td> <Td> Aladdin ( TV series ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Arrow </Td> <Td> Roscoe Lee Browne </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Big </Td> <Td> Maurice LaMarche </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Jolly </Td> <Td> David Ogden Stiers </Td> <Td> Teacher 's Pet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Pettibone </Td> <Td> Jeff Pidgeon </Td> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Smee </Td> <Td> Bill Thompson </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Snoops </Td> <Td> Joe Flynn </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Stork </Td> <Td> Sterling Holloway </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Willerstein </Td> <Td> Tom Kenny </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Woolensworth </Td> <Td> Patrick Stewart </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Calloway </Td> <Td> Judi Dench </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Featherby </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Hasagawa </Td> <Td> Amy Hill </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Judson </Td> <Td> Diana Chesney </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Jumbo </Td> <Td> Verna Felton </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Otterton </Td> <Td> Octavia Spencer </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Possum </Td> <Td> Mary Lansing </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Potts </Td> <Td> Angela Lansbury </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mrs. Quail </Td> <Td> Thelma Boardman </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mufasa </Td> <Td> James Earl Jones </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mulan </Td> <Td> Ming - Na Wen Lea Salonga </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mungo </Td> <Td> Jason Marsden </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mushu </Td> <Td> Eddie Murphy </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nakoma </Td> <Td> Michelle St. John </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nala </Td> <Td> Kelly , Moira ! Moira Kelly Niketa Calame </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nana </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancy Tremaine </Td> <Td> Idina Menzel </Td> <Td> Enchanted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nani Pelekai </Td> <Td> Carrere , Tia ! Tia Carrere </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nanny </Td> <Td> Martha Wentworth </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Napoleon the Bloodhound </Td> <Td> Pat Buttram </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nasira </Td> <Td> Jodi Benson </Td> <Td> Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nathaniel </Td> <Td> Timothy Spall </Td> <Td> Enchanted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natives </Td> <Td> Jeff Bennett </Td> <Td> Timon & Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ned the Baboon </Td> <Td> Charlie Adler </Td> <Td> Jungle Cubs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neera </Td> <Td> Julianna Margulies </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NegaDuck </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nessus </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nibs </Td> <Td> Silver , Jeffrey ! Jeffrey Silver </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicholas `` Nick '' P. Wilde </Td> <Td> Bateman , Jason ! Jason Bateman </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nita </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> <Td> Brother Bear 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nuka </Td> <Td> Andy Dick </Td> <Td> Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nurse Mouse </Td> <Td> Russi Taylor </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nutsy the Vulture </Td> <Td> Ken Curtis </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> O ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oaken </Td> <Td> Chris Williams </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Octopus </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Return to Never Land </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olaf </Td> <Td> Josh Gad </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oliver </Td> <Td> Joey Lawrence </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olivia Flaversham </Td> <Td> Susanne Pollatschek </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ollie the Pig </Td> <Td> Charlie Dell </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Onus </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orange Bird </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> Foods and Fun : A Nutrition Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orddu </Td> <Td> Eda Reiss Merin </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orgoch </Td> <Td> Billie Hayes </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orville </Td> <Td> Jim Jordan </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orwen </Td> <Td> Adele Malis - Morey </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oswald the Lucky Rabbit </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Trolley Troubles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Otto </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owl </Td> <Td> Hal Smith </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pacha </Td> <Td> John Goodman </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pain and Panic </Td> <Td> Bobcat Goldthwait Matt Frewer </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panchito Pistoles </Td> <Td> Joaquin Garay Carlos Alazraqui </Td> <Td> Three Caballeros ! The Three Caballeros </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pascal </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patch </Td> <Td> Mickey Maga </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pearl Gesner </Td> <Td> Carole Cook </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peg </Td> <Td> Peggy Lee </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peg Pete </Td> <Td> April Winchell </Td> <Td> Goof Troop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pegasus </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penguin Waiters </Td> <Td> Daws Butler Peter Ellenshaw Dallas McKennon J. Pat O'Malley Richard M. Sherman David Tomlinson </Td> <Td> Mary Poppins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penny 's Mom </Td> <Td> Grey DeLisle </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penny </Td> <Td> Sandra Abbott </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penny </Td> <Td> Michelle Stacy </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penny </Td> <Td> Miley Cyrus </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pepper Ann Pearson </Td> <Td> Kathleen Wilhoite </Td> <Td> Pepper Ann </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peppo the Italian Cat </Td> <Td> Vito Scotti </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Percival C. McLeach </Td> <Td> George C. Scott </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Percy </Td> <Td> Danny Mann </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perdita </Td> <Td> Cate Bauer </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Periwinkle </Td> <Td> Lucy Hale </Td> <Td> Secret of the Wings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pete </Td> <Td> Billy Bletcher Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Alice Solves the Puzzle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pete Junior </Td> <Td> Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Goof Troop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> <Td> Bobby Driscoll </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Pig </Td> <Td> Pinto Colvig </Td> <Td> Wise Little Hen ! The Wise Little Hen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Phantom Blot </Td> <Td> Frank Welker John O'Hurley </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philoctetes </Td> <Td> Danny DeVito </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippe the Horse </Td> <Td> Hal Smith </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Piglet </Td> <Td> John Fiedler </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> <Td> Dickie Jones </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pip </Td> <Td> Jeff Bennett Kevin Lima </Td> <Td> Enchanted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pistol Pete </Td> <Td> Nancy Cartwright </Td> <Td> Goof Troop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plio </Td> <Td> Alfre Woodard </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pluto </Td> <Td> Pinto Colvig Bill Farmer </Td> <Td> Chain Gang ! The Chain Gang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> <Td> Irene Bedard Judy Kuhn </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poe De Spell </Td> <Td> Terry McGovern Frank Welker </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pom - Pom </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Cinderella II : Dreams Come True </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pongo </Td> <Td> Rod Taylor </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Powerline </Td> <Td> Tevin Campbell </Td> <Td> Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Practical Pig </Td> <Td> Pinto Colvig </Td> <Td> Three Little Pigs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preston B. Whitmore </Td> <Td> John Mahoney </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pretty Boy </Td> <Td> Jerry Stiller </Td> <Td> Teacher 's Pet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince </Td> <Td> Harry Stockwell </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Charming </Td> <Td> William Phipps </Td> <Td> Cinderella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Edward </Td> <Td> James Marsden </Td> <Td> Enchanted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Eric </Td> <Td> Christopher Daniel Barnes </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Hans </Td> <Td> Santino Fontana </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince James </Td> <Td> Zach Callison </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince John </Td> <Td> Peter Ustinov </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Naveen </Td> <Td> Bruno Campos </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Phillip </Td> <Td> Bill Shirley </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess </Td> <Td> Queenie Leonard </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Amber </Td> <Td> Darcy Rose Byrnes </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Eilonwy </Td> <Td> Susan Sheridan </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Jasmine </Td> <Td> Linda Larkin Lea Salonga </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Kidagakash </Td> <Td> Cree Summer </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Principal Mazur </Td> <Td> Wallace Shawn </Td> <Td> Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prissy the Elephant </Td> <Td> Sarah Selby </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Professor Norton Nimnul </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Professor Ratigan </Td> <Td> Vincent Price </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pronk Oryx - Antlerson </Td> <Td> Jared Bush </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prudence </Td> <Td> Holland Taylor </Td> <Td> Cinderella II : Dreams Come True </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Psycho the Weasel </Td> <Td> Charles Fleischer </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pua </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Moana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pumbaa </Td> <Td> Ernie Sabella </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Q ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quackerjack </Td> <Td> Michael Bell </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quasimodo </Td> <Td> Tom Hulce </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> Kari Wahlgren </Td> <Td> Tangled Ever After </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Athena </Td> <Td> Hill Butters , Lorelai ! Lorelei Hill Butters </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid 3 ! The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Clarion </Td> <Td> Anjelica Huston </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Grimhilde </Td> <Td> Lucille La Verne </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Leah </Td> <Td> Barbara Dirikson </Td> <Td> Sleeping Beauty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Miranda </Td> <Td> Sara Ramirez </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Mousetoria </Td> <Td> Eve Brenner </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Narissa </Td> <Td> Susan Sarandon </Td> <Td> Enchanted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Queen of Hearts </Td> <Td> Verna Felton </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quint </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Timon and Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Junius Matthews </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rafiki </Td> <Td> Robert Guillaume </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rajah </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rancis Fluggerbutter </Td> <Td> Jamie Elman </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rapunzel </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ratty </Td> <Td> Claud Allister </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ray the Firefly </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Razoul </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red </Td> <Td> Peter Firth </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reuben ( Experiment 625 ) </Td> <Td> Paulsen , Rob ! Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Stitch ! The Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhino </Td> <Td> Mark Walton </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhoda Dendron </Td> <Td> Jennifer Darling </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rico </Td> <Td> Charles Dennis </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Ringmaster </Td> <Td> Herman Bing </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rita </Td> <Td> Sheryl Lee Ralph </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert `` Bobby '' Zimmeruski </Td> <Td> Pauly Shore </Td> <Td> Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> <Td> Brian Bedford </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Rabbit </Td> <Td> Charles Fleischer </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Radcliffe </Td> <Td> Ben Wright </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rolly </Td> <Td> Barbara Beaird </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronno </Td> <Td> Anthony Ghannam </Td> <Td> Bambi II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roo </Td> <Td> Clint Howard </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dori Whittaker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roquefort the Mouse </Td> <Td> Sterling Holloway </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roscoe </Td> <Td> Taurean Blacque </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Rose </Td> <Td> Doris Lloyd </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosetta </Td> <Td> Kristin Chenoweth </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roxanne </Td> <Td> Kellie Martin </Td> <Td> Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby </Td> <Td> Cathy Moriarty </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rufus </Td> <Td> John McIntire </Td> <Td> Rescuers ! The Rescuers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runt of the Litter </Td> <Td> Steve Zahn </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rusty the Dog </Td> <Td> G.W. Bailey </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rutt and Tuke </Td> <Td> Rick Moranis Dave Thomas </Td> <Td> Brother Bear </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sa'luk </Td> <Td> Jerry Orbach </Td> <Td> Aladdin and the King of Thieves </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sadira </Td> <Td> Kellie Martin </Td> <Td> Aladdin ( TV series ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Flynn </Td> <Td> Garrett John Hedlund </Td> <Td> Tron : Legacy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam the Sheriff </Td> <Td> Richard Riehle </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarabi </Td> <Td> Madge Sinclair </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarafina </Td> <Td> Zoe Leader </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Hawkins </Td> <Td> Laurie Metcalf </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarousch </Td> <Td> Michael McKean </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scamp </Td> <Td> Scott Wolf </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scar </Td> <Td> Jeremy Irons </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scat Cat </Td> <Td> Scatman Crothers </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scratchy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scrooge McDuck </Td> <Td> Alan Young </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scroop </Td> <Td> Michael Wincott </Td> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scuttle </Td> <Td> Buddy Hackett </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sebastian </Td> <Td> Samuel E. Wright </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Secretary Bird </Td> <Td> Lennie Weinrib </Td> <Td> Bedknobs and Broomsticks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergeant Calhoun </Td> <Td> Jane Lynch </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sgt . Tibbs </Td> <Td> David Frankham </Td> <Td> 101 Dalmatians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shan Yu </Td> <Td> Miguel Ferrer </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shanti ( The Girl ) </Td> <Td> Darleen Carr </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sha - ron </Td> <Td> Mary Gibbs </Td> <Td> Mulan 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shenzi </Td> <Td> Whoopi Goldberg </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shere Khan </Td> <Td> George Sanders </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheriff of Nottingham </Td> <Td> Pat Buttram </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shun Gon the Chinese Cat </Td> <Td> Paul Winchell </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Si & Am </Td> <Td> Peggy Lee </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silvermist </Td> <Td> Lucy Liu </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simba </Td> <Td> Jonathan Taylor Thomas </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matthew Broderick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sir Ector </Td> <Td> Sebastian Cabot </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sir Giles </Td> <Td> Claud Allister </Td> <Td> Reluctant Dragon ! The Reluctant Dragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sir Hiss </Td> <Td> Terry - Thomas </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sir Kay </Td> <Td> Norman Alden </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sir Pellinore </Td> <Td> Alan Napier </Td> <Td> Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sis Bunny </Td> <Td> Dana Laurita </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sitka </Td> <Td> D.B. Sweeney </Td> <Td> Brother Bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skippy Bunny </Td> <Td> Billy Whittaker </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sleepy </Td> <Td> Pinto Colvig </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slightly </Td> <Td> Stuffy Singer </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smarty the Weasel </Td> <Td> David Lander </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smolder the Bear </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Timon and Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sneezy </Td> <Td> Billy Gilbert </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snow White </Td> <Td> Adriana Caselotti </Td> <Td> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snowanna Rainbeau </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Sofia </Td> <Td> Ariel Winter </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sour Bill </Td> <Td> Rich Moore </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sparky </Td> <Td> Mickey Rooney </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sparky ( Experiment 221 ) </Td> <Td> Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Stitch ! The Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speedy the Snail </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Timon and Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spot </Td> <Td> Tara Strong </Td> <Td> One Hundred and One Dalmatians : The Series ! 101 Dalmatians : The Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spot Helperman / Scott Leadready II </Td> <Td> Nathan Lane </Td> <Td> Teacher 's Pet ! Teacher 's Pet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spring Sprite </Td> <Td> Helena Bonham Carter </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Squeaks the Caterpillar </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stabbington Brothers </Td> <Td> Ron Perlman </Td> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steelbeak </Td> <Td> Rob Paulsen </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stitch </Td> <Td> Sanders , Chris ! Chris Sanders </Td> <Td> Lilo & Stitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stromboli </Td> <Td> Charles Judels </Td> <Td> Pinocchio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stu Hopps </Td> <Td> Don Lake </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stupid the Weasel </Td> <Td> Fred Newman </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Sultan </Td> <Td> Douglas Seale </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sultan the Footstool </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suri </Td> <Td> Hayden Panettiere </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sven </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swizzle `` The Swizz '' Malarkey </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sykes </Td> <Td> Robert Loggia </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sylvia Marpole </Td> <Td> Bebe Neuwirth </Td> <Td> Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tadashi Hamada </Td> <Td> Daniel Henney </Td> <Td> Big Hero 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taffyta Muttonfudge </Td> <Td> Mindy Kaling </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tagalong Bunny </Td> <Td> Dori Whittaker </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamatoa </Td> <Td> Jemaine Clement </Td> <Td> Moana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanana </Td> <Td> Joan Copeland </Td> <Td> Brother Bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tank </Td> <Td> Brad Garrett </Td> <Td> Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tank Muddlefoot </Td> <Td> Dana Hill </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tantor </Td> <Td> Wayne Knight </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tantor 's Mother </Td> <Td> Patti Deutsch </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taran </Td> <Td> Grant Bardsley </Td> <Td> Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tarzan </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex D. Linz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taurus Bulba </Td> <Td> Tim Curry </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ted Betterhead </Td> <Td> Diedrich Bader </Td> <Td> Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Terence </Td> <Td> Jesse McCartney </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Terk </Td> <Td> Rosie O'Donnell </Td> <Td> Tarzan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Terpsichore </Td> <Td> LaChanze </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thalia </Td> <Td> Roz Ryan </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas </Td> <Td> Christian Bale </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas O'Malley </Td> <Td> Phil Harris </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thug </Td> <Td> Randy Savage </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thumper </Td> <Td> Peter Behn Sam Edwards </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thumper 's Mother </Td> <Td> Margaret Lee </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tiana </Td> <Td> Anika Noni Rose </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tiger Lily </Td> <Td> Corinne Orr </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tigger </Td> <Td> Paul Winchell </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tillie Tiger </Td> <Td> Alyce Ardell </Td> <Td> Silly Symphonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timon </Td> <Td> Nathan Lane </Td> <Td> Lion King ! The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timon 's Mother </Td> <Td> Julie Kavner </Td> <Td> Lion King 3 ! The Lion King 11⁄2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timothy Q. Mouse </Td> <Td> Edward Brophy </Td> <Td> Dumbo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tina </Td> <Td> Catherine O'Hara </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tinker Bell </Td> <Td> Mae Whitman </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tino Tonitini </Td> <Td> Jason Marsden </Td> <Td> Weekenders ! The Weekenders </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tiny </Td> <Td> Joe Mateo </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tip </Td> <Td> Max Casella </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tipo </Td> <Td> Eli Russell Linnetz </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tito </Td> <Td> Cheech Marin </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tobias the Reluctant Dragon </Td> <Td> Barnett Parker </Td> <Td> Reluctant Dragon ! The Reluctant Dragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toby the Dog </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toby Tortoise </Td> <Td> Eddie Holden </Td> <Td> Tortoise and the Hare ! The Tortoise and the Hare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toby Turtle </Td> <Td> Richie Sanders </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tod </Td> <Td> Keith Coogan Mickey Rooney </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tootles </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toots </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Bonkers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toulouse </Td> <Td> Gary Dubin </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tramp </Td> <Td> Larry Roberts </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trigger the Vulture </Td> <Td> George Lindsey </Td> <Td> Robin Hood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trusty </Td> <Td> Bill Baucom </Td> <Td> Lady and the Tramp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tug </Td> <Td> Michael Clarke Duncan </Td> <Td> Brother Bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tui </Td> <Td> Temuera Morrison </Td> <Td> Moana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey Lurkey </Td> <Td> Don Knotts </Td> <Td> Chicken Little </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuskernini </Td> <Td> Kenneth Mars </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tweedledum and Tweedledee </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Two Fingers </Td> <Td> Paul Briggs </Td> <Td> Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> U ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uncle Art </Td> <Td> Adam West </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uncle Max </Td> <Td> Jerry Stiller </Td> <Td> Lion King 3 ! The Lion King 11⁄2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uncle Waldo </Td> <Td> Bill Thompson </Td> <Td> Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Url </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ursula </Td> <Td> Pat Carroll </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Uma ( descendants 2 ) ( villain ) ( China Anne McLain ) </P> <H2> V ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanellope von Schweetz </Td> <Td> Sarah Silverman </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanessa ( The Little Mermaid ) </Td> <Td> Pat Carroll , Jodi Benson </Td> <Td> Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Veteran Cat </Td> <Td> Diedrich Bader </Td> <Td> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Victor </Td> <Td> Charles Kimbrough </Td> <Td> Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vidia </Td> <Td> Pamela Adlon </Td> <Td> Disney Fairies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vincenzo `` Vinny '' Santorini </Td> <Td> Don Novello </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vitani </Td> <Td> Lacey Chabert Jennifer Lien </Td> <Td> Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vixey </Td> <Td> Sandy Duncan </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vladimir Goudenov Grizzlikof </Td> <Td> Ron Feinberg </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vulture Police </Td> <Td> Townsend Coleman Brian Cummings </Td> <Td> Timon and Pumbaa </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Waffles </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Goof Troop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Walrus </Td> <Td> J. Pat O'Malley </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Webby Vanderquack </Td> <Td> Russi Taylor </Td> <Td> DuckTales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Webster </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Belle 's Magical World </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wendy Darling </Td> <Td> Kathryn Beaumont </Td> <Td> Peter Pan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wesley </Td> <Td> Steve Buscemi </Td> <Td> Home on the Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheezy the Weasel </Td> <Td> June Foray </Td> <Td> Who Framed Roger Rabbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White Rabbit </Td> <Td> Bill Thompson </Td> <Td> Alice in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Widow Tweed </Td> <Td> Jeanette Nolan </Td> <Td> Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wiggins </Td> <Td> David Ogden Stiers </Td> <Td> Pocahontas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilbur </Td> <Td> John Candy </Td> <Td> Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilbur Robinson </Td> <Td> Wesley Singerman </Td> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilhelmina Packard </Td> <Td> Florence Stanley </Td> <Td> Atlantis : The Lost Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Willie the Giant </Td> <Td> Billy Gilbert </Td> <Td> Fun and Fancy Free </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winifred the Elephant </Td> <Td> Verna Felton </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winkie the Barman </Td> <Td> Oliver Wallace </Td> <Td> Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winnie the Pooh </Td> <Td> Sterling Holloway </Td> <Td> Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> William Glover </Td> <Td> Oliver & Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Witherspoon </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Belle 's Magical World </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Woolter the Ram </Td> <Td> John DiMaggio </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wormwood the Raven </Td> <Td> Jim Cummings </Td> <Td> Sofia the First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> <Td> John C. Reilly </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wynchel </Td> <Td> Adam Carolla </Td> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> X ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xerxes </Td> <Td> Frank Welker </Td> <Td> Aladdin ( TV series ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Y ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yao </Td> <Td> Harvey Fierstein </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yar </Td> <Td> Ossie Davis </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yax </Td> <Td> Tommy Chong </Td> <Td> Zootopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yen Sid </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Fantasia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yesss </Td> <Td> Taraji P. Henson </Td> <Td> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yo - Yo </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Fantasia 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yzma </Td> <Td> Eartha Kitt </Td> <Td> Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Z ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original voice actor </Th> <Th> Animated debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zazu </Td> <Td> Rowan Atkinson </Td> <Td> The Lion King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zeus </Td> <Td> Rip Torn </Td> <Td> Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ziggy the Vulture </Td> <Td> Digby Wolfe </Td> <Td> Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zini </Td> <Td> Max Casella </Td> <Td> Dinosaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zipper </Td> <Td> Corey Burton </Td> <Td> Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zira </Td> <Td> Suzanne Pleshette </Td> <Td> Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Disney Fairies </Li> <Li> Disney Villains </Li> <Li> DisneyToon Studios </Li> <Li> Disney 's House of Mouse </Li> <Li> List of Pixar characters </Li> <Li> List of Disney theatrical animated features </Li> <Li> List of Disney animated shorts </Li> <Li> List of Disney home entertainment </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chicken Little on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Aristocats on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Return of Jafar on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aladdin on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Hunchback of Notre Dame on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Little Mermaid on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bolt on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lilo & Stitch on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Jungle Book on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Voice Cast Listing for Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 , Animated Film ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dinosaur on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Home on the Range on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robin Hood on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hercules on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alice in Wonderland on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Fox and the Hound on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cinderella on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brother Bear 2 on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lilo & Stitch : The Series on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : One Hundred and One Dalmatians on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Three Caballeros on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tarzan on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Sword in the Stone on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Atlantis : The Lost Empire on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sleeping Beauty on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Treasure Planet on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Who Framed Roger Rabbit on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Voice Cast Listing for DuckTales ( 1987 , Animated Series ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bambi on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Lion King on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Great Mouse Detective on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pocahontas on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Rescuers on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pinocchio on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meet the Robinsons on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Song of the South on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Emperor 's New Groove on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Princess and the Frog on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peter Pan on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dumbo on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aladdin and the King of Thieves on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mulan on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Rescuers Down Under on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Black Cauldron on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brother Bear on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Oliver & Company on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stitch ! The Movie on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tangled on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Voice Cast Listing for Elmer Elephant ( 1936 , Animated Short ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saludos_Amigos on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Hunchback of Notre Dame II on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Teacher 's Pet on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Voice Cast Listing for The Tortoise and the Hare ( 1935 , Animated Short ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret of the Wings on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Reluctant Dragon on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fun and Fancy Free on IMDb </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney core universe characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mickey Mouse </Li> <Li> Minnie Mouse </Li> <Li> Pluto </Li> <Li> Goofy </Li> <Li> Donald Duck </Li> <Li> Daisy Duck </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secondary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pete </Li> <Li> Oswald the Lucky Rabbit </Li> <Li> Clarabelle Cow </Li> <Li> Horace Horsecollar </Li> <Li> Huey , Dewey , and Louie Duck </Li> <Li> José Carioca </Li> <Li> Chip ' n ' Dale </Li> <Li> Panchito Pistoles </Li> <Li> Ludwig Von Drake </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Magica De Spell </Li> <Li> Darkwing Duck </Li> <Li> Gladstone Gander </Li> <Li> Gyro Gearloose </Li> <Li> Flintheart Glomgold </Li> <Li> Max Goof </Li> <Li> Humphrey the Bear </Li> <Li> Jiminy Cricket </Li> <Li> Pete Junior </Li> <Li> The Phantom Blot </Li> <Li> John D. Rockerduck </Li> <Li> Julius the Cat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Groups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Beagle Boys </Li> <Li> Mickey Mouse universe characters </Li> <Li> Donald Duck universe characters <Ul> <Li> Duck family </Li> <Li> Clan McDuck </Li> <Li> PKNA </Li> <Li> DuckTales characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> villains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney theatrical animated features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Walt Disney Animation Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Aristocats ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mulan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinosaur ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Brother Bear ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Little ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bolt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Moana ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action films with animation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DisneyToon Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi II ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Planes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Disney units films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Strange Magic ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Unproduced films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Disney_animated_universe_characters&oldid=834056899 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Disney animated characters </Li> <Li> Lists of Disney characters </Li> <Li> Lists of characters in American television animation </Li> <Li> Lists of Disney animated film characters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 31 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Seven Deadly Sins is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki . The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5 , 2014 . The series follows Elizabeth , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , who is in search of the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of former Holy Knights who were disbanded after the kingdom was overthrown . She enlists the help of Meliodas and Hawk , the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins and his talking pet pig , to assemble the remaining members of the Seven Deadly Sins and take back the kingdom from the Holy Knights . The show 's first opening theme song is `` Netsujō no Spectrum '' ( 熱情 の スペクトラム , Netsujō no Supekutoramu , `` Spectrum of Passion '' ) performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is `` Seven Deadly Sins '' performed by Man with a Mission , while the first ending theme titled `` 7 - Seven '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is `` Season '' the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa . A second season of the anime series was confirmed on September 27 , 2015 , to air in January 13 , 2018 . </P> <P> An original video animation ( OVA ) titled `` Ban 's Additional Chapter '' ( バン の 番外 編 , Ban no Bangai - hen ) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga , released on June 17 , 2015 . A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga , released on August 12 , 2015 . </P> <P> The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime , following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia . All 24 episodes were released on November 1 , 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats . </P> <P> The Seven Deadly Sins Revival of The Commandments first opening theme song titled Howling is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo and first ending theme song is Beautiful performed by Anly . </P> <P> </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Episode list <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The Seven Deadly Sins </Li> <Li> 1.2 The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War </Li> <Li> 1.3 The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 OVAs </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Episode list ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Seven Deadly Sins ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Seven Deadly Sins '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai '' ( 七 つの 大罪 ) </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Elizabeth Liones , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , is on a mission to find the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of extremely powerful but dangerous group of Holy Knights who are now wanted criminals for supposedly betraying the kingdom . She finds Meliodas , the owner of a bar named the Boar Hat , accompanied by his pet companion Hawk , a talking pig . When attacked by apprentice Holy Knight Twigo , Meliodas quickly overcomes the opponent , but reveals his identity in the process as the Dragon 's Sin of Wrath and the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins . Meliodas and Hawk join Elizabeth on her journey to find the other Deadly Sins in order to defeat the Holy Knights , who have orchestrated a coup d'état to overthrow the king . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Sword of the Holy Knight '' `` Seikishi no Ken '' ( 聖 騎士 の 剣 ) </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Holy Knight Gilthunder plants his sword in the center of a town named the Bernia Village , thus preventing the town from making the Bernia Ale , the primary source of income . After innumerable unsuccessful attempts by the villagers to remove the sword , which blocked the water source , Meliodas easily removes the object . A celebration is held at the Boar Hat , and Meliodas is hailed as a savior of the Bernia Village . Gilthunder , wanting to confirm whether the removal of his sword was an accident or not , throws a spear imbued with his power towards the town . However , Meliodas easily stops and throws the spear back , destroying Fort Solgales . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk decide to proceed to the Forest of White Dreams . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Sin in the Sleeping Forest '' `` Nemureru Mori no Tsumi '' ( 眠れる 森 の 罪 ) </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk travel to the Forest of White Dreams , which even the Holy Knights avoid . The Prankster Imps that inhabit the Forest of White Dreams attempt to confuse them by impersonating Hawk and Elizabeth in order to lead them astray . After defeating the Prankster Imps , the three follow them and find a giant girl named Diane , the Serpent 's Sin of Envy , asleep in the forest . Gilthunder suddenly arrives and binds all of them with his lightning magic . Meliodas battles Gilthunder , purposely allowing the Holy Knight to defeat him . Under the pretense of dying due to the severe injury , Meliodas acquires information about the whereabouts of two members of the Seven Deadly Sins , Ban and King , as his apparent last wish . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` A Little Girl 's Dream '' `` Shōjo no Yume '' ( 少女 の 夢 ) </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> After Diane throws Gilthunder out of the forest , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane head toward Baste Dungeon , where Ban , the Fox 's Sin of Greed , is imprisoned . On the way there , they decide to pass by Dalmary Town , where a doctor named Dana treats Meliodas with some medicine for his injuries . Diane and Elizabeth both show care for Meliodas , but they envy each other due to their opposites in strength and size . The town is suddenly attacked by insects controlled by Friesia , a Holy Knight belonging to the infamous Weird Fangs , but the insects are quickly destroyed by Diane , who makes her way to Baste Dungeon . Dana unexpectedly reveals to Elizabeth that the medicine is a deadly poison , while Golgius appears out of the blue to escort Elizabeth back to the Kingdom of Liones . Meanwhile , Ban escapes from his cell , but Jericho fails to subdue him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Even If You Should Die '' `` Tatoe Anata ga Shindemo '' ( たとえ あなた が 死ん でも ) </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> As Golgius attempts to take Meliodas 's sword , Meliodas awakens with no sign of being poisoned , proceeding to blast an aura that causes Golgius to flee . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk find Golgius , who stabs Dana through the back and then attacks the three using his power of invisibility . Once Meliodas forces Golgius to retreat by horse , Meliodas later consoles Elizabeth after she blames herself for the death of Dana , whose daughter Sennett is imprisoned inside Baste Dungeon . When Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk set off to Baste Dungeon , they encounter Diane , who suddenly attacks them after succumbing to hypnosis by Ruin at the sound of his bell . As they run away from Diane , involving a pair of shepherds along the way , Meliodas soon succumbs to hypnosis as well and fights Diane . Meanwhile , Ban strips Jericho of her armor to wear for himself , but is subsequently stabbed in the chest by Jude . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` The Poem of Beginnings '' `` Hajimari no Uta '' ( はじまり の 詩 ) </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> As Meliodas and Diane continue to fight each other under hypnosis , Friesia attacks the young shepherd with her insects . When Elizabeth risks her life to protect the young shepherd , the latter is revealed to be Ruin . After Elizabeth manages to break off the bell from Ruin 's staff , Meliodas and Diane regain their senses , soon defeating Ruin and Friesia , respectively . Meanwhile , Ban overpowers Jude and kills him , despite being pierced through the chest . Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane make it to Baste Dungeon to rescue Sennett , but Meliodas and Ban cause the destruction of the structure during their happy reunion . The six of them regroup back at Dalmary Town , where Dana , revealed to still be alive , treats them to a meal as a courtesy . Meanwhile , King , the Grizzly 's Sin of Sloth , is shown to be allied with Gilthunder . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` A Touching Reunion '' `` Kandō no Saikai '' ( 感動 の 再会 ) </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> During a flashback , Ban seeks for the Fountain of Youth deep inside the Fairy King 's Forest , but he is repeatedly thwarted by Elaine , Holy Maiden of the Fountain of Youth . However , Elaine realizes that Ban is different from other humans . Ban wants the Fountain of Youth in hopes of gaining something good in his life . In the present , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban make plans to go to the Capital of the Dead . Ban wanders off in a nearby village and encounters King , in which the former does not recognize the latter at first . The two start fighting until the others find Ban , causing King to fly away in silence . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban later set off to the Capital of the Dead , they go to a field of flowers , which sends them to their destination . However , King follows them there and chases Ban , who sees a glimpse of Elaine from a distance . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` The Fearsome Pursuer '' `` Osorubeki Tsuisekisha '' ( 恐る べき 追跡 者 ) </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> King petrifies Ban after revealing that Elaine is actually his sister . During another flashback , Ban tries to protect Elaine while confronting a red demon that is destroying the Fairy King 's Forest . However , after Elaine gets hurt , she sacrifices her life by ingesting the Fountain of Youth into Ban to allow him to defeat the red demon . In the present , Holy Knight Guila enters the Capital of the Dead and battles Meliodas and Diane , while Elizabeth and Hawk run away to safety . Elaine , first unseen to King , releases Ban from petrification with a kiss . Ban joins Meliodas and Diane in the battle against Guila , while Elaine tells King to understand Ban and save him . After being informed by Elizabeth and Hawk about the battle that is going on , King executes a surprise attack from behind through Ban to strike Guila . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` Dark Pulse '' `` Ankoku no Myakudō '' ( 暗黒 の 脈動 ) </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> King overpowers and single - handedly defeats Guila using his Sacred Treasure , the Spirit Spear Chastiefol . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane , Ban and King return to the village , King tells the others that his Sacred Treasure unlocks his full potential in combat . However , Meliodas sold his , Diane lost hers and Ban got his stolen . Meliodas , Ban and King head to the Merchant Town Vaizel during the annual fighting festival , in which the grand prize happens to be Diane 's Sacred Treasure , the War Hammer Gideon . Meanwhile , Great Holy Knight Hendrickson summons Jericho and Twigo underground , offering them blood from the corpse of a red demon as a means of enhancing their strength . Twigo explodes after drinking the blood , but Jericho manages to survive the excruciating experience . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` The Vaizel Fighting Festival '' `` Baizeru Kenka Matsuri '' ( バイゼル 喧嘩 祭り ) </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> The fighting festival starts with an elimination round that results in eight contestants left standing . The first round of the quarterfinals is Holy Knight Griamore versus `` Matrona '' , in which Matrona manages to break Griamore 's barrier and send him flying . Matrona is revealed to be a shrunken Diane wearing Elizabeth 's clothing . Diane and Elizabeth previously encountered a giant mushroom called a Chicken - Matango that shrunk them both when it felt threatened . The second round is Holy Knight Hauser versus three - time champion Taizoo , in which the former defeats the latter with one punch . The third round is King versus Cain Barzad , a drunken old man . Since King is powerless without his weapon , Cain easily knocks King out of the ring . The final round is Meliodas versus Ban , and Hauser learns from Griamore that the two are members of the Seven Deadly Sins . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` Pent - Up Feelings '' `` Sekinen no Omoi '' ( 積 年 の 想い ) </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Meliodas and Ban engage in a fierce fight that shakes the ground beneath them , equally matched due to their incredible strength and agility . However , Meliodas grabs onto Ban 's wrist and blasts him out of the ring , thereby winning the round . The first round of the semifinals is Diane versus Hauser , in which Hauser goes all out with his windy punches , but Diane does a body slam on Hauser and wins the round . The second round is Cain versus Meliodas , in which Cain believes that Meliodas betrayed the kingdom in the past . When Meliodas says that he did not betray the kingdom , Cain trusts Meliodas and forfeits the round . The round of the finals is Diane versus Meliodas , while Guila and Jericho are making their way towards Vaizel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` Bloodcurdling Cannon '' `` Senritsu no Kanon '' ( 戦慄 の カノン ) </Td> <Td> December 21 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Guila and Jericho interrupt the tournament and cause terror upon the merchant town . King subdues Guila and Jericho after Meliodas and Ban are defeated by them , but King is later overwhelmed by Holy Knight Helbram , who was disguised as tournament referee Love Helm . Meanwhile , Elizabeth returns to her normal size and stumbles upon her elder sister Veronica Liones , who scolds Elizabeth for being involved with Meliodas . Veronica then traps Meliodas inside Goddess Amber , a stone specifically made to seal demonic beings . Elizabeth runs away with Meliodas 's sword and Goddess Amber , while Griamore temporarily restrains Guila and Jericho . Veronica catches up to Elizabeth and shields her from an explosion made by Guila , which causes Veronica to pass away . When Elizabeth calls out for Meliodas , he emerges from within Goddess Amber with a darker side to him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> `` The Angel of Destruction '' `` Hakai no Shito '' ( 破壊 の 使徒 ) </Td> <Td> January 11 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> With his true power finally shown , Meliodas clashes with Helbram , who takes note on how Meliodas hones his dark abilities . After managing to defeat Meliodas , Helbram steals Meliodas 's sword . Ban takes Elizabeth , Hawk and King to safety , while Diane returns to her normal size and wields Gideon with attacks that crumble the earth , forcing Helbram to retreat with Guila and Jericho in tow . Elizabeth embraces Meliodas after he is rescued by Diane , later lamenting the death of Veronica . Ban and King express their motives behind taking back the kingdom . With his sword now stolen , Meliodas vows to end the ongoing war once and for all . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> `` A Reader of Books '' `` Hon o Yomu Hito '' ( 本 を 読む ひと ) </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> News about several sightings of an Armor Giant somewhere in Ordan Forest reaches Helbram , who quickly sends Dawn Roar , an elite group of Holy Knights , to search for the Armor Giant . Meanwhile , Guila visits her younger brother Zeal , and she later kills three thugs who bullied him for his spare change . Meliodas and his friends split up in the nearby village . Elizabeth and Hawk encounter a boy named Alan , who is looking for some glue to repair armor . Upon hearing the low growls that echo in the forest , Meliodas , Ban and King find the Armor Giant being surrounded by Dawn Roar , but Meliodas , Ban and King are no match against Dawn Roar . Just as it seems that the Armor Giant is about to be slain , Alan intercepts and reveals himself as Gowther , the Goat 's Sin of Lust . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> `` Unholy Knight '' `` Anhōryi Naito '' ( アンホーリィ ・ ナイト ) </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Gowther gives the head of the Armor Giant to the members of Dawn Roar in order to convince them to withdraw from battle . However , the demon breaks through the armor and attacks Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther . Meliodas lowers his guard upon noticing a Holy Knight merged into the demon 's chest , but Gowther uses his Sacred Treasure , the Twin Bow Herritt , to stop the demon . Meanwhile , Cain visits Elizabeth in the Boar Hat , where he tells her the story of Liz , a knight from an enemy kingdom who became Meliodas 's past lover after he saved her from being sentenced to death . Ban gouges out the heart of the Holy Knight , recognized as Guila 's father Dale , yet the demon still remains alive . Elizabeth rushes to Meliodas and gives him Liz 's sword left behind , which allows him to destroy the demon . It is realized that Dale was one of Hendrickson 's failed demon experiments . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> `` The Legends , Provoked '' `` Karitaterareru Densetsu - tachi '' ( 駆り立て られる 伝説 たち ) </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Gowther is welcomed by the others into their group , but he soon finds out the true secrets behind them by delving deep into their memories and emotions . Meanwhile , Hendrickson and Helbram have the hilt of Meliodas 's sword in possession , in which they plan to use it as a fragment of a ritual relic , known as the Coffin of Eternal Darkness , to resurrect the red demon race as a means to start a holy war . At the Boar Hat , Holy Knight Vivian suddenly appears and kidnaps Elizabeth and Hawk . Diane throws Meliodas , Ban and Gowther toward the Kingdom of Liones , where the three are bombarded by an army of Holy Knights on the north side of the castle . However , Arthur Pendragon , the young king of Camelot , has approached the south side of the castle with his own army . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> `` The First Sacrifice '' `` Saisho no Gisei '' ( 最初 の 犠牲 ) </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Hendrickson tries to convince Arthur to leave the castle , but to no avail . Instead , Hendrickson escorts Arthur inside the castle and suddenly engages him in battle . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk are teleported inside the dungeon of the castle , and they try to find a way out . Meliodas , Ban and Gowther manage to defeat the army and sneak inside a town of the kingdom , while King summons his black hound Oslow to use its mouth to teleport Diane inside the castle . However , Diane is attacked by Guila , Jericho , Gilthunder , Hauser , Helbram and Great Holy Knight Dreyfus . Diane tries to defend herself , but Dreyfus overpowers her with an attack that sends her crashing onto the town streets . After Diane wander the streets and protects Zeal from being crushed by a falling building , both Hauser and Guila switch sides to defend Diane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> `` Even If It Costs Me My Life '' `` Kono Inochi ni Kaete mo '' ( この 命 に かえ て も ) </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> The combined powers of Hauser and Guila have little to no effect . When Dreyfus attacks Guila , Gowther saves Guila in the nick of time and faces Dreyfus alone . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk encounter Margaret Liones , Elizabeth 's eldest sister , in a cell . Vivian appears , teleporting Hawk elsewhere , knocking Elizabeth unconscious and releasing Margaret from her cell . Gowther traps Dreyfus in a nightmare , but Dreyfus somehow snaps out of it and pierces Gowther in the chest . Once a heavily injured Dreyfus leaves with Gilthunder , Helbram attempts to finish Diane off , but King appears and stops Helbram , who reveals himself as a fairy and King 's former best friend . Helbram uses his magical tree roots to restrain King and inflict brutal lashes on Diane . However , King uses Chastifol to shield Diane from getting hurt . King says that he is fulfilling a promise that he made seven hundred years ago . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> `` The Fairy King Waits in Vain '' `` Machibōke no Yōseiō '' ( まち ぼう け の 妖精 王 ) </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> In the past , King met Diane when she was a child inside a cave , and they bonded as friends for many decades , though it seemed like just a few days have passed . King gradually recovered his memories , remembering that his fairy race was killed by a man wearing an eyepatch named Aldrich . When a nearby village was attacked , King left Diane with the promise that he would return . Helbram , who took on the form of Aldrich , was behind the attack due to his hatred of humans . After subduing Helbram by piercing a white rose through him , King was sentenced to a thousand years in prison , taking responsibility for the attack . In the present , King manages to defeat Helbram , who is finally able to rest in peace and atone for his grudge against humans . Meanwhile , after Arthur is overwhelmed by Hendrickson , Meliodas jumps in the scene . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> `` The Courage Charm '' `` Yūki no Majinai '' ( 勇気 の まじない ) </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Gilthunder leaves Dreyfus to fight Meliodas alone , while Hendrickson deals with Arthur and ultimately defeats him . Meanwhile , Elizabeth wakes up in a chamber and finds her father , King Bartra Liones . Meliodas then finds himself outmatched against Gilthunder , Hendrickson and Vivian . At the same time , Margaret decides to take her own life by jumping off a castle tower . Margaret and Gilthunder are both released from their curse in the form of monsters , thanks to Meliodas . While Margaret is thus saved from falling , Hendrickson tries to finish Meliodas off , but Gilthunder stands in the way and knocks down Hendrickson at full force . Vivian tries to trap Meliodas , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur in illusionary places , but Merlin , the Boar 's Sin of Gluttony , makes her first appearance and breaks the spell . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> `` The Looming Threat '' `` Ima , Soko ni Semaru Kyōi '' ( 今 、 そこ に せまる 脅威 ) </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Hawk finds Ban in the catacombs underneath the kingdom , where Ban makes contact with a goddess vessel through the Horn of Cernunnos . Ban is granted the request of resurrecting Elaine , but only with the condition that he kills Meliodas . Meanwhile , Meliodas , Merlin , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur enter the chamber where Elizabeth and Bartra are being held captive . Merlin takes Arthur and Bartra to Camelot to safety , but Hendrickson soon causes an explosion in the chamber , showing himself embedded in darkness and causing terror in the town with the experimented Holy Knights turned into demons . After Hendrickson gravely injures Meliodas and Gilthunder with his sword , Elizabeth agrees to go with Hendrickson in order to stop a bloodbath . When Ban and Hawk find Meliodas , Ban suddenly severs Meliodas 's right arm . Upon seeing Meliodas reattaching his arm using dark magic , Ban deduces that Meliodas is from the demon race . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> `` What I Can Do for You '' `` Kimi no Tame ni Dekiru Koto '' ( 君 の ため に できること ) </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Hawk tries to shake some sense into Ban , who will stop at nothing to kill Meliodas . Although Ban is fixated on resurrecting Elaine , Meliodas orders him to settle matters later , and Hawk takes Meliodas to find Elizabeth . Dreyfus , who wants to atone for his crimes , challenges Hendrickson to a duel . However , Elizabeth is accidentally injured in the process . Diane , Ban , King , Gowther , Gilthunder and Hauser destroy the demons in the town . Meliodas and Hawk arrive and find the injured Elizabeth , just after Hendrickson kills Dreyfus by melting him in acid . As Hawk takes Elizabeth to safety , Meliodas engages in combat against Hendrickson . Meliodas is soon joined by his friends and allies , who all prepare to take Hendrickson down . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> `` Despair Descends '' `` Zetsubō Kōrin '' ( 絶望 降臨 ) </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Hendrickson unveils the source of his power , the corpse of a red demon , which is the same one that Ban slayed in the Fairy King 's Forest long ago . After Ban pummels Hendrickson through the ground , Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther jump down the hole to a cave , where Hendrickson injects himself with the blood from the corpse of a gray demon to acquire even more power . A sudden burst of energy from Hendrickson sends the four of them back above ground , where Hendrickson easily overpowers all of his opponents despite all of their efforts . With Meliodas left standing and protecting Elizabeth , Hendrickson casts a large dark blast , but Hawk sacrifices himself in order to save the two of them . Shocked of losing her dear friend , Elizabeth awakens her dormant powers that repels Hendrickson and heals everyone else . However , Hendrickson survives and still has strength left in him to fight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> `` The Heroes '' `` Eiyū - tachi '' ( 英雄 たち ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> The Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights all combine forces in an attempt to defeat Hendrickson . Meliodas , given support from his friends and allies , uses his ultimate technique to finish Hendrickson off . When Bartra appears with Merlin , he commands the Holy Knights to restore the kingdom and preserve its people as their `` punishment '' for starting a holy war . Bartra then thanks the Seven Deadly Sins for saving the kingdom and protecting Elizabeth . Hawk is revived as a piglet , much to a surprise . Things return to normal inside the kingdom , and a festival is held at night . The next day , Elizabeth joins Meliodas , Hawk , Diane , Ban , King , Gowther and Merlin in finding the last member of the Seven Deadly Sins , Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> The Seven Deadly Sins : signs of Holy war ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Dark Dream Begins '' `` Kuroki Yume no Hajimari '' ( 黒き 夢 の はじまり ) </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Elizabeth Liones goes to the Boar Hat , where all her friends are still asleep following the festival . After Elizabeth is greeted by Hawk outside , Meliodas introduces her to a meat pie made with vegetables that looks like Hawk , but it turns out to be unfit for human consumption . Meliodas has the idea of using pork as the main ingredient , which causes Hawk to make haste out of the bar . Meliodas comes up with a contest for his friends , in which he will obey any order for a day from whoever catches Hawk first . However , Hawk manages to outsmart them due to his small size . Hawk returns to the Boar Hat and eats food scraps made by Ban , who is declared the winner as a result . At night , Meliodas takes Elizabeth back to the palace while also assuring that his purpose in life is to protect her . Meliodas then goes to the catacombs to see the Horn of Cernunnos . When the goddess vessel taunts him for his reputation as a demon , Meliodas destroys the Horn of Cernunnos in retaliation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Our Fighting Festival '' `` Futari no Ken'ka Matsuri '' ( 二 人 の 喧嘩 祭り ) </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Ban walks up to a mountaintop to finally settle matters with Meliodas , but the former is surprised to see Elizabeth and Hawk as well as the other members of the Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights as part of an audience . Merlin casts a gigantic cubic barrier around Meliodas and Ban in order for the spectators to safely watch the fight . Meanwhile , King and Hauser have their own fight to win the attention of Diane . Ban initiates a brutal attack on Meliodas that somehow weakens most of the spectators . The fight ends in a stalemate after the two of them exchange rapid punches that cause the barrier to break . They remain friends and head back down to the Boar Hat for a drink . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` In Pursuit of First Love '' `` Hatsukoi o Oikakete '' ( 初恋 を 追いかけ て ) </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> King still hesitates to confess his feelings for Diane . Meanwhile , Diane leaves the Boar Hat and heads to a construction site in town , recalling the devastating collateral damage she caused due to her immense size . The construction workers there apologize to her and thank her for saving the kingdom . When King comes to see Diane , the two decide to play a game of tag across town . Outside a church , a wedding ceremony is interrupted by a demon , in which Diane and King combine their skills in defeating the demon . King asks Diane if she regained her memories , and she answers him with a kiss on his cheek . The moment is ruined when a brick suddenly falls on his head , and he later wakes up next to her , having forgotten what they did during the day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Shape of Love '' `` Ai no Katachi '' ( 愛 の かたち ) </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Merlin agrees to be a waitress at the Boar Hat , but first she wants Meliodas and Gowther to follow Gilthunder to find out if he is being stalked by someone . Meanwhile , Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore are each hit with falling debris in the streets , unaware of the situation . Gowther is distracted by a boy named Pelliot , who asks him to retrieve a fat cat off a roof . Since Gowther reminds Pelliot of his mother , who recently passed away , Gowther transforms into Pelliot 's mother for a moment and disappears when Pelliot 's father finds Pelliot . Meliodas finds Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore at a restaurant , where he purposely spills coffee to expose Vivian , revealed as the stalker . Merlin punishes Vivian by planting a cursed ring on her finger , which will bring pain to her each time the curse is activated , and Merlin explains that the Ten Commandments are the highest class in the demon race . At the Boar Hat , Merlin quits her job as a waitress , while Hawk and Gowther fill in for the position , much to the guys ' dismay . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of the Commandments ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 </Th> <Td> `` The Seven Deadly Sins Revival of The Commandments - Prologue - '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai Imashime no Fukkatsu - Joshō - '' ( 七 つの 大罪 戒め の 復活 - 序章 - ) </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> A recap of the first season with additional scenes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Revival of the Demon Clan '' `` Majin - zoku Fukkatsu '' ( 魔神 族 復活 ) </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> After the defeat of demonized Hendrickson , The Seven Deadly Sins are commended for their bravery and courage by King Bartra . However , just before the ceremony , Ban and King left the group . Earlier , Ban tells Meliodas that he will leave the group . As Ban leaves the Boar Hat Bar , King sees him and asks where he is going . Ban tells King that he wants to go to the Fairy King Forest . King then accompanies Ban on their journey . Meanwhile , it reveals that Hendricksen has survived that assault from the Sins and he is shocked upon seeing Dreyfus alive . Dreyfus then summons the Commandments , ten demonized warriors with the intent of destroying the Sins . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Existence and Proof '' `` Sonzai to Shōmei '' ( 存在 と 証明 ) </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Sacred Treasure Lostvayne '' `` Jingi Rosutovuein '' ( 神器 ロスト ヴェイン ) </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> OVAs ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Bandit Ban '' `` Bandetto Ban '' ( バンデット ・ バン ) </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Heroes Fun Time - Extra Stories Compilation - '' `` Eiyū - tachi no Tawamure - Bangai - henshū - '' ( 英雄 たち の 戯れ - 番外 編集 - ) </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ アニメ 「 七 つの 大罪 」 10 月 より 日 5 枠 で 放送 ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Theme Songs , Game Detailed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man With A Mission , Alisa Takigawa Perform The Seven Deadly Sins ' New Songs '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga to Bundle OVA Episode About Ban '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2nd Seven Deadly Sins OVA to Compile 9 Short Stories '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newman , Heather ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Netflix To Announce Its Second Exclusive Anime Series Tomorrow : ' The Seven Deadly Sins ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` STORY '' ( in Japanese ) . 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7 deadly sins signs of a holy war

List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia <H1> List of Dallas Cowboys seasons </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . <P> This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . </P> <P> The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . </P> <P> The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . </P> <P> The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . </P> <H2> Seasons ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) </Td> <Td> Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) </Td> <Td> Conference Champions </Td> <Td> Division Champions </Td> <Td> Wild Card Berth </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> League </Th> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Regular season </Th> <Th> Postseason Results </Th> <Th> Awards </Th> <Th> Head coaches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finish </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1961 </Th> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1962 </Th> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1963 </Th> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1964 </Th> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1965 </Th> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1966 </Th> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 </Td> <Td> Tom Landry ( COY ) </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1967 </Th> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> Capitol </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> Capitol </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1969 </Th> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> Eastern </Td> <Td> Capitol </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Calvin Hill ( OROY ) </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 </Th> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1972 </Th> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1973 </Th> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 </Th> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1977 </Th> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1978 </Th> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1979 </Th> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1981 </Th> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1982 </Th> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1984 </Th> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1985 </Th> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1986 </Th> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1988 </Th> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Landry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1989 </Th> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) </Td> <Td> Jimmy Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1991 </Th> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1992 </Th> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) </Td> <Td> Jimmy Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1993 </Th> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) </Td> <Td> Jimmy Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1994 </Th> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Switzer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 </Th> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) </Td> <Td> Barry Switzer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Switzer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1997 </Th> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Switzer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 </Th> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chan Gailey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chan Gailey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dave Campo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 </Th> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dave Campo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2002 </Th> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dave Campo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2003 </Th> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Parcells </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Parcells </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Parcells </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Parcells </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) </Td> <Td> Wade Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wade Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wade Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jason Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) </Td> <Td> Jason Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jason Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 </Td> <Td> DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) </Td> <Td> Jason Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jason Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) </Td> <Td> Jason Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2017 </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> NFL </Td> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jason Garrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> Total </Th> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 374 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Th colspan="3"> All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td colspan="3"> All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 536 </Th> <Th> 401 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th colspan="3"> All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dallas Cowboys </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1960 </Li> <Li> Based in Arlington , Texas </Li> <Li> Headquartered in Frisco , Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Expansion draft </Li> <Li> Draft history </Li> <Li> Starting quarterbacks </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> The Ford Center at The Star </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadiums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cotton Bowl </Li> <Li> Texas Stadium </Li> <Li> AT&T Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NFL on Thanksgiving Day </Li> <Li> America 's Team </Li> <Li> Cheerleaders </Li> <Li> Doomsday Defense </Li> <Li> Crazy Ray </Li> <Li> Rowdy </Li> <Li> Jerry Jones </Li> <Li> Black Sunday ( film ) </Li> <Li> King of the Hill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Landry </Li> <Li> Tex Schramm </Li> <Li> Captain Comeback </Li> <Li> Ice Bowl </Li> <Li> Hail Mary </Li> <Li> The Catch </Li> <Li> Herschel Walker trade </Li> <Li> Dirty Dozen </Li> <Li> Ring of Honor </Li> <Li> Bounty Bowl series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New York Giants </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> <Li> Houston Oilers / Texans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 23 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference championships ( 10 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Championships ( 5 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1971 ( VI ) </Li> <Li> 1977 ( XII ) </Li> <Li> 1992 ( XXVII ) </Li> <Li> 1993 ( XXVIII ) </Li> <Li> 1995 ( XXX ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Radio network </Li> <Li> KRLD - FM </Li> <Li> Brad Sham </Li> <Li> Babe Laufenberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current league affiliations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League : National Football League </Li> <Li> Conference : National Football Conference </Li> <Li> Division : East Division </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons ( 58 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dallas Cowboys seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl 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when did the dallas cowboys win their last playoff game

Coco ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia <H1> Coco ( 2017 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Coco </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Lee Unkrich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Darla K. Anderson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adrian Molina </Li> <Li> Matthew Aldrich </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lee Unkrich </Li> <Li> Jason Katz </Li> <Li> Matthew Aldrich </Li> <Li> Adrian Molina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anthony Gonzalez </Li> <Li> Gael García Bernal </Li> <Li> Benjamin Bratt </Li> <Li> Alanna Ubach </Li> <Li> Renée Victor </Li> <Li> Ana Ofelia Murguía </Li> <Li> Edward James Olmos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Michael Giacchino </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matt Aspbury </Li> <Li> Danielle Feinberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Bloom </Li> <Li> Lee Unkrich </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures </Li> <Li> Pixar Animation Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( Morelia ) </Li> <Li> November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 109 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $175 -- 200 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $590.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated musical fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich , it is directed by Unkrich and co-directed by Adrian Molina . The story follows a 12 - year - old boy named Miguel Rivera who is accidentally transported to the land of the dead , where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great - great - grandfather to return him to his family among the living . </P> <P> The concept of the film is based on the Mexican holiday of the Day of the Dead . The film was scripted by Molina and Matthew Aldrich from a story by Unkrich , Jason Katz , Aldrich and Molina . Pixar began developing the animation in 2016 ; Unkrich and some of the film 's crew visited Mexico for inspiration . Composer Michael Giacchino , who had worked on prior Pixar animated features , composed the score . The film 's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez , Gael García Bernal , Benjamin Bratt , Alanna Ubach , Renée Victor , Ana Ofelia Murguía , and Edward James Olmos . It is the first - ever film with a nine - digit budget to feature an all - Latino cast , with a cost of $175 -- 200 million . </P> <P> Coco premiered on October 20 , 2017 during the Morelia International Film Festival in Morelia , Mexico . It was theatrically released in Mexico the following week , the weekend before Día de los Muertos , and became the highest - grossing film of all - time in the country . It was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , and has grossed over $590 million worldwide . The film received praise for its animation , vocal performances , musical score , songs , emotional story and respect to Mexican culture . It earned numerous accolades , was chosen by the National Board of Review as the best animated film of 2017 , and received Critics ' Choice Movie Award , Annie Award and BAFTA Award nominations for Best Animated Feature Film . It also won for Best Animated Feature Film and was nominated for Best Original Song ( `` Remember Me '' ) at the 75th Golden Globe Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 North America </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Outside North America </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> In Santa Cecilia , Mexico , Imelda Rivera was the wife of a musician . Imelda 's husband left her and her daughter , Coco , to pursue a career in music . She banned music in the family and opened a shoemaking family business . In the present , her great - great - grandson , Miguel , now lives with the elderly Coco and their family . He secretly dreams of becoming a musician like Ernesto de la Cruz , a popular actor and singer of Imelda 's generation . One day , Miguel inadvertently damages the photo of Imelda at the center of the family ofrenda and removes it , discovering that her husband ( whose face is torn out ) was holding Ernesto 's famous guitar . </P> <P> Concluding that he is Ernesto 's descendant , Miguel argues with his grandmother Elena and he leaves to enter a talent show for the Day of the Dead . He enters Ernesto 's mausoleum and steals his guitar to use in the show , but becomes invisible to everyone in the village plaza . However , he can see and be seen by his Xoloitzcuintli dog Dante and his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday . Taking him there , they realize that Imelda can not visit as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda . Discovering that he is cursed for stealing from the dead , Miguel must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead : to do so , he must receive a blessing from a member of his family using an Aztec marigold petal that can undo the curse placed upon him by stealing Ernesto 's guitar . Imelda offers Miguel a blessing but on the condition that he abandon his musical pursuits when he returns to the Land of the Living ; Miguel refuses and attempts to seek Ernesto 's blessing . </P> <P> Miguel encounters Héctor , a down - on - his - luck skeleton who once played with Ernesto and offers to help Miguel reach him . In return , Héctor asks Miguel to take his photo back to the Land of the Living so he can visit his daughter before she forgets him and he disappears completely . Héctor attempts to return Miguel to his relatives , but Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto 's mansion , learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before Héctor 's death . Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant , but Héctor confronts them , imploring Miguel to take his photo . Héctor soon realizes that Ernesto poisoned him to death and stole the songs he had written , passing them off as his own to become famous . Ernesto steals Héctor 's photo and has him and Miguel thrown into a cenote pit . </P> <P> Miguel realizes that Héctor is his actual great - great - grandfather and that Coco is his daughter , the only living person who still remembers him . With the help of Dante -- revealed to be an alebrije -- the dead Riveras find and rescue them . Miguel reveals that Héctor 's decision to return home to her and Coco resulted in his death , and Imelda and Héctor reconcile . They infiltrate Ernesto 's sunrise concert to retrieve Héctor 's photo from Ernesto and expose his corruption . Ernesto is crushed by a falling church bell as in his previous life , but the photo falls into the water and disappears . </P> <P> As the sun rises , Héctor is in danger of being forgotten and disappearing . Imelda blesses Miguel without conditions so he can return to the Land of the Living , where he plays a song for Coco that Héctor wrote for her during her childhood . The song sparks her memory of Héctor and revitalizes her , and she gives Miguel the torn - out piece of the photo from the ofrenda , which shows Héctor 's face . Elena reconciles with Miguel , accepting both him and music back into the family . </P> <P> One year later , Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda -- featuring a photo of the now deceased Coco -- to his new baby sister . Letters saved by Coco contain proof that Ernesto stole Héctor 's music ; as a result , Ernesto 's legacy is destroyed and the public honors Héctor in his place . In the Land of the Dead , Héctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living Riveras as Miguel sings and plays for his relatives , both dead and living . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anthony Gonzalez as Miguel Rivera , a 12 - year - old aspiring musician . </Li> <Li> Gael García Bernal as Héctor Rivera , a charming trickster in the Land of the Dead , who enlists Miguel to help him visit the Land of the Living , and is later revealed to be Miguel 's great - great grandfather , Imelda 's husband , Coco 's father and the patriarch of the Rivera family . <Ul> <Li> Bernal also voices Héctor in the Spanish dub . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Benjamin Bratt as Ernesto de la Cruz , the most famous musician in the history of Mexico and Miguel 's idol . Revered by fans worldwide until his untimely death , the charming and charismatic musician is even more beloved in the Land of the Dead . In reality , he is a fraud who murdered his partner Héctor and stole his songs . <Ul> <Li> Antonio Sol provides de la Cruz 's singing voice , except for `` Remember Me '' . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Alanna Ubach as Mamá Imelda Rivera , Miguel 's late great - great - grandmother , Héctor 's wife , Coco 's mother and the matriarch of the Rivera family . </Li> <Li> Renée Victor as Abuelita Elena Rivera , Miguel 's grandmother who strictly enforces the ban on music . </Li> <Li> Ana Ofelia Murguía as Mamá Socorro `` Coco '' Rivera , Miguel 's great - grandmother and the daughter of Héctor and Imelda . </Li> <Li> Edward James Olmos as Chicharrón , a friend of Hector 's who is forgotten in the Land of the Dead . </Li> <Li> Alfonso Arau as Papá Julio Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandfather and Coco 's husband . </Li> <Li> Selene Luna as Tía Rosita Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandaunt , Julio 's sister . </Li> <Li> Dyana Ortellí as Tía Victoria Rivera , Miguel 's late grandaunt , Abuelita 's sister . </Li> <Li> Herbert Sigüenza as Tío Oscar and Felipe Rivera , Miguel 's late identical twin great - great granduncles . </Li> <Li> Jaime Camil as Papá Enrique Rivera , Miguel 's father . </Li> <Li> Sofía Espinosa as Mamá Luisa Rivera , Miguel 's mother . She is pregnant with her second child during the events of the movie . </Li> <Li> Luis Valdez as Tío Berto Rivera , Miguel 's uncle . <Ul> <Li> Valdez also voices Don Hidalgo . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Polo Rojas as Abel Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . </Li> <Li> Montse Hernandez as Rosa Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . </Li> <Li> Lombardo Boyar as a Mariachi whom Miguel meets in Santa Cecilia Plaza . <Ul> <Li> Boyar also voices Gustavo , a musician of the Land of the Dead </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Octavio Solis as the Arrival Agent </Li> <Li> Gabriel Iglesias as the Head Clerk </Li> <Li> Cheech Marin as a Corrections Officer </Li> <Li> Carla Medina as Departure Agent </Li> <Li> Blanca Araceli as an Emcee </Li> <Li> Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Frida Kahlo </Li> <Li> Salvador Reyes as Security Guard </Li> <Li> John Ratzenberger as Juan Ortodoncia , a skeleton in the Land of the Dead with bad teeth </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lee Unkrich first pitched an idea for the film in 2010 , when Toy Story 3 , which he also directed , was released . Initially the film was to be about an American child , learning about his Mexican heritage , while dealing with the death of his mother . Eventually the team realized that this was the wrong approach and reformed the film to focus on a Mexican child instead . Of the original version Unkrich noted that it `` reflected the fact that none of us at the time were from Mexico . '' The fact that the film depicted `` a real culture '' caused anxiety for Unkrich who `` felt an enormous responsibility on my shoulders to do it right . '' </P> <P> The Pixar team made several trips to Mexico to help define the characters and story of Coco . Unkrich said , `` I 'd seen it portrayed in folk art . It was something about the juxtaposition of skeletons with bright , festive colors that captured my imagination . It has led me down a winding path of discovery . And the more I learn about ( el ) Día de los Muertos , the more it affects me deeply . '' The team found it difficult working with skeletal creatures , as they lacked any muscular system , and as such had to be animated differently from their human counterparts . </P> <P> On April 13 , 2016 , Unkrich announced that they had begun work on the animation . The film 's writer , Adrian Molina , was promoted to co-director in 2016 . </P> <P> Disney made a request to trademark the phrase `` Día de los Muertos '' for merchandising applications . This was met with criticism from the Mexican American community in the United States . Lalo Alcaraz , a Mexican American cartoonist , who drew a film poster , titled `` Muerto Mouse '' , depicting a skeletal Godzilla - sized Mickey Mouse with the byline `` It 's coming to trademark your cultura . '' More than 21,000 people signed a petition on Change.org stating that the trademark was `` cultural appropriation and exploitation at its worst . '' A week later , Disney cancelled the attempt , with the official statement saying that the `` trademark filing was intended to protect any title for our film and related activities . It has since been determined that the title of the film will change , and therefore we are withdrawing our trademark filing . '' In 2015 , Pixar hired Alcaraz to consult on the film , joining playwright Octavio Solis and former CEO of the Mexican Heritage Corp . Marcela Davison Aviles , to form a cultural consultant group . </P> <H2> Soundtrack </H2> <P> The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino . Germaine Franco , Adrian Molina , Robert Lopez , and Kristen Anderson - Lopez wrote the songs . Recording for the score began on August 14 , 2017 . The score was released on November 10 , 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Mariachi , Salsa , Bolero , Flamenco , Pop , Mexican Son </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 78 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pixar chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Cars 3 2017 </Td> <Td> Coco ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Incredibles 2 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All music composed by Michael Giacchino except where indicated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Performer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Remember Me '' </Td> <Td> Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez </Td> <Td> Benjamin Bratt </Td> <Td> 1 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Much Needed Advice '' </Td> <Td> Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina </Td> <Td> Bratt & Antonio Sol </Td> <Td> 1 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Everyone Knows Juanita '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gael García Bernal </Td> <Td> 1 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Un Poco Loco '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> García Bernal & Anthony Gonzalez </Td> <Td> 1 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' </Td> <Td> Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara </Td> <Td> Mexican Institute of Sound </Td> <Td> 2 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` The World Es Mi Familia '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gonzalez & Sol </Td> <Td> 0 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Remember Me ( Lullaby ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> García Bernal , Gabriella Flores & Libertad García Fonzi </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` La Llorona '' </Td> <Td> Traditional </Td> <Td> Sol & Alanna Ubach </Td> <Td> 2 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Remember Me ( Reunion ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Gonzalez & Ana Ofelia Murguía </Td> <Td> 1 : 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Proud Corazón '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gonzalez </Td> <Td> 2 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel </Td> <Td> 2 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Shrine and Dash '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` The Strum of Destiny '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` It 's All Relative '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Adiós Chicharrón '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` Plaza de la Cruz '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` Family Doubtings '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` Taking Sides '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` Fiesta Espactacular '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 . </Td> <Td> `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 . </Td> <Td> `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 . </Td> <Td> `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 . </Td> <Td> `` Somos Familia '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 . </Td> <Td> `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 . </Td> <Td> `` A Family Dysfunction '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 . </Td> <Td> `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 . </Td> <Td> `` The Show Must Go On '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 . </Td> <Td> `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 . </Td> <Td> `` A Run for the Ages '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 . </Td> <Td> `` One Year Later '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 . </Td> <Td> `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 78 : 17 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> ( show ) Banda Sonora Original </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Performer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Recuérdame ( Interpretada por Ernesto De la Cruz ) '' </Td> <Td> Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez </Td> <Td> Marco Antonio Solís </Td> <Td> 1 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Dueto a Través del Tiempo '' </Td> <Td> Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina </Td> <Td> Solís </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Juanita '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gael García Bernal </Td> <Td> 1 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Un Poco Loco '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> García Bernal & Luis Ángel Gómez Jaramillo </Td> <Td> 1 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' </Td> <Td> Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara </Td> <Td> Mexican Institute of Sound </Td> <Td> 2 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` El Mundo es mi Familia '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gómez Jaramillo & Solís </Td> <Td> 0 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Recuérdame ( Arrullo ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> García Bernal & Lucy Hernández </Td> <Td> 1 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` La Llorona '' </Td> <Td> Traditional </Td> <Td> Solís & Angélica Vale </Td> <Td> 2 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Recuérdame ( Reencuentro ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Rocío Garcel & Gómez Jaramillo </Td> <Td> 1 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` El Latido de mi Corazón '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gómez Jaramillo </Td> <Td> 2 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Recuérdame '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Carlos Rivera </Td> <Td> 2 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel </Td> <Td> 2 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` El corrido de Miguel Rivera ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bronco </Td> <Td> 3 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` La bikina ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' </Td> <Td> Rubén Fuentes </Td> <Td> Karol Sevilla </Td> <Td> 2 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Bésame mucho ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' </Td> <Td> Consuelo Velázquez </Td> <Td> Jorge Blanco </Td> <Td> 2 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Un mundo raro ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> La Santa Cecilia </Td> <Td> 3 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Recuérdame ( Solo ) ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Lafourcade </Td> <Td> 2 : 43 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( show ) Banda Sonora Original ( Disc 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Shrine and Dash '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` The Strum of Destiny '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` It 's All Relative '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Adiós Chicharrón '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Plaza de la Cruz '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Family Doubtings '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Taking Sides '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Fiesta Espactacular '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Somos Familia '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` A Family Dysfunction '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` The Show Must Go On '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` A Run for the Ages '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` One Year Later '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 . </Td> <Td> `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 47 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> ( show ) Banda Sonora Original em Português </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Performer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Ernesto de la Cruz ) '' </Td> <Td> Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez </Td> <Td> Mário Redondo </Td> <Td> 1 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Conselho Muito Necessário '' </Td> <Td> Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina </Td> <Td> Redondo </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Quem Não Conhece a Juanita ? '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Pedro Leitão </Td> <Td> 1 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Un Poco Loco '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Joao Pedro Gonçalves & Leitão </Td> <Td> 1 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' </Td> <Td> Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara </Td> <Td> Mexican Institute of Sound </Td> <Td> 2 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` O Mundo es Mi Família '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gonçalves & Redondo </Td> <Td> 0 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Canção de Embalar ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Leitão & Maria Galante </Td> <Td> 1 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` La Llorona '' </Td> <Td> Traditional </Td> <Td> Alanna Ubach & Antonio Sol </Td> <Td> 2 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Reunião ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Gonçalves & Ermelinda Duarte </Td> <Td> 1 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Pulsar do Meu Corazón '' </Td> <Td> Franco & Molina </Td> <Td> Gonçalves </Td> <Td> 2 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' </Td> <Td> Anderson - Lopez & Lopez </Td> <Td> Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel </Td> <Td> 2 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Shrine and Dash '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` The Strum of Destiny '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` It 's All Relative '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Adiós Chicharrón '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` Plaza de la Cruz '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` Family Doubtings '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` Taking Sides '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` Fiesta Espactacular '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 . </Td> <Td> `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 . </Td> <Td> `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 . </Td> <Td> `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 . </Td> <Td> `` Somos Familia '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 . </Td> <Td> `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 . </Td> <Td> `` A Family Dysfunction '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 . </Td> <Td> `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 . </Td> <Td> `` The Show Must Go On '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 . </Td> <Td> `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 . </Td> <Td> `` A Run for the Ages '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 . </Td> <Td> `` One Year Later '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 . </Td> <Td> `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 47 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release </H2> <P> Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , 2017 , the weekend before Día de Muertos . The film was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , during the Thanksgiving weekend , and three weeks after Día de Muertos , and will be released in the United Kingdom on January 19 , 2018 . The film was released in a crowded market , preceded by Thor : Ragnarok , Justice League and another animated film , The Star , and followed by Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand three weeks after Thanksgiving . It is one of the three Disney film productions being released in the November -- December corridor . It is the second Pixar offering of the year , following Cars 3 , with 2017 being the second year Pixar released two films , after 2015 ( with Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur ) . The film was accompanied in theaters by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 21 - minute featurette Olaf 's Frozen Adventure as a limited time offering , featuring the characters from Frozen , making Coco the first musical film not to be accompanied by a Pixar short in theaters since their first , Toy Story , in 1995 . </P> <H3> Marketing </H3> <P> The first teaser trailer was released on March 15 , 2017 , two days before Disney 's Beauty and the Beast opened worldwide . The teaser trailer introduced the basic concept of the film , while highlighting its focus on music . Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the trailer as `` a terrific old - school Pixar sell , mostly consisting of a single sequence and offering just the barest hint of what 's to come . '' The film 's themes and imagery drew comparison to another animated film that centered around Día de Muertos , The Book of Life ( 2014 ) . A two - minute short film , titled Dante 's Lunch -- A Short Tail , was released online on March 29 , 2017 . It introduces the film 's supporting character , a Xoloitzcuintle named Dante . The short was created early in the animation process by Unkrich and his team to have a better sense of the character . The first official trailer was released on June 7 , 2017 , followed by a second trailer on September 13 . The film was marketed extensively in Mexico , including traditional wall - painted advertising usually used for local events and never for films . A movie chain in the country held a contest for dubbing a character in the film , and another movie chain held a contest to become an interviewer for the cast and crew of the film . </P> <P> The film will also have its own VR game , Pixar 's first VR development . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Box Office </H3> <P> As of January 7 , 2018 , Coco has grossed $191.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $398.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $590.4 million . </P> North america <P> In the United States and Canada , Coco was projected to gross $55 -- 65 million from 3,987 theaters in its first five days , including around $40 million in its opening weekend . It made $2.3 million from Tuesday night previews , landing between Disney 's previous two November releases Moana ( $2.6 million ) and The Good Dinosaur ( $1.3 million ) , and $13.2 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $50.8 million ( including a five - day total of $72.9 million ) , finishing first at the box office . It was the 4th - biggest Thanksgiving opening weekend ever , behind fellow animated films Frozen , Moana and Toy Story 2 . In its second weekend , the film dropped by 46 % to $27.5 million , a smaller drop than Moana , Frozen , Tangled , and The Good Dinosaur , and again topping the box office . It topped the box office once again in its third weekend , dropping by 33 % and grossing $18.5 million , a similar hold to Moana . It became the fourth film of 2017 to top the box office three times , following Split , The Fate of the Furious and The Hitman 's Bodyguard , before being overtaken by Disney 's own Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand , in its fourth weekend . It fell to number six in its fifth weekend , due to competition from three new releases -- Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , Pitch Perfect 3 , and The Greatest Showman -- despite a small drop again ; it grossed $2.8 million on Christmas Day . On the holiday week of December 22 -- 28 , the film finished at number six with a gross of $16.3 million , which was 6 % up from the previous week , despite losing over 1,000 theaters . </P> Outside north america <P> Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , nearly a month before its release in the United States . It grossed $9.3 million on its opening weekend , the biggest opening weekend for an original animated film and the biggest debut for an animated film outside of the summer movie season in the market . In its second weekend , it earned another $10.8 million , a 12 % increase over its first weekend , bringing its total to $28 million . It became the fastest ten - day grosser ever for an animated feature in Mexico , as well as the biggest original animated release ever in the territory . It dropped by 23 % in its third weekend , grossing $8.4 million . That brought its total to MX $792 million ( US $41.4 million ) , making it the highest - grossing animated film and the second - highest grossing film of all time in Mexico , behind Disney 's own The Avengers , in local currency . A few days later , on November 15 , it passed The Avengers to become the highest - grossing film in the market of Mexico . </P> <P> In China , Coco finished number one at the weekend box office , with a three - day total of $18.2 million , making it the second - highest opening ever for a Disney or Pixar animated release in that market , behind Zootopia . After seeing increases each weekday on its first week , the film increased by 148 % on its second weekend , bringing its total to $75.6 million in the market . It dropped by 21 % in its third weekend , finishing first once again and grossing $35 million . The film fell to number three in its fourth weekend , due to competition from two new domestic releases , grossing an additional $17.1 million . Coco 's success in China came as a surprise to most box office analysts who were projecting a gross of $30 -- 40 million . By its second weekend , it had become the highest - grossing Pixar release ever in China , nearly doubling previous record - holder Finding Dory , and by its fifth weekend , it had surpassed Despicable Me 3 to become the second highest - grossing animated movie of all time in the country , behind Zootopia . As of December 25 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $165.5 million ) , Mexico ( $57.6 million ) , France ( $17.7 million ) , Spain ( $12.2 million ) and Russia ( $9.2 million ) . </P> <H3> Critical response </H3> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 96 % , based on 224 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Coco 's rich visual pleasures are matched by a thoughtful narrative that takes a family - friendly -- and deeply affecting -- approach to questions of culture , family , life , and death . '' It was the site 's highest - rated animated film and ninth highest - rated wide release of 2017 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . It is also the 6th Pixar film to earn the rating , and the first since Up in 2009 . </P> <P> Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` At every imaginative juncture , the filmmakers ( the screenplay is credited to Pixar veteran Molina and Matthew Aldrich ) create a richly woven tapestry of comprehensively researched storytelling , fully dimensional characters , clever touches both tender and amusingly macabre , and vivid , beautifully textured visuals . '' Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film , saying : `` If an animated movie is going to offer children a way to process death , it 's hard to envision a more spirited , touching and breezily entertaining example than Coco . '' In his review for Variety , Peter Debruge wrote , `` In any case , it works : Coco 's creators clearly had the perfect ending in mind before they 'd nailed down all the other details , and though the movie drags in places , and features a few too many childish gags ... the story 's sincere emotional resolution earns the sobs it 's sure to inspire . '' Debruge also described the film as `` ( An ) effective yet hardly exceptional addition to the Pixar oeuvre . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars , writing that `` There 's a touch of Japanese master Hayao Miyazaki in the film 's matter - of - fact depiction of the dead interacting with the living , as well as its portrayal of certain creatures '' such as Dante and Pepita . He concluded his review by stating , `` I had some minor quibbles about ( Coco ) while I was watching it , but I ca n't remember what they were . This film is a classic . '' </P> <P> Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 stars out of four , calling it a `` loving tribute to Mexican culture '' , while praising the animation , vocal performances ( particularly Gonzalez , Bernal , and Bratt ) , and its emotional and thematic tone and depth . The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips called the film `` vividly good , beautifully animated '' , praising Giacchino 's musical score and the songs , as well drawing a comparison to the emotional tone of Inside Out . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film as `` a time - tested tune with captivating originality and flair , and with roving , playful pop - culture erudition '' , and called the film 's cultural vibe `` inclusive '' and `` a 21st - century Disney hallmark '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times found the film to be `` full of life '' and deemed it `` a bouncy and heart - tugging adventure '' , while lauding the vocal performances as `` fantastic '' and `` first - rate '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as `` effervescent , clever and thoughtful , '' calling it one of `` Pixar 's most gorgeously animated outings '' , and `` the most musical Pixar film , with a host of catchy tunes '' . Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger wrote that the backgrounds `` have a vibrancy , and its atmosphere carries a warmth . And even after it 's done , both linger , just a bit -- like a perfectly struck guitar chord '' . </P> <H3> Accolades </H3> Main article : List of accolades received by Coco ( 2017 film ) <P> Coco was nominated for various awards and won a number of them , including several for Best Animated Feature . The song `` Remember Me '' was particularly praised . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Song . It led the 45th Annie Awards with most nominations , garnering thirteen , among them Best Animated Feature , Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production , Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production , and Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Gonzalez . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Book of Life , a computer - animated film similarly set in the afterlife during the Day of the Dead . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ; Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Incredibles 2 ' , ' Toy Story 4 ' Details Revealed at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Coco Award Categories '' . disneystudiosawards.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' to World Premiere at Mexico 's Morelia Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco '' . Morelia International Film Festival . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` COCO ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Topping ' Justice League ' With $70 Million Over Thanksgiving Weekend '' . Variety . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) - Financial Information - The Numbers '' . The Numbers . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's Coco is a ' Love Letter to Mexico ' in the Age of Trump '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' feasts on ' Justice League ' at box office '' . New Haven Register . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` COCO , the new Disney Pixar movie , will open the 15th FICM '' . Festival Internacional del Cine en Morelia . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco 's Otherworldly Mexico Run Lands Pixar Toon As Market 's No. 1 Movie Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185 M Overseas , $390 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $739 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dave Trumbore ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Week in Animation : Pixar 's ' Coco ' Now Mexico 's # 1 Film of All - Time '' . Collider . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar 's ' Coco ' Breaks Box Office Record in Mexico '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar Introduces the ' Coco ' Character Family '' . Animation Magazine ( in inglês ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wintraub , Steve ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt on ' The Infiltrator ' , ' Shot Caller ' and Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crust , Kevin ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' director Lee Unkrich gets down with the Day of the Dead for Pixar 's fall release '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nolan Gerard Funk Joins ' Berlin , I Love You ' ; Natalia Cordova - Buckley Set In ' Coco ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Ratzenberger Confirmed for `` Coco '' `` . Laughing Place . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha . `` Pixar 's Lee Unkrich on the ' anxiety ' of directing Coco '' . The Verge . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Newest Disney Pixar Marvel , Coco '' . Disney Insider . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Shares ' Coco ' Secrets at Annecy Animation Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman , Rachel ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Confirms That Animation Has Officially Started on Coco ! '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Y . Rodriguez , Cindy ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Day of the Dead trademark request draws backlash for Disney '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nevarez , Griselda ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz to Work on Pixar 's Day of the Dead Film ' Coco ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Drops Controversial Dia De Los Muertos Trademark Bid After Online Uproar '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T.J. & Julie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get a Peek into Michael Giacchino 's Scoring Process for Pixar 's ' Coco ' -- Courtesy of Director , Lee Unkrich '' . Pixar Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` First listen : Hear three new songs from Pixar 's Coco '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original en Español ) '' . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original em Português ) '' . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan Watson ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Latest film release changes : Coco pops in 2018 '' . Digital Cinema Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' Is Trapped Between ' Justice League ' And ' Star Wars ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esther Zuckerman ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Strum along with the first teaser for Pixar 's Coco '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Coco trailer : First footage from Pixar Studio 's upcoming original film released '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First trailer launched for new Pixar film Coco '' . The Guardian . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jacob Hall ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Trailer : Pixar 's Next Original Movie Reveals Its First Footage '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James White ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` First Teaser Trailer For Pixar 's Coco '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` New Pixar Short ' Dante 's Lunch ' Introduces ' Coco ' Dog , Plus Director Lee Unkrich on Whether ' Coco ' Will Make You Cry ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Coco : New trailer digs deeper into the Land of the Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : ' Coco ' May Help Pixar Bounce Back From ' Cars 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Interactive , IA . `` Inmortaliza Tu Voz '' . cinepolis.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Conviértete en el reportero Cinemex y entrevista a los creadores de Coco '' . Ganapromo.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Makes Its Virtual Reality Debut With ' Coco VR ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Coco ' Whip ' Justice League ' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch ? -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Soars To $280 M Worldwide , ' Wonder ' Tops $100 M Global '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Wins as ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Waits in the Wings '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Nears $240 M , ' Coco ' Soars In Mexico '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ELBERT WYCHE ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' debuts at number one in China '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Rockets To Epic 300 % Friday - To - Friday Gain In China For $39 M 8 - Day Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hot ' Coco ' Sings In China ; ' Thor ' Tops $816 M , ' Justice League ' Lassos $567 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays Strong With $55 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Feng Xiaogang 's ' Youth ' Opens to $48 M , ' Coco ' Crosses $150 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` With 1 Billion+ RMB / $152 M Cume ' Coco ' Has Now Quadrupled Pixar 's Previous China Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Has Single - Handedly Out - Grossed The Earnings of All 12 Prior Pixar Releases In China Combined '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Rises To $750 M Global ; ' Jumanji ' Swings In With $50 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED ANIMATED MOVIES 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED MOVIES 2017 > WIDE RELEASES '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coco reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abele , Robert ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Journey Down Mexico Way Pays Colorful , Moving Tribute to Family '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coco Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Day - of - the - Dead Gem Is as Lively as They Come '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : While not Pixar 's best , ' Coco ' is ' vividly good , ' beautifully animated '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Coco ' Brings the Pixar Touch to Death '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` The exciting Land of the Dead is where ' Coco ' really comes to life '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : Joyful ' Coco ' breaks from the Pixar pack as a Mexican musical spectacular '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : Disney and Pixar set out a Mexican feast '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Film Awards and Nominations Scorecard '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Coco on IMDb </Li> <Li> Coco at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Coco at The Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> <Li> Coco at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Coco at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Coco at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Coco at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pixar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Monsters , Inc. 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Rogue ( Comics ) - Wikipedia <H1> Rogue ( Comics ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rogue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Rogue on a textless variant cover of Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Publication information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Marvel Comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Avengers Annual # 10 ( November 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> In - story information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alter ego </Th> <Td> Anna Marie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Human mutant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of origin </Th> <Td> Caldecott County , Mississippi , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team affiliations </Th> <Td> X-Men Brotherhood of Evil Mutants Avengers Unity Division X-Treme X-Men The Lights X.S.E </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable aliases </Th> <Td> Anna Raven </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abilities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Absorption of abilities , memories , personality , and physical characteristics of others via touch </Li> <Li> Superhuman strength </Li> <Li> Flight </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rogue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Series publication information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Schedule </Th> <Td> Vol. 1 - 3 : Monthly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vol. 1 - 2 </Li> <Li> Limited series . </Li> <Li> Vol. 3 </Li> <Li> Ongoing series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> see below </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> ( Vol. 1 ) January -- April 1995 ( Vol. 2 ) September -- December 2001 ( Vol. 3 ) September 2004 -- August 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of issues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vol. 1 : 4 </Li> <Li> Vol. 2 : 4 </Li> <Li> Vol. 3 : 12 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Creative team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vol. 1 </Li> <Li> Howard Mackie </Li> <Li> Vol. 2 </Li> <Li> Fiona Avery </Li> <Li> Vol. 3 </Li> <Li> Robert Rodi ( # 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Bedard ( # 7 -- 12 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Penciller ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vol. 1 </Li> <Li> Mike Wieringo </Li> <Li> Vol. 2 </Li> <Li> Aaron Lopresti </Li> <Li> Vol. 3 </Li> <Li> Cliff Richards ( # 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Karl Moline ( # 7 -- 12 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inker ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vol. 1 </Li> <Li> Terry Austin </Li> <Li> Vol. 2 </Li> <Li> Randy Emberlin </Li> <Li> Vol. 3 </Li> <Li> Norm Rapmund ( # 1 -- 6 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Rogue is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with the X-Men . The character debuted in Avengers Annual # 10 ( November 1981 ) as a villain , but then soon after she joined the X-Men . </P> <P> Rogue is part of a subspecies of humans called mutants , who are born with superhuman abilities . Rogue has the involuntary ability to absorb and sometimes also remove the memories , physical strength , and superpowers of anyone she touches . Therefore , Rogue considers her powers to be a curse . For most of her life , she limited her physical contact with others , including her on - off love interest , Gambit . However , after many years , Rogue finally gained full control over her mutant ability . </P> <P> Hailing from the fictional Caldecott County , Mississippi , Rogue is the X-Men's self - described southern belle . A runaway , she was adopted by Mystique of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants and grew up as a villain . After Rogue permanently absorbs Ms. Marvel 's psyche and Kree powers , she reforms and turns to the X-Men , fearing for her sanity . Rogue 's real name and early history were not revealed until nearly 20 years after her introduction . Until the back story provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing Rogue series , which began in September 2004 , Rogue 's background was only hinted at . Her name was revealed as Anna Marie , although her surname is still unknown . She has sometimes adopted the name Raven , which is the first name of her foster mother , Mystique . </P> <P> Rogue has been one of the most prominent members of the X-Men since the 1980s . She was # 5 on IGN 's Top 25 X-Men list for 2006 , # 4 on their Top Ten X-Babes list for 2006 , # 3 on Marvel 's list of Top 10 Toughest Females for 2009 and was given title of # 1 X-Man on CBR 's Top 50 X-Men of All Time for 2008 . She was ranked tenth in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Rogue has been featured in most of the X-Men animated series , and various video games . In the X-Men film series , she is portrayed by Anna Paquin . Her visual cue is often the white streak that runs through her hair . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Publication history </Li> <Li> 2 Fictional character biography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2.2 Brotherhood of Evil Mutants </Li> <Li> 2.3 X-Men </Li> <Li> 2.4 Return </Li> <Li> 2.5 X-Treme X-Men team </Li> <Li> 2.6 Back to the X-Men </Li> <Li> 2.7 Blood of Apocalypse </Li> <Li> 2.8 Endangered Species : Rogue 's X-Men </Li> <Li> 2.9 Messiah Complex </Li> <Li> 2.10 Being cured </Li> <Li> 2.11 Utopia </Li> <Li> 2.12 Nation - X </Li> <Li> 2.13 Necrosha </Li> <Li> 2.14 Post-Siege </Li> <Li> 2.15 Second Coming </Li> <Li> 2.16 Post `` Age of X '' </Li> <Li> 2.17 Avengers vs. X-Men </Li> <Li> 2.18 Uncanny Avengers </Li> <Li> 2.19 X-Men ( Volume 4 ) </Li> <Li> 2.20 AXIS and return to Uncanny Avengers </Li> <Li> 2.21 All - New , All - Different Marvel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Powers and abilities <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mutant powers </Li> <Li> 3.2 Fully developed mutant abilities </Li> <Li> 3.3 Ms. Marvel powers </Li> <Li> 3.4 X-Treme abilities </Li> <Li> 3.5 Powerless </Li> <Li> 3.6 Sunfire powers </Li> <Li> 3.7 Wonder Man powers </Li> <Li> 3.8 Natural skills </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rogue 's real name </Li> <Li> 5 Collected editions </Li> <Li> 6 Other versions </Li> <Li> 7 In other media </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Publication history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rogue was first slated to appear in Ms. Marvel # 25 ( 1979 ) ( and artwork for the first half of the story was completed ) , but the book 's abrupt cancellation left her original introduction story unpublished for over a decade , before it was printed in Marvel Super Heroes # 11 in 1992 . Rogue 's first published appearance was in Avengers Annual # 10 ( 1981 ) . She made her first X-Book appearance in Uncanny X-Men # 158 ( 1982 ) and joined the X-Men in Uncanny X-Men # 171 ( 1983 ) . Rogue has also had two miniseries and one ongoing title . </P> <P> Rogue 's real name and early history were not revealed until more than 20 years after her introduction . Until the back story provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing Rogue series , begun in September 2004 , her background was only hinted at . This resulted in Rodi 's version of Rogue 's origins inadvertently conflicting with earlier information . In X-Men Unlimited # 4 , Scott Lobdell indicates that Rogue ran away from her father after her mutant powers manifested , but in Uncanny X-Men # 182 , Rogue reflects that she never knew her father because he 'd left before she was born , and several issues , including Uncanny X-Men # 178 and X-Men # 93 , indicate that Rogue was taken in by Mystique and Destiny before her mutation became active . </P> <P> Rogue is a regular character in Uncanny Avengers ( 2012 ) , beginning with issue # 1 . </P> <H2> Fictional character biography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Her parents , Owen and Priscilla , married early in their relationship and lived in a back - to - nature hippie commune in Caldecott County , Mississippi . Born as Anna Marie , she also enjoyed the attentions of her Aunt Carrie , on her mother 's side . Anna Marie was raised speaking colloquial English and French , common to the Mississippi bayou area . The commune 's failed attempt to use Native American mysticism to reach the `` Far Banks '' resulted in Priscilla 's disappearance . Carrie took over Anna 's care , and in her grief at the loss of her sister , was a strict and authoritarian guardian . Anna Marie was a rebellious child and , at some point , the exact event or reasons still unclear , she ran away from home as a young teenager . </P> <P> At some point , Rogue grew close to a boy named Cody Robbins . During their flirtation , Cody impulsively kissed her , at which point her latent mutant power to absorb the life energy and psyche of others with skin - to - skin contact emerged . Rogue was traumatized by the experience , and Cody was left in a permanent coma . Hence , Rogue wore body - concealing clothing that eliminated the possibility of accidental skin contact . She wished she `` did not have to cover up so much around folks '' to protect them from her . She thought her power was a curse . </P> <P> Not long after , she was approached by Mystique , who sought her out on the advice of her precognitive partner Destiny . Mystique ultimately takes Rogue in as a daughter . In time , however , Mystique turned Rogue 's loneliness , envy , bitterness , and despair into anger , thus recruiting her into the Brotherhood of Mutants . </P> <P> Chris Claremont said in June 2016 that had he not left Marvel in 1991 , Mystique would have been Rogue 's real mother . It is a story line that appeared in a 2009 run of the series `` X-Men Forever '' . </P> <H3> Brotherhood of Evil mutants ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Rogue 's mutation emerges , Mystique begins coaxing Rogue into taking part in her terrorist activities as a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants . Rogue initially wants only a normal life , but after she kisses a boy named Cody , unintentionally rendering him unconscious with her power , she gives up on normality and begins taking part in Mystique 's plans . </P> <P> Rogue and Mystique associate briefly with a mutant named Blindspot , whose power to erase the memories of others by touch somehow counteracts Rogue 's mutation enough to allow them to make physical contact safely . Blindspot and Rogue become good friends , but when Mystique decides to sever professional ties with Blindspot , Blindspot erases all memory of her from both Mystique and Rogue . </P> <P> When Mystique debuts her Brotherhood of Evil Mutants , Destiny advises her to keep Rogue out of the action , advice which proves important when several members of the new Brotherhood are arrested and imprisoned . Mystique concocts a plan to free the other members of the Brotherhood by having Rogue absorb Ms. Marvel 's formidable powers . Rogue attacks Ms. Marvel on her front doorstep as she is returning home from grocery shopping . Due to Ms. Marvel 's formidable persona , Rogue 's struggle to absorb her powers is prolonged , and the transfer of Ms. Marvel 's psyche and powers is permanent . Rogue then throws her off the Golden Gate Bridge . She battles the Avengers using her newly acquired powers . </P> <P> While at the Pentagon , she literally bumps into Carol Danvers , leading into a fight with Storm and Wolverine of the X-Men . Though Rogue proves more than a match for them , the three of them escape the Pentagon . Later , with Mystique and Destiny , Rogue attacks Angel and Dazzler , but is overpowered by Dazzler . Rogue develops a grudge against Dazzler for her controllable mutation and her relationship with Angel of the X-Men . Rogue is defeated by Dazzler a few times before Dazzler is publicly revealed to be a mutant and goes into hiding . Sometime after this , Rogue , Mystique and Destiny encountered the half - human , half Dire Wraith entity called Hybrid , with whom the three formed an alliance with against the Spaceknight , Rom . However , when Rogue seized an opportunity to use her power on him , she experienced both his loneliness and his nobility . This moment had a profound effect on her and served as a crucial turning point in her life . </P> <H3> X-Men ( edit ) </H3> <P> The more Rogue uses her mutant power , the more her mind becomes filled with fragmentary psychic echoes of the people she absorbs . The permanently absorbed Carol Danvers ( Ms. Marvel ) is a completely distinct , albeit dormant , personality in her head , and Mastermind subtly exacerbates Rogue 's psychological distress as a means of revenge against Mystique . Desperate , Rogue turns to Professor Charles Xavier and the X-Men for help . The Professor is unable to do a psychic scan of her , due to the clashing human and Kree portions of her psyche , but nonetheless decides to not only welcome her into the school , but make her a probationary member of the X-Men . The X-Men threaten to leave the school should Rogue be accepted , even though none of the active members aside from Storm and Nightcrawler had even met Rogue before . However , Xavier is adamant and convinces the X-Men to stay . </P> <P> The team meets up with Wolverine in Tokyo , where his betrothed , Mariko Yashida , greets Rogue with greater warmth than she had received from her own teammates . This kindness later motivates Rogue to take a fatal laser blast in order to shield Mariko . Feeling indebted to her for saving his fiancée , Wolverine offers to transfer his healing power to her in order to save her life . She refuses , arguing that it might kill him , but this only serves to gain his trust , and Wolverine touches her to transfer his power anyway . Soon after , she gains the full trust of the rest of the team by using her power on a severely injured Colossus , willingly leaving herself in the same rigid , melted form as he was to allow Healer to heal his wounds . </P> <P> Overhearing a frantic message from Carol Danvers ' former lover Michael Rossi causes the Danvers persona to become active . Under Danvers ' control , Rogue invades the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier to rescue Rossi . Her natural persona begins fighting to regain control , and for several minutes Rogue rapidly switches back and forth between the two personalities . Though she ultimately regains control , the incident leaves the Anna Marie persona wracked with guilt over what she did to Carol Danvers . </P> <P> To defeat the Adversary , the X-Men's physical and spiritual essences are used as fuel for Forge 's energy star , which closes the doorway to the Adversary 's plane of existence . Roma , a prisoner of the Adversary and guardian of the multiverse , recreates the fallen X-Men from scratch , making her own minor alterations . Now invisible to cameras and all forms of detection equipment , the X-Men resettle to Australia , defeating the Reavers and claiming their base in the Outback as a new base of operations . </P> <P> The X-Men use their new status to attack anti-mutant threats around the world . The island nation of Genosha 's super powered agents , the Press Gang , capture Rogue and Wolverine , and Wipeout fully cancels their abilities . Rogue is then sexually molested by her guards . She withdraws into her subconscious , and the Carol Danvers persona takes advantage of her distress by assuming control . </P> <P> The Danvers personality eventually grows so strong that Carol replaces Rogue 's standard X-Men costume with Ms. Marvel 's uniform during battle , as well as redecorating Rogue 's room to her own tastes without her permission . </P> <H3> Return ( edit ) </H3> Rogue vs. the Ms. Marvel persona on the cover of Uncanny X-Men # 269 . Art by Jim Lee . <P> Sacrificing herself to stop the Master Mold , Rogue is pulled through the Siege Perilous , where she is judged by other - dimensional forces with the promise of a `` new life . '' Rogue is purged of the remaining portions of Carol Danvers 's personality , as well as Carol 's powers , and teleported back to the X-Men's Outback base . She finds it has been taken over by the Reavers in her absence , and the now physically separate Danvers persona attacks her . Rogue flees , absorbing the powers of the mutant Gateway in order to teleport herself to safety . She ends up in the Savage Land , and spends the ensuing days learning how to survive in the inhospitable land . She is eventually attacked again by Danvers , who is now under the mental enslavement of the Shadow King . There is not enough life - force between the two to sustain both Rogue and Danvers physically as a result of the separation , and Rogue is unwilling to kill Danvers . With Danvers on the verge of draining Rogue 's life completely , Magneto intervenes and kills the Ms. Marvel persona . </P> <P> Rogue and Magneto join forces with Ka - zar and Nick Fury to battle Zaladane , who is trying to conquer the Savage Land . Rogue and Magneto have a brief moment of romantic tension during this war . Once Zaladane is defeated and helpless , Magneto kills her , against Rogue and Fury 's protests , parting ways with the X-Men's ideals and methods before flying away . Rogue then flies to Muir Island to rejoin the rest of the X-Men , the powers she absorbed from Ms. Marvel now returned . </P> Rogue received her own miniseries in 1995 , whose story revisited the accident with Cody Robbins . Art by Mike Wieringo and Terry Austin . <P> The X-Men later divides into two teams to make better use of their large number of active members ; Rogue is assigned to the Blue Team , under the leadership of Cyclops and alongside new X-Man Gambit . Upon his arrival , Gambit flirts with each of the female members of the team , however Rogue immediately catches his eye , and he makes no secret of his romantic desire for her . The development of Rogue and Gambit 's relationship is slow and rocky , partly as a result of her inability to control her powers and partly as a result of long - term issues with previous relationships on Gambit 's part . </P> <P> As an act of penance , Rogue continues to visit Cody Robbins ' hospital bed annually , a decade after she placed him in a coma . He is later killed by assassins sent by Gambit 's ex-lover , Bella Donna Boudreaux , as part of a revenge plot against Rogue . Through a spiritual leader , Rogue is able to make amends with Cody 's spirit . Cody holds no hard feelings against her , knowing what happened was an accident , and urges her to move on . </P> <P> It is eventually revealed that Mystique had two sons : the now - deceased anti-mutant politician Graydon Creed and Rogue 's long - time teammate , Nightcrawler . Rogue and Nightcrawler consider themselves to be siblings , although the revelation has not particularly altered their friendship . </P> <P> Following the supposed ' death ' of Cyclops , the X-Men team undergoes major changes , among them Rogue being made the team 's new field commander . Her even temper and years of X-Men service make her an ideal leader and she continues to lead the team until Storm returns . </P> <P> When the Galactic Council transforms Earth into a maximum - security penal colony for hundreds of extraterrestrial criminals , Rogue absorbs the attributes of Z'Cann ; a mutant , telepathic Skrull who had joined Cadre K , Xavier 's Skrull equivalent to the X-Men . Z'Cann purposely touches Rogue to activate the mutant 's abilities as the two evade bounty hunters . Z'Cann uses her telepathy to amplify Rogue 's capacity to assimilate memories , causing her powers to mutate . Henceforth , Rogue is able to `` recall '' previously absorbed powers , but also finds it increasingly difficult to control which powers manifest when , typically possessing Wolverine 's healing factor and claws , and Cyclops ' optic blasts along with her usual strength . </P> <H3> X-Treme X-Men team ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rogue was part of the X-Treme X-Men team led by Storm . The team 's first mission was in search of Destiny 's Diaries ( which prophesied future events ) . During an invasion of Khan ( an alien conqueror from another dimension ) of the island nation of Madripoor , Rogue requested that Sage use her power of jump - starting abilities to evolve Rogue to a point where she could control all of the various powers that she has ever imprinted . Sage agreed , and Rogue became a one - woman army , able to use the powers of anyone she had absorbed in the past all at once . </P> <P> During Khan 's invasion , Rogue was also confronted by Vargas who was said to be `` a new species altogether '' . Vargas foresaw himself being killed by Rogue in Destiny 's diaries and , despite his belief in the prophecies , attempted to stop this occurrence from happening . Thus , in the midst of the invasion battle , Vargas ambushed Rogue as she was trying to rescue Gambit ( see X-Treme X-Men ) , spearing both Rogue and Gambit with his blade before escaping . Rogue survived due to possessing both Wolverine 's and Hulk 's powers . Returning to the city shortly after the battle to recover his sword , Vargas was surprised in turn by Rogue dressed in Psylocke 's costume ( Vargas having killed Psylocke earlier for sport ) . After a lengthy battle , Rogue `` fulfilled her destiny '' by seemingly finishing Vargas off with his own weapon . Returning to Gambit , Rogue , with the help of Jean Grey , forced him from near death . </P> <P> Following the repulsion of the invasion , Rogue realized that Destiny 's Prophecies were only possibilities and that trying to follow them was more dangerous than ignoring them . She also learned that she had inherited a mansion in New Orleans from Destiny , as well as a sizable fortune , and the X-Treme X-Men team retired there to recuperate . Rogue soon left the team with Gambit , since they both emerged powerless from their ordeals and wanted to explore their relationship further . </P> <P> After life on the road with Gambit , Rogue ended up living in a beach house in Valle Soleada , a town where mutants and humans coexisted peacefully . She subsequently received a visit from Bishop and Sage and , after a series of events involving an investigation into the murder of a human girl 's family , Rogue and Gambit signed up with Bishop and Sage to help Storm 's X-Treme X-Men stop Sage 's enemy and former boss Elias Bogan . After the battle , Rogue asked Sage to restore Gambit 's abilities , which she did . Gambit asked if the same could be done for Rogue 's powers , but it was never revisited after Rogue quickly dismissed his comment . </P> <H3> Back to the X-Men ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rogue and Gambit returned to the X-Men as part of Marvel 's ReLoad . Over time , Rogue 's own abilities returned , although exactly how and when was never revealed or discussed . However , she no longer possessed the abilities she had absorbed from Ms. Marvel . Rogue and Gambit were both put on Havok 's team and participated in various missions . </P> <P> As described in her own miniseries , Rogue then traveled down south to save a young mutant girl from her powers . While there , she met Campbell St. Ange , a young man who was immune to Rogue 's lethal touch . Also while there , Rogue forcibly absorbed knowledge from her Aunt Carrie that explained that Rogue 's mother had traveled to the Far Banks , a dream - realm , to stop her father from getting there himself . Rogue encountered the incorporeal spirit of her mother therein , and absorbed her memories . After the reunion , her mother 's trapped spirit could finally move on . Rogue subsequently went back to her Aunt Carrie and made amends with her . </P> <P> Rogue then returned to the X-Men and confronted the monstrous Golgotha ( large space creatures with telepathic abilities that induce insanity in some by bringing out and , to some extent , amplifying people 's emotions ) . During this ordeal , as the result of Golgotha influence , Rogue and Gambit got into a fight about the reality of their relationship with Rogue 's uncontrollable powers . Gambit claimed they would have parted much sooner if they were always able to touch , that Rogue would have been `` just another one - night stand '' . Gambit left , and Wolverine , his hidden emotions also coming out amplified under the influence of Golgotha , then revealed to Rogue he desired her in a romantic / sexual way , and that he in fact always had . He and Rogue then started passionately kissing each other until her power began to affect him and Emma Frost telepathically interrupted . </P> <P> While on a trip to Japan to investigate an incriminating photo of her and Sunfire engaged in criminal activities , both Rogue and Sunfire learned that Rogue 's former friend and teammate of the Brotherhood , Blindspot , has erased both their memories of the event . In this storyline , Rogue accidentally and permanently absorbed Sunfire 's fire abilities ( who has lost his legs to Lady Deathstrike and did not want to live ) . </P> <P> Back at the X-Mansion , Emma Frost tried to help Rogue and Gambit by providing telepathic relationship counseling , but their relationship continued to be problematic . Rogue then discovered that Gambit was being seduced by the student called Foxx . It is later revealed , however , that Mystique , displeased with Rogue 's choice of lovers , infiltrated the Xavier Institute by shapeshifting into Foxx and joined Gambit 's squad in an attempt to ruin his relationship with Rogue . After Gambit resisted her charms , Mystique reverted to her true form and offered Gambit something more difficult to refuse : she transformed into Rogue and offered Gambit a Rogue with whom he could have a physical relationship . Whether or not they actually engaged in a sexual relationship is uncertain ( although Gambit insists that nothing happened ) . Rogue eventually discovered her foster mother 's presence in the school and her attempts to seduce Gambit , becoming furious with both parties . Because Gambit failed to tell Rogue of Mystique 's presence in the Institute , their relationship developed the exact rift Mystique was hoping for and allowed her to set up her daughter with her accomplice , Pulse . After being discovered , Mystique asked the X-Men for permission to stay at the mansion . The X-Men voted and Mystique was allowed to be a probationary member of the X-Men , a decision neither Rogue nor Gambit were happy with . </P> <H3> Blood of Apocalypse ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the events that followed M - Day , the mutant Apocalypse was reawakened . Gambit , seeking redemption from Rogue and his fellow X-Men , volunteered to be transformed into his horseman , Death . Gambit believed he could control whatever Apocalypse would do to him , in hopes of only gaining more power to protect Rogue and the X-Men from the villain . However , having been brain - washed , Gambit tried to kill Rogue ( the only part of Gambit 's past life that remains ) . After Apocalypse 's defeat , Sunfire ( who was granted new legs and transformed into the horseman Famine ) and Gambit left the X-Men . </P> <H3> Endangered species : Rogue 's X-Men ( edit ) </H3> <P> As Professor Xavier went into space with Havok and several other X-Men to go after the villain Vulcan , Cyclops gave Rogue the authority to form her own team , complimenting her inspired improvisation in battle situations . She was hesitant at first because of Gambit 's recent disappearance with Sunfire , but accepted the position , saying that when he comes back she 'd still be at the school . She chose Iceman , Cannonball , Cable , Sabretooth , Lady Mastermind , Karima Shapandar ( Omega Sentinel ) , and Mystique , a line - up Cyclops did not agree with . </P> <P> Mystique seemingly tried to repair her relationship with Rogue , but was rebuffed . Rogue 's team defeated the group known as the Children of the Vault . Afterward , Rogue declared that her team would leave the X-Mansion . Rogue was hospitalized after a battle with Pandemic . Cable , desiring Rogue 's help in defeating the Hecatomb , forced Rogue awake . Pandemic infected Rogue with a virus , Strain 88 , altering her powers by amplifying them into an instantaneous death - touch . In defeating Hecatomb , Rogue absorbed psyches of eight billion entities that had been stored inside it . </P> <P> The team moved to Rogue 's hometown of Caldecott for Rogue to recover . As Cyclops and Emma Frost arrived to help Rogue cope with the immensity of the voices in her mind , Marauders arrived , seeking the Destiny diaries . As part of the attack , it was revealed that Mystique was working with the Marauders and for Mister Sinister . Mystique shot Rogue and took her back to Mr. Sinister 's base , who only kept Rogue alive because she held all the information of Destiny 's Diaries within her mind . Gambit , who had joined the Marauders and Mr. Sinister again , was protective of Rogue and accused Mystique of being too careless in how she captured her . Gambit was shown standing over Rogue trying to get her to wake up ( after she had fallen into a trance overcome by the minds she absorbed ) , and expressed his apologies for what he had done before rejoining Sinister . Rogue had flashes of memories , both of she and Gambit during the time that they had known each other , and of the millions of minds she absorbed , while in her coma - like state before she briefly woke up and recognized Gambit . She told him she had a nightmare , before spouting incoherent words and mysterious coordinates . </P> <H3> Messiah Complex ( edit ) </H3> Main article : X-Men : Messiah Complex <P> The X-Men attacked the Marauders ' Antarctic base in order to rescue Rogue and the mysterious mutant baby who was at the center of Messiah Complex . However the baby eventually took precedence and the X-Men did not recover ( or even see ) Rogue . </P> <P> Mister Sinister , now in possession of the mutant baby , relocated the Marauders to Muir Island . While standing by Rogue 's bedside , Mystique was visited by Mister Sinister who told her that there will be no cure for Rogue and she will eventually die . Without warning , Mystique ambushed Sinister and shoved his face onto Rogue 's . The instant contact seemingly killed Sinister . </P> <P> Mystique , in keeping with the words of the Destiny Diaries , placed the baby 's face in direct contact with Rogue 's , with the understanding that Rogue would awaken from her comatose state . The baby was not affected by Rogue 's power , and Rogue awakens shortly after . Realizing what Mystique had done at the risk of killing the baby , Rogue said she 's tired of people 's lives being destroyed by Mystique and grabbed Mystique 's face barehanded , fully absorbing her powers and consciousness and incapacitating her . However , she immediately regrets her action when she realizes that the baby had deleted all the consciousnesses she had previously absorbed , along with Strain 88 , so that now Mystique was the only one in her head . She said she needed to be alone and told Gambit not to follow her . </P> <H3> Being cured ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rogue takes some time out from the X-Men and travels around the Australian outback on a motorcycle . She returns to the X-Men's former headquarters in Maynards Plains , Australia . Once there , she has a conversation with Mystique ( a part of Rogue 's psyche ) , telling her that no one else can help her with her powers and that it was down to her to figure out how to control them . </P> <P> One day , a woman appears in town claiming to be an anthropologist from Melbourne University . Rogue made it clear she could stay as long as she wants , but to keep out of her way . The anthropologist approached Rogue with questions about some of the remains she has found in the town . Rogue said she does not know anything about the remains and to leave her alone . The anthropologist follows Rogue and explains she actually has a different identity . The anthropologist was then targeted by a low flying Shi'ar spaceship and revealed that she was actually Danger in disguise . She informs Rogue she planned to get revenge on Professor Xavier by using her as a conduit . Danger created an amalgamation of several past events in the X-Men's history prominently involving Rogue in the town using her hard light capabilities . As Professor Xavier and Gambit searched for her , Rogue evaded old versions of the X-Men and the Marauders that were part of Danger 's creation . She was finally cornered by the Marauders , and refused to let Mystique 's psyche take control of Rogue 's body and save her as the fake Marauder Scalphunter shot at her . Mystique then forcibly took over Rogue 's body to save her and fought off the Marauders , then returned control of Rogue 's body to her . </P> <P> Rogue then wandered to the fake Tokyo Tower and tried to find the Institute , deducing that the projections around her were changing at ten - minute intervals , altering the environment around her . However , Rogue did not get far as she ended up in Antarctica , witnessing the moment she abandoned Gambit after his trial . She regretted her decisions there , telling Mystique that she really had not moved on . It was at that point that Cody Robbins appeared before Rogue , repeating his greeting from the night her powers manifested . Rogue just stared at him in shock . </P> <P> Eventually the Professor , Gambit , and a group of Shi'ar pirates managed to shut down Danger . However , the Professor reactivated her and she defeated the pirates in turn . After this , it was revealed that Rogue 's powers never truly developed past their initial `` nascent '' stage , which was the reason why her powers never functioned properly . The Professor , now aware of this fact , used his telepathy to tear down the mental walls that kept Rogue 's powers from developing ( the walls were created as a side effect every time she absorbed other people starting with Cody , and even more so with Ms. Marvel ) , and removed the mental echo of Mystique . Finally , Rogue kissed Gambit , with no ill side effect , revealing that she was finally in control of her absorption power . </P> <H3> Utopia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rogue , Gambit , and Danger decide to go to San Francisco in order to regroup with the other X-Men . On their way there they are intercepted by Pixie who teleports them into the city , which is in a state of chaos due to the anti-mutant and pro-mutant movements . Cyclops sends all three out in order to locate several missing students and bring them home . During their mission Rogue faces off against the new Ms. Marvel ; finding that she can not touch her opponent , Rogue resorts to a trick and flees the site . </P> <P> Later on she joins Gambit , who has been injured by Ares , along with Danger . Ares does not take her seriously and dismisses her both as an opponent and her attempts to calm things down . Rogue grabs Ares and absorbs his powers . Ares is dismissive of her attempt and claims that she can not absorb him , a boast that proves wrong as she weakens him enough for Gambit to blast him , leaving him bloody and stunned . Having for the moment absorbed some of Ares ' power she easily dispatches a small group of H.A.M.M.E.R. agents with superhuman strength and proceeds to steal their tank , along with Gambit and Danger , in order to find the rest of the students . </P> <P> Rogue finds Trance as her powers are flaring out of control creating powerful uncontrollable bio-electric blasts . Rogue tries to help calm Trance and help her gain control when Ms. Marvel appears . After taking out Gambit and Danger , Rogue and Ms. Marvel fight ; Rogue is losing until Trance regains control and jumps in to help Rogue . Trance learns that her astral form is able to punch Ms. Marvel when they are both intangible . After Gambit stuns Ms. Marvel , they teleport back to base where Trance receives medical attention . </P> <H3> Nation - X ( edit ) </H3> <P> As Utopia has become a safe haven for mutants , the entire population had to be on high alert following an attack on the X-Men by Emplate , who feeds on mutant bone marrow for sustenance . The X-Men instruct everyone to stay close to each other and report anything out of the ordinary . Bling goes to check out an old amphitheatre on her own when Emplate captures her to use as a food source . </P> <P> Unable to enter Emplate 's cross-dimensional base , Rogue absorbs Trance 's astral projection ability to save Bling . As she investigates his home for clues to Bling 's whereabouts , Rogue was attacked by psychoplasmic ghosts . After fighting them off , she rescues Bling from Emplate . </P> <P> Rogue also protects the students during an attack by a Predator X herd by absorbing the powers of multiple students . </P> <H3> Necrosha ( edit ) </H3> <P> In an attempt to finally achieve godhood , Selene along with her servant Eli Bard , resurrected many of the X-Men's greatest deceased allies and villains under her control . Among the resurrected is Rogue 's foster mother , Destiny , who attempts to contact Rogue but instead contacts Blindfold . However , Proteus had possessed Destiny when she came back . When she makes contact , he leaves her to possess the body of Blindfold , so he can trick her into convincing a team of X-Men to go to Muir Island , where he hopes to kill them . Eventually Rogue and a team of X-Men manage to defeat Proteus and Rogue tearfully says goodbye to her foster mother as Destiny once more dies . </P> <H3> Post-siege ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the Siege of Asgard , Rogue was present at the funeral of Robert Reynolds , the Sentry . She stated that Reynolds was immune to the ill effects of her power , and that a time in her past when she could touch no one else , she had at least one intimate encounter with him . However , between two episodes of psychic blocks that caused Reynolds to completely forget his life as the Sentry , when he regained those memories for a few days , he contacted Charles Xavier telepathically , and did not recognize Rogue when he `` saw '' her through that telepathic bond . </P> <H3> Second coming ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the event in which Cable and Hope return to the present timeline Rogue is able to sense Hope 's presence , like Destiny prophesied , although neither she nor Emma Frost can explain it . After a short confrontation with some of Bastion 's men , the X-Men and Cable decide for a diversionary tactic . Cable along with some of the X-Men stays behind ( since it was him they were tracking ) while Rogue , Nightcrawler , and Hope leave in order to protect the girl . To that end , Rogue absorbs the power sets of Colossus , Wolverine , X-23 , Archangel , and Psylocke . </P> Rogue as seen in X-Men : Second Coming after absorbing the powers of 5 teammates to protect Hope . <P> For a while their tactic works , leaving Cable along with some of the X-Men to fend off Bastion 's troops . In the mean time Kurt , along with Rogue and Hope , teleports across the United States towards Utopia . This , however , exerts him to such a degree that he has to rest for a moment ; they are soon confronted by Bastion himself . Seeing no alternative , Rogue attacks him hoping to buy enough time for Kurt and Hope to flee , but Bastion is able to hit Kurt with an energy blast that knocks him out . Channeling Colossus 's strength , further enhancing it with Betsy 's telekinesis and using the individual claw sets of Logan and X-23 along with their healing factors , Rogue is able to inflict massive damage to Bastion . However , Bastion is able to repair himself and overpower Rogue with an energy discharge which briefly incapacitates her . Unable to do anything , she watches with horror as Bastion fatally impales Kurt with his arm . </P> <P> Rogue is appointed Hope 's protector while on Utopia and allows her to participate in the final battle , where Hope eventually destroys Bastion . Her actions and choices put Hope in danger and ultimately results in Cyclops suspending Rogue from active duty . She will , however , remain as Hope 's protector and accompanies her to Alaska in search of her real family . </P> <H3> Post `` Age of X '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the events of the `` Age of X '' storyline , Rogue becomes torn between her feelings for Gambit and Magneto . Gambit states that she has to be ready for him for good before he could be with her again , and that he would be waiting for her when she is ready . After Rogue confronts Magneto about his past , she spends a night with him , promising nothing else . Afterwards , Rogue joins Professor X , Frenzy , Legion , Magneto , and Gambit on a mission to capture several of Legion 's personalities that escaped after Age of X . The final battle with Legion 's personality Styx results in Rogue temporarily absorbing many of Legion 's powers , which led her to finding the location of Havok , Polaris , and Marvel Girl ; the mutants that were left in space after the X-Men's mission to stop Vulcan . </P> <P> After the events of `` Schism '' , Rogue chooses to be on Wolverine 's team , noting to Cyclops that he has reached a point where his previous willingness to question his decisions has been replaced by an inability to accept when he might be wrong . She returns to Westchester , New York with Wolverine 's team to start the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning . </P> <H3> Avengers vs. X-Men ( edit ) </H3> Rogue fighting She - Hulk on the cover of X-Men Legacy 266 during the Avengers vs. X-Men event . <P> Although Rogue was initially neutral in the war between the Avengers and the X-Men , when the Jean Grey School was surrounded by She - Hulk , Moon Knight , and Falcon to stop other X-Men from joining Cyclops ' team , Rogue was forced into action when some students attacked She - Hulk , declaring her allegiance to Cyclops after Iron Man sent a remote - controlled armor to attack the school . However , Rogue swiftly changed sides again when she witnessed Magik -- now empowered by one - fifth of the Phoenix Force -- imprison Ms. Marvel in a portion of Limbo that she had brought to Earth . Magik briefly banished Rogue to another world for her defiance , but Rogue was able to return home after helping to resolve a conflict between two alien races , having learned that the leaders of both sides were prolonging the war to keep their populations down to a manageable level . Having returned to Earth , Rogue served as the X-Men's representative when appealing to the Avengers for asylum from the increasingly dictatorial Cyclops . In the aftermath , she helped rescue civilians caught in the crossfire , but finally ended her relationship with Magneto . </P> <H3> Uncanny Avengers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rogue attends Xavier 's funeral alongside Wolverine . Later , after seeing the Scarlet Witch placing flowers on Xavier 's grave , Rogue confronts her and orders her to leave , blaming her for his death ; the two begin a verbal conflict that results in Rogue punching her in the face , though the Scarlet Witch refuses to fight back . Rogue intends to absorb her powers , but it fails . They are then attacked by five mysterious assailants . During this conflict , the Scarlet Witch is impaled while defending Rogue , and the two are both seemingly defeated . </P> <P> The team makes their debut as the Avengers Unity Squad ( which also contains Sunfire , Wasp , and Wonder Man as the team 's latest recruits ) during a press conference that debuts them . The press conference is then crashed by a resurrected Grim Reaper who attacks the Avengers Unity Squad while claiming that he is now unable to die . During the fight , Rogue absorbs some of Wonder Man 's powers and seemingly punches Grim Reaper harder than normal which apparently kills the Grim Reaper again . </P> <P> It is later revealed that the instigator behind the attack on Rogue and Scarlet Witch was the Red Skull , who has since fused his and Xavier 's brains to give him access to his tremendous mental powers . Despite the Skull 's attempts to control them , he is eventually defeated by the ' Avengers Unity ' team -- including Captain America , Thor , Wolverine and Havok -- but manages to escape . In the aftermath , Rogue accepts membership of the team , seeing it as the best way to continue Xavier 's dream , but notes that she will still not forgive the Scarlet Witch for her actions . </P> <P> She was later seen fighting alongside Captain America with the Avengers A.I. </P> <P> Rogue absorbs Wolverine 's powers and is told to stop the Scarlet Witch , who is seemingly helping the Apocalypse Twins , but in reality , she plans to use her powers to bring as many of Earth 's heroes as she possibly can to defeat the Twins . Wolverine tells her that nobody is to be killed if it can be helped , but upon seeing Wanda , Rogue goes into a berserker rage and murders her . Rogue is then killed by the recently re-resurrected Grim Reaper , who had been revived once again by the Apocalypse Twins to be one of their four horsemen of death . Her death was undone when Havok and the surviving members of the Unity Squad were sent from the future by Kang to stop the twins from destroying Earth , their minds projected back into their past selves so that they could not only warn Rogue what was to come , but then arranged for her to absorb the powers of numerous superheroes to give her the strength to hold the Celestial back . Rogue also finally made peace with Wanda and forgave her . After the crisis was over , Rogue was in the process of being driven mad by all the heroes Rogue had absorbed ( all of the Avengers and X-Men ) . The Scarlet Witch cast a spell to return those powers to their owners , although Rogue still retained the powers and the very essence she absorbed from Wonder Man . She has also lost her ability to freely touch others . </P> <H3> X-Men ( volume 4 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2013 , Marvel revealed a new comic book simply named X-Men . Written by Brian Wood , X-Men features an all - female cast including Storm , Jubilee , Rogue , Kitty Pryde , Rachel Grey , and Psylocke . Rogue was removed from this series ' cast after the Battle of the Atom crossover , to avoid contradicting her death in Uncanny Avengers . </P> <H3> AXIS and return to Uncanny Avengers ( edit ) </H3> <P> After her resurrection , Rogue took part in AXIS with the X-Men , her powers allowing her to sense the aspect of Professor X that remained within the Red Skull . During this time , the AUD was disbanded when various heroes underwent a moral inversion due to a spell cast by Doctor Doom and the Scarlet Witch to stop the telepathic Red Skull . In the aftermath , the Unity Division was reformed with Rogue as leader of the team . </P> <H3> All - new , all - different Marvel ( edit ) </H3> Variant cover of Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 1 showing Rogue with her team , art by Scott Campbell . <P> Following the Incursions , Rogue remains as the field leader of the Avengers Unity Squad , although she accepts Steve Rogers ' official oversight and recommendations for membership , such as Deadpool . She is also depicted as suffering side - effects from the mass terrigenesis , requiring regular injections to stop herself becoming ill or dying . When various Avengers are brainwashed into civilian lives in the community of Pleasant Hill -- a S.H.I.E.L.D. project to ' reprogram ' supervillains into regular civilians using fragments of a Cosmic Cube that has since gained sentience -- Rogue 's new identity of Claire sees through the deception thanks to telepathic training provided by Professor X , allowing her mind to plant various clues that lead her to the rest of the team . Later on , the Red Skull attempts to mount a new attack on the team , but Deadpool is able to resist the telepathic attack long enough to get Magneto 's old helmet on Rogue so that she can resist the Skull 's telepathy . Rogue subsequently takes the Skull to a new facility where Beast is able to extract the uniquely Xavier elements from the Skull 's brain , depriving him of Xavier 's telepathy , while Rogue and Johnny Storm incinerate the brain . </P> <H2> Powers and abilities ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Due to the nature of her unique mutant powers , Rogue has had several different abilities over the decades . </P> <H3> Mutant powers ( edit ) </H3> Cover art of Rogue vol. 3 , # 3 ( September 2004 ) ; art by Rodolfo Migliari . <P> Rogue possesses the mutant ability to absorb the psyche and abilities of another human being ( or members of some sapient alien races ) through skin contact . Rogue can absorb the memories , knowledge , talents , personality and physical abilities ( whether superhuman or not ) of the person she touches , as well as occasionally duplicating in herself physical characteristics of her victim . The victim loses those abilities and memories for exactly the amount of time that Rogue possesses them . This absorption usually leaves the victim weakened and sometimes renders them unconscious . Their powers may also be temporarily weakened or removed . Rogue 's power is constantly active , rendering her incapable of touching others without the absorption process taking place . However , evidence suggests that Rogue 's inability to control her powers is psychological in nature . During the times when the Ms. Marvel personality would overtake her psyche , she was able to touch people freely . This fact has since been corroborated by the discovery that Rogue 's absorption power never developed beyond the stage of its original manifestation . Xavier later rectified this by telepathically removing the psychological barriers stunting it . </P> <P> The transfer of abilities is usually temporary , lasting for a period of time relative to how long contact is maintained , but if Rogue holds on to her victim for too long , the transfer may become permanent , leaving the victim nearly dead , as was the case with Ms. Marvel . However , it must also be noted that Ms. Marvel fought the transfer process , which Rogue attested to sometime after the incident occurred . Most often this process happens instantly when Rogue touches someone , but certain extraordinarily powerful beings have proven resistant to Rogue 's power , and she may only share part of their memories and power , as was the case when Rogue once attempted to absorb power from the alien Magus . However , in the process of doing so she gained an immunity to the Technarch transmode virus . </P> <P> After coming into contact with the supervillain Pandemic , Rogue 's powers were upgraded for a brief time into an instant death touch . Using her upgraded powers , Rogue absorbed the Hecatomb and the psyches within it , putting her into a coma . </P> <P> As Rogue is absorbing the total psyche of a person , there is a risk of a personality overwhelming her and taking control of her body . It has also been shown that even though the memories she has absorbed eventually fade when a psyche returns to its body , remnants , or `` echoes '' , of the personalities of victims whose memories she has absorbed remain buried in her subconscious indefinitely , and while there is little to no risk of those personalities overwhelming her like the Ms. Marvel personality could , they can occasionally make their presences known . </P> <H3> Fully developed mutant abilities ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the conclusion of Messiah Complex , Rogue 's slate was wiped clean . The mutant baby 's touch mysteriously erased all of the previous memories and abilities Rogue had absorbed , including those of the Hecatomb . It also cured her of the Strain 88 virus . Rogue 's touch now simply steals the memories and abilities of individuals with whom she comes in direct skin - to - skin contact . The longer the contact , the longer Rogue retains the absorbed information , powers , and also the abilities of the individuals she absorbs . She can now control her powers , making her touch lethal -- or non-lethal -- at will . </P> <P> Following the events of X-Men : Legacy , Rogue appears to be able to activate her powers at will , as opposed to them being constantly active , as demonstrated when she kisses Gambit without incident . Her inability to control her powers stemmed from mental blocks within her mind which formed each time she used her abilities , crippling the development of her powers from their nascent stage . When Professor Xavier removes the blocks , her powers are allowed to develop normally . With this new control , Rogue demonstrates the ability to absorb and collectively utilize all the powers of the New X-Men , in order to defeat a rogue Predator X , with no apparent harm to either them or herself . Her power also affects aliens , such as when she was transferred to a planet in another dimension by Magik , and one of the aliens involuntarily touches her and she gains the ability to communicate in their language , along with their knowledge . </P> <P> She later uses a more lethal version of her powers against the Avengers during her fight with them , even making Falcon and She - Hulk immediately unconscious without any negative feedback on her physical self ( besides She - Hulk 's green skin ) but she can not control the minds of the ones she absorbs . She absorbs their powers and renders them unconscious for a long time . </P> <P> The new twist in Rogue 's powers consists of prompting her victims of her skin - to - skin contact , for a consent on the process . Rogue 's victim can either resist the absorption and suffer , like originally with Rogue 's powers , or instead submit to the absorption , and so the process instead becomes entirely fluent without consequences . Rogue has used this twist extensively in the Legacy series ; just two examples of it are when aiding the victims of a subway collapse absorbing all rescuers ' abilities in X-Men Legacy 274 , and also when quenching a riot in a prison of mutants absorbing the existence of some mutant - volunteers in X-Men Legacy 275 . </P> <P> During Uncanny Avengers , Rogue used her powers to absorb the energies of numerous superheroes to oppose the Celestial Executioner , stating that she 'd `` been practicing '' ; she was even able to absorb the ionic energy based powers of Wonder Man ( whom she 'd been previously unable to absorb ) . However , apparently due to the scale of the energies she absorbed in the process , Rogue 's powers have reverted to their original state , unable to touch anyone without absorbing them automatically , and she retains Wonder Man 's psyche and powers . </P> <H3> Ms. Marvel powers ( edit ) </H3> <P> As a young woman , Rogue permanently absorbed the superhuman powers and the psyche of Carol Danvers , the original Ms. Marvel . This provided her with superhuman strength , stamina , durability , reflexes , speed and a 7th sense . She was able to repel bullets and fly at sub-sonic speeds , much like Ms. Marvel could . In addition , she possessed an amalgamated mutant human / Kree physiology that rendered her resistant to most toxins and poisons , with the added effect of making her virtually invulnerable . </P> Rogue on the cover of Rogue vol 3 # 7 ( March 2005 ) ; art by Frank G. D'Armata , Scot Eaton , and Don Hillsman <P> Rogue also gained a precognitive `` seventh sense '' that enables her to predict an enemy 's move subconsciously during battle . She used this ability to predict where Nightcrawler would teleport and from which direction Magus of the Technarchy would attack . This ability was not always reliable , however , and would randomly and sporadically activate . </P> <P> When she possessed Carol Danvers ' psyche , her `` double '' consciousness made her highly resistant to telepathic probes , even those of Charles Xavier , which was said to have been a byproduct of two minds existing in one body and / or Carol Danvers ' Kree physiology . The Ms. Marvel psyche was eventually torn out of Rogue in a subsequent issue , and it was destroyed by Magneto . </P> <H3> X-Treme abilities ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Maximum Security miniseries , Rogue absorbed an injured Cadre K girl named Z'Cann . The girl held on longer than necessary , using her mind control to boost the process and because of this ( perhaps because she had absorbed a fluid Skrull physiology ) Rogue mutated further , gaining the ability to ' recall ' the powers of anyone she had ever absorbed before , though she could not control when or which of these powers surfaced . For a short time Rogue also had a Skrull appearance , scanned as though she had Skrull DNA , and had their shapeshifting powers , but these soon faded and she returned to her normal appearance . </P> <P> Through meditation , Rogue learned how to suppress the random manifestations of most of these abilities , but found herself with a new ' default ' state for a time , where she possessed Wolverine 's claws and healing factor , Cyclops ' optic blasts - requiring her to wear ruby quartz glasses - while also still retaining her mutant and Ms. Marvel powers . </P> <P> Later , Sage used her own mutant abilities to ' jump - start ' Rogue 's power , giving her the control to manifest any ability she had ever absorbed , whenever she wished to . It is generally accepted that after regaining her abilities after X-Treme X-Men , she has lost this ability . </P> <P> Though Z'Cann was a telepath , Rogue never displayed this power ( though she did manifest telepathy , it was with the Phoenix energy form , so it was most likely an echo of Jean Grey 's powers ) . </P> <H3> Powerless ( edit ) </H3> <P> For a time Rogue lost all of her powers , including her original mutant ones , after she was fatally injured in a fight with the mysterious warrior Vargas . During this period , she displayed exceptional fighting skills and agility , though it was said these were not superhuman in nature . </P> <P> She also still possessed a `` fluid genome '' that enabled Sage to use her as a conduit through which to channel the mutant powers of the X-Treme X-Men team in a fight against Bogan . </P> <H3> Sunfire powers ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the short - lived volume three of her self - entitield series ( 2004 -- 2005 ) , Rogue absorbed a large portion of the mutant Sunfire 's solar - absorption based powers . In addition to her own natural mutant abilities Rogue could then project intense heat and flame , envelop her body in a fiery aura , fly by focusing her power downwards in a tight stream to propel her like a rocket , focus her power inward to increase her strength ( though not at her Ms. Marvel levels ) , exercise immunity to heat and radiation , and see the infra - red spectrum . Rogue was eventually purged of these abilities when she came into contact with Hope Summers . </P> <H3> Wonder Man powers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rogue currently possesses Wonder Man 's essence , including his powers and psyche . Her organic tissues have been permeated with ionic energy , granting her an array of superhuman abilities . She possesses superhuman strength sufficient enough to lift well over 100 tons , as well as some degree of superhuman speed , agility , and reflexes . In addition , Rogue is virtually invulnerable to damage and is capable of flying at high speeds . Rogue 's eyes glow in darkness and her vision extends somewhat into the infrared spectrum , allowing her to see in the dark . Her new ionic physiology also grants her a form of immortality , protecting her from age and disease . </P> <H3> Natural skills ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rogue has shown a fair knowledge of unarmed combat when in a position where she has to fight in situations where she can not simply use her powers to knock her foe out . She has also received a degree of training from Professor X to protect herself against even subtle telepathic attacks , this training allowing her to escape Kobik 's reprogramming of various Avengers and villains to reassemble her teammates against this new threat when even experienced telepaths like Cable were trapped in the illusion . </P> <H2> Rogue 's real name ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the Going Rogue arc of her 2004 ongoing series , Rogue 's real name is finally established as Anna Marie . Rogue reaches her childhood home of Caldecott County , where her surviving maternal aunt and the shamanistic incarnation of her mother repeatedly refer to her as `` Anna Marie '' ; Gambit also refers to her as `` Anna '' instead of `` Rogue '' . Rogue learns her true given name at birth was `` Anna Marie '' from the absorbed memories of her aunt , who helped raise Rogue with Rogue 's father after Rogue 's mother vanished from their home . Rogue acknowledges the name uttering : `` ( Anna Marie ) Th - that 's my name ... , '' right after a shamanistic doppelgänger of Rogue mentions it , and later she says : `` I - It 's me . Anna , '' once after finding Gambit in the dream world . </P> <P> Throughout the X-Men Legacy series , Rogue is repeatedly called `` Anna '' by Mystique , in childhood memories of Caldecott County ( X-Men 200 , August 2007 ) , after healing in Muir Island ( X-Men 207 , March 2008 ) , and in moments of solitude at the Australian desert ( X-Men 215 , 220 -- 222 , 224 ) . Uncanny X-Men 517 and 526 use the complete name of Anna Marie Rogue when describing her fighting against Predator 006 at Utopia and before a mission aboard the X-Jet to Alaska ; X-Force 26 also does so , and `` Secrets of the House of M '' ( 2005 ) states for Rogue 's file the first name of `` Anna Marie '' and the last name of Darkholme , although the latter is referring to Mystique 's last name , since Mystique is her foster mother since her childhood in Caldecott County . In X-Men Legacy 238 , Rogue is identified as `` Anna Marie , aka Rogue , '' overflying Mumbai aboard an airliner together with Magneto , and then Rogue also introduces herself as `` Anna Marie '' to Indra 's parents , whereas in X-Men Legacy 239 Rogue is identified as `` Anna Marie '' by a squadron of Sentinels . In Uncanny Avengers 4 , after fighting Red Skull 's clone , Rogue is interrupted in her convalescence again being called `` Anna Marie '' by Wanda Maximoff . In X-Men 2 ( 2013 ) , Rogue is referred to as `` Anna Marie '' , while being restrained in the basement of the X-Mansion by the invading Arkea entity . </P> <P> In the films X-Men , X2 : X-Men United , and X-Men : The Last Stand , Rogue 's real first name is Marie . According to the official novelization of X-Men , her surname in the film series is `` D'Ancanto '' . In the comics , her chosen name ( according to X-Treme X-Men # 31 ) is Anna Raven when her powers are inactive ( Raven Darkholme is Mystique 's name ) . In X-Men # 24 she tries to reveal it to Gambit on a date , but he stops her . </P> <P> Her profile in the latest edition of the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe lists her real name as Anna Marie . Chris Claremont has also used the name `` Anna - Marie Raven '' in reference to Rogue in non-diegetic establishing text in X-Men Forever , although it is not clear whether or not the team knows her name , as they do uniformly refer to her as `` Rogue . '' </P> <H2> Collected editions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rogue ( Rogue # 1 -- 4 ; 96 pages , November 1995 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0140 - 3 ) </Li> <Li> Gambit Classic Vol. 2 ( Rogue # 1 -- 4 ; Gambit Vol. 2 # 1 -- 4 ; 208 pages , February 2013 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 6790 - 0 ) </Li> <Li> Astonishing X-Men : Rogue Vol. 1 -- Going Rogue ( Rogue Vol. 3 # 1 -- 6 ; 144 pages , March 2005 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 1336 - 3 ) </Li> <Li> Astonishing X-Men : Rogue Vol. 2 -- Forget Me Not ( Rogue Vol. 3 # 7 -- 12 ; 144 pages , October 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 1734 - 6 ) </Li> <Li> Rogue : The Complete Collection ( Rogue Vol. 3 # 1 -- 12 ; 288 pages , September 2015 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 9721 - 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Alternative versions of Rogue <H2> In other media ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Rogue in other media <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://marvel.com/universe/Rogue </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tony Bedard ( w ) , Karl Moline ( p ) , Rick Magyar ( i ) . `` Forget - Me - Not '' Rogue 2 ( August 2004 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ; Richard George ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` The Top 25 X-Men : They 're the best at what they do , but some do it better than others '' . IGN . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Top Ten X-Babes : Counting down the lovely ladies who wear X and little else '' . IGN . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secret Cabal ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Take 10 : Girl Power '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` CBR 's Top 50 X-Men '' . Comic Book Resources . p. 3 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rogue ( vol. 3 ) # 1 -- 6 ( September 2004 -- February 2005 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men / Alpha Flight # 1 ( December 1985 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : X-Men Unlimited # 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` X-Men's Rogue : From Mississippi and proud of it '' . The Clarion - Ledger . clarionledger.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ann Nocenti 's `` Her First and Last '' , Classic X-Men # 44 ( February 1990 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chris Claremont ( w ) , Michael Golden ( p ) . Avengers Annual 10 ( November 1981 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 158 ( June 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dazzler # 22 -- 24 , 28 ( December 1982 -- February 1983 , September 1983 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rom # 31 -- 32 ( June -- July 1982 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 236 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 170 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 171 ( July 1983 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 172 ( August 1983 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 173 ( September 1983 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 179 ( March 1984 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 182 ( June 1984 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 220 -- 227 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 244 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 246 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 269 ( October 1990 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 274 ( March 1991 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 275 ( April 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 278 ( July 1991 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 3 -- 4 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogue # 1 -- 4 ( January -- April 1995 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men Unlimited # 4 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 103 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 107 ( December 2000 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 13 ( July 2002 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 17 ( October 2002 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 19 ( December 2002 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : X-Treme X-Men # 46 ( June 2004 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 157 ( July 2004 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogue ( vol. 3 ) # 6 ( February 2005 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 169 ( June 2005 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogue ( vol. 3 ) # 11 ( July 2005 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 174 ( October 2005 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 184 Epilogue : Riddle of the Sphinx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 187 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 192 ( December 2006 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 199 ( July 2007 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 200 ( August 2007 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 204 ( December 2007 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New X-Men ( Vol 2 ) # 46 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ' X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 207 ( March 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 210 ( June 2008 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 220 ( March 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ' X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 221 ( April 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : X-Men : Legacy # 222 ( May 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : X-Men : Legacy # 224 ( July 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 226 ( September 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 227 ( October 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 228 -- 230 ( November 2009 -- January 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 517 ( January 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Necrosha # 1 ( December 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 231 ( February 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 233 ( April 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sentry : Fallen Sun ( July 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 235 ( June 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : X-Force ( vol. 3 ) # 26 ( June 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 526 ( September 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 248 ( July 2011 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 253 ( October 2011 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : ReGenesis # 1 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Sandoval , Rafa ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 266 ( May 2012 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Sandoval , Rafa ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 267 ( May 2012 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Baldeon , David ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Reber , Brian ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 268 ( June 2012 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Baldeon , David ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Reber , Brian ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 270 ( July 2012 ) , Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 271 - # 273 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers VS X-Men # 11 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Remender , Rick ; Cassaday , John . `` Uncanny Avengers '' ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 5 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 4 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers A.I. # 10 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 13 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 14 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny Avengers # 21 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 22 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny Avengers # 23 . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey . `` Marvel Debuts All - Female X-Men '' . IGN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avengers / X-Men : AXIS # 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers vol. 2 # 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 1 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 239 ( December 1988 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 192 ( April 1985 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 242 ( March 1989 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 271 ( October 2012 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men Legacy # 274 ( September 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men Legacy # 275 ( October 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 172 - 173 ( August -- September 1983 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men # 107 ( December 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Extreme X-Men Volume 1 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 215 ( October 2008 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secrets of the House of M ( 2005 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 238 ( September 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 239 ( October 2010 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 4 ( April 2013 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 4 ) # 2 ( June 2013 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ X-Men Forever Alpha ( May 2009 ) . Marvel Comics </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> <Li> Fictional characters portal </Li> <Li> Superhero fiction portal </Li> <Li> Comics portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rogue ( comics ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rogue </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Rogue at the Marvel Universe wiki </Li> <Li> Rogue Shrine Comprehensive appearance list and chronology , etc . </Li> <Li> Rogue at the Marvel Database Project ( wiki ) </Li> <Li> New Generation X </Li> <Li> UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Rogue at UncannyXMen.net </Li> <Li> Rogue at Comic Vine </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Brotherhood of Mutants </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stan Lee </Li> <Li> Jack Kirby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Magneto </Li> <Li> Toad </Li> <Li> Quicksilver </Li> <Li> Scarlet Witch </Li> <Li> Mastermind </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blob </Li> <Li> Unus the Untouchable </Li> <Li> Vanisher </Li> <Li> Astra </Li> <Li> Burner </Li> <Li> Lifter </Li> <Li> Peeper </Li> <Li> Shocker </Li> <Li> Slither </Li> <Li> Mystique </Li> <Li> Destiny </Li> <Li> Avalanche </Li> <Li> Pyro </Li> <Li> Rogue </Li> <Li> Phantazia </Li> <Li> Sauron </Li> <Li> Masque </Li> <Li> Thornn </Li> <Li> Fatale </Li> <Li> Random </Li> <Li> Aurora </Li> <Li> Post </Li> <Li> Sabre </Li> <Li> Sabretooth </Li> <Li> Fever Pitch </Li> <Li> Juggernaut </Li> <Li> Domino </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Brotherhood of Mutants members </Li> <Li> X-Men </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> X-Men </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Creators : Stan Lee </Li> <Li> Jack Kirby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Professor X </Li> <Li> Cyclops </Li> <Li> Iceman </Li> <Li> Beast </Li> <Li> Angel </Li> <Li> Phoenix </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Later members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anole </Li> <Li> Ariel </Li> <Li> Armor </Li> <Li> Aurora </Li> <Li> Banshee </Li> <Li> Bishop </Li> <Li> Blindfold </Li> <Li> Blink </Li> <Li> Boom - 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Homestead Acts - wikipedia <H1> Homestead Acts </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Homesteading . Norwegian settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead , a sod hut <P> The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land , typically called a `` homestead , '' at no cost . In all , more than 270 million acres of public land , or nearly 10 % of the total area of the U.S. , was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders ; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River . </P> <P> An extension of the Homestead Principle in law , the Homestead Acts were an expression of the `` Free Soil '' policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms , as opposed to Southern slave - owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor , thereby shutting out free white men . </P> <P> The first of the acts , the Homestead Act of 1862 , opened up millions of acres . Any adult who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government could apply . Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible . The 1866 Act explicitly included black Americans and encouraged them to participate , but rampant discrimination slowed black gains . Historian Michael Lanza argues that while the 1866 law pack was not as beneficial as it might have been , it was part of the reason that by 1900 one fourth of all Southern black farmers owned their own farms . </P> <P> Several additional laws were enacted in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries . The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction . The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees -- the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement . The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a full section ( 640 acres ) to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska . An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862 , the Enlarged Homestead Act , was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from 160 to 320 acres . Another amended act , the national Stock - Raising Homestead Act , was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved , this time to 640 acres . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Homestead Act of 1862 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 </Li> <Li> 2.4 Timber Culture Act of 1873 </Li> <Li> 2.5 Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 </Li> <Li> 2.6 Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 </Li> <Li> 2.7 Stock - Raising Homestead Act of 1916 </Li> <Li> 2.8 Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal -- 1930 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Homesteading requirements </Li> <Li> 4 In practice </Li> <Li> 5 End of homesteading </Li> <Li> 6 Criticism </Li> <Li> 7 Related acts in other countries <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Canada </Li> <Li> 7.2 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 7.3 Elsewhere in the British Empire </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Land - grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern Republicans before the Civil War , but had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by southern Democrats who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave - owners . The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress , but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan , a Democrat . After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 ( and their representatives had left Congress ) , the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln ( May 20 , 1862 ) . Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act . </P> <P> Between 1862 and 1934 , the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of federal land for private ownership . This was a total of 10 % of all land in the United States . Homesteading was discontinued in 1976 , except in Alaska , where it continued until 1986 . About 40 % of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Donation land claim Act of 1850 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Donation Land Claim Act <P> The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory , then including the modern states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho and parts of Wyoming . Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854 , and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855 . </P> <H3> Homestead Act of 1862 ( edit ) </H3> Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act , 1862 <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Homestead Act ( 1862 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The `` yeoman farmer '' ideal of Jeffersonian democracy was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840 -- 1850s , with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of `` virtuous yeomen '' . The Free Soil Party of 1848 -- 52 , and the new Republican Party after 1854 , demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers , rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto marginal lands . Southern Democrats had continually fought ( and defeated ) previous homestead law proposals , as they feared free land would attract European immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west . After the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861 , the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act . </P> <P> The intent of the first Homestead Act , passed in 1862 , was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 . Its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson , George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley . </P> <P> The homestead was an area of public land in the West ( usually 160 acres or 65 ha ) granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least five years . The law ( and those following it ) required a three - step procedure : file an application , improve the land , and file for deed of title . Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government ( including freed slaves after the fourteenth amendment ) and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household , could file an application to claim a federal land grant . The occupant had to reside on the land for five years , and show evidence of having made improvements . </P> <H3> Southern Homestead Act of 1866 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Southern Homestead Act of 1866 <P> Enacted to allow poor tenant farmers and sharecroppers in the south become land owners in the southern United States during Reconstruction . It was not very successful , as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford . </P> <H3> Timber Culture Act of 1873 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Timber Culture Act <P> The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres of trees over a period of several years . This quarter - section could be added to an existing homestead claim , offering a total of 320 acres to a settler . This offered a cheap plot of land to homesteaders . </P> <H3> Kinkaid amendment of 1904 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Kinkaid Act <P> Recognizing that arid lands west of the 100th meridian , which passes through central Nebraska , required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family , Congress passed the Kinkaid Act which granted larger homestead tracts , up to 640 acres , to homesteaders in western Nebraska . </P> <H3> Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low - lying alluvial land along rivers had been homesteaded , the Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909 . To enable dryland farming , it increased the number of acres for a homestead to 320 acres ( 130 ha ) given to farmers who accepted more marginal lands ( especially in the Great Plains ) , which could not be easily irrigated . </P> <P> A massive influx of these new farmers , combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology , led to immense land erosion and eventually the Dust Bowl of the 1930s . </P> <H3> Stock - Raising Homestead Act of 1916 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Stock - Raising Homestead Act <P> In 1916 , the Stock - Raising Homestead Act was passed for settlers seeking 640 acres ( 260 ha ) of public land for ranching purposes . </P> <H3> Subsistence homesteads provisions under the New Deal -- 1930 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Subsistence Homesteads Division <P> Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's program of Subsistence Homesteading implemented in the 1930s under the New Deal . </P> <H2> Homesteading requirements ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Homestead Acts had few qualifying requirements . A homesteader had to be the head of the household or at least twenty - one years old . They had to live on the designated land , build a home , make improvements , and farm it for a minimum of five years . The filing fee was eighteen dollars ( or ten to temporarily hold a claim to the land ) . </P> <P> Immigrants , farmers without their own land , single women , and former slaves could all qualify . The fundamental racial qualification was that one had to be a citizen , or have filed a declaration of intention to become a citizen , and so the qualification changed over the years with the varying legal qualifications for citizenship . African - Americans became qualified with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 . South Asians and East Asians who had been born in the United States became qualified with the decision of United States v. Wong Kim Ark in 1898 , but little high - quality land remained available by that time . For immigrants the fundamental qualification was that they had to be permitted to enter the country ( which was usually co-extensive with being allowed to file a declaration of intention to become a citizen ) . During the 1800s , the bulk of immigrants were from Europe , with immigrants from South Asia and East Asia being largely excluded , and ( voluntary ) immigrants from Africa were permitted but uncommon . </P> <H2> In practice ( edit ) </H2> <P> Settlers found land and staked their claims , usually in individual family units , although others formed closer knit communities . Often , the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house . </P> <P> The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon , large land rushes , such as the Oklahoma Land Runs of the 1880s and 90s . </P> <H2> End of homesteading ( edit ) </H2> Dugout home from a homestead near Pie Town , New Mexico , 1940 <P> The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ended homesteading ; by that time , federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands . The only exception to this new policy was in Alaska , for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986 . </P> <P> The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for 80 acres ( 32 ha ) of land on the Stony River in southwestern Alaska . He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988 . He is the last person to receive title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The homestead acts were much abused . Although the intent was to grant land for agriculture , in the arid areas east of the Rocky Mountains , 640 acres ( 260 ha ) was generally too little land for a viable farm ( at least prior to major federal public investments in irrigation projects ) . In these areas , people manipulated the provisions of the act to gain control of resources , especially water . A common scheme was for an individual , acting as a front for a large cattle operation , to file for a homestead surrounding a water source , under the pretense that the land was to be used as a farm . Once the land was granted , other cattle ranchers would be denied the use of that water source , effectively closing off the adjacent public land to competition . That method was also used by large businesses and speculators to gain ownership of timber and oil - producing land . The federal government charged royalties for extraction of these resources from public lands . On the other hand , homesteading schemes were generally pointless for land containing `` locatable minerals , '' such as gold and silver , which could be controlled through mining claims under the Mining Act of 1872 , for which the federal government did not charge royalties . </P> <P> The government developed no systematic method to evaluate claims under the homestead acts . Land offices relied on affidavits from witnesses that the claimant had lived on the land for the required period of time and made the required improvements . In practice , some of these witnesses were bribed or otherwise colluded with the claimant . </P> <P> Although not necessarily fraud , it was common practice for the eligible children of a large family to claim nearby land as soon as possible . After a few generations , a family could build up a sizable estate . </P> <P> The homesteads were criticized as too small for the environmental conditions on the Great Plains ; a homesteader using 19th - century animal - powered tilling and harvesting could not have cultivated the 1500 acres later recommended for dry land farming . Some scholars believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written , but reveal that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains . </P> <P> According to Hugh Nibley , much of the rain forest west of Portland , Oregon was acquired by the Oregon Lumber Company by illegal claims under the Act . </P> <P> Nonetheless , in 1995 , a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed that `` Nineteenth - century U.S. land policy , which attempted to give away free land , probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country . '' </P> <H2> Related Acts in other countries ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> Similar laws were passed in Canada : </P> <P> The Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed The Free Grants and Homestead Act in 1868 , which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the Province of Canada in The Public Lands Act of 1860 . It was extended to include settlement in the Rainy River District under The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in The Public Lands Act , which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the Canadian Forces . The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951 , and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961 . </P> <P> The Parliament of Canada passed the Dominion Lands Act in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the Northwest Territories . Its application was restricted after the passage of the Natural Resources Acts in 1930 , and it was finally repealed in 1950 . </P> <P> The Legislative Assembly of Quebec did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act ( which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860 ) , but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure , and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation . Later known as the Settlers Protection Act , it was repealed in 1984 . </P> <P> Newfoundland and Labrador provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977 , with continuous use for agricultural , business or residential purposes during that time . Similar programs continued to operate in Alberta and British Columbia until 1970 . In the early 21st century , some land is still being granted in the Yukon Territory under its Agricultural Lands Program . </P> <H3> New Zealand ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land , the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was ' waste land ' and belonged to the Crown without purchase . Most New Zealand provinces had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877 . The 1877 Land Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead , with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board . There was similar legislation in Westland . It gave up to 75 acres ( 30 ha ) , with settlers just paying the cost of a survey . They had to live there for five years , build a house and cultivate a third of the land , if already open , or a fifth if bush had to be cleared . The land was forfeited if they did n't clear enough bush . This contributed to rapid deforestation . </P> <H3> Elsewhere in the British Empire ( edit ) </H3> <P> Similar in intent , the British Crown Lands Acts were extended to several of the Empire 's territories , and many are still in effect , to some extent , today . For instance , the Australian selection acts were passed in the various Australian colonies following the first , in 1861 , in New South Wales . </P> <H2> In popular Culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Little House on the Prairie series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in Kansas , and later Dakota Territory . </Li> <Li> Willa Cather 's novels , O Pioneers ! and My Ántonia , feature families homesteading on the Great Plains . </Li> <Li> Oscar Micheaux 's novel , The Homesteader : a Novel ( 1917 ) , is a semi-autobiographical story of an African American homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century . </Li> <Li> Kirby Larson 's young adult novel , Hattie Big Sky , explores one woman 's attempts to `` improve '' on her family 's homestead before the deadline to retain her rights . </Li> <Li> The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Oklahoma is based in the Oklahoma land rush . </Li> <Li> The 1962 Elvis Presley musical film , Follow That Dream , adapted from Pioneer , Go Home ! ( 1959 ) , features a family that homesteads in Florida . </Li> <Li> The movie Far and Away , starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman , centers on the main characters ' struggle to `` obtain their 160 acres . '' </Li> <Li> The miniseries Centennial , depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town . </Li> <Li> The 1953 movie Shane depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who harasses , threatens and terrorizes them , calling them `` pig farmers , '' `` sod busters , '' `` squatters '' and other taunts and insults . When the rancher gets violent , the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their claims . A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action . </Li> <Li> The 2016 film The Magnificent Seven , loosely adapted from the 1960 film of the same name , features Sam Chisolm , an African American U.S. Marshal raised on a homestead in Lincoln , Kansas . His family had been lynched in 1867 by former Confederate Army soldiers , hired by a robber baron to drive off settlers and free up real estate on the American frontier . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Desert Land Act </Li> <Li> Land Act of 1804 </Li> <Li> Forty acres and a mule </Li> <Li> Russian Homestead Act </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Melvin L. Oliver ; Thomas M. Shapiro ( 1997 ) . Black Wealth / white Wealth : A New Perspective on Racial Inequality . pp. 14 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Homestead National Monument : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Homestead Act of 1862 ; Archives.gov </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Department of the Interior , National Park Service . `` Homesteading by the Numbers '' , accessed February 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Foner ; Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ; 1970 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles C. Bolton ; Poor Whites of the Antebellum South : Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi ; 1993 ; p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips ; p. 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPherson ; p. 193 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPherson ; pp. 450 -- 451 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trefousse ; p. 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McElroy ; p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Horace Greeley '' Archived December 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Tulane University ; August 13 , 1999 ; retrieved 11 - 22 - 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Wallace Gates , `` Federal Land Policy in the South 1866 - 1888 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1940 ) 6 # 3 pp : 303 - 330 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Realty and Resource Protection / bmps. Par. 41235. File. dat / Split % 20Estate % 20Presentation % 202006. pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals : What Does it Mean to You ? , a 2006 Bureau of Land Management presentation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap ( September 2001 ) . `` U.S. Land Policy , Property Rights , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' . FEEM Working Paper No . 69.2001 . FEEM . SSRN 286699 -- via Social Science Electronic Publishing . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . pbs.org . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Homesteader '' . The Free Dictionary By Farlex . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN HISTORY The Homestead Act - Creating Prosperity in America '' . Legends of America . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Homestead Act '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Was Homesteading only for White People ? '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You Can , But You Ca n't ! '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Florida Homestead Act of 1862 '' . Florida Homestead Services . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . ( paragraphs. 3 , 6&13 ) ( Includes data on the U.S. Homestead Act ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cobb , Norma ( 2000 ) . Arctic Homestead : The True Story of a Family 's Survival and Courage ... St. Martin 's Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28379 - 2 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Last Homesteader '' . National Park Service . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap . `` Small Farms , Externalities , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' , Journal of Political Economy , Volume : 112 ( 3 ) . -- pp. 665 -- 94 . -- 21 November 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Nibley , Hugh . Approaching Zion ( The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley , Vol 9 ) , p. 469 . Nibley 's grandfather , Charles W. Nibley made his fortune in Oregon lumber , among other resources . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 144 , 145 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 , S.O. 1868 , c. 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act of 1860 , S.C. 1860 , c. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , S.O. 1886 , c. 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act , S.O. 1913 , c. 6 , Part II </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1948 , S.O. 1948 , c. 72 , s . 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1951 , S.O. 1951 , c. 71 , s . 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1960 - 61 , S.O. 1960 - 61 , c. 71 , s . 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An Act to Encourage Settlers , S.Q. 1868 , c. 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Settlers Protection Act , L.R.Q. , c . P - 38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles , L.Q. 1982 , c. 13 ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lands Act , S.N.L. 1991 , c. 36 , s . 36 , discussed at `` Squatter 's Rights '' . NL Department of Environment and Conservation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tristin Hopper ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Canada 's Last Homesteaders : How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon 's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms '' . The National Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 1 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Provincial District of Auckland -- The Land Act , 1877 NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 3 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Crown Lands Guide NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> McElroy , Wendy ( 2001 ) . `` The Free - Soil Movement , Part 1 '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2002 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> McPherson , James M. ( 1998 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516895 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dick , Everett , 1970 . The Lure of the Land : A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal . </Li> <Li> Gates , Paul W. , 1996 . The Jeffersonian Dream : Studies in the History of American Land Policy and Development ' . </Li> <Li> Hyman , Harold M. , 1986 . American Singularity : The 1787 Northwest Ordinance , the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts , and the 1944 G.I. Bill . </Li> <Li> Lause , Mark A. , 2005 . Young America : Land , Labor , and the Republican Community . </Li> <Li> Phillips , Sarah T. , 2000 , `` Antebellum Agricultural Reform , Republican Ideology , and Sectional Tension . '' Agricultural History 74 ( 4 ) : 799 -- 822 . ISSN 0002 - 1482 </Li> <Li> Patterson - Black , Sheryll . `` Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier . '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 1976 ) : 67 - 88 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Raban , Jonathan , 1996 . `` Bad Land . '' </Li> <Li> Richardson , Heather Cox , 1997 . The Greatest Nation of the Earth : Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War . </Li> <Li> Robbins , Roy M. , 1942 . Our Landed Heritage : The Public Domain , 1776 -- 1936 . </Li> <Li> Shanks , Trina R.W. `` The Homestead Act : A major asset - building policy in American history . '' in Michael Sherraden ( 2005 ) . Inclusion in the American Dream : Assets , Poverty , and Public Policy . Oxford UP . pp : 20 - 41 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Sherry L. `` Single women homesteaders : the perplexing case of Elinore Pruitt Stewart . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1991 ) : 163 - 183 . in JSTOR , with additional citations </Li> <Li> Smith , Henry Nash . Virgin Land : The American West as Symbol and Myth . New York : Vintage , 1959 . </Li> <Li> Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1989 ) . Andrew Johnson : A Biography . Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31742 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) article Homestead . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Homestead and Exemption Laws . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline </Li> <Li> Homestead Act . -- Library of Congress </Li> <Li> Text of 1862 Homestead Act </Li> <Li> Homestead National Monument of America . -- National Park Service </Li> <Li> Homestead Act of 1862 . -- National Archives and Records Administration </Li> <Li> `` Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act : A Colorado Success Story '' . -- National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan . -- National Park Service </Li> <Li> Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula - an exhibit from the University of Washington Library </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American Old West </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable people </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Explorers and pioneers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Bozeman </Li> <Li> Jim Bridger </Li> <Li> William Clark </Li> <Li> Davy Crockett </Li> <Li> John C. 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why did government sponsored surveys and land acts encourage migration to the west

IRS penalties - wikipedia <H1> IRS penalties </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taxation in the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal taxation ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Alternative minimum tax </Li> <Li> Capital gains tax </Li> <Li> Corporate tax </Li> <Li> Estate tax </Li> <Li> Excise tax </Li> <Li> Gift tax </Li> <Li> Income tax </Li> <Li> Payroll tax </Li> <Li> Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) </Li> <Li> Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) </Li> <Li> IRS tax forms </Li> <Li> Revenue by state </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Constitutional authority </Li> <Li> Taxpayer standing </Li> <Li> Court </Li> <Li> Protest </Li> <Li> Evasion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State and local taxation ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State income tax </Li> <Li> Property tax </Li> <Li> Sales tax </Li> <Li> Use tax </Li> <Li> Land value tax </Li> <Li> State tax levels </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal tax reform ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Automated payment transaction tax </Li> <Li> 9 -- 9 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Competitive Tax Plan </Li> <Li> Efficient Taxation of Income </Li> <Li> FairTax </Li> <Li> Flat tax </Li> <Li> Hall -- Rabushka flat tax </Li> <Li> Kemp Commission </Li> <Li> Taxpayer Choice Act </Li> <Li> USA Tax </Li> <Li> Value added tax </Li> <Li> Border - adjustment tax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Taxpayers in the United States may face various penalties for failures related to Federal , state , and local tax matters . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) is primarily responsible for charging these penalties at the Federal level . The IRS can assert only those penalties specified imposed under Federal tax law . State and local rules vary widely , are administered by state and local authorities , and are not discussed herein . </P> <P> Penalties may be monetary or may involve forfeiture of property . Criminal penalties may include jail time , but are imposed only by a federal judge after a defendant is convicted . Most monetary penalties are based on the amount of tax not properly paid . Penalties may increase with the period of nonpayment . Some penalties are fixed dollar amounts or fixed percentages of some measure required to be reported . Excise taxes used as penalties are imposed in the Code sections relating to particular kinds of transactions . Some penalties may be waived or abated where the taxpayer shows reasonable cause for the failure . </P> <P> Penalties apply for failures to file income tax returns or information returns , or for filing incorrect returns . Some penalties may be very minor . Penalties apply for certain types of errors on tax returns , and may be substantial . Some penalties are imposed as excise taxes on particular transactions . Certain other penalties apply for other types of failures . Certain acts may result in forfeiture of property of the taxpayer . </P> <P> There are over 150 kinds of civil penalties in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code , ranging in severity which is reflected in the amount of the applicable fines . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Underestimate and late payment penalties </Li> <Li> 2 Penalties for failure to timely file returns or timely pay tax </Li> <Li> 3 Accuracy related penalties </Li> <Li> 4 Penalties in connection with information returns </Li> <Li> 5 100 % penalty on unpaid withholding taxes </Li> <Li> 6 Penalties for failure to provide foreign information </Li> <Li> 7 Excise taxes as penalties </Li> <Li> 8 Tax fraud penalties </Li> <Li> 9 Tax adviser penalties </Li> <Li> 10 Judicial appeal of penalties </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Underestimate and late payment penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Taxpayers are required to have withholding of tax or make quarterly estimated tax payments before the end of the tax year . Because accurate estimation requires accurate prediction of the future , taxpayers sometimes underestimate the amount due . The penalty for paying too little estimated tax or having too little tax withheld is computed with interest on the amount that should have been , but was not , paid . </P> <P> Where a taxpayer has filed an income or excise tax return that shows a balance due but does not pay that balance by the due date of the return ( without extensions ) , a different charge applies . This charge has two components : an interest charge , computed as described above , and second a penalty of 0.5 % per month applied to the unpaid balance of tax and interest . The 0.5 % penalty is capped at 25 % of the total unpaid tax . </P> <P> The underestimate penalty and interest on late payment are automatically assessed . </P> <H2> Penalties for failure to timely file returns or timely pay tax ( edit ) </H2> <P> Penalty for Failure to Timely File Return : If a taxpayer is required to file an income or excise tax return and fails to timely do so , a late filing penalty may be assessed . The penalty is 5 % of the amount of unpaid tax per month ( or partial month ) the return is late , up to a maximum of 25 % . A minimum penalty of $205 may apply for returns over 60 days late . The minimum penalty is the lesser of $205 or 100 % of the tax due on the return . </P> <P> Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay Tax : If a taxpayer fails to pay the balance due shown on the tax return by the due date ( even if the reason of nonpayment is a bounced check ) , there is a penalty of 0.5 % of the amount of unpaid tax per month ( or partial month ) , up to a maximum of 25 % . </P> <P> Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay After Issuance of Notice : If a taxpayer fails to pay any additional tax assessed by the IRS ( usually as a result of an audit ) the taxpayer may be liable for a penalty equal to 0.5 % for each month ( or partial month ) during which the failure continues , if the amount is not paid within 21 calendar days after the date of an IRS notice demanding the payment . </P> <P> If both the failure to file and the failure to pay penalties apply during the same month , then the failure to file penalty is reduced by 0.5 % each month . </P> <P> The 25 % cap above applies to the 5 % late filing penalty and the 0.5 % late payment penalty together . The late filing penalty may be waived or abated on showing of reasonable cause for failure . The failure to file penalty is imposed and starts to accrue interest from the due date of the return . The failure to pay penalty is imposed when a taxpayer pays the taxes after payment was due , computed from the date prescribed for paying the tax . </P> <P> The Internal Revenue Service advises that if the taxpayer wants to compute the penalty for failure to timely file and the penalty for failure to timely pay the tax shown on the return , or the interest , and to pay those items at the time the return is filed , the taxpayer can `` identify and enter the amount in the bottom margin '' on the second page of Form 1040 . The IRS advises that the taxpayer `` not include interest or penalties ( other than the estimated tax penalty ) '' in the `` Amount Owed '' line of the form . </P> <H2> Accuracy related penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> If amounts reported on an income tax return are later adjusted by the IRS and a tax increase results , an additional penalty may apply . This penalty of 20 % or 40 % of the increase in tax is due in the case of substantial understatement of tax , substantial valuation misstatements , transfer pricing adjustments , or negligence or disregard of rules or regulations . For example , a valuation overstatement can result in a 30 % penalty on the amount of tax owed . Special rules apply for each of these types of errors under which the penalty may be waived . </P> <H2> Penalties in connection with information returns ( edit ) </H2> <P> Certain types of returns , called `` information returns , '' do not require payment of tax . These include forms filed by employers to report wages ( Form W - 2 ) and businesses to report certain payments ( Form 1099 series instructions ) . The penalty for failures related to these forms is a dollar amount per form not timely filed , and the amount of penalty increases with the degree of lateness . The current maximum penalty for these forms is $50 . Many of the forms must be filed electronically , and filing on paper is considered non-filing . </P> <P> Late filing of returns of partnership income ( Form 1065 ) can result in penalties of $195 per month per partner , up to a maximum of 12 months . Similar penalties may apply to an income tax return ( Form 1120S ) for an S corporation return . </P> <H2> 100 % penalty on unpaid withholding taxes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Employers are required to withhold income and social security taxes from wages paid to employees , and to pay these amounts promptly to the government . A penalty of 100 % of the amount not paid over ( plus liability for paying the withheld amounts ) may be collected without judicial proceedings from each and every person who had custody and control of the funds and did not make the payment to the government . This applies to company employees and officers as individuals , as well as to companies themselves . There have been reported cases of the IRS seizing houses of those failing to pay over employee taxes . </P> <H2> Penalties for failure to provide foreign information ( edit ) </H2> <P> Taxpayers who are shareholders of controlled foreign corporations must file Form 5471 with respect to each such controlled foreign corporation . Penalties for failure to timely file are $10,000 to $50,000 per form , plus possible loss of foreign tax credits . U.S. corporations more than 25 % owned , directly or indirectly , by foreign persons must file Form 5472 to report such ownership and all transactions with related parties . Failure to timely file carries a $10,000 penalty per required form . This penalty may be increased by $10,000 per month per form for continued failure to file . In addition , taxpayers who fail to report changes in foreign taxes used as credits against Federal income tax may be subject to penalties . </P> <P> U.S. citizen or resident taxpayers ( including entities ) who are beneficiaries of a foreign trust or make transfers of property to a foreign trust must report information about the transfer and the trust or corporation . Failure to timely report on Form 3520 or Form 3520 - A may result in penalties of up to 35 % . Similar transferors to foreign corporations failing to file Form 926 may face penalties of 10 % of the value of the transfer , up to $100,000 . </P> <H2> Excise taxes as penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Federal excise taxes are imposed on a variety of goods and services . Some of these taxes require purchase of tax stamps or other evidence of advance payment of tax . Some require collection of the tax by retailers . An assortment of penalties apply to manufacturers and retailers not complying with the particular rules . </P> <P> In addition , certain penalties are imposed in the form of an excise tax . Pension and benefit plans must pay a tax for a variety of failures . Charities and private foundations must pay an excise tax on prohibited transactions and other failures . </P> <H2> Tax fraud penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Intentional filing of materially false tax returns is a criminal offence . A person convicted of committing tax fraud , or aiding and abetting another in committing tax fraud , may be subject to forfeiture of property and / or jail time . Conviction and sentencing is through the court system . Responsibility for prosecution falls to the U.S. Department of Justice , not the Internal Revenue Service . </P> <P> Penalties may be assessed against tax protesters who raise arguments that income tax laws are not valid , or who otherwise file frivolous returns or court petitions . </P> <H2> Tax adviser penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Penalties also apply to people who promote tax shelters or who fail to maintain and disclose lists of reportable transactions their customers or clients for those transactions . These monetary penalties can be severe . </P> <H2> Judicial appeal of penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most penalties are subject to judicial review . However , the courts rarely modify assessment of the penalties and interest for underestimate or late payment . </P> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Meldman , Robert E. , Federal Taxation Practice and Procedure , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8080 - 1647 - 2 , Chapters 9 and 18 </Li> <Li> Shafiroff , Ira L. , Internal Revenue Service Practice and Procedure Deskbook , Kindle edition ( no ISBN ) , or hardcover ISBN 978 - 0 - 87224 - 109 - 1 </Li> <Li> Pratt , Kulsrud , et al , Federal Taxation , 2006 Edition ISBN 978 - 0 - 7593 - 5175 - 2 , pages 2 -- 6 through 2 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Willis , Hoffman , et al , South - Western Federal Taxation , 2009 Edition ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 66052 - 4 , pages 26 -- 13 through 26 - 19 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Most of the penalty rules are in Chapters 68 through 75 of the Internal Revenue Code , sections 6651 through 7344 . 26 USC Subtitle F . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan J. Tarr , J.D. , LL. M. ( Taxation ) & Pamela Jensen Drucker , J.D. , LL. M. ( Taxation ) , Civil Tax Penalties , U.S. Income Portfolios , Vol. 634 ( 2d ed. 2012 ) , Bloomberg BNA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6654 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6651 ( a ) ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See IRS Tax Topic 653 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6651 ( a ) ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IRC § 6651 ( a ) ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IRC § 6651 ( a ) ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1040 ( 2015 ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6662 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6721 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 CFR 301 - 6721 - 1 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( ii ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6698 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6699 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Technically , the Form 1120S is an income tax return , not an information return . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 3101 - 3406 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 6672 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 USC 3504 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. St. Clair , 45 Amer . Fed . Tax Rep. 2d 80 - 1528 , 80 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9364 , ( N.D. 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Where No Man Has Gone Before - wikipedia <H1> Where No Man Has Gone Before </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the episode of Star Trek . For the Star Trek quotation , see Where no man has gone before . For the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode , see Where No One Has Gone Before . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Star Trek : The Original Series episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 1 Episode 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> James Goldstone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Samuel A. Peeples </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured music </Th> <Td> Alexander Courage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography by </Th> <Td> Ernest Haller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production code </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> September 22 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gary Lockwood -- Lt. Cmdr . Gary Mitchell </Li> <Li> Sally Kellerman -- Dr. Elizabeth Dehner </Li> <Li> Lloyd Haynes -- Alden </Li> <Li> Andrea Dromm -- Yeoman Smith </Li> <Li> Paul Carr -- Lt. Lee Kelso </Li> <Li> Paul Fix -- Dr. Mark Piper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Charlie X '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` The Naked Time '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of Star Trek : The Original Series episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' is the second pilot episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek . It was produced in 1965 after the first pilot , `` The Cage '' , was rejected by NBC . Reportedly , Lucille Ball , who owned Desilu Productions ( where the pilot was produced ) , persuaded NBC management to consider a second pilot , thereby exercising a special option agreement it had with Desilu , because she liked Gene Roddenberry and believed in the project . The episode was eventually broadcast third in sequence on September 22 , 1966 , and re-aired on April 20 , 1967 . On July 12 , 1969 , it was the first episode to be shown in the United Kingdom by the BBC . </P> <P> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' was written by Samuel A. Peeples , directed by James Goldstone , and filmed in July 1965 . It was the first episode of Star Trek to feature William Shatner as Captain James Kirk , James Doohan as Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott ( later called `` Scotty '' ) , and George Takei as Lt. Sulu ( the ship 's physicist , whose character became helmsman in subsequent episodes ) . The episode title was adopted as the final phrase in the opening voice - over which characterizes the series and has entered popular culture . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Original cut </Li> <Li> 4 Continuity </Li> <Li> 5 Sequels and adaptations </Li> <Li> 6 Reception </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The starship USS Enterprise is on an exploratory mission to leave the galaxy . En route , a damaged ship 's recorder of the SS Valiant , an Earth spaceship lost 200 years earlier , is found . Its record is incomplete , but it reveals that the Valiant had been swept from its path by a `` magnetic space storm , '' and that the crew had frantically searched for information about extra-sensory perception ( ESP ) in the ship 's library computer . The recording ends with the captain of the Valiant apparently giving a self - destruct order . </P> <P> Kirk decides that they need to know what happened to the Valiant , and the Enterprise crosses the edge of the galaxy where it encounters a strange barrier which damages the ship 's systems and warp drive , forcing a retreat . At the same time , nine crewmembers are killed and both helmsman Gary Mitchell and ship 's psychiatrist Dr. Elizabeth Dehner are knocked unconscious by the barrier 's effect . When he awakens , Mitchell 's eyes glow silver , and he begins to display remarkable psychic powers . </P> <P> Mitchell becomes increasingly arrogant and hostile toward the rest of the crew , declaring that he has become godlike , enforcing his desires with fearsome displays of telepathic and telekinetic power . Science Officer Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) comes to believe that Valiant crew members may have experienced the same phenomenon , and destroyed the ship to keep the power from spreading . He advises Kirk that Mitchell may have to be killed before his powers develop further , but Kirk angrily disagrees . </P> <P> Alarmed that Mitchell may take over the Enterprise , Kirk decides to maroon him on an unmanned lithium - cracking facility on the remote planet of Delta Vega . Once there , the landing party tries to confine Mitchell , but his powers have become too great . He kills navigator Lt. Lee Kelso and escapes by knocking out Kirk and Spock , taking with him Dr. Dehner , who has now developed similar powers . </P> <P> Kirk follows and appeals to Dr. Dehner 's humanity for help . Before Mitchell can kill Kirk , the doctor attacks and weakens him . Mitchell fatally injures Dehner , but before he can recover from the effort , Kirk uses a phaser rifle to create a rock slide , killing Mitchell . </P> <P> Back on the Enterprise , Kirk makes a log entry that both Dehner and Mitchell gave their lives `` in performance of duty '' . He explains to Spock that he wants his friend 's service record to end positively : `` He did n't ask for what happened to him '' . Spock admits to feeling sympathy for Mitchell too , and Kirk comments that there is hope for him . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The original pilot of Star Trek , `` The Cage '' , was rejected in February 1965 by NBC executives . The show had been sold to them as a `` Wagon Train to the stars '' , and they thought the first pilot did not match the adventure format they had been promised and was `` too cerebral '' for the general audience . However , NBC , having been persuaded by Desilu management ( and reportedly by Lucille Ball herself ) , maintained sufficient interest in the format to order a second pilot episode in March 1965 . </P> <P> Roddenberry wrote two story outlines , `` The Omega Glory '' and `` Mudd 's Women . '' He wrote the teleplay for the former , and gave the latter to Stephen Kandel . Roddenberry asked long - time associate and veteran scriptwriter Samuel Peeples to submit ideas for another . Peeples came up with the premise and episode title for `` Where No Man Has Gone Before , '' and was assigned to write it . </P> <P> Kandel had fallen ill and his script was not finished in time ; the other two were submitted to NBC for consideration . NBC preferred `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' as a pilot . `` Mudd 's Women '' was later made as the second episode in regular production , and `` The Omega Glory '' was made towards the end of the second season . </P> <P> While `` The Cage '' has a running time of approximately 63 minutes , `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' ran just over 55 minutes , with additional footage and formatting later cut to reduce it to the usual series running time of around 50 minutes ( excluding commercials ) . </P> <P> Casting took place in June 1965 . Jeffrey Hunter was unwilling to reprise his role as Captain Christopher Pike . Lloyd Bridges and Jack Lord were considered , but William Shatner was finally cast as Pike 's replacement , Captain James Kirk . The character of Number One , the female second - in - command , was dropped on the insistence of the NBC network , and Science Officer Spock was given Number One 's unemotional demeanor . NBC was worried about Leonard Nimoy 's `` satanic '' appearance and pressured for his removal . As Roddenberry later explained at conventions , he felt he had a strong enough negotiating position to save one character , but not both . Roddenberry went on to muse that , had he done it the other way around , he could not have then married the losing actor . </P> <P> Apart from Captain Kirk , the episode introduced two other regular characters to the show : James Doohan , a friend of director James Goldstone , was cast as the Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott ( the name chosen after Doohan had tried various accents , and had decided that an engineer ought to be Scottish ) and George Takei was cast as Ship 's Physicist Sulu , who would become the helmsman in the regular series . Lieutenant Uhura and Dr. Leonard McCoy do not feature ; the ship 's doctor is instead Mark Piper ( Paul Fix ) . Piper was intended as a regular ; DeForest Kelley , who played McCoy in the series proper , had been considered for the role . </P> <P> Gary Lockwood , as Lt. Commander Gary Mitchell , had starred in the title role of Roddenberry 's earlier series on NBC , The Lieutenant ; Sally Kellerman was cast as Dr. Elizabeth Dehner . Both actors needed silver eyes , which were produced by an expert contact lens fabricator who sandwiched wrinkled tinfoil between two sclera contact lenses which covered the entire eye . These were outdated even in the 1960s and dangerous to the health of the actors ' eyes . Although Kellerman could insert and remove the prosthetics easily with no discomfort , Lockwood found them almost impossible to use . He needed to raise his face and sight along his nose in order to see through tiny holes in the foil . He was able to use this to enhance his performance as the mutating Mitchell , the unusual gaze giving him an arrogant and haughty demeanor . </P> <P> Other cast members included Paul Carr as Navigator Lee Kelso , Lloyd Haynes as Communications Officer Alden and Andrea Dromm as Yeoman Smith ( Alden and Smith were intended to be regulars in the show , but were replaced by Uhura and Janice Rand , respectively ) . The episode also is the first time long - running background actor Eddie Paskey appeared ; his character would later be identified as Lt. Leslie . </P> <P> The costumes from the first pilot were used in `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' with the exception of the insignias in two respects - the outlines were gold in first pilot but black in the second , and the insignia symbols for engineering and sciences were reversed compared to both the pilot and the series proper . Completely new uniforms and insignias would be unveiled when the series was green - lighted , with the colors altered and black collars introduced . Most of the Enterprise sets were also reused from `` The Cage '' , while Sickbay was the only major set constructed for the episode . Like `` The Cage '' , the episode was shot at Desilu 's Culver City studios . </P> <P> The episode was directed by James Goldstone . Ernest Haller , who had won the Oscar for Best Color Cinematography on the movie Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , served as director of photography for the episode . He had been brought in out of semi-retirement at Goldstone 's recommendation at the last minute , after attempts to locate a cameraman had proved problematic . Robert H. Justman was credited as assistant director . </P> <P> Shooting started on July 19 , 1965 , several days later than originally scheduled . During the filming of this episode , a wasp 's nest high in the rafters of the studio was somehow disturbed , and many cast and crew members suffered stings as a result . As this happened on a Friday , the weekend break allowed time for the swelling to go down ; Shatner , however , required additional makeup to hide the stings during shooting the following Monday . Filming finished late on July 28 , 1965 ; the final footage filmed was part of the fight between Kirk and Mitchell . While the schedule allowed seven days to shoot the episode , it required nine , which was Justman 's original estimate . The episode cost around $300,000 , around half the money spent on making `` The Cage '' . </P> <P> In a 1988 TV special , series creator Gene Roddenberry said that , as with the first pilot , this one still had a lot of science - fiction elements in it , but at least it ended with Kirk in a bare - knuckle fistfight with Mitchell and that 's what sold NBC on Star Trek . </P> <H2> Original cut ( edit ) </H2> <P> Post-production on the episode was delayed by Roddenberry 's involvement in another pilot , Police Story . Post-production finished in January 1966 and the episode was presented to NBC for approval ( which finally came in February 1966 ) ; this original version ( production number 02a ) differed from the later final broadcast cut ( production number 02b , airing on September 22 , 1966 ) in that each of the four acts had on - screen titles ( `` Act I '' , `` Act II '' , etc . ) , as well as an epilogue , in the manner of Quinn Martin 's television productions . It also featured a much longer opening narration by Shatner . In some places alternate musical scores were used . In total almost 5 minutes of footage was removed to accommodate the original series 50 - minute network broadcast format , allowing for commercials . </P> <P> The studio did not retain a print of this original `` alternate '' version , and it was officially thought to be lost , though many fans knew that it existed somewhere , having purchased a poor quality VHS tape at a convention . In 2009 , a German film collector discovered a print of it and brought it to the attention of CBS / Paramount , which then released it under the title `` Where No Fan Has Gone Before '' -- The Restored , Unaired Alternate Pilot Episode as part of the TOS season 3 box set on Blu - ray ; it has not yet been released on DVD . </P> <P> The original `` alternate '' version also remains unaired ( in both normal or still undone remastered form ) , thus still awaiting canon status ( both in contrast to TOS 's earlier other concept - as - pilot episode 's version , `` The Cage '' -- later reworked into the two - part `` The Menagerie '' of the original run of TOS , which was finally broadcast in 1988 during the original run and in the regular time slot of Star Trek : The Next Generation ) . </P> <P> The episode in its original `` alternate '' version was known to the public before the aired version , having been shown ( receiving a standing ovation ) at the 24th Worldcon in Cleveland , Ohio , on September 3 , 1966 -- shortly before the premiere broadcast of Star Trek on NBC . </P> <H2> Continuity ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The episode 's title is the first usage of the phrase `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' in Star Trek . The phrase would be incorporated into the opening credits sequence in following episodes , as part of the `` Space : The Final Frontier ... '' speech given by Captain Kirk . The phrase would also be used ( with `` man '' changed to the gender - neutral `` one '' ) , in the credits voice - over of Star Trek : The Next Generation . That series also referred to it with the title of one of its episodes , `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' . It was also referred to in the final episode of Star Trek : Enterprise as part of a voice - over spoken by Picard , Kirk , and Archer . </P> <P> Kirk 's middle initial is given as `` R . '' in `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' and is seen clearly on the gravestone fashioned by Mitchell for Kirk ; subsequent episodes use `` James T. Kirk '' . His middle name was revealed to be `` Tiberius '' in `` Bem '' , an episode from the animated series , and in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . Various suggestions have been made to explain this discrepancy ; Michael Jan Friedman 's My Brother 's Keeper trilogy speculates this results from an in - joke between Mitchell and Kirk . Roddenberry cited human error on Mitchell 's part . </P> <P> The episode contains the first stardate ( 1312.4 ) and makes the first reference to the Academy , at which Kirk taught Mitchell . The `` lithium crystals '' mentioned in the episode would later be renamed to the fictional `` dilithium crystals '' . The episode opens with Kirk and Spock playing a game of three - dimensional chess . </P> <H2> Sequels and adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The episode was adapted into a short story by James Blish for Star Trek 8 , published in 1972 . It also became the second in Bantam 's series of Fotonovels , published in 1977 . </P> <P> The Galactic Barrier is later associated with the Q , in the 1994 novel Q - Squared by Peter David , and Greg Cox 's 1998 Q Continuum trilogy . </P> <P> Gary Mitchell does not appear again in the show . Several books , including Michael Jan Friedman 's My Brother 's Keeper , Vonda N. McIntyre 's Enterprise : The First Adventure , and Margaret Wander Bonanno 's Strangers from the Sky , feature the Mitchell character in adventures set before the events of the episode . The 2005 Star Trek : Vanguard book Harbinger is set immediately after the events of `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' and features a troubled Kirk musing on his friend 's death . Friedman 's Stargazer book The Valiant features two people who claim to be descended from the Valiant 's crew . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a ' B + ' rating , describing it as `` an awkward episode '' but that `` it 's not without its charms . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Asherman , Allan ( 1987 ) . The Star Trek Compendium . Titan Books . ISBN 0 - 907610 - 99 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alexander , David ( 1994 ) . Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry . Roc . ISBN 0 - 451 - 45440 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Stephen E & Roddenberry , Gene ( 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . Ballatine Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 363 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Solow , Herbert F. and Justman , Robert H. ( 1996 ) . Inside Star Trek : The Real Story . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 00974 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mr Leslie Facts '' . eddiepaskey.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Where No Man Has Gone Before . DVD technical commentary ( Okuda , Michael and Denise ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leao , Gustavo ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Article with pictures of original `` alternate '' version `` . TrekWeb.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Never before aired ' Star Trek ' pilot to be released '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Star Trek - ' These Are the High - Def Voyages ... ' : Season 3 Blu - ray Disc Announced ! * * * UPDATE : PACKAGING * * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirrello , Phil ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Star Trek : The Original Series -- Season 3 Blu - ray Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , Dayton . `` Annotations to Star Trek : Mere Anarchy : Things Fall Apart '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 25 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Okuda , Michael ; Okuda , Denise ; Mirek , Debbie ( 1999 ) . The Star Trek Encyclopedia . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53609 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ayers , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Voyages of the Imagination : The Star Trek Fiction Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 0349 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roby , Steve . `` Complete Starfleet Library : 1977 '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved December 25 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' at StarTrek.com </Li> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' at TV.com </Li> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) </Li> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' First Draft Script Review </Li> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' Final Revised Draft Script Review </Li> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' On the differences between original `` alternate '' version and airing version , pictured </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Star Trek : The Original Series episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Seasons </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> `` The Cage '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Man Trap '' </Li> <Li> `` Charlie X '' </Li> <Li> `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' </Li> <Li> `` The Naked Time '' </Li> <Li> `` The Enemy Within '' </Li> <Li> `` Mudd 's Women '' </Li> <Li> `` What Are Little Girls Made Of ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Miri '' </Li> <Li> `` Dagger of the Mind '' </Li> <Li> `` The Corbomite Maneuver ' </Li> <Li> `` The Menagerie , Part I '' </Li> <Li> `` The Menagerie , Part II '' </Li> <Li> `` The Conscience of the King '' </Li> <Li> `` Balance of Terror '' </Li> <Li> `` Shore Leave '' </Li> <Li> `` The Galileo Seven '' </Li> <Li> `` The Squire of Gothos '' </Li> <Li> `` Arena '' </Li> <Li> `` Tomorrow Is Yesterday '' </Li> <Li> `` Court Martial '' </Li> <Li> `` The Return of the Archons '' </Li> <Li> `` Space Seed '' </Li> <Li> `` A Taste of Armageddon '' </Li> <Li> `` This Side of Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` The Devil in the Dark '' </Li> <Li> `` Errand of Mercy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Alternative Factor '' </Li> <Li> `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' </Li> <Li> `` Operation : Annihilate ! 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where no man has gone before episode cast

The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia <H1> The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tracy McConnell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> `` Last Forever '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Carter Bays Craig Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Cristin Milioti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> The Mother </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ted Mosby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . </P> <P> The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . </P> <P> An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Casting </Li> <Li> 2 Character history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Name </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Death </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Casting ( edit ) </H2> <P> During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . </P> <P> They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . </P> <H2> Character history ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . </P> <P> The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . </P> <P> In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . </P> <P> On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . </P> <P> Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . </P> <P> Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . </P> <P> In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . </P> <P> In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . </P> <P> The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . </P> <P> The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . </P> <P> In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . </P> <P> In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . </P> <P> In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . </P> <P> In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . </P> <H3> Name ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> See also : Last Forever <P> In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . </P> <P> A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> How I Met Your Mother </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> <Li> Season 3 </Li> <Li> Season 4 </Li> <Li> Season 5 </Li> <Li> Season 6 </Li> <Li> Season 7 </Li> <Li> Season 8 </Li> <Li> Season 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ted Mosby </Li> <Li> Marshall Eriksen </Li> <Li> Lily Aldrin </Li> <Li> Barney Stinson </Li> <Li> Robin Scherbatsky </Li> <Li> The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> The Bro Code </Li> <Li> Cheerleader effect </Li> <Li> `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Mother characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2013 </Li> <Li> Fictional female musicians </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 03 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who turned out to be the mother on how i met your mother

List of Australian capital cities - wikipedia <H1> List of Australian capital cities </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> There are eight capital cities in Australia , each of which function as the seat of government for the state or territory in which they are located . Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia . In 1913 , the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra , which continues to serve as the national capital . </P> <P> Each capital city hosts the judicial , administrative and legislative functions for their jurisdiction . In the case of the states and internal territories , their capital cities also happen to be the most populous city in their respective jurisdiction . </P> <P> The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island has its official capital at Kingston , although this acts merely as the administrative centre of government ; its de facto capital is Burnt Pine . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> WESTERN AUSTRALIA NORTHERN TERRITORY SOUTH AUSTRALIA QUEENSLAND NEW SOUTH WALES VICTORIA TASMANIA Perth Adelaide Melbourne Canberra ( ACT ) Sydney Brisbane Hobart Darwin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> State and Territory Capitals of Australia <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> City Population </Th> <Th> State / Territory Population </Th> <Th> Date of statehood </Th> <Th> Capital since </Th> <Th> Image </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia and Australian Capital Territory </Td> <Td> Canberra </Td> <Td> 435,019 </Td> <Td> 403,468 </Td> <Td> Must remain a territory as per s. 125 of the Australian Constitution </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> View of Civic from Mount Ainslie , with Telstra Tower in the background </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New South Wales </Td> <Td> Sydney </Td> <Td> 5,029,768 </Td> <Td> 7,759,274 </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Skyline of the Sydney central business district </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Victoria </Td> <Td> Melbourne </Td> <Td> 4,725,316 </Td> <Td> 6,179,249 </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> <Td> The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queensland </Td> <Td> Brisbane </Td> <Td> 2,360,241 </Td> <Td> 4,848,877 </Td> <Td> 1859 </Td> <Td> 1860 </Td> <Td> Brisbane 's CBD , with the Story Bridge in the foreground </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Australia </Td> <Td> Perth </Td> <Td> 2,022,044 </Td> <Td> 2,558,951 </Td> <Td> 1829 </Td> <Td> 1829 </Td> <Td> View of Perth CBD skyline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Australia </Td> <Td> Adelaide </Td> <Td> 1,324,279 </Td> <Td> 1,713,054 </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> View of Adelaide Skyline . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tasmania </Td> <Td> Hobart </Td> <Td> 224,462 </Td> <Td> 517,588 </Td> <Td> 1825 </Td> <Td> 1826 </Td> <Td> View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Territory </Td> <Td> Darwin </Td> <Td> 145,916 </Td> <Td> 245,740 </Td> <Td> Has not attained Statehood </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> View of Darwin CBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Although the ACT has its own government , it remains a territory ultimately under Commonwealth rule . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ in 1911 , South Australia transferred responsibility for governing the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth Government of Australia . It was granted self - governance in 1978 , however the Northern Territory is still considered a territory under Commonwealth rule , not a state . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Norfolk Island - Kingston http://www.pitcairners.org/vt_kingston.html Norfolk Island 's Home on the Web </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016?OpenDocument </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capital cities of Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> National and ACT Canberra </P> </Td> <Td> <P> NSW Sydney </P> </Td> <Td> <P> NT Darwin </P> </Td> <Td> <P> QLD Brisbane </P> </Td> <Td> <P> SA Adelaide </P> </Td> <Td> <P> TAS Hobart </P> </Td> <Td> <P> VIC Melbourne </P> </Td> <Td> <P> WA Perth </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of cities in Australia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Australia articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Prehistory </Li> <Li> Archaeology </Li> <Li> European Exploration </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> 1788 -- 1850 </Li> <Li> 1851 -- 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> Since 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitutional </Li> <Li> Diplomatic </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Federation </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Indigenous </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Monarchy </Li> <Li> Railway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Continent </Li> <Li> Deserts </Li> <Li> Environment <Ul> <Li> issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Fauna </Li> <Li> Forests </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Regions </Li> <Li> Protected areas </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> States and Territories </Li> <Li> Capitals </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Courts </Li> <Li> Elections <Ul> <Li> Donations </Li> <Li> Electoral system </Li> <Li> Parties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Federal budget </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Governor - 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Batman : Knightfall - wikipedia <H1> Batman : Knightfall </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Knightfall '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover to Batman # 497 : The breaking of the bat . Art by Kelley Jones . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> DC Comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> April 1993 -- August 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superhero </Li> <Li> Crossover </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Title ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Batman # 492 - 510 Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 - 30 Catwoman # 6 - 7 , 12 - 13 Detective Comics # 659 - 677 Justice League Task Force # 5 - 6 Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 59 - 63 Robin # 7 - 9 Showcase ' 93 # 7 - 8 Showcase ' 94 # 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main character ( s ) </Th> <Td> Batman , Bane , Azrael </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Creative team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Chuck Dixon , Jo Duffy , Alan Grant , Dennis O'Neil , Doug Moench </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Penciller ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jim Aparo , Jim Balent , Eduardo Barreto , Bret Blevins , Norm Breyfogle , Vincent Giarrano , Tom Grummett , Klaus Janson , Barry Kitson , Mike Manley , Graham Nolan , Sal Velluto , Mike Vosburg , Ron Wagner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inker ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jeff Albrecht , Jim Aparo , Terry Austin , Eduardo Barreto , John Beatty , Bret Blevins , Norm Breyfogle , Rick Burchett , Steve George , Vince Giarrano , Dick Giordano , Scott Hanna , Klaus Janson , Ray Kryssing , Tom Mandrake , Mike Manley , Ron McCain , Frank McLaughlin , Josef Rubinstein , Bob Smith , Bob Wiacek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vol. 1 </Th> <Td> ISBN 978 - 1401233792 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vol. 2 : Knightquest </Th> <Td> ISBN 978 - 1401235369 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vol. 3 : KnightsEnd </Th> <Td> ISBN 978 - 1401237219 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Knightfall '' is a 1993 - 1994 Batman story arc published by DC Comics . It consists of a trilogy of storylines that ran from 1993 to 1994 , consisting of `` Knightfall '' , `` Knightquest '' , and `` KnightsEnd '' . The story takes place over approximately six months . Bruce Wayne ( Batman ) suffers burnout and is systematically assaulted and crippled by a `` super steroid '' - enhanced genius named Bane . Wayne is replaced as Batman by an apprentice named Jean - Paul Valley ( a.k.a. Azrael ) , who becomes increasingly violent and unstable , tarnishing Batman 's reputation . Eventually , Wayne is healed through paranormal means , and reclaims his role as Batman . </P> <P> `` Knightfall '' resulted in long - term ramifications for the Batman continuity , as Batman 's trust from the police , the public , and fellow superheroes had to be rebuilt , due to Azrael 's violence . Additionally , Wayne realizes the peril and burden of attempting to work in solitude , leading to the eventual creation of the modern incarnation of the Batman family . The events of Knightfall also led to the resignation of Wayne 's loyal butler , Alfred Pennyworth . </P> <P> The entire `` Knightfall '' storyline took over a year to complete in the comic book serials . In later years , the comics were reprinted several times , though never in full , as the Knightquest : The Search arc had not been collected until the second omnibus edition in 2017 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Publication </Li> <Li> 2 Storyline <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Prelude </Li> <Li> 2.2 `` Knightfall '' </Li> <Li> 2.3 `` Knightquest '' </Li> <Li> 2.4 `` KnightsEnd '' </Li> <Li> 2.5 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 2.6 `` Prodigal '' </Li> <Li> 2.7 `` Troika '' </Li> <Li> 2.8 Nightwing : Alfred 's Return </Li> <Li> 2.9 Azrael </Li> <Li> 2.10 `` Batman : Legacy '' </Li> <Li> 2.11 `` Bough Breaks '' </Li> <Li> 2.12 `` Angel and the Bane '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reading order and release dates </Li> <Li> 4 Influence and legacy </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 Continuity </Li> <Li> 7 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Novels </Li> <Li> 7.2 Television </Li> <Li> 7.3 Animation </Li> <Li> 7.4 Film </Li> <Li> 7.5 Video Games </Li> <Li> 7.6 Radio </Li> <Li> 7.7 Action figures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Collected editions <Ul> <Li> 8.1 2012 new editions </Li> <Li> 8.2 2017 - 2018 Omnibus editions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Publication ( edit ) </H2> <P> The initial idea for the character of Azrael stemmed from a two - part story idea pitched by Detective Comics writer Peter Milligan circa 1991 , as he was leaving that position . After line editor Dennis O'Neil decided to expand it into a larger epic , he and the Batman line writers Chuck Dixon , Doug Moench and Alan Grant convened an authors ' summit over a long weekend to flesh out the details and story points . At the same time , the Superman team was planning for a similar character - altering storyline , and neither they nor the Batman group initially had any knowledge of each other 's plans . Dennis O'Neil denies the Knightfall storyline was in any way inspired by the Death of Superman and states that it was already in development by as much as three years , saying that if the Batman staff had known , the storyline would likely have been pushed down a year . </P> <P> The serial stories of the monthly Batman comics titles began slowly building toward the `` Knightfall '' arc several months prior , in conjunction with the publication of the Sword of Azrael miniseries and Vengeance of Bane one - shot which also laid foundation for the larger story . </P> <P> `` Knightfall '' ran from April to October 1993 , Batman issues 492 through 500 and Detective Comics issues 659 through 666 , with the two titles sharing a single narrative during this time . The massive story was quickly collected into two volumes of trade paperbacks . Volume one was subtitled Broken Bat and the second Who Rules the Night . Knightfall was the first time that multiple Batman titles had shared a single narrative for an extended period since Crisis on Infinite Earths . </P> <P> `` Knightfall '' was immediately followed by `` Knightquest '' in the monthly serials . `` Knightquest '' is divided into two storylines , one following Bruce Wayne ( `` Knightquest : The Search '' ) and the other on the new Batman ( `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' ) . The stories were not treated as crossovers and the Batman titles continued as they had before `` Knightfall '' where the creative teams each pursued its own storyline . Instead of a crossover , `` Knightquest '' was more of an umbrella title that also encompassed some issues of Batman : Shadow of the Bat . ( To avoid giving away their plans , the publishers treated it as though it were the new status quo , so issues were not numbered as chapters . ) Additionally , The Crusade served as a launching point for the first ongoing monthly series featuring Robin in solo adventures . </P> <P> Although previous parts of the `` KnightSaga '' had taken considerable time to run their course , the entirety of `` KnightsEnd '' was published within two months , as the Batman books had to prepare themselves for DC 's impending company - wide crossover Zero Hour , which would immediately follow the `` KnightSaga '' . Nothing was truncated as the Batman editorial line made use of all of the Batman - related titles at their disposal , such as Catwoman , Robin and Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight ( normally an anthology title with stories set in the past ) . `` KnightsEnd '' was later collected in trade paperback as Knightfall Volume 3 . </P> <P> The serial nature of the Batman titles continued beyond the end of KnightsEnd , with the Prodigal storyline , and into subsequent unbannered stories . This continued in later arcs such as `` Contagion '' , `` Legacy '' , `` Cataclysm '' , `` No Man 's Land '' , and `` War Games '' , and has on occasion continued into the present . </P> <P> The intent of the writers was to counter the then - popular style of violent heroes in comics , and demonstrate that the traditional Batman made for a better hero . The issues featuring Jean - Paul Valley as Batman on the cover depict him with highly exaggerated musculature and legs which taper into disproportionally tiny feet , mimicking the styles of contemporary `` violent hero '' artists such as Rob Liefeld . </P> <H2> Storyline ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Prelude ( edit ) </H3> <P> The prelude to `` Knightfall '' began with the introduction of two new characters key to its storyline in issues prior to the release of `` Knightfall '' : </P> <Ul> <Li> Azrael , a.k.a. Jean - Paul Valley ( introduced in Batman : Sword of Azrael # 1 - 4 ( October 1992 to January 1993 ) by Dennis O'Neil and Joe Quesada ) , a graduate student at Gotham University who discovers he has been unconsciously trained since birth as an assassin for an ancient religious order . </Li> <Li> Bane , introduced in Batman : Vengeance of Bane # 1 ( January 1993 ) by Chuck Dixon and Graham Nolan , an orphan born and raised in a Central American island prison , self - taught and ruthless , who underwent an involuntary experimental operation to become a new type of supersoldier , before breaking free and deciding to take Gotham City from its `` king , '' Batman . </Li> </Ul> <P> The two characters were quickly added to the cast in the monthly Batman titles , with Azrael being a superhero - in - training who fights alongside Batman , while Bane was introduced as a supervillain . </P> <P> Within the regular series , the buildup to `` Knightfall '' begins with a six - issue run in Batman # 484 - 489 ( September 1992 - February 1993 ) , in which Batman ( at the onset of a personal psychological mid-life crisis ) is forced to deal , in rapid succession , with the returning villain Black Mask and his gang ( who target Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox ) , a crazed killer called Metalhead , and a sharpshooter assassin hired by an imprisoned mobster to murder Commissioner Gordon . Batman begins to feel he has lost his edge , especially after his failure to capture Black Mask . He finds himself unable to meditate or even focus . As Bruce Wayne , he contacts holistic therapist Shondra Kinsolving for treatment . He also assigns Robin ( Tim Drake ) to train Jean - Paul Valley in detective work to aid them as an ally , hoping to guide Valley 's brainwashing away from making him a villainous threat . Despite the advice of everyone in his life , including Dr. Kinsolving , Bruce refuses to rest , and continues to pursue his self - imposed duty despite his worsening condition ( although not explicitly noted as a cause , these events take place immediately after the death of Superman , Batman 's peer , elsewhere in the DC Universe ) . </P> <P> The next storyline , in Detective Comics # 654 - 656 ( December 1992 - February 1993 ) , involves a young military student usurping power in Gotham 's underworld and assaulting a police station , with Bruce 's fatigue continuing to worsen . At the conclusion of this story , Bane and his henchman are shown monitoring Batman 's performance . </P> <P> Bane begins a series of encounters letting Batman know of his presence and his intentions . In the following issues , Bane interferes with encounters pitting villains Killer Croc and Riddler against Batman , and , to test Batman 's limits , goes so far as to inject Riddler with the Venom drug . This escalation culminates in an assault on Arkham Asylum in Batman # 491 ( April 1993 ) , where Bane breaks the inmates free and supplies them with numerous weapons to escape . Meanwhile , Robin finds it difficult to work with Jean - Paul , due to the man 's violent subconscious training and lack of social skills , and also finds himself being shut out from working alongside Batman . </P> <H3> `` Knightfall '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The plot of `` Knightfall '' begins with the master criminal Bane freeing all of the maximum - security inmates of Arkham Asylum , a notorious psychiatric facility in Gotham City . Aware that he would lose in a direct assault against Batman , Bane 's plan consists of weakening Batman by forcing him to deal with the deadly villains simultaneously . Among the freed inmates , there are numerous high - profile villains , such as the Joker ( who trapped Arkham 's administrator Jeremiah Arkham ) , the Scarecrow , the Riddler , and Poison Ivy , as well as many lesser - known villains , such as the Mad Hatter , the Ventriloquist , the Firefly , the Cavalier , the Film Freak , Mr. Zsasz , Cornelius Stirk , Abattoir , and Amygdala . The scenario creates a rift in the relationship between Robin and Batman , as Batman irrationally seeks to face the outbreak alone -- in later issues , Robin asks Batman if he is even needed as his sidekick anymore . A later flashback to this time period ( Showcase ' 93 # 7 - 8 ) shows Batman pursuing Two - Face alone , being trapped and kidnapped to stand a mock trial ; he is saved only by a rescue attempt from Robin . </P> Bane breaks Batman 's back in a splash page from Batman # 497 ( July 1993 ) . Art by Jim Aparo . <P> Over the next few issues , Batman becomes weaker and weaker as each criminal is put away . The rescue of Mayor Krol from the teaming of the Joker and Scarecrow pushes Batman to his mental and physical limits : a dose of Scarecrow 's fear gas makes him relive the murder of Jason Todd , which he considers to be his greatest failure . After this encounter , Bane 's men assault Batman before he himself makes his move and attacks him at Wayne Manor , his home as his alter - ego -- by this time ; Bane had deduced the secret identity of Batman . The fight between Bruce Wayne and Bane is detailed in Batman # 497 . By this time , Batman is so exhausted from the exertion of catching the escaped criminals that he can not even defend himself ; Bane beats him mercilessly before breaking Wayne 's back over his knee inside the Batcave below the manor , symbolically `` breaking '' Batman . Bane takes the grievously - wounded Wayne ( still costumed in the Batman outfit ) downtown to Gotham Square and throws him from a rooftop to demonstrate his superiority to the populace . Quick action by Robin and Alfred spares Batman 's life , but at great cost - he is left a paraplegic . With Batman incapacitated , Bane assumes control of Gotham City 's underworld and takes over several illegal operations within it . </P> <P> After his defeat , Bruce Wayne enlists the aid of Dr. Shondra Kinsolving to rehabilitate him and asks Jean - Paul Valley to take up the mantle of Batman so that Gotham has a protector . Tim Drake argues with Bruce to allow Dick Grayson ( the former Robin and then - current Nightwing ) to become Batman , as he is more experienced and mentally competent . Bruce replies that Grayson has his own responsibilities and would only take up the mantle of the Bat reluctantly ( Dick later expressed resentment at not being asked to stand in as Batman ) . Bruce 's rationale for this decision is revealed in later issues - secretly , he does not want Dick to have to face Bane , as he knows Dick 's character will compel him to try . Indeed , Bruce gives Jean - Paul strict orders never to engage Bane in combat -- and when Jean - Paul does face Bane , only his modified gloves save Jean - Paul from being thrown to his death . </P> <P> Soon after , Kinsolving and Tim 's father Jack Drake are kidnapped and Bruce and Alfred leave the country to find them - their story is continued in `` Knightquest : The Search '' , while the happenings in Gotham are recorded in `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' . Jean - Paul is shown to be a different , but not dangerous , Batman until an encounter with the Scarecrow , which results in Jean - Paul being infected by Scarecrow 's fear gas and `` The System '' -- his programming as Azrael -- taking over , in order to combat Jean - Paul 's fear . Following this , Jean - Paul is unable to shake the influence of the System , giving in to it completely after his first defeat at Bane 's hands and being increasingly influenced by it during the rest of his tenure as Batman . Gradually , Jean - Paul alienates Robin with his paranoia and arrogance . </P> <P> In Batman # 500 , Jean - Paul , in his new mechanical Batsuit ( which is an amalgam of the Azrael costume with the Batman 's ) confronts Bane in an arduous battle and prevails , although many bystanders are put at risk . Jean - Paul leaves Bane broken mentally and physically , though he struggles with the choice of whether to simply kill Bane or hand him over to the police . He decides that he will let Bane go to Blackgate Prison . Jean - Paul continues to watch over Gotham after the fight , but grows increasingly unstable . </P> <H3> `` Knightquest '' ( edit ) </H3> Jean - Paul Valley as Batman , during The Crusade arc . Cover to Detective Comics # 667 . Art by Kelley Jones . A paraplegic Bruce Wayne , traveling across the globe on a rescue mission , with help from his allies including members of the Justice League Task Force in The Search arc . Cover of Justice League Task Force vol. 1 , Oct 1993 . Art by Sal Velluto . <P> At the onset of `` Knightquest '' , Jean - Paul Valley has been established as Batman , and Bruce Wayne is out of the country . Instead of a crossover with a definite ending , the publishers treated the scenario as though it were the new status quo , leaving it open - ended . </P> <P> `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' follows the story of Jean - Paul Valley during his tenure as Batman . He becomes increasingly violent and mentally unbalanced . During this time , he drives Robin away because he believes Gotham to be so tough that only violence could answer its criminals . In several issues Robin is left horrified as Jean - Paul ferociously attacks common criminals , often with a weapon and sometimes nearly to death . This surge of violence from Gotham 's defender puts pressure on Batman 's relationship with Police Commissioner Gordon , who begins to distrust and even fear the new Batman and eventually comes to realize he is not the same man he has known . </P> <P> All of Jean - Paul 's actions are compelled by `` The System '' ; on numerous occasions , he experiences the ghosts of his father and the patriarch Saint Dumas giving him guidance and he is driven to near insanity by the time the saga ends . He repeatedly redesigns his Batman costume , adding more gadgets and lethal weapons , including metal claws , a laser , razor - sharp Batarangs and a flame - thrower . Eventually , he also adds a Bat - symbol , matching the one used for the series ' logo . Valley becomes compelled by a desire to be a better Batman than Bruce Wayne , especially when he discovers his lack of interest in detective work caused him to make false assumptions about Catwoman ( he thought she would sell a powerful nerve gas to terrorists when she merely wanted to dispose of it so it could not be used to hurt anyone ) . </P> <P> His questionable behavior climaxes when he encounters the serial killer Abattoir , who is keeping an innocent prisoner in a secret torture chamber : Jean - Paul purposely lets Abattoir die , thereby condemning the prisoner to death as well . Other villains Jean - Paul faces include Mr. Freeze , the Trigger Twins , Gunbunny & Gunhawk , the Tally Man and Clayface III and IV ; the most notable encounters are with Catwoman and the Joker , both of whom could tell Valley was not the original Batman . </P> <P> `` Knightquest : The Search '' follows Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth 's search for Jack Drake and Shondra Kinsolving , the father of the current Robin and the physical therapist with whom Bruce Wayne had fallen in love during his rehabilitation sessions respectively . Their investigation leads them to the Caribbean and then Great Britain . Kinsolving 's brother - by - adoption Benedict Asp kidnapped her to use her special powers to kill people at a distance . Asp demonstrates this new form of mass murder on a small English village . When Bruce Wayne finds Kinsolving , he finds himself caught in the middle of a telekinetic tug - of - war between Asp and Kinsolving . The battle climaxes with her refocusing her energy to defeat Asp ; as a side effect of the energy , Bruce 's broken spine becomes healed . However , the drugs forced onto her by Asp , combined with the effects of the fight with Asp , reduce her mind to that of a child as Shondra 's traumatised mind regresses to the past to escape her unhappy present , and Wayne reluctantly puts her into a mental institution . </P> <P> Bruce eventually leaves England to return home to a civilian life in Gotham , but Alfred remains in England , not wanting to see Bruce Wayne damage his body further . He does not return to Gotham until a while later , when Dick Grayson persuades him to do so in later issues . </P> <H3> `` KnightsEnd '' ( edit ) </H3> Bruce Wayne returns to Gotham City , battles to reclaim his mantle from Jean - Paul Valley . Artwork for the cover of Batman : Shadow of the Bat vol. 1 , 30 ( August , 1994 DC Comics ) . Art by Brian Stelfreeze . <P> Jean - Paul Valley sees visions of his dead father , who had programmed him at birth to be a deadly weapon . These visions tell Jean - Paul to avenge his father 's death , and Jean - Paul searches Gotham for his father 's killer . Though the killer , Carlton LeHah , had already been encountered and defeated ( in Batman : Sword of Azrael ) , Jean - Paul 's conditioning had warped his mind to the extent that he no longer remembered the incident . He eventually comes to believe that Penn Selkirk , a Gotham mobster turned weapons dealer who has taken over the remnants of LeHah 's organization , is his father 's murderer . Valley now spends his time doggedly pursuing him . </P> <P> Returning to Gotham , Bruce meets with Tim . Even though Jean - Paul disobeyed Bruce 's order to refrain from attacking Bane , Bruce is sufficiently impressed with Jean - Paul 's results . Bruce decides to retire and allow Jean - Paul to continue as Batman . But when Robin tells Bruce of the circumstances surrounding Abattoir 's death , Bruce sneaks into the Batcave and demands that Jean - Paul step down . Jean - Paul refuses and tells Bruce to leave the cave and never come back . </P> <P> To rehabilitate his skills due to his lost reflexes after so long out of action , Bruce asks the famed assassin Lady Shiva to retrain him ( using a mask to conceal his identity and arguing that she will do it for the same reason that she does anything ; it might be interesting ) . Instead , Shiva pits Bruce against several vengeful expert martial artists , having killed their master while wearing a distinctive tengu mask that carries a motif of a bat that she subsequently gives to Batman . Shiva 's caveat is that these attacks will continue indefinitely until Bruce Wayne breaks his vow to never kill . Finally , in the midst of an attack by the final martial artist , Bruce feigns using the `` Leopard Blow '' fatal maneuver Shiva had taught him , leaving his would - be assailant apparently dead . Shiva finally declares him worthy of fighting her at some point in the future , with Bruce only revealing his adversary 's survival after her departure . </P> <P> Now back in fighting shape , Bruce returns to the Batcave and resumes his role as Batman . Along with Robin and Nightwing , he tracks Valley down to Selkirk 's penthouse . Coincidentally , Catwoman is chasing the same man because he owns a neural enabler which might allow her paraplegic friend to walk again . Selkirk already wants to kill Jean - Paul for destroying a valuable weapons cache in Gotham Harbor . </P> <P> When they eventually all meet , mass fighting and gunfire ensue . The battle ends with Selkirk 's helicopter crashing into the Gotham Narrows Bridge while Bruce and Jean - Paul fight on the attached Batrope ; Jean - Paul falls aflame into the Gotham River . Bruce and Catwoman save Selkirk and his aides just before the helicopter explodes from the leaking fuel , his decision to protect criminals affirming to Catwoman that the true Batman has returned . When Bruce tries to find Jean - Paul using the Batmobile , it explodes due to a planted booby - trap . Nightwing fears Bruce dead and takes his vengeance out on Jean - Paul on a party boat . The police arrive in time to prevent Nightwing from committing murder , but Jean - Paul escapes . However , to his shock , Jean - Paul finds Bruce waiting at Wayne Manor ; Bruce had managed to escape the Batmobile before Jean - Paul 's trap destroyed it , reasoning that he would have done the same thing with a less dangerous trap . </P> <P> The final battle of the `` Knightfall '' saga takes place between Jean - Paul Valley and Bruce Wayne in the caverns surrounding the Batcave below Wayne Manor : rather than beating Jean - Paul at hand - to - hand combat , Bruce outwits him by escaping into a passage too narrow for Jean - Paul to go through in his armor , thus forcing Jean - Paul to remove most of it . Bruce then opens a hatch to the outside , which covered the very hole he fell into as a child , allowing sunlight to enter the night lenses in Jean - Paul 's helmet . After being momentarily blinded , Jean - Paul removes his cowl , sees Bruce standing over him in the original Batman costume and concedes defeat , saying `` You are the Batman ... You 've always been the Batman ... and I am nothing ... '' Bruce comforts Jean - Paul , who leaves to wander the streets of Gotham , homeless and destitute . Bruce decides not to take Jean - Paul to the police because it was his decision to make Jean - Paul the Batman , leading to his subsequent breakdown . </P> <P> `` KnightsEnd '' was collected into a trade paperback about a year later . Originally released as Batman : KnightsEnd , recent editions retitled it as Knightfall Volume 3 . </P> <H3> Aftermath ( edit ) </H3> <H3> `` Prodigal '' ( edit ) </H3> Dick Grayson assuming the role of Batman during the `` Prodigal '' storyline from Batman # 513 ( Dec. 1994 ) , a homage to Dick 's first appearance as Robin in Detective Comics # 38 ( 1940 ) . Art by Mike Gustovich . <P> Bruce reaffirms his partnership with Tim , resolving the tension caused by Bruce 's unwillingness to accept help during the Arkham prison break . Bruce passes the mantle of Batman to Grayson so he can re-evaluate what it will take to restore his aura of invincibility . This begins the Prodigal storyline , a reference to Dick Grayson essentially being Bruce 's prodigal son ; Bruce had adopted Dick after his parents were murdered . </P> <P> Because of the events of the entire arc , considerable time passes before Commissioner Gordon restores his trust in the idea of a Batman working for good . Gordon can tell that he is not looking at the original Batman ( based on Jean - Paul 's costume and Dick 's height , and the fact that Jean - Paul was more than ready to kill people ) , and he refuses to place blind trust in a costume after spending so long learning to trust the man . `` Prodigal '' was utilized as a way of tying up the numerous loose ends that `` Knightfall '' left , with Killer Croc , the Ventriloquist , the Ratcatcher and Two - Face , along with many other , less notorious escaped inmates being returned to prison . In doing so , Dick avenges his worst mistake from his days as Robin , when a mistake in a confrontation with Two - Face caused a man to die and nearly killed Bruce . He also comes to appreciate the incredible physical and mental burden Bruce places on himself in donning the Batsuit . During the story , a firm bond arises between Dick and Tim as they share Wayne Manor together in Bruce 's and Alfred 's absence . </P> <P> It is revealed later in `` No Man 's Land '' that Bruce also used this time to set up contingency bases throughout Gotham . </P> <H3> `` Troika '' ( edit ) </H3> Batman 's costume 's debut during `` Troika . '' <P> When Bruce finally returns for good , he wears a sturdier , all - black Batsuit made of Kevlar ( inspired by the costume of the Tim Burton Batman films ) , and drives a new , state - of - the - art Batmobile . He fights former Soviet agents Colonel Vega ( who teamed with Asp in `` Knightquest : The Search '' ) , KGBeast , and Dark Rider , in order to foil a plot to nuke Gotham City with a device the size and shape of a baseball . ( Troika is the Russian word for `` trio '' . ) The saga also shows how Batman makes changes to his life as Bruce Wayne , his relationships with his `` family '' , plans to live without Alfred , and copes with the decision of making Jean - Paul his replacement . </P> <H3> Nightwing : Alfred 's return ( edit ) </H3> <P> A one - shot that features the return of Alfred after his resignation during `` KnightQuest : The Search '' . It has Nightwing going to England in order to track Alfred down . </P> <H3> Azrael ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Azrael ( comic book ) <P> A new series following Jean - Paul Valley was begun in April 1995 , titled Azrael . In it , he is found on the street by Bruce Wayne , and given money to leave Gotham to travel the world and find his purpose as had Bruce . His journeys take him to Europe , where he uncovers conspiracies within the Sacred Order of Saint Dumas which had brainwashed him . Later , he returns to Gotham City to aid Batman , and the series was retitled Azrael : Agent of the Bat at issue 47 . The series ended after one hundred issues , with Valley 's apparent death . Each issue was written by Dennis O'Neil . Azrael 's demise occurred at the same time as the Batman : Hush storyline , which focused on how Bruce Wayne as Batman interacted with his various friends , allies , loved ones , and enemies ; oddly enough though , Jean - Paul Valley was neither mentioned , alluded to , or appeared during this time . </P> <H3> `` Batman : Legacy '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> This crossover event involves a rematch between Batman and Bane , who is now allied with Ra 's al Ghul . It is followed by the one - shot graphic novel Batman : Bane . </P> <H3> `` Bough breaks '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> Batman Annual # 22 featured the return of Arnold Etchison ( Abbatoir ) 's spirit , wishing to take revenge on Batman ( specifically , Azrael - Batman ) for his death . Now calling himself Etkar , he possesses Azrael 's former Batsuit and returns to the site of his own death , with a hostage . </P> <H3> `` Angel and the Bane '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Azrael issues # 36 - 40 , a final thread of the `` Knightfall '' plot is resolved in the four - part storyline `` Angel and the Bane '' and its following issue , `` Hour of the Quake '' . </P> <P> After the events of Batman : Bane , Azrael is tasked by Batman to track down the recently resurfaced Bane . After meeting , the two men struggle , and Bane gets the upper hand with the aid of a small band of Santa Priscan soldiers and his old henchman Bird . He restrains Azrael and injects him with Venom , with the plan of using him as a super soldier to take over Santa Prisca . Azrael is able to resist addiction to the drug and eventually conquers Bane and flies him back to Gotham City . They arrive just as the massive earthquake occurs . Bane attempts escape but is unable ; as a last - ditch effort he unsuccessfully tries to convince Azrael to form a partnership . Instead , Azrael reaffirms his dedication to Bruce Wayne . </P> <P> The cover of issue 37 depicts Bane breaking Azrael over his knee in a recreation of the famous cover of Batman # 497 , `` Knightfall '' part 11 . </P> <H2> Reading order and release dates ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each story arc of the `` Knightfall '' saga ran across a number of Gotham City - related comics . This created a fairly complex reading order , which is summarized below . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Knightfall </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Knightquest </Th> <Th> KnightsEnd </Th> <Th> Aftermath </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Broken Bat '' ( Apr - Late July 1993 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Crusade '' ( Oct 1993 - June 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Search '' ( Oct 1993 - June 1994 ) </Td> <Td> ( July - Aug 1994 ) </Td> <Td> ( Nov 1994 - Feb 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batman # 491 </Li> <Li> 1 : Batman # 492 </Li> <Li> 2 : Detective Comics # 659 </Li> <Li> 3 : Batman # 493 </Li> <Li> 4 : Detective Comics # 660 </Li> <Li> 5 : Batman # 494 </Li> <Li> 6 : Detective Comics # 661 </Li> <Li> 7 : Batman # 495 </Li> <Li> 8 : Detective Comics # 662 </Li> <Li> 9 : Batman # 496 </Li> <Li> 10 : Detective Comics # 663 </Li> <Li> 11 : Batman # 497 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Detective Comics # 667 - 668 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 19 - 20 </Li> <Li> Batman # 501 - 502 </Li> <Li> Detective Comics # 669 - 670 </Li> <Li> Catwoman # 6 </Li> <Li> Batman # 503 - 504 </Li> <Li> Catwoman # 7 </Li> <Li> Detective Comics # 671 - 673 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 24 </Li> <Li> Batman # 505 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 25 </Li> <Li> Batman # 506 - 507 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 26 - 27 </Li> <Li> Detective Comics # 674 </Li> <Li> Batman # 508 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 28 </Li> <Li> Detective Comics # 675 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Justice League Task Force # 5 - 6 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 21 - 23 </Li> <Li> Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 59 - 61 </Li> <Li> Robin # 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 : Batman # 509 </Li> <Li> 2 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 29 </Li> <Li> 3 : Detective Comics # 676 </Li> <Li> 4 : Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 62 </Li> <Li> 5 : Robin # 8 </Li> <Li> 6 : Catwoman # 12 </Li> <Li> 7 : Batman # 510 </Li> <Li> 8 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 30 </Li> <Li> 9 : Detective Comics # 677 </Li> <Li> 10 : Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 63 </Li> <Li> Aftermath : Robin # 9 </Li> <Li> Aftermath : Catwoman # 13 </Li> <Li> Showcase ' 94 # 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Prodigal '' ( Nov 1994 - Jan 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 : Batman # 512 </Li> <Li> 2 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 32 </Li> <Li> 3 : Detective Comics # 679 </Li> <Li> 4 : Robin # 11 </Li> <Li> 5 : Batman # 513 </Li> <Li> 6 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 33 </Li> <Li> 7 : Detective Comics # 680 </Li> <Li> 8 : Robin # 12 </Li> <Li> 9 : Batman # 514 </Li> <Li> 10 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 34 </Li> <Li> 11 : Detective Comics # 681 </Li> <Li> 12 : Robin # 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Who Rules the Night '' ( Late July - Oct 1993 ) </Td> <Td> `` Troika '' ( Feb 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 : Detective Comics # 664 </Li> <Li> 13 : Showcase ' 93 # 7 </Li> <Li> 14 : Showcase ' 93 # 8 </Li> <Li> 15 : Batman # 498 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 - 18 </Li> <Li> 16 : Detective Comics # 665 </Li> <Li> 17 : Batman # 499 </Li> <Li> 18 : Detective Comics # 666 </Li> <Li> 19 : Batman # 500 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batman # 515 </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 35 </Li> <Li> Detective Comics # 682 </Li> <Li> Robin # 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The following annuals , special issues and guest appearances take place during `` Knightquest '' with Jean - Paul Valley as Batman , but are not vital to the plot : <Ul> <Li> Batman Annual # 17 </Li> <Li> Detective Comics Annual # 6 </Li> <Li> Showcase ' 93 # 10 </Li> <Li> Superman vol. 2 # 83 </Li> <Li> Chain Gang War # 6 - 7 , # 10 - 12 </Li> <Li> Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight Annual # 3 </Li> <Li> Catwoman # 5 </Li> <Li> Showcase ' 94 # 5 - 7 </Li> <Li> Robin # 1 </Li> <Li> Outsiders # 7 - 9 </Li> <Li> Bloodlines : Bloodbath # 1 - 2 </Li> <Li> Batman / Punisher : Lake of Fire ( this has a direct sequel , Punisher / Batman : Deadly Knights , which takes place during `` KnightsEnd '' and features Bruce Wayne as Batman ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Turning Points # 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> During his incapacitation , Bruce Wayne appears in : <Ul> <Li> Justice League Task Force # 4 </Li> <Li> Catwoman # 4 </Li> <Li> Batman # 506 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bane and his henchmen appear in Catwoman # 1 - 4 , in the lead - up to and aftermath of his defeat by the new Batman . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Influence and Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> DC Comics published `` Knightfall '' around the same time as `` The Death of Superman '' storyline . `` Knightfall '' started almost immediately after the `` Funeral For a Friend '' storyline in the Superman books . During the breakout at Arkham Asylum , Batman and Robin both wear a black arm band with the S - shield engraved on it . The two stories involved DC Comics 's most prominent characters . Similar stories followed for Green Lantern , Wonder Woman , Aquaman , and Green Arrow , with Green Lantern Hal Jordan being driven insane and replaced with Kyle Rayner , a new Wonder Woman being appointed by Hippolyta , Aquaman losing his hand , and Green Arrow dying in a plane crash as his long - lost son took over the role . </P> <P> In the opening of the novelisation , KnightFall , Dennis O'Neil stated that part of the reason `` Knightfall '' was written was due to the recent popularity of more `` ruthless '' heroes such as the Terminator and James Bond in films , as editors were starting to wonder if readers would prefer a Batman who was willing to kill his opponents . </P> <P> During DC vs. Marvel , Bane attempts to break Captain America 's back in a fight in a similar maneuver , but is caught off - guard when Captain America 's shield returns to its owner to strike Bane in the back of the head and knock him out . </P> <P> In the climax to Year One of Injustice : Gods Among Us , Superman confronts Batman in the Batcave as Batman is downloading the formula to a pill that can grant the user superhuman strength and durability , stolen from the Fortress of Solitude . While Superman does not want to kill Batman , he chooses to paralyze him by breaking his back in a similar fashion to Bane ( albeit by standing on Batman 's back instead of slamming him over his knee as Bane did ) . This puts Batman out of commission for much of Year Two as he heals . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> IGN Comics # 15 ranked Batman : Knightfall Part One - Broken Bat on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels , saying : `` What makes ' Knightfall , Part One ' so memorable is not the actually snapping of Batman 's back . It 's the quick fall into despair that proves most shocking . The ending is a foregone conclusion as Batman is worn down both physically and mentally . The Batman 's spirit is broken before his vertebrae and that 's a feat you 'll never see accomplished anywhere else . '' </P> <H2> Continuity ( edit ) </H2> <P> The bulk of the events in the Knightfall saga are estimated to take place in the tenth or eleventh year of Batman 's career by most reckonings , including official DC timelines . It begins within a few months of Tim Drake assuming the role of the third Robin . Dick Grayson 's wedding to Starfire occurs very shortly after Bruce Wayne 's injury . It is an election year , and Armand Krol is campaigning for re-election as mayor both before and after the story arc . </P> <P> The initial scenes of the prelude mini-series Batman : Sword of Azrael # 1 - 4 take place during the Gotham City `` Founders Day '' parade . </P> <P> A meeting between Selina Kyle and Bruce Wayne on his airplane is explicitly described as the first Post-Crisis out - of - costume interaction between the two . </P> <P> As the contemporary Batmobile was destroyed in `` KnightsEnd '' , the original Batmobile ( with the large hood ornament ) was used by Batman and Robin for several issues following . `` Knightquest '' also introduces Batman 's rocket railcar linking the Batcave to the Gotham subway system ; it was designed and completed by Harold Allnut after his discovery of the cavern passages in Detective Comics # 650 ( `` The Dragon '' ) . </P> <P> In `` KnightsEnd '' , Jean - Paul Valley references his defeat of Marvel Comics ' Jigsaw during the crossover issue Batman / Punisher : Lake of Fire . This is a very rare mention of a character from another company in a non-intercompany capacity , made possible by the insanity of Jean - Paul . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Novels ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dennis O'Neil adapted the entire storyline trilogy into a 1994 novel which was released by Warner Books in hardcover form and then in mass paperback later on ( Hardcover ISBN 0 - 553 - 09673 - 7 , Paperback ISBN 0 - 553 - 57260 - 1 ) . A young adults book version was also released , this one written by Alan Grant and titled Batman : Knightfall and Beyond ( ISBN 0 - 553 - 48187 - 8 ) . </P> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Flash alluded to Knightfall in the episode `` Enter Zoom . '' The Flash 's enemy Zoom overpowers Barry in their battle and breaks his back . He then goes to Central City News and the police department holding Barry 's broken body while taunting Central City of his victory similar to what Bane did to Batman . After Zoom escapes , Barry 's accelerated healing allows him to heal from his damaged back , although he takes some time to recover from the psychological effects of the beating . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Animation ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The character Bane was quickly added to the roster of villains in Batman : The Animated Series . He appeared in the episode `` Bane '' as an assassin rather than the mastermind as he was in the comics . He was hired by the mobster Rupert Thorne to eliminate Batman , and in turn by Thorne 's moll to eliminate Thorne afterwards . Bane eventually fought Batman on board a boat ( where Robin had been kidnapped and tied up ) , but before he could break his back as he did in the comics , Batman thrusts a crumpled batarang into the controls that inject Bane with Venom . This action caused a rapid and uncontrollable feed into Bane 's body before Batman pulls out the tube , stopping a fatal overdose of the drug . </Li> <Li> The Knightfall saga was loosely adapted in The Batman episode Traction . In this version , Bane lures the Batman into a trap . Batman overpowers Bane in his normal form , but when Bane unleashed his more bestial side , he severely injures Batman and breaks his back off screen . Believing him to be dead , Bane attempts to take over Gotham City . Three weeks after crippling Batman , Bane goes on a rampage through Gotham and knocks out Detective Ellen Yin . As he prepares to kill her , Batman interferes wearing a new mechanical Batsuit and battles Bane . As Bane attempts to unmask Batman and kill him , Batman uses an electrical wire and knocks out Bane with it . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In Justice League : Doom , Bane makes reference to the storyline when he confronts Bruce Wayne above his parents ' empty graves , stating : `` When we fought before , I broke the bat . Today ... I break the man . '' </Li> <Li> The Dark Knight Rises is partially based on the `` Knightfall '' story arc . In it , Alfred resigns as Bruce 's butler , Bane releases hundreds of criminals ; and when Bane and Batman first meet , Bane brutally defeats and cripples him by striking Batman 's back with his knee , mirroring the events of the Knightfall saga . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Video Games ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The video game adaptation of Batman Forever pays homage to the initial confrontation between Batman and Bane . During the final boss battle , The Riddler initially appears wearing a hulking suit of armor ( based upon the costume worn during the film 's climax ) which gives his physique a muscular appearance akin to that of Bane 's . As such , Riddler will attack the player with an identical back breaker move to the one seen in Knightfall . However , once the player manages to diminish his health bar , The Riddler 's true feeble form will appear , allowing the player to eliminate him with ease . </Li> <Li> In the video game Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu Bane breaks into the batcave to challenge Batman . During this fight , if the player is caught by Bane he executes the infamous back breaker . </Li> <Li> The famous back - breaking scene was referenced in Batman : Arkham Asylum , where if the player loses the fight with Bane , one of the death scenes shows Bane breaking Batman over his knee . Another reference is where Batman threatens , `` No , Bane . This time , I break you ! '' before knocking Bane down with the Batmobile . </Li> <Li> In Lego Batman : The Videogame for the Xbox 360 , the achievement Atomic Backbreaker is acquired by using Bane to give Batman the famous back - breaker . </Li> <Li> An alternate skin for Bane inspired by `` Knightfall '' can be unlocked in Injustice : Gods Among Us by rating the mobile app version . Also , Bane 's super move is known as `` Break the Bat '' , which involves striking his opponent 's back over his knee . </Li> <Li> In the video game , Batman : Arkham Origins , exclusive DLC for the PlayStation 3 includes a Batman skin based on the `` Knightfall '' storyline . It also includes a selection of challenge maps featuring characters and enemies from the storyline . Bane makes reference to `` breaking the bat '' on a few occasions and in multiplayer , Bane can perform the backbreaker to instantly kill Batman or Robin . </Li> <Li> In Batman : Arkham Knight , Azrael appears in a sidequest in which he expresses his interest in becoming Batman 's successor ( though this is the Michael Lane version ) , referencing Azrael replacing Batman in the Knightfall storyline . In the game 's ending , Batman activates the Knightfall protocol after Scarecrow reveals to the world he 's Bruce Wayne . He is supposedly killed when he arrives home and Wayne Manor explodes ( though a likely scenario is that he faked his death ) and a new Batman emerged protecting Gotham 's streets afterwards . Whether this is Bruce or a successor is never shown . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Batman : Knightfall </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Studio album ( radio broadcast ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> Disc 1 : ~ 80 min Disc 2 : ~ 60 min Disc 3 : ~ 80 min </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> BBC Audio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Dirk Maggs </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1994 , BBC Radio 1 broadcast a radio - play adaptation , later also released on audio - tape ( ISBN 0 - 563 - 39520 - 6 ) and CD by BBC Audiobooks on March 5 , 2007 . It was adapted , produced and directed by Dirk Maggs , with music composed by Mark Russell , who had recently made Superman : Doomsday & Beyond on BBC Radio 5 . This show , however was not commissioned of its own , but rather to be three - minute episodes on the Mark Goodier Show . This meant it was written with a sense of immediacy ; having to make an instant effect and each three - minute segment contains a major plot development or sound effect stunt and end on a cliffhanger . DC acknowledged the effort in an issue Shadow of The Bat by having villains jump past a sign that read Dirk Maggs Radio . The radio - play itself contained similar minor allusions to Batman - the host of a TV show called Chuck Dixon and Dennis O'Neil an author of a book . </P> <P> `` Knightfall '' was a sequel to Batman : The Lazarus Syndrome also produced for BBC radio by Dirk Maggs . </P> <P> Its performers are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bob Sessions as Batman </Li> <Li> Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth </Li> <Li> Daniel Marinker as Robin </Li> <Li> Peter Marinker as Bane , Jack Drake </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale as Jean Paul Valley , The Joker , The Cavalier , Thomas Wayne </Li> <Li> William Roberts as Commissioner James Gordon , Amygdala , Carlton LeHa , Tough Tony </Li> <Li> Lorelei King as Renee Montoya , Leslie Thompkins , Lady Shiva , Young Bruce , Martha Wayne , Sarah Essen </Li> <Li> Eric Meyers as Harvey Bullock , Colonel Vega , Batcave Computer , Joe Chill , Bird , Jeremiah Arkham , Firefly , Nomoz </Li> <Li> Michael Roberts as The Ventriloquist , Film Freak , Simpson Flanders , Benedict Asp , Hood </Li> <Li> Alibe Parsons as Shondra Kinsolving </Li> <Li> James Goode as Nightwing , The Scarecrow </Li> <Li> Stuart Milligan as Riddler , Maxie Zeus </Li> <Li> Chris Emmett as Mad Hatter </Li> <Li> Vincent Marzello as Armand Krol , Abattoir , Mr. Zsasz </Li> </Ul> <H3> Action figures ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1994 , Kenner released the Legends of Batman action figure collection . This revolved primarily around Elseworlds stories and the modern `` Knightfall '' era ; although it strangely did not include a Bane figure . The collection lasted two series and corresponded with the Superman : Man of Steel figure line based on `` The Death of Superman '' . </P> <P> In 2006 , DC Direct released a series of figures specifically based on the `` Knightfall '' saga . This included Jean Paul Valley as Batman , Nightwing , Bane , Catwoman , and the unique `` Mask of Tengu '' Batman figure . </P> <H2> Collected editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Part of the storyline has been collected into a few trade paperbacks . Earlier printings of the `` Knightfall '' books had covers by Kelley Jones were under the `` Knightfall '' name and book three was under the `` Knightsend '' name ( with this volume featuring a new cover by Graham Nolan and Brian Stelfreeze ) . These earlier editions also featured the original cover art / DC Comics monthly ads of the storyline as the chapter headings . The later printings of these three books do not have these cover / ads and solely title the three books under the `` Knightfall '' name with a similar cover dressing design . These new editions have covers by Mike Deodato . </P> <Ul> <Li> Batman : Knightfall , Part One : Broken Bat ( collects Batman vol. 1 # 491 -- 497 and Detective Comics vol. 1 # 659 -- 663 , 272 pages , paperback , September 1993 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 142 - 5 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Knightfall , Part Two : Who Rules the Night ( collects Batman vol. 1 # 498 -- 500 , Detective Comics vol. 1 # 664 -- 666 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 -- 18 , and stories from Showcase ' 93 # 7 -- 8 ; 288 pages , paperback , 1993 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 148 - 4 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Knightfall , Part Three : KnightsEnd ( collects Batman vol. 1 # 509 -- 510 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 29 -- 30 , Detective Comics vol. 1 # 676 -- 677 , Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 62 -- 63 , and Catwoman vol. 2 # 12 ; 304 pages , paperback , June 1995 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 191 - 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Parts of the Aftermath storyline had been collected in a trade paperback : </P> <Ul> <Li> Batman : Prodigal ( collects Batman vol. 1 # 512 -- 514 , Detective Comics vol. 1 # 679 -- 681 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 32 -- 34 , and Robin vol. 4 # 11 -- 13 ; 271 pages , paperback , January 1998 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 334 - 7 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2012 new editions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Accompanying the release of the movie The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 , DC Comics released a new edition of trade paperbacks collecting the Knightfall storyline . While the 1993 editions omitted the complete Knightsquest story arc , the 2012 editions re-release `` The Crusade '' part of this arc in volume 2 , leaving `` The Search '' part still uncollected . In addition , Bane 's back story from the one - shot publication Vengeance of Bane is included in the first volume , providing a proper introduction of the character , and volume 3 sees the `` KnightsEnd '' and `` Prodigal '' arcs released in a single volume . </P> <Ul> <Li> Batman : Knightfall , Vol. 1 ( includes all the material collected in 1993s Batman : Knightfall , Part One : Broken Bat and Batman : Knightfall , Part Two : Who Rules the Night with the addition of Vengeance of Bane , 640 pages , paperback 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401233792 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Knightfall , Vol. 2 : Knightquest ( includes Detective Comics vol. 1 # 667 - 675 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 19 - 20 , 24 - 28 , Batman vol. 1 # 501 - 508 , Catwoman vol. 2 # 6 - 7 and Robin vol. 4 # 7 , 656 pages , paperback 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401235369 ) </Li> <Li> Batman : Knightfall , Vol. 3 : KnightsEnd ( includes all material collected in 1993s Batman : Knightfall , Part Three : KnightsEnd and 1998s Batman : Prodigal , 652 pages , ISBN 978 - 1401237219 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2017 - 2018 omnibus editions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Batman : Knightfall Omnibus Vol. 1 ( ISBN 978 - 1401270421 ) was released in April 2017 in hardcover format , featuring a new cover by artist Kelley Jones . At 960 pages , this edition contains the entire contents of the 2012 edition of Batman : Knightfall , Vol. 1 , and in addition also contains several never before re-printed prelude issues to Knightfall . These extra issues include Batman # 484 - 490 and Detective Comics # 654 - 658 . Other new features in this edition include a two - page intro written by Doug Moench , a two - page afterword written by Chuck Dixon , a short story from Batman Villains : Secret Files and Origins ( 1998 ) titled `` Lost Pages : How Bane Infiltrated Wayne Manor '' , and other various concept art and covers . </P> <P> Batman : Knightfall Omnibus Vol. 2 : Knightquest ( ISBN 978 - 1401274368 ) was released in hardcover in October 2017 . This edition includes `` The Crusade '' , which was included in the 2012 edition Batman : Knightfall , Vol. 2 : Knightquest , as well as `` The Search '' , which had never before been reprinted . </P> <P> Batman : Knightfall Omnibus Vol. 3 - KnightsEnd ( ISBN 978 - 1401278496 ) is expected to be released in May 2018 in hardcover . </P> <P> Batman : Prelude to Knightfall ( ISBN 978 - 1401284220 ) is expected to be released in September 2018 in paperback . It will contain BATMAN : VENGEANCE OF BANE # 1 , BATMAN # 484 - 491 and DETECTIVE COMICS # 654 - 658 . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ On the comic book covers , only the third part had its title written in CamelCase . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Batman # 491 was the final prelude issue and therefore not an official part of Knightfall . However , this issue was included in the original trade paperback edition `` Broken Bat '' , as well as the 2012 and 2017 re-printings . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Detective Comics # 670 was mislabeled on its cover as `` The Search '' . It is in fact part of `` The Crusade '' . This was confirmed in the letters page in Detective Comics # 674 . Per editor Scott Peterson , `` we printed the wrong story title on the cover of DETECTIVE # 670 ( it said `` The Search '' when it should have said `` The Crusade '' ) , and are extremely embarrassed . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catwoman # 6 was mis - labeled on its cover as `` The Search '' . It is in fact part of `` The Crusade '' . This was confirmed in the letters page in Catwoman # 10 . Per assistant editor Jordan Gorfinkel , `` The banner identifying CATWOMAN # 6 as `` Knightquest : The Search '' was our mistake . The banner should have read `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' , as it did on the cover of CATWOMAN # 7 . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : These issues were not included in the 2012 Knightquest trade paperback , but they are included in the 2017 omnibus edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 - 18 is a non-numbered tie - in story to Knightfall . In both the original trade paperback release as well as the 2012 reissue edition , this story was incorrectly placed between Detective Comics # 665 ( part 16 ) and Batman # 499 ( part 17 ) . This created a problem with the flow of the story , as Knightfall part 16 flows directly into part 17 . In the 2017 omnibus edition of Knightfall , the Batman : Shadow of the Bat story is correctly placed after Batman # 498 ( part 15 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bat Signal : Peter Milligan '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` An interview with Dennis O ' Neil '' . Knightfallsaga.angelfire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wizard : The Guide to Comics # 35 - publication date July 1994 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Beatty , Scott ( 2008 ) , `` Batman '' , in Dougall , Alastair , The DC Comics Encyclopedia , London : Dorling Kindersley , pp. 40 -- 44 , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ depicted in Batman : The Man Who Falls , et al . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Secret Wars on Infinite Earths : The Comic Book Fight Club '' . Secretearths.blogspot.com. 2006 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Batman Graphic Novels - IGN '' . Comics.ign.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Batman publications and storylines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batgirl </Li> <Li> Batman </Li> <Li> Batman Beyond </Li> <Li> Batwoman </Li> <Li> Detective Comics </Li> <Li> Nightwing </Li> <Li> Harley Quinn </Li> <Li> Red Hood and the Outlaws </Li> <Li> Batgirl and the Birds of Prey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Completed ongoing series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Azrael </Li> <Li> Batman : Arkham Unhinged </Li> <Li> Batman : The Dark Knight </Li> <Li> Batman : Gotham Knights </Li> <Li> Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight </Li> <Li> Batman : Shadow of the Bat </Li> <Li> Batman : Streets of Gotham </Li> <Li> The Batman Adventures </Li> <Li> Batman and Robin </Li> <Li> Batman and The Outsiders </Li> <Li> The Batman Chronicles </Li> <Li> Batman Confidential </Li> <Li> Batman Family </Li> <Li> Batman Incorporated </Li> <Li> Batman / Superman </Li> <Li> Batwing </Li> <Li> Birds of Prey </Li> <Li> The Brave and the Bold </Li> <Li> Gotham Academy </Li> <Li> Gotham by Midnight </Li> <Li> Gotham Central </Li> <Li> Gotham City Sirens </Li> <Li> The Huntress </Li> <Li> The Joker </Li> <Li> Man - Bat </Li> <Li> Red Hood / Arsenal </Li> <Li> Red Robin </Li> <Li> Robin </Li> <Li> Robin : Son of Batman </Li> <Li> Superman / Batman </Li> <Li> We Are ... Robin </Li> <Li> World 's Finest Comics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Completed limited series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anarky </Li> <Li> Batgirl : Year One </Li> <Li> Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity </Li> <Li> Batman : Arkham City </Li> <Li> Batman : Battle for the Cowl </Li> <Li> Batman : Cacophony </Li> <Li> Batman : The Cult </Li> <Li> Bat - Mite </Li> <Li> The Dark Knight Returns </Li> <Li> The Dark Knight Strikes Again </Li> <Li> The Dark Knight III : The Master Race </Li> <Li> Batman : Dark Victory </Li> <Li> Batman Eternal </Li> <Li> Batman : Gates of Gotham </Li> <Li> Batman : GCPD </Li> <Li> Batman : Gotham County Line </Li> <Li> Batman : The Long Halloween </Li> <Li> Batman : Nosferatu </Li> <Li> Batman : Orpheus Rising </Li> <Li> Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Batman : Turning Points </Li> <Li> Batman : The Widening Gyre </Li> <Li> Batman : Year 100 </Li> <Li> Batman and the Mad Monk </Li> <Li> Batman and the Monster Men </Li> <Li> Batman and Robin Eternal </Li> <Li> Batman Black and White </Li> <Li> First Wave </Li> <Li> Gotham Underground </Li> <Li> Man - Bat </Li> <Li> Robin : Year One </Li> <Li> Section 8 </Li> <Li> Superman & Batman : Generations </Li> <Li> Trinity </Li> <Li> The Untold Legend of the Batman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> One - shots </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth </Li> <Li> The 12 Cent Adventure </Li> <Li> Castle of the Bat </Li> <Li> Dark Knight Dynasty </Li> <Li> Dark Night : A True Batman Story </Li> <Li> Digital Justice </Li> <Li> Earth One </Li> <Li> Holy Terror </Li> <Li> In Darkest Knight </Li> <Li> The Killing Joke </Li> <Li> Knight Gallery </Li> <Li> Death of Innocents </Li> <Li> The Man Who Laughs </Li> <Li> Nine Lives </Li> <Li> Noël </Li> <Li> Son of the Demon </Li> <Li> Two Faces </Li> <Li> Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop </Li> <Li> The Batman Adventures : Mad Love </Li> <Li> Batman & Dracula trilogy </Li> <Li> Leatherwing </Li> <Li> The Berlin Batman </Li> <Li> Gotham by Gaslight </Li> <Li> Joker </Li> <Li> Batman : Thrillkiller </Li> <Li> Batman : Gotham Noir </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storylines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' </Li> <Li> `` Dark Moon Rising '' </Li> <Li> `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Joker 's Millions '' </Li> <Li> `` Year One '' </Li> <Li> `` Year Two '' </Li> <Li> `` A Death in the Family '' </Li> <Li> `` Year Three '' </Li> <Li> `` The Man Who Falls '' </Li> <Li> `` Anarky in Gotham City '' </Li> <Li> `` Gothic '' </Li> <Li> `` The Return of the Joker '' </Li> <Li> `` Prey '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Arkham '' </Li> <Li> `` Knightfall '' </Li> <Li> `` Contagion '' </Li> <Li> `` Legacy '' </Li> <Li> `` Cataclysm '' </Li> <Li> `` No Man 's Land '' </Li> <Li> `` Joker : Last Laugh '' </Li> <Li> `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' </Li> <Li> `` Hush '' </Li> <Li> `` Broken City '' </Li> <Li> `` War Games '' </Li> <Li> `` City of Crime '' </Li> <Li> `` Under the Hood '' </Li> <Li> `` War Crimes '' </Li> <Li> `` Face the Face '' </Li> <Li> `` Batman and Son '' </Li> <Li> `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' </Li> <Li> `` Batman R.I.P. '' </Li> <Li> `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Batwoman : Elegy '' </Li> <Li> `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Night of the Owls '' </Li> <Li> `` Death of the Family '' </Li> <Li> `` Zero Year '' </Li> <Li> `` Endgame '' </Li> <Li> `` Robin War '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inter-company crossovers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batman / Aliens </Li> <Li> Batman / Hellboy / Starman </Li> <Li> Batman / Daredevil : King of New York </Li> <Li> Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham </Li> <Li> Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning </Li> <Li> Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman </Li> <Li> Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles </Li> <Li> Batman / The Spirit </Li> <Li> Batman versus Predator </Li> <Li> Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye </Li> <Li> Spawn / Batman </Li> <Li> Batman - Spawn : War Devil </Li> <Li> Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator </Li> <Li> Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Incomplete </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder </Li> <Li> Batman : The Dark Prince Charming </Li> <Li> Batman : White Knight </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batman : Anarky </Li> <Li> Batman : Child of Dreams </Li> <Li> Batman : Haunted Knight </Li> <Li> The Batman Chronicles </Li> <Li> Batman Legends </Li> <Li> Elseworlds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman:_Knightfall&oldid=836456522 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Batman storylines </Li> <Li> 1993 in comics </Li> <Li> Crossover comics </Li> <Li> 1994 novels </Li> <Li> 1994 audio plays </Li> <Li> Comics adapted into radio series </Li> <Li> British radio dramas </Li> <Li> Batman radio series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Comics infobox image less alt text </Li> <Li> Story arc pop </Li> <Li> Duration without hAudio microformat </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 22 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who took over for batman when his back was broken

United Kingdom corporation tax - wikipedia <H1> United Kingdom corporation tax </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Dl> <Dd> Throughout this article , the unqualified term `` pound '' and the £ symbol refer to the Pound sterling . </Dd> </Dl> UK Corporation Tax Receipts from 1999 - 2016 , both in absolute terms and as % of GDP . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Taxation in the United Kingdom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Government Departments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> HM Treasury </Li> <Li> HM Revenue and Customs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VAT </Li> <Li> Income tax </Li> <Li> National Insurance </Li> <Li> Corporation tax </Li> <Li> Capital gains tax </Li> <Li> Motoring taxes </Li> <Li> Inheritance tax </Li> <Li> Stamp duty </Li> <Li> Insurance Premium Tax </Li> <Li> Air Passenger Duty </Li> <Li> PAYE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scottish Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Revenue Scotland </Li> <Li> Scottish income tax </Li> <Li> Land and Buildings Transaction Tax </Li> <Li> Scottish Landfill Tax </Li> <Li> Air Departure Tax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Welsh Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Welsh Revenue Authority </Li> <Li> Land Transaction Tax </Li> <Li> Landfill Disposals Tax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Local Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Council Tax </Li> <Li> Domestic rates in Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Business rates in England </Li> <Li> Business rates in Wales </Li> <Li> Business rates in Scotland </Li> <Li> Business rates in Northern Ireland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the United Kingdom , corporation tax is a corporate tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by UK - resident companies and on the profits of entities registered overseas with permanent establishments in the UK . </P> <P> Until 1 April 1965 , companies were taxed at the same income tax rates as individual taxpayers , with an additional profits tax levied on companies . Finance Act 1965 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax , which took its basic structure and rules from the income tax system . Since 1997 , the UK 's Tax Law Rewrite Project has been modernising the UK 's tax legislation , starting with income tax , while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended , the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged . Corporation tax was governed by the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 ( as amended ) prior to the rewrite project . </P> <P> Originally introduced as a classical tax system , in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies ' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received , the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation system in 1973 , under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend . The classical system was reintroduced in 1999 , with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits . Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three . Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main corporate tax rate from 28 % in 2008 - 2010 to a flat rate of 20 % as of April 2015 . </P> <P> The UK government faced problems with its corporate tax structure , including European Court of Justice judgements that aspects of it are incompatible with EU treaties . Tax avoidance schemes marketed by the financial sector have also proven an irritant , and been countered by complicated anti-avoidance legislation . </P> <P> The complexity of the corporation tax system is a recognised issue . The Labour government , supported by the Opposition parties , carried through wide - scale reform from the Tax Law Rewrite project , resulting in the Corporation Tax Act 2010 . The tax has slowly been integrating generally accepted accounting practice , with the corporation tax system in various specific areas based directly on the accounting treatment . </P> <P> Total net corporation tax receipts in 2014 - 15 were £ 43.0 billion , which was an increase of 7 % from £ 40.3 billion in 2013 - 14 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Finance Act 1965 </Li> <Li> 1.2 Advance Corporation Tax <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Abolition of Advance Corporation Tax </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Rates </Li> <Li> 1.4 Historic tax revenues </Li> <Li> 1.5 Taxable profits and accounting profits <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 International Financial Reporting Standards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.6 Avoidance </Li> <Li> 1.7 Need for greater revenues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Method of charge <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Assessment </Li> <Li> 2.2 Schedular system <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Relief for expenses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Rates and payment </Li> <Li> 2.4 HM Revenue and Customs powers of enquiry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Relief from double taxation </Li> <Li> 4 Loss relief <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Group relief </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Example computation </Li> <Li> 6 Interaction with European law </Li> <Li> 7 Recent developments <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Corporation tax reform </Li> <Li> 7.2 Other enactments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Jim Callaghan , the Chancellor of the Exchequer who introduced corporation tax in 1965 . <P> Until 1965 , companies were subject to income tax on their profits at the same rates as was levied on individual taxpayers . A dividend imputation system existed , whereby the income tax paid by a company was offset against the income tax liability of a shareholder who received dividends from the company . The standard rate of income tax in 1949 was 50 % . If the company paid a £ 100 dividend , the recipient would be treated as if he had earned £ 200 and had paid £ 100 in income tax on it -- the tax paid by the company fully covered the tax due from the individual on the dividend paid . If , however , the individual was subject to tax at a higher rate ( known as `` surtax '' ) , he ( not the company ) would be liable to pay the additional tax . </P> <P> In addition to income tax , companies were also subject to a profits tax , which was deducted from company profits when determining the income tax liability . It was a differential tax , with a higher tax rate on dividends ( profits distributed to shareholders ) than on profits retained within the company . By penalising the distribution of profits , it was hoped companies would retain profits for investment , which was considered a priority after the Second World War . The tax did not have the desired effect , so the distributed profits tax was increased by 20 % by the post-war Labour government to encourage companies to retain more of their profits . At the time of Hugh Gaitskell 's 1951 budget , the profits tax was 50 % for distributed profits and 10 % for undistributed profits . </P> <P> A series of reductions in the profits tax were brought in from 1951 onwards by the new Conservative government . The tax rates fell to 22.5 % on distributed profits and 2.5 % on undistributed profits by 1957 , but the profits tax was no longer income tax - deductible . Derick Heathcoat - Amory 's Budget of March 1958 replaced the differential profits tax with a single profits tax measure , applicable to both retained and distributed profits . This gradual decrease , and final abolition , of taxes on capital distributions reflected ideological differences between the Conservative and Labour parties : the Conservative approach was to distribute profits to capital holders for investment elsewhere , while Labour sought to force companies to retain profits for reinvestment in the company in the hope this would benefit the company 's workforce . </P> <H3> Finance Act 1965 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Finance Act 1965 replaced the system of income tax and profits tax from 1 April 1965 with the Corporation Tax , which re-introduced aspects of the old system . Corporation Tax was charged at a uniform rate on all profits , but additional tax was then payable if profits were distributed as a dividend to shareholders . In effect , dividends suffered double taxation . This method of corporation tax is known as the classical system and is similar to that used in the United States . The effect of the tax was to revert to the distribution tax in operation from 1949 to 1959 : dividend payments were subject to higher tax than profits retained within the company . </P> <P> Finance Act 1965 also introduced a capital gains tax , at a rate of 30 % , charged on the gains arising on the disposal of capital assets by individuals . While companies were exempted from capital gains tax , they were liable to corporation tax on their `` chargeable gains '' , which were calculated in substantially the same way as capital gains for individuals . The tax applied to company shares as well as other assets . Before 1965 , capital gains were not taxed , and it was advantageous for taxpayers to argue that a receipt was non-taxable `` capital '' rather than taxable `` revenue '' . </P> <H3> Advance corporation tax ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Advance corporation tax <P> The basic structure of the tax , where company profits were taxed as profits , and dividend payments were then taxed as income , remained unchanged until 1973 , when a partial imputation system was introduced for dividend payments . Unlike the previous imputation system , the tax credit to the shareholder was less than the corporation tax paid ( corporation tax was higher than the standard rate of income tax , but the imputation , or set - off , was only of standard rate tax ) . When companies made distributions , they also paid the advance corporation tax ( known as ACT ) , which could be set off against the main corporation tax charge , subject to certain limits ( the full amount of ACT paid could not be recovered if significantly large amounts of profits were distributed ) . Individuals and companies who received a dividend from a UK company received a tax credit representing the ACT paid . Individuals could set off the tax credit against their income tax liability . </P> <P> On introduction , ACT was set at 30 % of the gross dividend ( the actual amount paid plus the tax credit ) . If a company made a £ 70 dividend payment to an individual , the company would pay £ 30 of advance corporation tax . The shareholder would receive the £ 70 cash payment , plus a tax credit of £ 30 ; thus , the individual would be deemed to have earned £ 100 , and to have already paid tax of £ 30 on it . The ACT paid by the company would be deductible against its final `` mainstream '' corporation tax bill . To the extent that the individual 's tax on the dividend was less than the tax credit -- for example , if his income was too low to pay tax ( below £ 595 in 1973 -- 1974 ) -- he would be able to reclaim some or all of the £ 30 tax paid by the company . The set - off was only partial , since the company would pay 52 % tax ( small companies had lower rates , but still higher than the ACT rate ) , and thus the £ 70 received by the individual actually represented pre-tax profits of £ 145.83 . Accordingly , only part of the double taxation was relieved . </P> <P> ACT was not payable on dividends from one UK company to another ( unless the payor company elected to pay it ) . Also , the recipient company was not taxed on that dividend receipt , except for dealers in shares and life assurance companies in respect of some of their profits . As the payor company would have suffered tax on the payments it made , the company that received the dividend also received a credit that it could use to reduce the amount of ACT it itself paid , or , in certain cases , apply to have the tax credit repaid to them . </P> Gordon Brown , the Chancellor of the Exchequer who abolished ACT and introduced the quarterly instalment regime in 1999 . <P> The level of ACT was linked to the basic rate of income tax between 1973 and 1993 . The March 1993 Budget of Norman Lamont cut the ACT rate and tax credit to 22.5 % from April 1993 , and 20 % from April 1994 . These changes were accompanied with a cut of income tax on dividends to 20 % , while the basic rate of income tax remained at 25 % . Persons liable for tax were lightly affected by the change , because income tax liability was still balanced by the tax credit received , although higher rate tax payers paid an additional 25 % tax on the amount of the dividend actually received ( net ) , as against 20 % before the change . </P> <P> The change had bigger effects on pensions and non-taxpayers . A pension fund receiving a £ 1.2 m dividend income prior to the change would have been able to reclaim £ 400,000 in tax , giving a total income of £ 1.6 m . After the change , only £ 300,000 was reclaimable , reducing income to £ 1.5 m , a fall of 6.25 % . </P> <P> Gordon Brown 's summer Budget of 1997 ended the ability of pension funds and other tax - exempt companies to reclaim tax credits with immediate effect , and for individuals from April 1999 . This tax change has been blamed for the poor state of British pension provision , while usually ignoring the more significant effect of the dot - com shareprice crash of 2000 onwards when the FTSE - 100 lost half its value to fall from 6930 at the beginning of 2000 to just 3490 by March 2003 . Despite this , critics such as Member of Parliament Frank Field described it as a `` hammer blow '' and the Sunday Times described it as a swindle , with the hypothetical £ 1.5 m income described above falling to £ 1.2 m , a fall in income of 20 % , because no tax would be reclaimable . </P> Abolition of advance corporation tax ( edit ) <P> From 6 April 1999 ACT was abolished , and the tax credit on dividends was reduced to 10 % . There was a matching reduction in the basic income tax rate on dividends to 10 % , while a new higher - rate of 32.5 % was introduced which led to an overall effective 25 % tax rate for higher rate taxpayers on dividends ( after setting this `` notional '' tax credit against the tax liability ). While non-taxpayers were no longer able to claim this amount from the treasury ( as opposed to taxpayers who could deduct it from their tax bill ) , the 20 % ACT ( which would have previously been deducted from the dividend before payment ) was no longer levied . </P> <P> The abolition of ACT was actually one of the biggest tax grabs ever by a Chancellor , as pension companies could no longer recover the tax paid on dividends ( along with pensioners and other reliant on the income ) . This now costs over £ 10bn a year and was one of the factors that lead to the death of the final salary pension scheme . ( ref : http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/10798785/True-cost-of-Labours-pension-tax-raid-and-others-since-Seventies.html ) . It is one of the biggest tax grabs ever , sold as ' the abolition of a tax ' . </P> <P> ACT that had been incurred prior to 1999 could still be set off against a company 's tax liability , provided it would have been able to set it off under the old imputation system . In order to keep the stream of payments associated with advance corporation tax payment , ' large ' companies ( comprising the majority of corporation tax receipts ) were subjected to a quarterly instalments scheme for tax payment . </P> <H3> Rates ( edit ) </H3> <P> On its introduction in 1965 , corporation tax was charged at 40 % , rising to 45 % in the 1969 Budget . The rate then fell to 42.5 % in the second Budget of 1970 and 40 % in 1971 . In 1973 , alongside the introduction of advance corporation tax ( ACT ) , Conservative chancellor Anthony Barber created a main rate of 52 % , together with a smaller companies ' rate of 42 % . This apparent increase was negated by the fact that under the ACT scheme , dividends were no longer subject to income tax . </P> <P> The 1979 Conservative Budget of Geoffrey Howe cut the small companies ' rate to 40 % , followed by a further cut in the 1982 Budget to 38 % . The Budgets of 1983 -- 1988 saw sharp cuts in both main and small companies ' rates , falling to 35 % and 25 % respectively . Budgets between 1988 and 2001 brought further falls to a 30 % main rate and 19 % small companies ' rates . From April 1983 to March 1997 the small companies ' rate was pegged to the basic rate of income tax . During the 1980s there was briefly a higher rate of tax imposed for capital profits . </P> <P> Chancellor Gordon Brown 's 1999 Budget introduced a 10 % starting rate for profits from £ 0 to £ 10,000 , effective from April 2000 . Marginal relief applied meaning companies with profits of between £ 10,000 and £ 50,000 paid a rate between the starting rate and the small companies ' rate ( 19 % in 2000 ) . </P> <P> The 2002 Budget cut the starting rate to zero , with marginal relief applying in the same way . This caused a significant increase in the number of companies being incorporated , as businesses that had operated as self - employed , paying income tax on profits from just over £ 5,000 , were attracted to the corporation tax rate of 0 % on income up to £ 10,000 . Previously self - employed individuals could now distribute profits as dividend payments rather than salaries . For companies with profits under £ 50,000 the corporation tax rate varied between 0 % and 19 % . Because dividend payments come with a basic rate tax credit , provided the recipient did not earn more than the basic rate allowance , no further tax would be paid . The number of new companies being formed in 2002 -- 2003 reached 325,900 , an increase of 45 % on 2001 -- 2002 . </P> <P> The fact that individuals operating in this manner could potentially pay no tax at all was felt by the government to be unfair tax avoidance , and the 2004 Budget introduced a Non-Corporate Distribution Rate . This ensured that where a company paid below the small companies ' rate ( 19 % in 2004 ) , dividend payments made to non-corporates ( for example , individuals , trusts and personal representatives of deceased persons ) would be subject to additional corporation tax , bringing the corporation tax paid up to 19 % . For example , a company making £ 10,000 profit , and making a £ 6,000 dividend distribution to an individual and £ 4,000 to another company would pay 19 % corporation tax on the £ 6,000 . Although this measure substantially reduced the number of small businesses incorporating , the Chancellor in the 2006 Budget said tax avoidance by small businesses through incorporation was still a major issue , and scrapped the starting rate entirely . </P> <H3> Historic tax revenues ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> UK Corporation Tax Revenue 1999 to 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Taxable profits and accounting profits ( edit ) </H3> <P> The starting point for computing taxable profits is profits before tax ( except for a life assurance company ) . The rules for calculating corporation tax generally ran in parallel with income tax until 1993 , when the first statutory rule to move profit reporting into line with generally accepted accounting practice was introduced , although the courts were already moving towards requiring trading profits to be computed using general accountancy rules . </P> <P> Finance Act 1993 introduced rules to make tax on exchange gains and losses mimic their treatment in a company 's financial statements in most instances . Finance Act 1994 saw similar rules for financial instruments , and in Finance Act 1996 the treatment of most loan relationships was also brought into line with the accounting treatment . Finance Act 1997 saw something similar with rental premiums . A year later , Finance Act 1998 went even further , making it clear that taxable trading profits ( apart from those accruing to a Lloyd 's corporate name or to a life assurance company ) and profits from a rental business are equal to profits calculated under generally accepted accounting practice ( `` GAAP '' ) unless there is a specific statutory or case law rule to the contrary . This was followed up by Finance Act 2004 , which provided that where a company with investment business could make deductions for management expenses , they were calculated by reference to figures in the financial statements . </P> International financial reporting Standards ( edit ) <P> From 2005 , all European Union listed companies have to prepare their financial statements using the `` International Financial Reporting Standards '' ( `` IFRS '' ) , as modified by the EU . Other UK companies may choose to adopt IFRS . Corporation tax law is changing so that , in the future , IFRS accounting profits are largely respected . The exception is for certain financial instruments and certain other measures to prevent tax arbitrage between companies applying IFRS and companies applying UK GAAP . </P> <H3> Avoidance ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tax avoidance is the legitimate reduction of tax through tax planning and / or usage of legal provisions . Unlike most other countries , most UK tax professionals are accountants rather than lawyers by training . </P> <P> Until 2013 , the UK had no general anti-avoidance rule ( `` GAAR '' ) for corporation tax . However , it inherited an anti-avoidance rule from income tax relating to transactions in securities , and since then has had various `` mini-GAARs '' added to it . The best known `` mini-GAAR '' prevents a deduction for interest paid when the loan to which it relates is made for an `` unallowable purpose '' . In 2013 , the government introduced a General Anti-Avoidance Rule to manage the risk of tax avoidance . </P> <P> Finance Act 2004 introduced disclosure rules requiring promoters of certain tax avoidance schemes that are financing - or employment - related to disclose the scheme . Taxpayers who use these schemes must also disclose their use when they submit their tax returns . This is the first provision of its kind in the UK , and Finance Act 2005 has shown a number of tax avoidance schemes being blocked earlier than would have been expected prior to the disclosure rules . </P> <H3> Need for greater revenues ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the early twenty - first century the government sought to raise more revenues from corporation tax . In 2002 it introduced a separate 10 % supplementary charge on profits from oil and gas extraction businesses , and Finance Act 2005 contained measures to accelerate when oil and gas extraction business have to pay tax . Instead of paying their tax in four equal instalments in the seventh , tenth , thirteenth and sixteenth month after the accounting period starts , they will be required to consolidate their third and fourth payments and pay them in the thirteenth month , creating a cash flow advantage for the government. Finance ( No. 2 ) Act 2005 continued measures specifically relating to life assurance companies . When originally announced ( as Finance ( No. 3 ) Bill 2005 ) Legal & General told the Stock Exchange that £ 300 m had been wiped off its value , and Aviva ( Norwich Union ) announced that the tax changes would cost its policy holders £ 150 m . </P> <H2> Method of charge ( edit ) </H2> <P> Powers to collect corporation tax must be passed annually by parliament , otherwise there is no authority to collect it . The charge for the financial year ( beginning 1 April each year ) is imposed by successive finance acts . The tax is charged in respect of the company 's accounting period , which is normally the 12 - month period for which the company prepares its accounts . Corporation tax is administered by Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) . </P> <H3> Assessment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Corporation tax is levied on the net profits of a company . Except for certain life assurance companies , it is borne by the company as a direct tax . </P> <P> Up until 1999 no corporation tax was due unless HMRC raised an assessment on a company . Companies were , however , obliged to report certain details to HMRC so that the right amount could be assessed . This changed for accounting periods ending on or after 1 July 1999 , when self - assessment was introduced . Self - assessment means that companies are required to assess themselves and take full responsibility for that assessment . If the self - assessment is wrong through negligence or recklessness , the company can be liable to penalties . The self - assessment tax return needs to be delivered to HMRC 12 months after the end of the period of account in which the accounting period falls ( although the tax must be paid before this date ) . If a company fails to submit a return by then , it is liable to penalties . HMRC may then issue a determination of the tax payable , which can not be appealed -- however , in practice they wait until a further six months have elapsed . Also , the most common claims and elections that may be made by a company have to be part of its tax return , with a time limit of two years after the end of the accounting period . This means that a company submitting its return more than one year late suffers not only from the late filing penalties , but also from the inability to make these claims and elections . </P> <P> From 2004 there has been a requirement for new companies to notify HM Revenue & Customs of their formation , although HMRC receives notifications of new company registrations from Companies House . Companies will then receive an annual notice CT603 , approximately 1 -- 2 months after the end of the company 's financial period , notifying it to complete an annual return . This must also include the company 's annual accounts , and possibly other documents , such as auditors ' reports , that are required for certain companies . </P> <H3> Schedular system ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Schedular system of taxation <P> In the United Kingdom the source rule applies . This means that something is taxed only if there is a specific provision bringing it within the charge to tax . Accordingly , profits are only charged to corporation tax if they fall within one of the following , and are not otherwise exempted by an explicit provision of the Taxes Acts : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Scope </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule A </Td> <Td> Income from UK land </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule D </Td> <Td> Taxable income not falling within another Schedule </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule F </Td> <Td> Income from UK dividends </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chargeable gains </Td> <Td> Gains as defined by legislation that are not taxed as income </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CFC charge </Td> <Td> Profits made by controlled foreign companies where no exemption applies </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : </P> <Ol> <Li> In practice companies do not get taxed under Schedule F. Most companies are exempted from Schedule F and there is a provision for those companies which are taxed on UK dividends ( i.e. dealers in shares ( stock ) ) that removes the charge from Schedule F to Schedule D . </Li> <Li> A Controlled Foreign Company ( `` CFC '' ) is a company controlled by a UK resident that is not itself UK resident and is subject to a lower rate of tax in the territory in which it is resident . Under certain circumstances , UK resident companies that control a CFC pay corporation tax on what the UK tax profits of that CFC would have been . However , because of a wide range of exemptions , very few companies suffer a CFC charge . </Li> <Li> Schedules B , C and E used to , but no longer , exist . </Li> <Li> Authorised unit trusts and OEICs are not liable to tax on their chargeable gains . </Li> </Ol> <P> Schedule D is itself divided into a number of cases : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Scope </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Case I </Td> <Td> Profits from a UK trade </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Case III </Td> <Td> Interest - type income and gains / losses on loans , derivatives , financial instruments and intangibles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Case V </Td> <Td> Overseas income </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Case VI </Td> <Td> Annual income not falling within Cases I , III and V , and other income / gains specifically taxed under Case VI </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : </P> <Ol> <Li> Cases II and IV only apply to income tax and not corporation tax . </Li> </Ol> <P> Strictly speaking , Corporation Tax Act 2010 replaces the historic terminology `` Schedule A '' , `` Schedule D Case I '' etc. with more descriptive terms but this does not affect the substantive application of the schedular system so that , for example , different rules apply for utilising tax losses depending upon the nature of the income under which the losses arises . </P> Relief for expenses ( edit ) <P> Most direct expenses are deductible when calculating taxable income and chargeable gains . Notable exceptions include any costs of entertaining clients . Companies with investment business may deduct certain indirect expenses known as `` expenses of management '' when calculating their taxable profits . A similar relief is available for expenses of a life assurance company taxed on the I minus E basis which relate to the company 's basic life assurance and general annuity business . Donations made to charities are also normally deducted in calculating taxable income if made under Gift Aid . </P> <H3> Rates and payment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 2007 Budget announced a main rate cut from 30 % to 28 % , effective from April 2008 . At the same time , the small companies ' rate was increased from 19 % to 20 % from April 2007 , 21 % in April 2008 , to stop `` individuals artificially incorporating as small companies to avoid paying their due share of tax , a practice if left unaddressed would cost the rest of the taxpaying population billions of pounds '' . </P> <P> The rate of corporation tax is determined by the financial year , which runs from 1 April to the following 31 March . Financial year FY17 started on 1 April 2017 and ends on 31 March 2018 . Where a company 's accounting period straddles a financial year in which the corporation tax rate has changed , the company 's profits for that period are split . For example , a company paying small companies ' rate with its accounting period running from 1 January to 31 December , and making £ 100,000 of profit in 2007 , would be deemed to have made 90 / 365 * £ 100,000 = £ 24,657.53 in FY06 ( there are 90 days between 1 January and 31 March ) , and 275 / 365 * £ 100,000 = £ 75 , 34.47 in FY07 , and would pay 19 % on the FY06 portion , and 20 % on the FY07 portion . </P> <P> From 1 April 2010 HM Revenue & Customs updated their terminology and the former Small Companies ' Rate is now called Small Profits Rate . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> Corporate Tax rates for Financial Years 2008 -- 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th colspan="1"> 2008 -- 2010 </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Small profits rate </Td> <Td> 21 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Small profits upper limit </Td> <Td> £ 300,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marginal relief limits </Td> <Td> £ 300,001 -- £ 1,500,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,001 -- £ 1,500,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,001 -- £ 1,500,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,001 -- £ 1,500,000 </Td> <Td> £ 300,001 -- £ 1,500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Main rate </Td> <Td> 28 % </Td> <Td> 26 % </Td> <Td> 24 % </Td> <Td> 23 % </Td> <Td> 21 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : </P> <Ol> <Li> The bands shown on the right hand side are divided by one plus the number of associates ( usually the only associates a company has are fellow group companies , but the term is more widely defined ) </Li> <Li> The reduced rates do not apply to close investment holding companies ( companies controlled by fewer than 5 people ( plus associates ) or by their directors / managers , whose main activity is the holding of investments ) . Nor do they apply to companies in liquidation after the first 12 months . </Li> <Li> Authorised unit trusts and open - ended investment companies are taxed at the basic rate of income tax which is 20 % as of 2010 </Li> <Li> Life assurance companies are taxed using the above rates on shareholder profits and 20 % on policy holder profits </Li> <Li> Companies active in the oil and gas extraction industry in the UK or on the UK Continental Shelf are subject to an additional 10 % charge on their profits from those activities </Li> </Ol> <P> Most companies are required to pay tax nine months and a day after the end of an accounting period . Larger companies are required to pay quarterly instalments , in the seventh , tenth , thirteenth and sixteenth months after a full accounting period starts . These times are modified where an accounting period lasts for less than twelve months . From 2005 onwards , for tax payable on oil and gas extraction profits , the third and fourth quarterly instalments are merged , including the supplementary 10 % charge . </P> <P> In the financial year 2004 -- 2005 , approximately 39,000 companies paid corporation tax at the main rate . These 4.7 % of active companies are responsible for 75 % of all corporation tax receipts . Around 224,000 companies paid the small companies rate , with 34,000 benefiting from marginal relief . 264,000 were in the starting rate , with 269,000 benefiting from the lower band of marginal relief . The total revenue was £ 41.9 bn from 831,885 companies . Only 23480 companies had a liability in excess of £ 100,000 . </P> <H3> HM Revenue and Customs powers of enquiry ( edit ) </H3> <P> HMRC has one year from the normal filing date , which is itself one year after the end of the period of account , to open an enquiry into the return . This period is extended if the return is filed late . The enquiry continues until all issues that HMRC wish to enquire about a return are dealt with . However , a company can appeal to the Commissioners of Income Tax to close an enquiry if they feel there is undue delay . </P> <P> If either side disputes the amount of tax that is payable , they may appeal to either the General or Special Commissioners of Income Tax . Appeals on points of law may be made to the High Court ( Court of Session in Scotland ) , then the Court of Appeal , and finally , with leave , to the House of Lords . However , decisions of fact are binding and can only be appealed if no reasonable Commissioner could have made that decision . </P> <P> Once an enquiry is closed , or the time for opening an enquiry has passed , HMRC can only re-open a prior year if they become aware of an issue which they could not reasonably have known about at the time , or in instances of fraud or negligence . In fraud or negligence cases , they can re-open cases from up to 20 years ago . </P> <P> After an HMRC enquiry closes , or after final determination of an issue by the courts , the taxpayer has 30 days to amend their return , and make additional claims and elections , if appropriate , before the assessment becomes final and conclusive . If there is no enquiry , the assessment becomes final and conclusive once the period in which the Revenue may open an enquiry passes . </P> <H2> Relief from double taxation ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is a risk of double taxation whenever a company receives income that has already been taxed . This could be dividend income , which will have been paid out of the post-tax profits of another company and which may have suffered withholding tax . Or it could be because the company itself has suffered foreign tax , perhaps because it conducts part of its trade through an overseas permanent establishment , or because it receives other types of foreign income . </P> <P> Double taxation is avoided for UK dividends by exempting them from tax for most companies : only dealers in shares suffer tax on them . Where double taxation arises because of overseas tax suffered , relief is available either in the form of expense or credit relief . Expense relief allows the overseas tax to be treated as a deductible expense in the tax computation . Credit relief is given as a deduction from the UK tax liability , but is restricted to the amount of UK tax suffered on the foreign income . There is a system of onshore pooling , so that overseas tax suffered in high tax territories may be set off against taxable income arising from low tax territories . From 1 July 2009 , new rules were introduced to exempt most non-UK dividends from corporation tax so these double taxation rules in respect of non-UK dividends will be of less common application in practice after that date . </P> <H2> Loss relief ( edit ) </H2> <P> Detailed and separate rules apply to how all the different types of losses may be set off within the computations of a company . A detailed explanation of these can be found in : United Kingdom corporation tax loss relief . </P> <H3> Group relief ( edit ) </H3> <P> The UK does not permit tax consolidation , where companies in a group are treated as though they are a single entity for tax purposes . One of the main benefits of tax consolidation is that tax losses in one entity in a group are automatically relievable against the tax profits of another . Instead , the UK permits a form of loss relief called `` group relief '' . </P> <P> Where a company has losses arising in an accounting period ( other than capital losses , or losses arising under Case V or VI of Schedule D ) in excess of its other taxable profits for the period , it may surrender these losses to a group member with sufficient taxable profits in the same accounting period . The company receiving the losses may offset them against their own taxable profits . Exceptions include that a company in the oil and gas extraction industry may not accept group relief against the profits arising on its oil and gas extraction business , and a life assurance company may only accept group relief against its profits chargeable to tax at the standard shareholder rate applicable to that company . Separate rules apply for dual resident companies . </P> <P> Full group relief is permitted between companies subject to UK corporation tax that are in the same 75 % group , where companies have a common ultimate parent , and at least 75 % of the shares in each company ( other than the ultimate parent ) are owned by other companies in the group . The companies making up a 75 % group do not all need to be UK - resident or subject to UK corporation tax relief . An open - ended investment company can not form part of a group . </P> <P> Consortium relief is permitted where a company subject to UK corporation tax is owned by a consortium of companies that each own at least 5 % of the shares and together own at least 75 % of the shares . A consortium company can only surrender or accept losses in proportion to how much of that company is owned by each consortium group . </P> <H2> Example computation ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is an example computation involving a company that has one associate from which it receives £ 50,000 group relief . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Example Company Ltd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> £ </Th> <Th> £ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule A ( UK land ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Case I ( UK trade ) </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Case I losses brought forward </Td> <Td> ( 100,000 ) </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Case III ( loan relationships , derivatives , financial instruments ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Case V ( overseas ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Case VI ( other annual profits ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chargeable gains ( capital gains ) </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allowable ( capital ) losses brought forward </Td> <Td> ( 50,000 ) </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Less : Non-trading debits brought forward 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 50,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Less : Management expense deduction 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 20,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Less : Charges ( donations to UK charities ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 10,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Less : Group relief accepted </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 50,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Profits chargeable to corporation tax </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 580,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tax @ 30 % </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 174,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Less : Marginal relief </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 46,750 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Less : Double tax relief </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 30,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tax liability for the period </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 97,250 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : </P> <Ul> <Li> UK trading losses brought forward from previous accounting periods must be relieved as fully as possible against any trading profits in the current accounting period . They can not be relieved against non-trading profits . </Li> <Li> 2 Brought forward non-trading debits can be utilised against non-trading profits ; they can not reduce the trading profits </Li> <Li> 3 The management expense deduction is in relation to expenses incurred on managing the company 's investments . </Li> <Li> The marginal relief computation is as follows : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Marginal relief fraction x ( Upper limit / ( Number of associates plus one ) -- Profit ) </Dd> <Dd> 1 / 40 x ( 1,500,000 / 2 -- 580,000 ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The £ 30,000 overseas tax has been included in the taxable Schedule D Case V figure . Double tax relief is available on the lower of overseas tax suffered and UK corporation tax suffered on the overseas income . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Interaction with European law ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although there are no European Union directives dealing with direct taxes , UK laws must comply with European legislation . In particular , legislation should not be discriminatory under the EC treaty . </P> <P> A number of cases where UK tax laws are believed to be discriminatory have been brought to the European Court of Justice , usually with respect to freedom of establishment and freedom of movement of capital . Key cases which have been decided include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hoechst -- where the Court found that the way the partial imputation system operated prior to its abolition in 1999 was discriminatory ; </Li> <Li> Lankhorst - Hohorst -- a German case which implied that the UK 's transfer pricing and thin capitalisation legislation may have been contrary to EU legislation ( the 2004 Finance Act made changes to counter this threat ) ; </Li> <Li> Marks and Spencer -- where it was claimed that UK parents should be able to relieve the losses of overseas subsidiaries against the tax profits of their UK subgroup ( On 7 April 2005 , the Advocate - General gave an opinion supporting the claim of a UK parent to offset losses of its EU subsidiaries , where no effective loss relief was available in the EU Member States the subsidiaries were resident in ) . However , in the final judgment , a compromise agreement was reached in which the national interest to prevent excessive loss of tax was held to outweigh in most circumstances the restriction on the freedom of movement of capital . Accordingly , although no specific new legislation has been introduced , relief for overseas losses will only be available where they may not be utilised in the overseas jurisdiction ; </Li> <Li> Cadbury Schweppes -- where it was ruled that CFC rules are only acceptable if they relate to wholly artificial arrangements intended to escape the UK tax normally payable . </Li> </Ul> <P> Also , the case of ICI v Colmer led to the UK amending its definition of a group , for group relief purposes . Previously , the definition required that all companies and intermediate parent companies in a group to be UK resident . </P> <P> There are also a number of other cases making their way , slowly , up to the European Court . In particular : </P> <Ul> <Li> A Group Litigation Order arguing that dividends received from overseas companies should be exempt from tax in the same way as dividends received from UK companies are exempted from tax ; </Li> <Li> Claims that the UK CFC legislation is contrary to EU law ( notably Vodafone ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Recent developments ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Corporation tax reform ( edit ) </H3> <P> There have been a number of proposals for corporation tax reform , although only a few have been enacted . In March 2001 , the government published a technical note A Review of Small Business Taxation , which considered simplification of corporation tax for small companies through the closer alignment of their profits for tax purposes with those reported in their accounts . In July of that year , the government also published a consultation document , Large Business Taxation : the Government 's strategy and corporate tax reforms . It set out the strategy for modernising corporate taxes and proposals for relief for capital gains on substantial shareholdings held by companies . </P> <P> In August 2002 , Reform of corporation tax -- A consultation document was published , outlining initial proposals for the abolition of the Schedular system . This was followed up in August 2003 by Corporation tax reform -- A consultation document , which further discussed the possible abolition of the Schedular system , and also whether the capital allowances ( tax depreciation ) system should be abolished . It also made proposals that were ultimately enacted in Finance Act 2004 . ( The first two of these listed below were in response to threats to the UK tax base arising from recent European Court of Justice judgments . ) The changes were to : </P> <Ul> <Li> Introduction of transfer pricing rules for UK - to - UK transactions . Transfer pricing rules require certain transactions to be deemed to have taken place at arm 's length prices for tax purposes where they did not in fact take place as such . </Li> <Li> Merging thin capitalisation rules with the transfer pricing rules . Thin capitalisation rules limit the amount a company can claim as a tax deduction on interest when it receives loans at non-commercial rates ( from connected parties , for example ) . </Li> <Li> Extension of the deduction for management expenses to all companies with an investment business . Previously a company had to be wholly or mainly engaged in an investment business to qualify . </Li> </Ul> <P> In December 2004 , Corporation tax reform -- a technical note was published . It outlined the government 's decision to abolish the schedular system , replacing the numerous schedules and cases with two pools : a trading and letting pool ; and an `` everything else '' pool . The Government had decided that capital allowances would remain , though there would be some reforms , mostly affecting the leasing industry . </P> <H3> Other enactments ( edit ) </H3> <P> Other main reforms enacted , include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Relief from tax on chargeable gains on disposals of substantial shareholdings in trading companies and groups ( enacted by Finance Act 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> Introduction of UK to UK transfer pricing rules , coupled with the merging of the thin capitalisation rules with the transfer pricing rules ( enacted by Finance Act 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> Extension of management expenses rules so that companies do not need to be investment companies to receive them , coupled with a specific rule preventing capital items being deductible as management expenses ( enacted by Finance Act 2004 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Taxation in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Corporate tax </Li> <Li> UK company law </Li> <Li> Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . 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From 1998 onwards , consolidation took place , into the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 , the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act and the Capital Allowances Act 2001 . </Li> <Li> `` Reform of corporation tax -- A consultation document '' ( PDF ) . Inland Revenue ( now HMRC ) , and HM Treasury . August 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Corporation tax reform -- A consultation document '' ( PDF ) . Inland Revenue ( now HMRC ) , and HM Treasury . August 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 April 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Corporation tax reform -- Technical note '' ( PDF ) . Inland Revenue ( now HMRC ) . December 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Key economic events 1955 -- 1979 '' . biz / ed . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Rates of Coorporation Tax '' ( PDF ) . HMRC . March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Metallgesellschaft Ltd and Others , Hoechst AG , Hoechst UK Ltd and Commissioners of Inland Revenue , H.M. Attorney General ECJ Cases C - 397 / 98 and 410 / 98 ( Joined cases ) '' . European Court of Justice . 8 March 2001 . Retrieved 17 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Lankhorst - Hohorst and Finanzamt Steinfurt EJC case C - 324 / 00 '' . European Court of Justice . 12 December 2002 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Marks and Spencer plc v David Halsey ( Her Majesty 's Inspector of Taxes ) ( 2005 ) EUECJ C - 446 / 03 '' . European Court of Justice . 13 December 2005 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Taxation </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Acts of the UK Parliament and Explanatory Notes '' . 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United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on antitrust , competition policy and Consumer Rights - Wikipedia <H1> United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on antitrust , competition policy and Consumer Rights </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights is one of six subcommittees within the Senate Judiciary Committee . </P> <H2> Jurisdiction ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to its webpage : </P> <Ol> <Li> Oversight of antitrust and competition policy , including the Sherman , Clayton , and Federal Trade Commission Acts ; </Li> <Li> Oversight of antitrust enforcement and competition policy at the Justice Department ; </Li> <Li> Oversight of antitrust enforcement and competition policy at the Federal Trade Commission ; </Li> <Li> Oversight of competition policy at other federal agencies . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Majority </Th> <Th> Minority </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Lee , Utah , Chairman </Li> <Li> Chuck Grassley , Iowa </Li> <Li> Orrin Hatch , Utah </Li> <Li> Lindsey Graham , South Carolina </Li> <Li> Thom Tillis , North Carolina </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amy Klobuchar , Minnesota , Ranking Member </Li> <Li> Patrick Leahy , Vermont </Li> <Li> Al Franken , Minnesota ( until January 2 , 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut </Li> <Li> Cory Booker , New Jersey ( since January 2 , 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Govtrack.us page on subcommittee </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights </Li> <Li> Bankruptcy and the Courts </Li> <Li> The Constitution </Li> <Li> Crime and Drugs </Li> <Li> Immigration , Refugees and Border Security </Li> <Li> Terrorism , Technology and Homeland Security </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current United States congressional committees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senate ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aging ( Special ) </Li> <Li> Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry </Li> <Li> Appropriations </Li> <Li> Armed Services </Li> <Li> Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs </Li> <Li> Budget </Li> <Li> Commerce , Science , and Transportation </Li> <Li> Energy and Natural Resources </Li> <Li> Environment and Public Works </Li> <Li> Ethics ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> <Li> Foreign Relations </Li> <Li> Health , Education , Labor and Pensions </Li> <Li> Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs </Li> <Li> Indian Affairs </Li> <Li> Intelligence ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Judiciary </Li> <Li> Narcotics ( Caucus ) </Li> <Li> Rules and Administration </Li> <Li> Small Business and Entrepreneurship </Li> <Li> Veterans ' Affairs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Appropriations </Li> <Li> Armed Services </Li> <Li> Budget </Li> <Li> Education and the Workforce </Li> <Li> Energy and Commerce </Li> <Li> Ethics </Li> <Li> Financial Services </Li> <Li> Foreign Affairs </Li> <Li> Homeland Security </Li> <Li> House Administration </Li> <Li> Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) </Li> <Li> Judiciary </Li> <Li> Natural Resources </Li> <Li> Oversight and Government Reform </Li> <Li> Rules </Li> <Li> Science , Space , and Technology </Li> <Li> Small Business </Li> <Li> Transportation and Infrastructure </Li> <Li> Veterans ' Affairs </Li> <Li> Ways and Means </Li> <Li> ( Whole ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joint ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Budget and Appropriations Process Reform ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) </Li> <Li> Library </Li> <Li> Printing </Li> <Li> Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans ( Select ) </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> <Li> ( Conference ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Standing committees , Defunct committees </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This United States Congress -- related article is a stub . 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subcommittee on antitrust competition policy and consumer rights

Sinéad - wikipedia <H1> Sinéad </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Sinéad ( / ʃɪˈneɪd / shi - NADE ; Irish pronunciation : ( ˈʃɪnjeːd̪ɣ ) or ( ʃɪˈnjeːd̪ɣ ) ) , is an Irish feminine name . It is derived from the French Jeanette , which is cognate to the English Janet , itself a feminine form of the Hebrew Yohannan , `` God forgave / God gratified '' . In English , Sinéad is also commonly spelled Sinead . The name is generally translated into English as either Jane or Jennifer , or as the female version of the Scottish name Jean . </P> <P> Sinéad may refer to : </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 People </Li> <Li> 2 Fiction </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> People ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Sports </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sinéad Cahalan , camogie player </Li> <Li> Sinead Jennings , rower </Li> <Li> Sinead Kerr , ice dancer </Li> <Li> Sinéad Millea , former camogie player </Li> <Li> Sinead Miller , cyclist </Li> <Li> Sinead Russell , Olympic Swimmer </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Music </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Sinéad '' , a song by Within Temptation from their album The Unforgiving , and the name of a character in the album 's tie - in comic book </Li> <Li> Sinead Harnett , singer / songwriter </Li> <Li> Sinéad Lohan , singer / songwriter </Li> <Li> Sinéad Madden , singer / songwriter </Li> <Li> Sinéad Mulvey , singer , air hostess </Li> <Li> Sinéad O'Carroll , singer with Irish pop band B * Witched </Li> <Li> Sinéad O'Connor , singer / songwriter </Li> <Li> Sinéad Quinn , recording artist , reality show contestant </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Film and television </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sinéad Cusack , actress </Li> <Li> Sinead Desmond , TV presenter </Li> <Li> Sinead Keenan , actress </Li> <Li> Sinead Matthews , actress </Li> <Li> Sinéad Moynihan , model and actress </Li> <Li> Sinéad Noonan , model and actress </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Other </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sinéad de Valera , children 's book author </Li> <Li> Sinéad Morrissey , poet </Li> <Li> Sinéad Ní Loideáin , presenter </Li> <Li> Sinéad Ní Neachtain , magazine editor </Li> <Li> Sinéad Sheppard , dancer </Li> </Ul> <H2> Fiction ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sinead O'Connor ( Hollyoaks ) , a character on the TV series Hollyoaks , played by Stephanie Davis </Li> <Li> Sinead Starling is a fictional character from The 39 Clues . </Li> <Li> Sinéad Ní Shúilleabháin , a fictional character in The Wind That Shakes the Barley </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Siobhán , feminine Irish - language name ultimately derived from the same Hebrew name </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gaelic given names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native masculine names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aodh </Li> <Li> Aodhán </Li> <Li> Aonghus </Li> <Li> Art </Li> <Li> Breandán </Li> <Li> Breasal </Li> <Li> Brian </Li> <Li> Cailean </Li> <Li> Cainnech </Li> <Li> Caoimhín </Li> <Li> Cathal </Li> <Li> Cearbhall </Li> <Li> Cian </Li> <Li> Cianán </Li> <Li> Ciarán </Li> <Li> Cinnéididh </Li> <Li> Colm </Li> <Li> Conall </Li> <Li> Conán </Li> <Li> Conchobhar </Li> <Li> Cormac </Li> <Li> Criofan </Li> <Li> Dáire </Li> <Li> Déaglán </Li> <Li> Diarmaid </Li> <Li> Domhnall </Li> <Li> Donn </Li> <Li> Donnchadh </Li> <Li> Eachann </Li> <Li> Éibhear </Li> <Li> Eochaidh </Li> <Li> Eóghan </Li> <Li> Fearghal </Li> <Li> Fearghus </Li> <Li> Féilim </Li> <Li> Fiach </Li> <Li> Fínghin </Li> <Li> Fionn </Li> <Li> Fionnbharr </Li> <Li> Fionnlagh </Li> <Li> Fionntán </Li> <Li> Flann </Li> <Li> Garaidh </Li> <Li> Iarlaith </Li> <Li> Lorcan </Li> <Li> Lughaidh </Li> <Li> Muircheartach </Li> <Li> Muiredach </Li> <Li> Muirgheas </Li> <Li> Murchadh </Li> <Li> Niall </Li> <Li> Oisín </Li> <Li> Rían </Li> <Li> Rónán </Li> <Li> Ruairí </Li> <Li> Searbhreathach </Li> <Li> Tadhg </Li> <Li> Toirdelbach </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native feminine names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aíbinn </Li> <Li> Aifric </Li> <Li> Áine </Li> <Li> Aisling </Li> <Li> Aoife </Li> <Li> Barrdhubh </Li> <Li> Bébinn </Li> <Li> Bríd </Li> <Li> Cacht </Li> <Li> Caoimhe </Li> <Li> Ciara </Li> <Li> Clíona </Li> <Li> Clodagh </Li> <Li> Cobhlaith </Li> <Li> Dearbhail </Li> <Li> Dearbhfhorghaill </Li> <Li> Deirbhile </Li> <Li> Deirdre </Li> <Li> Dubhchobhlaigh </Li> <Li> Eithne </Li> <Li> Éadaoin </Li> <Li> Feidhelm </Li> <Li> Fíona </Li> <Li> Fionnuala </Li> <Li> Forbflaith </Li> <Li> Fíneamhain </Li> <Li> Gormflaith </Li> <Li> Gráinne </Li> <Li> Íde </Li> <Li> Lasairfhíona </Li> <Li> Meabh </Li> <Li> Mór </Li> <Li> Muirgheal </Li> <Li> Muirenn </Li> <Li> Niamh </Li> <Li> Nuala </Li> <Li> Órlaith </Li> <Li> Sadhbh </Li> <Li> Saoirse </Li> <Li> Síthmaith </Li> <Li> Sláine </Li> <Li> Sorcha </Li> <Li> Úna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germanic - derived masculine names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amhlaoibh </Li> <Li> Annraoi </Li> <Li> Dubhghall </Li> <Li> Éamonn </Li> <Li> Gearóid </Li> <Li> Gofraid </Li> <Li> Ímar </Li> <Li> Lachlann </Li> <Li> Liam </Li> <Li> Maghnus </Li> <Li> Raghnall </Li> <Li> Risteárd </Li> <Li> Roibeárd </Li> <Li> Séarlas </Li> <Li> Somhairle </Li> <Li> Tiobóid </Li> <Li> Tormond </Li> <Li> Ualtar </Li> <Li> Ùisdean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bible - derived masculine names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abracham </Li> <Li> Adhamh </Li> <Li> Árón </Li> <Li> Biniáimin </Li> <Li> Daibhí </Li> <Li> Dainéal </Li> <Li> Eafráim </Li> <Li> Gaibrial </Li> <Li> Íosac </Li> <Li> Maitiú </Li> <Li> Maois </Li> <Li> Mícheál ( Maidhc ) </Li> <Li> Nóe </Li> <Li> Seán </Li> <Li> Séamus </Li> <Li> Seosamh </Li> <Li> Síomón </Li> <Li> Solamh </Li> <Li> Tomás </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bible - derived feminine names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abigeál </Li> <Li> Ánna </Li> <Li> Eábha </Li> <Li> Eilís </Li> <Li> Léá </Li> <Li> Madailéin </Li> <Li> Máire </Li> <Li> Mallaidh </Li> <Li> Náoimí </Li> <Li> Ráichéal </Li> <Li> Ríobhca </Li> <Li> Rút </Li> <Li> Sinéad </Li> <Li> Siobhán </Li> <Li> Seacailín </Li> <Li> Seosaimhín </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin / Greek - derived masculine names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aindréas </Li> <Li> Antóin </Li> <Li> Críostóir </Li> <Li> Damhnaic </Li> <Li> Pádraig </Li> <Li> Proinsias </Li> <Li> Giolla Críost </Li> <Li> Gréagóir </Li> <Li> Labhrás </Li> <Li> León </Li> <Li> Máirtín </Li> <Li> Nioclás </Li> <Li> Nollaig </Li> <Li> Peadar </Li> <Li> Pilib </Li> <Li> Pól </Li> <Li> Seoirse </Li> <Li> Stíofán </Li> <Li> Téodóir </Li> <Li> Uinseann </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Goidelic languages </Li> <Li> Irish language </Li> <Li> Scottish Gaelic language </Li> <Li> Manx language </Li> <Li> Irish name </Li> <Li> List of Scottish Gaelic given names </Li> <Li> Scottish Gaelic name </Li> <Li> Irish genealogy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Sinéad&oldid = 792745813 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Given names </Li> <Li> Irish feminine given names </Li> <Li> Irish - language feminine given names </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 11 : 52 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

what is the meaning of the name sinead

Autobahn - wikipedia <H1> Autobahn </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Autobahn system of Germany . For the Autobahn system of Austria , see Autobahns of Austria . For other uses , see Autobahn ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Bundesautobahnen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> </P> The German Autobahn sign with route markers for Bundesautobahnen 1 , 3 & 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A map of the German Bundesautobahnen network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> System information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Maintained by Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 12,996 km ( 2016 ) ( 8,075 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Highway names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Autobahns : </Th> <Td> Bundesautobahn X ( BAB X or AX ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Autobahns 3 and 5 at Frankfurter Kreuz near Frankfurt am Main <P> The Autobahn ( German : Autobahn IPA : ( ˈʔaʊtoˌba : n ) ( listen ) , plural Autobahnen ) is the federal controlled - access highway system in Germany . The official German term is Bundesautobahn ( plural Bundesautobahnen , abbreviated BAB ) , which translates as `` federal motorway '' . The literal meaning of the word Bundesautobahn is `` Federal Auto ( mobile ) Track '' . </P> <P> German autobahns have no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles . However , limits are posted ( and enforced ) in areas that are urbanized , substandard , accident - prone , or under construction . On speed - unrestricted stretches , an advisory speed limit ( Richtgeschwindigkeit ) of 130 kilometres per hour ( 81 mph ) applies . While going faster is not illegal as such in the absence of a speed limit , it can cause an increased liability in the case of an accident ; courts have ruled that an `` ideal driver '' who is exempt from absolute liability for `` inevitable '' tort under the law would not exceed Richtgeschwindigkeit . </P> <P> A 2008 estimate reported that 52 % of the autobahn network had only the advisory speed limit , 15 % had temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions , and 33 % had permanent speed limits . Measurements from the German State of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) on a 6 - lane section of autobahn in free - flowing conditions . </P> <P> Germany 's autobahn network has a total length of about 12,996 kilometres ( 8,075 mi ) in 2016 , which ranks it among the most dense and longest controlled - access systems in the world . Longer similar systems can be found in the United States ( 77,017 kilometres ( 47,856 mi ) ) and in China ( 123,000 kilometres ( 76,000 mi ) ) . However both the U.S. and China have an area nearly 30 times bigger than Germany , which demonstrates the high density of Germany 's highway system . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Names </Li> <Li> 2 Construction </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 German - built Reichsautobahnen in other countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Current density </Li> <Li> 5 Facilities <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Emergency telephones </Li> <Li> 5.2 Parking , rest areas and truck stops </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Speed limits <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Public debate <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Early history </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 After the World Wars </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Oil crisis of the 1970s </Li> <Li> 6.1. 4 Environmental concerns of the 1980s </Li> <Li> 6.1. 5 German reunification </Li> <Li> 6.1. 6 Since reunification </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Safety <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Safety : international comparison </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Travel speeds </Li> <Li> 9 Toll roads </Li> <Li> 10 Traffic laws and enforcement </Li> <Li> 11 In popular culture <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Film and television </Li> <Li> 11.2 Music </Li> <Li> 11.3 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Names ( edit ) </H2> <P> Only federally built controlled - access highways with certain construction standards including at least two lanes per direction are called Bundesautobahn . They have their own , white - on - blue signs and numbering system . In the 1930s , when construction began on the system , the official name was Reichsautobahn . Various other controlled - access highways exist on the federal ( Bundesstraße ) , state ( Landesstraße ) , district , and municipal level but are not part of the Autobahn network and are officially referred to as Kraftfahrstraße ( with rare exceptions , like A 995 Munich - Giesing -- Brunntal ) . These highways are considered autobahnähnlich ( autobahn - like ) and are sometimes colloquially called Gelbe Autobahn ( yellow autobahn ) because most of them are Bundesstraßen ( federal highways ) with yellow signs . Some controlled - access highways are classified as `` Bundesautobahn '' in spite of not meeting the autobahn construction standard ( for example the A 62 near Pirmasens ) . </P> <H2> Construction ( edit ) </H2> Pattern of autobahns 10 to 999 <P> Similar to high - speed motorways in other countries , autobahns have multiple lanes of traffic in each direction , separated by a central barrier with grade - separated junctions and access restricted to motor vehicles with a top speed of more than 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) . Nearly all exits are to the right . The earliest motorways were flanked by shoulders about 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) in width , constructed of varying materials ; right - hand shoulders on many autobahns were later retrofitted to 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) in width when it was realized cars needed the additional space to pull off the autobahn safely . In the postwar years , a thicker asphaltic concrete cross-section with full paved hard shoulders came into general use . The top design speed was approximately 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) in flat country but lower design speeds were used in hilly or mountainous terrain . A flat - country autobahn that was constructed to meet standards during the Nazi period , could support the speed of up to 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) on curves . </P> <P> The current autobahn numbering system in use in Germany was introduced in 1974 . All autobahns are named by using the capital letter A , which simply stands for `` Autobahn '' followed by a blank and a number ( for example A 8 ) . The main autobahns going all across Germany have a single digit number . Shorter autobahns that are of regional importance ( e.g. connecting two major cities or regions within Germany ) have a double digit number ( e.g. A 24 , connecting Berlin and Hamburg ) . The system is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> A 10 to A 19 are in eastern Germany ( Berlin , Saxony - Anhalt , parts of Saxony and Brandenburg ) </Li> <Li> A 20 to A 29 are in northern and northeastern Germany </Li> <Li> A 30 to A 39 are in Lower Saxony ( northwestern Germany ) and Thuringia </Li> <Li> A 40 to A 49 are in the Rhine - Ruhr to Frankfurt Rhine - Main </Li> <Li> A 50 to A 59 are in the Lower Rhine region to Cologne </Li> <Li> A 60 to A 69 are in Rhineland - Palatinate , Saarland , Hesse and northern Baden - Württemberg </Li> <Li> A 70 to A 79 are in Thuringia , northern Bavaria and parts of Saxony </Li> <Li> A 80 to A 89 are in Baden - Württemberg </Li> <Li> A 90 to A 99 are in ( southern ) Bavaria </Li> </Ul> <P> There are also some very short autobahns built just for local traffic ( e.g. ring roads or the A 555 from Cologne to Bonn ) that usually have three digits for numbering . The first digit used is similar to the system above , depending on the region . East - west routes are always even - numbered , north - south routes are always odd - numbered . </P> <P> The north - south autobahns are generally numbered using odd numbers from west to east ; that is to say , the more easterly roads are given higher numbers . Similarly , the east - west routes are numbered using even numbers from north ( lower numbers ) to south ( higher numbers ) . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Reichsautobahn An autobahn with 4 lanes in each direction of travel for 21 kilometres Typical section of modern autobahn near an interchange , with overhead direction signs <P> The idea for the construction of the autobahn was first conceived in the mid-1920s during the days of the Weimar Republic , but the construction was slow , and most projected sections did not progress much beyond the planning stage due to economic problems and a lack of political support . One project was the private initiative HaFraBa which planned a `` car - only road '' crossing Germany from Hamburg in the north via central Frankfurt am Main to Basel in Switzerland . Parts of the HaFraBa were completed in the late 1930s and early 1940s , but construction eventually was halted by World War II . The first public road of this kind was completed in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn and opened by Konrad Adenauer ( Lord Mayor of Cologne and future Chancellor of West Germany ) on 6 August 1932 . Today , that road is the Bundesautobahn 555 . This road was not yet called Autobahn and lacked a center median like modern motorways , but instead was termed a Kraftfahrstraße ( `` motor vehicle road '' ) with two lanes each direction without intersections , pedestrians , bicycles , or animal - powered transportation . </P> One of the center pier - free bridges over the former Dessauer Rennstrecke on Autobahn A9 <P> Just days after the 1933 Nazi takeover , Adolf Hitler enthusiastically embraced an ambitious autobahn construction project , appointing Fritz Todt , the Inspector General of German Road Construction , to lead it . By 1936 , 130,000 workers were directly employed in construction , as well as an additional 270,000 in the supply chain for construction equipment , steel , concrete , signage , maintenance equipment , etc . In rural areas , new camps to house the workers were built near construction sites . The job creation program aspect was not especially important because full employment was almost reached by 1936 . The autobahns were not primarily intended as major infrastructure improvement of special value to the military as often stated . Their military value was limited as all major military transports in Germany were done by train to save fuel . The propaganda ministry turned the construction of the autobahns into a major media event that attracted international attention . </P> <P> The autobahns formed the first limited - access , high - speed road network in the world , with the first section from Frankfurt am Main to Darmstadt opening in 1935 . This straight section was used for high - speed record attempts by the Grand Prix racing teams of Mercedes - Benz and Auto Union until a fatal accident involving popular German race driver Bernd Rosemeyer in early 1938 . The world record of 432 kilometres per hour ( 268 mph ) set by Rudolf Caracciola on this stretch just prior to the accident remains one of the highest speeds ever achieved on a public motorway . A similar intent in the 1930s existed for a ten - kilometre stretch of what is today Bundesautobahn 9 just south of Dessau -- called the Dessauer Rennstrecke -- had bridges with no piers , meant for land speed record cars like the Mercedes - Benz T80 to have made a record attempt in January 1940 , abandoned due to the outbreak of World War II in Europe four months earlier . </P> <Table> Overall length <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Td> </Td> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> km </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5,742 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 1,086 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 7,292 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> 2,010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 8,198 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> 3,046 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8,822 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> 3,300 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 11,143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 3,736 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 11,515 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 2,128 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 12,174 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 2,187 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12,813 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 2,551 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 12,949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 3,204 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 12,993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 4,110 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During World War II , the median strips of some autobahns were paved over to allow their conversion into auxiliary airstrips . Aircraft were either stashed in numerous tunnels or camouflaged in nearby woods . However , for the most part during the war , the autobahns were not militarily significant . Motor vehicles , such as trucks , could not carry goods or troops as quickly or in as much bulk and in the same numbers as trains could , and the autobahns could not be used by tanks as their weight and caterpillar tracks damaged the road surface . The general shortage of petrol in Germany during much of the war , as well as the low number of trucks and motor vehicles needed for direct support of military operations , further decreased the autobahn 's significance . As a result , most military and economic freight was carried by rail . After the war , numerous sections of the autobahns were in bad shape , severely damaged by heavy Allied bombing and military demolition . Furthermore , thousands of kilometres of autobahns remained unfinished , their construction brought to a halt by 1943 due to the increasing demands of the war effort . </P> The A 3 in 1991 <P> In West Germany ( FRG ) , most existing autobahns were repaired soon after the war . During the 1950s , the West German government restarted the construction program . It invested in new sections and in improvements to older ones . Finishing the incomplete sections took longer , with some stretches opened to traffic by the 1980s . Some sections cut by the Iron Curtain in 1945 were only completed after German reunification in 1990 . Others were never completed , as more advantageous routes were found . Some of these incomplete sections to this very day stretch across the landscape forming a unique type of modern ruin , often easily visible on satellite photographs . </P> <P> The autobahns of East Germany ( GDR ) were neglected in comparison to those in West Germany after 1945 . East German autobahns were used primarily for GDR military traffic and for state - owned farming or manufacturing vehicles . The speed limit on the GDR autobahns was 100 km / h ; however , lower speed limits were frequently encountered due to poor or quickly changing road conditions . The speed limits on the GDR autobahns were rigorously enforced by the Volkspolizei , whose patrol cars were frequently found hiding under camouflage tarpaulins waiting for speeders . </P> <P> The last four kilometres of remaining original Reichsautobahn , a section of A 11 northeast of Berlin near Gartz built in 1936 -- the westernmost remainder of the never - finished Berlinka -- are scheduled for replacement around 2015 . Roadway condition is described as `` deplorable '' ; the 25 - metre - long concrete slabs , too long for proper expansion , are cracking under the weight of the traffic as well as the weather . </P> <H3> German - built Reichsautobahnen in other countries ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first autobahn in Austria was the West Autobahn from Wals near Salzburg to Vienna . Building started by command of Adolf Hitler shortly after the Anschluss in 1938 . It extended the Reichsautobahn 26 from Munich ( the present - day A8 ) , however only 16.8 km ( 10.4 mi ) including the branch - off of the planned Tauern Autobahn was opened to the public on 13 September 1941 . Construction works discontinued the next year and were not resumed until 1955 . </P> <P> There are sections of the former German Reichsautobahn system in the former eastern territories of Germany , i.e. East Prussia , Farther Pomerania and Silesia ; these territories became parts of Poland and the Soviet Union with the implementation of the Oder -- Neisse line after World War II . Parts of the planned autobahn from Berlin to Königsberg ( the Berlinka ) were completed as far as Stettin ( Szczecin ) on 27 September 1936 . After the war , they were incorporated as the A6 autostrada of the Polish motorway network . A single - carriageway section of the Berlinka east of the former `` Polish Corridor '' and the Free City of Danzig opened in 1938 ; today it forms the Polish S22 expressway from Elbląg ( Elbing ) to the border with the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast , where it is continued by the R516 regional road . Also on 27 September 1936 , a section from Breslau ( Wrocław ) to Liegnitz ( Legnica ) in Silesia was inaugurated , which today is part of the Polish A4 autostrada , followed by the ( single vehicle ) Reichsautobahn 9 from Bunzlau ( Bolesławiec ) to Sagan ( Żagań ) the next year , today part of the Polish A18 autostrada . </P> <P> After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , plans for a motorway connecting Breslau with Vienna via Brno ( Brünn ) in the `` Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia '' were carried out from 1939 until construction works discontinued in 1942 . A section of the former Strecke 88 near Brno is today part of the R52 expressway of the Czech Republic . </P> <H2> Current density ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2016 , Germany 's autobahn network has a total length of about 12,993 km . From 2009 Germany has embarked on a massive widening and rehabilitation project , expanding the lane count of many of its major arterial routes , such as the A5 in the southwest and A8 going east - west . </P> <P> Most sections of Germany 's autobahns are modern , containing two or three , sometimes four lanes in addition to an emergency lane ( hard shoulder ) . A few other sections remain in an old state , with two lanes , no emergency lane , and short slip - roads and ramps . </P> <H2> Facilities ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Emergency telephones ( edit ) </H3> Emergency telephone Directional arrow on a delineator <P> About 16,000 emergency telephones are distributed at regular intervals all along the autobahn network , with triangular stickers on the armco barriers pointing the way to the nearest one . Despite the increasing use of mobile phones , there are still some 700 calls made each day on average . </P> <P> For the Emergency service or Roadside assistance to come to the right location , the road kilometre must be given as part of the emergency call . </P> <H3> Parking , rest areas and truck stops ( edit ) </H3> Road kilometre sign German federal motorway `` Autobahn 6 '' , km 565.0 near Mannheim <P> For breaks during longer journeys , parking sites , rest areas and truck stops are distributed over the complete Autobahn network . Parking on the autobahn is prohibited in the strictest terms outside these designated areas . There is a distinction between `` managed '' and `` unmanaged '' rest areas . ( German : bewirtschaftet / unbewirtschaftet ) . </P> <P> Unmanaged rest areas are basically only parking spaces , sometimes with toilets . They form a part of the German highway system ; the plots of land are federal property . Autobahn exits leading to such parking areas are marked 200 metres in advance with a blue sign with the white letter `` P '' . They are found every few kilometres . </P> <P> A managed rest area ( German : Autobahnraststätte or Raststätte for short ) usually also includes a filling station , charging station , lavatories , toilets and baby changes . Many rest areas also have restaurants , shops , public telephones , internet access and a playground . Some have hotels . Mandated every 50 km or so , rest areas are usually open all night . </P> <P> Both kinds of rest areas are directly on the autobahn , with their own exits , and any service roads connecting them to the rest of the road network are usually closed to general traffic . The autobahn must not be left at rest areas . </P> <P> Truck stops ( German Autohof , plural Autohöfe ) are far rarer . Located at general exits , usually at a small distance from the autobahn , they have no ramps of their own . </P> Truck stop Scandinavian Park off the A 7 Rest area Dammer Berge on the A 1 <P> Rest areas and truck stops are marked several times , starting several kilometres in advance , and with larger signs that often include icons announcing what kinds of facilities travellers can expect . </P> <H2> Speed limits ( edit ) </H2> Autobahn with three separate lanes in each direction and an emergency lane On the autobahns there is an advisory speed limit ( Richtgeschwindigkeit ) of 130 km / h ( unless otherwise regulated by signs ) . The `` limits no longer apply '' ( Ende aller Streckenverbote ) sign , indicating a return to the default speed , while lifting all other limits as well ( all limits are indicated by round signs with red border ) . GPS tracks colored according to speed show considerable speed differences at an autobahn crossing <P> Germany 's autobahns are famous for being among the few public roads in the world without blanket speed limits for cars and motorcycles . As such , they are important German cultural identifiers , `` ... often mentioned in hushed , reverential tones by motoring enthusiasts and looked at with a mix of awe and terror by outsiders . '' Some speed limits are implemented on different autobahns . </P> <P> Certain limits are imposed on some classes of vehicles : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buses carrying standing passengers </Li> <Li> Motorcycles pulling trailers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vehicles with maximum allowed weight exceeding 3.5 t ( except passenger cars ) </Li> <Li> Passenger cars and trucks with trailers </Li> <Li> Buses </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Passenger cars pulling trailers certified for 100 km / h </Li> <Li> Buses certified for 100 km / h not towing trailers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Additionally , speed limits are posted at most on - and off - ramps and interchanges and other danger points like sections under construction or in need of repair . </P> <P> Where no general limit is required , the advisory speed limit is 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) , referred to in German as the Richtgeschwindigkeit . The advisory speed is not enforceable ; however , being involved in an accident driving at higher speeds can lead to the driver being deemed at least partially responsible due to `` increased operating danger '' ( Erhöhte Betriebsgefahr ) . </P> <P> The Federal Road Research Institute ( Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen ) solicited information about speed regulations on autobahns from the sixteen States and reported the following , comparing the years 2006 and 2008 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Parameter </Th> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> Change </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Autobahn Carriageway - Km </Td> <Td> 24,735 km </Td> <Td> 25,240 km </Td> <Td> + 505 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Advisory Limit Only </Td> <Td> 69.2 % </Td> <Td> 65.5 % </Td> <Td> - 580 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Variable Limit ( with Advisory Maximum ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 % </Td> <Td> 4.1 % </Td> <Td> - 5 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Permanent or Conditional Speed Limit </Td> <Td> 26.7 % </Td> <Td> 30.4 % </Td> <Td> + 1,090 km </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Except at construction sites , the general speed limits , where they apply , are usually between 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) and 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) ; construction sites usually have a speed limit of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) but the limit may be as low as 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) . In rare cases , sections may have limits of 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) , or on one ramp 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) . Certain stretches have lower speed limits during wet weather . Some areas have a speed limit of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) in order to reduce noise pollution during overnight hours ( usually 10pm -- 6am ) or because of increased traffic during daytime ( 6am -- 8pm ) . </P> Dynamic traffic signs on an Autobahn <P> Some limits were imposed to reduce pollution and noise . Limits can also be temporarily put into place through dynamic traffic guidance systems that display the according message . More than half of the total length of the German autobahn network has no speed limit , about one third has a permanent limit , and the remaining parts have a temporary or conditional limit . </P> <P> Some cars with very powerful engines can reach speeds of well over 300 km / h ( 190 mph ) . Major German car manufacturers , except Porsche , follow a gentlemen 's agreement by electronically limiting the top speeds of their cars -- with the exception of some top of the range models or engines -- to 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) . These limiters can be deactivated , so speeds up to 300 km / h ( 190 mph ) might arise on the German autobahn , but due to other traffic , such speeds are generally not attainable except during certain times like between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. or on Sundays ( when trucks drivers have to rest by law ) . Furthermore , there are certain autobahn sections which are known for having light traffic , making such speeds attainable during most days ( especially some of those located in Eastern Germany ) . Most unlimited sections of the autobahn are located outside densely populated areas . </P> <P> Vehicles with a top speed less than 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) ( such as quads , low - end microcars , and agricultural / construction equipment ) are not allowed to use the autobahn , nor are motorcycles and scooters with low engine capacity regardless of top speed ( mainly applicable to mopeds which are typically limited to 25 or 45 km / h anyway ) . To comply with this limit , heavy - duty trucks in Germany ( e.g. mobile cranes , tank transporters etc . ) often have a maximum design speed of 62 km / h ( 39 mph ) ( usually denoted by a round black - on - white sign with `` 62 '' on it ) , along with flashing orange beacons to warn approaching cars that they are travelling slowly . There is no general minimum speed but drivers are not allowed to drive at an unnecessarily low speed as this would lead to significant traffic disturbance and an increased collision risk . </P> <H3> Public debate ( edit ) </H3> <P> German national speed limits have a historical association with war - time restrictions and deprivations , the Nazi era , and the Soviet era in East Germany . `` Free driving for free citizens '' ( `` freie Fahrt für freie Bürger '' ) , a slogan promoted by the German Auto Club since the 1970s , is a popular slogan among those opposing autobahn speed restrictions . Tarek Al - Wazir , head of the Green Party in Hesse , and currently the Hessian Transport Minister has stated that `` the speed limit in Germany has a similar status as the right to bear arms in the American debate ... At some point , a speed limit will become reality here , and soon we will not be able to remember the time before . It 's like the smoking ban in restaurants . '' </P> Early history ( edit ) <P> The Weimar Republic had no federally required speed limits . The first crossroads - free road for motorized vehicles only , now A555 between Bonn and Cologne , had a 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) limit when it opened in 1932 . In October 1939 , the Nazis instituted the first national maximum speed limit , throttling speeds to 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) in order to conserve gasoline for the war effort . After the war , the four Allied occupation zones established their own speed limits until the divided East German and West German republics were constituted in 1949 ; initially , the Nazi speed limits were restored in both East and West Germany . </P> After the world wars ( edit ) <P> In December 1952 the West German legislature voted to abolish all national speed limits , seeing them as Nazi relics , reverting to State - level decisions . National limits were reestablished incrementally . The 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) urban limit was enacted in 1956 , effective in 1957 . The 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) limit on rural roads -- except autobahns -- became effective in 1972 . </P> Oil crisis of the 1970s ( edit ) <P> Just prior to the 1973 oil crisis , Germany , Switzerland , and Austria all had no general speed restriction on autobahns . During the crisis , like other nations , Germany imposed temporary speed restrictions ; for example , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on autobahns effective November 13 , 1973 . Automakers projected a 20 % plunge in sales , which they attributed in part to the lowered speed limits . The 100 km / h limit championed by Transportation Minister Lauritz Lauritzen lasted 111 days . Adjacent nations with unlimited speed autobahns , Austria and Switzerland , imposed permanent 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) limits after the crisis . </P> <P> However , after the crisis eased in 1974 , the upper house of the German parliament , which was controlled by conservative parties , successfully resisted the imposition of a permanent mandatory limit supported by Chancellor Brandt . The upper house insisted on a 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) recommended limit until a thorough study of the effects of a mandatory limit could be conducted . Accordingly , the Federal Highway Research Institute conducted a multiple - year experiment , switching between mandatory and recommended limits on two test stretches of autobahn . In the final report issued in 1977 , the Institute stated the mandatory speed limit could reduce the autobahn death toll but there would be economic impacts , so a political decision had to be made due to the trade - offs involved . At that time , the Federal Government declined to impose a mandatory limit . The fatality rate trend on the German autobahn mirrored those of other nations ' motorways that imposed a general speed limit . </P> Environmental concerns of the 1980s ( edit ) <P> In the mid-1980s , acid rain and sudden forest destruction renewed debate on whether or not a general speed limit should be imposed on autobahns . A car 's fuel consumption increases with high speed , and fuel conservation is a key factor in reducing air pollution . Environmentalists argued that enforcing limits of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) limit on autobahns and 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) on other rural roads would save lives as well as the forest , reducing the annual death toll by 30 % ( 250 lives ) on autobahns and 15 % ( 1,000 lives ) on rural roads ; the German motor vehicle death toll was about 10,000 at the time . The Federal Government sponsored a large - scale experiment with a 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) speed limit in order to measure the impact of reduced speeds on emissions and compliance . Afterward , again , the Federal Government declined to impose a mandatory limit , deciding the modest measured emission reduction would have no meaningful effect on forest loss . By 1987 all restrictions on test sections had been removed , even in Hesse where the state government was controlled by a `` red - green '' coalition . </P> German reunification ( edit ) <P> Prior to German reunification in 1990 , eastern German states focused on restrictive traffic regulation such as a 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) autobahn speed limit and of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) on other rural roads . Within two years after the opening , availability of high - powered vehicles and a 54 % increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths , despite `` interim arrangements ( which ) involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on autobahns and of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) outside cities '' . An extensive program of the four Es ( enforcement , education , engineering , and emergency response ) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after a decade of effort while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards ( e.g. , 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) freeway advisory limit , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on other rural roads , and 0.05 percent BAC ) . </P> Since reunification ( edit ) <P> In 1993 , the Social democratic - Green Party coalition controlling the State of Hesse experimented with a 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) limit on autobahns and 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) on other rural roads . These limits were attempts to reduce ozone pollution . </P> <P> During his term of office ( 1998 to 2005 ) as Chancellor of Germany , Gerhard Schröder opposed an autobahn speed limit , famously referring to Germany as an Autofahrernation ( a `` nation of drivers '' ) . </P> <P> In October 2007 , at a party congress held by the Social Democratic Party of Germany , delegates narrowly approved a proposal to introduce a blanket speed limit of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) on all German autobahns . While this initiative is primarily a part of the SPD 's general strategic outline for the future and , according to practices , not necessarily meant to affect immediate government policy , the proposal had stirred up a debate once again ; Germany 's chancellor since 2005 , Angela Merkel , and leading cabinet members expressed outspoken disapproval of such a measure . </P> <P> In 2008 , the Social Democratic - Green Party coalition controlling Germany 's smallest State , the paired City - State of Bremen & Bremerhaven , imposed a 120 - kilometre - per - hour ( 75 mph ) limit on its last 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) of speed - unlimited autobahn in hopes of leading other States to do likewise . </P> <P> In 2011 , the first ever Green minister - president of any German state , Winfried Kretschmann of Baden - Württemberg initially argued for a similar , state - level 120 kilometres per hour ( 75 mph ) limit . However , Baden - Württemberg is an important location for the German motor industry , including the headquarters of Daimler AG and Porsche ; the ruling coalition ultimately decided against a state - level limit on its 675 kilometres ( 419 mi ) of speed - unlimited roads -- arguing for nationwide speed limit instead . </P> <P> In 2014 , the conservative - liberal ruling coalition of Saxony confirmed its rejection of a general speed limit on autobahns , instead advocating dynamic traffic controls where appropriate . Between 2010 and 2014 in the State of Hesse , transportation ministers Dieter Posch and his successor Florian Rentsch , both members of the Free Democratic Party , removed or raised speed limits on several sections of autobahn following regular 5 - year reviews of speed limit effectiveness ; some sections just prior to the installation of Tarek Al - Wazir ( Green Party ) as Transportation Minister in January 2014 as part of an uneasy CDU - green coalition government . In 2015 , the left - green coalition government of Thuringia declared that a general autobahn limit was a Federal matter ; Thuringia would not unlaterally impose a general Statewide limit , although the Thuringian environmental minister had recommended a 120 kilometres per hour ( 75 mph ) limit . </P> <P> In late 2015 , Winfried Hermann , Baden - Württemberg 's Green minister of transportation , promised to impose a trial speed limit of 120 kilometres per hour ( 75 mph ) on about 10 % of the state 's autobahns beginning in May 2016 . However , the ruling green - social democratic coalition lost its majority in the March 2016 elections ; while Mr Hermann retained his post in the new Green -- Christian Democratic government , he put aside preparations for a speed limit due to opposition from his new coalition partners . </P> <H2> Safety ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2014 , autobahns carried 31 % of motorized road traffic while accounting for 11 % of Germany 's traffic deaths . The autobahn fatality rate of 1.6 deaths per billion travel - kilometres compared favorably with the 4.6 rate on urban streets and 6.5 rate on rural roads . </P> <P> Between 1970 and 2010 , overall German road fatalities decreased by almost 80 % from 19,193 to 3,648 ; over the same time period , autobahn deaths halved from 945 to 430 deaths . Statistics for 2013 show total German traffic deaths had declined to the lowest count ever recorded : 3,340 ( 428 on autobahns ) ; a representative of the Federal Statistical Office attributed the general decline to harsh winter weather that delayed the start of the motorcycle - riding season . In 2014 , there was a total of 3,377 road fatalities , while autobahn deaths dropped to 375 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Road Class </Th> <Th> Injury Crashes </Th> <Th> Fatalities </Th> <Th> Injury Rate * </Th> <Th> Fatality Rate * </Th> <Th> Fatalities per 1000 Injury Crashes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Autobahn </Td> <Td> 18,901 </Td> <Td> 375 </Td> <Td> 0.082 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 19.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Urban </Td> <Td> 209,618 </Td> <Td> 983 </Td> <Td> 1.052 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rural </Td> <Td> 73,916 </Td> <Td> 2,019 </Td> <Td> 0.238 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 27.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 302,435 </Td> <Td> 3,377 </Td> <Td> 0.408 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 11.2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * per 1,000,000,000 travel - kilometres </P> <P> In 2012 , the leading cause of autobahn accidents was `` excessive speed ( for conditions ) '' : 6,587 so - called `` speed related '' crashes claimed the lives of 179 people , which represents almost half ( 46.3 % ) of 387 autobahn fatalities that year . However , `` excessive speed '' does not mean that a speed limit has been exceeded , but that police determined at least one party travelled too fast for existing road or weather conditions . On autobahns 22 people died per 1,000 injury crashes ; a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1,000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads , which in turn is five times higher than the risk on urban roads -- speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads , increasing the severity potential of a crash . </P> <H3> Safety : International comparison ( edit ) </H3> <P> A few countries publish the safety record of their motorways ; the Federal Highway Research Institute provided IRTAD statistics for the year 2012 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Killed per 1,000,000,000 veh km </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> All roads </Th> <Th> Motorways </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 6.88 </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 7.67 </Td> <Td> 2.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 15.73 </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 3.40 </Td> <Td> 0.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 4.70 </Td> <Td> 1.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 5.00 </Td> <Td> 1.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 7.77 </Td> <Td> 3.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 5.60 </Td> <Td> 2.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 3.56 </Td> <Td> 1.16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 7.02 </Td> <Td> 3.38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> For example , a person yearly traversing 15,000 kilometres ( 9,300 mi ) on regular roads and 10,000 kilometres ( 6,200 mi ) on motorways has an approximately 1 in 11,000 chance of dying in a car accident on a German road in any particular year ( 1 in 57,000 on an autobahn ) , compared to 1 in 3,800 in Czech Republic , 1 in 17,000 in Denmark , or 1 in 7,200 in the United States . </P> <P> However , there are many differences between countries in their geography , economy , traffic growth , highway system size , degree of urbanization and motorization , and so on . </P> <H2> Travel speeds ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Federal government does not regularly measure or estimate travel speeds . One study reported in a transportation engineering journal offered historical perspective on the increase in travel speeds over a decade , as shown below . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Parameters </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( for light vehicles ) </Th> <Th> 1982 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Average ( mean ) speed </Td> <Td> 112.3 km / h ( 70 mph ) </Td> <Td> 117.2 km / h ( 73 mph ) </Td> <Td> 120.4 km / h ( 75 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85th percentile speed </Td> <Td> 139.2 km / h ( 86 mph ) </Td> <Td> 145.1 km / h ( 90 mph ) </Td> <Td> 148.2 km / h ( 92 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Percentage exceeding 130 km / h </Td> <Td> 25.0 % </Td> <Td> 31.3 % </Td> <Td> 35.9 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : Kellermann , G : Geschwindigkeitsverhalten im Autobahnnetz 1992 . Straße + Autobahn , Issue 5 / 1995 . </P> <P> The Federal Environmental Office reported that , on a free - flowing section in 1992 , the recorded average speed was 132 km / h ( 82 mph ) with 51 % of drivers exceeding the recommended speed . </P> <P> In 2006 , speeds were recorded using automated detection loops in the State of Brandenburg at two points : on a six - lane section of A9 near Niemegk with a 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) advisory speed limit ; and on a four - lane section of A10 bypassing Berlin near Groß Kreutz with a 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) mandatory limit . The results are shown below : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Average speed </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Autobahn cross-section </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speed regulation </Th> <Th> 130 km / h advisory </Th> <Th> 120 km / h mandatory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vehicle class </Th> <Th> A9 ( 6 lanes ) </Th> <Th> A10 ( 4 lanes ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Automobiles </Td> <Td> 141.8 km / h ( 88 mph ) </Td> <Td> 116.5 km / h ( 72 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trucks </Td> <Td> 88.2 km / h ( 55 mph ) </Td> <Td> 88.0 km / h ( 55 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buses </Td> <Td> 97.7 km / h ( 61 mph ) </Td> <Td> 94.4 km / h ( 59 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All vehicles </Td> <Td> 131.9 km / h ( 82 mph ) </Td> <Td> 110.1 km / h ( 68 mph ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> At peak times on the `` free - flowing '' section of A9 , over 60 % of road users exceeded the recommended 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) maximum speed , more than 30 % of motorists exceeded 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) , and more than 15 % exceeded 170 km / h ( 106 mph ) -- in other words the so - called `` 85th - percentile speed '' was in excess of 170 km / h . </P> <H2> Toll roads ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 1 January 2005 , a new system came into effect for mandatory tolls ( Mautpflicht ) on heavy trucks ( those weighing more than 12 t ) while using the German autobahn system ( LKW - Maut ) . The German government contracted with a private company , Toll Collect GmbH , to operate the toll collection system , which has involved the use of vehicle - mounted transponders and roadway - mounted sensors installed throughout Germany . The toll is calculated depending on the toll route , as well as based on the pollution class of the vehicle , its weight and the number of axles on the vehicles . Certain vehicles , such as emergency vehicles and buses , are exempt from the toll . An average user is charged € 0.15 per kilometre , or about $0.31 per mile ( Toll Collect , 2007 ) . </P> <H2> Traffic laws and enforcement ( edit ) </H2> German police car ( Bavaria , green ) German police car ( Lower - Saxony , blue ) High Visibility German police car ( Lower - Saxony , blue ) <P> Driving in Germany is regulated by the Straßenverkehrs - Ordnung ( road traffic regulations , abbreviated StVO ) . Enforcement on the federal Autobahnen is handled by each state 's Highway Patrol ( Autobahnpolizei ) , often using unmarked police cars and motorcycles and usually equipped with video cameras , thus allowing easier enforcement of laws such as tailgating . Notable laws include the following . </P> <Ul> <Li> The right lane should be used when it is free ( Rechtsfahrgebot ) and the left lane is generally intended only for overtaking unless traffic is too dense to justify driving only on the right lane . It is legal to give a short horn or light signal ( flashing headlights or Lichthupe ) in order to indicate the intention of overtaking , but a safe distance to the vehicle in front must be maintained , otherwise this might be regarded as an act of coercion . </Li> <Li> Penalties for tailgating were increased in May 2006 to a maximum of € 375 and three months ' license suspension : `` drivers must keep a distance in metres that is equal to half their speed . For example , a driver going 100 km / h on the autobahn must keep a distance of at least 50 metres ( 165 feet ) '' . The penalty increase followed uproar after an infamous fatal crash on Autobahn 5 in 2003 . </Li> <Li> In a traffic jam , drivers must form an emergency lane ( Rettungsgasse ) to allow emergency services to reach the scene of an accident . This improvised alley is to be created on the dividing line between the two leftmost lanes . </Li> <Li> It is unlawful to stop for any reason on the autobahn , except for emergencies and when unavoidable , like traffic jams or being involved in an accident . This includes stopping on emergency lanes . Running out of fuel is considered an avoidable occurrence , as by law there are petrol stations directly on the autobahn approximately every 50 -- 55 km ( 31 -- 34 mi ) . Drivers may face fines and up to six months ' suspension , should it come to a stop that was deemed unnecessary by the police . In some cases ( if there is a direct danger to life and limb or property e.g. cars and highway infrastructure ) it may also be considered a crime and the driver could receive a prison sentence ( up to 5 years ) . </Li> <Li> Overtaking on the right ( undertaking ) is strictly forbidden , except when stuck in traffic jams . Up to a speed of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) it is permitted to pass cars on the right side if the speed difference is not greater than 20 km / h ( 12 mph ) or the vehicle on the left lane is stationary . This is not referred to as overtaking , but driving past . Even if the car overtaken is illegally occupying the left - hand lane , it is not an acceptable excuse ; in such cases , the police will routinely stop and fine both drivers . However , exceptions can and have sometimes been made . </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Film and television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alarm für Cobra 11 -- Die Autobahnpolizei ( Alarm for Cobra 11 -- The Autobahn Police , 1996 -- ) , a famous German TV series focusing on the work of a team of motorway police officers and their investigations , set in the autobahn - intertwined Rhine - Ruhr metropolitan area . </Li> <Li> Reichsautobahn ( documentary / b&w ) by Hartmut Bitomsky ( West Germany , 1986 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Autobahn '' , a song and album by German electronic band Kraftwerk ( 1974 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <P> Need for Speed : ProStreet , Burnout 3 : Takedown , and Burnout Dominator use autobahn as one of their tracks . Euro Truck Simulator 2 features the Autobahn in its open world map . Burnout 3 : Takedown named them as Alpine while Burnout Dominator divided them into two ( Autobahn and Autobahn Loop ) . Need for Speed : Porsche Unleashed also had a track that had the player drive across different sections of the autobahn . The entire game world of Crash Time : Autobahn Pursuit is set on the autobahn . On Gran Turismo 5 and Gran Turismo 6 , a trophy is awarded to those who have driven the same distance as the autobahn total length . In December 2010 video game developer Synetic GmbH and Conspiracy Entertainment released the title Alarm für Cobra 11 -- Die Autobahnpolizei featuring real world racing and mission - based gameplay . It is taken from the popular German television series about a two - man team of Autobahnpolizei first set in Berlin then later in North Rhine - Westphalia . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Transport in Germany </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jeremic , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Fun , fun , fun on the autobahn '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://archive.etsc.eu/documents/Speed_Fact_Sheet_1.pdf </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Auswirkungen eines allgemeinen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen im Land Brandenburg '' . Brandenburg . October 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . 1 ) ( German :) `` Auf einer 6 - streifigen Autobahn ergibt sich für den Pkw - Verkehr im Mittel eine Geschwindigkeit von 142 km / h ... Der Bereich zwischen v15 ( von 15 % unterschritten ) und v85 ( von 85 % unterschritten ) wird für den geschwindigkeitsunbegrenzten Abschnitt mit 115 ... 167 km / h '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statistisches Landesamt Baden - Württemberg . `` Gemeinsames Datenangebot der Statistischen Ämter des Bundes und der Länder '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.moc.gov.cn/zhuzhan/jiaotonggaikuang/201507/t20150723_1853384.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://thenewswheel.com/the-history-of-autobahn/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Dick ; A. Lichtenberg ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` The myth of Hitler 's role in building the German autobahn '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ German Myth 8 Hitler and the Autobahn , German.about.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wie die Autobahn ins Rheinland kam , documentary ( in German ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ rf / cj . `` Die Reichsautobahnen '' ( in German ) . Deutsches Historisches Museum . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Europas erste Autobahn wird 75 '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . 4 August 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gartman , David ( 2009 ) . From Autos to Architecture : Fordism and Architectural Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century . Chronicle Books . p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Tooze ( 2008 ) . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . Penguin . pp. 45 -- 46 , 59 -- 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Vahrenkamp . Roads without Cars . The HAFRABA Association and the Autobahn Project 1933 -- 1943 in Germany . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Working Papers in the History of Mobility No. 1 / 2001 '' . Ibwl.uni-kassel.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Last section of Germany 's Autobahn , built in 1936 , to disappear '' . UPI.com. 2013 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hitler 's last motorway to disappear '' . The Local . Sep 30 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haiko Prengel ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Vier Kilometer Geschichte '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beginn des Autobahnbaus in Österreich '' ( in German ) . Wabweb.net . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` R + V24 Ratgeber : Auto und Motorrad '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Purcell ( 2010 ) . `` National Transport Rules of the Road '' . Brian 's Guide To Getting Around Germany . Brian Purcell . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See map with its associated legend . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` StVO -- Einzelnorm '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A 95 : Unfall - Porsche beschlagnahmt : Starnberg -- Nach dem tödlichen Unfall auf der Autobahn A 95 am Starnberger Dreieck stellt sich die Frage einer Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung . Bereits im Oktober 2012 gab es hier einen schweren Unfall . ( Translation : A 95 : Crashed Porsche Seized : Starnberg -- After the fatal accident on autobahn A95 at Starnberg three - way junction , the question of a speed limit arises . In October 2012 there was a prior serious accident here . ) '' . Münchner Merkur . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Die Spekulationen über das Tempo des Porsche schießen ins Kraut -- und es kommt die Frage auf , ob ein Tempolimit auf der zweispurigen Strecke den Unfall hätte verhindern können . Der Porsche -- nach neueren Angaben ein mit einem 911er fast identischer 996 GT3 mit mehr als 350 PS -- soll deutlich mehr als 200 Stundenkilometer schnell gewesen sein ... Bis November 2007 galt am Starnberger Dreieck ein Tempolimit von 120 km / h . Das allerdings war nur ein vierjähriger Test -- nachdem es schwere Unfälle gegeben hatte . Eine Verbesserung war damals nicht festgestellt worden . Über eine Wiedereinführung oder andere Maßnahmen müsste die Unfallkommission von Autobahndirektion und Polizei entscheiden . Ob der Unfall dort bei der nächsten jährlichen Sitzung Thema sein wird oder Anlass für eine so genannte Sonderverkehrsschau ist , war gestern noch unklar . Die Kommission befasst sich nur mit Unfallschwerpunkten . ( Translation : Speculation about the speed of the Porsche is running wild -- and with it comes to the question of whether a speed limit could have prevented the accident . The Porsche ... was said to be traveling significantly faster than 200 kilometers per hour . Until November 2007 a speed limit of 120 km / h was in force at the Starnberg 3 - way interchange . However , that was only a four - year test -- initiated after some serious accidents . An improvement was not observed at that time . A reintroduction or other measures may be decided by the crash commission of the Highway Administration and the police . Whether the accident a subject at the next annual meeting of the commission or whether a so - called special meeting will be called was still unclear . The commission deals only with collision black spots . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tempolimit auf Autobahnen 2008 ( Speed limits on autobahns 2008 ) '' . Bundesanstant fuer Strassenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kubbernuß , Ralf. `` 60 km / h erlaubte Höchstgeschwindigkeit -- auf der Autobahn 59 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christoph Koopmeiners ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` A 29 : An neun Baustellen gilt Tempo 40 '' . NWZonline . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NDR . `` Tempo 30 : Es blitzt und blitzt an der Autobahn '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grenzenlos -- das 250 km / h - Limit bröckelt '' , Auto , Motor und Sport ( in German ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Die Sache mit der Geschwindigkeit -- Geschichte der Tempobeschraenkungen im Fuer und Wider -- Transport Research International Documentation -- TRID '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stefan Anker ( 3 November 2013 ) . `` Tempolimit : Freie Fahrt -- Wo geht das noch in Deutschland ? '' . Die Welt . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speed limits on autobahn ? Nein , danke -- US news -- Environment -- Climate Change -- NBC News '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Birnbaum ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` Autobahn speed limit proposal revs up debate in Germany '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Driving the Autobahn ? Just look for an exit '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pitt von Bebenburg ( 2013 - 06 - 21 ) . `` FR : Interview Al - Wazir : Tempolimit wird Realität '' . Frankfurter Rundschau . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The myth of Hitler ′ s role in building the autobahn '' . DW.COM. 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders : Für das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltberühmt . ( Translation : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Im Oktober 1939 drosselten die Nazis das Tempo . In der Stadt durfte man 40 , überall sonst 80 km / h fahren . Offizielle Begründung war die Verkehrssicherheit . In Wirklichkeit sollten die Deutschen mit ihrer gezügelten Fahrweise Benzin sparen , für die Wehrmacht . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders ( Translation : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . 1945 führten die Besatzungsmächte in den einzelnen Zonen unterschiedliche Regelungen ein . Von 1949 an galten dann die Tempolimits der Nazis wieder in ganz Deutschland , sowohl die BRD als auch die DDR übernahmen sie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders : Für das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltberühmt . Was kaum einer weiß : Bis zum 1 . September 1957 gab es in der BRD überhaupt kein Limit . Selbst innerorts durfte gerast werden . ( TRANSLATION : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle : Germany is world - famous for unlimited speeds on motorways . But few know that until 1 September 1957 there were no limits at all ; race speeds were legal even in towns ) '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Die nächste Episode in der Geschichte des Tempolimits klingt aus heutiger Sicht unglaublich : Im Westen schaffte der Bundestag im Dezember 1952 sämtliche Höchstgeschwindigkeiten ab . Nicht die Nazi - Handschrift war das Problem am Gesetz , sondern Technikbegeisterung , verbunden mit dem allgemeinen Taumel der Wirtschaftswunderzeit . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` VERKEHR / GESCHWINDIGKEITSBESCHRÄNKUNG : Nächstes Jahr langsamer '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10043356&page=2 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Seit 35 Jahren Tempolimit auf Autobahnen '' . ORF. 2009 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ÖAMTC / Sicherheit '' . Oeamtc.at . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richtgeschwindigkeit verdrängt Tempo 100 Zeitgeschichte , Zeitzeugen und Erinnerungen '' . Chroniknet.de. 1977 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dann sind wir tot ( '' Then We 're Dead `` ) '' . Der Spiegel ( `` The Mirror '' ) . May 3 , 1974 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Selbst notorisch optimistische Automanager geben zu , daß die Branche `` mit einem steifen Gegenwind '' fertig werden muß . Sie rechnen für dieses Jahr mit einem Produktionsminus von etwa zwanzig Prozent . ( Even notoriously optimistic auto executives admit that the industry faces `` a stiff headwind . '' They expect this year a production fall of about twenty percent ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 111 Tage mit Tempo 100 ( '' 111 Days With Speed 100 `` ) '' . Frankfurter Rundschau . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Die bisherigen Kräfteverhältnisse zwischen Befürwortern und Gegnern eines Tempolimits auf bundesdeutschen Autobahnen sind eindeutig : Eine generelle Beschränkung der Geschwindigkeit gab es in der 80 - jährigen Geschichte dieser Straßen nur ein einziges Mal und sie galt lediglich 111 Tage lang . ( The current balance of power between supporters and opponents of a speed limit on German motorways is clear : The only general speed limitation in the 80 - year history of autobahns happened only once , and lasted only 111 days . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` VERKEHR : Blut sehen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Letzte Chance für Vernunft im Verkehr '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AUSWIRKUNGEN EINER RICHTGESCHWINDIGKEIT IM VERGLEICH ZU EINER HOECHSTGESCHWINDIGKEIT VON 130 KM / H AUF AUTOBAHNEN -- Transport Research International Documentation -- TRID '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Meist kracht es tags und auf dem Trockenen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Autobahn Fatality Rates and General Speed Limits : What Really Happened in 1973 / 74 ? '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` VERKEHR : Trick mit Zahlen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Tempolimit : Taktik statt Taten '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Tempo 100 rettet 1250 Menschenleben '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Traffic and Accident Data : Summary Statistics -- Germany '' ( PDF ) . Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen . September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` TEMPO - LIMIT : Schwimmen im Strom '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` TEMPOLIMIT : Verdammt schwierig '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zeitgeschichte in Hessen -- Daten , Fakten , Hintergründe '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/06/990616165539.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety -- The German Experience after Reunification '' ( PDF ) . German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zeitgeschichte in Hessen -- Daten , Fakten , Hintergründe '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No More Fun on the Autobahn ? '' . TIME.com. 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate Connolly ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Car lobby angry at plan to limit autobahn speeds '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Slow Down : German State Introduces Autobahn Speed Limit '' . Der Spiegel . 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . From now on , the maximum speed allowed is 120 kilometers per hour ( 75 miles per hour ) . In practical terms , the change is not a big one -- it only affects 11 kilometers ( 6.8 miles ) of autobahn connecting the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The rest of the tiny city - state 's 49 kilometers ( 30.5 miles ) of autobahn has long had speed restrictions aimed at fighting congestion , noise and pollution . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manfred Kühnappel . `` Als erstes Bundesland : Bremen führt Tempolimit ein '' . RP ONLINE . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Wevers . `` Tensions Rise in The Heartland of German Automotive Industry '' . GTspirit . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` bw-fairs.de : The automotive industry in Baden - Württemberg '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Autobahn speed limits : Germany 's love of the fast lane '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vorerst kein generelles Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ( For Now , No General Speed Limit on Autobahns ) '' . Stuttgarter Zeitung. 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . Die grün - rote Landesregierung plant kein generelles Tempolimit auf den Autobahnen . Vorerst , denn grundsätzlich unterstützt Verkehrsminister Winfried Hermann ( Grüne ) Initiativen auf Bundesebene , die eine flächendeckende Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung auf Autobahnen in Deutschland vorsehen , wie aus seiner Antwort auf eine Landtagsanfrage der FDP - Fraktion hervorgeht ... Auf den 2078 Kilometer langen Autobahnen in Baden - Württemberg bestehen nach Angaben des Ministers auf 726 Kilometern Tempolimits. 65 Prozent seien frei ; auf 35 Prozent sind Geschwindigkeiten bis 120 Stundenkilometer erlaubt . ( The Red - Green ruling coalition plans no general speed limit on autobahns , instead supporting the proposal of Transportation Minister Winfried Hermann ( Green Party ) to impose a Federal limit , said the government in response to a parliamentary question by the Free Democratic Party ... Of the 2,078 carriageway - kilometres of Baden - Württemberg autobahns , 726 kilometres have speed limits . 65 percent are unrestricted ; 35 percent have speed limits up to 120 km / h . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Application by FDP / DVP and statement by Ministry for Traffic regarding a general speed limit of 120 km / h on Autobahnen ... , Parliament of Baden - Württemberg , 19 July 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vorerst kein generelles Tempolimit in Sachsen '' by Diana Köhler , Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk , 14 March 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hessen kippt Tempolimits '' . autobild.de . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Volker Schmidt . `` Verkehrstote in Hessen : Grüne fordern Tempolimit '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nachrichten aus Hessen '' . hessenschau.de. 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Auf 22 Streckenabschnitten : Hessen lockert Tempolimit auf Autobahnen '' . FAZ.NET . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Verkehrsminister Rentsch hebt mehrere Tempolimits auf '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vorerst kein Tempolimit auf Thüringer Autobahnen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits Coming to the Autobahn in the Home State of Porsche , Mercedes -- News -- Car and Driver '' . blog.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greens face rightward shift despite victory '' . DW.COM . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baden - Württemberg : Grüner Verkehrsminister will Schweizer Raser ausbremsen '' . Die Welt . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unfallstatistik : Auf Deutschlands Autobahnen wird es gefährlicher ( Crash Statistics : German autobahns more dangerous ) '' . Eine Sprecherin des Statistischen Bundesamts führt aber noch einen weiteren , durchaus simpleren Grund auf : Durch die schlechte Witterung im Frühjahr 2013 sei die frühe Motorradsaison fast komplett ausgefallen , und damit habe es auch weniger Unfälle auf den Straßen gegeben . ( English : `` A spokeswoman for the Federal Statistical Office suggested a simple reason for the decline : bad weather in the spring of 2013 almost eliminated the initial motorcycle - riding season , so there were fewer accidents on the roads . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/TransportVerkehr/Verkehrsunfaelle/VerkehrsunfaelleZeitreihenPDF_5462403.pdf?__blob=publicationFile </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Straßen 2012 ( Crashes on German Roads 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistics Office ) . Statistisches Bundesamt. 10 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ( Seite 19 ) Mit 29 Getöteten je 1 000 Unfälle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstraßen fünfmal höher als auf Innerortsstraßen und auch höher als auf Autobahnen , auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfälle starben . Ein Grund für das wesentlich höhere Risiko auf Landstraßen und Autobahnen ist , dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstraßen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt ... ( Seite 20 ) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit `` . Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfälle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfälle , bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde . Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfällen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode , das heißt nahezu die Hälfte ( 46 , 3 % ) aller Getöteten auf Autobahnen ... ( Seite 20 ) Hierbei ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen , dass die Unfallursache `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit `` häufig nicht bedeutet , dass die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit überschritten worden ist . `` Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit `` wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst , wenn ein Beteiligter für die vorliegenden Straßen - oder Witterungsverhältnisse zu schnell gefahren ist . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A 95 : Polizei geschockt über `` immenses Tempo '' ( Translation : A 95 : Police Shocked At High Speed ) `` . Merkur Online ( The Mercury online version ) . Aug 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohenschäftlarn ( Kreis München ) , Daniel Buck ... war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle , an der ein Porschefahrer ( 51 ) so schnell in den Toyota einer 67 - jährigen Weilheimerin bretterte , dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals überschlug . Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden , starb jedoch später im Krankenhaus . Die beiden Männer im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon ... Auf Höhe des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle über sein Auto . Er kam ins Schleudern , schoss rechts über einen Grünstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn . Dort rammte er die 67 - jährige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota ... Zeugen vor Ort schätzen , dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war ... Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen überholt worden . `` Er schätzt , der Porsche war doppelt so schnell `` , sagt Buck . Und : `` ... Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen. `` . ( Translation : deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county ( Munich ) , Daniel Buck ... was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver ( age 51 ) bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67 - year - old Weilheim in Oberbayern resident , rolling her car over several times . The woman had to be resuscitated on site , but died later in hospital . The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries ... At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane he lost control of his car . He went into a skid , shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67 - year - old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota ... Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour ... One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car . `` He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast , '' says Buck . And : `` This is simply irresponsible ; even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is absolutely inappropriate . `` ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` International Traffic and Accident Data : Selected Risk Values for the Year 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen . December 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SPEED Fact Sheet . German Autobahn : The Speed Limit Debate '' ( PDF ) . European Transport Safety Council . Feb 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . In Germany , measurement to estimate mean or average speeds on the motorways network was stopped in 1993 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Straße und Autobahn die Zeitschrift / Fachzeitschrift -- Wegebau Straßenplanung Straßenentwässerung Flüsterasphalt Reparaturasphalt Geokunststoffe Straßenfertiger Straßenerhaltung Straßenwalzen '' . Strasse-und-autobahn.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gunnar Gohlisch & Marion Malow ( June 1999 ) . `` Umweltauswirkungen von Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkungen ( Environmental Impacts of Speed Limits ) '' ( PDF ) . Umweltbundesamt ( Federal Environmental Office ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Auf Autobahnabschnittten , die eine weitgehend freie Geschwindigkeitswahl zulassen , lag die mittlere Pkw - Geschwindigkeit 1992 bei 132 km / h . Mehr als die Hälfte der Pkw - Fahrer ( 51 % ) überschreitet auf derartigen Abschnitten die Richtgeschwindigkeit . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lärmaktionsplan 2008 der Stadt Gera '' . Gera. April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . 1 ) ( German :) `` Die real gefahrene Geschwindigkeit auf `` freigegebenen `` Autobahnabschnitten liegt jedoch deutlich höher , wie das in Abb. 54 dargestellte Beispiel von der A9 im Bereich Niemegk zeigt . Die V85 liegt teilweise bei über 170 km / h . Im Schnitt fahren deutlich über 60 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer schneller als 130 km / h . Mehr als 30 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer fahren im Schnitt schneller als 150 km / h `` </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` StVO 2013 -- nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis '' . Gesetze-im-internet.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ von Stefan Jacobs . `` Mit dem Videowagen unterwegs beim Blitzmarathon : Der ganz normale Wahnsinn auf Berlins Straßen '' . Der Tagesspiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Autobahn - Polizei : Mit der Kamera gegen Raser '' . Kölner Stadtanzeiger ( in German ) . 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` StVO -- Einzelnorm '' . Gesetze-im-internet.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoff Ziezulewicz ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Fines go up as Germans get tough on tailgaters '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Drivers who ride the bumper of the car in front of them can now expect a fine of up to 375 euros ( nearly $470 ) , a rise of nearly 100 euros from the previous maximum , said Sven Stadtrecher , a German police liaison officer to the U.S. military in Heidelberg . Drivers can also lose their license for up to three months . Before the new regulations went into effect , a monthlong suspension was the maximum penalty , he said . Fines will start at 35 euros for a speed of 80 kilometers an hour , Stadtrecher said , adding that drivers must keep a distance in meters that is equal to half their speed . For example , a driver going 100 km / h on the autobahn must keep a distance of at least 50 meters ( 165 feet ) . Fines and penalties will increase at higher speeds and will also take into account how long the driver tailgates . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Melissa Eddy ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` DaimlerChrysler car tester charged in fatal tailgating crash on German autobahn '' . Jacksonville Times ( AP ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . The 34 - year - old German man faces charges of manslaughter and endangering traffic as well as fleeing the scene the July 14 accident ( that killed a young mother and her 2 - year - old daughter ) ... According to the indictment , he was barreling down the highway behind the wheel of a company - owned , 476 - horsepower Mercedes - Benz CL 600 coupe when he tried to overtake the woman on the far left shoulder . The 21 - year - old woman lost control of her car after swerving sharply to the right to avoid the Mercedes , which prosecutors said approached at up to 250 kilometers an hour ( 155 mph ) to within a few meters of her bumper . She spun across two lanes and smashed into a bank of trees . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` StVO -- Einzelnorm '' . Gesetze-im-internet.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Vahrenkamp , Richard ( 2010 ) . The German Autobahn 1920 -- 1945 : Hafraba Visions and Mega Projects . Josef Eul Verlag GmbH . </Li> <Li> Zeller , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Driving Germany : The Landscape of the German Autobahn , 1930 -- 1970 . Berghahn Books . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bundesautobahn . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> German website with descriptions of all autobahn routes and exits ( in English ) </Li> <Li> English - language website that discusses all aspects of the autobahn </Li> <Li> Geographic data related to Autobahn at OpenStreetMap </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Autobahn system in Germany </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major routes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A 1 </Li> <Li> A 2 </Li> <Li> A 3 </Li> <Li> A 4 </Li> <Li> A 5 </Li> <Li> A 6 </Li> <Li> A 7 </Li> <Li> A 8 </Li> <Li> A 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional routes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A 10 </Li> <Li> A 11 </Li> <Li> A 12 </Li> <Li> A 13 </Li> <Li> A 14 </Li> <Li> A 15 </Li> <Li> A 17 </Li> <Li> A 19 </Li> <Li> A 20 </Li> <Li> A 21 </Li> <Li> A 23 </Li> <Li> A 24 </Li> <Li> A 25 </Li> <Li> A 26 </Li> <Li> A 27 </Li> <Li> A 28 </Li> <Li> A 29 </Li> <Li> A 30 </Li> <Li> A 31 </Li> <Li> A 33 </Li> <Li> A 37 </Li> <Li> A 38 </Li> <Li> A 39 </Li> <Li> A 40 </Li> <Li> A 42 </Li> <Li> A 43 </Li> <Li> A 44 </Li> <Li> A 45 </Li> <Li> A 46 </Li> <Li> A 48 </Li> <Li> A 49 </Li> <Li> A 52 </Li> <Li> A 57 </Li> <Li> A 59 </Li> <Li> A 60 </Li> <Li> A 61 </Li> <Li> A 62 </Li> <Li> A 63 </Li> <Li> A 64 </Li> <Li> A 65 </Li> <Li> A 66 </Li> <Li> A 67 </Li> <Li> A 70 </Li> <Li> A 71 </Li> <Li> A 72 </Li> <Li> A 73 </Li> <Li> A 81 </Li> <Li> A 92 </Li> <Li> A 93 </Li> <Li> A 94 </Li> <Li> A 95 </Li> <Li> A 96 </Li> <Li> A 98 </Li> <Li> A 99 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Local routes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A 100 </Li> <Li> A 103 </Li> <Li> A 111 </Li> <Li> A 113 </Li> <Li> A 114 </Li> <Li> A 115 </Li> <Li> A 117 </Li> <Li> A 143 </Li> <Li> A 210 </Li> <Li> A 215 </Li> <Li> A 226 </Li> <Li> A 252 </Li> <Li> A 253 </Li> <Li> A 255 </Li> <Li> A 261 </Li> <Li> A 270 </Li> <Li> A 280 </Li> <Li> A 281 </Li> <Li> A 293 </Li> <Li> A 352 </Li> <Li> A 391 </Li> <Li> A 392 </Li> <Li> A 395 </Li> <Li> A 445 </Li> <Li> A 448 </Li> <Li> A 480 </Li> <Li> A 485 </Li> <Li> A 516 </Li> <Li> A 524 </Li> <Li> A 535 </Li> <Li> A 540 </Li> <Li> A 542 </Li> <Li> A 544 </Li> <Li> A 553 </Li> <Li> A 555 </Li> <Li> A 559 </Li> <Li> A 560 </Li> <Li> A 562 </Li> <Li> A 565 </Li> <Li> A 571 </Li> <Li> A 573 </Li> <Li> A 602 </Li> <Li> A 620 </Li> <Li> A 623 </Li> <Li> A 643 </Li> <Li> A 648 </Li> <Li> A 650 </Li> <Li> A 656 </Li> <Li> A 659 </Li> <Li> A 661 </Li> <Li> A 671 </Li> <Li> A 672 </Li> <Li> A 831 </Li> <Li> A 861 </Li> <Li> A 864 </Li> <Li> A 952 </Li> <Li> A 980 </Li> <Li> A 995 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Planned or former routes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A 16 </Li> <Li> A 17 * </Li> <Li> A 18 </Li> <Li> A 22 </Li> <Li> A 32 </Li> <Li> A 34 </Li> <Li> A 35 </Li> <Li> A 36 </Li> <Li> A 40 * </Li> <Li> A 41 </Li> <Li> A 47 </Li> <Li> A 50 </Li> <Li> A 51 </Li> <Li> A 53 </Li> <Li> A 54 </Li> <Li> A 55 </Li> <Li> A 56 </Li> <Li> A 69 </Li> <Li> A 74 </Li> <Li> A 75 </Li> <Li> A 77 </Li> <Li> A 80 </Li> <Li> A 82 </Li> <Li> A 83 </Li> <Li> A 84 </Li> <Li> A 85 </Li> <Li> A 86 </Li> <Li> A 87 </Li> <Li> A 88 </Li> <Li> A 89 </Li> <Li> A 90 </Li> <Li> A 91 </Li> <Li> A 102 </Li> <Li> A 104 </Li> <Li> A 105 </Li> <Li> A 106 </Li> <Li> A 107 </Li> <Li> A 140 </Li> <Li> A 201 </Li> <Li> A 205 </Li> <Li> A 227 </Li> <Li> A 241 </Li> <Li> A 250 </Li> <Li> A 263 </Li> <Li> A 282 </Li> <Li> A 290 </Li> <Li> A 314 </Li> <Li> A 339 </Li> <Li> A 369 </Li> <Li> A 376 </Li> <Li> A 388 </Li> <Li> A 430 </Li> <Li> A 432 </Li> <Li> A 441 </Li> <Li> A 441 * </Li> <Li> A 443 </Li> <Li> A 451 </Li> <Li> A 480 * </Li> <Li> A 533 </Li> <Li> A 545 </Li> <Li> A 552 </Li> <Li> A 558 </Li> <Li> A 580 </Li> <Li> A 610 </Li> <Li> A 621 </Li> <Li> A 647 </Li> <Li> A 652 </Li> <Li> A 653 </Li> <Li> A 654 </Li> <Li> A 655 </Li> <Li> A 680 </Li> <Li> A 683 </Li> <Li> A 687 </Li> <Li> A 713 </Li> <Li> A 720 </Li> <Li> A 722 </Li> <Li> A 731 </Li> <Li> A 751 </Li> <Li> A 752 </Li> <Li> A 753 </Li> <Li> A 828 </Li> <Li> A 833 </Li> <Li> A 834 </Li> <Li> A 840 </Li> <Li> A 860 </Li> <Li> A 862 </Li> <Li> A 863 </Li> <Li> A 863 * </Li> <Li> A 881 </Li> <Li> A 895 </Li> <Li> A 921 </Li> <Li> A 922 </Li> <Li> A 942 </Li> <Li> A 944 </Li> <Li> A 985 </Li> <Li> A 990 </Li> <Li> A 991 </Li> <Li> A 992 </Li> <Li> A 993 </Li> <Li> A 994 </Li> <Li> A 996 </Li> <Li> A 997 </Li> <Li> A 998 </Li> <Li> A 999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reichsautobahn ( history ) </Li> <Li> Autobahnpolizei </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> * original plan : number is used by another route now </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Roads in Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> 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</Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other entities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Åland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Guernsey </Li> <Li> Isle of Man </Li> <Li> Jersey </Li> <Li> Svalbard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autobahn&oldid=837119844 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Autobahns in Germany </Li> <Li> Speed limits by country </Li> <Li> Transport systems </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with German - language external links </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles containing German - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 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Monday Night Football - Wikipedia <H1> Monday Night Football </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Monday Night Football ( disambiguation ) . `` NFL on ESPN '' redirects here . For the program aired between 1987 and 2005 , see ESPN Sunday Night Football . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) <Ul> <Li> http://nfllabor.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/week-161.pdf <Dl> <Dd> Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083130/http://nfllabor.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/week-161.pdf <Dl> <Dd> Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ESPN Monday Night Football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> NFL game telecasts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Roone Arledge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 ) Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Commentators : Sean McDonough Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 ) `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1988 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 47 ( NFL seasons ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 718 ( games ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts ) ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 3 - 4 hours </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Monday Night Countdown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> espn.go.com/nfl/mnf </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ESPN Monday Night Football ( abbreviated as MNF and also known as ESPN Monday Night Football on ABC for rare live special broadcast ) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League ( NFL ) games on ESPN in the United States . From 1970 to 2005 , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC . Monday Night Football was , along with Hallmark Hall of Fame and the Walt Disney anthology television series , one of the longest - running prime time programs ever on commercial network television , and one of the highest - rated , particularly among male viewers . MNF is preceded on air by Monday Night Countdown served by Applebee 's . </P> <P> Monday Night Football is also broadcast in Canada on TSN and RDS , and in most of Europe . On September 7 , 2013 , the NFL announced that British Eurosport would show Monday Night Football games live in the United Kingdom for the 2013 and 2014 seasons . The telecasts are also seen in most of Australia on ESPN Australia , in Portugal on SportTV 3 and SportTV HD and on TV 2 Sport in Denmark , and in some other regions of the world outside the U.S. on ESPN International . A Spanish - language version airs on ESPN Deportes in the U.S. and on ESPN International in Latin America , while a Portuguese version airs on ESPN Brasil . Per an NFL broadcasting policy intended to allow those who do not subscribe to cable or satellite television to see games televised by a pay television network , the games are also made available on over-the - air television stations in each participating team 's local market . </P> <P> On September 8 , 2011 , the first day of the 2011 regular season , ESPN extended its contract for Monday Night Football for eight additional seasons , giving it rights to the broadcasts until 2021 . The new deal , valued between $14.2 billion and $15.2 billion , also gives ESPN rights to expanded highlights , international and streaming rights , and possibly a wild - card playoff game . Cable television providers condemned the new contract , noting that ESPN has the highest retransmission consent fees of any national cable television channel , nearly seven times higher than the nearest competitor ( TNT ) , and raises fees on an annual basis . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Scheduling problems </Li> <Li> 1.2 Franchises with the most appearances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 As entertainment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2000s <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 2006 summary </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 2007 summary </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 2008 summary </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 2009 summary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 2010s <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 2010 summary </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 2011 summary </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 2012 summary </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 2013 -- 14 summary </Li> <Li> 2.2. 5 2015 summary </Li> <Li> 2.2. 6 2016 summary </Li> <Li> 2.2. 7 2017 summary </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Theme music </Li> <Li> 4 Digital on - screen graphics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 1997 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> 4.2 2006 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Scoring records </Li> <Li> 6 Scheduling on local stations </Li> <Li> 7 Commentators </Li> <Li> 8 Foreign - language versions <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Spanish version </Li> <Li> 8.2 Portuguese version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Radio broadcasts </Li> <Li> 10 Nielsen ratings </Li> <Li> 11 Additional NFL game rights <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Playoff games </Li> <Li> 11.2 Pro Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : History of Monday Night Football <P> After 45 seasons , there now have been a total of 730 games televised by the Monday Night Football franchise . </P> <H3> Scheduling problems ( edit ) </H3> <P> To avoid any scheduling unfairness where , just before the first playoff game , a team may have five days off and others six , there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season . From 2003 to 2005 , one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner . Starting in 2006 , when the series moved to cable , two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during `` NFL Kickoff Weekend '' . </P> <P> Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated since records are new , teams usually are showcasing fresh talent and potential , and storylines coming into the season are often played out as fans try to see if these hyped teams are up to form . Since no one knows during the first month of the season if a team is indeed good , or will rebound from a difficult start , interest is usually high for the first few weeks of the MNF season . </P> <P> Since the MNF schedule is set in April and can not be changed , the league and network can not guarantee a late season matchup will have any significance or be highly anticipated . Teams thought to be good during the off - season could be out of playoff contention by the middle of the season ; a prime example occurred in 1999 , when the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons both entered the season 's final MNF game with 4 -- 11 records . It had seemed like a good pre-season matchup since the Falcons had played in the previous season 's Super Bowl and the 49ers coming into the 1999 season had posted 16 consecutive 10 - win seasons . It is also possible for a team like the 1999 St. Louis Rams not to be scheduled for a Monday night game because of its dismal record the year before , and many other NFL teams ( such as the 2004 San Diego Chargers , with zero primetime games ) have had huge unforeseen turnarounds that result in lack of MNF attention ( these teams generally receive multiple MNF spots the year after their breakout success , which is great for viewers if those teams continue to play well , and not so great if they return to mediocrity or worse ) . However , the forecasting abilities of the NFL 's scheduling officials have exhibited uncanny proficiency . Many MNF games occurring later in the season feature at least one team that is either headed to the playoffs or must win the MNF game to clinch a playoff spot . </P> <P> The problem of having a national spotlight game which during the season 's most critical weeks late in the year probably would not show the most important game of the week was long known by the league and network . As a result of this , the NFL wished to move the `` Game of the Week '' idea to Sunday nights as to make flex scheduling possible . This was a move which would ultimately mean the end of Monday Night Football on ABC ( cable games are protected from the NFL 's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006 -- 07 season ; the new rule applies only to CBS , Fox , and NBC 's Sunday night games ) . The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include Monday Night Football , citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays . </P> <H3> Franchises with the most appearances ( edit ) </H3> <P> The franchise with the most Monday night appearances is the Miami Dolphins . The San Francisco 49ers won their record 48th Monday Night game with a 28 -- 0 win over the Los Angeles Rams on September 12 , 2016 . </P> <P> The most common Monday Night Football pairings are Broncos vs. Raiders ( 17 match - ups as of 2013 ) and Cowboys vs. Redskins ( met for a 17th time in 2015 ) . </P> <P> The defunct Candlestick Park in San Francisco currently holds the record for hosting the most Monday Night Football games , including its 36th and final Monday night game on December 23 , 2013 . Among the active stadiums following the conclusion of the 2013 season , Miami Gardens , Florida 's Hard Rock Stadium has hosted the most games with 32 . </P> <H2> As entertainment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Monday Night Football has continued to provide as much entertainment as sports throughout its run . In addition to the extra cameras , the program has also pioneered technological broadcast innovations , such as the use of enhanced slow motion replays and computerized graphics . </P> <P> Celebrity guests -- such as former Vice President Spiro Agnew , singers Plácido Domingo and former Beatle John Lennon , President Bill Clinton , and even Kermit the Frog -- were often featured during the game to `` liven up '' the broadcast . The December 9 , 1974 contest featured a rare instance of two celebrities entering the booth , with Lennon being interviewed by Howard Cosell and California governor Ronald Reagan speaking with Frank Gifford , with Reagan explaining the rules of American football ( off - camera ) to Lennon as the game went along . However , the late 1990s and early 2000s saw an even more increased reliance on the entertainment factor . Some halftime shows , featuring popular music stars , were broadcast in their entirety rather than being ignored in favor of analysis of the game by the commentators , as in previous seasons . </P> <P> In December 1980 , one of the most memorable moments of MNF occurred when Cosell announced in a news flash that Lennon had been shot and killed in New York City . Monday Night Football was the first national broadcast to announce his death . </P> <P> An advertisement during halftime on the October 19 , 2015 game featured the world premiere of the third trailer of the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens . </P> <H3> 2000s ( edit ) </H3> 2006 summary ( edit ) <P> For its 2006 debut on ESPN , Williams , Jr. re-recorded the MNF opening theme with an all - star jam band that included among others Brian Setzer , Little Richard , Questlove , Joe Perry , Clarence Clemons , Rick Nielsen , Bootsy Collins , Charlie Daniels and Steven Van Zandt . The 2006 telecast generally began with a cinematic tease produced by Rico Labbe , Michael Sciallis and Jason Jobes . It was during one of these teases that Barack Obama spoofed his announcement for the 2008 Presidential candidacy in favor of his hometown Chicago Bears in their game against the St. Louis Rams . </P> <P> That year , the tease was followed by the show open produced by Los Angeles - based The Syndicate called `` Transformation '' . It features computer - generated imagery showing a city being transformed into a football stadium and passers - by on the street turning into players , coaches , fans and officials set to an updated orchestral treatment of the `` Heavy Action '' theme song . The sequence began every week with a different celebrity walking down the street , picking up a glowing football helmet with the ESPN logo on the side and saying , `` I 'm ready for some football ! Are you ? '' , thus beginning the transformation process . Celebrities for 2006 included Arnold Schwarzenegger , Matthew Fox , Hugh Hefner , Paris Hilton , Spike Lee , Ashton Kutcher , Samuel L. Jackson , Ludacris , Jack Black , Kiefer Sutherland , James Belushi , Ben Stiller , Tyra Banks , Carmen Electra and Eva Longoria . </P> <P> In addition , celebrities returned in full force to the booth , though this proved to be the major criticism of ESPN 's first MNF season . On the opening weekend , Arnold Schwarzenegger , another celebrity - turned - California governor , was in the booth at McAfee Coliseum in Oakland , California ; before that , Jamie Foxx appeared at FedExField in suburban Washington , D.C. Following them , celebrity appearances included NBA basketball superstar Dwyane Wade , Basketball Hall of Fame player Charles Barkley , NASCAR Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon , comedian Jimmy Kimmel ( whose opening words to Joe Theismann were `` how 's the leg ? '' ) , actor Sylvester Stallone , film director Spike Lee , hip hop artist Jay - Z , and MNF theme singer Hank Williams Jr . </P> 2007 summary ( edit ) <P> ESPN scaled back to only one opening tease for the 2007 season . Williams Jr. and the all - star band returned , only this time they played in a `` juke joint '' set on a country road . The lead singer arrives in a GMC Yukon truck ( GMC paid for product placement ) with the license plate `` BOCEPHUS '' , which is Williams ' nickname . The Syndicate 's computer - generated tease was dropped and replaced by short pre-taped films focusing on a team or player in the game . Some of them have featured actor Jamie Foxx . </P> <P> The guest visits continued : Barkley returned to the booth on September 17 in Philadelphia . Other guests throughout the season included Kimmel ( another returnee ) , Drew Carey , Miley Cyrus , Russell Crowe and Terry Bradshaw . In addition , Gordon was a halftime guest on the game just before the season - ending Ford 400 and was joined by teammate Jimmie Johnson . </P> <P> At the end of each game , Williams returned to say , `` See you in ( city that is the site of the next week 's game ) . '' Both the open and close contain helmets of the participating teams , organized in the style of a concert poster . </P> 2008 summary ( edit ) <P> Despite the de-emphasis on entertainment on the overall telecast , ESPN did bring back Hank Williams , Jr. for his 20th season as part of the opening . This time , the opening sequence was set in a private residence . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. touched a foot pump , which supposedly contained the helmets of that night 's participating teams . The helmets were launched from the home toward the stadium at which the game was held . Through computer - generated imagery , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot , and then explode . The `` exploding helmets '' gimmick was also used at various times in the 1980s and 1990s during the pre-game tease . Williams Jr. then appeared again at the end of the game to promote the next week 's matchup . </P> <P> ESPN also continued to promote upcoming albums through its use in bumper music . On September 29 ( Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers ) , ESPN used `` Another Way to Die '' , a duet between Alicia Keys and Jack White of the White Stripes -- the song was part of the soundtrack for the 2008 film Quantum of Solace , then the latest in the James Bond series . </P> <P> Monday Night Football celebrated its 600th game broadcast on October 20 , 2008 in a game which the New England Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos , 41 -- 7 . </P> <P> The 39th season of MNF ended on December 22 , 2008 , when the Bears beat the Green Bay Packers , 20 -- 17 , in overtime at home at Soldier Field in Chicago . </P> 2009 summary ( edit ) <P> The title sequence for the 40th season of Monday Night Football featured Hank Williams , Jr. seen on the steps of a building ( presumably a museum ) , surrounded by dancers , football fans , and statues / busts -- which , along with everyone else in the scene , begin to move and dance -- patterned after those at the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The transition to Williams Jr. is a book , with the chapter number ( in Roman numerals , sequentially with each week ) and a tag line about the game to be played that night . </P> <P> At the end of the song , Williams Jr. plugged in the cords , thereby launching animated `` helmets '' into space , from the building toward the stadium at which the game was held ( with the exception of October 5 , 2009 , when the helmets zoomed towards Brett Favre instead ) , passing the International Space Station . As with the previous season ( as mentioned above ) , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot and then crashed into each other . Williams Jr. appeared again at the end of the telecast to promote the following week 's matchup . After that , the picture was freezeframed and the shot zoomed out to the book , which showed the freezeframed picture as part of a page . As this happened , the NFL end - of - game bumper music was played and the book closed , revealing a golden NFL logo on the back cover and signifying the end of the `` chapter '' , or game . The scene was filmed in the summer of 2009 at The Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee . </P> <P> Before Williams Jr. appears , Frank Gifford gave a short vignette about a memorable moment in the history of Monday Night Football featuring one or both of the teams playing that night 's game . </P> <P> The 40th season of Monday Night Football ended on December 28 , 2009 with the Minnesota Vikings -- Chicago Bears game in Chicago , in which the Bears won in overtime , 36 -- 30 . The telecast ended with a vignette that featured Gifford taking a look back at highlights from the previous four decades -- and the 40th season -- of MNF , after which the book closed , signifying the end of the season . The 40th season had the highest season viewership for MNF since ESPN acquired the rights to the broadcast . </P> <H3> 2010s ( edit ) </H3> 2010 summary ( edit ) <P> The opening for the 2010 season was identical to that used in 2009 , except for the final scenes . This time , Williams Jr. turns a wheel filled with paint , with CGI colors blasting into the air , revealing the helmets containing logos of the participating teams -- which stay on top of the building . In one other minor difference , the chapter numbers in the `` book '' were changed from Roman to Arabic numerals . Gifford provided new vignettes and the Parthenon scenes were repeated from the year before . The 2010 season marked Williams ' 22nd as part of the telecast 's open . </P> <P> In an unusual coincidence , both games which had the New York Jets as a home team at New Meadowlands Stadium ( now MetLife Stadium ) were delayed because of heavy rain and lightning in the area . In the first instance , the September 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens , it was delayed 25 minutes ; the second delay , prior to the October 11 contest against the Minnesota Vikings , lasted for 40 minutes . Prior to the September 13 game , the last ESPN telecast to encounter weather problems was on October 4 , 1998 ( a Sunday night ) when lightning halted a game between the Seattle Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs during the second quarter . The first delay forced ESPN to use ESPN2 for a game telecast , this time for the Chiefs ' home opener against the San Diego Chargers . As in 2007 , the broadcast was shifted to ESPN once the first game was over . </P> <P> The game between the Jets and the Vikings was both Brett Favre 's first game in East Rutherford since his only season there in 2008 and marked Randy Moss 's return to the Vikings . Moss played only four games for Minnesota until he was waived on November 2 . </P> 2011 summary ( edit ) <P> The opening sequence for the 2011 season was set in a closed - studio setting , with Hank Williams Jr. ( in his 23rd year ) performing with a band in front of a live audience with large video screens in the background . The end of the opening sequence featured the team logos of that night 's participants transitioning into the new ESPN Monday Night Football logo before going to a live shot . On October 3 , 2011 , ESPN pulled the theme song after Williams appeared on the Fox News Channel program , Fox & Friends , where he compared a golf outing involving Barack Obama , John Boehner , Joe Biden and John Kasich to `` Hitler playing golf with Netanyahu . '' On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that Williams would no longer be singing the theme song , and that `` All My Rowdy Friends '' would no longer be used as its theme , as Williams still owns the song . A statement from ESPN said that the network has `` decided to part ways with Hank Williams Jr . We appreciate his contributions over the past years . The success of Monday Night Football has always been about the games and that will continue . '' Williams commented on the matter : `` After reading hundreds of e-mails , I have made my decision ... By pulling my opening October 3 , ( ESPN ) stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech , so therefore me , my song , and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here . It 's been a great run . '' MNF did not have an opening sequence at all from Week 4 through the end of that season . </P> <P> With Suzy Kolber reassigned to the new studio show NFL32 , and Michele Tafoya having left ESPN for NBC Sunday Night Football , the sideline reporter position rotated between various reporters for the season . </P> <P> For the second year in a row , and the third time overall , the beginning of the 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern Time game ( Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos ) was shown on ESPN2 as the game that began at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins ) ran past the scheduled time period . </P> 2012 summary ( edit ) <P> Lisa Salters was named the permanent solo sideline reporter for the 2012 season . In addition , color commentator Ron Jaworski did not return to the program . As a result , Jon Gruden became the solo color commentator , with MNF going back to a two - man booth for the first time since its final season on ABC ( 2005 ) . MNF 's opening graphic sequence , which showed the helmet logos of the game 's two participating NFL teams and then the program 's logo , was seen before the Monday Night Football Launch segment . </P> 2013 -- 14 summary ( edit ) <P> The opening animation sequence begins with an image of a 2014 GMC Sierra ( GMC paid for product placement ) and then goes into a timeline of historical events that occurred during the Monday Night Football era , including some highlights of MNF games from the previous 43 seasons up to 2012 . At the end of the sequence , helmets featuring logos of that night 's two participating teams are shown , followed by the various Monday Night Football logos used since the program 's debut in 1970 . The 80 - second opening animation sequence , which also featured Pac - Man , Darth Vader and President Ronald Reagan , was created by actor / filmmaker Peter Berg . </P> <P> A revision of the opening sequence was used for the 2014 season . Among the few changes , GMC 's product placement promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , while the sequence itself included some additional highlights of MNF games from the previous 44 seasons up to 2013 . </P> 2015 summary ( edit ) <P> A 3D opening animation sequence is used for the 2015 season ( 46th season overall and tenth on ESPN ) . GMC 's product placement once again promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , including the Yukon Denali that is seen at the beginning . Also among the many changes is the highlights of MNF games -- this time , they are set inside a computer - generated stadium using 3D imagery -- from the previous 45 seasons up to 2014 . </P> 2016 summary ( edit ) <P> After three years of using the timeline - themed open , MNF debuted a new 75 - second , Hollywood - themed open on September 12 , 2016 and it features ESPN 's new MNF broadcast team -- Sean McDonough ( play - by - play ) , Jon Gruden ( color ) and Lisa Salters ( sideline reporter ) -- and more than 20 current NFL stars and Pro Football Hall of Famers walking along a red carpet entrance lined by cheering fans and photographers taking pictures . It begins with a shot of a downtown stadium surrounded by skyscrapers , with a 2017 GMC Acadia ( product placement again provided by GMC ) displaying the location for that week 's MNF game on its navigation system . The Acadia then heads to a glitzy red carpet at the stadium 's entrance , where McDonough , Gruden and Salters exit the car , followed on the carpet by a flood of NFL players representing the past and present of MNF . Players then pose for pictures and wave to the crowd as they reach the stadium entrance . Josh Norman ( Redskins ) , Larry Fitzgerald ( Cardinals ) and Rob Gronkowski ( Patriots ) are among the current players being represented in the open , with Franco Harris ( Steelers ) , Jerry Rice ( 49ers ) , Barry Sanders ( Lions ) and Bruce Smith ( Bills ) among the past players being represented . For the Spanish - language version of the Hollywood - themed open , it features ESPN 's Spanish - language MNF broadcast team -- Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , Raúl Allegre ( color ) and John Sutcliffe ( sideline reporter ) as well as the current Hispanic NFL players and the team of the Latin American version of NFL Live led by Ciro Procuna . </P> 2017 summary ( edit ) <P> MNF returned to two teases for the first time since its first season on ESPN ( 2006 ) . The Hollywood - themed open was repeated from the previous season , this time with the 2018 GMC Terrain being used as the automaker 's product placement . </P> <P> Also , Hank Williams , Jr. returned to MNF on September 11 , 2017 with an all - new version of the iconic opening theme song , `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( used from 1989 to Week 3 of the 2011 season ) and it appeared just before that night 's New Orleans Saints - Minnesota Vikings game . The new version , which is seen just before the kickoff of each game , is a collaboration of Williams , Jr , country duo Florida Georgia Line , and R&B singer Jason Derulo . </P> <H2> Theme music ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hank Williams Jr. reworked his country music hit `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight '' to be included in the telecast 's introduction as `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( the original introduction music was an organ - based piece called `` Score '' , written by Charles Fox and recorded by Bob 's Band ) . In addition , Edd Kalehoff modernized the classic `` Heavy Action '' theme in 1989 . </P> <P> For ABC 's last MNF game in 2005 , Williams Jr. 's rendition of `` Turn Out the Lights , The Party 's Over '' , closed the broadcast . </P> <H2> Digital on - screen graphics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Prior to 1997 , Monday Night Football had a limited graphics package . A CGI - based intro began being used in 1984 , with on - screen graphics still limited to basic text . In 1988 , the entire graphics package was updated significantly to be more in line with the rest of ABC Sports ' presentations . That year , it introduced the `` clashing helmets '' intro , with on - screen graphics consisting of italicized text underlined in red . It was updated in 1994 , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXIX , with a more box - like design . A permanent score bug would not be introduced until 1997 . </P> <H3> 1997 -- 2005 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Monday Night Football began using a score bug in 1997 , the second network to do so after Fox introduced the first regular on - screen scoring bug when it began airing NFL games in 1994 . Prior to this , the graphics package was limited , but followed a basic `` ketchup and mustard '' color scheme of red and yellow . The first scorebug included team names , scores , time remaining , and displayed which quarter the game was in . This design was used through the 1998 season . </P> <P> ABC hosted Super Bowl XXXIV for 1999 , and updated its graphics package to more closely resemble those of sister cable network ESPN . ABC began using extended abbreviations for team names ( for example , `` TENN '' , `` VIKES '' , `` PACK '' , and `` FINS '' instead of `` TEN '' , `` MIN '' , `` GB '' , and `` MIA '' ) , as four - letter and five - letter abbreviations were used on ESPN coverage . The result was a larger scorebug with a more conventional font . It was slightly modified in 2000 to have a border that was more in line with the red and yellow color scheme . </P> <P> The graphics for Monday Night Football were changed in the 2002 season , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXXVII . The scorebug was a solid color , with a more rounded shape , and a horizontally compressed font . ESPN 's graphics were no longer similar to those of ABC 's ( with ESPN instead using a gray and black design with rounded corners ) . In 2005 , the broadcast 's final year on ABC , Monday Night Football began using a horizontal bar on the bottom of the screen rather than a scorebug , with all information being contained on a single line . </P> <H3> 2006 -- present ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Monday Night Football moved to ESPN in 2006 ( around the same time that ABC Sports rebranded as ESPN on ABC ) , ESPN changed its entire graphics package to a red and black design , while NFL coverage used a separate design . For NFL telecasts in 2006 and 2007 , a dark gray , metallic scorebug was used , located in an unorthodox placement at the center of the bottom of the screen . </P> <P> For the 2008 season , a new graphics scheme was introduced that was built around a new display known as the `` dashboard '' ; the scoreboard , which now took the form of a horizontal bar , was mounted in a dedicated area spanning across the bottom the screen . All lower - third graphics were also displayed within the dashboard , replacing the scorebar when in use . </P> <P> For the 2009 and 2010 seasons , a revamped version of the 2008 design was used , incorporating a new , metallic silver design . Timeout indicators were added to the score bar in Week 4 of the 2009 season . For the 2009 season only , a `` 40th anniversary '' logo was incorporated into the bar in celebration of Monday Night Football 's 40th season . The `` silver '' graphics scheme would later be adopted by other ESPN properties , such as its college football games in December 2009 . </P> <P> In the 2011 season , the banner was restructured as a black , metallic design , which was considerably larger than most scorebars -- including the previous one ( although its sizes has varied , becoming significantly wider , though thinner in 2012 ) . For ESPN 's first pre-season game of 2012 , the timeout indicators were also accompanied by two smaller red lamps to the right , indicating the number of play challenges remaining , but these were unexpectedly removed the following game . On September 10 , 2012 , Monday Night Countdown began using MNF 's graphics scheme . </P> <P> For the 2015 season , the graphics were completely overhauled to match the motif that has been used for ESPN 's NFL studio programming since the year prior . However , the studio programming uses the new motif only for introductions and transitions , while the actual insert graphics use the standard ESPN package used for SportsCenter and all other sports . Meanwhile , MNF uses the NFL motif for all insert graphics , not just introductions and transitions . Most notably , the NFL motif uses a horizontal score bar across the bottom of the screen , whereas the standard graphics package uses a score box . The layout is standard , with teams on the background of their color , with timeout indicators also displaying in team colors . Experimentally , the score bar `` auto - hides '' itself during plays , though it is shown permanently during the final two minutes of each half and , if necessary , overtime . This is also the first time that ESPN has used the full 16 : 9 frame for its NFL graphics . </P> <H2> Scoring records ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Monday Night Football results ( 1970 -- 89 ) , List of Monday Night Football results ( 1990 -- 2009 ) , and List of Monday Night Football results ( 2010 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> Most points <Ul> <Li> 59 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2010 vs. Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> 55 -- Indianapolis Colts , October 31 , 1988 vs. Denver Broncos </Li> <Li> 52 -- San Francisco 49ers , December 23 , 1991 vs. Chicago Bears </Li> <Li> 52 -- San Diego Chargers , December 20 , 1982 vs. Cincinnati Bengals </Li> <Li> 51 -- New Orleans Saints , November 24 , 2008 vs. Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> 49 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2004 vs. Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> 49 -- Kansas City Chiefs , December 13 , 2004 vs. Tennessee Titans </Li> <Li> 48 -- Detroit Lions , October 19 , 1981 vs. Chicago Bears </Li> <Li> 48 -- Green Bay Packers , October 17 , 1983 vs. Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> 48 -- Baltimore Ravens , December 19 , 2005 vs. Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> 48 -- Tennessee Titans , October 11 , 2004 vs. Green Bay Packers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most one - sided games <Ul> <Li> 45 points -- Baltimore 48 , Green Bay 3 -- December 19 , 2005 </Li> <Li> 42 points -- New England 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- December 6 , 2010 </Li> <Li> 42 points -- Miami 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- November 24 , 1986 </Li> <Li> 42 points -- Seattle 42 , Philadelphia 0 -- December 5 , 2005 ( largest margin of victory by an MNF road team ) </Li> <Li> 41 points -- San Francisco 41 , Chicago 0 -- December 14 , 1987 </Li> <Li> 39 points -- Los Angeles 42 , Philadelphia 3 -- November 3 , 1975 </Li> <Li> 38 points -- Green Bay 45 , Minnesota 7 -- November 14 , 2011 </Li> <Li> 38 points -- San Francisco 52 , Chicago 14 -- December 23 , 1991 </Li> <Li> 38 points -- San Francisco 41 , Atlanta 3 -- November 9 , 1992 </Li> <Li> 38 points -- St. Louis Cardinals 38 , Dallas 0 -- November 16 , 1970 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Highest scoring games <Ul> <Li> 95 points -- Green Bay 48 , Washington 47 -- October 17 , 1983 </Li> <Li> 87 points -- Kansas City 49 , Tennessee 38 -- December 13 , 2004 </Li> <Li> 87 points -- Philadelphia 59 , Washington 28 -- November 15 , 2010 </Li> <Li> 86 points -- San Diego 52 , Cincinnati 34 -- December 20 , 1982 </Li> <Li> 82 points -- Dallas 43 , Seattle 39 -- December 6 , 2004 </Li> <Li> 80 points -- New Orleans 51 , Green Bay 29 -- November 24 , 2008 </Li> <Li> 80 points -- Green Bay 43 , Atlanta 37 -- December 8 , 2014 </Li> <Li> 79 points -- Oakland 45 , Pittsburgh 34 -- October 20 , 1980 </Li> <Li> 78 points -- Indianapolis Colts 55 , Denver Broncos 23 -- October 31 , 1988 </Li> <Li> 78 points -- Dallas 41 , Philadelphia 37 -- September 15 , 2008 </Li> <Li> 78 points -- Oakland 40 , Dallas 38 -- October 23 , 1983 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lowest scoring games <Ul> <Li> 3 points -- Pittsburgh 3 , Miami 0 -- November 26 , 2007 </Li> <Li> 9 points -- Jacksonville 9 , Pittsburgh 0 -- September 18 , 2006 </Li> <Li> 10 points -- San Francisco 7 , N.Y. Giants 3 -- December 3 , 1990 </Li> <Li> 12 points -- Oakland 9 , Denver 3 -- December 1 , 1980 </Li> <Li> 13 points -- Baltimore 10 , Washington 3 -- November 7 , 1977 </Li> <Li> 13 points -- Los Angeles 10 , Pittsburgh 3 -- December 20 , 1975 </Li> <Li> 14 points -- Washington 9 , Dallas 5 -- October 2 , 1978 </Li> <Li> 15 points -- Buffalo 9 , Indianapolis 6 -- October 20 , 1997 </Li> <Li> 15 points -- Detroit 13 , Minnesota 2 -- December 5 , 1983 </Li> <Li> 15 points -- Houston 9 , Miami 6 -- November 5 , 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ties <Ul> <Li> Detroit 14 , Green Bay 14 -- November 1 , 1971 </Li> <Li> Oakland 23 , Denver 23 -- October 22 , 1973 </Li> <Li> N.Y. Giants 20 , St. Louis 20 ( OT ) -- October 24 , 1983 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Scheduling on local stations ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1970 to 1997 , ABC 's Monday Night Football coverage began at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , with game kickoff typically occurring at seven minutes past the hour . Coverage was moved one hour earlier to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time in 1998 , with a pre-game show titled Monday Night Blast , hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore preceding the start of the game at 8 : 20 p.m. This was done mainly to address ABC 's inability to find a suitable 8 : 00 p.m. lead - in program for MNF since MacGyver ended its run in 1992 ( not even two other series from MacGyver 's production company Paramount Television -- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Marshal -- saw success , despite the former 's ties to Paramount 's Indiana Jones film series ) , and to allow stations to start their late local newscasts nearer to their regular times . Poor ratings caused this experiment to be dropped after one season , with MNF once again moving to 9 : 00 p.m. in 1999 , though in many NFL markets , the 8 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) hour from 1999 to 2006 was replaced by affiliates with locally produced and programmed sports discussion and coaches shows , with ABC programming in that hour moved to late night or weekend slots ; by the end of the ABC run , the 8 : 00 p.m. timeslot was filled with either newsmagazines and short - lived reality television programs which failed to make any ratings headways due to affiliate pre-emptions . </P> <P> From 1970 to 1995 , Fisher Broadcasting 's ABC affiliates in Seattle ( KOMO - TV ) and Portland ( KATU ) aired MNF games on a one - hour tape delay starting at 7 : 00 p.m. Pacific Time ( games normally started in the Pacific Time Zone at 6 : 00 p.m. , corresponding to 9 : 00 Eastern ) in order to accommodate local newscasts ( unless the Seattle Seahawks were playing , in which case the game would be shown live ) . The practice , long opposed by viewers and ABC , ended in 1996 . KOMO then tried to accommodate having to air its local newscasts earlier than its local station competitors by marketing it as KOMO 4 News Primetime , touting it as a way to watch the news at a more convenient time than during evening rush hour . Additionally , this practice was done in Hawaii , where Honolulu ABC affiliate KITV delayed the game until 6 : 00 p.m. Hawaii - Aleutian Time , corresponding to 11 : 00 p.m. or midnight Eastern during daylight saving time on the mainland . Thus , the game , which was broadcast live on local radio starting at 3 : 00 or 4 : 00 p.m. , was almost over before it aired on television . In the case of Guam , KTGM , the ABC affiliate in that U.S. territory , aired MNF live on Tuesdays at 11 : 00 a.m. , as Guam is a day ahead of the United States due to being located on the other side of International Date Line . </P> <P> The demand to broadcast Monday Night Football games live across the United States over ABC was difficult to reconcile with other prime time programming , which is usually set to begin at a certain local time regardless of time zone . On the East Coast , with MNF beginning at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , there was an hour of primetime in which to schedule regular programming . However , on the West Coast , the games lasted from 6 : 00 to 9 : 30 p.m. Pacific Time ( or in the case of Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , 7 : 00 to 10 : 30 p.m. ) , leaving little or no time for additional network programming on Monday . As a result , network programs scheduled for prime time on the East Coast were broadcast at various hours on the West Coast . Most affiliates pushed the network shows to immediately after the game ; however , Los Angeles owned - and - operated station KABC - TV postponed them until 10 : 00 p.m. from at least the mid-1990s until 2005 to show trivia contests and other sports shows produced locally ( the longest - tenured such show was Monday Night Live , hosted by sports anchor Todd Donoho ) . Meanwhile , KOMO , one of the stations that tape - delayed MNF in most cases , broadcast new episodes of the sitcom Coach on Saturday afternoons ( usually reserved , coincidentally enough , for college football telecasts ; much of the series took place on a fictional college campus ) . Except for Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , ABC World News Tonight was routinely preempted on most West Coast affiliates , though the ABC network - owned stations ( e.g. Los Angeles ) aired the program earlier in the afternoon . </P> <P> Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006 , games normally have a kickoff time of 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern . However , when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season , the games respectively start at 7 : 00 and 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern . There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era , where stations in each team 's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates , which must pre-empt Dancing with the Stars to air NFL . This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late - evening local newscasts , and has resulted in the program 's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late - night voting window open for the market or markets where Dancing with the Stars was pre-empted . </P> <P> In some cases , the program is moved to a sister station of the ABC affiliate to air live instead ( for example , until 2011 in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul market , when NBC affiliate KARE took over as the local broadcaster of MNF games , if the Minnesota Vikings were playing a game being simulcast on local ABC affiliate KSTP - TV , sister independent station KSTC - TV aired DWTS live ) . In 2016 , for the opening week Monday night game ( the second in a doubleheader ) between the Los Angeles Rams and San Francisco 49ers , the ABC - owned stations in both markets ( KABC - TV and KGO - TV ) would broadcast World News Tonight and DWTS in their live Eastern Time Zone slots , thus airing at 3 : 30 and 5pm PT respectively . </P> <H2> Commentators ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Monday Night Football commentators <P> </P> <H2> Foreign - language versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Spanish version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since 2006 , a Spanish - language telecast is also broadcast on ESPN Deportes , the Spanish version of ESPN and on ESPN Latin América featuring NBA and NFL play - by - play announcer Álvaro Martín , Super Bowl winner Raul Allegre as color commentator and John Sutcliffe as the field reporter . This is the same crew of La NFL Dominical , the Spanish version of ESPN Sunday Night Football , until 2005 . The announcers of the second game of the 2006 doubleheader were Eduardo Varela ( play - by - play ) , Robert Abramowitz ( color ) and Georgina Ruiz Sandoval ( field reporter ) . Preceding the game NFL Esta Noche ( NFL Tonight ) , the 30 - minute pre-game show , can be seen on both networks . </P> <P> The four booth announcers called the 2007 season opening games from ESPN 's Bristol , Connecticut headquarters while watching games on monitors . None of them traveled to the game sites and there were no sideline reporters in the early weeks . Sutcliffe would later report from the game sites . Allegre did not work the season finale between the Broncos and Chargers ; he was replaced by Abramovitz . </P> <P> In 2008 , Martin and Allegre only travelled to the Cowboys - Eagles game , during the NFL 's celebrations of the Hispanic Heritage Month . </P> <P> As part of ESPN 's agreement to simulcast their Wild Card game on ABC , Martin and Allegre 's Spanish - language commentary is carried over the SAP channel on ABC , equivalent to the rest of the NFL 's over-the - air broadcast partners . </P> <P> In 2016 , ESPN Deportes served as the official Spanish - language broadcaster of Super Bowl 50 in parallel with CBS 's English - language broadcast , with Martin and Allegre commentating . </P> <P> During the first 9 weeks of the 2017 NFL season , ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes ' broadcast , NFL Esta Noche , and the Spanish version of SportsCenter . </P> <H3> Portuguese version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the 1990s , ESPN Latin America has a feed in Portuguese language targeted to their viewers in Brazil . Ivan Zimmermann ( play - by - play ) , André José Adler ( play - by - play ) , Roberto Figueroa ( color ) , Marco Alfaro ( color ) among others , were the announcers broadcasting from ESPN 's headquarters . Since 2006 , the structure of the Brazilian feed was merged with ESPN Brasil and the broadcasting is made from São Paulo . The current announcers are Everaldo Marques ( play - by - play ) and Paulo Antunes ( color ) . Ari Aguiar ( play - by - play ) , Rômulo Mendonça ( play - by - play ) , Paulo Mancha ( color ) and Antony Curti ( color ) occasionally fill - in . </P> <H2> Radio broadcasts ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : NFL on Westwood One Sports and NFL on NBC Radio <P> Monday Night Football has also been carried on national radio networks over the years . The Mutual Broadcasting System aired the games initially , with Van Patrick ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , Lindsey Nelson ( 1974 -- 1977 ) and Al Wester announcing . CBS Radio took over the rights in 1978 with Jack Buck and Hank Stram commentating . After a two - year stint ( 1985 -- 1986 ) with Don Criqui and Bob Trumpy calling the games on NBC Radio , Buck and Stram resumed with CBS Radio in 1987 . In 1996 , Howard David and Matt Millen replaced Buck and Stram . Marv Albert and Boomer Esiason were the MNF radio voices from 2002 to 2009 , with Kevin Harlan replacing Albert in 2010 . Kurt Warner joined the crew in 2014 for games when Esiason is unavailable . </P> <P> In the 1990s , CBS Radio purchased a controlling stake in Westwood One , which in turn had bought out both the NBC and Mutual networks . As of 2008 , Westwood One was no longer controlled by CBS , but the network retained its NFL broadcast rights . In 2011 , Westwood One was purchased by Dial Global . Then in 2014 , Dial Global , including Westwood One , was acquired by Cumulus Media . </P> <P> The Spanish - language broadcast is carried on ESPN Deportes Radio . </P> <H2> Nielsen ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The highest - rated Monday Night Football telecast on ABC was the Miami Dolphins ' victory over the previously undefeated Chicago Bears on December 2 , 1985 , which drew a national Nielsen rating of 29.6 and a share of 46 . ABC 's lowest - rated MNF game was the St. Louis Rams ' defeat of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 18 , 2004 , which drew a 7.7 rating . </P> <P> During the 1995 -- 1996 television season , Monday Night Football averaged a 17.1 household rating . Its main competitor , Murphy Brown on CBS , averaged a 12.3 rating . </P> <P> The highest - rated Monday Night Football game on ESPN , and the highest - rated program in U.S. cable television history at that time , was the Minnesota Vikings ' defeat of the Green Bay Packers 30 -- 23 on October 5 , 2009 , with a rating of 15.3 . The game featured the much - hyped matchup of Vikings quarterback Brett Favre facing his longtime former Green Bay team . In a press release , ESPN noted that the telecast `` was watched by more than 16.8 million people . The previous record was more than 13.6 million viewers for 2008 's Monday night game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys . This was subsequently beaten by ESPN 's coverage of the 2011 BCS National Championship Game . ESPN also stated that the game drew the highest rating in the network 's 30 - year history . The 15.3 rating beat the 14.4 for a Bears - Vikings game on Dec. 6 , 1987 , during ESPN 's first season of televising NFL games '' . ESPN 's lowest - rated MNF game to date was the New York Giants ' defeat of the Atlanta Falcons on October 15 , 2007 , which drew a 5.7 rating . </P> <P> ESPN 's third season of Monday Night Football was the most - watched program on cable television in 2008 , setting an all - time cable viewership record for the third straight year and drawing that year 's three largest cable household audiences and 13 of the top 15 . In three seasons on ESPN , Monday Night Football has registered seven of the top 10 all - time largest household audiences in cable history , led by the Eagles - Cowboys telecast on September 15 , 2008 , which attracted cable 's largest household audience ever ( an average of 12,953,000 homes ) . ESPN 's 17 MNF telecasts in 2008 averaged an 8.9 rating , representing an average of 8,679,000 households ( 11,962,000 viewers ) , increases of 3 % , 5 % and 7 % , respectively , vs. 2007 ( 8.6 ; 8,277,000 and 11,230,000 ) . </P> <H2> Additional NFL game rights ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Playoff games ( edit ) </H3> <P> When ABC first acquired the rights to air MNF in 1970 , it did not include any playoff games . The network was eventually allowed into the rotation of airing the Super Bowl , starting with Super Bowl XIX in January 1985 . When the league expanded the playoffs from a 10 - team to a 12 - team tournament in 1990 , ABC was then given the rights to air the first two Wild Card Playoff games . </P> <P> After MNF was awarded to ESPN and Sunday Night Football was acquired by NBC in 2006 , the Wild Card doubleheader that had aired on ABC , as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl , was also given to NBC . </P> <P> On April 22 , 2014 , the NFL announced that it had exercised an option in ESPN 's recent contract extension for Monday Night Football rights to air a first - round Wild Card playoff game on the channel after the conclusion of the 2014 season . This was the first time that an NFL playoff game was ever broadcast exclusively on cable television in the United States , in lieu of any of the league 's broadcast network partners . The MNF broadcast team of Mike Tirico , Jon Gruden and sideline reporter Lisa Salters called the game , the first of the 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs . The Carolina Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27 -- 16 . As with all MNF games , the matchup was simulcast on WJZY in Charlotte and KASW in the Phoenix market to allow local viewers over-the - air access to the game . </P> <P> However , the cable - only playoff game experiment would only last one season . On May 11 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC would simulcast a Wild Card playoff game with ESPN for the 2015 season . This was the first NFL game broadcast nationally on ABC since MNF left the network at the end of the 2005 season . The game , announced by the broadcast team of Tirico , Gruden and Salters , was the first of the 2015 -- 16 NFL playoffs . The Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 . The ESPN / ABC simulcast continued for the 2016 season as well . </P> <H3> Pro Bowl ( edit ) </H3> <P> ABC televised the Pro Bowl from 1975 to 1987 , and again from 1995 to 2003 . </P> <P> As part of their 2011 rights agreement , ESPN was given the exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022 . Starting in 2018 , it will be simulcast on ABC . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NFL on CBS </Li> <Li> Fox NFL </Li> <Li> NBC Sunday Night Football </Li> <Li> Monday night games before 1970 </Li> <Li> Monday Night Mayhem , a 2002 television film about the origin of Monday Night Football </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Does not include the game on December 3 , 1978 , which occurred on a Sunday , but was televised by ABC 's Monday Night Football television crew . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Eurosport to air NFL 's Monday Night Football in UK '' . NFL UK . September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ; Mark Maske ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monday Night Football ' Changes the Channel '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . p . A1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Updated : ESPN Kicks Off New Eight - Year , $14 Billion NFL Deal '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . September 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claire Atkinson ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Cable operators rip ESPN 's $15 B rights deal with NFL '' . New York Post . News Corp . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What to Look For -- A Look Back ( Week 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . December 23 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` On ' Monday Night Football , ' An Announcement From Obama '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Highest - Rated and Most - Viewed Season of Monday Night Football '' . The Futon Critic . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Martinez ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Williams Jr. apologizes for Hitler - Obama comparison '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN pulls Williams from MNF opening '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hank Williams Jr . out on Monday Night Football '' . Yahoo ! News . Yahoo !. Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NBC Sports . NBC Sports Group https://web.archive.org/web/20121012025010/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/10612536/ns/sports-nfl/ . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1983 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1984 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1988 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1994 on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1997 on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIV on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 2000 on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Super Bowl XL on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN Rethinks Lower - Third Graphics for ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes to carry Spanish - language telecast of Super Bowl 50 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS Goes Out of House , Taps ESPN Deportes to Simulcast Super Bowl 50 '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes To Air Spanish - Language Broadcast Of Super Bowl 50 '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 50 : CBS , NFL Set Spanish Simulcast with ESPN Deportes '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanish - language ' MNF ' coming to ESPN2 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 -- 1996 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Favre 's matchup with Packers draws record television audience '' . NFL.com . National Football League . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Monday Night Football : Most - Watched Series on Cable '' . The Futon Critic . December 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN to air 1st NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc . April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chris Chase ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` ESPN to broadcast first ever NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pro Bowl # Television </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coelho , Ana Livia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN -- and Be Simulcast for the First Time on ABC '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoneberg , Allie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN and ABC '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN TO AGAIN SIMULCAST ITS NFL WILD CARD PLAYOFF GAME ON ABC '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gunther , Marc , and Bill Carter . ( 1988 ) . Monday Night Mayhem : The Inside Story of ABC 's Monday Night Football . New York : Beech Tree Books . ISBN 0 - 688 - 07553 - 3 </Li> <Li> Hyatt , Wesley. ( 2007 ) . Kicking Off the Week : A History of Monday Night Football on ABC Television , 1970 -- 2005 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 786 - 42969 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Monday Night Football at TV.com </Li> <Li> Monday Night Football on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sports properties of ESPN on ABC ( formerly ABC Sports ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> College Football / Saturday Night Football </Li> <Li> NBA on ABC </Li> <Li> Indianapolis 500 / IndyCar Series </Li> <Li> Little League World Series </Li> <Li> X Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Football League </Li> <Li> ESPN College Basketball on ABC </Li> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> USFL </Li> <Li> World League of American Football </Li> <Li> Major League Baseball / Monday Night Baseball / Baseball Night in America </Li> <Li> NASCAR on ESPN </Li> <Li> NBA Inside Stuff </Li> <Li> NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad </Li> <Li> NHL on ABC </Li> <Li> 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<Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owners </Li> <Li> Officials </Li> <Li> Properties </Li> <Li> Stadiums ( chronology ) </Li> <Li> Timeline <Ul> <Li> Defunct franchises </Li> <Li> Franchise moves and mergers </Li> <Li> Los Angeles team history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Records <Ul> <Li> individual </Li> <Li> team </Li> <Li> Super Bowl </Li> <Li> All time win -- loss </Li> <Li> Last undefeated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> All - Pro </Li> <Li> Numbers ( retired ) </Li> <Li> Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Lore </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> AFL <Ul> <Li> Merger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> International <Ul> <Li> Foreign players </Li> <Li> London </Li> <Li> Toronto <Ul> <Li> Bills Series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> List of games played outside the U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> TV <Ul> <Li> NFL Network </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Management Council </Li> <Li> Competition Committee </Li> <Li> Collective Bargaining Agreement </Li> <Li> NFLPA </Li> <Li> Player 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history ) </Li> <Li> Monday Night Mayhem ( film ) </Li> <Li> ABC Monday Night Football ( video game ) </Li> <Li> Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chicago Bears ( home games ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chicago Cardinals ( home games ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Los Angeles Rams ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1955 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> San Francisco 49ers ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1955 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Washington Redskins ( home games ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1954 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFL All - Star Game </Li> <Li> American Bowl </Li> <Li> Pro Bowl </Li> <Li> World Bowl </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Postseason commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFL Championship Game </Li> <Li> NFL Championship Game </Li> <Li> Super Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore televised by ABC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Body Bag Game '' </Li> <Li> Death of John Lennon </Li> <Li> Brett Favre wins one for his father </Li> <Li> `` Monday Night Miracle '' </Li> <Li> Montana outduels Elway </Li> <Li> `` Snowball Game '' </Li> <Li> Joe Theismann 's career - ending sack </Li> <Li> `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange '' </Li> <Li> World Bowl ' 91 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Postseason lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Music City Miracle '' </Li> <Li> `` One Yard Short '' </Li> <Li> `` Wide Right '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles Fox </Li> <Li> Edd Kalehoff </Li> <Li> Johnny Pearson </Li> <Li> Hank Williams , Jr . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Heavy Action '' </Li> <Li> `` The Party 's Over '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFL Championship </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XIX ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> XXII ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> XXV ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> XXIX ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> XXXIV ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> XXXVII ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> XL ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pro Bowl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFL Championship </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Results and standings </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Yearly results </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ESPN Monday Night Football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESPN Sunday Night Football ( Results , 1987 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> NFL Draft </Li> <Li> NFL on ABC Sports </Li> <Li> Football Sunday on ESPN Radio </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Studio programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Blitz </Li> <Li> Monday Night Countdown </Li> <Li> NFL Matchup </Li> <Li> NFL Primetime </Li> <Li> Sunday NFL Countdown </Li> <Li> NFL Live </Li> <Li> NFL Insiders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other football programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arena Football League on ESPN </Li> <Li> CFL on TSN </Li> <Li> ESPN College Football </Li> <Li> USFL on ESPN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> NFL on television ( history ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sean McDonough Play - by - play </Li> <Li> TBA Color commentary </Li> <Li> Lisa Salters Sideline reporter </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Former commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bonnie Bernstein </Li> <Li> Mike Ditka </Li> <Li> Jon Gruden </Li> <Li> Ron Jaworski </Li> <Li> Suzy Kolber </Li> <Li> Tony Kornheiser </Li> <Li> Michele Tafoya </Li> <Li> Joe Theismann </Li> <Li> Mike Tirico </Li> <Li> Dick Vermeil </Li> <Li> Steve Young </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore televised by ESPN </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESPN takes over MNF </Li> <Li> 2005 Saints -- Giants / Cowboys -- Redskins Doubleheader </Li> <Li> 2006 Bears -- Cardinals Comeback </Li> <Li> Fail Mary </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sunday Night Football era </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Bowl ( 1990 - 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Fútbol Americano </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pro Bowls broadcast on ESPN </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edd Kalehoff </Li> <Li> Johnny Pearson </Li> <Li> Hank Williams , Jr . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Heavy Action '' </Li> <Li> `` Start Me Up '' </Li> <Li> `` The Party 's Over '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yearly results </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Football League on television and radio </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast partners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ABC ( AFL ) 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Symphony No. 40 ( Mozart ) - wikipedia <H1> Symphony No. 40 ( Mozart ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Symphony No. 40 in G minor , KV. 550 was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1788 . It is sometimes referred to as the `` Great G minor symphony '' , to distinguish it from the `` Little G minor symphony '' , No. 25 . The two are the only extant minor key symphonies Mozart wrote . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Composition </Li> <Li> 2 Premiere </Li> <Li> 3 The music </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Influence </Li> <Li> 6 First recording </Li> <Li> 7 Media </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The date of completion of this symphony is known exactly , since Mozart in his mature years kept a full catalog of his completed works ; he entered the 40th Symphony into it on 25 July 1788 . Work on the symphony occupied an exceptionally productive period of just a few weeks during which time he also completed the 39th and 41st symphonies ( 26 June and 10 August , respectively ) . Nikolaus Harnoncourt conjectured that Mozart composed the three symphonies as a unified work , pointing , among other things , to the fact that the Symphony No. 40 , as the middle work , has no introduction ( unlike No. 39 ) and does not have a finale of the scale of No. 41 's . </P> <P> The 40th symphony exists in two versions , differing primarily in that one includes parts for a pair of clarinets ( with suitable adjustments made in the other wind parts ) . Most likely , the clarinet parts were added in a revised version . The autograph scores of both versions were acquired in the 1860s by Johannes Brahms , who later donated the manuscripts to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna , where they reside today . </P> <H2> Premiere ( edit ) </H2> <P> As Neal Zaslaw has pointed out , writers on Mozart have often suggested -- or even asserted -- that Mozart never heard his 40th Symphony performed . Some commentators go further , suggesting that Mozart wrote the symphony ( and its companions , Nos. 39 and 41 ) without even intending it to be performed , but rather for posterity ; as ( to use Alfred Einstein 's words ) , an `` appeal to eternity '' . </P> <P> Modern scholarship suggests that these conjectures are not correct . First , in a recently discovered 10 July 1802 letter by the musician Johann Wenzel ( 1762 -- 1831 ) to the publisher Ambrosius Kühnel in Leipzig , Wenzel refers to a performance of the symphony at the home of Baron Gottfried van Swieten with Mozart present , but the execution was so poor that the composer had to leave the room . </P> <P> There is strong circumstantial evidence for other , probably better , performances . On several occasions between the composition of the symphony and the composer 's death , symphony concerts were given featuring Mozart 's music for which copies of the program have survived , announcing a symphony unidentified by date or key . These include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Dresden , 14 April 1789 , during Mozart 's Berlin journey </Li> <Li> Leipzig , 12 May 1789 , on the same trip </Li> <Li> Frankfurt , 15 October 1790 </Li> <Li> Copies survive of a poster for a concert given by the Tonkünstlersocietät ( Society of Musicians ) 17 April 1791 in the Burgtheater in Vienna , conducted by Mozart 's colleague Antonio Salieri . The first item on the program was billed as `` A Grand Symphony composed by Herr Mozart '' . </Li> </Ul> <P> Most important is the fact that Mozart revised his symphony ( see above ) . As Zaslaw says , this `` demonstrates that ( the symphony ) was performed , for Mozart would hardly have gone to the trouble of adding the clarinets and rewriting the flutes and oboes to accommodate them , had he not had a specific performance in view '' . The orchestra for the 1791 Vienna concert included the clarinetist brothers Anton and Johann Nepomuk Stadler ; which , as Zaslaw points out , limits the possibilities to just the 39th and 40th symphonies . </P> <P> Zaslaw adds : `` The version without clarinets must also have been performed , for the reorchestrated version of two passages in the slow movement , which exists in Mozart 's hand , must have resulted from his having heard the work and discovered an aspect needing improvement '' . </P> <P> Regarding the concerts for which the Symphony was originally intended when it was composed in 1788 , Otto Erich Deutsch suggests that Mozart was preparing to hold a series of three `` Concerts in the Casino '' , in a new casino in the Spiegelgasse owned by Philipp Otto . Mozart even sent a pair of tickets for this series to his friend Michael Puchberg . But it seems impossible to determine whether the concert series was held , or was cancelled for lack of interest . Zaslaw suggests that only the first of the three concerts was actually held . </P> <H2> The Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> The symphony is scored ( in its revised version ) for flute , 2 oboes , 2 clarinets , 2 bassoons , 2 horns , and strings . </P> <P> The work is in four movements , in the usual arrangement for a classical - style symphony ( fast movement , slow movement , minuet , fast movement ) : </P> <Ol> <Li> Molto allegro , </Li> <Li> Andante , </Li> <Li> Menuetto . Allegretto -- Trio , </Li> <Li> Finale . Allegro assai , </Li> </Ol> <P> The first movement begins darkly , not with its first theme but with accompaniment , played by the lower strings with divided violas . The technique of beginning a work with an accompaniment figure was later used by Mozart in his last piano concerto ( KV. 595 ) and later became a favourite of the Romantics ( examples include the openings of Mendelssohn 's Violin Concerto and Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Third Piano Concerto ) . The first theme is as follows . </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> The second movement is a lyrical work in time . It is in the subdominant key of the relative major of G minor ( B ♭ major ) : E ♭ major . The contrapuntal opening bars of this movement appear thus in keyboard reduction : </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> The minuet begins with an angry , cross-accented hemiola rhythm and a pair of three - bar phrases , as shown in the following piano reduction : </P> <P> </P> <P> Various commentators have asserted that while the music is labelled `` minuet '' , it would hardly be suitable for dancing . The contrasting gentle trio section , in G major , alternates the playing of the string section with that of the winds . </P> <P> The fourth movement opens with a series of rapidly ascending notes outlining the tonic triad illustrating what is commonly referred to as the Mannheim rocket . </P> <P> The movement is written largely in eight - bar phrases , following the general tendency toward rhythmic squareness in the finales of classical - era symphonies . A remarkable modulating passage in which every tone in the chromatic scale but one is played , strongly destabilising the key , occurs at the beginning of the development section . The single note left out is in fact a G ( the tonic ) . </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> The symphony typically has a duration of about 25 minutes . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> This work has elicited varying interpretations from critics . Robert Schumann regarded it as possessing `` Grecian lightness and grace '' . Donald Francis Tovey saw in it the character of opera buffa . Almost certainly , however , the most common perception today is that the symphony is tragic in tone and intensely emotional ; for example , Charles Rosen ( in The Classical Style ) has called the symphony `` a work of passion , violence , and grief '' . </P> <P> Although interpretations differ , the symphony is unquestionably one of Mozart 's most greatly admired works , and it is frequently performed and recorded . </P> <H2> Influence ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ludwig van Beethoven knew the symphony well , copying out 29 bars from the score in one of his sketchbooks . As Gustav Nottebohm observed in 1887 , the copied bars appear amid the sketches for Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony , whose third movement begins with a pitch sequence similar to that of Mozart 's finale ( see example above ) . </P> <P> Franz Schubert likewise copied down the music of Mozart 's minuet , and the minuet of his Fifth Symphony strongly evokes Mozart 's . Zaslaw has suggested that a passage late in Joseph Haydn 's oratorio The Seasons ( 1801 ) , a meditation on death , quotes the second movement of the 40th Symphony and was included by Haydn as a memorial to his long - dead friend . </P> <H2> First recording ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first known recording of the 40th Symphony is by the Victor Recording Company and issued in 1915 under the title `` Symphony in G Minor '' . The Victor Concert Orchestra performed under the direction of conductor Walter B. Rogers . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following files contain a digital recording of a performance of the 40th Symphony by the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra . The performance took place on March 18 , 2001 in the Orangerie in Fulda , Germany . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st movement Molto allegro 2nd movement Andante 3rd movement Menuetto , Allegretto - Trio 4th movement Allegro assai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ A possible exception is the so - called `` Odense Symphony '' , whose attribution to Mozart is doubtful ; see Mozart symphonies of spurious or doubtful authenticity . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heartz 2009 , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Deutsch 1965 , p. 320 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Mozart : The Last Symphonies review -- a thrilling journey through a tantalising new theory '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaslaw 1983 , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Zaslaw ( 1983 , p. 10 ) , Swafford ( 1997 , p. 287 ) , and ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For discussion of claims of this sort , see Zaslaw 1994 ; the quotation from Einstein is taken from this source . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milada Jonášová : `` Eine Aufführung der g - moll - Sinfonie KV 550 bei Baron van Swieten im Beisein Mozarts '' , in : Mozart Studien 20 , Tutzing 2011 , pp. 253 -- 268 . An abridged English translation was published in the Newsletter of the Mozart Society of America 16.1 ( 2012 ) , currently available on line at ( 2 ) . The letter reads `` im Wien habe ich selbst es von verstorbenem Mozart gehört , als Er sie bei Baron Wanswiten ( sic ) hat produciren lassen , das ( s ) er wärend der production aus dem Zimmer sich hat entfernen müssen , wie man Sie unrichtig aufgeführt hat '' , meaning `` and in Vienna I have heard myself from the departed Mozart , that when he had it performed in Baron Wanswiten 's rooms , he had to leave the room during the performance because it was being played so incorrectly '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ List from Zaslaw 1983 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The text of the poster is given in Deutsch 1965 , p. 393 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zaslaw 1983 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaslaw 1983 , 9 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Though quoted heavily above , Zaslaw is not alone in denigrating the old view that the symphony was never performed : Otto Biba ( 2009 ) writes `` Since there is no known date of a premiere performance , there developed the long standing legend among Mozart biographers of a romantic persuasion , who wished to portray primarily the brilliance and tragedy of a genius ' life , that Mozart never heard performances of ( his last ) three symphonies . This arrogant assumption , which equates missing information with the theory that the event never happened , is not serious scholarship and must be rejected '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burnett 1967 , p. 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen 1997 , p. 334 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopkins 1981 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nottebohm 1887 , p. 531 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaslaw and Cowdery 1990 , p. 210 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See No. 38 , the aria `` Erblicke hier , bethörter Mensch '' . Source : Zaslaw and Cowdery 1990 , p. 210 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Symphony in G Minor '' . Discography of American Historical Recordings . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biba , Otto ( 2009 ) . `` Kommentar '' , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Sinfonie g - moll , KV 550 . Autographe Partitur . Erste und zweite Fassung . Faksimile - Ausgabe . Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Deutsch , Otto Erich ( 1965 ) . Mozart : A Documentary Biography . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . </Li> <Li> Heartz , Daniel ( 2009 ) . Mozart , Haydn and Early Beethoven , 1781 -- 1802 . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . Extracts on line at Google Books : ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Hopkins , Antony ( 1981 ) . The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven . Heineman . </Li> <Li> James , Burnett ( 1967 ) . An Adventure in Music . London : Baker . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Nottebohm , Gustav ( 1887 ) . Zweite Beethoviana . Leipzig : C.F. Peters . Available on line : ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> Rosen , Charles ( 1997 ) . The Classical Style : Haydn , Mozart , Beethoven , expanded edition . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . Passage quoted may be viewed on line at Google Books : ( 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Schoenberg , Arnold ( 1954 , rvs. 1969 ) . Structural Functions of Harmony . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . Analyzes the wide - ranging development sections of both outer movements at some length . </Li> <Li> Swafford , Jan ( 1997 ) . Johannes Brahms : A Biography . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . </Li> <Li> Zaslaw , Neal ( 1983 ) . Introductory notes to a recording of the 31st and 40th Symphonies made by Christopher Hogwood and the Academy of Ancient Music , Oiseau - Lyre 410 - 197 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Zaslaw , Neal ( 1994 ) . `` Mozart as Working Stiff '' . In James M. Morris , ed . On Mozart , . Washington : Woodrow Wilson Center Press . </Li> <Li> Zaslaw , Neal , and William Cowdery ( 1990 ) . The Compleat Mozart : A Guide to the Musical Works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . Extracts cited are viewable online at Google Books : ( 6 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symphony No. 40 ( Mozart ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Versions of the score : </P> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Sinfonie in g minor K. 550 ( 1st version ) : Score and critical report ( in German ) in the Neue Mozart - Ausgabe </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Sinfonie in g minor K. 550 ( 2nd version ) : Score in the Neue Mozart - Ausgabe </Li> <Li> Symphony No. 40 : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) </Li> <Li> Kalmus miniature editions , from the William and Gayle Cook Music Library at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music </Li> <Li> A Public Domain version by the Columbia University Orchestra at TEOC Classical Music Radio : Symphony No. 40 </Li> <Li> The apartment where Mozart wrote his last three Symphonies : Michael Lorenz , `` Mozart 's Apartment on the Alsergrund '' Article online </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biographies </Li> <Li> Birthplace </Li> <Li> Grand tour </Li> <Li> Name </Li> <Li> Nationality </Li> <Li> Scatology </Li> <Li> Smallpox </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Berlin </Li> <Li> Prague </Li> <Li> Death </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Köchel catalogue </Li> <Li> List of compositions </Li> <Li> Concert arias , songs , canons </Li> <Li> Dances </Li> <Li> Horn concertos </Li> <Li> Masses </Li> <Li> Operas </Li> <Li> Piano concertos </Li> <Li> Works for solo piano </Li> <Li> Sonatas </Li> <Li> Symphonies </Li> <Li> Compositional method </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leopold Mozart </Li> <Li> Anna Maria Mozart </Li> <Li> Maria Anna Mozart ( Nannerl ) </Li> <Li> Constanze Mozart </Li> <Li> Maria Anna Thekla Mozart ( Bäsle ) </Li> <Li> Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart </Li> <Li> Karl Thomas Mozart </Li> <Li> Johann Georg Mozart </Li> <Li> Joseph Lange </Li> <Li> Cäcilia Weber </Li> <Li> Josepha Weber </Li> <Li> Aloysia Weber </Li> <Li> Sophie Weber </Li> <Li> Georg Nissen </Li> <Li> Family trees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Influences </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beethoven </Li> <Li> Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Freemasonry </Li> <Li> Haydn </Li> <Li> Salieri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mozart in popular culture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unnumbered </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> K. 16a ( Odense ) </Li> <Li> K. 19a </Li> <Li> K. 45a ( Old Lambach ) </Li> <Li> K. 76 </Li> <Li> K. 45b </Li> <Li> K. 74g </Li> <Li> K. 81 </Li> <Li> K. 95 </Li> <Li> K. 97 </Li> <Li> K. 75 </Li> <Li> K. 98 </Li> <Li> K. 111 + 120 </Li> <Li> K. 96 </Li> <Li> K. 161 </Li> <Li> K. 135 + 61h </Li> <Li> K. 196 + 121 </Li> <Li> K. 208 + 102 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Numbered </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No. 1 ( K. 16 ) </Li> <Li> No. 2 ( K. 17 ) </Li> <Li> No. 3 ( K. 18 ) </Li> <Li> No. 4 ( K. 19 ) </Li> <Li> No. 5 ( K. 22 ) </Li> <Li> No. 6 ( K. 43 ) </Li> <Li> No. 7 ( K. 45 ) </Li> <Li> No. 8 ( K. 48 ) </Li> <Li> No. 9 ( K. 73 ) </Li> <Li> No. 10 ( K. 74 ) </Li> <Li> No. 11 ( K. 84 ) </Li> <Li> No. 12 ( K. 110 ) </Li> <Li> No. 13 ( K. 112 ) </Li> <Li> No. 14 ( K. 114 ) </Li> <Li> No. 15 ( K. 124 ) </Li> <Li> No. 16 ( K. 128 ) </Li> <Li> No. 17 ( K. 129 ) </Li> <Li> No. 18 ( K. 130 ) </Li> <Li> No. 19 ( K. 132 ) </Li> <Li> No. 20 ( K. 133 ) </Li> <Li> No. 21 ( K. 134 ) </Li> <Li> No. 22 ( K. 162 ) </Li> <Li> No. 23 ( K. 181 ) </Li> <Li> No. 24 ( K. 182 ) </Li> <Li> No. 25 ( K. 183 ) </Li> <Li> No. 26 ( K. 184 ) </Li> <Li> No. 27 ( K. 199 ) </Li> <Li> No. 28 ( K. 200 ) </Li> <Li> No. 29 ( K. 201 ) </Li> <Li> No. 30 ( K. 202 ) </Li> <Li> No. 31 ( K. 297 , Paris ) </Li> <Li> No. 32 ( K. 318 ) </Li> <Li> No. 33 ( K. 319 ) </Li> <Li> No. 34 ( K. 338 ) </Li> <Li> No. 35 ( K. 385 , Haffner ) </Li> <Li> No. 36 ( K. 425 , Linz ) </Li> <Li> No. 37 ( K. 444 ) </Li> <Li> No. 38 ( K. 504 , Prague ) </Li> <Li> No. 39 ( K. 543 ) </Li> <Li> No. 40 ( K. 550 ) </Li> <Li> No. 41 ( K. 551 , Jupiter ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lost </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> K. 19b </Li> <Li> K. 66c </Li> <Li> K. 66d </Li> <Li> K. 66e </Li> <Li> K. Anh. C 11.07 </Li> <Li> K. Anh. C 11.08 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> No. 2 now attributed to Leopold Mozart . </Li> <Li> No. 3 now attributed to Carl Friedrich Abel . </Li> <Li> No. 37 now attributed to Michael Haydn . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart </Li> <Li> List of spurious / doubtful Mozart symphonies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> LCCN : n81018421 </Li> <Li> GND : 300111150 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb13915276b ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._40_(Mozart)&oldid=825476175 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart </Li> <Li> 1788 compositions </Li> <Li> Compositions in G minor </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with German - language external links </Li> <Li> Works with IMSLP links </Li> <Li> Articles with International Music Score Library Project links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Mirandés </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 17 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 16 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

what is the form of mozart symphony no 40

Beijing - wikipedia <H1> Beijing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Peking '' redirects here . For other uses , see Beijing ( disambiguation ) and Peking ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Beijing 北京 市 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Municipality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Beijing Municipality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : Beijing CBD skyline , Tiananmen , Temple of Heaven , National Center for the Performing Arts , and Beijing National Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Location of Beijing Municipality within China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E  /  39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E  / 39.917 ; 116.383 Coordinates : 39 ° 55 ′ N 116 ° 23 ′ E  /  39.917 ° N 116.383 ° E  / 39.917 ; 116.383 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established date </Th> <Td> 1045 BCE ( Zhou Dynasty ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions - County - level - Township - level </Th> <Td> 16 districts 289 towns and villages </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Municipality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Party Secretary </Th> <Td> Cai Qi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayor </Th> <Td> Chen Jining </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Congress Chairman </Th> <Td> Li Wei ( zh ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference Chairman </Th> <Td> Ji Lin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipality </Th> <Td> 16,411 km ( 6,336 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 16,801 km ( 6,487 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban </Th> <Td> 1,368 km ( 528 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rural </Th> <Td> 15,042 km ( 5,808 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 43.5 m ( 142.7 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Population ( 2017 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipality </Th> <Td> 21,707,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 1,300 / km ( 3,400 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban </Th> <Td> 18,766,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro ( 2017 ) </Th> <Td> 24,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ranks in China </Th> <Td> Population : 27th ; Density : 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major ethnic groups </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Han </Th> <Td> 95 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manchu </Th> <Td> 2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hui </Th> <Td> 2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mongol </Th> <Td> 0.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> 0.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> CST ( UTC + 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postal code </Th> <Td> 100000 -- 102629 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - Total </Th> <Td> ¥ 2.8 trillion ( $414.8 billion ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - Per capita </Th> <Td> ¥ 129,032 ( $19,116 ) ( 2nd ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> - Growth </Th> <Td> 6.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HDI ( 2014 ) </Th> <Td> 0.869 ( 1st ) -- very high </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License plate prefixes </Th> <Td> 京 A , C , E , F , H , J , K , L , M , N , P , Q , Y 京 B ( taxis ) 京 G ( outside urban area ) 京 O , D ( police and authorities ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Td> BJ / 京 ( jīng ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City trees </Th> <Td> Chinese arborvitae ( Platycladus orientalis ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Pagoda tree ( Sophora japonica ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City flowers </Th> <Td> China rose ( Rosa chinensis ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Beijing Official Website International - eBeijing.gov.cn ( in English ) 首都 之 窗 - 北京 市 政务 门户 网站 ( in Chinese ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Beijing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Běijīng '' in regular Chinese characters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chinese </Th> <Td> 北京 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hanyu Pinyin </Th> <Td> Běijīng </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postal </Th> <Td> Peking Peiping ( 1368 -- 1403 ; 1928 -- 1937 ; 1945 -- 1949 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literal meaning </Th> <Td> `` Northern Capital '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( show ) Transcriptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hanyu Pinyin </Th> <Td> Běijīng </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bopomofo </Th> <Td> ㄅ ㄟ ˇ ㄐ ㄧ ㄥ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gwoyeu Romatzyh </Th> <Td> Beeijing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wade -- Giles </Th> <Td> Pei - ching </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Td> ( pèi. tɕíŋ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Wu </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Suzhounese </Th> <Td> Poh - cin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Hakka </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Romanization </Th> <Td> Bet - gin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yale Romanization </Th> <Td> Bākgìng or Bākgīng </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Td> ( pɐ́k̚. kêŋ ) or ( pɐ́k̚. kéŋ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jyutping </Th> <Td> Bak1ging1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Southern Min </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hokkien POJ </Th> <Td> Pak - kian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tâi - lô </Th> <Td> Pak - kiann </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Eastern Min </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fuzhou BUC </Th> <Td> Báe̤k - gĭng </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Beijing ( / beɪˈdʒɪŋ / ; Mandarin : ( pèi. tɕíŋ ) ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's second most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a direct - controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . </P> <P> As a city combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is a megacity rich in history , exemplified in its global influence in politics , economy , education , history , culture , and technology . Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's political , cultural , and educational center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state - owned companies and is a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high - speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 , the city 's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world , after Shanghai 's subway system . </P> <P> The city 's history dates back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for much of the past eight centuries . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital . Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces , temples , parks , gardens , tombs , walls and gates . Its art treasures and universities have made it center of culture and art in China . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that `` few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China . '' Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- the Forbidden City , Temple of Heaven , Summer Palace , Ming Tombs , Zhoukoudian , as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal , all popular locations for tourism . Siheyuans , the city 's traditional housing style , and hutongs , the narrow alleys between siheyuans , are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing . The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics , making it the first city to ever host both Winter and Summer Olympics . </P> <P> Many of Beijing 's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China , of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities of the world . In 2015 , 52 companies of the Fortune Global 500 company headquarters were located in Beijing , more than any other city in the world , including state - owned enterprises State Grid , China National Petroleum , and Sinopec Group , ranked 2nd , 3rd , and 4th , respectively . Beijing CBD is quickly becoming the center for Beijing 's economic expansion , rapid modernization , and radically changing skyline , with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers . Beijing 's Zhongguancun area is also known as China 's Silicon Valley and China 's center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship . According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey , Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory `` Personal Finance Index , '' a measure of expats ' salaries versus cost of living in the city . Expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east , or in suburban districts such as Shunyi . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 2.2 Early Imperial China </Li> <Li> 2.3 Ming dynasty </Li> <Li> 2.4 Qing dynasty </Li> <Li> 2.5 Republic of China </Li> <Li> 2.6 People 's Republic of China </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Cityscape </Li> <Li> 3.2 Architecture </Li> <Li> 3.3 Climate </Li> <Li> 3.4 Environmental problems <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 Air quality <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1.1 Readings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 Dust storms </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Politics and government <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Administrative divisions <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Towns </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Neighborhoods </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Judiciary and procuracy </Li> <Li> 4.3 Diplomatic missions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Sector composition </Li> <Li> 5.2 Economic zones </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Metropolitan area </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Places of interest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Religion <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Chinese folk religion and Taoism </Li> <Li> 8.2 Buddhism </Li> <Li> 8.3 Islam </Li> <Li> 8.4 Christianity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Media <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Television and radio </Li> <Li> 9.2 Press </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Sports <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Events </Li> <Li> 10.2 Venues </Li> <Li> 10.3 Clubs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Transportation <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Rail and high - speed rail </Li> <Li> 11.2 Roads and expressways </Li> <Li> 11.3 Air </Li> <Li> 11.4 Public transit </Li> <Li> 11.5 Taxi </Li> <Li> 11.6 Bicycles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Defense and aerospace </Li> <Li> 13 Nature and wildlife </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 Further reading </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Etymology </H2> See also : Names of Beijing <P> Over the past 3,000 years , the city of Beijing has had numerous other names . The name Beijing , which means `` Northern Capital '' ( from the Chinese characters 北 for north and 京 for capital ) , was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing ( the `` Southern Capital '' ) . The English spelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin . An older English spelling , Peking , is the postal romanization of the same two characters as they are pronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries . Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng , prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation . Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city , some of the city 's older locations and facilities , such as Beijing Capital International Airport , with IATA Code PEK , and Peking University , still use the former romanization . </P> <P> The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京 , which appears on automobile license plates in the city . The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is `` BJ '' . </P> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of Beijing <H3> Early History </H3> <P> The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District , where Peking Man lived . Homo erectus fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago . Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived there more recently , about 27,000 years ago . Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality , including in Wangfujing , located in downtown Beijing . </P> <P> The first walled city in Beijing was Jicheng , the capital city of the state of Ji and was built in 1045 BC . Within modern Beijing , Jicheng was located around the present Guang'anmen area in the south of Xicheng District . This settlement was later conquered by the state of Yan and made its capital . </P> <H3> Early Imperial China </H3> The Tianning Pagoda , built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty . <P> After the First Emperor unified China , Jicheng became a prefectural capital for the region . During the Three Kingdoms period , it was held by Gongsun Zan and Yuan Shao before falling to Cao Cao 's Wei Kingdom . The AD 3rd - century Western Jin demoted the town , placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou . </P> <P> During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu , Jicheng was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom . </P> <P> After China was reunified during the Sui dynasty , Jicheng , also known as Zhuojun , became the northern terminus of the Grand Canal . Under the Tang dynasty , Jicheng as Youzhou , served as a military frontier command center . During the An - Shi Rebellion and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang , local military commanders founded their own short - lived Yan dynasties and called the city Yanjing , or the `` Yan Capital . '' Also in the Tang dynasty , the city 's name Jicheng was replaced by Youzhou or Yanjing . In 938 , after the fall of the Tang , the Later Jin ceded the entire northern frontier to the Khitan Liao dynasty , which treated the city as Nanjing , or the `` Southern Capital '' , one of four secondary capitals to complement its `` Supreme Capital '' , Shangjing ( modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia ) . Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period , including the Tianning Pagoda . </P> Miaoying Temple and its White Stupa in Dadu which was built by Kublai Khan <P> The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122 , which gave the city to the Song dynasty and then retook it in 1125 during its conquest of northern China . In 1153 , the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their `` Central Capital '' , or Zhongdu . The city was besieged by Genghis Khan 's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed to the ground two years later . Two generations later , Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu ( or Daidu to the Mongols , commonly known as Khanbaliq ) , a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to the northeast of the Zhongdu ruins . The construction took from 1264 to 1293 , but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper . The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present - day Chang'an Avenue to the northern part of Line 10 subway . Remnants of the Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng . </P> <H3> Ming dynasty </H3> One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City , which was built by Emperor Yongle in Ming dynasty . <P> In 1368 , soon after declaring the new Hongwu era of the Ming dynasty , the rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang sent an army to Khanbaliq and conquered it . Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia , however , Dadu was renamed to Beiping as used to supply the military garrisons in the area . And under the Hongwu Emperor 's feudal policies it was given to Zhu Di , one of his sons , who was created `` Prince of Yan '' . </P> <P> The early death of Zhu Yuanzhang 's heir led to a succession struggle on his death , one that ended with the victory of Zhu Di and the declaration of the new Yongle era . Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian ( modern Nanjing ) alienated many there , he established his fief as a new co-capital . The city of Beiping became Beijing ( northern capital ) or Shuntian in 1403 . The construction of the new imperial residence , the Forbidden City , took from 1406 to 1420 ; this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city 's major attractions , such as the Temple of Heaven and Tian'anmen . On 28 October 1420 , the city was officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty in the same year that the Forbidden City was completed . Beijing became the empire 's primary capital and Yingtian , also called Nanjing ( southern capital ) , became the co-capital . ( A 1425 order by Zhu Di 's son , the Hongxi Emperor , to return the primary capital to Nanjing was never carried out : he died , probably of a heart attack , the next month . He was buried , like almost every Ming emperor to follow him , in an elaborate necropolis to Beijing 's north . ) </P> <P> By the 15th century , Beijing had essentially taken its current shape . The Ming city wall continued to serve until modern times , when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place . It is generally believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world for most of the 15th , 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The first known church was constructed by Catholics in 1652 at the former site of Matteo Ricci 's chapel ; the modern Nantang Cathedral was later built upon the same site . </P> <P> The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng 's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty , but he and his Shun court abandoned the city without a fight when the Manchu army of Prince Dorgon arrived 40 days later . </P> <H3> Qing dynasty </H3> Summer Palace is one of the several palatial gardens built by Qing emperors in the northwest suburb area Chongwenmen , a gate to the inner walled city , c. 1906 <P> Dorgon established the Qing dynasty as a direct successor of the Ming ( delegitimising Li Zicheng and his followers ) and Beijing became China 's sole capital . The Qing emperors made some modifications to the Imperial residence but , in large part , the Ming buildings and the general layout remained unchanged . Facilities for Manchu worship were introduced , but the Qing also continued the traditional state rituals . Signage was bilingual or Chinese . This early Qing Beijing later formed the setting for the Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber . Northwest of the city , Qing emperors built several large palatial gardens including the Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace . </P> <P> During the Second Opium War , Anglo - French forces captured the outskirts of the city , looting and burning the Old Summer Palace in 1860 . Under the Convention of Peking ending that war , Western powers for the first time secured the right to establish permanent diplomatic presences within the city . In 1900 , the attempt by the `` Boxers '' to eradicate this presence , as well as Chinese Christian converts , led to Beijing 's reoccupation by foreign powers . During the fighting , several important structures were destroyed , including the Hanlin Academy and the ( new ) Summer Palace . </P> <H3> Republic of China </H3> A large portrait of Chiang Kai - shek was displayed above Tiananmen Gate after WWII . <P> The fomenters of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 sought to replace Qing rule with a republic and leaders like Sun Yat - sen originally intended to return the capital to Nanjing . After the Qing general Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the last Qing emperor and ensured the success of the revolution , the revolutionaries accepted him as president of the new Republic of China . Yuan maintained his capital at Beijing and quickly consolidated power , declaring himself emperor in 1915 . His death less than a year later left China under the control of the warlords commanding the regional armies . Following the success of the Kuomintang 's Northern Expedition , the capital was formally removed to Nanjing in 1928 . On 28 June the same year , Beijing 's name was returned to Beiping ( written at the time as `` Peiping '' ) . </P> <P> On July 7 , 1937 , the 29th Army and the Japanese army in China exchanged fire at the Marco Polo Bridge near the Wanping Fortress southwest of the city . The Marco Polo Bridge Incident triggered the Second Sino - Japanese War , World War II as it is known in China . During the war , Beiping fell to Japan on 29 July 1937 and was made the seat of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China , a puppet state that ruled the ethnic - Chinese portions of Japanese - occupied northern China . This government was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing . </P> <H3> People 's Republic of China </H3> Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 <P> In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign . On 1 October that year , Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People 's Republic of China from atop Tian'anmen . He restored the name of the city , as the new capital , to Beijing , a decision that had been reached by the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference just a few days earlier . </P> <P> In the 1950s , the city began to expand beyond the old walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods , with heavy industries in the west and residential neighborhoods in the north . Many areas of the Beijing city wall were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road . </P> A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . <P> During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 , the Red Guard movement began in Beijing and the city 's government fell victim to one of the first purges . By the fall of 1966 , all city schools were shut down and over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in Beijing for eight rallies in Tian'anmen Square with Mao . In April 1976 , a large public gathering of Beijing residents against the Gang of Four and the Cultural Revolution in Tiananmen Square was forcefully suppressed . In October 1976 , the Gang was arrested in Zhongnanhai and the Cultural Revolution came to an end . In December 1978 , the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress in Beijing under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping reversed the verdicts against victims of the Cultural Revolution and instituted the `` policy of reform and opening up . '' </P> <P> Since the early 1980s , the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th Ring Roads . According to one 2005 newspaper report , the size of newly developed Beijing was one - and - a-half times larger than before . Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts , while Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China . In recent years , the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization , such as heavy traffic , poor air quality , the loss of historic neighborhoods , and a significant influx of migrant workers from less - developed rural areas of the country . Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history , principally the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The city has also hosted major international events , including the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics . </P> <H2> Geography </H2> Main article : Geography of Beijing Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown Jingshan , the highest point in the old walled city of Beijing . Remnants of the Great Wall of China in the mountains north of the city . <P> Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular North China Plain , which opens to the south and east of the city . Mountains to the north , northwest and west shield the city and northern China 's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes . The northwestern part of the municipality , especially Yanqing County and Huairou District , are dominated by the Jundu Mountains , while the western part is framed by Xishan or the Western Hills . The Great Wall of China across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes . Mount Dongling , in the Western Hills and on the border with Hebei , is the municipality 's highest point , with an altitude of 2,303 metres ( 7,556 ft ) . </P> <P> Major rivers flowing through the municipality , including the Chaobai , Yongding , Juma , are all tributaries in the Hai River system , and flow in a southeasterly direction . The Miyun Reservoir , on the upper reaches of the Chaobai River , is the largest reservoir within the municipality . Beijing is also the northern terminus of the Grand Canal to Hangzhou , which was built over 1,400 years ago as a transportation route , and the South -- North Water Transfer Project , constructed in the past decade to bring water from the Yangtze River basin . </P> <P> The urban area of Beijing , on the plains in the south - central of the municipality with elevation of 40 to 60 metres ( 130 -- 200 feet ) , occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality 's area . The city spreads out in concentric ring roads . The Second Ring Road traces the old city walls and the Sixth Ring Road connects satellite towns in the surrounding suburbs . Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square are at the center of Beijing , directly to the south of the Forbidden City , the former residence of the emperors of China . To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai , the residence of China 's current leaders . Chang'an Avenue , which cuts between Tiananmen and the Square , forms the city 's main east - west axis . </P> <H3> Cityscape </H3> The skyline of the Imperial Palace , viewed from the Jingshan Hill <H3> Architecture </H3> See also : List of tallest buildings in Beijing <P> Three styles of architecture are predominant in urban Beijing . First , there is the traditional architecture of imperial China , perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen ( Gate of Heavenly Peace ) , which remains the People 's Republic of China 's trademark edifice , the Forbidden City , the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven . Next , there is what is sometimes referred to as the `` Sino - Sov '' style , with structures tending to be boxy and sometimes poorly constructed , which were built between the 1950s and the 1970s . Finally , there are much more modern architectural forms , most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD in east Beijing such as the new CCTV Headquarters , in addition to buildings in other locations around the city such as the Beijing National Stadium and National Center for the Performing Arts . </P> <P> Since 2007 , buildings in Beijing have received the CTBUH Skyscraper Award for best overall tall building twice , for the Linked Hybrid building in 2009 and the CCTV Headquarters in 2013 . The CTBUH Skyscraper award for best tall overall building is given to only one building around the world every year . </P> <P> In the early 21st century , Beijing has witnessed tremendous growth of new building constructions , exhibiting various modern styles from international designers , most pronounced in the CBD region . A mixture of both 1950s design and neofuturistic style of architecture can be seen at the 798 Art Zone , which mixes the old with the new . Beijing 's current completed tallest building is the 330 - meter China World Trade Center Tower III , but will be surpassed by the 528 - meter China Zun in 2018 when it is completed . Both buildings are in the Beijing CBD . </P> <P> Beijing is famous for its siheyuans , a type of residence where a common courtyard is shared by the surrounding buildings . Among the more grand examples are the Prince Gong Mansion and Residence of Soong Ching - ling . These courtyards are usually connected by alleys called hutongs . The hutongs are generally straight and run east to west so that doorways face north and south for good Feng Shui . They vary in width ; some are so narrow only a few pedestrians can pass through at a time . Once ubiquitous in Beijing , siheyuans and hutongs are rapidly disappearing , as entire city blocks of hutongs are replaced by high - rise buildings . Residents of the hutongs are entitled to live in the new buildings in apartments of at least the same size as their former residences . Many complain , however , that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs can not be replaced , and these properties are often government owned . </P> The Taihedian Square inside the Forbidden City <H3> Climate </H3> <P> Beijing has a monsoon - influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwa ) , characterized by hot , humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon , and cold , windy , dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone . Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert across the Mongolian steppe , accompanied by rapidly warming , but generally dry , conditions . Autumn , like Spring , is a season of transition and minimal precipitation . The monthly daily average temperature in January is − 3.7 ° C ( 25.3 ° F ) , while in July it is 26.2 ° C ( 79.2 ° F ) . Precipitation averages around 570 mm ( 22 in ) annually , with close to three - fourths of that total falling from June to August . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47 % in July to 65 % in January and February , the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshine annually . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from − 27.4 ° C ( − 17.3 ° F ) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 ° C ( 107.4 ° F ) on 24 July 1999 ( unofficial record of 42.6 ° C ( 108.7 ° F ) was set on 15 June 1942 ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="14"> ( show ) Climate data for Beijing ( normals 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1951 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 14.3 ( 57.7 ) </Td> <Td> 19.8 ( 67.6 ) </Td> <Td> 29.5 ( 85.1 ) </Td> <Td> 33.5 ( 92.3 ) </Td> <Td> 41.1 ( 106 ) </Td> <Td> 40.6 ( 105.1 ) </Td> <Td> 41.9 ( 107.4 ) </Td> <Td> 38.3 ( 100.9 ) </Td> <Td> 35.0 ( 95 ) </Td> <Td> 31.0 ( 87.8 ) </Td> <Td> 23.3 ( 73.9 ) </Td> <Td> 19.5 ( 67.1 ) </Td> <Td> 41.9 ( 107.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 1.8 ( 35.2 ) </Td> <Td> 5.0 ( 41 ) </Td> <Td> 11.6 ( 52.9 ) </Td> <Td> 20.3 ( 68.5 ) </Td> <Td> 26.0 ( 78.8 ) </Td> <Td> 30.2 ( 86.4 ) </Td> <Td> 30.9 ( 87.6 ) </Td> <Td> 29.7 ( 85.5 ) </Td> <Td> 25.8 ( 78.4 ) </Td> <Td> 19.1 ( 66.4 ) </Td> <Td> 10.1 ( 50.2 ) </Td> <Td> 3.7 ( 38.7 ) </Td> <Td> 17.9 ( 64.1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 8.4 ( 16.9 ) </Td> <Td> − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) </Td> <Td> 0.4 ( 32.7 ) </Td> <Td> 7.9 ( 46.2 ) </Td> <Td> 13.6 ( 56.5 ) </Td> <Td> 18.8 ( 65.8 ) </Td> <Td> 22.0 ( 71.6 ) </Td> <Td> 20.8 ( 69.4 ) </Td> <Td> 14.8 ( 58.6 ) </Td> <Td> 7.9 ( 46.2 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) </Td> <Td> 7.2 ( 45.0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 22.8 ( − 9 ) </Td> <Td> − 27.4 ( − 17.3 ) </Td> <Td> − 15 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) </Td> <Td> 2.5 ( 36.5 ) </Td> <Td> 9.8 ( 49.6 ) </Td> <Td> 15.3 ( 59.5 ) </Td> <Td> 11.4 ( 52.5 ) </Td> <Td> 3.7 ( 38.7 ) </Td> <Td> − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) </Td> <Td> − 12.3 ( 9.9 ) </Td> <Td> − 18.3 ( − 0.9 ) </Td> <Td> − 27.4 ( − 17.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 2.7 ( 0.106 ) </Td> <Td> 4.9 ( 0.193 ) </Td> <Td> 8.3 ( 0.327 ) </Td> <Td> 21.2 ( 0.835 ) </Td> <Td> 34.2 ( 1.346 ) </Td> <Td> 78.1 ( 3.075 ) </Td> <Td> 185.2 ( 7.291 ) </Td> <Td> 159.7 ( 6.287 ) </Td> <Td> 45.5 ( 1.791 ) </Td> <Td> 21.8 ( 0.858 ) </Td> <Td> 7.4 ( 0.291 ) </Td> <Td> 2.8 ( 0.11 ) </Td> <Td> 571.8 ( 22.51 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) </Th> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 5.8 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 13.6 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 70.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 56.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 194.1 </Td> <Td> 194.7 </Td> <Td> 231.8 </Td> <Td> 251.9 </Td> <Td> 283.4 </Td> <Td> 261.4 </Td> <Td> 212.4 </Td> <Td> 220.9 </Td> <Td> 232.1 </Td> <Td> 222.1 </Td> <Td> 185.3 </Td> <Td> 180.7 </Td> <Td> 2,670.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percent possible sunshine </Th> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="14"> Source : China Meteorological Administration , China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System , all - time record high , May record high </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Environmental problems </H3> <P> Beijing has a long history of environmental problems . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing 's urban extent quadrupled , which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions , but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally , even if emissions of human society are not included . For example , surface albedo , wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased , whereas ground and near - surface air temperatures , vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased . Because of the combined factors of urbanization and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems , which lead to health issues of many inhabitants . In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China , in total 600 million people . After this `` pollution shock '' air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China . After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution , for example by lowering the share of coal from 24 % in 2012 to 10 % in 2017 , while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources . </P> Air quality <P> Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city 's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces . On average 35 -- 60 % of the ozone can be traced to sources outside the city . Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality have a `` significant influence on Beijing 's air quality '' , partly due to the prevailing south / southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest . </P> Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog . These photographs , taken in August 2005 , show the variations in Beijing 's air quality . <P> In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and to fulfill promises to clean up the city 's air , nearly 17 billion USD was spent . Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games , including halting work at all construction sites , closing many factories in Beijing permanently , temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions , closing some gas stations , and cutting motor traffic by half by limiting drivers to odd or even days ( based on their license plate numbers ) , reducing bus and subway fares , opening new subway lines , and banning high - emission vehicles . The city further assembled 3,800 natural gas - powered buses , one of the largest fleets in the world . Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emission standard . </P> <P> Coal burning accounts for about 40 % of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide . Since 2012 , the city has been converting coal - fired power stations to burn natural gas and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons . In 2011 , the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal , 73 % of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry . Much of the city 's air pollutants are emitted by neighboring regions . Coal consumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015 . Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011 , more than all of Germany , of which only 30 % were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making . Power plants in the coal - mining regions of Shanxi , Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi , where coal consumption has tripled since 2000 , and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing . Shandong , Shanxi , Hebei and Inner Mongolia , respectively rank from first to fourth , among Chinese provinces by coal consumption . There were four major coal - fired power plants in the city to provide electricity as well as heating during the winter . The first one ( Gaojing Thermal Power Plant ) was shut down in 2014 . Another two were shut in March 2015 . The last one ( Huaneng Thermal Power Plant ) would be shut in 2016 . Between 2013 and 2017 , the city planned to reduce 13 million tons of coal consumption and cap coal consumption to 15 million tons in 2015 . </P> <P> The government sometimes uses cloud - seeding measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events , such as prior to the 60th anniversary parade in 2009 as well as to combat drought conditions in the area . More recently , however , the government has increased its usage of such measures as closing factories temporarily and implementing greater restrictions for cars on the road , as in the case of `` APEC blue '' and `` parade blue , '' short periods during and immediately preceding the APEC China 2014 and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade , respectively . During and prior to these events , Beijing 's air quality improved dramatically , only to fall back to unhealthy levels shortly after . </P> <P> Beijing air quality is often poor , especially in winter . In mid-January 2013 , Beijing 's air quality was measured on top of the city 's US embassy at a PM2. 5 density of 755 micrograms per cubic meter , which went off the US Environmental Protection Agency 's air quality index . It was widely reported , originally through a Twitter account , that the category was `` crazy bad '' . This was later changed to `` beyond index '' . </P> <P> On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first smog alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city . Later in the month another smog `` red alert '' was issued . </P> <P> According to Beijing 's environmental protection bureau 's announcement in November 2016 , starting from 2017 highly polluting old cars wil be banned from being driven whenever Smog `` red alerts '' are issued in the city or neighboring regions . </P> Readings <P> Due to Beijing 's high - level of air pollution , there are various readings by different sources on the subject . Daily pollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around the city are reported on the website of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau ( BJEPB ) . The American Embassy of Beijing also reports hourly fine particulate ( PM2. 5 ) and ozone levels on Twitter . Since the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria , the pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy . </P> Air pollution in Beijing in 2016 , measured by Air Quality Index Severely Polluted Heavily Polluted Moderately Polluted Lightly Polluted Good Excellent Dust storms <P> Dust from the erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China results in seasonal dust storms that plague the city ; the Beijing Weather Modification Office sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects . In the first four months of 2006 alone , there were no fewer than eight such storms . In April 2002 , one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to Japan and Korea . </P> <H2> Politics and government </H2> Main article : Politics of Beijing <P> Municipal government is regulated by the local Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , led by the Beijing CPC Secretary ( Chinese : 北京 市委 书记 ) . The local CPC issues administrative orders , collects taxes , manages the economy , and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People 's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government . </P> <P> Government officials include the mayor ( Chinese : 市 长 ) and vice-mayor . Numerous bureaus focus on law , public security , and other affairs . Additionally , as the capital of China , Beijing houses all of the important national governmental and political institutions , including the National People 's Congress . </P> <H3> Administrative divisions </H3> Main articles : List of administrative divisions of Beijing and List of township - level divisions of Beijing <P> Beijing Municipality currently comprises 16 administrative county - level subdivisions including 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . On 1 July 2010 , Chongwen and Xuanwu were merged into Dongcheng and Xicheng , respectively . On 13 November 2015 Miyun and Yanqing were upgraded to districts . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="14"> Administrative divisions of Beijing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Pinggu Huairou Yanqing Miyun </Td> <Td colspan="8"> <Dl> <Dt> Color key </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Inner city inside the 2nd Ring Road ( former city walls ) </Li> <Li> Urban area between the 2nd and 5th Ring Road </Li> <Li> Inner suburbs linked by the 6th Ring Road </Li> <Li> Outer suburbs areas within city limits . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division code </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Area in km </Th> <Th> Population 2010 </Th> <Th> Seat </Th> <Th> Postal code </Th> <Th colspan="8"> Subdivisions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdistricts </Th> <Th> Towns </Th> <Th> Townships </Th> <Th> Ethnic townships </Th> <Th> Residential communities </Th> <Th> Villages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110000 </Th> <Th> Beijing </Th> <Td> 16411.0 </Td> <Td> 19,612,368 </Td> <Td> Dongcheng / Tongzhou </Td> <Td> 100000 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2538 </Td> <Td> 3857 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110101 </Th> <Th> Dongcheng </Th> <Td> 40.6 </Td> <Td> 919,253 </Td> <Td> Jingshan Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 100000 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 216 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110102 </Th> <Th> Xicheng </Th> <Td> 46.5 </Td> <Td> 1,243,315 </Td> <Td> Jinrong Street Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 100000 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 259 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110105 </Th> <Th> Chaoyang </Th> <Td> 470.8 </Td> <Td> 3,545,137 </Td> <Td> Chaowai Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 100000 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 358 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110106 </Th> <Th> Fengtai </Th> <Td> 304.2 </Td> <Td> 2,112,162 </Td> <Td> Fengtai Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 100000 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110107 </Th> <Th> Shijingshan </Th> <Td> 89.8 </Td> <Td> 616,083 </Td> <Td> Lugu Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 100000 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110108 </Th> <Th> Haidian </Th> <Td> 426.0 </Td> <Td> 3,280,670 </Td> <Td> Haidian Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 100000 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 603 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110109 </Th> <Th> Mentougou </Th> <Td> 1331.3 </Td> <Td> 290,476 </Td> <Td> Dayu Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 102300 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 179 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110111 </Th> <Th> Fangshan </Th> <Td> 1866.7 </Td> <Td> 944,832 </Td> <Td> Gongchen Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 102400 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 462 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110112 </Th> <Th> Tongzhou </Th> <Td> 870.0 </Td> <Td> 1,184,256 </Td> <Td> Beiyuan Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 101100 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 480 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110113 </Th> <Th> Shunyi </Th> <Td> 980.0 </Td> <Td> 876,620 </Td> <Td> Shengli Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 101300 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 449 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110114 </Th> <Th> Changping </Th> <Td> 1430.0 </Td> <Td> 1,660,501 </Td> <Td> Chengbei Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 102200 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> 303 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110115 </Th> <Th> Daxing </Th> <Td> 1012.0 </Td> <Td> 1,365,112 </Td> <Td> Xingfeng Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 102600 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 547 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110116 </Th> <Th> Huairou </Th> <Td> 2557.3 </Td> <Td> 372,887 </Td> <Td> Longshan Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 101400 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110117 </Th> <Th> Pinggu </Th> <Td> 1075.0 </Td> <Td> 415,958 </Td> <Td> Binhe Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 101200 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 275 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110118 </Th> <Th> Miyun </Th> <Td> 2335.6 </Td> <Td> 467,680 </Td> <Td> Gulou Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 101500 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 338 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110119 </Th> <Th> Yanqing </Th> <Td> 1980.0 </Td> <Td> 317,426 </Td> <Td> Rulin Subdistrict </Td> <Td> 102100 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 376 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> ( show ) Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English </Th> <Th> Chinese </Th> <Th> Pinyin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beijing Municipality </Th> <Td> 北京 市 </Td> <Td> Běijīng Shì </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dongcheng District </Th> <Td> 东 城区 </Td> <Td> Dōngchéng Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Xicheng District </Th> <Td> 西 城区 </Td> <Td> Xīchéng Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chaoyang District </Th> <Td> 朝阳 区 </Td> <Td> Cháoyáng Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fengtai District </Th> <Td> 丰台 区 </Td> <Td> Fēngtái Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shijingshan District </Th> <Td> 石景山 区 </Td> <Td> Shíjǐngshān Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Haidian District </Th> <Td> 海淀 区 </Td> <Td> Hǎidiàn Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mentougou District </Th> <Td> 门头沟 区 </Td> <Td> Méntóugōu Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fangshan District </Th> <Td> 房 山区 </Td> <Td> Fángshān Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tongzhou District </Th> <Td> 通州 区 </Td> <Td> Tōngzhōu Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shunyi District </Th> <Td> 顺义 区 </Td> <Td> Shùnyì Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Changping District </Th> <Td> 昌平 区 </Td> <Td> Chāngpíng Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daxing District </Th> <Td> 大兴 区 </Td> <Td> Dàxīng Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Huairou District </Th> <Td> 怀柔 区 </Td> <Td> Huáiróu Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pinggu District </Th> <Td> 平谷 区 </Td> <Td> Pínggǔ Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miyun District </Th> <Td> 密云 区 </Td> <Td> Mìyún Qū </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yanqing District </Th> <Td> 延庆 区 </Td> <Td> Yánqìng Qū </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Including `` area '' ( 地区 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Including other township related subdivisions . </Li> </Ol> Shichahai , in the Xicheng District , is traditionally considered one of Beijing 's most beautiful and charming scenic areas . Towns Main article : List of township - level divisions of Beijing <P> Beijing 's 16 county - level divisions ( districts ) are further subdivided into 273 lower third - level administrative units at the township level : 119 towns , 24 townships , 5 ethnic townships and 125 subdistricts . Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include ( but are not limited to ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Changping 昌平 </Li> <Li> Huairou 怀柔 </Li> <Li> Miyun 密云 </Li> <Li> Liangxiang 良 乡 </Li> <Li> Liulimiao 琉璃 庙 </Li> <Li> Tongzhou 通州 </Li> <Li> Yizhuang 亦庄 </Li> <Li> Tiantongyuan 天通苑 </Li> <Li> Beiyuan 北 苑 </Li> <Li> Xiaotangshan 小 汤山 </Li> </Ul> <P> Several place names in Beijing end with mén ( 门 ) , meaning `` gate '' , as they were the locations of gates in the former Beijing city wall . Other place names end in cūn ( 村 ) , meaning `` village '' , as they were originally villages outside the city wall . </P> Neighborhoods <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( October 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Niujie Mosque is an important historical attraction Main article : Neighborhoods in Beijing <P> Neighborhoods may extend across multiple districts . Major neighborhoods in urban Beijing include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Qianmen 前门 </Li> <Li> Tian'anmen 天安门 </Li> <Li> Di'anmen 地 安 门 </Li> <Li> Chongwenmen 崇文 门 </Li> <Li> Xuanwumen 宣武 门 </Li> <Li> Fuchengmen 阜 成 门 </Li> <Li> Xizhimen 西直门 </Li> <Li> Deshengmen 德 胜 门 </Li> <Li> Andingmen 安定 门 </Li> <Li> Sanlitun 三里屯 </Li> <Li> Dongzhimen 东直门 </Li> <Li> Chaoyangmen 朝阳 门 </Li> <Li> Yongdingmen 永定 门 </Li> <Li> Zuo'anmen 左 安 门 </Li> <Li> You'anmen 右 安 门 </Li> <Li> Guangqumen 广 渠 门 </Li> <Li> Guang'anmen 广安 门 </Li> <Li> Huashi 花市 </Li> <Li> Xibianmen 西 便门 </Li> <Li> Hepingmen 和平 门 </Li> <Li> Fuxingmen 复兴 门 </Li> <Li> Jianguomen 建国 门 </Li> <Li> Gongzhufen 公主 坟 </Li> <Li> Fangzhuang 方 庄 </Li> <Li> Guomao 国贸 </Li> <Li> Hepingli 和平 里 </Li> <Li> Ping'anli 平安 里 </Li> <Li> Beixinqiao 北新 桥 </Li> <Li> Jiaodaokou 交 道口 </Li> <Li> Kuanjie 宽 街 </Li> <Li> Wangjing 望京 </Li> <Li> Wangfujing 王府 井 </Li> <Li> Dengshikou 灯 市 口 </Li> <Li> Wudaokou 五道口 </Li> <Li> Xidan 西单 </Li> <Li> Dongdan 东单 </Li> <Li> Zhongguancun 中关村 </Li> <Li> Panjiayuan 潘 家园 </Li> <Li> Beijing CBD 北京 商务 中心 区 </Li> <Li> Yayuncun 亚运村 </Li> <Li> Shifoying 石 佛 营 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Judiciary and procuracy </H3> <P> The judicial system in Beijing consists of the Supreme People 's Court , the highest court in the country , the Beijing Municipal High People 's Court , the high people 's court of the municipality , three intermediate people 's courts , one intermediate railway transport court , 14 basic people 's court ( one for each of the municipality 's districts and counties ) , and one basic railway transport court . The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People 's Court in Shijingshan oversees the basic courts of Haidian , Shijingshan , Mentougou , Changping and Yanqing . The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People 's Court in Fengtai oversees the basic courts of Dongcheng , Xicheng , Fengtai , Fangshan and Daxing . The Beijing No. 3 Intermediate People 's Court in Laiguangying , is the newest of the three intermediate people 's courts and opened on 21 August 2013 . It oversees the district courts of Chaoyang , Tongzhou , Shunyi , Huairou , Pinggu and Miyun . Each court in Beijing has a corresponding people 's procuratorate . </P> <H3> Diplomatic missions </H3> Main article : List of diplomatic missions in China <P> About 163 countries have embassies in Beijing , which are concentrated in Jianguomenwai , Sanlitun and Liangmaqiao in Chaoyang District . </P> <H2> Economy </H2> Main article : Economy of Beijing Xidan is one of the oldest and busiest shopping area in Beijing . <P> As of 2016 , Beijing ' nominal GDP was US $ 386.45 billion ( CN ¥ 2.57 trilion ) , about 3.45 % of the country 's GDP and ranked 12th among province - level administrative units ; its nominal GDP per capita was US $17,795 ( CN ¥ 118,198 ) and ranked the 1st in the country . </P> <P> Due to the concentration of state owned enterprises in the national capital , Beijing in 2013 had more Fortune Global 500 Company headquarters than any other city in the world . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> Historical GDP of Beijing for 1978 -- present ( SNA2008 ) ( purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan , as Int'l . dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> year </Td> <Td colspan="4"> GDP </Td> <Td colspan="3"> GDP per capita ( GDPpc ) based on mid-year population </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Reference index </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> GDP in millions </Td> <Td> real growth ( % ) </Td> <Td colspan="3"> GDPpc </Td> <Td colspan="2"> exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CNY </Td> <Td> USD </Td> <Td> PPP ( Int'l $ . ) </Td> <Td> CNY </Td> <Td> USD </Td> <Td> PPP ( Int'l $ . ) </Td> <Td> USD 1 </Td> <Td> Int'l $. 1 ( PPP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 2,566,910 </Td> <Td> 386,449 </Td> <Td> 733,214 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 118,198 </Td> <Td> 17,795 </Td> <Td> 33,762 </Td> <Td> 6.6423 </Td> <Td> 3.5009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2,368,570 </Td> <Td> 380,285 </Td> <Td> 667,297 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 109,602 </Td> <Td> 17,597 </Td> <Td> 30,878 </Td> <Td> 6.2284 </Td> <Td> 3.5495 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2,194,410 </Td> <Td> 357,233 </Td> <Td> 618,074 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 102,870 </Td> <Td> 16,746 </Td> <Td> 28,974 </Td> <Td> 6.1428 </Td> <Td> 3.5504 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2,033,010 </Td> <Td> 328,265 </Td> <Td> 568,372 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 97,178 </Td> <Td> 15,691 </Td> <Td> 27,168 </Td> <Td> 6.1932 </Td> <Td> 3.5769 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 1,835,010 </Td> <Td> 290,695 </Td> <Td> 516,788 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 89,778 </Td> <Td> 14,222 </Td> <Td> 25,284 </Td> <Td> 6.3125 </Td> <Td> 3.5508 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 1,662,790 </Td> <Td> 257,446 </Td> <Td> 474,337 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 83,547 </Td> <Td> 12,935 </Td> <Td> 23,833 </Td> <Td> 6.4588 </Td> <Td> 3.5055 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,444,160 </Td> <Td> 213,333 </Td> <Td> 436,223 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 75,572 </Td> <Td> 11,164 </Td> <Td> 22,827 </Td> <Td> 6.7695 </Td> <Td> 3.3106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 1,241,900 </Td> <Td> 181,804 </Td> <Td> 393,317 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 68,405 </Td> <Td> 10,014 </Td> <Td> 21,664 </Td> <Td> 6.8310 </Td> <Td> 3.1575 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 1,139,200 </Td> <Td> 164,029 </Td> <Td> 358,600 </Td> <Td> 9.0 </Td> <Td> 66,098 </Td> <Td> 9,517 </Td> <Td> 20,807 </Td> <Td> 6.9451 </Td> <Td> 3.1768 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 1,007,190 </Td> <Td> 132,455 </Td> <Td> 334,071 </Td> <Td> 14.4 </Td> <Td> 61,470 </Td> <Td> 8,084 </Td> <Td> 20,389 </Td> <Td> 7.6040 </Td> <Td> 3.0149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 831,260 </Td> <Td> 104,275 </Td> <Td> 288,863 </Td> <Td> 12.8 </Td> <Td> 52,963 </Td> <Td> 6,644 </Td> <Td> 18,405 </Td> <Td> 7.9718 </Td> <Td> 2.8777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 714,140 </Td> <Td> 87,178 </Td> <Td> 249,787 </Td> <Td> 12.3 </Td> <Td> 47,127 </Td> <Td> 5,753 </Td> <Td> 16,484 </Td> <Td> 8.1917 </Td> <Td> 2.8590 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 321,280 </Td> <Td> 38,809 </Td> <Td> 118,148 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> 24,517 </Td> <Td> 2,962 </Td> <Td> 9,016 </Td> <Td> 8.2784 </Td> <Td> 2.7193 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 150,770 </Td> <Td> 18,054 </Td> <Td> 55,239 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> 12,690 </Td> <Td> 1,520 </Td> <Td> 4,649 </Td> <Td> 8.3510 </Td> <Td> 2.7294 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 50,080 </Td> <Td> 10,470 </Td> <Td> 29,414 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 4,635 </Td> <Td> 969 </Td> <Td> 2,722 </Td> <Td> 4.7832 </Td> <Td> 1.7026 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 25,710 </Td> <Td> 8,755 </Td> <Td> 18,342 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 2,643 </Td> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 1,886 </Td> <Td> 2.9366 </Td> <Td> 1.4017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 13,910 </Td> <Td> 9,283 </Td> <Td> 9,301 </Td> <Td> 11.8 </Td> <Td> 1,544 </Td> <Td> 1,030 </Td> <Td> 1,032 </Td> <Td> 1.4984 </Td> <Td> 1.4955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 10,880 </Td> <Td> 6,462 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10.5 </Td> <Td> 1,257 </Td> <Td> 747 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.6836 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sector Composition </H3> The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a popular destination among locals and visitors <P> The city has a post-industrial economy that is dominated by the tertiary sector ( services ) , which generated 76.9 % of output , followed by the secondary sector ( manufacturing , construction ) at 22.2 % and the primary sector ( agriculture , mining ) at 0.8 % . </P> <P> The services sector is broadly diversified with professional services , wholesale and retail , information technology , commercial real estate , scientific research , and residential real estate each contributing at least 6 % to the city 's economy in 2013 . </P> <P> The single largest sub-sector remains industry , whose share of overall output has shrunk to 18.1 % in 2013 . The mix of industrial output has changed significantly since 2010 when the city announced that 140 highly - polluting , energy and water resource intensive enterprises would be relocated from the city in five years . The relocation of Capital Steel to neighboring Hebei province had begun in 2005 . In 2013 , output of automobiles , aerospace products , semiconductors , pharmaceuticals , and food processing all increased . </P> <P> In the farmland around Beijing , vegetables and fruits have displaced grain as the primary crops under cultivation . In 2013 , the tonnage of vegetable , edible fungus and fruit harvested was over three times that of grain . In 2013 , overall acreage under cultivation shrank along with most categories of produce as more land was reforested for environmental reasons . </P> <H3> Economic zones </H3> Main article : List of economic and technological development zones in Beijing The skyline of Beijing CBD Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District <P> In 2006 , the city government identified six high - end economic output zones around Beijing as the primary engines for local economic growth . In 2012 , the six zones produced 43.3 % of the city 's GDP , up from 36.5 % in 2007 . The six zones are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Zhongguancun , China 's silicon village in Haidian District northwest of the city , is home to both established and start - up tech companies . As of the second quarter of 2014 , of the 9,895 companies registered in one of the six zones , 6,150 were based in Zhongguancun . </Li> <Li> Beijing Financial Street , in Xicheng District on the west side of the city between Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen , is lined with headquarters of large state banks and insurance companies . The country 's financial regulatory agencies including the central bank , bank regulator , securities regulator , and foreign exchange authority are located in the neighborhood . </Li> <Li> Beijing Central Business District ( CBD ) , is actually located to the east of downtown , near the embassies along the eastern Third Ring Road between Jianguomenwai and Chaoyangmenwai . The CBD is home to most of the city 's skyscraper office buildings . Most of the city 's foreign companies and professional service firms are based in the CBD . </Li> <Li> Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area , better known as Yizhuang , is an industrial park the straddles the southern Fifth Ring Road in Daxing District . It has attracted pharmaceutical , information technology , and materials engineering companies . </Li> <Li> Beijing Airport Economic Zone was created in 1993 and surrounds the Beijing Capital International Airport in Shunyi District northwest of the city . In addition to logistics , airline services , and trading firms , this zone is also home to Beijing 's automobile assembly plants . </Li> <Li> Beijing Olympic Center Zone surrounds the Olympic Green due north of downtown and is developing into an entertainment , sports , tourism and business convention center . </Li> </Ol> <P> Shijingshan , on the western outskirts of the city , is a traditional heavy industrial base for steel - making . Chemical plants are concentrated in the far eastern suburbs . </P> <P> Less legitimate enterprises also exist . Urban Beijing is known for being a center of infringed goods ; anything from the latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in markets all over the city , often marketed to expatriates and international visitors . </P> <H2> Demographics </H2> Main article : Demographics of Beijing <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> ± % p.a. </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1953 </Th> <Td> 2,768,149 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1964 </Th> <Td> 7,568,495 </Td> <Td> + 9.57 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1982 </Th> <Td> 9,230,687 </Td> <Td> + 1.11 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Td> 10,819,407 </Td> <Td> + 2.00 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> 13,569,194 </Td> <Td> + 2.29 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 19,612,368 </Td> <Td> + 3.75 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Td> 21,150,000 </Td> <Td> + 2.55 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Td> 21,516,000 </Td> <Td> + 1.73 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2013 , Beijing had a total population of 21.148 million within the municipality , of which 18.251 million resided in urban districts or suburban townships and 2.897 million lived in rural villages . Within China , the city ranked second in urban population after Shanghai and the third in municipal population after Shanghai and Chongqing . Beijing also ranks among the most populous cities in the world , a distinction the city has held for much of the past 800 years , especially during the 15th to early 19th centuries when it was the largest city in the world . </P> <P> About 13 million of the city 's residents in 2013 had local hukou permits , which entitles them to permanent residence in Beijing . The remaining 8 million residents had hukou permits elsewhere and were not eligible to receive some social benefits provided by the Beijing municipal government . </P> <P> The population increased in 2013 by 455,000 or about 7 % from the previous year and continued a decade - long trend of rapid growth . The total population in 2004 was 14.213 million . The population gains are driven largely by migration . The population 's rate of natural increase in 2013 was a mere 0.441 % , based on a birth rate of 8.93 and a mortality rate of 4.52 . The gender balance was 51.6 % males and 48.4 % females . </P> <P> Working age people account for nearly 80 % of the population . Compared to 2004 , residents age 0 -- 14 as a proportion of the population dropped from 9.96 % to 9.5 % in 2013 and residents over the age of 65 declined from 11.12 % to 9.2 % . </P> <P> According to the 2010 census , nearly 96 % of Beijing 's population are ethnic Han Chinese . Of the 800,000 ethnic minorities living in the capital , Manchu ( 336,000 ) , Hui ( 249,000 ) , Korean ( 77,000 ) , Mongol ( 37,000 ) and Tujia ( 24,000 ) constitute the five largest groups . In addition , there were 8,045 Hong Kong residents , 500 Macau residents , and 7,772 Taiwan residents along with 91,128 registered foreigners living in Beijing . A study by the Beijing Academy of Sciences estimates that in 2010 there were on average 200,000 foreigners living in Beijing on any given day including students , business travellers and tourists are not counted as registered residents . </P> <P> From 2000 to 2010 , the percentage of city residents with at least some college education nearly doubled from 16.8 % to 31.5 % . About 22.2 % have some high school education and 31 % had reached middle school . </P> <P> In 2017 the Chinese Government implemented population controls for Beijing and Shanghai . Latest statistics show that from this policy , Beijings ' population declined by 20,000 </P> <H3> Metropolitan area </H3> <P> The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) to have , as of 2010 , a population of 24.9 million . </P> <H2> Culture </H2> The Beijing Ancient Observatory A scene from a Peking opera Royal collection of the Forbidden City <P> People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect , which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese . This speech is the basis for putonghua , the standard spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan , and one of the four official languages of Singapore . Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province , which surrounds Beijing Municipality . </P> <P> Beijing or Peking opera ( 京剧 , Jīngjù ) is a traditional form of Chinese theater well known throughout the nation . Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture , Beijing opera is performed through a combination of song , spoken dialogue , and codified action sequences involving gestures , movement , fighting and acrobatics . Much of Beijing opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from Modern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijing dialect . </P> <P> Beijing cuisine is the local style of cooking . Peking Roast Duck is perhaps the best known dish . Fuling Jiabing , a traditional Beijing snack food , is a pancake ( bing ) resembling a flat disk with a filling made from fu ling , a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine . Teahouses are common in Beijing . </P> <P> The cloisonné ( or Jingtailan , literally `` Blue of Jingtai '' ) metalworking technique and tradition is a Beijing art speciality , and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China . Cloisonné making requires elaborate and complicated processes which include base - hammering , copper - strip inlay , soldering , enamel - filling , enamel - firing , surface polishing and gilding . Beijing 's lacquerware is also well known for its sophisticated and intrinsic patterns and images carved into its surface , and the various decoration techniques of lacquer include `` carved lacquer '' and `` engraved gold '' . </P> <P> Younger residents of Beijing have become more attracted to the nightlife , which has flourished in recent decades , breaking prior cultural traditions that had practically restricted it to the upper class . Today , Houhai , Sanlitun and Wudaokou are Beijing 's nightlife hotspots . </P> <H3> Places of interest </H3> See also : Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ( Beijing ) and List of Beijing landmarks <P> ... the city remains an epicenter of tradition with the treasures of nearly 2,000 years as the imperial capital still on view -- in the famed Forbidden City and in the city 's lush pavilions and gardens ... </P> -- National Geographic Qianmen Avenue , a traditional commercial street outside Qianmen Gate along the southern Central Axis <P> At the historical heart of Beijing lies the Forbidden City , the enormous palace compound that was the home of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties ; the Forbidden City hosts the Palace Museum , which contains imperial collections of Chinese art . Surrounding the Forbidden City are several former imperial gardens , parks and scenic areas , notably Beihai , Shichahai , Zhongnanhai , Jingshan and Zhongshan . These places , particularly Beihai Park , are described as masterpieces of Chinese gardening art , and are popular tourist destinations with tremendous historical importance ; in the modern era , Zhongnanhai has also been the political heart of various Chinese governments and regimes and is now the headquarters of the Communist Party of China and the State Council . From Tiananmen Square , right across from the Forbidden City , there are several notable sites , such as the Tiananmen , Qianmen , the Great Hall of the People , the National Museum of China , the Monument to the People 's Heroes , and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong . The Summer Palace and the Old Summer Palace both lie at the western part of the city ; the former , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , contains a comprehensive collection of imperial gardens and palaces that served as the summer retreats for the Qing imperial family . </P> Beijing 's Temple of Heaven Ancient Hutongs outside Qianmen Gate <P> Among the best known religious sites in the city is the Temple of Heaven ( Tiantan ) , located in southeastern Beijing , also a UNESCO World Heritage Site , where emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties made visits for annual ceremonies of prayers to Heaven for good harvest . In the north of the city is the Temple of Earth ( Ditan ) , while the Temple of the Sun ( Ritan ) and the Temple of the Moon ( Yuetan ) lie in the eastern and western urban areas respectively . Other well - known temple sites include the Dongyue Temple , Tanzhe Temple , Miaoying Temple , White Cloud Temple , Yonghe Temple , Fayuan Temple , Wanshou Temple and Big Bell Temple . The city also has its own Confucius Temple , and a Guozijian or Imperial Academy . The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception , built in 1605 , is the oldest Catholic church in Beijing . The Niujie Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing , with a history stretching back over a thousand years . </P> Inside the Forbidden City <P> Beijing contains several well - preserved pagodas and stone pagodas , such as the towering Pagoda of Tianning Temple , which was built during the Liao dynasty from 1100 to 1120 , and the Pagoda of Cishou Temple , which was built in 1576 during the Ming dynasty . Historically noteworthy stone bridges include the 12th - century Lugou Bridge , the 17th - century Baliqiao bridge , and the 18th - century Jade Belt Bridge . The Beijing Ancient Observatory displays pre-telescopic spheres dating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties . The Fragrant Hills ( Xiangshan ) is a popular scenic public park that consists of natural landscaped areas as well as traditional and cultural relics . The Beijing Botanical Garden exhibits over 6,000 species of plants , including a variety of trees , bushes and flowers , and an extensive peony garden . The Taoranting , Longtan , Chaoyang , Haidian , Milu Yuan and Zizhu Yuan parks are some of the notable recreational parks in the city . The Beijing Zoo is a center of zoological research that also contains rare animals from various continents , including the Chinese giant panda . </P> <P> There are 144 museums and galleries ( as of June 2008 ) in the city . In addition to the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City and the National Museum of China , other major museums include the National Art Museum of China , the Capital Museum , the Beijing Art Museum , the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution , the Geological Museum of China , the Beijing Museum of Natural History and the Paleozoological Museum of China . </P> <P> Located at the outskirts of urban Beijing , but within its municipality are the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming dynasty , the lavish and elaborate burial sites of thirteen Ming emperors , which have been designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties . The archaeological Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian is another World Heritage Site within the municipality , containing a wealth of discoveries , among them one of the first specimens of Homo erectus and an assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris . There are several sections of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Great Wall of China , most notably Badaling , Jinshanling , Simatai and Mutianyu . </P> <H2> Religion </H2> <P> Religion in Beijing ( 2010s ) </P> Chinese religion or not religious and atheists ( 86.26 % ) Buddhism ( 11.2 % ) Islam ( 1.76 % ) Christianity ( 0.78 % ) A Temple of the Goddess in Gubeikou . Fire God Temple in Di'anmen . <P> The religious heritage of Beijing is rich and diverse as Chinese folk religion , Taoism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam and Christianity all have significant historical presence in the city . As the national capital , the city also hosts the State Administration for Religious Affairs and various state - sponsored institutions of the leading religions . In recent decades , foreign residents have brought other religions to the city . According to Wang Zhiyun of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2010 there were 2.2 million Buddhists in the city , equal to 11.2 % of the total population . According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009 , Christians constitute 0.78 % of the city 's population . According to a 2010 survey , Muslims constitute 1.76 % of the population of Beijing . </P> Rear hall of the Capital City God Temple of Beijing . <H3> Chinese folk religion and Taoism </H3> <P> Beijing has many temples dedicated to folk religious and communal deities , many of which are being reconstructed or refurbished in the 2000s and 2010s . Yearly sacrifices to the God of Heaven ( 祭 天 jìtiān ) at the Temple of Heaven have been resumed by Confucian groups in the 2010s . </P> <P> There are temples dedicated to the worship of the Goddess ( 娘娘 Niángniáng ) in the city , one of them near the Olympic Village , and they revolve around a major cult center at Mount Miaofeng . There are also many temples consecrated to the Dragon God ( 龙 神 Lóngshén ) , to the Medicine Master ( 药 王 Yàowáng ) , to Divus Guan ( 关 帝 Guāndì ) , to the Fire God ( 火 神 Huǒshén ) , to the Wealth God ( 财神 Cáishén ) , temples of the City God ( 城隍 神 Chénghuángshén ) , and at least one temple consecrated to the Yellow Deity of the Chariot Shaft ( 轩辕 黄帝 Xuānyuán Huángdì ) in Pinggu District . Many of these temples are governed by the Beijing Taoist Association , such as the Fire God Temple of the Shicha Lake , while many others are not and are governed by popular committees and locals . A great Temple of Xuanyuan Huangdi will be built in Pinggu ( possibly as an expansion of the already existing shrine ) within 2020 , and the temple will feature a statue of the deity which will be amongst the tallest in the world . </P> <P> The national Chinese Taoist Association and Chinese Taoist College have their headquarters at the White Cloud Temple of Quanzhen Taoism , which was founded in 741 and rebuilt numerous times . The Beijing Dongyue Temple outside Chaoyangmen is the largest temple of Zhengyi Taoism in the city . The local Beijing Taoist Association has its headquarters at the Lüzu Temple near Fuxingmen . </P> <H3> Buddhism </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The tomb pagodas at Tanzhe Temple Yonghe Lama Temple of Tibetan Buddhism . <P> 11 % of the population of Beijing practices Buddhism . The Buddhist Association of China , the state 's supervisory organ overseeing all Buddhist institutions in mainland China , is headquartered in the Guangji Temple , a temple founded over 800 years ago during the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in what is now Fuchengmennei . The Beijing Buddhist Association along with the Buddhist Choir and Orchestra are based in the Guanghua Temple , which dates to the Yuan dynasty over 700 years ago . The Buddhist Academy of China and its library are housed in the Fayuan Temple near Caishikou . The Fayuan Temple , which dates to the Tang dynasty 1300 years ago , is the oldest temple in urban Beijing . The Tongjiao Temple inside Dongzhimen is the city 's only Buddhist nunnery . </P> <P> The West Yellow Temple originally dates to the Liao dynasty . In 1651 , the temple was commissioned by the Qing Emperor Shunzhi to host the visit of the Fifth Dalai Lama to Beijing . Since then , this temple has hosted the 13th Dalai Lama as well as the Sixth , Ninth and Tenth Panchen Lamas . The largest Tibetan Buddhist Temple in Beijing is the Yonghe Temple , which was decreed by the Qing Emperor Qianlong in 1744 to serve as the residence and research facility for his Buddhist preceptor of Rölpé Dorjé the third Changkya ( or living Buddha of Inner Mongolia ) . The Yonghe Temple is so - named because it was the childhood residence of the Yongzheng Emperor , and retains the glazed tiles reserved for imperial palaces . </P> <P> The Lingguang Temple of Badachu in the Western Hills also dates to the Tang dynasty . The temple 's Zhaoxian Pagoda was first built in 1071 during the Liao dynasty to hold a tooth relic of the Buddha . The pagoda was destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and the tooth was discovered from its foundation . A new pagoda was built in 1964 . The six aforementioned temples : Guangji , Guanghua , Tongjiao , West Yellow , Yonghe and Lingguang have been designated National Key Buddhist Temples in Han Chinese Area . </P> <P> In addition , other notable temples in Beijing include the Tanzhe Temple ( founded in the Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) is the oldest in the municipality ) , Tianning Temple ( oldest pagoda in the city ) , Miaoying Temple ( famed for Yuan - era white dagoba ) , the Wanshou Temple ( home to the Beijing Art Museum ) and Big Bell Temple . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Buddhist temples in Beijing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Badachu </Li> <Li> Bailin Temple </Li> <Li> Big Bell Temple </Li> <Li> Changchun Temple </Li> <Li> Cheng'en Temple </Li> <Li> Dahui Temple </Li> <Li> Dajue Temple </Li> <Li> Fahai Temple </Li> <Li> Fayuan Temple </Li> <Li> Guanghua Temple </Li> <Li> Guangji Temple </Li> <Li> Hongluo Temple </Li> <Li> Jietai Temple </Li> <Li> Miaoying Temple </Li> <Li> Tanzhe Temple </Li> <Li> Temple of Azure Clouds </Li> <Li> Tianning Temple </Li> <Li> Wanshou Temple </Li> <Li> Wofo Temple </Li> <Li> Xifeng Temple </Li> <Li> Yonghe Temple </Li> <Li> Yunju Temple </Li> <Li> Zhenjue Temple </Li> <Li> Zhihua Temple </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Islam </H3> Niujie Mosque <P> Beijing has about 70 mosques recognized by the Islamic Association of China , whose headquarters are located next to the Niujie Mosque , the oldest and most famous mosque in the city . The Niujie Mosque was founded in 996 during the Liao dynasty and is frequently visited by Muslim dignitaries . Other notable mosques in the old city include the Dongsi Mosque , founded in 1346 ; the Huashi Mosque , founded in 1415 ; Nan Douya Mosque , near Chaoyangmen ; Jinshifang Street Mosque , in Xicheng District ; and the Dongzhimen Mosque . There are large mosques in outlying Muslim communities in Haidian , Madian , Tongzhou , Changping , Changying , Shijingshan and Miyun . The China Islamic Institute is located in the Niujie neighborhood in Xicheng District . </P> <H3> Christianity </H3> Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 . <Dl> <Dt> Catholicism </Dt> </Dl> <P> In 1289 , John of Montecorvino came to Beijing as a Franciscan missionary with the order from the Pope . After meeting and receiving the support of Kublai Khan in 1293 , he built the first Catholic church in Beijing in 1305 . The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( CPCA ) , based in Houhai is the government oversight body for Catholics in mainland China . Notable Catholic churches in Beijing include : </P> <Ul> <Li> the Nantang or Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception also known as the Xuanwumen Church , which was founded in 1605 and whose current Archbishop Joseph Li Shan is one of the few bishops in China to have the support of both the Vatican and the CPCA . </Li> <Li> the Dongtang or St. Joseph 's Church , better known as the Wangfujing Church , founded in 1653 . </Li> <Li> the Beitang or Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 . </Li> <Li> the Xitang or Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel also known as the Xizhimen Church , founded in 1723 . </Li> </Ul> <P> The National Seminary of Catholic Church in China is located in Daxing District . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Protestantism </Dt> </Dl> <P> The earliest Protestant churches in Beijing were founded by British and American missionaries in the second half of the 19th century . Protestant missionaries also opened schools , universities and hospitals which have become important civic institutions . Most of Beijing 's Protestant churches were destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and afterwards rebuilt . In 1958 , the 64 Protestant churches in the city are reorganized into four and overseen by the state through the Three - Self Patriotic Movement . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Eastern Orthodox </Dt> </Dl> <P> There were a significant amount of Orthodox Christians in Beijing . Orthodox has come to Beijing along with Russian prisoners from Albazino conflicts in the 17th century . In 1956 , Viktor , the bishop of Beijing returned to the Soviet Union , and the Soviet embassy took over the old cathedral and demolished it . In 2007 , Russian embassy has rebuilt a new church in its garden to serve the Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing . </P> <H2> Media </H2> <H3> Television and Radio </H3> The China Central Television Headquarters building <P> Beijing Television broadcasts on channels 1 through 10 , and China Central Television , China 's largest television network , maintains its headquarters in Beijing . Three radio stations feature programmes in English : Hit FM on FM 88.7 , Easy FM by China Radio International on FM 91.5 , and the newly launched Radio 774 on AM 774 . Beijing Radio Stations is the family of radio stations serving the city . </P> <H3> Press </H3> <P> The well - known Beijing Evening News ( Beijing Wanbao , 北京 晚报 ) , covering news about Beijing in Chinese , is distributed every afternoon . Other newspapers include Beijing Daily , The Beijing News ( Xin Jing Bao , 新 京 报 ) , the Beijing Star Daily , the Beijing Morning News , and the Beijing Youth Daily ( Beijing Qingnian Bao ) , as well as English - language weeklies Beijing Weekend and Beijing Today . The People 's Daily , Global Times and the China Daily ( English ) are published in Beijing as well . </P> <P> Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English - language periodicals Time Out Beijing , City Weekend , Beijing This Month , Beijing Talk , That 's Beijing , and The Beijinger . </P> <H2> Sports </H2> Main articles : Sport in Beijing and Football in Beijing <H3> Events </H3> Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Games Tai chi ( Taijiquan ) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park <P> Beijing has hosted numerous international and national sporting events , the most notable was the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games . Other multi-sport international events held in Beijing include the 2001 Universiade and the 1990 Asian Games . Single - sport international competitions include the Beijing Marathon ( annually since 1981 ) , China Open of Tennis ( 1993 -- 97 , annually since 2004 ) , ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Cup of China ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 ) , WPBSA China Open for Snooker ( annually since 2005 ) , Union Cycliste Internationale Tour of Beijing ( since 2011 ) , 1961 World Table Tennis Championships , 1987 IBF Badminton World Championships , the 2004 AFC Asian Cup ( football ) , and 2009 Barclays Asia Trophy ( football ) . Beijing hosted the 2015 IAAF World Championships in Athletics . </P> <P> Beijing 's LeSports Center will be one of the main venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup . </P> <P> The city hosted the second Chinese National Games in 1914 and the first four National Games of China in 1959 , 1965 , 1975 , 1979 , respectively , and co-hosted the 1993 National Games with Sichuan and Qingdao . Beijing also hosted the inaugural National Peasants ' Games in 1988 and the sixth National Minority Games in 1999 . </P> <P> In November 2013 , Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . On 31 July 2015 , the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city . </P> <H3> Venues </H3> <P> Major sporting venues in the city include the National Stadium , also known as the `` Birds ' Nest '' , National Aquatics Center , also known as the `` Water Cube '' , National Indoor Stadium , all in the Olympic Green to the north of downtown ; the MasterCard Center at Wukesong west of downtown ; the Workers ' Stadium and Workers ' Arena in Sanlitun just east of downtown and the Capital Arena in Baishiqiao , northeast of downtown . In addition , many universities in the city have their own sport facilities . </P> <H3> Clubs </H3> <P> Professional sports teams based in Beijing include : </P> <Ul> <Li> China Baseball League <Ul> <Li> Beijing Tigers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chinese Basketball Association <Ul> <Li> Beijing Ducks </Li> <Li> Beikong Fly Dragons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Women 's Chinese Basketball Association <Ul> <Li> Beijing Shougang </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kontinental Hockey League <Ul> <Li> HC Kunlun Red Star </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chinese Super League <Ul> <Li> Beijing Guoan </Li> <Li> Beijing Renhe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> China League One <Ul> <Li> Beijing BG </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> China League Two <Ul> <Li> Beijing BIT </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chinese Women 's National League <Ul> <Li> Beijing BG </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Beijing Olympians of the American Basketball Association , formerly a Chinese Basketball Association team , kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to Maywood , California in 2005 . </P> <P> China Bandy Federation is based in Beijing , one of several cities in which the potential for bandy development is explored . </P> <H2> Transportation </H2> Main article : Transport in Beijing Mobikes jamming sidewalks in Beijing Beijing Railway Station , one of several rail stations in the city Traffic jam in the Beijing CBD Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport A Line 1 train on the Beijing Subway , which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world . An articulated Beijing bus . Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue . Typical Beijing traffic signage found at intersections . <P> Beijing is an important transport hub in North China with five ring roads , nine expressways , eleven National Highways , nine conventional railways , and two high - speed railways converging on the city . </P> <H3> Rail and high - speed rail </H3> <P> Beijing serves as a large rail hub in China 's railway network . Ten conventional rail lines radiate from the city to : Shanghai ( Jinghu Line ) , Guangzhou ( Jingguang Line ) , Kowloon ( Jingjiu Line ) , Harbin ( Jingha Line ) , Baotou ( Jingbao Line ) , Qinhuangdao ( Jingqin Line ) , Chengde ( Jingcheng Line ) , Tongliao , Inner Mongolia ( Jingtong Line ) , Yuanping , Shanxi ( Jingyuan Line ) and Shacheng , Hebei ( Fengsha Line ) . In addition , the Datong -- Qinhuangdao Railway passes through the municipality to the north of the city . </P> <P> Beijing also has three high - speed rail lines : the Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway , which opened in 2008 ; the Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2011 ; and the Beijing -- Guangzhou High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2012 . </P> <P> The city 's main railway stations are the Beijing Railway Station , which opened in 1959 ; the Beijing West Railway Station , which opened in 1996 ; and the Beijing South Railway Station , which was rebuilt into the city 's high - speed railway station in 2008 . As of 1 July 2010 , Beijing Railway Station had 173 trains arriving daily , Beijing West had 232 trains and Beijing South had 163 . The Beijing North Railway Station , first built in 1909 and expanded in 2009 , had 22 trains . </P> <P> Smaller stations in the city including Beijing East Railway Station and Qinghuayuan Railway Station handle mainly commuter passenger traffic . The Fengtai Railway Station has been closed for renovation . In outlying suburbs and counties of Beijing , there are over 40 railway stations . </P> <P> From Beijing , direct passenger train service is available to most large cities in China . International train service is available to Mongolia , Russia , Vietnam and North Korea . Passenger trains in China are numbered according to their direction in relation to Beijing . </P> <H3> Roads and expressways </H3> Further information : Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing <P> Beijing is connected by road links to all parts of China as part of the National Trunk Road Network . Nine expressways of China serve Beijing , as do eleven China National Highways . Beijing 's urban transport is dependent upon the five `` ring roads '' that concentrically surround the city , with the Forbidden City area marked as the geographical centre for the ring roads . The ring roads appear more rectangular than ring - shaped . There is no official `` 1st Ring Road '' . The 2nd Ring Road is located in the inner city . Ring roads tend to resemble expressways progressively as they extend outwards , with the 5th and 6th Ring Roads being full - standard national expressways , linked to other roads only by interchanges . Expressways to other regions of China are generally accessible from the 3rd Ring Road outward . A final outer orbital , the Capital Ring Expressway ( G95 ) , is being built and will extend into neighboring Tianjin and Hebei . </P> <P> Within the urban core , city streets generally follow the checkerboard pattern of the ancient capital . Many of Beijing 's boulevards and streets with `` inner '' and `` outer '' are still named in relation to gates in the city wall , though most gates no longer stand . Traffic jams are a major concern . Even outside of rush hour , several roads still remain clogged with traffic . </P> <P> Beijing 's urban design layout further exacerbates transportation problems . The authorities have introduced several bus lanes , which only public buses can use during rush hour . In the beginning of 2010 , Beijing had 4 million registered automobiles . By the end of 2010 , the government forecast 5 million . In 2010 , new car registrations in Beijing averaged 15,500 per week . </P> <P> Towards the end of 2010 , the city government announced a series of drastic measures to tackle traffic jams , including limiting the number of new license plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month and barring cars with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hour . More restrictive measures are also reserved during major events or heavily polluted weather . </P> <H3> Air </H3> <P> Beijing 's primary airport is the Beijing Capital International Airport ( IATA : PEK ) about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of the city centre . The airport is the second busiest airport in the world after Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . After renovations for the 2008 Olympics , the airport now boasts three terminals , with Terminal 3 being one of the largest in the world . Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive at and depart from Capital Airport . It is the main hub for Air China and a hub for China Southern and Hainan Airlines . The airport links Beijing with almost every other Chinese city with regular air passenger service . </P> <P> The Airport Expressway links the airport to central Beijing ; it is a roughly 40 - minute drive from the city centre during good traffic conditions . Prior to the 2008 Olympics , the 2nd Airport Expressway was built to the airport , as well as a light rail system , which now connects to the Beijing Subway . </P> <P> Other airports in the city include Liangxiang , Nanyuan , Xijiao , Shahe and Badaling . These airports are primarily for military use and are less well known to the public . Nanyuan serves as the hub for only one passenger airline . A second international airport , to be called Beijing Daxing International Airport , is currently being built in Daxing District , and is expected to be open by September 2018 . </P> <P> As of 1 January 2013 , tourists from 45 countries are permitted a 72 - hour visa - free stay in Beijing . The 45 countries include Singapore , Japan , the United States , Canada , all EU and EEA countries ( except Norway and Liechtenstein ) , Switzerland , Brazil , Argentina and Australia . The programme benefits transit and business travellers with the 72 hours calculated starting from the moment visitors receive their transit stay permits rather than the time of their plane 's arrival . Foreign visitors are not permitted to leave Beijing for other Chinese cities during the 72 hours . </P> <H3> Public transit </H3> <P> The Beijing Subway , which began operating in 1969 , now has 22 lines , 370 stations , and 608 km ( 378 mi ) of lines . It is the second longest subway system in the world and first in annual ridership with 3.66 billion rides delivered in 2016 . In 2013 , with a flat fare of ¥ 2.00 ( 0.31 USD ) per ride with unlimited transfers on all lines except the Airport Express , the subway was also the most affordable rapid transit system in China . The subway is undergoing rapid expansion and is expected to reach 30 lines , 450 stations , 1,050 kilometres ( 650 mi ) in length by 2020 . When fully implemented , 95 % of residents inside the Fourth Ring Road will be able to walk to a station in 15 minutes . The Beijing Suburban Railway provides commuter rail service to outlying suburbs of the municipality . </P> <P> On 28 December 2014 , the Beijing Subway switched to a distance - based fare system from a fixed fare for all lines except the Airport Express . Under the new system a trip under 6 km will cost ¥ 3.00 ( 0.49 USD ) , an additional ¥ 1.00 will be added for the next 6 kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) and the next 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) until the distance for the trip reaches 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) . For every 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) after the original 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) an additional ¥ 1.00 is added . For example , a 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) trip would cost ¥ 8.00 . </P> <P> There are nearly 1,000 public bus and trolleybus lines in the city , including four bus rapid transit lines . Standard bus fares are as low as ¥ 1.00 when purchased with the Yikatong metrocard . </P> <H3> Taxi </H3> <P> Metered taxi in Beijing start at ¥ 13 for the first 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) , ¥ 2.3 Renminbi per additional 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) and ¥ 1 per ride fuel surcharge , not counting idling fees which are ¥ 2.3 ( ¥ 4.6 during rush hours of 7 -- 9 am and 5 -- 7 pm ) per 5 minutes of standing or running at speeds lower than 12 kilometres per hour ( 7.5 mph ) . Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras , Hyundai Sonatas , Peugeots , Citroëns and Volkswagen Jettas . After 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) , the base fare increases by 50 % ( but is only applied to the portion over that distance ) . Different companies have special colours combinations painted on their vehicles . Usually registered taxis have yellowish brown as basic hue , with another color of Prussian blue , hunter green , white , umber , tyrian purple , rufous , or sea green . Between 11 pm and 5 am , there is also a 20 % fee increase . Rides over 15 km ( 9 mi ) and between 23 : 00 and 06 : 00 incur both charges , for a total increase of 80 % . Tolls during trip should be covered by customers and the costs of trips beyond Beijing city limits should be negotiated with the driver . The cost of unregistered taxis is also subject to negotiation with the driver . </P> <H3> Bicycles </H3> <P> Beijing has long been well known for the number of bicycles on its streets . Although the rise of motor traffic has created a great deal of congestion and bicycle use has declined , bicycles are still an important form of local transportation . Large numbers of cyclists can be seen on most roads in the city , and most of the main roads have dedicated bicycle lanes . Beijing is relatively flat , which makes cycling convenient . The rise of electric bicycles and electric scooters , which have similar speeds and use the same cycle lanes , may have brought about a revival in bicycle - speed two - wheeled transport . It is possible to cycle to most parts of the city . Because of the growing traffic congestion , the authorities have indicated more than once that they wish to encourage cycling , but it is not clear whether there is sufficient will to translate that into action on a significant scale . Recently , cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity thanks to the emergence of a large number of dockless app based bikeshares such as Mobike , Bluegogo and Ofo . </P> <H2> Defense and aerospace </H2> Chinese President Xi Jinping and a military honor guard welcomes South Korean president Park Geun - hye in June 2013 . <P> The command headquarters of China 's military forces are based in Beijing . The Central Military Commission , the political organ in charge of the military , is housed inside the Ministry of National Defense , located next to the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution in western Beijing . The Second Artillery Corps , which controls the country 's strategic missile and nuclear weapons , has its command in Qinghe , Haidian District . The headquarters of the Beijing Military Region , one of seven nationally , is based further west in Gaojing . The Beijing Military Region oversees the Beijing Garrisons as well as the 27th , 38th and 65th Armies , which are based in Hebei . </P> <P> Military institutions in Beijing also include academies and thinktanks such as the PLA National Defence University and Academy of Military Science , military hospitals such as the 301 , 307 and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences , and army - affiliated cultural entities such as the 1 August Film Studios and the PLA Song and Dance Troupe . </P> <P> The China National Space Administration , which oversees country 's space program , and several space - related state owned companies such as CASTC and CASIC are all based in Beijing . The Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center , in Haidian District tracks the country 's manned and unmanned flight and other space exploration initiatives . </P> <H2> Nature and Wildlife </H2> <P> Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that have a total area of 1,339.7 km ( 517.3 sq mi ) . The mountains to the west and north of the city are home to a number of protected wildlife species including leopard , leopard cat , wolf , red fox , wild boar , masked palm civet , raccoon dog , hog badger , Siberian weasel , Amur hedgehog , roe deer , and mandarin rat snake . The Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese giant salamander , Amur stickleback and mandarin duck on the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou District . The Beijing Milu Park south of the city is home to one of the largest herds of Père David 's deer , now extinct in the wild . The Beijing barbastelle , a species of vesper bat discovered in caves of Fangshan District in 2001 and identified as a distinct species in 2007 , is endemic to Beijing . The mountains of Fangshan are also habitat for the more common Beijing mouse - eared bat , large myotis , greater horseshoe bat and Rickett 's big - footed bat . </P> <P> Each year , Beijing hosts 200 - 300 species of migratory birds including the common crane , black - headed gull , swan , mallard , common cuckoo and the endangered yellow - breasted bunting . In May 2016 , Common cuckoos nesting in the wetlands of Cuihu ( Haidian ) , Hanshiqiao ( Shunyi ) , Yeyahu ( Yanqing ) were tagged and have been traced to far as India , Kenya and Mozambique . In the fall of 2016 , the Beijing Forest Police undertook a month - long campaign to crack down on illegal hunting and trapping of migratory birds for sale in local bird markets . Over 1,000 rescued birds of protected species including streptopelia , Eurasian siskin , crested myna , coal tit and great tit were handed to the Beijing Wildlife Protection and Rescue Center for repatriation to the wild . </P> <P> The city flowers are the Chinese rose and chrysanthemum . The city trees are the Chinese arborvitae , an evergreen in the cypress family and the Pagoda Tree , also called the Chinese scholar tree , a deciduous tree of the Fabaceae family . The oldest scholar tree in the city was planted in what is now Beihai Park during the Tang dynasty , 1,300 years ago . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beijing portal </Li> <Li> China portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 2045 Peking -- the name of an asteroid </Li> <Li> Beijing city fortifications </Li> <Li> Historical capitals of China </Li> <Li> Large Cities Climate Leadership Group </Li> <Li> List of hospitals in Beijing </Li> <Li> List of mayors of Beijing </Li> <Li> List of twin towns and sister cities in China </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Township divisions '' . the Official Website of tGovernment . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and NBS Survey Office in Beijing . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 25 January 2018 . 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BBC News . 15 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Smoggy Beijing Plans to Cut Traffic by Half for Olympics , Paper Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month '' . News.xinhuanet.com. 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Only ' green ' vehicles permitted to enter Beijing '' . Autonews.gasgoo.com. 22 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China : Beijing launches Euro 4 standards '' . Automotiveworld.com. 4 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : James West , Mother Jones . 18 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to switch from coal to gas to go green '' . 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Zhongguo 2010 nian ren kou pu cha fen xiang , zhen , jie dao zi liao ( Di 1 ban . ed . ) . Beijing Shi : Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she . ISBN 978 - 7 - 5037 - 6660 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 《 中国 民政 统计 年鉴 2012 》 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 第 三 中级 人民 法院 、 北京 市 人民 检察院 第 三 分院 同日 成立 '' Xinhua Archived 29 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 6 August 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 高级 人民 法院 关于 我 市 中级 人民 法院 管辖 调整 有关 问题 的 规定 ( 暂行 ) '' 2 August 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Historical GDP of Beijing published on Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2017 , ALSO see Beijing'GDP Revison ( Chinese ) ( 10 October 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jones Lang LaSalle Research Report -- Five years after the Olympics -- Growth in Beijing has continued , what to expect next ? '' August 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to IMF WEO ( October 2017 ) data ; Exchange rate of CN ¥ to US $ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange , published on China Statistical Yearbook . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 国家 统计 局 北京 调查 总队 , `` 北京 市 2013 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 '' , 北京 市 统计 局 13 February 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 五 年 淘汰 140 余 家 `` 三 高 '' 企业 北京 商 报 17 November 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Capital Steel opens new branch to step up eastward relocation '' . People 's Daily Online . 23 October 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 18 July 2008 ) . `` Beijing abandons Mao 's dream of workers ' paradise '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 六 大 功能 区 Archived 14 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 涂露芳 , 六 大 功能 区 创造 北京 四 成 多 GDP 北京 日报 9 October 2013 Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 统计 局 六 大 高端 产业 功能 区 主要 经济 指标 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statistical Communique on the 2003 National Economic and Social Development of the City of Beijing '' . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ShiJingShan '' . Beijing Economic Information Center . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates weave tangled web on ' Spidey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters. 27 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 北京 市 2014 年 国民 经济 和 社会 发展 统计 公报 ( Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region ( 2004 ) in China Statistics 2005 '' . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 情况 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 少数 民族 人口 状况 30 May 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 在 北京 外国 人 数量 或 已 达 20 万 人 超过 市 人口 总数 1 % 9 October 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CNBC.com , Justina Crabtree ; special to ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` A tale of megacities : China 's largest metropolises '' . CNBC . slide 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jingxi '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Chinese Cloisonné Enamelware '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Beijing Lights Up the Night '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing , Places of a Lifetime '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 29 December 1986 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beihai Park Behind Behai park locates Hou Hai , which is one of the most popular visited tourist places . Hou hai is the largest of the three lakes , along with Qianhai ( lit . the `` Front Lake '' ) and Xihai ( lit . the `` Western Lake '' ) , that comprise Shichahai , the collective name for the three northern-most lakes in central Beijing . Since the early 2000s , the hutong neighborhood around Houhai has become known for its nightlife as many residences along the lake shore have been converted into restaurants , bars , and cafes `` . UNECO World Heritage . Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Littlewood , Misty and Mark Littlewood ( 2008 ) . Gateways to Beijing : a travel guide to Beijing . Armour Publishing Pte Ltd. p. 182 . ISBN 981 - 4222 - 12 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Summer Palace , an Imperial Garden in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Temple of Heaven : an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) ( 北京 地区 博物馆 名录 ( 截止 2008 年 6 月 ) ) 6 January 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Beijing '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing 's Museums & Galleries '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 10 December 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 的 宗教 文化 china.com.cn 11 July 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lai , Hongyi . China 's Governance Model : Flexibility and Durability of Pragmatic Authoritarianism . Routledge , 2016 . ISBN 1 - 317 - 85952 - 9 . p. 167 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ China General Social Survey ( CGSS ) 2009 . Report by : Xiuhua Wang ( 2015 , p. 15 ) Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Min Junqing . The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China . JISMOR , 8 . 2010 Islam by province , page 29 . Data from : Yang Zongde , Study on Current Muslim Population in China , Jinan Muslim , 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 平谷 轩辕 山 国际 旅游 区 概念 性 规划 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2020 世界 休闲 大会 战略 规划 -- -- 北京 平谷 旅游 发展 重大 项目 储备 规划 Archived 21 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 道教 协会 协会 简介 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 伊斯兰 教 简介 Archived 30 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 4 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 清真寺 文物 等级 Accessed 4 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 部分 清真寺 介绍 Accessed 4 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Widmer , The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century , pp23 , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 78129 - 5 Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA.com , Retrieved 9 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing and Zhangjiakou launch joint bid to host 2022 Winter Olympic Games '' . insidethegames.biz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 Winter Olympics to Beijing '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some 350,000 residents were expected to be relocated to make room for the constructions of stadiums for the 2008 Summer Games . Davis , Mike ( 2006 ) . Planet of Slums . Verso . p. 106 . ISBN 1844670228 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics Bird 's Nest ready '' . BBC News . 28 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . chinabandy.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 市 火车 站 大全 '' Last Accessed 8 August 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijingers spend lives on road as traffic congestion worsens '' . China Daily . Xinhua News Agency . 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Automobile numbers could be capped '' . China Daily . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing city to have five mln cars on roads by year end '' . Gasgoo. 12 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` To Tackle Traffic Jam , Beijing Sets New Car Plate Quota , Limits Out - of - Towners '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China plans to build world 's biggest airport near Beijing '' . In.news.yahoo.com. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 首都 新 机场 跑道 呈 三 纵 一 横 分布 规划 7 条 跑道 '' . news.carnoc.com . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing grants three - day visa - free access '' . TTGmice. 6 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing 72 - hour Visa - free '' ChinaTour.Net Accessed 6 June 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 30 subway lines to cover Beijing by 2020 '' . China Daily . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to Increase Public Transportation Fare Prices Next Month '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ( 24 January 2010 ) . `` Campaign to boost cycling in Beijing '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ofo , Mobike , BlueGogo : China 's Messy Bikeshare Market '' . What 's on Weibo . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 北京 市 自然 保护 区 名录 ( 截至 2011 年底 ) 24 August 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 一 级 保护 野生 动物 Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Archived 16 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 4 April 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Accessed 4 April 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Rank , Wild leopards of Beijing , Danwei.org 31 July 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center Accessed 5 April 2013 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 70 年 解密 大足 鼠 耳 蝠 吃 鱼 14 April 2007 Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 : 候鸟 翱翔 野鸭 湖 Xinhua 16 November 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) 北京 开始 `` 清 网 行动 '' 保护 候鸟 森林 公安 公布 举报 电话 , 北京 晚报 30 October 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beijing Cuckoo Project Accessed 28 November 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` With a Cuckoo 's Journey from China , a Mystery is Solved , and Cheers Go Up '' N.Y. Times 11 November 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 北京 集中 一个 月 打击 非法 捕 售 鸟 抓获 36 名 违法 者 '' 新 京 报 31 October 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 首都 之 窗 - 北京 市 政务 门户 网站 - 市 花 市 树 '' . eBeijing.gov.cn . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 北京 市 市 树 -- -- 国 槐 18 February 2004 Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cotterell , Arthur . ( 2007 ) . The Imperial Capitals of China : An Inside View of the Celestial Empire . London : Pimlico . pp. 304 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Palo Alto , California , United States : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 2 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Li , Lillian ; Dray - Novey , Alison ; Kong , Haili ( 2007 ) . Beijing : From Imperial Capital to Olympic City . New York City , United States : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6473 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Bonino , Michele ; De Pieri , Filippo ( 2015 ) . Beijing Danwei : Industrial Heritage in the Contemporary City . Berlin : Jovis . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86859 - 382 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Cammelli , Stefano Storia di Pechino e di come divenne capitale della Cina , Bologna , Il Mulino , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 15 - 09910 - 5 </Li> <Li> Chen , Gaohua : The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty . ( Dadu or Khanbaliq ) . Silkroad Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4332 - 44 - 6 ( Print ) ; ISBN 978 - 981 - 4339 - 55 - 1 ( eBook ) </Li> <Li> Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 7th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Harper , Damian , Beijing : City Guide , 6th Edition , Oakland , California : Lonely Planet Publications , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 782 - 6 . </Li> <Li> MacKerras , Colin ; Yorke , Amanda ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China . Cambridge , England , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38755 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutBeijingat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Economic profile for Beijing at HKTDC </Li> <Li> Visit Beijing Facebook Page </Li> <Li> Photograph of The approach to Peking -- outside the walls taken in 1890 by Sir Henry Norman </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Lin'an ( Song dynasty ) </Td> <Td> Capital of China ( as Dadu of Yuan ) 1264 -- 1368 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Nanjing ( Ming dynasty ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Nanjing ( Ming dynasty ) </Td> <Td> Capital of China 1420 -- 1928 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Nanjing ( ROC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Nanjing ( ROC ) </Td> <Td> Capital of the People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present </Td> <Td> Succeeded by present capital </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Beijing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Zhangjiakou , Hebei </Td> <Td> Chengde , Hebei </Td> <Td> Chengde , Hebei </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zhangjiakou , Hebei </Td> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> Langfang , Hebei </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baoding , Hebei </Td> <Td> Langfang , Hebei </Td> <Td> Tianjin </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Articles related to Beijing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Beijing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Toponym </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administration </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Districts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dongcheng </Li> <Li> Xicheng </Li> <Li> Chaoyang </Li> <Li> Haidian </Li> <Li> Fengtai </Li> <Li> Shijingshan </Li> <Li> Mentougou </Li> <Li> Fangshan </Li> <Li> Tongzhou </Li> <Li> Shunyi </Li> <Li> Changping </Li> <Li> Daxing </Li> <Li> Huairou </Li> <Li> Pinggu </Li> <Li> Miyun </Li> <Li> Yanqing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chongwen </Li> <Li> Xuanwu </Li> <Li> Yanshan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> Township - level divisions </Li> <Li> Economic and technological development zones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of universities </Li> <Li> Peking University </Li> <Li> Tsinghua University </Li> <Li> Beijing Normal University </Li> <Li> Renmin University </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transportation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ring roads </Li> <Li> Expressways </Li> <Li> Highways </Li> <Li> Subway </Li> <Li> Suburban Railway </Li> <Li> Bus </Li> <Li> Airports : Capital International , Nanyuan , Daxing ( under construction ) </Li> <Li> Railway stations : Beijing West , Beijing , Beijing East , Beijing South , Beijing North , Shahe , Fengtai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitor attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Landmarks ( Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ) </Li> <Li> List of hotels in Beijing </Li> <Li> Museums </Li> <Li> Parks and gardens </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipal agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administration of Prisons </Li> <Li> Commission of Education </Li> <Li> Public Security Bureau ( Police Department ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Provincial - level divisions of China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Provinces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anhui </Li> <Li> Fujian </Li> <Li> Gansu </Li> <Li> Guangdong </Li> <Li> Guizhou </Li> <Li> Hainan </Li> <Li> Hebei </Li> <Li> Heilongjiang </Li> <Li> Henan </Li> <Li> Hubei </Li> <Li> Hunan </Li> <Li> Jiangsu </Li> <Li> Jiangxi </Li> <Li> Jilin </Li> <Li> Liaoning </Li> <Li> Qinghai </Li> <Li> Shaanxi </Li> <Li> Shandong </Li> <Li> Shanxi </Li> <Li> Sichuan </Li> <Li> Yunnan </Li> <Li> Zhejiang </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Autonomous regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guangxi </Li> <Li> Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Ningxia </Li> <Li> Tibet </Li> <Li> Xinjiang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipalities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beijing </Li> <Li> Chongqing </Li> <Li> Shanghai </Li> <Li> Tianjin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special administrative regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Taiwan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Note : Taiwan is claimed by the People 's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China ( see Political status of Taiwan ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Metropolitan cities of China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major Metropolitan regions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jingjinji ( JJJ ) </Li> <Li> Pearl River Delta ( PRD ) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area </Li> <Li> Yangtze River Delta ( YRD ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Central Plain ( Zhongyuan ) </Li> <Li> Chengyu </Li> <Li> Cross-Strait Western Coast </Li> <Li> Guanzhong </Li> <Li> Mid-Southern Liaoning </Li> <Li> Shandong Peninsula </Li> <Li> Yangtze River Mid-Reaches ( Yangtze River Valley ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major Cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National Central Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beijing </Li> <Li> Chongqing </Li> <Li> Guangzhou </Li> <Li> Shanghai </Li> <Li> Tianjin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special Administrative Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional Central Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chengdu </Li> <Li> Nanjing </Li> <Li> Shenyang </Li> <Li> Shenzhen </Li> <Li> Wuhan </Li> <Li> Xi'an </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-provincial cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Changchun </Li> <Li> Chengdu </Li> <Li> Dalian </Li> <Li> Guangzhou </Li> <Li> Hangzhou </Li> <Li> Harbin </Li> <Li> Jinan </Li> <Li> Nanjing </Li> <Li> Ningbo </Li> <Li> Qingdao </Li> <Li> Shenyang </Li> <Li> Shenzhen </Li> <Li> Wuhan </Li> <Li> Xi'an </Li> <Li> Xiamen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Provincial capitals ( Prefecture - level ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Changsha </Li> <Li> Fuzhou </Li> <Li> Guiyang </Li> <Li> Haikou </Li> <Li> Hefei </Li> <Li> Kunming </Li> <Li> Lanzhou </Li> <Li> Nanchang </Li> <Li> Shijiazhuang </Li> <Li> Taiyuan </Li> <Li> Xining </Li> <Li> Zhengzhou </Li> <Li> Taibei </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Autonomous regional capitals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hohhot </Li> <Li> Lhasa </Li> <Li> Nanning </Li> <Li> Ürümqi </Li> <Li> Yinchuan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comparatively large cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anshan </Li> <Li> Baotou </Li> <Li> Benxi </Li> <Li> Datong </Li> <Li> Fushun </Li> <Li> Handan </Li> <Li> Huainan </Li> <Li> Jilin </Li> <Li> Luoyang </Li> <Li> Suzhou </Li> <Li> Tangshan </Li> <Li> Qiqihar </Li> <Li> Wuxi </Li> <Li> Xuzhou </Li> <Li> Zibo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Prefecture - level cities by Province </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hebei </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shijiazhuang * </Li> <Li> Tangshan * </Li> <Li> Qinhuangdao </Li> <Li> Handan * </Li> <Li> Xingtai </Li> <Li> Baoding </Li> <Li> Zhangjiakou </Li> <Li> Chengde </Li> <Li> Cangzhou </Li> <Li> Langfang </Li> <Li> Hengshui </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shanxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Taiyuan * </Li> <Li> Datong * </Li> <Li> Yangquan </Li> <Li> Changzhi </Li> <Li> Jincheng </Li> <Li> Shuozhou </Li> <Li> Jinzhong </Li> <Li> Yuncheng </Li> <Li> Xinzhou </Li> <Li> Linfen </Li> <Li> Lüliang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inner Mongolia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hohhot * </Li> <Li> Baotou * </Li> <Li> Wuhai </Li> <Li> Chifeng </Li> <Li> Tongliao </Li> <Li> Ordos </Li> <Li> Hulunbuir </Li> <Li> Bayannur </Li> <Li> Ulanqab </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liaoning </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shenyang * </Li> <Li> Dalian * </Li> <Li> Anshan * </Li> <Li> Fushun * </Li> <Li> Benxi * </Li> <Li> Dandong </Li> <Li> Jinzhou </Li> <Li> Yingkou </Li> <Li> Fuxin </Li> <Li> Liaoyang </Li> <Li> Panjin </Li> <Li> Tieling </Li> <Li> Chaoyang </Li> <Li> Huludao </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jilin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Changchun * </Li> <Li> Jilin </Li> <Li> Siping </Li> <Li> Liaoyuan </Li> <Li> Tonghua </Li> <Li> Baishan </Li> <Li> Songyuan </Li> <Li> Baicheng </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heilongjiang </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harbin * </Li> <Li> Qiqihar * </Li> <Li> Jixi </Li> <Li> Hegang </Li> <Li> Shuangyashan </Li> <Li> Daqing </Li> <Li> Yīchun </Li> <Li> Jiamusi </Li> <Li> Qitaihe </Li> <Li> Mudanjiang </Li> <Li> Heihe </Li> <Li> Suihua </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jiangsu </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nanjing * </Li> <Li> Wuxi * </Li> <Li> Xuzhou * </Li> <Li> Changzhou </Li> <Li> Suzhou * </Li> <Li> Nantong </Li> <Li> Lianyungang </Li> <Li> Huai'an </Li> <Li> Yancheng </Li> <Li> Yangzhou </Li> <Li> Zhenjiang </Li> <Li> Tàizhou </Li> <Li> Suqian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zhejiang </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hangzhou * </Li> <Li> Ningbo * </Li> <Li> Wenzhou </Li> <Li> Jiaxing </Li> <Li> Huzhou </Li> <Li> Shaoxing </Li> <Li> Jinhua </Li> <Li> Quzhou </Li> <Li> Zhoushan </Li> <Li> Tāizhou </Li> <Li> Lìshui </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anhui </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hefei * </Li> <Li> Wuhu </Li> <Li> Bengbu </Li> <Li> Huainan * </Li> <Li> Ma'anshan </Li> <Li> Huaibei </Li> <Li> Tongling </Li> <Li> Anqing </Li> <Li> Huangshan </Li> <Li> Chuzhou </Li> <Li> Fùyang </Li> <Li> Sùzhou </Li> <Li> Lu'an </Li> <Li> Bozhou </Li> <Li> Chizhou </Li> <Li> Xuancheng </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fujian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fúzhou * </Li> <Li> Xiamen * </Li> <Li> Putian </Li> <Li> Sanming </Li> <Li> Quanzhou </Li> <Li> Zhangzhou </Li> <Li> Nanping </Li> <Li> Longyan </Li> <Li> Ningde </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jiangxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nanchang * </Li> <Li> Jingdezhen </Li> <Li> Píngxiang </Li> <Li> Jiujiang </Li> <Li> Xinyu </Li> <Li> Yingtan </Li> <Li> Ganzhou </Li> <Li> Jí'ān </Li> <Li> Yíchun </Li> <Li> Fǔzhou </Li> <Li> Shangrao </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shandong </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jinan * </Li> <Li> Qingdao * </Li> <Li> Zibo * </Li> <Li> Zaozhuang </Li> <Li> Dongying </Li> <Li> Yantai </Li> <Li> Weifang </Li> <Li> Jĭning </Li> <Li> Tai'an </Li> <Li> Weihai </Li> <Li> Rizhao </Li> <Li> Laiwu </Li> <Li> Linyi </Li> <Li> Dezhou </Li> <Li> Liaocheng </Li> <Li> Binzhou </Li> <Li> Heze </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Henan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zhengzhou * </Li> <Li> Kaifeng </Li> <Li> Luoyang * </Li> <Li> Pingdingshan </Li> <Li> Anyang </Li> <Li> Hebi </Li> <Li> Xinxiang </Li> <Li> Jiaozuo </Li> <Li> Puyang </Li> <Li> Xuchang </Li> <Li> Luohe </Li> <Li> Sanmenxia </Li> <Li> Nanyang </Li> <Li> Shangqiu </Li> <Li> Xinyang </Li> <Li> Zhoukou </Li> <Li> Zhumadian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hubei </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wuhan * </Li> <Li> Huangshi </Li> <Li> Shiyan </Li> <Li> Yichang </Li> <Li> Xiangyang </Li> <Li> Ezhou </Li> <Li> Jingmen </Li> <Li> Xiaogan </Li> <Li> Jinzhou </Li> <Li> Huanggang </Li> <Li> Xianning </Li> <Li> Suizhou </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hunan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Changsha * </Li> <Li> Zhuzhou </Li> <Li> Xiangtan </Li> <Li> Hengyang </Li> <Li> Shaoyang </Li> <Li> Yueyang </Li> <Li> Changde </Li> <Li> Zhangjiajie </Li> <Li> Yiyang </Li> <Li> Chenzhou </Li> <Li> Yongzhou </Li> <Li> Huaihua </Li> <Li> Loudi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guangdong </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guangzhou * </Li> <Li> Shaoguan </Li> <Li> Shenzhen * </Li> <Li> Zhuhai </Li> <Li> Shantou </Li> <Li> Foshan </Li> <Li> Jiangmen </Li> <Li> Zhanjiang </Li> <Li> Maoming </Li> <Li> Zhaoqing </Li> <Li> Huizhou </Li> <Li> Meizhou </Li> <Li> Shanwei </Li> <Li> Heyuan </Li> <Li> Yangjiang </Li> <Li> Qingyuan </Li> <Li> Dongguan </Li> <Li> Zhongshan </Li> <Li> Chaozhou </Li> <Li> Jieyang </Li> <Li> Yunfu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guangxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nanning * </Li> <Li> Liuzhou </Li> <Li> Guilin </Li> <Li> Wuzhou </Li> <Li> Beihai </Li> <Li> Fangchenggang </Li> <Li> Qinzhou </Li> <Li> Guigang </Li> <Li> Yùlin </Li> <Li> Baise </Li> <Li> Hezhou </Li> <Li> Hechi </Li> <Li> Laibin </Li> <Li> Chongzuo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hainan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Haikou * </Li> <Li> Sanya </Li> <Li> Sansha </Li> <Li> Danzhou </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sichuan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chengdu * </Li> <Li> Zigong </Li> <Li> Panzhihua </Li> <Li> Luzhou </Li> <Li> Deyang </Li> <Li> Mianyang </Li> <Li> Guangyuan </Li> <Li> Suining </Li> <Li> Neijiang </Li> <Li> Leshan </Li> <Li> Nanchong </Li> <Li> Meishan </Li> <Li> Yibin </Li> <Li> Guang'an </Li> <Li> Dazhou </Li> <Li> Ya'an </Li> <Li> Bazhong </Li> <Li> Ziyang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guizhou </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guiyang * </Li> <Li> Liupanshui </Li> <Li> Zunyi </Li> <Li> Anshun </Li> <Li> Bijie </Li> <Li> Tongren </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yunnan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kunming * </Li> <Li> Qujing </Li> <Li> Yuxi </Li> <Li> Baoshan </Li> <Li> Zhaotong </Li> <Li> Lìjiang </Li> <Li> Pu'er </Li> <Li> Lincang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tibet </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lhasa * </Li> <Li> Shigatse </Li> <Li> Chamdo </Li> <Li> Nyingchi </Li> <Li> Shannan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shaanxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xi'an * </Li> <Li> Tongchuan </Li> <Li> Baoji </Li> <Li> Xianyang </Li> <Li> Weinan </Li> <Li> Yan'an </Li> <Li> Hanzhong </Li> <Li> Yúlin </Li> <Li> Ankang </Li> <Li> Shangluo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gansu </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lanzhou * </Li> <Li> Jiayuguan </Li> <Li> Jinchang </Li> <Li> Baiyin </Li> <Li> Tianshui </Li> <Li> Wuwei </Li> <Li> Zhangye </Li> <Li> Pingliang </Li> <Li> Jiuquan </Li> <Li> Qingyang </Li> <Li> Dingxi </Li> <Li> Longnan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Qinghai </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xining * </Li> <Li> Haidong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ningxia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yinchuan * </Li> <Li> Shizuishan </Li> <Li> Wuzhong </Li> <Li> Guyuan </Li> <Li> Zhongwei </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Xinjiang </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ürümqi * </Li> <Li> Karamay </Li> <Li> Turpan </Li> <Li> Hami </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taiwan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( none ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other cities ( partly shown below ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot </Li> <Li> Xilinhot ) </Li> <Li> Jiagedaqi , Heilongjiang </Li> <Li> Enshi , Hubei </Li> <Li> Jishou , Hunan </Li> <Li> ( Sichuan : Xichang </Li> <Li> Kangding </Li> <Li> Barkam ) </Li> <Li> ( Guizhou : Xingyi </Li> <Li> Kaili </Li> <Li> Duyun ) </Li> <Li> ( Yunnan : Chuxiong </Li> <Li> Mengzi </Li> <Li> Wenshan </Li> <Li> Jinghong </Li> <Li> Dali </Li> <Li> Mangshi </Li> <Li> Shangri - La </Li> <Li> Lushui ) </Li> <Li> ( Gansu : Linxia </Li> <Li> Hezuo ) </Li> <Li> ( Qinghai : Yushu </Li> <Li> Delingha ) </Li> <Li> ( Xinjiang : Changji </Li> <Li> Bole </Li> <Li> Korla </Li> <Li> Yining </Li> <Li> Artux </Li> <Li> Aksu </Li> <Li> Kashgar </Li> <Li> Hotan </Li> <Li> Tacheng </Li> <Li> Altay ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jiyuan , Henan </Li> <Li> ( Hubei : Xiantao </Li> <Li> Qiánjiang </Li> <Li> Tianmen </Li> <Li> Shennongjia ) </Li> <Li> ( Hainan : Wuzhishan </Li> <Li> Qionghai </Li> <Li> Wenchang </Li> <Li> Wanning </Li> <Li> Dongfang ) </Li> <Li> ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi </Li> <Li> Aral </Li> <Li> Tumxuk </Li> <Li> Wujiaqu </Li> <Li> Beitun </Li> <Li> Tiemenguan </Li> <Li> Shuanghe </Li> <Li> Kokdala </Li> <Li> Kunyu ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former Prefecture - level cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chaohu , Anhui </Li> <Li> Yumen , Gansu </Li> <Li> Dongchuan , Yunnan </Li> <Li> Shashi , Hubei </Li> <Li> ( Sichuan : Fuling </Li> <Li> Wanxian ) </Li> <Li> ( Jilin : Meihekou </Li> <Li> Gongzhuling ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Qian'an , Hebei </Li> <Li> Manzhouli , Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Erenhot , Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Golmud , Qinghai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> County - level cities by Province </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hebei </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xinji </Li> <Li> Jinzhou </Li> <Li> Xinle </Li> <Li> Zunhua </Li> <Li> Qian'an * </Li> <Li> Wu'an </Li> <Li> Nangong </Li> <Li> Shahe </Li> <Li> Zhuozhou </Li> <Li> Dingzhou </Li> <Li> Anguo </Li> <Li> Gaobeidian </Li> <Li> Botou </Li> <Li> Renqiu </Li> <Li> Huanghua </Li> <Li> Hejian </Li> <Li> Bazhou </Li> <Li> Sanhe </Li> <Li> Shenzhou </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shanxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gujiao </Li> <Li> Lucheng </Li> <Li> Gaoping </Li> <Li> Jiexiu </Li> <Li> Yongji </Li> <Li> Hejin </Li> <Li> Yuanping </Li> <Li> Houma </Li> <Li> Huozhou </Li> <Li> Xiaoyi </Li> <Li> Fenyang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inner Mongolia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holingol </Li> <Li> Manzhouli * </Li> <Li> Yakeshi </Li> <Li> Zhalantun </Li> <Li> Ergun </Li> <Li> Genhe </Li> <Li> Fengzhen </Li> <Li> Ulanhot * </Li> <Li> Arxan </Li> <Li> Erenhot * </Li> <Li> Xilinhot * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liaoning </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xinmin </Li> <Li> Wafangdian </Li> <Li> Zhuanghe </Li> <Li> Haicheng </Li> <Li> Donggang </Li> <Li> Fengcheng </Li> <Li> Linghai </Li> <Li> Beizhen </Li> <Li> Gaizhou </Li> <Li> Dashiqiao </Li> <Li> Dengta </Li> <Li> Diaobingshan </Li> <Li> Kaiyuan </Li> <Li> Beipiao </Li> <Li> Lingyuan </Li> <Li> Xingcheng </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jilin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yushu </Li> <Li> Dehui </Li> <Li> Jiaohe </Li> <Li> Huadian </Li> <Li> Shulan </Li> <Li> Panshi </Li> <Li> Gongzhuling </Li> <Li> Shuangliao </Li> <Li> Meihekou </Li> <Li> Ji'an </Li> <Li> Linjiang </Li> <Li> Fuyu </Li> <Li> Taonan </Li> <Li> Da'an </Li> <Li> Yanji </Li> <Li> Tumen </Li> <Li> Dunhua </Li> <Li> Hunchun </Li> <Li> Longjing </Li> <Li> Helong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heilongjiang </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shangzhi </Li> <Li> Wuchang </Li> <Li> Nehe </Li> <Li> Hulin </Li> <Li> Mishan </Li> <Li> Tieli </Li> <Li> Tongjiang </Li> <Li> Fujin </Li> <Li> Fuyuan </Li> <Li> Suifenhe </Li> <Li> Hailin </Li> <Li> Ning'an </Li> <Li> Muling </Li> <Li> Dongning </Li> <Li> Bei'an </Li> <Li> Wudalianchi </Li> <Li> Anda </Li> <Li> Zhaodong </Li> <Li> Hailun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jiangsu </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jiangyin </Li> <Li> Yixing </Li> <Li> Xinyi </Li> <Li> Pizhou </Li> <Li> Liyang </Li> <Li> Changshu </Li> <Li> Zhangjiagang </Li> <Li> Kunshan </Li> <Li> Taicang </Li> <Li> Qidong </Li> <Li> Rugao </Li> <Li> Haimen </Li> <Li> Dongtai </Li> <Li> Yizheng </Li> <Li> Gaoyou </Li> <Li> Danyang </Li> <Li> Yangzhong </Li> <Li> Jurong </Li> <Li> Jingjiang </Li> <Li> Taixing </Li> <Li> Xinghua </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zhejiang </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jiande </Li> <Li> Lin'an </Li> <Li> Yuyao </Li> <Li> Cixi </Li> <Li> Fenghua </Li> <Li> Rui'an </Li> <Li> Yueqing </Li> <Li> Haining </Li> <Li> Pinghu </Li> <Li> Tongxiang </Li> <Li> Zhuji </Li> <Li> Shengzhou </Li> <Li> Lanxi </Li> <Li> Yiwu </Li> <Li> Dongyang </Li> <Li> Yongkang </Li> <Li> Jiangshan </Li> <Li> Wenling </Li> <Li> Linhai </Li> <Li> Longquan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anhui </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chaohu </Li> <Li> Jieshou </Li> <Li> Tongcheng </Li> <Li> Tianchang </Li> <Li> Mingguang </Li> <Li> Ningguo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fujian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fuqing </Li> <Li> Changle </Li> <Li> Yong'an </Li> <Li> Shishi </Li> <Li> Jinjiang </Li> <Li> Nan'an </Li> <Li> Longhai </Li> <Li> Shaowu </Li> <Li> Wuyishan </Li> <Li> Jian'ou </Li> <Li> Zhangping </Li> <Li> Fu'an </Li> <Li> Fuding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jiangxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leping </Li> <Li> Ruichang </Li> <Li> Gongqingcheng </Li> <Li> Lushan </Li> <Li> Guixi </Li> <Li> Ruijin </Li> <Li> Jinggangshan </Li> <Li> Fengcheng </Li> <Li> Zhangshu </Li> <Li> Gao'an </Li> <Li> Dexing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shandong </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zhangqiu </Li> <Li> Jiaozhou </Li> <Li> Jimo </Li> <Li> Pingdu </Li> <Li> Laixi </Li> <Li> Tengzhou </Li> <Li> Longkou </Li> <Li> Laiyang </Li> <Li> Laizhou </Li> <Li> Penglai </Li> <Li> Zhaoyuan </Li> <Li> Qixia </Li> <Li> Haiyang </Li> <Li> Qingzhou </Li> <Li> Zhucheng </Li> <Li> Shouguang </Li> <Li> Anqiu </Li> <Li> Gaomi </Li> <Li> Changyi </Li> <Li> Qufu </Li> <Li> Zoucheng </Li> <Li> Xintai </Li> <Li> Feicheng </Li> <Li> Rongcheng </Li> <Li> Rushan </Li> <Li> Laoling </Li> <Li> Yucheng </Li> <Li> Linqing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Henan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gongyi </Li> <Li> Xingyang </Li> <Li> Xinmi </Li> <Li> Xinzheng </Li> <Li> Dengfeng </Li> <Li> Yanshi </Li> <Li> Wugang </Li> <Li> Ruzhou </Li> <Li> Linzhou </Li> <Li> Weihui </Li> <Li> Huixian </Li> <Li> Qinyang </Li> <Li> Mengzhou </Li> <Li> Yuzhou </Li> <Li> Changge </Li> <Li> Yima </Li> <Li> Lingbao </Li> <Li> Dengzhou </Li> <Li> Yongcheng </Li> <Li> Xiangcheng </Li> <Li> Jiyuan * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hubei </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daye </Li> <Li> Danjiangkou </Li> <Li> Yidu </Li> <Li> Dangyang </Li> <Li> Zhijiang </Li> <Li> Laohekou </Li> <Li> Zaoyang </Li> <Li> Yicheng </Li> <Li> Zhongxiang </Li> <Li> Yingcheng </Li> <Li> Anlu </Li> <Li> Hanchuan </Li> <Li> Shishou </Li> <Li> Honghu </Li> <Li> Songzi </Li> <Li> Macheng </Li> <Li> Wuxue </Li> <Li> Chibi </Li> <Li> Guangshui </Li> <Li> Enshi * </Li> <Li> Lichuan </Li> <Li> Xiantao * </Li> <Li> Qianjiang * </Li> <Li> Tianmen * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hunan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Liuyang </Li> <Li> Liling </Li> <Li> Xiangxiang </Li> <Li> Shaoshan </Li> <Li> Leiyang </Li> <Li> Changning </Li> <Li> Wugang </Li> <Li> Miluo </Li> <Li> Linxiang </Li> <Li> Jinshi </Li> <Li> Yuanjiang </Li> <Li> Zixing </Li> <Li> Hongjiang </Li> <Li> Lengshuijiang </Li> <Li> Lianyuan </Li> <Li> Jishou * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guangdong </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lechang </Li> <Li> Nanxiong </Li> <Li> Taishan </Li> <Li> Kaiping </Li> <Li> Heshan </Li> <Li> Enping </Li> <Li> Lianjiang </Li> <Li> Leizhou </Li> <Li> Wuchuan </Li> <Li> Gaozhou </Li> <Li> Huazhou </Li> <Li> Xinyi </Li> <Li> Sihui </Li> <Li> Xingning </Li> <Li> Lufeng </Li> <Li> Yangchun </Li> <Li> Yingde </Li> <Li> Lianzhou </Li> <Li> Puning </Li> <Li> Luoding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guangxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cenxi </Li> <Li> Dongxing </Li> <Li> Guiping </Li> <Li> Beiliu </Li> <Li> Jingxi </Li> <Li> Yizhou </Li> <Li> Heshan </Li> <Li> Pingxiang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hainan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wuzhishan * </Li> <Li> Qionghai * </Li> <Li> Wenchang * </Li> <Li> Wanning * </Li> <Li> Dongfang * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sichuan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dujiangyan </Li> <Li> Pengzhou </Li> <Li> Qionglai </Li> <Li> Chongzhou </Li> <Li> Jianyang </Li> <Li> Guanghan </Li> <Li> Shifang </Li> <Li> Mianzhu </Li> <Li> Jiangyou </Li> <Li> Emeishan </Li> <Li> Langzhong </Li> <Li> Huaying </Li> <Li> Wanyuan </Li> <Li> Barkam * </Li> <Li> Kangding * </Li> <Li> Xichang * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guizhou </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Qingzhen </Li> <Li> Chishui </Li> <Li> Renhuai </Li> <Li> Xingyi * </Li> <Li> Kaili * </Li> <Li> Duyun * </Li> <Li> Fuquan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yunnan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anning </Li> <Li> Xuanwei </Li> <Li> Tengchong </Li> <Li> Chuxiong * </Li> <Li> Mengzi * </Li> <Li> Gejiu </Li> <Li> Kaiyuan </Li> <Li> Mile </Li> <Li> Wenshan * </Li> <Li> Jinghong * </Li> <Li> Dali * </Li> <Li> Ruili </Li> <Li> Mangshi * </Li> <Li> Lushui * </Li> <Li> Shangri - La * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tibet </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( none ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shaanxi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xingping </Li> <Li> Hancheng </Li> <Li> Huayin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gansu </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yumen </Li> <Li> Dunhuang </Li> <Li> Linxia * </Li> <Li> Hezuo * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Qinghai </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yushu * </Li> <Li> Golmud * </Li> <Li> Delingha * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ningxia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lingwu </Li> <Li> Qingtongxia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Xinjiang </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Changji * </Li> <Li> Fukang </Li> <Li> Bole * </Li> <Li> Alashankou </Li> <Li> Korla * </Li> <Li> Aksu * </Li> <Li> Artux * </Li> <Li> Kashgar * </Li> <Li> Hotan * </Li> <Li> Yining * </Li> <Li> Kuytun </Li> <Li> Korgas </Li> <Li> Tacheng * </Li> <Li> Wusu </Li> <Li> Altay * </Li> <Li> Shihezi * </Li> <Li> Aral * </Li> <Li> Tumxuk * </Li> <Li> Wujiaqu * </Li> <Li> Beitun * </Li> <Li> Tiemenguan * </Li> <Li> Shuanghe * </Li> <Li> Kokdala * </Li> <Li> Kunyu * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taiwan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( none ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> * Indicates this city has already occurred above . <P> Direct - controlled Municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state - planning cities . Special Economic Zone Cities . Coastal development cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs . Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir , Inner Mongolia as part of it . Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China . The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC , due to lack of actual jurisdiction . See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead . </P> All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province . </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Largest cities or towns in China Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Province </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Province </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shanghai Beijing </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shanghai </Td> <Td> Shanghai </Td> <Td> 20,217,700 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Foshan </Td> <Td> Guangdong </Td> <Td> 6,771,900 </Td> <Td> Chongqing Guangzhou </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> 16,858,700 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Nanjing </Td> <Td> Jiangsu </Td> <Td> 6,238,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chongqing </Td> <Td> Chongqing </Td> <Td> 12,389,500 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Shenyang </Td> <Td> Liaoning </Td> <Td> 5,890,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guangzhou </Td> <Td> Guangdong </Td> <Td> 10,641,400 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Hangzhou </Td> <Td> Zhejiang </Td> <Td> 5,849,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Shenzhen </Td> <Td> Guangdong </Td> <Td> 10,358,400 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Xi'an </Td> <Td> Shaanxi </Td> <Td> 5,399,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tianjin </Td> <Td> Tianjin </Td> <Td> 10,007,700 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Harbin </Td> <Td> Heilongjiang </Td> <Td> 5,178,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Wuhan </Td> <Td> Hubei </Td> <Td> 7,541,500 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Dalian </Td> <Td> Liaoning </Td> <Td> 4,222,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Dongguan </Td> <Td> Guangdong </Td> <Td> 7,271,300 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Suzhou </Td> <Td> Jiangsu </Td> <Td> 4,083,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Chengdu </Td> <Td> Sichuan </Td> <Td> 7,112,000 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Qingdao </Td> <Td> Shandong </Td> <Td> 3,990,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> 7,055,071 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Zhengzhou </Td> <Td> Henan </Td> <Td> 3,677,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capitals of Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="1"> North and Central Asia </Td> <Td colspan="1"> South Asia </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Southeast Asia </Td> <Td colspan="2"> West and Southwest Asia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ashgabat , Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Astana , Kazakhstan * </Li> <Li> Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Dushanbe , Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Moscow , Russia * </Li> <Li> Tashkent , Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> East Asia <Ul> <Li> Beijing , China </Li> <Li> Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China ) </Li> <Li> Macau , Macau ( China ) </Li> <Li> Pyongyang , North Korea </Li> <Li> Seoul , South Korea </Li> <Li> Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC ) </Li> <Li> Tokyo , Japan </Li> <Li> Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kabul , Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Dhaka , Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Islamabad , Pakistan </Li> <Li> Kathmandu , Nepal </Li> <Li> Kotte / Colombo , Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Malé , Maldives </Li> <Li> New Delhi , India </Li> <Li> Thimphu , Bhutan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei </Li> <Li> Bangkok , Thailand </Li> <Li> Dili , East Timor </Li> <Li> Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> Hanoi , Vietnam </Li> <Li> Jakarta , Indonesia * </Li> <Li> Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia </Li> <Li> Manila , Philippines </Li> <Li> Naypyidaw , Myanmar </Li> <Li> Phnom Penh , Cambodia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Vientiane , Laos </Li> <Li> West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Amman , Jordan </Li> <Li> Ankara , Turkey * </Li> <Li> Baghdad , Iraq </Li> <Li> Baku , Azerbaijan * </Li> <Li> Beirut , Lebanon </Li> <Li> Cairo , Egypt * </Li> <Li> Doha , Qatar </Li> <Li> Jerusalem , Israel / Palestine † </Li> <Li> Kuwait City , Kuwait </Li> <Li> Manama , Bahrain </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muscat , Oman </Li> <Li> Nicosia , Cyprus * </Li> <Li> North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus * </Li> <Li> Riyadh , Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Sana'a , Yemen </Li> <Li> Stepanakert , Artsakh * </Li> <Li> Sukhumi , Abkhazia * </Li> <Li> Tbilisi , Georgia * </Li> <Li> Tehran , Iran </Li> <Li> Tskhinvali , South Ossetia * </Li> <Li> Yerevan , Armenia * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> * Transcontinental country . † Disputed . See : Positions on Jerusalem . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Summer Olympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1896 : Athens </Li> <Li> 1900 : Paris </Li> <Li> 1904 : St. Louis </Li> <Li> 1908 : London </Li> <Li> 1912 : Stockholm </Li> <Li> 1916 : None </Li> <Li> 1920 : Antwerp </Li> <Li> 1924 : Paris </Li> <Li> 1928 : Amsterdam </Li> <Li> 1932 : Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1936 : Berlin </Li> <Li> 1940 : None </Li> <Li> 1944 : None </Li> <Li> 1948 : London </Li> <Li> 1952 : Helsinki </Li> <Li> 1956 : Melbourne </Li> <Li> 1960 : Rome </Li> <Li> 1964 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1968 : Mexico City </Li> <Li> 1972 : Munich </Li> <Li> 1976 : Montreal </Li> <Li> 1980 : Moscow </Li> <Li> 1984 : Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1988 : Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1996 : Atlanta </Li> <Li> 2000 : Sydney </Li> <Li> 2004 : Athens </Li> <Li> 2008 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2012 : London </Li> <Li> 2016 : Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> 2020 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 2024 : Paris </Li> <Li> 2028 : Los Angeles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Summer Paralympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 : Rome </Li> <Li> 1964 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1968 : Tel Aviv </Li> <Li> 1972 : Heidelberg </Li> <Li> 1976 : Toronto </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 : Arnhem </Li> <Li> 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville </Li> <Li> 1988 : Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid </Li> <Li> 1996 : Atlanta </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : Sydney </Li> <Li> 2004 : Athens </Li> <Li> 2008 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2012 : London </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 : Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> 2020 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 2024 : Paris </Li> <Li> 2028 : Los Angeles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Winter Olympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1924 : Chamonix </Li> <Li> 1928 : St. Moritz </Li> <Li> 1932 : Lake Placid </Li> <Li> 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen </Li> <Li> 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II </Li> <Li> 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II </Li> <Li> 1948 : St. Moritz </Li> <Li> 1952 : Oslo </Li> <Li> 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo </Li> <Li> 1960 : Squaw Valley </Li> <Li> 1964 : Innsbruck </Li> <Li> 1968 : Grenoble </Li> <Li> 1972 : Sapporo </Li> <Li> 1976 : Innsbruck </Li> <Li> 1980 : Lake Placid </Li> <Li> 1984 : Sarajevo </Li> <Li> 1988 : Calgary </Li> <Li> 1992 : Albertville </Li> <Li> 1994 : Lillehammer </Li> <Li> 1998 : Nagano </Li> <Li> 2002 : Salt Lake City </Li> <Li> 2006 : Turin </Li> <Li> 2010 : Vancouver </Li> <Li> 2014 : Sochi </Li> <Li> 2018 : Pyeongchang </Li> <Li> 2022 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2026 : TBD </Li> <Li> 2030 : TBD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Winter Paralympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1976 : Örnsköldsvik </Li> <Li> 1980 : Geilo </Li> <Li> 1984 : Innsbruck </Li> <Li> 1988 : Innsbruck </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 : Albertville </Li> <Li> 1994 : Lillehammer </Li> <Li> 1998 : Nagano </Li> <Li> 2002 : Salt Lake City </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2006 : Turin </Li> <Li> 2010 : Vancouver </Li> <Li> 2014 : Sochi </Li> <Li> 2018 : PyeongChang </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2022 : Beijing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Host cities of Asian Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1951 : Delhi </Li> <Li> 1954 : Manila </Li> <Li> 1958 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1962 : Jakarta </Li> <Li> 1966 : Bangkok </Li> <Li> 1970 : Bangkok </Li> <Li> 1974 : Tehran </Li> <Li> 1978 : Bangkok </Li> <Li> 1982 : Delhi </Li> <Li> 1986 : Seoul </Li> <Li> 1990 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 1994 : Hiroshima </Li> <Li> 1998 : Bangkok </Li> <Li> 2002 : Busan </Li> <Li> 2006 : Doha </Li> <Li> 2010 : Guangzhou </Li> <Li> 2014 : Incheon </Li> <Li> 2018 : Jakarta / Palembang </Li> <Li> 2022 : Hangzhou </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1986 : Sapporo </Li> <Li> 1990 : Sapporo </Li> <Li> 1996 : Harbin </Li> <Li> 1999 : Kangwon </Li> <Li> 2003 : Aomori </Li> <Li> 2007 : Changchun </Li> <Li> 2011 : Astana - Almaty </Li> <Li> 2017 : Sapporo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1983 : Helsinki </Li> <Li> 1987 : Rome </Li> <Li> 1991 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1993 : Stuttgart </Li> <Li> 1995 : Gothenburg </Li> <Li> 1997 : Athens </Li> <Li> 1999 : Seville </Li> <Li> 2001 : Edmonton </Li> <Li> 2003 : Saint - Denis </Li> <Li> 2005 : Helsinki </Li> <Li> 2007 : Osaka </Li> <Li> 2009 : Berlin </Li> <Li> 2011 : Daegu </Li> <Li> 2013 : Moscow </Li> <Li> 2015 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2017 : London </Li> <Li> 2019 : Doha </Li> <Li> 2021 : Eugene </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World 's twenty most populous metropolitan areas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> 1 Tokyo - Yokohama 2 Shanghai 3 Jakarta 4 Delhi 5 Seoul - Incheon </P> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 6 Karachi 7 Guangzhou 8 Beijing 9 Shenzhen 7 Mexico City </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 11 São Paulo 12 Lagos 13 Mumbai 14 Cairo 15 New York </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 16 Osaka 17 Moscow 18 Wuhan 19 Chengdu 20 Dhaka </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World 's fifty most - populous urban areas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin ) </Li> <Li> Jakarta ( Jabodetabek ) </Li> <Li> Delhi </Li> <Li> Manila ( Metro Manila ) </Li> <Li> Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon ) </Li> <Li> Shanghai </Li> <Li> Karachi </Li> <Li> Beijing </Li> <Li> New York City </Li> <Li> Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo ) </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> São Paulo </Li> <Li> Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico ) </Li> <Li> Mumbai </Li> <Li> Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin ) </Li> <Li> Moscow </Li> <Li> Dhaka </Li> <Li> Greater Cairo </Li> <Li> Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Bangkok </Li> <Li> Kolkata </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Greater Buenos Aires </Li> <Li> Tehran </Li> <Li> Istanbul </Li> <Li> Lagos </Li> <Li> Shenzhen </Li> <Li> Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> Kinshasa </Li> <Li> Tianjin </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Lima </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Chengdu </Li> <Li> Greater London </Li> <Li> Nagoya ( Chūkyō ) </Li> <Li> Lahore </Li> <Li> Chennai </Li> <Li> Bangalore </Li> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> Bogotá </Li> <Li> Ho Chi Minh City </Li> <Li> Hyderabad </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ol> <Li> Dongguan </Li> <Li> Johannesburg </Li> <Li> Wuhan </Li> <Li> Taipei - Taoyuan </Li> <Li> Hangzhou </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Chongqing </Li> <Li> Ahmedabad </Li> <Li> Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley ) </Li> <Li> Quanzhou </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 312565158 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79076155 </Li> <Li> GND : 4075971 - 4 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb11957264c ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00646810 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing&oldid=838137684 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Beijing </Li> <Li> Capitals in Asia </Li> <Li> Metropolitan areas of China </Li> <Li> North China Plain </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing Chinese - language text </Li> <Li> CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) </Li> <Li> Articles with Chinese - language external links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2018 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Pages using div col with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles needing cleanup from October 2017 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Wikipedia list cleanup from October 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Articles containing video clips </Li> <Li> Articles including recorded pronunciations </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Wikinews </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Acèh </Li> <Li> Адыгабзэ </Li> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> አማርኛ </Li> <Li> Ænglisc </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Arpetan </Li> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Avañe'ẽ </Li> <Li> Aymar aru </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Bamanankan </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bahasa Banjar </Li> <Li> Bân - 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what was the city of beijing previously known as

Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) - wikipedia <H1> Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Most Wanted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Action / Adventure </Li> <Li> Science fiction </Li> <Li> Superhero </Li> <Li> Drama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeffrey Bell </Li> <Li> Paul Zbyszewski </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mockingbird by <Ul> <Li> Gerry Conway </Li> <Li> Barry Smith </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lance Hunter by <Ul> <Li> Gary Friedrich </Li> <Li> Herb Trimpe </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adrianne Palicki </Li> <Li> Nick Blood </Li> <Li> Delroy Lindo </Li> <Li> Fernanda Andrade </Li> <Li> Oded Fehr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeffrey Bell </Li> <Li> Paul Zbyszewski </Li> <Li> Jeph Loeb </Li> <Li> Jim Chory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ABC Studios </Li> <Li> Marvel Television </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Disney -- ABC Domestic Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 720p ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> 5.1 surround sound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. </Li> <Li> Marvel Cinematic Universe television series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Marvel 's Most Wanted , or simply Most Wanted , is an unaired American television pilot based on the Marvel Comics characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise , and is a spin - off from Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The pilot was created and written by Jeffrey Bell and Paul Zbyszewski , and directed by Billy Gierhart . </P> <P> The pilot revolves around the characters of Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and ex-spouses on the run , with Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood reprising their respective roles of Morse and Hunter from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . Delroy Lindo , Fernanda Andrade , and Oded Fehr also starred in the pilot . A television series featuring Morse entered development for ABC Family in July 2011 , but never materialized . The character subsequently appeared in the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. along with Hunter , and plans for a spin - off centered on the duo , with Palicki and Blood attached , began in April 2015 . The series would have been based on storylines occurring at the end of that second season , but ABC passed on the project . </P> <P> In August 2015 , the series was reinvented as Most Wanted and received a pilot order from ABC . The cast was filled out in early 2016 , and production was completed by late March . The episode was co-produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television . In May 2016 , ABC announced that it would not pick up the pilot to series , and would look to develop other series with Marvel instead . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Guests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 3.3 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.4 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.5 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 No pick - up and future </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ex-spies and ex-spouses Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter are on the run trying to uncover a conspiracy against them . With no help from S.H.I.E.L.D. , the peacekeeping and spy agency that previously employed them , they enter into an uneasy partnership with rogue adventurer Dominic Fortune and his niece Christina Santos . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Adrianne Palicki as Bobbi Morse : Hunter 's ex-wife and a former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who Palicki felt `` believes in the universe and things happening for a reason '' . Palicki knew of the comics version of the character , but said that the writers put `` their own spin '' on the MCU version . </Li> <Li> Nick Blood as Lance Hunter : Morse 's ex-husband , a former mercenary and agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who is `` a bit of an outsider ... not really sure where his loyalties lie '' according to Blood , with Palicki adding that Hunter `` believes that you make things happen yourself , and you get what you want when you want it . '' The character was not conceived as an adaptation of the Hunter from the comics , with that decision coming `` a bit later '' . </Li> <Li> Delroy Lindo as Dominic Fortune : A `` rogue adventurer with a wealth of resources '' who agrees to protect Morse and Hunter . </Li> <Li> Fernanda Andrade as Christina Santos : A `` tough - as - nails woman of mystery '' and Fortune 's niece . She helps Fortune aide Morse and Hunter while furthering their own agenda . Santos has history with Hunter that would have been explored throughout the series , with Andrade adding that she also has `` these really special skills . She just kind of knows how to work things , like weapons and cars . '' </Li> <Li> Oded Fehr as a `` well - known character '' from the comics , who exudes a `` villainous charm '' and is `` a force to be reckoned with '' for Morse and Hunter . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guests ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mckenna Grace as Zoe Abel </Li> <Li> Laura Allen as Olivia </Li> <Li> Damon Dayoub </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> At San Diego Comic - Con International 2011 , head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Mockingbird was in development at ABC Family . The series , which was described as `` Alias meets Felicity '' , would feature Bobbi Morse as a freshman science major at `` a prestigious university in the Silicon Valley ... ( until h ) er life changes when she is recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. and is forced to become a student by day and a super spy by night . '' By March 2012 , Mockingbird was still in development , with Loeb saying , `` as with anything that you 're doing , particularly when you 're starting up a brand new entity ( like Marvel Television ) , things take time and we want to make sure we get it right . '' </P> <P> At San Diego Comic - Con International 2014 , Morse was revealed to be appearing in the second season of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , while Nick Blood was announced as cast in the role of Lance Hunter , a series regular for the season . In August 2014 , Adrianne Palicki was cast as Morse in a guest role , and later promoted to series regular with the season two episode `` Aftershocks '' . By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spin - off series focused on those characters with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. showrunner Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski . The spin - off would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Palicki and Blood were in final discussions to headline the potential new series , but ABC passed on the project by May 7 , 2015 , when they announced their series renewals , cancellations , and pickups . ABC entertainment president Paul Lee explained , `` We thought the right thing now is to leave ( Palicki and Blood ) on S.H.I.E.L.D. , because S.H.I.E.L.D. is so strong on ( sic ) the moment , '' though he did not rule out returning to the spin - off in the future . </P> <P> Blood and Palicki returned as principal cast members for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In August 2015 , the spin - off series received new life , reworked as Marvel 's Most Wanted and given a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski were again developing the series , writing the pilot and executive producing . The pair were set to serve as showrunners for the series , if it was picked up . Loeb and Jim Chory were also attached as executive producers . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In January 2016 , Lee stated that the pilot was `` absolutely '' moving forward , praising the script and saying production would begin `` in the next few months . '' In the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` Parting Shot '' , the two characters were written off that series , having them leave and disavow S.H.I.E.L.D. Bell explained that Palicki and Blood had to leave to film the pilot , and `` it did n't make sense '' to have the story explain their absence for several episodes just to have the pair leave again soon after to begin production on the rest of Most Wanted if it was picked up to series . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> With S.H.I.E.L.D. , there 's more of a clear line between the good guys and the bad guys and between protocol and going off grid . Whereas in the Most Wanted world , it 's all shades of gray and judgment calls have to be made . -- Nick Blood on the different moral code of the spin - off . <P> Bell compared Most Wanted to the Buffy the Vampire Slayer spin - off Angel , saying the series would be more intimate than Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. because at the heart of the series would be the question , `` What 's the metaphor of the relationship that 's going to dramatize over the course of the episode versus the larger machinations of the world that S.H.I.E.L.D. ( is ) in ? '' Palicki said the pilot is less based in Marvel mythology and more focused on the two characters , whose dynamic she compared to Mr. and Mrs. Smith . Blood added , `` It 's exploring how you make a relationship work with the backdrop of all this crazy stuff that goes on '' in their world . </P> <P> Bell and Zbyszewski worked together on Morse and Hunter 's storyline for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , preparing them to move over to the spin - off , with Bell explaining that it would set up Most Wanted by defining exactly who the characters are , such as Hunter and his lack of loyalty to S.H.I.E.L.D. and to ideologies -- `` nothing specific about the show , it 's just who Hunter is . '' Blood noted that Hunter is `` willing to ignore the rules and regulations to get the right thing done . Sometimes , Bobbi needs that kick up the backside to send her in that direction . By the same token , Hunter needs Bobbi 's rationale sometimes to make sure he does n't get in trouble again . '' Bell added that for Hunter , `` laws are kind of suggestions , and if he 's with them he 'll follow them , and he 's always been much more a loyalist to the guy in the trenches than to any ideology '' . Palicki remarked that the differences in the character 's views and beliefs would be `` a big through line throughout the entire show '' , and that having Morse and Hunter work for Fortune would test both of their morals , with Hunter having `` a bit more experience with that , where the line to cross is a bit fluid . It might take Bobbi a bit more to adapt to that . '' </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood reprise their roles from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter respectively . <P> In August 2015 , Palicki and Blood were attached to Most Wanted with the pilot order , reprising their Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. roles as Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . In January 2016 , Delroy Lindo was cast as `` rogue adventurer '' Dominic Fortune . That March , Oded Fehr and Fernanda Andrade were also cast in the pilot , as a `` well - known character '' from the comics and Fortune 's niece Christina Santos , respectively . Additionally , guest stars for the pilot include Mckenna Grace as Zoe Abel , Laura Allen as Olivia , and Damon Dayoub . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Filming on the pilot took place in early 2016 , with Billy Gierhart directing . Production began following that of the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` Parting Shot '' , and was completed by late March . William O. Hunter , who worked on Marvel 's The Avengers , served as production designer , with Christine Bieselin Clark as costume designer . </P> <H3> Marvel Cinematic universe tie - ins ( edit ) </H3> <P> On potential crossovers with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Bell said in March 2016 , in reference to the way Hunter and Morse were written off of that series , `` We want to be clear we 're telling a different type of story , and in doing so , you do n't want to be telling a story where you go , `` Why do n't they call Coulson ? He can fix this easily , '' because that line 's been cut . Not that you ca n't bring them back someday or have someone from S.H.I.E.L.D. show up on this show , but it 's really setting up a different ( part of the ) universe `` . Blood described the situation as `` they 're on their own , they can make up their own rules , just turn the phones on airplane mode and ignore the calls from back home '' . </P> <H2> No pick - up and future ( edit ) </H2> <P> In April 2016 , Most Wanted was seen to be `` a no - brainer '' for a series pick - up by industry insiders . However , in early May it was said to be `` cooling '' and `` not considered the lock it once was '' . At that time , the producers were prepping `` if - come '' orders , `` deals with writers that will come into effect in the event a pilot is picked ( up ) to series '' . On May 12 , 2016 , the pilot was passed on by ABC , with Lee 's successor Channing Dungey explaining that Most Wanted `` did not feel as strong as some of the other pilots that we shot . We talked about it with Marvel and we all came to an agreement that we want to figure out what the next show is that we do together , is something that we all feel is as creatively strong as it can be . '' However , Dungey said that ABC was open to the series being shopped to another network if Marvel found `` another home '' for it . Loeb also acknowledged this possibility , but said that the series was designed `` to do a very specific thing '' alongside S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 ABC Pilots '' . Deadline.com . February 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Oded Fehr and Fernanda Andrade Join ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' '' . Marvel.com . March 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Khatchatourian , Maane ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Promotes Adrianne Palicki to Series Regular '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood on that emotional exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' ABC Pilot Casts Delroy Lindo As Dominic Fortune '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' Marvel 's Most Wanted '' Co-Star Andrade Promises An `` Unpredictable '' Series `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Most Wanted '' . MckennaGrace.com . May 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frederick , Brittany . `` Who directed Spider - Man : Homecoming ? '' . Fansided . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Walsh , S.M. ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stitchers ' Season 3 : Meet the Cast '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniels , Hunter ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel TV Announces Development Slate ; Includes Live - Action AKA Jessica Jones ( Alias ) , The Hulk , Cloak And Dagger , Mockingbird , Animated Hulk And The Agents Of S.M.A.S.H. , More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb Gives Updates on The Incredible Hulk , AKA Jessica Jones and The Punisher TV Series '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Learn How Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season '' . Marvel.com . September 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Enlists Adrianne Palicki as Marvel Favorite ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Aftershocks '' . Marvel.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ; Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Why ABC did n't make the Agents of SHIELD spinoff '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovett , Jaimie ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 3 Synopsis Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Most Wanted Going to Pilot at ABC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD EP Jeff Bell on Mockingbird and Hunter Departure and Marvel 's Most Wanted '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Showrunners Explain Marvel 's Most Wanted Spinoff Plan '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. EP Talks Secret Warriors , Civil War , Last Week 's Shocking Death & More '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Will ' Agents of SHIELD ' Set Up Spinoff ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carinacas , Peter ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Artisans Booked on ' Marvel 's Most Wanted , ' ' Pearl , ' ' Dirty Dancing ' and ' Stronger ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carinacas , Peter ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Agencies Book Artisans on ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' ' Sugar Queen , ' ' Chagrin Falls ' and ' Bunker Hill ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` PILOTS 2016 : Pre-Screenings Buzz Edition '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` 10 TV Pilots Likely to Score Series Pickups '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Time After Time ' Among Pilots Making Tentative Writers Deals As Field Narrows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Why ABC Passed on ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' and ' Agent Carter ' Season 3 ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on Fox 's `` Reimagined '' ' Hellfire Club ' Series , ' Cloak and Dagger ' , and More ( TCA 2016 ) `` . / Film . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . 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when is marvel's most wanted coming out

Deforestation in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Deforestation in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Virgin Forest in United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1620 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Deforestation in the United States is an ongoing environmental issue that attracts protests from environmentalists . Prior to the arrival of European - Americans , about one half of the United States land area was forest , about 1,023,000,000 acres ( 4,140,000 km ) estimated in 1630 . Recently , the Forest Service reported total forestation as 766,000,000 acres ( 3,100,000 km ) in 2012 . The majority of deforestation took place prior to 1910 with the Forest Service reporting the minimum forestation as 721,000,000 acres ( 2,920,000 km ) around 1920 . The forest resources of the United States have remained relatively constant through the 20th century . </P> <P> The 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) Global Forest Resources Assessment ranked the United States as seventh highest country losing its old growth forests , a vast majority of which were removed prior to the 20th century . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 After European colonization </Li> <Li> 2 Current issues <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Species extinctions in the Eastern forests </Li> <Li> 2.2 Further reading </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> After European colonization ( edit ) </H2> See also : Forests of the United States <P> For the 300 years following the arrival of Europeans , land was cleared , mostly for agriculture , at a rate that matched that of population growth . For every person added to the population , one to two hectares of land was cultivated . This trend continued until the 1920s when the amount of crop land stabilized in spite of continued population growth . As abandoned farm land reverted to forest the amount of forest land increased reaching a peak in 1963 of 753,000,000 acres ( 3,050,000 km ) . After 1963 there was a gradual decrease through the next few decades which has been reversed with recovery and slight gains in the early 21st century . Gains in forest land have resulted from conversions from crop land and pastures at a higher rate than loss of forest to development . Because urban development is expected to continue , an estimated 93,000 square kilometres ( 23,000,000 acres ) of forest land is projected be lost by 2050 , a 3 % reduction from 1997 . Other qualitative issues have been identified such as the continued loss of old - growth forest , the increased fragmentation of forest lands , and the increased urbanization of forest land . </P> <H2> Current issues ( edit ) </H2> Map of above ground woody biomass across the United States . <P> Deforestation in the United States is affected by many factors . One such factor is the effect , whether positive or negative , that the logging industry has on forests in the country . Logging in the United States is a hotly debated topic as groups who either support or oppose logging argue over its benefits and negative effects . `` This industry comprises the establishments primarily engaged in one or more of the following : ( 1 ) cutting timber ; ( 2 ) cutting and transporting timber ; ( 3 ) producing wood chips in the field , '' the definition provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . </P> <P> `` The United States is the second leading producer and consumer of forest products and accounts for about one - fourth of the world 's production and consumption . The United States is also the world 's second largest producer of softwood and hardwood lumber . In 1996 , total annual sales for commercial ( nonfederal ) timber and nontimber forest products was approximately $3.8 billion . '' </P> <P> The biggest issue thought to be facing deforestation in the United States is illegal logging in forests although facts prove otherwise from habitat and forest cover loss annually to catastrophic fire . More than 83 million acres have been lost to wildfire from 2005 to date ( source : U.S. National Interagency Fire Center , https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_statistics.html ) The United States Forest Service states that illegal logging is the biggest problem with deforestation because it is nearly impossible to monitor and stop . It goes on throughout the U.S. and other countries and often happens when companies disregard their permits and go beyond what they are allowed to harvest . The Forest Service and EPA work together to make sure that the permits for logging companies in the United States are granted in such a way that the forests are kept healthy and sustainable , and illegal logging reduces the chances that forests will be kept this way . </P> <P> The United States Forest Service is in favor of logging to a certain extent but there are several groups that oppose logging in the United States . Groups such as EarthRoots.org state that logging in the United States and specifically in industrial areas has led to deforestation and near extinction of many animals . </P> <H3> Species extinctions in the Eastern forests ( edit ) </H3> <P> Forest cover in the Eastern United States reached its lowest point in roughly 1872 with about 48 percent compared to the amount of forest cover in 1620 . Of the 28 forest bird species with habitat exclusively in that forest , Pimm claims four become extinct either wholly or mostly because of habitat loss , the passenger pigeon , Carolina parakeet , ivory - billed woodpecker , and Bachman 's warbler . </P> <H3> Further reading ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Matera , Chris ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Massachusetts forests at the crossroads '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Forest Watch . </Li> <Li> R.H. Fuller ( 1906 ) . The Struggles of the First State to Preserve its Forests . Appleton 's . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Conservation movement </Li> <Li> Deforestation by region </Li> <Li> Environment of the United States </Li> <Li> Environmental issues in the United States </Li> <Li> Environmental movement in the United States </Li> <Li> United States Forest Service </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Forest Facts , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . United States Forest Service . 2014 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Report on Sustainable Forests -- 2010 '' . United States Forest Service . 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Forest Resources of the United States Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Major Trends , Forest Inventory & Analysis , 2002 '' ( PDF ) . United States Forest Service . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Collapse ' : How Societies choose to Fail or Succeed , The New York Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Forest A History of Resiliency and Recovery United States Forest Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States : 1952 to 1997 , With Projections to 2050 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations ( 2005 ) `` Global Forest Resources Assessment '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture `` Forests on the Edge - Housing Development on America 's Private Forests '' ( 2005 ) http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/fote/reports/fote-6-9-05.pdf Retrieved November 19 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US EPA , `` Forestry Facts and Figures '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pimm , Stuart ( 2002 ) . `` The Dodo became extinct ( and other ecological myths ) '' ( PDF ) . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . Missouri Botanical Garden Press . 89 ( 2 ) : 190 -- 198 . doi : 10.2307 / 3298563 . JSTOR 3298563 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deforestation in the United States . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> United States Forest Service </Li> <Li> Save America 's Forests - environmental lobby group </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Deforestation by country or region </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DR Congo </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazon </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada ( British Columbia ) </Li> <Li> Central America </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Borneo </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia ( Kalimantan ) </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Malaysia ( East Malaysia ) </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Forestry portal </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> WikiProject Forestry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Deforestation in North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Saint Barthélemy </Li> <Li> Saint Martin </Li> <Li> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </Li> <Li> Saba </Li> <Li> Sint Eustatius </Li> <Li> Sint Maarten </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> United States Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Deforestation in the Americas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> North America </Li> <Li> South America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> French Guiana </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Saint Barthélemy </Li> <Li> Saint Martin </Li> <Li> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </Li> <Li> Saba </Li> <Li> Sint Eustatius </Li> <Li> Sint Maarten </Li> <Li> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> US Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_the_United_States&oldid=836443867 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Deforestation by region </Li> <Li> Environmental issues in the United States </Li> <Li> Forestry in the United States </Li> <Li> Illegal logging in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with 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The Divergent Series - Wikipedia <H1> The Divergent Series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the book series on which the film series is based , see Divergent trilogy . For the mathematical use , see Divergent series . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Divergent Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lucy Fisher </Li> <Li> Douglas Wick </Li> <Li> Pouya Shabazian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shailene Woodley </Li> <Li> Theo James </Li> <Li> Zoë Kravitz </Li> <Li> Miles Teller </Li> <Li> Ansel Elgort </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Summit Entertainment Lionsgate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 : March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) </Li> <Li> 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2015 </Li> <Li> 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> 4 : Cancelled </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 379 minutes ( 3 films ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth . Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films , the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society . They have been produced by Lucy Fisher , Pouya Shabazian , and Douglas Wick . </P> <P> The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior ( Tris ) and Tobias Eaton ( Four ) , respectively . The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort , Zoë Kravitz , and Miles Teller . Kate Winslet played the main antagonist in the first two films . The first film in the series was directed by Neil Burger , while the second and third films were directed by Robert Schwentke . </P> <P> The Veronica Roth novels consist primarily of the trilogy ( ' Divergent ' , ' Insurgent ' , ' Allegiant ' ) . Development began in 2011 following Summit 's acquisition of the film rights to the Divergent novel in partnership with production company Red Wagon Entertainment . The studios announced production on the sequel following the first film 's strong performance in Thursday late - night screenings , where it grossed $4.9 million . They acquired film rights to the Allegiant novel in December 2013 , deciding in April 2014 to split the third novel into a two - part film adaptation . </P> <P> The first installment , Divergent ( 2014 ) , grossed over $288 million worldwide , while the second installment , The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) , grossed over $297 million worldwide . Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D . The third installment , The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) , grossed $179 million . Thus , the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide . A fourth film , The Divergent Series : Ascendant was never made , due to Allegiant 's poor showing at the box office . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Development <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Casting the main roles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Production <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Directors </Li> <Li> 2.2 Scripts </Li> <Li> 2.3 Cast </Li> <Li> 2.4 Filming </Li> <Li> 2.5 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Plot <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Divergent ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 3.4 Cancelled film </Li> <Li> 3.5 Ascendant ( TV series ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recurring cast and characters </Li> <Li> 5 Crew </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical and public response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> In March 2011 , Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment , while Lionsgate distributes the franchise . Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23 , 2012 . Evan Daugherty , who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor , said , `` I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four . It 's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris ' character journey . There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry , but it 's important that all of that stuff does n't just feel like it 's thrown in , but that it all helps Tris grow as a character . '' Daugherty further added , `` It 's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas . So , distilling that into a cool , faithful two - hour movie is challenging . Not only do you have to establish five factions , but you have to acknowledge that there 's a sixth entity , which is the divergent , and you also have the factionless . So there 's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen ... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently . '' Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film : `` Reading a script is a really interesting experience . I 'd never read a script before . I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book . '' </P> <P> Initially , the budget of the film was $40 million but later Lionsgate increased it to $80 million ( which finally changed to $85 million ) due to the success of The Hunger Games . Analyst Ben Mogil said , `` Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics ( i.e. production ) and the budget ( at $80 ( million ) ) is more manageable . '' </P> <P> In December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent , the second novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released as The Divergent Series : Insurgent on March 20 , 2015 , as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film . On December 16 , 2013 , it was announced that Neil Burger , director of Divergent , would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film . On February 13 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield 's script . </P> <P> Also in December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant , the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released in March 2016 , serving as the finale of the series , which at the time was planned as a trilogy , but on April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the novel into a two - part film , much the like the Harry Potter , Twilight , and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series . Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that , `` Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in ' Allegiant , ' a rich , action - packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies . The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films , a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we 're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise '' . Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9 , 2014 . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1 . On September 10 , 2015 , it was announced that the two films would be re-titled , with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series : Ascendant . </P> <H3> Casting the main roles ( edit ) </H3> Shailene Woodley ( left ) and Theo James ( right ) at the Divergent LA Premiere on March 18 , 2014 . <P> On October 22 , 2012 , it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior . Lucas Till , Jack Reynor , Jeremy Irvine , Alex Pettyfer , Brenton Thwaites , Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias `` Four '' Eaton . On March 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four . </P> <P> Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast , Roth praised his casting `` I was sure within seconds : this was ' Four ' , no question . Theo is able to capture ' Four 's ' authority and strength , as well as his depth and sensitivity . '' She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene : `` He is a perfect match for Shailene 's incredibly strong presence as Tris . I 'm thrilled ! '' The producers said about his casting : `` We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four , and Theo is definitely the perfect fit . Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we can not wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world . '' </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Filming for the franchise began on April 16 , 2013 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Producers </Th> <Th> Director </Th> <Th> Screenwriters </Th> <Th> Novel by Veronica Roth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Divergent </Td> <Td> Fisher , Lucy Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian </Td> <Td> Burger , Neil Neil Burger </Td> <Td> Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor </Td> <Td> Divergent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Divergent Series : Insurgent </Td> <Td> Schwentke , Robert Robert Schwentke </Td> <Td> Akiva Goldsman Brian Duffield </Td> <Td> Insurgent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Divergent Series : Allegiant </Td> <Td> Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage </Td> <Td> Allegiant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Divergent Series : Ascendant </Td> <Td> Lee Toland Krieger </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lucy Fisher , Douglas Wick , and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series . Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films . Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films . On April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the final book , Allegiant , into two parts , much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 . </P> <H3> Directors ( edit ) </H3> <P> Neil Burger directed the first film , Divergent , and was originally going to direct the sequel , The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return , due to him still working on post-production work for the first film . Speaking on the subject the director stated , `` There was no breathing room . They were like , ' We 're holding to a March 2015 release date , and we have to start no later than May 2014 . ' It was a recipe for failure , at least with me on board . I would n't be able to do either thing right . I reluctantly let it go '' . In February 2014 , it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series : Allegiant . </P> <H3> Scripts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Snow White and the Huntsman screenwriter Evan Daugherty and Hope Springs screenwriter Vanessa Taylor co-wrote the screenplay for Divergent . During the time that Neil Burger was originally going to direct the sequel , Brian Duffield was recruited to write the screenplay for The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but after Burger dropped out of the film and Robert Schwentke took over as director , he brought in Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback to rewrite Duffield 's script . </P> <P> The screenplay for the two - part finale , The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Ascendant , was written by Noah Oppenheim , Adam Cooper , Bill Collage , and Stephen Chbosky . </P> <H3> Cast ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 11 , 2013 , it was announced that the roles of Tori , Christina , and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q , Zoë Kravitz , and Ansel Elgort , respectively . Ray Stevenson , Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15 , 2013 , Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric , respectively . That same day , Miles Teller was cast as Peter . The studio 's announcement included a bit of casting news : Mekhi Phifer will play Dauntless leader Max . Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24 , 2013 . Later it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews . Talking about playing the negative character for the first time , Winslet said , `` I 'm no idiot . The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before , I was almost kind of surprised . '' Since Winslet joined the filming late , she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot . `` I wanted to break it and say , ' It 's OK , I 'm really fun . I promise . ' But I thought , just for today , I 'd let them think that I am a complete bitch . '' On March 25 , 2013 , Ben Lamb was cast as Edward , Ben Lloyd - Hughes as Will , and Christian Madsen as Al . In April 2013 , Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior , Beatrice 's parents . </P> <P> In 2014 , the cast for the second film was announced . On May 12 , 2014 , it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes . Late May 2014 , Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar respectively . Early June 2014 , Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity , and Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang . On June 9 , 2014 , Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn . On June 10 , 2014 , Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah . On June 11 , 2014 , Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector . </P> <P> On April 28 , 2015 , it was reported that Golden Globe nominee Jeff Daniels joined the cast for Allegiant as David , the leader of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare . On May 1 , 2015 , it was announced that Bill Skarsgård had joined the cast as Matthew . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16 , 2013 , and concluded on July 16 , 2013 . Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26 , 2014 , in Los Angeles . </P> <P> Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Insurgent began on May 27 , 2014 , in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded on September 6 , 2014 . Filming took place at United States Penitentiary , Atlanta . A set was constructed for the Amity Compound at Serenbe Community South of Atlanta . In downtown Atlanta , a zip - line scene was filmed for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center . For two days , production was moved to Chicago with scenes being filmed in Wells Street , Franklin Street , and Adams Street . Production was then moved back to Atlanta for reshoots . </P> <P> Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18 , 2015 , with filming concluding on August 23 , 2015 . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Junkie XL scored the first film in the film series , Divergent , while Joseph Trapanese scored the second and third entries , Insurgent and Allegiant . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Divergent ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Divergent ( film ) <P> In a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues , Tris Prior is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group . When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader to destroy all Divergents , Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it 's too late . </P> <H3> The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Divergent Series : Insurgent <P> As they search for allies and answers in the wake of the uprising , Tris and Four are on the run . Hunted by Jeanine Matthews , leader of the Erudite faction , Tris and Four race against time as they try to figure out what Abnegation sacrificed their lives to protect , and why the Erudite leaders will do anything to stop them . Haunted by her past choices but desperate to protect the ones she loves , Tris faces one impossible challenge after another as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world . </P> <H3> The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Divergent Series : Allegiant <P> On December 16 , 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18 , 2016 . On April 11 , 2014 , Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled , The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Part 1 . The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series : Allegiant . </P> <P> Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago . For the first time ever , they will leave the only city and family they have ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city . Once outside , old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths . Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago . In order to survive , Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage , allegiance , sacrifice and love . </P> <H3> Cancelled film ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Third sequel to the film was initially planned , with a March 2017 release , based on the latter half of the Allegiant book . The timing was changed to a June 2017 release , with Lee Toland Krieger then attached as the movie 's director . </P> <H3> Ascendant ( TV Series ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In July 2016 , after the poor performance of the third film at the box office , the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film , which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series , moving beyond the books . </P> <P> In September 2016 , Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized , and that it was `` a limbo waiting game '' . In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format , although noting she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film . In February 2017 , with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project , it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role . </P> <P> In August 2017 , Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series . </P> <H2> Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Divergent characters <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divergent ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) </Th> <Th> The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Shailene Woodley </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tobias `` Four '' Eaton </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Theo James </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christina </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Zoë Kravitz </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Hayes </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Miles Teller </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caleb Prior </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Ansel Elgort </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marcus Eaton </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Ray Stevenson </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tori Wu </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Maggie Q </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jeanine Matthews </Th> <Td colspan="2"> Kate Winslet </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Natalie Prior </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Ashley Judd </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eric Coulter </Th> <Td colspan="2"> Jai Courtney </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Mekhi Phifer </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Will </Th> <Td colspan="2"> Ben Lloyd - Hughes </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Andrew Prior </Th> <Td colspan="2"> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lauren </Th> <Td colspan="2"> Justine Wachsberger </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Evelyn Johnson - Eaton </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Naomi Watts </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Johanna Reyes </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Octavia Spencer </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uriah Pedrad </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Keiynan Lonsdale </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edgar </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Jonny Weston </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> David </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Jeff Daniels </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Matthew </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Bill Skarsgård </Td> <Td colspan="1"> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Al </Th> <Td colspan="1"> Christian Madsen </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Molly </Th> <Td colspan="1"> Amy Newbold </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edward </Th> <Td colspan="1"> Ben Lamb </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jack Kang </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Daniel Dae Kim </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marlene </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Suki Waterhouse </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lynn </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Rosa Salazar </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hector </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Emjay Anthony </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edith Prior </Th> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Janet McTeer </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Crew ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divergent ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) </Th> <Th> The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director </Th> <Td> Neil Burger </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Robert Schwentke </Td> <Td> Lee Toland Krieger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Douglas Wick Lucy Fisher Pouya Shabazian </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor </Td> <Td> Brian Duffield Akiva Goldsman Mark Bomback </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Divergent by Veronica Roth </Td> <Td> Insurgent by Veronica Roth </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Allegiant by Veronica Roth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer </Th> <Td> Junkie XL </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Joseph Trapanese </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematographer </Th> <Td> Alwin H. Küchler </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Florian Ballhaus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Francis - Bruce Nancy Richardson </Td> <Td> Nancy Richardson Stuart Levy </Td> <Td> Stuart Levy </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td> Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment </Td> <Td> Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Mandeville Films </Td> <Td> Red Wagon Entertainment Mandeville Films </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td colspan="2"> Lionsgate </Td> <Td> Summit Entertainment </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 139 minutes </Td> <Td> 119 minutes </Td> <Td> 121 minutes </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> March 21 , 2014 </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2015 </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> Further information on the reception of each film : Divergent ( film ) § Reception , The Divergent Series : Insurgent § Reception , and The Divergent Series : Allegiant § Reception <P> Though the first two films were commercially successful , the series as a whole has not been well received by critics . Each successive film release has been rated lower than the previous release on review aggregator websites . Negative reviews of the third novel Allegiant and the studios ' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film 's lackluster performance at the box office . </P> <H3> Box office performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Budget </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Box office gross </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Box office ranking </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Other territories </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Th> All time North America </Th> <Th> All time worldwide </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Divergent </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> $85 million </Td> <Td> $150,947,895 </Td> <Td> $137,937,923 </Td> <Td> $288,885,818 </Td> <Td> # 283 </Td> <Td> # 375 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Divergent Series : Insurgent </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> $110 million </Td> <Td> $130,179,072 </Td> <Td> $167,097,257 </Td> <Td> $297,276,329 </Td> <Td> # 392 </Td> <Td> # 372 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Divergent Series : Allegiant </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> $110 million </Td> <Td> $66,184,051 </Td> <Td> $113,062,817 </Td> <Td> $179,246,868 </Td> <Td> # 1,088 </Td> <Td> # TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> $305 million </Th> <Th> $347,311,018 </Th> <Th> $418,097,997 </Th> <Th> $765,409,015 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Critical and public response ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Rotten Tomatoes </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> <Th> CinemaScore </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Divergent </Td> <Td> 41 % ( 203 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 48 ( 38 reviews ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Divergent Series : Insurgent </Td> <Td> 28 % ( 184 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 42 ( 40 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Divergent Series : Allegiant </Td> <Td> 12 % ( 171 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 33 ( 33 reviews ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Science fiction portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Summit Entertainment 's Post - ' Twilight ' Plans Are ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Debuts to $4.9 Million , Lionsgate Greenlights ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films , Allegiant ( 2016 ) and Ascendant ( 2017 ) '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Divergent Series : Insurgent ' to Open in 3D ; See the New Motion Posters '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , James ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Neil Burger Wants To Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Movie Scoop : Screenwriter Evan Daugherty Spills on the Adaptation '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' writer Vanessa Taylor joins ' Divergent ' to co-write script '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( May 2013 ) . `` Author Veronica Roth Talks DIVERGENT , the Film 's Casting , How Neil Burger 's Vision Compares to Her Own , the Final Book ALLEGIANT , and More '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Analysts Boost Lionsgate Price Target on ' Ender 's Game ' , ' Divergent ' Prospects '' . reelchicago.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Release Dates for DIVERGENT Threequel ALLEGIANT , Plus GODS OF EGYPT and STEP UP ALL IN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Brian Duffield to Pen DIVERGENT Sequel , INSURGENT '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divergent Sequel Insurgent Adaptation Gets A Writer '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Wo n't Do Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Schwentke To Direct ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Summit announces director for ' Divergent ' sequel '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Threequel ' Allegiant ' Taps ' Maze Runner ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for ' Allegiant Part 1 ′ ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Final Two ' Divergent ' Films Get New Titles , Logos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Talks ' Divergent ' Movie Casting '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Has ' Divergent ' Chemistry With Shailene Woodley ? '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role in ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' has found its ' Four ' ! Theo James talks about starring in the next big YA franchise '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Veronica Roth and Lionsgate Movie Studio Respond to Theo James Casting in The Divergent Movie '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Explains Why He Wo n't Return for the Sequel '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke to Return for ' Allegiant : Part 1 ' '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' movie casts Tori , Caleb , and Christina roles '' . Hypable . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , James ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard 5 ' star Jai Courtney joins Shailene Woodley in ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Follow - up : Miles Teller will play Peter in ' Divergent ' movie '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , James ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet cast in young adult film ' Divergent '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan . `` On set of ' Divergent , ' Kate Winslet is pregnant and mean '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divergent Movie Casts Al , Edward And Will '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' : Ashley Judd cast as Natalie Prior '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn joins ' Divergent ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Octavia Spencer joins Insurgent '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' casts Suki Waterhouse , Jonny Weston ( updated ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' actress Stephanie L. Schlund joins ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naomi Watts Joins ' Insurgent , ' Two ' Allegiant ' Films ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' : Daniel Dae Kim joins cast '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Parenthood ' Actress Rosa Salazar Joins ' Insurgent ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Casts Keiynan Lonsdale As Uriah '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Chef ' Actor Emjay Anthony Joins ' Insurgent ' Cast '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Jeff Daniels Joining ' Divergent ' Series in Key Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Hemlock Groves Bill Skarsgard to join Shailene Woodley in Divergent sequel Allegiant exclusive '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Starts Filming in Atlanta May 27th ! '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Collider . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for a Role on ' The Divergent : Allegiant Part 1 ′ '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` ' Divergent ' Finale ' Allegiant ' Will Be Split Into Two Movies '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters , Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Ascendant Movie ( Pre-Production ) : Dec. 29 , 2016 - added Lionsgate as a distributor '' . Movie Insider . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Offers Confident Outlook for ' Divergent ' TV Spinoff : ' There 's a Tremendous Fandom ' '' . variety . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shailene Woodley on Divergent Finale Ascendant : We 're in `` Limbo '' `` . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Has Officially Exited The ' Divergent ' Franchise '' . Uproxx . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` ' Ascendant ' : TV Series Based On the ' Divergent ' Movie Franchise In Works At Starz From Lionsgate '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divergent at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divergent : Reviews ( 2014 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Scores $56 Million Box - Office Opening , ' A ' CinemaScore -- And a Franchise Is Born ( Video ) '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Reviews ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box Office : YA Sequel ' Insurgent ' Tops Friday With $21.3 Million ; ' The Gunman ' Flops '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Reviews ( 2016 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Lowest Opening In ' Divergent Series ' : Was It Wise To Split The Last Novel Into Two Movies ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Divergent on IMDb </Li> <Li> Divergent at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Divergent at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Divergent at Metacritic </Li> <Li> Divergent at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Divergent series by Veronica Roth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Divergent </Li> <Li> Insurgent </Li> <Li> Allegiant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Divergent </Li> <Li> The Divergent Series : Insurgent </Li> <Li> The Divergent Series : Allegiant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Li> <Li> The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - offs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Four : A Divergent Collection <Ul> <Li> `` Free Four '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The World of Divergent : The Path to Allegiant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Factions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&oldid=837818050 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> Divergent trilogy </Li> <Li> Action films by series </Li> <Li> Adventure films by series </Li> <Li> Science fiction films by series </Li> <Li> IMAX films </Li> <Li> Lions Gate Entertainment films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 06 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when is the fourth movie of the divergent series coming out

Republic of Doyle - wikipedia <H1> Republic of Doyle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Republic of Doyle </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Comedy - drama Police procedural </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Allan Hawco Malcolm MacRury Perry Chafe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Allan Hawco Seán McGinley Lynda Boyd Krystin Pellerin Mark O'Brien Marthe Bernard Bob Cole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Oh Yeah '' by Great Big Sea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 77 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Allan Hawco , John Vatcher , Michael Levine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Malcolm Cross </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 44 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Take the Shot Productions Fireworks ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Content Film ( season 3 - 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Trifecta Entertainment & Media ( United States ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBC Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 6 , 2010 -- December 10 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Republic of Doyle is a Canadian comedy - drama television series set in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador which aired on CBC Television from January 6 , 2010 to December 10 , 2014 . </P> <P> The show stars Allan Hawco as private investigator and former police officer Jake Doyle and Seán McGinley as his father , retired police officer Malachy Doyle . They partner as private investigators with Rose Doyle , Malachy 's second wife , played by Lynda Boyd , in St. John 's . Krystin Pellerin stars as Constable / Sergeant Leslie Bennett , with Mark O'Brien as Desmond `` Des '' Courtney , who works with the Doyles , and Marthe Bernard as Katrina `` Tinny '' Doyle , Jake 's niece and Malachy 's granddaughter . Their cases involve them in all sorts of dealings -- not all of them on the right side of the law . </P> <P> The show was renewed on April 4 , 2014 , for a sixth and final season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Season synopses <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Season One </Li> <Li> 4.2 Season Two </Li> <Li> 4.3 Season Three </Li> <Li> 4.4 Season Four </Li> <Li> 4.5 Season Five </Li> <Li> 4.6 Season Six </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Episodes </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Awards and nominations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Canadian Cinema Editors Awards </Li> <Li> 7.2 Canadian Comedy Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3 Canadian Screen Awards </Li> <Li> 7.4 Gemini Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 DVD releases </Li> <Li> 9 International broadcasters </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Allan Hawco -- Jake Doyle ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Seán McGinley -- Malachy Doyle ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Lynda Boyd -- Rose Miller ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Krystin Pellerin -- Leslie Bennett ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Rachel Wilson -- Dr. Nikki Renholds ( Main , Season 1 ; Recurring , Seasons 2 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Mark O'Brien -- Desmond `` Des '' Courtney ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Marthe Bernard -- Katrina `` Tinny '' Doyle ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Cole -- Voice of the Republic ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Steve O'Connell -- Sergeant Daniel Hood ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Sean Panting -- Walter McLean ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Michelle Nolden -- Allison Jenkins ( Seasons 2 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jonathan Goad -- Christian Doyle ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Krista Bridges - Kathleen Doyle ( Seasons 3 - 6 ) </Li> <Li> Lola Tash -- Sloan Daniels ( appears in 12 episodes from Seasons 5 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Rick Roberts -- Mayor William Cadigan Clarke ( Seasons 2 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jonathan Keltz -- Grayson Mann ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Patricia Isaac -- Monica Hayward ( Season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Nicholas Campbell -- Martin Poole ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Paul Gross -- Kevin Crocker ( Seasons 2 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Gordon Pinsent -- Maurice Becker ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li> Victor Garber -- Garrison Steele ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Alan Doyle -- Wolf Redmond ( Seasons 2 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Grimes -- Jimmy O'Rourke ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jake Doyle -- Jake is a 30 - year - old man living with his father Malachy because his ex-wife Nikki kicked him out . A former cop , he works as a private investigator with his father , Mal , and his father 's wife , Rose . He is over-protective of his 16 - year - old niece , Tinny . He is the second son and youngest child of Mal Doyle and his late wife Emily Ann . He drives a 1968 Pontiac GTO and wears a black leather jacket , both of which figure prominently and iconically throughout the series . After years of pursuit , in Season Four he and Leslie Bennett become a couple . He also discovers in Season Five that he has a sixteen - year - old daughter , Sloan . Near the end of the series Sloan reveals to Jake that it was all a scam and she forged the DNA test and is n't actually Jake 's daughter . In the series finale Leslie reveals to Jake that she is pregnant and after being shot by Inspector Pickard and she is in the hospital it is revealed to Jake that she is going to have twins . </Li> <Li> Leslie Bennett -- Leslie is an Inspector in the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary who is friends / lovers with Jake and gives him information to help with his cases . Leslie is Jake 's source of distraction from his cases and personal life . She is a sharp shooter , very intelligent and a great match for Jake . She and Jake have real feelings for each other , but seem to show them the wrong way , making their relationship complicated but very interesting . From season four onwards their relationship has been growing stronger , until a secret from her past resurfaces . She is the mother of two with another baby on the way . </Li> <Li> Malachy Doyle -- Malachy , known as Mal or Skipper and Poppy , is a private investigator with his son , Jake in their business `` Doyle and Doyle . '' He is 56 and has 3 `` grown '' children : Christian , Kathleen and Jake . He also has a granddaughter named Tinny , who is living with him while her mother ( Kathleen Doyle ) is away working in Alberta . His wife Rose lives with him , his granddaughter , and his youngest son Jake . He pokes fun at Jake 's somewhat ' unsuccessful ' relationships with women . He has since discovered he has a second granddaughter . </Li> <Li> Rose Miller -- Rose is Mal 's wife , stepmother to Jake , Christian , and Kathleen , and step - grandmother to Tinny and Sloan . She works as the office manager / secretary for Doyle and Doyle . She seems to have a love / hate relationship with her husband 's granddaughter Tinny and his son Jake , which has evolved over the series into motherly affection . Rose 's criminal ex-husband , Martin Poole , keeps turning up . </Li> <Li> Nikki Renholds -- Nikki is Jake 's ex-wife . Nikki was a physician at a St. John 's hospital . Nikki helped out with different cases in the first few episodes . She has since remarried , moved away , and has a son . </Li> <Li> Katrina ' Tinny ' Doyle - Courtney -- Tinny is the daughter of Kathleen Doyle . She lives with her grandfather , Mal or Poppy as she calls him , Uncle Jake and grandfather 's wife , Rose . She is 16 and ca n't stand her grandfather and uncle 's over-protective nature . She has a love / hate relationship with her grandfather 's girlfriend , Rose and one of the employees and main characters , Des Courtney . Tinny has since become a Constable with the Constabulary , and has begun dating Des . She is now Katrina ' Tinny ' Doyle - Courtney after marrying Des . </Li> <Li> Des Courtney -- Des is the fashion - challenged and delinquent graffiti artist who tags the town and Jake 's beloved Pontiac GTO until Jake brings him to heel -- and into the employ of Doyle and Doyle Investigations . He is 19 and has a crush on Tinny , leading Jake to dislike him . His real name is Pierce Redmond , and he is the son of the infamous , yet equally as dopey , Jody Redmond . Not wanting to be associated with his father , Des conceals his identity . He has grown from a delinquent to a valued member of Doyle & Doyle , specializing in the technological side of investigations . After a failed relationship with a medical student and surviving getting shot , he has begun dating Tinny . He is now married to Tinny Doyle - Courtney . </Li> <Li> Walter McLean -- Walter has been Jake 's best friend since kindergarten and his wing - man that used to be right behind Jake in a fight . Walter was Jake 's lawyer in his divorce from his wife Nikki . Walter appears only sporadically . In season three he becomes romantically involved with Tinny 's mother Kathleen . The status of their relationship is unknown , but presumed to be over . </Li> <Li> Allison Jenkins ( season 2 , guest starring in season 4 ) -- Allison is the crown attorney and has all the things that turn Jake 's head . What was once strictly professional turned into a romantic relationship , which ended when she realized Jake 's feelings for Leslie were stronger than his feelings for her . She appeared briefly in season four . </Li> <Li> Sloan Daniels ( season 5 - season 6 ) - Initially believed to be Jake 's sixteen - year - old daughter that he had with high school flame Ellen Daniels , Sloan spent her time in group homes before meeting the Doyles . In `` Whistleblower '' her half - sister arrives and reveals to the Doyles that she is not Jake 's daughter after all and was simply conning them . She is responsible for bankrupting the Doyles , and eventually attempts to turn herself in to the police to make things right before Jake stops her . She leaves to go to Gander to live with her aunt . </Li> <Li> Kevin Crocker ( guest starring in seasons 2 , 4 and 5 ) - Jake 's former partner on the force , and Tinny 's biological father . Crocker was dismissed from the force for the presumed murder of a call girl , and has been on the run ever since . In Season Four he discovers that he is Tinny 's father , much to Jake 's initial dismay . The character name is evocative of the character name , Bobby Crocker , and the actor who played him , Kevin Dobson , in the classic television series Kojak ( 1973 -- 78 ) , starring Telly Savalas . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show is filmed in and around St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador . The show 's star , Allan Hawco , is also executive producer / showrunner / co-creator and head writer of the show . </P> <P> Other producers include John Vatcher ( exec producer ) , Rob Blackie , Perry Chafe ( co-creator and writer ) and Michael Levine . </P> <P> In 2013 , Republic of Doyle aired a fictional crossover with another CBC Television crime drama , Murdoch Mysteries . With the two shows set over 100 years apart , Hawco appeared on the November 25 , 2013 episode of Murdoch Mysteries as Jacob Doyle , a 19th - century ancestor of Jake Doyle , while Yannick Bisson appeared on the January 29 , 2014 episode of Republic of Doyle as Detective Bill Murdoch , a 21st - century descendant of his regular character Detective William Murdoch . </P> <H2> Season synopses ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season one ( edit ) </H3> <P> Premiering on January 6 , 2010 , the show introduces Allan Hawco as Jake Doyle and Sean McGinley as Mal Doyle as a father and son pair of private investigators . The debut show also reveals relationship complications with Jake and his ex-wife Nikki and his new infatuation : Leslie , the Inspector who works at the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary . While Jake tries to improve his relationship with Leslie , he discovers he may have impregnated his ex-wife , but soon discovers the positive pregnancy test he found in her garbage can did not belong to her . After he realizes he is free from the burden of having to deal with child - support , his relationship with Leslie develops as Nikki 's relationship with her new boyfriend grows . However , Leslie soon begins to decide whether her relationship with Jake will prove beneficial in the future . As Jake finalizes his divorce with Nikki , his relationship status with Leslie improves to good friends . Yet Leslie 's focus quickly shifts to her new title as Sergeant after being promoted to the position . Jake realizes he has other problems too ; his mischievous older brother , Christian makes an unexpected visit to his house , greeting him in the kitchen . After Christian offends Jake , their relationship swiftly intensifies . The last episode of the season shows the characters ' struggle to keep their republic strong as their relationships fall apart . </P> <H3> Season two ( edit ) </H3> <P> Season Two begins with Rose , Mal 's partner , dealing with the consequences of his recent heart attack . Meanwhile , Jake and Leslie take initiatives to move past the hiccups in their relationship and move on from one another . Tinny , Jake 's niece , embarks on an investment in order to raise personal funds , meanwhile , Mal discovers a secret that Rose has kept from him ; her mother stole her engagement ring . Jake learns what Leslie sees their relationship as . As the season progresses , so does Tinny 's income business along with the amount of friends she makes . Jake as well as the viewers are introduced to Allison , the crown attorney . Meanwhile , Mal and Rose experience issues in their marriage but are quickly able to recover and move forward . As Mal 's relationship with Rose strengthens , so does Jake 's relationship with Allison when they move past the boundaries of friendship . Des , an admirer of Tinny yet an enemy of Jake , exploits Tinny 's business yet saves it in the process . Adding to the drama , Jake finds himself bailing his delinquent brother out of jail and finds himself dealing with issues concerning money . Like all his previous relationships , Jake ill - manages to maintain his relationship with Allison . When Jake receives a new job offer , his relationship with Allison struggles even further . Meanwhile , the relationship of Des and Tinny becomes more intimate . After further complications with Allison , Jake decides to break up with Allison . </P> <H3> Season three ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the opening episode of Season Three , the viewers are informed that Tinny travels to London . However , it is revealed by Des that her trip did not go smoothly but Des promises to keep the hiccup a secret . Jake finds himself interacting with Nikki again by doing a favor of which he is not fond . Jake struggles to avoid Nikki and win back the unimpressed Allison . Rose gets in trouble with the police for carrying a gun . Tinny is bothered by the quickly growing relationship between Des and Chandra , a university student of medicine . Kathleen , a newly introduced character that serves as Jake 's sister , is helped with her mothering issues by Rose . The two begin to progress in their friendship . Des finds himself in a precarious position -- choosing between Tinny and Chandra . He decides to break up with Chandra and pursue a romance with Tinny . Kathleen faces parenting issues at home . Des attempts to impress Jake by helping him in an investigation using his various connections , while Allison jeopardizes the safety of the Doyle household with a mistake from her past . Mal becomes tied up in complications with his former wife while Tinny obsesses over her death and Kathleen experiences troubles in their relations as a result of a poor decision in Kathleen 's history . George , an unappreciated individual in the Republic , bothers Kathleen by scamming her , but Jake comes to the rescue and saves her from his tricks . The season ends with Tinny discovering the identity of her father , which is not revealed to the viewers . </P> <H3> Season four ( edit ) </H3> <P> The season kicks off with relatives from Ireland paying the Doyles a visit a bringing some drama along with them . As in the previous season , Tinny still tries to unravel hidden secrets about her dad and succeeds in doing so ; she discovers her mother , Kathleen conceived her with a current prisoner , Kevin Crocker . Tinny attempts to associate with Crocker by revealing her true identity as his daughter . Jake tries to redefine his relationship with Leslie by reintroducing her into his world , and by doing so , he is able to once again gain her trust , as well as her affection . However ; disaster strikes and Jake searches for the missing Leslie , who disappeared as a result of working a precarious case . Jake soon comes to the rescue , and saves Leslie from her kidnapper . Soon after the major incident , Leslie is hit by personal issues regarding family : her father dies . Meanwhile , Tinny 's relations with Crocker grow and Jake is troubled by the fact that Tinny is spending so much time with the con . Jake takes another hit after being kidnapped as his kidnapper nearly takes his life by burning him to death . After being hit by a car in a parking garage , the medication used to mend Jake 's injuries from the incident , gives him some peculiar dreams . The season comes to an end with Crocker and Jake being forced to collaborate in order to save the kidnapped Tinny . </P> <H3> Season Five ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the wild adventure Jake took in the previous season by saving Tinny , his rescue mission leads to his kidnapping . The Doyles have been anxiously searching for him for the past two months and Tinny risks her career as a police officer and becomes unprofessional by involving her personal life in her police work and helping Jake . As a result , Tinny gets suspended . Meanwhile , Des overcomes his sorrow over losing Tinny . Jake experiences more complications in returning to St. John 's , but eventually makes it home safe with the help of his niece . Jake and Leslie 's relationship heats up with Jake nearly impregnating her . When Leslie is being followed and nearly gets shot , Jake is extremely worried for her safety but soon finds out her pursuer is actually her long - lost husband . Jake and Leslie try but fail to smooth their relationship with the shocking news . Leslie and Jake are finally forced to define their relationship and decide not to see each other due to the recent complications , even after Jake confesses his love . After Des hooks up with a troubled young woman , Sloan , he must avoid Tinny . Jake finds it hard to avoid Leslie when he gets tied up in her ex-husband's business . Meanwhile , Tinny gets the chance of her career on a big case . To make matters worse for Jake , Nikki pays him a visit . The season ends with Jake being tried and arrested for murder but is then kidnapped by one of Leslie 's pursuers ; the kidnapper forces Jake to make several unwarranted missions . </P> <H3> Season six ( edit ) </H3> <P> After being accused of murder , Jake must confront his enemies as he comes to terms with what happened to Leslie and try to clear his own name in the process . Leslie goes back to work a couple episodes in , but with conditions , and she must meet with the force therapist . Sloan gets into trouble and Jake must bail her out by making a deal with Vick Saul . Even though she was not cleared by her therapist after having a panic attack on duty , Leslie lends a hand to the Doyle clan to try and clear Jake 's name before it is too late . When Leslie 's past disobedience on the force comes to light , she must work harder than ever to save her job . Jake 's murder conviction comes front and center as the season comes to a final close with all the Doyle family trying to clear his name . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Republic of Doyle episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( ET ) </Th> <Th> # Ep . </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Premiered </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Ended </Th> <Th> TV season </Th> <Th> Viewers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Premiere viewers </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Finale viewers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00pm </Td> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> January 6 , 2010 </Td> <Th> 969,000 </Th> <Td> April 7 , 2010 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> January 12 , 2011 </Td> <Th> 1,038,000 </Th> <Td> April 6 , 2011 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> January 11 , 2012 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Td> April 4 , 2012 </Td> <Th> 968,000 </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sunday 9 : 00pm </Td> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> January 6 , 2013 </Td> <Th> 802,000 </Th> <Td> April 21 , 2013 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Th> ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00pm </Td> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> October 2 , 2013 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Td> February 5 , 2014 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Th> ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> October 15 , 2014 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Td> December 10 , 2014 </Td> <Th> ? </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> ? </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Canadian Cinema Editors Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Best Editing in Long Form Television Series </Td> <Td> Michael Pacek </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Canadian Comedy Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Best Performance by a Male in a Television Series </Td> <Td> Mark O'Brien </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Best Performance by a Male in a Television Series </Td> <Td> Mark O'Brien </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Canadian Screen Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a Guest Role , Dramatic Series </Td> <Td> Gordon Pinsent </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Best Cross-Platform Project , Fiction - The Republic of Doyle Ride - Along App </Td> <Td> Allen Martin , Eva Riinitze , Fergus Heywood , Helen Asimakis , John Vatcher , Mike Evans , Rose Paton </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Gemini Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Best Dramatic Series </Td> <Td> Allan Hawco , John Vatcher , Rob Blackie , Michael Levine </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role </Td> <Td> Allan Hawco </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role </Td> <Td> Lynda Boyd </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series </Td> <Td> Rachel Wilson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Photography in a Dramatic Program or Series </Td> <Td> Michael Storey </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role </Td> <Td> Krystin Pellerin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Production Design or Art Direction in a Fiction Program or Series </Td> <Td> Gordon Barnes </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Sound in a Dramatic Series </Td> <Td> Scott Yates , Peter Clements , Harvey Hyslop , Andrew Tay , Paul Steffler , Mark Shnuriwsky , Lori Clarke </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DVD releases ( edit ) </H2> <P> Entertainment One has released all six seasons on DVD in Canada . </P> <P> On September 6 , 2016 , eOne will release Republic of Doyle - The Complete Series on DVD in Canada . </P> <P> Acorn Media has released the first two seasons on DVD in the USA . </P> <P> In Region 4 , Beyond Home Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DVD name </Th> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Release dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region 1 ( CAN ) </Th> <Th> Region 4 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete First Season </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Second Season </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2011 </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Third Season </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2012 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Fourth Season </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2013 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Fifth Season </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2014 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Sixth Season </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2015 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Complete Series </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International broadcasters ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Channel </Th> <Th> Premiere date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Fox Entertainment </Td> <Td> 1 August 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Alibi </Td> <Td> 27 October 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> ABC2 ( season one ) 13th Street ( season two -- ) </Td> <Td> 6 November 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Globosat HD </Td> <Td> 11 November 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Fox Crime </Td> <Td> 11 September 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Fox Crime </Td> <Td> 14 October 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Fox Crime </Td> <Td> 4 December 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> TVP2 </Td> <Td> 25 December 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 13th Street </Td> <Td> 16 October 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> CW </Td> <Td> Every Saturday and Sunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 13th Street </Td> <Td> Until Friday 13 March 2015 , daily Monday - Friday </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Republic of Doyle is aired in the USA on various stations via syndication . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBC winter season brings 3 new shows '' . cbc.ca , November 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full Cast & Crew . '' IMDb . IMDb.com , n.d. Web . 17 Feb. 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle renewed for 6th season '' . CBC News . 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laura Kane ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) . `` ' Republic of Doyle ' star Allan Hawco and cast on the final season '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allan Hawco ( @ allanhawco ) ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` '' Last time on Republic of Doyle '' - that 's Bob 's voice . RT @ thefutureyousee : @ allanhawco you should get Bob Cole to guest on RoD '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle : A rogue P.I. with Newfie smarts '' . Toronto Star , January 6 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBC renews 14 shows for coming season '' . CBC News . April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating the Can - combo of Republic of Doyle and Murdoch Mysteries '' Archived 2013 - 12 - 12 at Archive.is . National Post , November 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` List of Republic of Doyle Episodes . '' Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation , 13 Feb. 2014 . Web . 17 Feb. 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` List of Republic of Doyle episodes '' Wikipedia , Wikimedia Foundation Sunday June 21 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle episode list '' IMDB Sunday June 21 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wild , Diane ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ratings : Republic of Doyle , 18 to Life , Dragons ' Den , Heartland '' . TV Eh ? . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Doyle & Dragons roar back on CBC '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang beats Globes ; new CBC season soars '' . The Brioux Report . Torstar . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang 's Easter Miracle '' . The Brioux Report . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tvfeedsmyfamily.blogspot.ca/2013/01/murdoch-mysteries-lifts-cbcs-premiere.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eng , David . `` 1st Annual Canadian Cinema Editors ( CCE ) Awards - nominations '' . chinokino.com . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian Comedy Awards nominations '' . Third Beat. 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees announced '' . www.thecomedynetwork.ca . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` awards database '' . academy.ca . Archived from the original on 26 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle DVD news : Announcement for Republic of Doyle -- Season 1 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle DVD news : Announcement for Republic of Doyle -- Season 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle DVD news : Announcement for Republic of Doyle - Season 3 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle : The Complete Fourth Season : Amazon.ca : Allan Hawco : DVD '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Season 5 ' DVDs Are Coming Soon to Canada '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2014 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's the End of the Republic with ' Season 6 : The Final Season ' '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2015 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Front Cover Art for ' The Complete Series ' 19 - DVD Set '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2016 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Acorn to Deliver a State - Side Release of Season 1 DVDs '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2014 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle , Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC OF DOYLE - SEASON 1 Television Series Drama Comedy '' . Beyondhomeentertainment.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC OF DOYLE - SEASON 2 Television Series Drama Comedy '' . Beyondhomeentertainment.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle '' . TVSA. 2010 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UKTV enters Republic of Doyle '' ( Press release ) . C21 Media . 2010 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABC2 Programming Airdate : Republic of Doyle ( episode one ) '' . ABC Television Publicity. 2010 - 11 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newsome , Brad ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Republic of Doyle , Friday , January 6 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel MacEachern ( 2013 - 04 - 17 ) . `` ' Republic of Doyle ' headed for U.S. '' The Telegram . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Television in Canada portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Republic of Doyle on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Doyle&oldid=837889899 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2010 Canadian television series debuts </Li> <Li> CBC Television shows </Li> <Li> Culture of St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador </Li> <Li> Irish - Canadian culture </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Newfoundland and Labrador </Li> <Li> Television series produced in Newfoundland and Labrador </Li> <Li> 2014 Canadian television series endings </Li> <Li> 2010s Canadian comedy - drama television series </Li> <Li> Television series by Entertainment One </Li> <Li> Fictional Canadian people of Irish descent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template archiveis links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 17 : 01 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

where is republic of doyle supposed to take place

Sentencing Reform Act - Wikipedia <H1> Sentencing Reform Act </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Sentencing Reform Act , part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 , was a U.S. federal statute intended to increase consistency in United States federal sentencing . It established the United States Sentencing Commission . It also abolished federal parole , except for persons convicted under federal law before November 1 , 1987 , persons convicted under District of Columbia law , `` transfer treaty '' inmates , persons who violated military law who are in federal civilian prisons , and persons who are defendants in state cases and who are under the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program . </P> <P> The act was passed by large majorities in both houses of Congress . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the United States Sentencing Commission '' ( PDF ) . United States Sentencing Commission . United States Sentencing Commission . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barry L. Johnson . `` Sentencing Reform Act ( 1984 ) '' . eNotes . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LACK OF PAROLE FOR FEDERAL PRISONERS '' ( Archive ) . Families Against Mandatory Minimums . p. 2 / 4 . Retrieved on December 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stith , Kate ; Koh , Steve Y. ( 1993 ) . `` The Politics of Sentencing Reform : The Legislative History of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines '' . Faculty Scholarship Series . Yale Law School . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This United States federal legislation article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentencing_Reform_Act&oldid=813388767 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States federal criminal legislation </Li> <Li> Penal system in the United States </Li> <Li> United States sentencing law </Li> <Li> 1984 in law </Li> <Li> 1984 in the United States </Li> <Li> United States federal legislation stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2011 </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 12 : 21 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

what is the sentencing reform act of 1984

Haber process - wikipedia <H1> Haber process </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Fritz Haber , 1918 <P> The Haber process , also called the Haber -- Bosch process , is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today . It is named after its inventors , the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch , who developed it in the first half of the 20th century . The process converts atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) to ammonia ( NH ) by a reaction with hydrogen ( H ) using a metal catalyst under high temperatures and pressures : </P> <Dl> <Dd> N + 3 H → 2 NH ( ΔH ° = − 91.8 kJ ) = > ( ΔH ° = − 45.8 kJ mol ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Before the development of the Haber process , ammonia had been difficult to produce on an industrial scale with early methods such as the Birkeland -- Eyde process and Frank -- Caro process all being highly inefficient . </P> <P> Although the Haber process is mainly used to produce fertilizer today , during World War I it provided Germany with a source of ammonia for the production of explosives , compensating for the Allied trade blockade on Chilean saltpeter . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Process <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Sources of hydrogen </Li> <Li> 2.2 Reaction rate and equilibrium </Li> <Li> 2.3 Catalysts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Economic and environmental aspects </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the Haber process <P> Throughout the 19th century the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing . The main source was mining niter deposits . At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demand and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important . The obvious source was atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) , comprising nearly 80 % of the air , however N is exceptionally stable and will not readily react with other chemicals . Converting N into ammonia posed a challenge for chemists globally . </P> <P> Haber , with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol , developed the high - pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the Haber process at laboratory scale . They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air , drop by drop , at the rate of about 125 ml ( 4 US fl oz ) per hour . The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF , which assigned Carl Bosch the task of scaling up Haber 's tabletop machine to industrial - level production . He succeeded in 1910 . Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel prizes , in 1918 and 1931 respectively , for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems of large - scale , continuous - flow , high - pressure technology . </P> <P> Ammonia was first manufactured using the Haber process on an industrial scale in 1913 in BASF 's Oppau plant in Germany , reaching 20 tonnes per day the following year . During World War I , the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate . The Allies had access to large sodium nitrate deposits in Chile ( Chile saltpetre ) controlled by British companies . Germany had no such resources , so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort . Synthetic ammonia from the Haber process was used for the production of nitric acid , a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives . </P> <H2> Process ( edit ) </H2> A historical ( 1921 ) high - pressure steel reactor for production of ammonia via the Haber process is displayed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Germany . scheme of ammoniac reactor <P> This conversion is typically conducted at 15 -- 25 MPa ( 150 -- 250 atm ; 2,200 -- 3,600 psi ) and between 400 -- 500 ° C ( 752 -- 932 ° F ) , as the gases ( nitrogen and hydrogen ) are passed over four beds of catalyst , with cooling between each pass so as to maintain a reasonable equilibrium constant . On each pass only about 15 % conversion occurs , but any unreacted gases are recycled , and eventually an overall conversion of 97 % is achieved . </P> <P> The steam reforming , shift conversion , carbon dioxide removal , and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about 2.5 -- 3.5 MPa ( 25 -- 35 bar ; 360 -- 510 psi ) , and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from 6 -- 18 MPa ( 60 -- 180 bar ; 870 -- 2,610 psi ) , depending upon which proprietary process is used . </P> <H3> Sources of hydrogen ( edit ) </H3> <P> The major source of hydrogen is methane from natural gas . The conversion , steam reforming , is conducted with steam in a high temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst , separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas . </P> <H3> Reaction rate and equilibrium ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nitrogen ( N ) is very unreactive because the molecules are held together by strong triple bonds . The Haber process relies on catalysts that accelerate the scission of this triple bond . </P> <P> Two opposing considerations are relevant to this synthesis : the position of the equilibrium and the rate of reaction . At room temperature , the equilibrium is strongly in favor of ammonia , but the reaction does n't proceed at a detectable rate . The obvious solution is to raise the temperature , but because the reaction is exothermic , the equilibrium constant ( using bar or atm units ) becomes 1 around 150 -- 200 ° C ( 302 -- 392 ° F ) . ( See Le Châtelier 's principle . ) </P> <Table> K ( T ) for N 2 + 3 H 2 ⇌ 2 NH <Tr> <Th> Temperature ( ° C ) </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> 4.34 × 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> 1.64 × 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 450 </Td> <Td> 4.51 × 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> 1.45 × 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 550 </Td> <Td> 5.38 × 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 2.25 × 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Above this temperature , the equilibrium quickly becomes quite unfavorable at atmospheric pressure , according to the Van ' t Hoff equation . Thus one might suppose that a low temperature is to be used and some other means to increase rate . However , the catalyst itself requires a temperature of at least 400 ° C to be efficient . </P> <P> Pressure is the obvious choice to favor the forward reaction because there are 4 moles of reactant for every 2 moles of product ( see entropy ) , and the pressure used ( 15 -- 25 MPa ( 150 -- 250 bar ; 2,200 -- 3,600 psi ) ) alters the equilibrium concentrations to give a profitable yield . </P> <P> Economically , pressure is an expensive commodity . Pipes , valves , and reaction vessels need to be strengthened , and there are safety considerations of working at 20 MPa . In addition , running pumps and compressors takes considerable energy . Thus the compromise used gives a single pass yield of around 15 % . </P> <P> Another way to increase the yield of the reaction would be to remove the product ( i.e. ammonia gas ) from the system . In practice , gaseous ammonia is not removed from the reactor itself , since the temperature is too high ; it is removed from the equilibrium mixture of gases leaving the reaction vessel . The hot gases are cooled enough , whilst maintaining a high pressure , for the ammonia to condense and be removed as liquid . Unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen gases are then returned to the reaction vessel to undergo further reaction . </P> <H3> Catalysts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The most popular catalysts are based on iron promoted with K O , CaO , SiO , and Al O . The original Haber -- Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst , but it was available in extremely small quantities . Haber noted uranium was almost as effective and easier to obtain than osmium . Under Bosch 's direction in 1909 , the BASF researcher Alwin Mittasch discovered a much less expensive iron - based catalyst , which is still used today . Some ammonia production utilizes ruthenium - based catalysts ( the KAAP process ) . Ruthenium forms more active catalysts that allows milder operating pressures . Such catalysts are prepared by decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite . </P> <P> In industrial practice , the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder , which is usually obtained by reduction of high purity magnetite ( Fe O ) . The pulverized iron metal is burnt ( oxidized ) to give magnetite of a defined particle size . The magnetite particles are then partially reduced , removing some of the oxygen in the process . The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite , encased in a shell of wüstite ( FeO ) , which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of iron metal . The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction , resulting in a highly porous high surface area material , which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst . Other minor components of the catalyst include calcium and aluminium oxides , which support the iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area . These oxides of Ca , Al , K , and Si are unreactive to reduction by the hydrogen . </P> energy diagram <P> The reaction mechanism , involving the heterogeneous catalyst , is believed to involve the following steps : </P> <Ol> <Li> N ( g ) → N ( adsorbed ) </Li> <Li> N ( adsorbed ) → 2 N ( adsorbed ) </Li> <Li> H ( g ) → H ( adsorbed ) </Li> <Li> H ( adsorbed ) → 2 H ( adsorbed ) </Li> <Li> N ( adsorbed ) + 3 H ( adsorbed ) → NH ( adsorbed ) </Li> <Li> NH ( adsorbed ) → NH ( g ) </Li> </Ol> <P> Reaction 5 occurs in three steps , forming NH , NH , and then NH . Experimental evidence points to reaction 2 as being the slow , rate - determining step . This is not unexpected since the bond broken , the nitrogen triple bond , is the strongest of the bonds that must be broken . </P> <P> A major contributor to the elucidation of this mechanism is Gerhard Ertl . </P> <H2> Economic and environmental aspects ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Ammonia production § Sustainable ammonia production Industrial fertilizer plant <P> When it was first invented , the Haber process needed to compete against another industrial process , the Cyanamide process . However , the Cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor - intensive than the Haber process . </P> <P> The Haber process now produces 450 million tonnes of nitrogen fertilizer per year , mostly in the form of anhydrous ammonia , ammonium nitrate , and urea . Three to five percent of the world 's natural gas production is consumed in the Haber process ( around 1 -- 2 % of the world 's annual energy supply ) . In combination with pesticides , these fertilizers have quadrupled the productivity of agricultural land : </P> <P> With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice - free continents , rather than under 15 % of the total land area that is required today . </P> <P> Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food , the Haber process served as the `` detonator of the population explosion '' , enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to today 's 7 billion . Nearly 80 % of the nitrogen found in human tissues originated from the Haber - Bosch process . Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50 % , farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ammonia </Li> <Li> Ammonia production </Li> <Li> Hydrogen production </Li> <Li> Industrial gas </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Appl , Max ( 2005 ) , `` Ammonia '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT . ISBN 9780262693134 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hager , Thomas ( 2008 ) . The Alchemy of Air : A Jewish genius , a doomed tycoon , and the scientific discovery that fed the world but fueled the rise of Hitler ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35178 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sittig , Marshall ( 1979 ) . Fertilizer Industry : Processes , Pollution Control , and Energy Conservation . Park Ridge , NJ : Noyes Data Corp . ISBN 0 - 8155 - 0734 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Laylin K. ( 1993 ) . Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901 -- 1992 ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Chemical Society . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 8412 - 2690 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haber , Fritz ( 2012 ) . Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen ( in German ) ( 1st ed . ) . Paderborn : Salzwasser Verlag . ISBN 9783864448423 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robert Le Rossignol , 1884 -- 1976 : Professional Chemist '' ( PDF ) , ChemUCL Newsletter , UCL Department of Chemistry : 8 , 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patent US 990191 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hager , T. ( 2008 ). he Alchemy of Air . New York , NY : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35178 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip & Phyllis Morris , `` From Fertile Minds '' ( review ) American Scientist , 2001 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nobel Award to Haber '' . New York Times . 3 February 1920 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Theodore L. ; LeMay , H. Eugene , Jr ; Bursten , Bruce E ( 2006 ) . `` Table 15.2 '' . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 10th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 13 - 109686 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wennerström , Håkan ; Lidin , Sven . `` Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces '' ( PDF ) . NobelPrize.org . Swedish Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bozso , F. ; Ertl , G. ; Grunze , M. ; Weiss , M. ( 1977 ) . `` Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces : I. Fe ( 100 ) and Fe ( 111 ) '' . J. Catal. 49 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / 0021 - 9517 ( 77 ) 90237 - 8 ... Imbihl , R. ; Behm , R.J. ; Ertl , G. ; Moritz , W. ( 1982 ) . `` The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe ( 100 ) '' . Surf. Sci. 123 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 140 . Bibcode : 1982SurSc. 123 ... 129I . doi : 10.1016 / 0039 - 6028 ( 82 ) 90135 - 2 ... Ertl , G. ; Lee , S.B. ; Weiss , M. ( 1982 ) . `` Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe ( 111 ) '' . Surf. Sci. 114 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 515 -- 526 . Bibcode : 1982SurSc. 114 ... 515E . doi : 10.1016 / 0039 - 6028 ( 82 ) 90702 - 6 ... Ertl , G. ( 1983 ) . `` Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia '' . J. Vac . Sci. Tech . A. 1 ( 2 ) : 1247 -- 1253 . doi : 10.1116 / 1.572299 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262693134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` International Energy Outlook 2007 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fertilizer statistics . `` ? '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Barry E. ( September 2002 ) . `` Structure . Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets '' . Science . 297 ( 5587 ) : 1654 -- 5 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1076659 . PMID 12215632 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2011 ) . `` Nitrogen cycle and world food production '' ( PDF ) . World Agriculture . 2 : 9 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 1999 ) . `` Detonator of the population explosion '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 400 : 415 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 400 ... 415S . doi : 10.1038 / 22672 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Howarth , R.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Coastal nitrogen pollution : a review of sources and trends globally and regionally '' . Harmful Algae. 8 : 14 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. hal. 2008.08. 015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oenema , O. ; Witzke , H.P. ; Klimont , Z. ; Lesschen , J.P. ; Velthof , G.L. ( 2009 ) . `` Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses in agriculture in EU - 27 '' . Agriculture , Ecosystems and Environment. 133 : 280 -- 288 . doi : 10.1016 / j. agee. 2009.04. 025 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262693134 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> `` The Haber Process '' . Chemguide.co.uk . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Haber - Bosch process , most important invention of the 20th century , according to V. Smil , Nature , July 29 , 1999 , p 415 ( by Jürgen Schmidhuber ) </Li> <Li> Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes : Fritz Haber </Li> <Li> Nobel e-Museum - Biography of Fritz Haber </Li> <Li> BASF - Fertilizer out of thin air </Li> <Li> Uses and Production of Ammonia </Li> <Li> Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis </Li> <Li> Review of `` Between Genius and Genocide : The Tragedy of Fritz Haber , Father of Chemical Warfare '' by Daniel Charles </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4816458 - 6 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haber_process&oldid=814531681 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> BASF </Li> <Li> Chemical processes </Li> <Li> Industrial processes </Li> <Li> Equilibrium chemistry </Li> <Li> Peak oil </Li> <Li> Catalysis </Li> <Li> History of mining in Chile </Li> <Li> German inventions </Li> <Li> Industrial gases </Li> <Li> Name reactions </Li> <Li> Fritz Haber </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gàidhlig </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 10 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where does the nitrogen for this fertilizer come from

Best alternative to a negotiated agreement - wikipedia <H1> Best alternative to a negotiated agreement </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In negotiation theory , the best alternative to a negotiated agreement or BATNA is the most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement can not be reached . BATNA is the key focus and the driving force behind a successful negotiator . A party should generally not accept a worse resolution than its BATNA . Care should be taken , however , to ensure that deals are accurately valued , taking into account all considerations , such as relationship value , time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain . These other considerations are often difficult to value , since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations , rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net , but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations . Although a negotiator 's alternative options should , in theory , be straightforward to evaluate , the effort to understand which alternative represents a party 's BATNA is often not invested . Options need to be actual and actionable to be of value , however without the investment of time , options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria . Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options . This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating result . Negotiators also need to be aware of the other negotiator 's BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering . </P> <P> Some people may adopt aggressive , coercive , threatening and / or deceptive techniques , this is known as a hard negotiation style ; a theoretical example of this is adversarial approach style negotiation . Others may employ a soft style , which is friendly , trusting , compromising , and conflict avoiding . According to Fisher and Ury , when hard negotiators meet soft negotiators , the hard negotiators usually win their position , but at the cost of potentially damaging the long term relationship between the parties . </P> <P> Attractive alternatives are needed to develop a strong BATNA . In the best - selling book Getting to YES : Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In , the authors give 3 suggestions of how to accomplish this : </P> <Ol> <Li> Inventing a list of actions one might take if no agreement is reached </Li> <Li> Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives </Li> <Li> Selecting the alternative that sounds best </Li> </Ol> <P> In negotiations involving different cultures , all parties need to account for cultural cognitive behaviors and should not let judgments and biases affect the negotiation . The individual should be separate from the objective . </P> <P> The purpose here , as Gulliver mentions , is for negotiation parties to be aware . </P> <P> Preparation at all levels , including prejudice - free thoughts , emotion - free behavior , bias - free behavior are helpful according to Morris and Gelfand . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation ( PON ) , in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES , unwittingly duplicating the game theory concept of a disagreement point from bargaining problems pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier . A Nash Equilibrium is reached among a group of players when no player can benefit from changing strategies if every other player sticks to their current strategy . For example , Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can , taking into account Phil 's decision , and Phil is making the best decision he can , taking into account Amy 's decision . Likewise , a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can , taking into account the decisions of the others . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Conflict resolution research </Li> <Li> Opportunity cost </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement Negotiation Experts </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement YArooms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Negotiation , Readings , Exercises and Cases , Roy J. Lewicki </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nolan - Haley , Jaqueline M ( 2001 ) . Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell . Thomson West . pp. 39 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 18014 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fisher and Ury , Roger and William ( 2011 ) . Getting to YES . Penguin Books . pp. 1 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311875 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gulliver , P.H ( 1979 ) . Disputes and Negotiation : A Cross Culture Perspective . Academic Press . p. 287 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morris , Michael W. ; Gelfand , Michele J. ( 2004 ) . `` Cultural Differences and Cognitive Dynamics : Expanding the Cognitive Perspective on Negotiation '' . In Gelfand , Michele J. ; Brett , Jeanne M. The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture . Stanford University Press . pp. 45 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4586 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myerson , Roger B. `` Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory '' ( PDF ) . Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory . Journal of Economic Literature . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hawkins and Steiner , Jeff and Neil . `` The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna '' ( PDF ) . Gamed Therory Varied Uses in ADR . Harvard University Press . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> BATNA Explained by David Venter </Li> <Li> Alternative definition of BATNA </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_alternative_to_a_negotiated_agreement&oldid=819966880 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Negotiation </Li> <Li> Dispute resolution </Li> <Li> Business terms </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing more detailed references </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 08 : 19 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (batna)

Daisy wheel printing - wikipedia <H1> Daisy wheel printing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Wheel printer . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Metal Daisy Wheel for Xerox & Diablo printers Plastic Daisy Wheel for Qume printers Samples of daisy wheel printer output . Actual print is much crisper than these images The Royal LetterMaster , a budget daisy - wheel printer from the 1980s <P> Daisy wheel printing is an impact printing technology invented in 1969 by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems . It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements , each with typically 96 glyphs , to generate high - quality output comparable to premium typewriters such as the IBM Selectric , but two to three times faster . Daisy wheel printing was used in electronic typewriters , word processors and computers from 1972 . The daisy wheel is considered to be so named because of its resemblance to the daisy flower . </P> <P> By 1980 daisy wheel printers had become the dominant technology for high - quality text printing . Dot - matrix impact , thermal , or line printers were used where higher speed or image printing were required and poor print quality was acceptable . Both technologies were rapidly superseded for most purposes when dot - based printers -- in particular laser printers -- that could print any characters or graphics , rather than being restricted to a limited character set , became able to produce output of comparable quality . Daisy wheel technology is now found only in some electronic typewriters . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Design <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Bi-directional printing </Li> <Li> 2.2 Graphics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Variants </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1889 Arthur Irving Jacobs patented a daisy wheel design ( U.S. Patent 409,289 ) that was used on the Victor index typewriter . </P> <P> A.H. Reiber of Teletype Corporation received U.S. Patent 2,146,380 in 1939 for a daisy wheel printer . </P> <P> In 1972 a team at Diablo Systems led by engineer David S. Lee developed the first commercially successful daisy wheel printer , a device that was faster and more flexible than IBM 's golf - ball devices , being capable of 30 cps ( characters per second ) , whereas IBM 's Selectric operated at 13.4 cps . </P> <P> Xerox acquired Diablo that same year , following which Lee departed to set up Qume Corporation in 1973 . Xerox 's Office Product Division had already been buying Diablo printers for its Redactron text editors . After 7 years trying to make Diablo profitable , the OPD focused on developing and selling the Diablo 630 which was mostly bought by companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation . The Diablo 630 could produce letter quality output as good as that produced by an IBM Selectric or Selectric - based printer , but at a lower cost . A further advantage was that it supported the entire ASCII printing character set . Its servo - controlled carriage also permitted the use of proportional spaced fonts , where characters occupy a different amount of horizontal space according to their width . </P> <P> The Diablo 630 was so successful that virtually all later daisy wheel printers , as well as many dot matrix printers and even the original Apple Laserwriter either copied its command set or could emulate one . Daisy wheel printers from Diablo and Lee 's 1973 company Qume were the dominant high - end output technology for computer and office automation applications by 1980 , though high speed non-impact techniques were already entering the market ( e.g. IBM 6640 inkjet , Xerox 2700 and IBM 6670 laser ) . From 1981 onwards the IBM PC 's introduction of `` Code page 437 '' with 254 printable glyphs ( including 40 shapes specifically for drawing forms ) , and development of Xerox Star - influenced environments such as the Macintosh , GEM and Windows made bit - mapped approaches more desirable , driving cost reductions for laser printing and higher resolution for impact dot matrix printing . </P> <P> Xerox later adapted Diablo 's daisy wheel technology into a typewriter that sold for less than $50 . An automated factory was built near Dallas that took less than 30 minutes to assemble a Xerox typewriter . The Xerox typewriter was well received but never achieved the projected sales numbers due to the advent of the PC and word processing software . The typewriter was later modified to be compatible with PCs but the engineering which made it a low cost device reduced its flexibility . By the mid-1980s daisy wheel technology was rapidly becoming obsolete due to the growing spread of affordable laser and inkjet machines , and daisy wheel machines soon disappeared except for the small remaining typewriter market . </P> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> The print - head and daisy wheel on a Xerox / Diablo D - 25 printer . <P> The heart of the system is an interchangeable metal or plastic `` daisy wheel '' holding an entire character set as raised characters moulded on each `` petal '' . In use a servo motor rotates the daisy wheel to position the required character between the hammer and the ribbon . The solenoid - operated hammer then fires , driving the character type onto the ribbon and paper to print the character on the paper . The daisy wheel and hammer are mounted on a sliding carriage similar to that used by dot matrix printers . </P> <P> Different typefaces and sizes can be used by replacing the daisy wheel . It is possible to use multiple fonts within a document : font changing is facilitated by printer device drivers which can position the carriage to the center of the platen and prompt the user to change the wheel before continuing printing . However , printing a document with frequent font changes and thus requiring frequent wheel changes was a tedious task . </P> <P> Many daisy wheel machines offer a bold type facility , accomplished by double - or triple - striking the specified character ( s ) ; servo - based printers advance the carriage fractionally for a wider ( and therefore blacker ) character , while cheaper machines perform a carriage return without a line feed to return to the beginning of the line , space through all non-bold text , and restrike each bolded character . The inherent imprecision in attempting to restrike on exactly the same spot after a carriage return provides the same effect as the more expensive servo - based printers , with the unique side effect that as the printer ages and wears , bold text becomes bolder . </P> <P> Like all other impact printers , daisy wheel printers are noisy . </P> <H3> Bi-directional printing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most daisy - wheel printers could print a line and then , using built - in memory , print the following line backwards , from right to left . This saved the time that otherwise would have been needed to return the print head to its starting point . </P> <H3> Graphics ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the daisy wheel principle is basically inappropriate for printing bitmap graphics , there were attempts to enable them to do so . Most daisy wheel printers supported a relatively coarse and extremely slow graphics mode by printing the image entirely out of dots ( formed by the `` period '' character ) . This required a mechanism capable of pixel by pixel movement , both horizontally and vertically , and low - end printers were incapable of it . Given the slow speed and the coarse resolution this was not a feasible technique for printing large images , but could usefully print a small logo onto a letterhead and then the following letter , all in a single unattended print run without changing the print element . </P> <P> Daisy wheel printers are capable of producing simplified graphics in the form of ASCII art . </P> <P> As daisy wheel elements are made of plastic to keep mass and manufacturing costs low , using the period character for graphics would cause unacceptably rapid wear , so plastic elements are offered with a metal insert in this position that lasts much longer . </P> <P> Consideration was also given to optimising graphic printing by changing the glyphs on the daisy wheel to a set that would be able to print all the required bitmap combinations more quickly , without requiring an impact for every single dot . This would have the advantage that vertical dot combinations could be printed in a single impact , without requiring fine rotation control of the platen roller . However it would require a specialised daisy wheel so printing of a letter and letterhead would require a two - step process with a manual wheel change in - between . As the development of this technique post-dated the widespread availability of 24 - pin dot matrix printers and coincided with the arrival of affordable laser printers in offices , it was never a popular approach . </P> <P> Brother Industries manufactured the Twinriter 5 ( 1985 ) and 6 ( 1987 ) printers which tried to overcome the limitation of the missing graphics capabilities of daisy wheel printers by adding a dot matrix print head to the existing daisy wheel print head , with the former being used for letter quality printing and the latter for drafts and for printing symbols which were not present in the daisy wheel character set . </P> <H2> Variants ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thimble printers are closely related to daisy wheel printers , but instead of a flat wheel the petals were bent to form a cup - shaped `` thimble '' print element . Introduced by NEC in 1977 as their `` Spinwriter '' series , the replaceable thimbles each held 128 characters . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Apple Daisy Wheel Printer </Li> <Li> Daisy Systems Holland </Li> <Li> Diablo 630 </Li> <Li> IBM Wheelwriter </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Merriam Webster On - line '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hirahara , Naomi ( 2002 ) . Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 120 . ISBN 1 - 57356 - 344 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strassman , Paul A. ( June 5 , 2008 ) . The Computers Nobody Wanted ; My Years with Xerox . Strassmann , Inc . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 1 - 4276 - 3270 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hogan , Thom ( March 1984 ) . `` Creating a letterhead with your daisywheel printer '' . Creative Computing Magazine . 10 ( 3 ) : 202 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kostopoulos , G.K. ( February 1989 ) . `` Quality graphics for daisy - wheel word processing '' . Consumer Electronics , IEEE Transactions on . IEEE. 35 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . doi : 10.1109 / 30.24649 . ISSN 0098 - 3063 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen W. ( November 1985 ) . `` Double duty printers '' . Creative Computing. 11 ( 11 ) : 72 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King , Steve ( 1987 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Brother Twinriter 6 - Daisy Wheel Drives Us Dotty - A Little Slowly - Dual - Format Printer Saves Spaces , Sacrifies Draft Print Quality '' . Infoworld : 57 -- 60 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shannon , L.R. ( 1987 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Peripherals ; Finally , the Right Stuff '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cromemco 3355A Printer Operator 's Guide ( PDF ) . Cromemco , Inc . March 1980 . ( Rebadged Model 550 Series Spinwriter ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NEC Printer Model Information '' . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&oldid=803468432 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Computer printers </Li> <Li> Impact printers </Li> <Li> Daisy wheel printers </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2007 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Variants </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 18 : 44 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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differentiate between dot matrix printer and daisy wheel printer

Succession to the British throne - wikipedia <H1> Succession to the British throne </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The Sovereign 's Throne in the House of Lords , from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament <P> Succession to the British throne is determined by descent , gender ( for people born before October 2011 ) , legitimacy , and religion . Under common law , the Crown is inherited by a sovereign 's children or by a childless sovereign 's nearest collateral line . The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 , restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in `` communion with the Church of England '' . Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015 . Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible . </P> <P> Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign , and her heir apparent is her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Next in line after him is Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , the Prince of Wales 's elder son . Third in line is Prince George , the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge , followed by his sister , Princess Charlotte and younger brother , Prince Louis . Sixth in line is Prince Henry of Wales , the younger son of the Prince of Wales . Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign 's consent would be disqualified from succession . </P> <P> The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 , and the sovereign 's consort , may be appointed Counsellors of State . Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign 's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated . Otherwise , individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles . </P> <P> The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms . Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession . In 2011 , the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement , instead of male - preference primogeniture , and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted , but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England . After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm 's constitution , the changes took effect on 26 March 2015 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current line of succession </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 England </Li> <Li> 2.2 Scotland </Li> <Li> 2.3 After the union of the crowns <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Stuarts </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Hanoverians and Windsors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Commonwealth realms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Current rules <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Marriages </Li> <Li> 3.2 Religion </Li> <Li> 3.3 Treason </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Accession </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Sources </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current line of succession ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> First six in line from 23 April 2018 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . The Prince of Wales </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . The Duke of Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . Prince George of Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . Princess Charlotte of Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . Prince Louis of Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . Prince Henry of Wales </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> No official , complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained . The exact number , in remoter collateral lines , of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain . In 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession , but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status . When updated in January 2011 , the number was more than five thousand . </P> <P> The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession , being limited to descendants of the sons of George V ( the present Queen 's grandfather ) . The order of the first seventeen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy ; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations ( Notes and sources below ) and footnotes . Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession . </P> <Ul> <Li> King George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) <Ul> <Li> King Edward VIII ( 1894 -- 1972 ) </Li> <Li> King George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) <Ul> <Li> Queen Elizabeth II ( born 1926 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 1 ) Charles , Prince of Wales ( b . 1948 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 2 ) Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( b . 1982 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 3 ) Prince George of Cambridge ( b . 2013 ) </Li> <Li> ( 4 ) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ( b . 2015 ) </Li> <Li> ( 5 ) Prince Louis of Cambridge ( b . 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 6 ) Prince Henry of Wales ( Prince Harry ) ( b . 1984 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 7 ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( b . 1960 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 8 ) Princess Beatrice of York ( b . 1988 ) </Li> <Li> ( 9 ) Princess Eugenie of York ( b . 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 10 ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( b . 1964 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 11 ) James , Viscount Severn ( b . 2007 ) </Li> <Li> ( 12 ) Lady Louise Windsor ( b . 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 13 ) Anne , Princess Royal ( b . 1950 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 14 ) Peter Phillips ( b . 1977 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 15 ) Savannah Phillips ( b . 2010 ) </Li> <Li> ( 16 ) Isla Phillips ( b . 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 17 ) Zara Tindall ( née Phillips ; b . 1981 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 18 ) Mia Tindall ( b . 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( 1930 -- 2002 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 19 ) David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon ( b . 1961 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 20 ) Charles Armstrong - Jones , Viscount Linley ( b . 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ( 21 ) Lady Margarita Armstrong - Jones ( b . 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 22 ) Lady Sarah Chatto ( née Armstrong - Jones ; b . 1964 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 23 ) Samuel Chatto ( b . 1996 ) </Li> <Li> ( 24 ) Arthur Chatto ( b . 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ( 1900 -- 1974 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 25 ) Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( b . 1944 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 26 ) Alexander Windsor , Earl of Ulster ( b . 1974 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 27 ) Xan Windsor , Lord Culloden ( b . 2007 ) </Li> <Li> ( 28 ) Lady Cosima Windsor ( b . 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 29 ) Lady Davina Lewis ( née Windsor ; b . 1977 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 30 ) Senna Lewis ( b . 2010 ) </Li> <Li> ( 31 ) Tāne Lewis ( b . 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 32 ) Lady Rose Gilman ( née Windsor ; b . 1980 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 33 ) Lyla Gilman ( b . 2010 ) </Li> <Li> ( 34 ) Rufus Gilman ( b . 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prince George , Duke of Kent ( 1902 -- 1942 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 35 ) Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ( b . 1935 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 36 ) George Windsor , Earl of St Andrews ( b . 1962 ) <Ul> <Li> Edward Windsor , Lord Downpatrick ( b . 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Lady Marina Charlotte Windsor ( b . 1992 ) </Li> <Li> ( 37 ) Lady Amelia Windsor ( b . 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lord Nicholas Windsor ( b . 1970 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 38 ) Albert Windsor ( b . 2007 ) </Li> <Li> ( 39 ) Leopold Windsor ( b . 2009 ) </Li> <Li> ( 40 ) Louis Windsor ( b . 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 41 ) Lady Helen Taylor ( née Windsor ; b . 1964 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 42 ) Columbus Taylor ( b . 1994 ) </Li> <Li> ( 43 ) Cassius Taylor ( b . 1996 ) </Li> <Li> ( 44 ) Eloise Taylor ( b . 2003 ) </Li> <Li> ( 45 ) Estella Taylor ( b . 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 46 ) Prince Michael of Kent ( b . 1942 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 47 ) Lord Frederick Windsor ( b . 1979 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 48 ) Maud Windsor ( b . 2013 ) </Li> <Li> ( 49 ) Isabella Windsor ( b . 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 50 ) Lady Gabriella Windsor ( b . 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 51 ) Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy ( b . 1936 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 52 ) James Ogilvy ( b . 1964 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 53 ) Alexander Ogilvy ( b . 1996 ) </Li> <Li> ( 54 ) Flora Ogilvy ( b . 1994 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ( 55 ) Marina Ogilvy ( b . 1966 ) <Ul> <Li> ( 56 ) Christian Mowatt ( b . 1993 ) </Li> <Li> ( 57 ) Zenouska Mowatt ( b . 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Table> Notes and sources <Tr> <Th> Mark </Th> <Th> Source for listing or note on exclusion from succession </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2;"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Succession published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy , `` Succession '' , retrieved 27 April 2018 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Listed on Debrett 's website ( as of 27 April 2018 ) : `` The Line of Succession '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Listed by Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 , London : Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0929 - 9 , p. 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2;"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> These people had been excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic . This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015 , restoring them to the line of succession , when the Perth Agreement came into effect . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> X </Td> <Td> Excluded as Roman Catholics . This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland . Originally in both countries , there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne . The individual could have relied on inheritance , statute , election ( by Parliament or by another body ) , nomination ( by a reigning sovereign in his or her will ) , conquest or prescription ( de facto possession of the Crown ) . It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence ; often , the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims , but on the political or military power of the claimants . </P> <P> However , over time , the default rule became male primogeniture : later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules , and to prove their rivals illegitimate . Eventually , Parliament asserted control of succession . </P> <H3> England ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1485 , Henry Tudor , a female - line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster , the House of Beaufort , assumed the English crown as Henry VII , after defeating Richard III , who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry 's standard . Richard was the last king of the House of York , and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty . Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485 , the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field , and caused Richard 's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament . After Henry 's coronation in London in October that year , his first parliament , summoned to meet at Westminster in November , enacted that `` the inheritance of the crown should be , rest , remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord , King Henry VII , and the heirs of his body lawfully coming . '' </P> <P> Henry VII was followed by his son , Henry VIII . Though his father descended from the Lancastrians , Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line , as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland ; this would pass down with the monarchs of England , and later Great Britain , until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom . </P> <P> Henry VIII 's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession . Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon , by whom he had a daughter named Mary . His second marriage , to Anne Boleyn , resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth . Henry VIII had a son , Edward , by his third wife , Jane Seymour . An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate ; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth . Though the two remained illegitimate , an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them , providing further `` that the King should and might give , will , limit , assign , appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises ... by letters patent or last will in writing . '' Mary and Elizabeth , under Henry VIII 's will , were to be followed by descendants of the King 's deceased sister Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk ( he however excluded his niece Frances Brandon , Duchess of Suffolk ) . This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry 's eldest sister Margaret Tudor , who were the rulers of Scotland . </P> Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament <P> When Henry VIII died in 1547 , the young Edward succeeded him , becoming Edward VI . Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England . He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half - sister , Mary , from inheriting the throne . He excluded Mary and Elizabeth , settling on the Duchess of Suffolk 's daughter , Lady Jane Grey . Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England . Nonetheless , the will , which originally referred to Jane 's heirs - male , was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs - male . Upon Edward VI 's death in 1553 , Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland . She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary . As Henry VIII 's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544 , Edward 's contravening will was unlawful and ignored . </P> <P> Mary was succeeded by her half - sister , Elizabeth , who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors , and refused to name an heir . Whilst previous monarchs ( including Henry VIII ) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills , the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes , and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority . Wary of threats from other possible heirs , Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584 , which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding . ( The Act was repealed in 1863 . ) </P> <H3> Scotland ( edit ) </H3> <P> The House of Stewart ( later Stuart ) had ruled in Scotland since 1371 . It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567 ; even then she was succeeded by her son , James VI . </P> <H3> After the Union of the Crowns ( edit ) </H3> Stuarts ( edit ) <P> Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland , her first cousin twice removed , even though his succession violated Henry VIII 's will , under which Lady Anne Stanley , heiress of Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk , was supposed to succeed . James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision , and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival . He reigned as James I of England and Ireland , thus effecting the Union of the Crowns , although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707 . His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament . </P> center <P> James 's eldest surviving son and successor , Charles I , was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 . The monarchy itself was abolished . A few years later , it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell , effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King . Cromwell had the right to name his own successor , which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son , Richard Cromwell . Richard was ineffective , and was quickly forced from office . Shortly afterwards , the monarchy was restored , with Charles I 's son Charles II as King . </P> After the death of her last child in 1700 , Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights . <P> James II and VII , a Roman Catholic , followed his brother Charles II , despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles 's illegitimate Protestant son , the Duke of Monmouth . James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688 . Parliament then deemed that James had , by fleeing the realms , abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King 's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William , who as James 's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him . The two became joint Sovereigns ( a unique circumstance in British history ) as William III of England and Ireland ( and II of Scotland ) and Mary II of England , Scotland and Ireland . William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James . </P> <P> The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English , Scottish and Irish Thrones . First in the line were the descendants of Mary II . Next came Mary 's sister Princess Anne and her descendants . Finally , the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession . Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones , and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . </P> <P> After Mary II died in 1694 , her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702 . The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end ; William and Mary never had any children , and Princess Anne 's children had all died . Therefore , Parliament passed the Act of Settlement . The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants , and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages . The Act , however , declared that they would be followed by James I & VI 's granddaughter Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover ( the daughter of James 's daughter Elizabeth Stuart ) , and her heirs . As under the Bill of Rights , non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded . </P> Electress Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) <P> Upon William 's death , Anne became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland . Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne 's heir - presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders , the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security . The Act provided that , upon the death of Anne , the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland , who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met . Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent , but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen 's army . England 's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to cripple Scotland 's economy by cutting off trade with them . Thus , Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 ; the Crown of the new nation ( along with the Crown of Ireland ) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement . </P> Hanoverians and windsors ( edit ) Benjamin Harris 's Protestant Tutor , a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer . Edition of 1713 . Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children 's education . <P> Anne was predeceased by Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover , and was therefore succeeded by the latter 's son , who became George I in 1714 . </P> <P> Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne , supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession . The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed , and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules . In 1801 , following the Acts of Union 1800 , the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Between 1811 and 1820 , when George III was deemed unfit to rule , the Prince of Wales ( later George IV ) acted as his regent . Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death , but this event did not come about . </P> George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937 <P> In 1936 Edward VIII abdicated 11 months after he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father 's death . Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936 , and opened ( for the only time ) Parliament in November 1936 . Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson , a divorcee , but the Church of England , of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor , would not authorize the marriage of divorcees . Consequently , Parliament passed His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign `` immediately upon '' his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December . The Act provided that he and his descendants , if any , were not to have any `` right , title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne '' . Edward died childless in 1972 . </P> <P> Edward 's abdication was `` a demise of the Crown '' ( in the words of the Act ) , and the Duke of York , his brother who was then next in the line , immediately succeeded to the throne and to its `` rights , privileges , and dignities '' , taking the regnal name George VI . He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter , Elizabeth II . By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland ( which had become a republic in 1949 ) , but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states ( Commonwealth realms ) . </P> <H3> Commonwealth realms ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Perth Agreement Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953 , passing to the left of the Coronation Chair <P> Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and , to maintain that arrangement , they have agreed to continue the same line of succession ; some realms do so through domestic succession laws , while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm . In February 1952 , on her accession , Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms . In October 2011 , the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth , Australia , to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture -- wherein succession passes to an individual 's children according to birth order , regardless of gender -- instead of male - preference primogeniture . They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics . The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England . The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 , after legislation was made according to each realm 's constitution . </P> <P> Following the changes coming into effect , the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged , including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren , until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015 . The first to be affected by the changes , on the day they came into effect in March , were the children of Lady Davina Lewis -- her son Tāne ( born 2012 ) and her daughter Senna ( born 2010 ) -- who were reversed in the order of succession , becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively . </P> <H2> Current rules ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement ( restated by the Acts of Union ) still govern succession to the throne . They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which was passed mainly `` to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender '' and `` to make provision about Royal Marriages '' ( according to its long title ) , thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that , by their laws , have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK . Other realms passed their own legislation . </P> <P> Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were `` dead '' . That individual 's descendants are not also disqualified , unless they are personally ineligible . </P> <H3> Marriages ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant `` heirs of the body '' ( that is , legitimate descendants ) of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , are eligible to succeed to the throne , unless otherwise disqualified . The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture ( the `` male - preference '' criterion is no longer applicable , in respect of succession to the throne , to persons born after 28 October 2011 ) , whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children , and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling . Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed . Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated , but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown . </P> <P> The Royal Marriages Act 1772 ( repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry . ( The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families , as well as , from 1936 , any descendants of Edward VIII , of which there are none . ) The Act provided , however , that if a dynast older than twenty - five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign , then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year , unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage . A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void , and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed , though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected . This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void , so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic . Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course . A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void `` for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown '' under the 2013 act . </P> <P> The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII 's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne . The Act is no longer applicable , because Edward died in 1972 without issue . </P> <P> Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act , the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign 's approval before marrying . Marriage without the Sovereign 's consent disqualifies the person and the person 's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown , but the marriage is still legally valid . </P> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement . The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides `` that all and every person and persons that then ( at the time of the Bill of Right 's passage ) were , or afterwards should be reconciled to , or shall hold communion with the See or Church of Rome , or should profess the popish religion , or marry a papist , should be excluded . '' The Act of Settlement continues , providing `` that all and every Person and Persons who shall ... is , are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities '' as the Bill of Rights established . </P> <P> The precise meaning of the aforementioned clauses is subject to contention . Under one interpretation , the religion of an individual at the precise moment of succession is relevant . Under another interpretation , anyone who has been a Roman Catholic at any time since 1689 ( `` then ... or afterwards '' ) is forever ineligible to succeed . The former interpretation allows a Roman Catholic to convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne just before a vacancy on the throne occurs devolving the crown on the first dynast in the line of succession ; the latter does not . In either case , however , other denominations of faith are not affected ; it is clear that any non-Catholic may convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne . It is a requirement that the monarch must be a Protestant . </P> <P> The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed . The Act did not require that the spouse be Protestant ; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics . Since the passage of the Act it has been determined ( in the case of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage . The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics , though not on Roman Catholics themselves . </P> <H3> Treason ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason ( Ireland ) Act 1703 , it is treason to `` endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm '' . Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment . </P> <H2> Accession ( edit ) </H2> The Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign . <P> In the Commonwealth realms , upon the death of a sovereign , the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately , with no need for confirmation or further ceremony . Nevertheless , the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation , which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places , in London , York , Edinburgh and other cities . The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign 's reign as Accession Day , including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom . </P> <P> Formerly , a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession . But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England . James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland . This precedent has been followed since . Now , the Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace . Proclamations since James I 's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , the Privy Council , the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and `` other principal Gentlemen of quality '' , though there have been variations in some proclamations . The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth . </P> <P> Upon his or her accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths . The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism . This declaration , known as the Accession Declaration , is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign ( i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament ) or at his or her coronation , whichever occurs first . The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic . Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism , the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will `` uphold and maintain '' the Protestant succession . In addition to the Accession Declaration , the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland . This oath is normally made at the sovereign 's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession . According to the Regency Act 1937 , should the sovereign be under the age of 18 , such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age . </P> <P> After a period of mourning , the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey . Normally , the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates , though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; for example , Edward VIII was never crowned , yet during his short reign was the undoubted king . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> <Li> Royalty portal </Li> <Li> United Kingdom portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Accession Declaration Act 1910 </Li> <Li> Alternative successions of the English crown </Li> <Li> British prince </Li> <Li> British princess </Li> <Li> Family tree of the British royal family </Li> <Li> Jacobite succession </Li> <Li> List of descendants of George V </Li> <Li> List of heirs to the British throne </Li> <Li> List of heirs to the English throne </Li> <Li> List of heirs of Scotland </Li> <Li> List of monarchs in the British Isles </Li> <Li> Patrilineal descent of Elizabeth II </Li> <Li> Posthumous birth </Li> <Li> Royal Succession Act 2013 ( New Zealand ) </Li> <Li> Royal Succession Bills and Acts </Li> <Li> Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Succession to the Crown Act 2015 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> Succession to the Throne Act , 2013 ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> Perth Agreement 2011 and other articles , linked directly or indirectly -- Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , s . 3 : `` A person who ( when the person marries ) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Most sources , including Whitaker 's Almanack , exclude her as a confirmed Catholic , but Debrett 's includes her in line . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker 's Almanack as following Estella Taylor ( b 2004 ) and eligible to succeed ; MSN News , Debrett 's and Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor . They were baptised as Catholics , and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker 's earlier than 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts . Eventually , by the time it was changed in 1910 , the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Succession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , W.A. `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Line of succession to the throne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 February 1952 . p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chrimes , S.B. ( 1999 ) . Henry VII . Yale University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780300078831 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , G. Barnett ( 1892 ) . History of the English Parliament . Ward , Lock , Bowden & Co. p. 298 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Succession to the Crown Act 1603 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UPI , London , 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/ ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls equal in British throne succession '' . BBC News . 28 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( Commencement ) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clegg , Nick ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 : Written statement '' . UK Parliament . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What do the new royal succession changes mean ? '' . Royal Central . 26 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Succession to the Crown Act 2013 '' . UK Parliament . Section 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , section 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , preamble </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , section 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Accession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gun Salutes '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910 , schedule </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 , article XXV . `` ... And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty ( whom God long preserve ) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937 , section 1 ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coronation '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blackstone , William ( 1765 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Of The King , and His Title '' . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . </Li> <Li> Bogdanor , Vernon ( 1995 ) . The Monarchy and the Constitution . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829334 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Bryant , A. ( 1975 ) . A Thousand Years of British Monarchy . London : Collins . </Li> <Li> Cox , Noel ( 1999 ) . `` The Law of Succession to the Crown in New Zealand '' . Waikato Law Review . 7 : 49 -- 72 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 </Li> <Li> Text of the Act of Settlement 1701 </Li> <Li> Full text of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Succession to the British throne </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Succession Act 1533 </Li> <Li> Succession Act 1536 </Li> <Li> Succession Act 1543 </Li> <Li> Coronation Oath Act 1688 </Li> <Li> Bill of Rights 1689 </Li> <Li> Act of Settlement 1701 </Li> <Li> Act of Union 1706 </Li> <Li> Accession Declaration Act 1910 </Li> <Li> Perth Agreement 2011 </Li> <Li> Succession to the Crown Act 2013 </Li> <Li> Regency Acts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Orders of succession </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monarchies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> D.R. Congo </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_to_the_British_throne&oldid=838504174 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> British monarchy </Li> <Li> Succession to the British crown </Li> <Li> Constitution of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> British royalty </Li> <Li> British royal family </Li> <Li> Lines of succession </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2011 </Li> <Li> Use British English from November 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 21 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 12 : 53 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who will take the throne after the queen dies

Josh Stewart - wikipedia <H1> Josh Stewart </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For other uses , see Josh Stewart ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Josh Stewart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Stewart at the 2012 New York Comic Con , October 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Joshua Regnall Stewart ( 1977 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Diana , West Virginia , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1999 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Deanna Brigidi ( 2000 -- 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Joshua Regnall Stewart ( born February 6 , 1977 ) is an American actor best known for his role as Holt McLaren in the FX TV series Dirt and as Detective William LaMontagne , Jr. , in Criminal Minds . He was also cast as Brendan Finney in the final season of the NBC TV series Third Watch and as Barsad in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Acting career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Early career </Li> <Li> 2.2 Starring television roles </Li> <Li> 2.3 Feature films </Li> <Li> 2.4 Directorial debut </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Stewart was born in Diana , West Virginia , the son of Margie and Charles Regnall Stewart . His father was a high school physical education teacher as well as a former pastor of the First Baptist Church in Webster Springs and Holly River Baptist Church , and is now pastor at the Redeeming Grace Baptist Church in Webster Springs . His mother is a sixth grade teacher at Webster Springs Elementary . Stewart first attended West Virginia Wesleyan College , then transferred to West Virginia University , where he studied business . After graduating from WVU , he moved to New York to pursue acting . </P> <H2> Acting career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early career ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stewart got his start doing local theater at the Landmark Theatre in Sutton , West Virginia , and eventually moved to New York City to study at the T. Schreiber studios . He was a company member of the 13th Street Repertory Theatre . He continued his theater in Los Angeles , performing in Light Bulb and Beacon alongside Robert Forster and Brooke Shields . </P> <P> Stewart appeared as an extra in The WB series Dawson 's Creek episode `` To Green , With Love '' . In 2003 he filmed a pilot for a Western for ABC entitled Then Came Jones . In the pilot he played the character of Bill Jenkins . </P> <P> Stewart later appeared as Sean Cleary the CSI episode `` Bad to the Bone '' , which aired on April 1 , 2004 . That same year , he also appeared in a commercial for Levi 's 501 Original jeans . Stewart currently has a recurring role in Criminal Minds as Detective William LaMontagne , Jr. , SSA Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau 's boyfriend and later , husband . </P> <H3> Starring television roles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stewart got his break when he was cast as Brendan Finney in the final season of the NBC series Third Watch . As Finney , he played the son of IAB captain Cathal `` CT '' Finney . </P> <P> After Third Watch was cancelled , Stewart started filming a movie entitled Lenexa , 1 Mile ( released on DVD as Full Count ) , alongside William Baldwin , Michael Beach , Jennifer Hall , Timothy Ryan Hensel , Chris Klein , Austin Nichols , Jason Ritter , Michael Rooker , and Paul Wesley . This was also the directing debut of Jason Wiles . After filming wrapped , Stewart began filming a new television series starring Courteney Cox Arquette entitled Dirt , for the FX Network , where he played the character of Holt McLaren . On June 8 , 2008 , Cox Arquette announced that Dirt had been cancelled . During the 2010 - 2011 season , he appeared as Joshua in ABC 's No Ordinary Family . Most recently Josh Stewart has been on the USA Network series Shooter ( TV series ) ( season 2 ) . He plays opposite Ryan Phillippe 's character Bob Lee Swagger . Josh portrays Solotov , a Chechen master sniper with whom Bob Lee has tangled with . A show based on the 2007 film of the same name and the novel `` Point of Impact '' by Stephen Hunter . </P> <H3> Feature Films ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stewart made his mainstream feature film debut in 2008 's Curious Case of Benjamin Button playing the character of Benjamin 's crewmate , Pleasant Curtis . Also that year , he appeared in The Haunting of Molly Hartley in the role of Mary Hartley 's teacher , Mr. Draper . In 2009 , he had his first feature film starring role , in the horror movie The Collector , playing the part of Arkin , a man attempting to rob a house to make enough money to pay off his wife 's debts to loan sharks . In 2010 , he starred , alongside Jamie - Lynn Sigler in the movie Beneath the Dark , ( originally titled Wake ) inspired by the novel The Shining . He appeared in Christopher Nolan 's final film in his Batman Saga , The Dark Knight Rises as Bane 's right - hand man , Barsad . He appeared as the main protagonist in the 2012 webisodes , The Walking Dead : Cold Storage , which are based on the popular television show The Walking Dead . In 2013 , Josh finished filming his directorial debut , The Hunted , in which he also stars . Stewart reunited in 2014 with Director Christopher Nolan as the voice of CASE in the sci - fi epic Interstellar . The same year Stewart was cast in the Disney film The Finest Hours . </P> <H3> Directorial debut ( edit ) </H3> <P> Josh recently completed filming his directorial and writing debut , The Hunted . He co-produced the film along with The Collector producers Brett Forbes and Patrick Rizzotti . The ' found footage ' film revolves around Jake ( Stewart ) and Stevie ( Ronnie Gene Blevins ) who want their own TV show . In an attempt to grab the media 's attention , both Jake and Stevie head to the dense , secluded woods in West Virginia , armed with only their bows and a camera , to find the biggest guy they can . However , as the sun sets over the mountains , they soon realise they are not alone in the woods and something supernatural is hunting them instead . The film screened at TIFF and eOne Films have since picked up the North American distribution rights . </P> <H2> Personal Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Stewart has two children with Deanna Brigidi : daughter Ryan Justine ( born 2008 ) and son River Jacob ( born 2010 ) . </P> <P> On February 27 , 2012 , Stewart went into cardiac arrest after contracting salmonella . His wife performed CPR for several minutes . Stewart now has an implantable cardioverter - defibrillator in his chest . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Film <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Lenexa , 1 Mile </Td> <Td> T.J. Ketting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> The Death and Life of Bobby Z </Td> <Td> Monk </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jekyll </Td> <Td> Tommy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Curious Case of Benjamin Button </Td> <Td> Pleasant Curtis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Haunting of Molly Hartley </Td> <Td> Mr. Draper </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> The Collector </Td> <Td> Arkin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Law Abiding Citizen </Td> <Td> Rupert Ames </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beneath the Dark </Td> <Td> Paul </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> The Dark Knight Rises </Td> <Td> Barsad </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Collection </Td> <Td> Arkin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Event 15 </Td> <Td> Sergeant Oldsman </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Hunted </Td> <Td> Jake </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Transcendence </Td> <Td> Paul </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Interstellar </Td> <Td> CASE ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Finest Hours </Td> <Td> Tchuda Southerland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Discarnate </Td> <Td> Casey Blackburn </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cold Moon </Td> <Td> Nathan Redfield </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Neighbor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Insidious : The Last Key </Td> <Td> Gerald Rainier </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Dawson 's Creek </Td> <Td> Extra </Td> <Td> Episode : `` To Green , With Love '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Then Came Jones </Td> <Td> Bill Jenkins </Td> <Td> Pilot , not picked up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CSI </Td> <Td> Sean Cleary </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Bad to the Bone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> Third Watch </Td> <Td> Officer Brendan Finney </Td> <Td> Main role ( season 6 ) , 20 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Dirt </Td> <Td> Holt McLaren </Td> <Td> Main role , 20 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> <Td> Criminal Minds </Td> <Td> Det . William LaMontagne Jr . </Td> <Td> Recurring role , 11 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Raising the Bar </Td> <Td> Dan Denton </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Hang Time '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Daniel </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Under Pressure '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> CSI : Miami </Td> <Td> Colin Astor </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your CSI 's '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southland </Td> <Td> Vid Holmes </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Unknown Trouble '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Mentalist </Td> <Td> Harlan McAdoo </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Scarlett Letter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ghost Whisperer </Td> <Td> Robert Wharton </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Living Nightmare '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> No Ordinary Family </Td> <Td> Joshua </Td> <Td> Recurring role , 14 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Grimm </Td> <Td> Bill </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Bottle Imp '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Walking Dead : Cold Storage </Td> <Td> Chase </Td> <Td> Web series , 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Lewis and Clark </Td> <Td> Reuben Field </Td> <Td> Pre-production , television miniseries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 - present </Td> <Td> Shooter </Td> <Td> Solotov </Td> <Td> Recurring role </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart : Credit Listings '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Josh Stewart Featured Star on New FX Show Dirt '' . WVWC.edu . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Webster Springs Elementary School '' . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart makes directorial debut '' . Daily Athenaeum . West Virginia University . June 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Webster County native returns home for directorial debut '' . West Virginia MetroNews . June 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Then Came Jones on ABC '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart Levi 's 501 Original jeans TV commercial '' . DailyMotion.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC 's Third Watch Adds Cara Buono and Josh Stewart as Series Regulars and Features Aidan Quinn as Guest Star in Four - Episode Arc Early in New Season '' . TheFutonCritic.com . NBC . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lenexa , 1 Mile Cast and Crew Bios '' . MovieTome.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lenexa , 1 Mile '' . Jason Wiles.net . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Dirt ' : FX Cancels Courteney Cox Arquette Series '' . TV Series Finale . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` IFC Midnight Nabs Chad Feehan 's Wake / Beyond the Pale Next for Director '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SXSW ' 10 : Trailer for ' Shining ' Inspired ' Wake ' - '' . bloody-disgusting.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marion Cotillard & Gary Oldman CLOSE UP Near InventHelp Filming Scene Dark Knight Rises '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First Look At Marion Cotillad As Talia al Ghul And More Images Of Hathaway As Selena Kyle '' . YouBentMyWookie . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' Actor Josh Stewart Joins Chris Pine in ' Finest Hours ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Josh Stewart , who played the villain Barsad in `` The Dark Knight Rises '' ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Rises , The Collector Actor Directs Horror Film , The Hunted '' . Shock Till You Drop . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagle Rocker Thanks LAFD Dispatcher who Helped Save Her Husband 's Life '' . Eagle Rock , CA Patch . March 31 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Secret Fluffiness of Josh Stewart ... - Me In My Place ® - beautiful women at home '' . Me In My Place ® - beautiful women at home . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> De Leon , Kris ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Hot List : Dirt - Josh Stewart '' . BuddyTV.com . </Li> <Li> Fernandez , Jay A. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Junior for Criminal Mind 's J. J '' . TV Guide . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josh Stewart . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Josh Stewart on IMDb </Li> <Li> Josh Stewart at TV.com </Li> <Li> Josh Stewart at TVGuide.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 164843430 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2010071231 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1458 579X </Li> <Li> GND : 1064896812 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 158231279 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb16224342g ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_Stewart&oldid=818740580 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1977 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Male actors from West Virginia </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American male television actors </Li> <Li> People from Webster County , West Virginia </Li> <Li> West Virginia University alumni </Li> <Li> 21st - century American male actors </Li> <Li> American male voice actors </Li> <Li> 20th - century American male actors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from August 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 08 : 34 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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American League - wikipedia <H1> American League </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> American League <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Td> Baseball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> January 28 , 1901 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Frank Robinson ( honorary ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of teams </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Td> United States ( 14 teams ) Canada ( 1 team ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most recent champion ( s ) </Th> <Td> Houston Astros ( 1st ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most titles </Th> <Td> New York Yankees ( 40 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs , or simply the American League ( AL ) , is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the United States and Canada . It developed from the Western League , a minor league based in the Great Lakes states , which eventually aspired to major league status . It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season , 25 years after the formation of the National League ( the `` Senior Circuit '' ) . </P> <P> At the end of every season , the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion ; two seasons did not end in playing a World Series ( 1904 , when the National League champion New York Giants refused to play their AL counterpart , and 1994 , when a players ' strike prevented the Series ) . Through 2017 , American League teams have won 65 of the 113 World Series played since 1903 , with 27 of those coming from the New York Yankees alone . The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles , the most in the league 's history , followed by the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics ( 15 ) and the Boston Red Sox ( 13 ) . </P> <P> The 2017 American League champions are the Houston Astros . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Teams <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Charter franchises </Li> <Li> 2.2 Expansion , renaming , and relocation summary </Li> <Li> 2.3 Current teams <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 American League East </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 American League Central </Li> <Li> 2.3. 3 American League West </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 American League presidents </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the American League Teams of the American League , 1903 <P> Originally a minor league known as the Western League , the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded . In its early history , the Western League struggled until 1894 , when Ban Johnson became the president of the league . Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League . Babe Ruth , noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history , spent the majority of his career in the American League . The American League has one notable difference versus the National League , in that since 1973 it has had the designated hitter rule . Under the rule , a team may use a batter in its lineup who is not in the field defensively , replacing the pitcher in the batting order , compared to the old rule that made it mandatory for the pitcher to bat . </P> U.S. President Calvin Coolidge and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson shake hands following the Senators ' 1924 championship . <P> Until the late 1970s , league umpires working behind home plate wore large , balloon - style chest protectors worn outside the shirt or coat , while their brethren in the National League wore chest protectors inside the shirt or coat . In 1977 , new umpires ( including Steve Palermo ) had to wear the inside chest protector , although those on staff wearing the outside protector could continue to do so . Most umpires made the switch to the inside protector , led by Don Denkinger in 1975 and Jim Evans the next year , although several did not , including Bill Haller , Lou DiMuro , George Maloney , and Jerry Neudecker , who became the last MLB umpire to use the outside protector in 1985 . </P> <P> In 1994 , the league , along with the National League , reorganized again , into three divisions ( East , West , and Central ) and added a third round to the playoffs in the form of the American League Division Series , with the best second - place team advancing to the playoffs as a wild - card team , in addition to the three divisional champions . In 1998 , the newly franchised Tampa Bay Devil Rays joined the league , and the Arizona Diamondbacks joined the National League : i.e. , each league each added a fifteenth team . An odd number of teams per league meant that at least one team in each league would have to be idle on any given day , or alternatively that odd team out would have had to play an interleague game against its counterpart in the other league . The initial plan was to have three five - team divisions per league with inter league play year - round -- possibly as many as 30 interleague games per team each year . For various reasons , it soon seemed more practical to have an even number of teams in both leagues . The Milwaukee Brewers agreed to change leagues , moving from the AL Central to the NL Central . At the same time , the Detroit Tigers were moved from the AL East to the AL Central , making room for the Devil Rays in the East . Following the move of the Houston Astros to the American League in 2013 , both leagues now consist of 15 teams . </P> <P> For the first 96 years , American League teams faced their National League counterparts only in exhibition games or in the World Series . Beginning in 1997 , interleague games have been played during the regular season and count in the standings . As part of the agreement instituting interleague play , the designated - hitter rule is used only in games where the American League team is the home team . </P> <H2> Teams ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Charter franchises ( edit ) </H3> <P> There were eight charter teams in 1901 , the league 's first year as a major league , and the next year the original Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis to become the St. Louis Browns . These franchises constituted the league for 52 seasons , until the Browns moved to Baltimore and took up the name Baltimore Orioles . All eight original franchises remain in the American League , although only four remain in the original cities ( Detroit , Chicago , Boston , and Cleveland ) . The eight original teams and their counterparts in the `` Classic Eight '' were : </P> <Ul> <Li> original Baltimore Orioles ( went bankrupt and became defunct after 1902 season , not to be confused with the current Baltimore Orioles , see Milwaukee Brewers ) , replaced in 1903 by the New York Highlanders ( became the New York Yankees in 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Boston Americans ( became the Boston Red Sox in 1908 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago White Stockings ( became the Chicago White Sox in 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Cleveland Blues ( became the Cleveland Indians in 1915 ) </Li> <Li> Detroit Tigers ( name and locale unchanged from 1894 forward ) </Li> <Li> original Milwaukee Brewers ( became the St. Louis Browns in 1902 and the new Baltimore Orioles in 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Athletics ( became the Kansas City Athletics in 1955 and the Oakland Athletics in 1968 ) </Li> <Li> original Washington Senators ( became the Minnesota Twins in 1961 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Expansion , renaming , and relocation summary ( edit ) </H3> See also : Major League Baseball relocation of 1950s -- 60s <Ul> <Li> 1902 : Original Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis , renamed St. Louis Browns </Li> <Li> 1902 : Cleveland Bluebirds / Blues players attempted to adopt the nickname Cleveland Bronchos , which failed to catch on </Li> <Li> 1903 : New York Highlanders Original Baltimore Orioles moved to New York ; dubbed `` Highlanders '' by press after their field , Hilltop Park , and `` Yanks '' as a shorter form of `` Americans '' </Li> <Li> 1903 : Chicago White Stockings officially renamed Chicago White Sox </Li> <Li> 1903 : Cleveland Blues / Bronchos renamed Cleveland Naps via newspaper poll , after star Nap Lajoie </Li> <Li> 1905 : Washington Senators renamed Washington Nationals ; Senators name continued to be used by media </Li> <Li> 1908 : Boston Americans ( informal nickname ) formally named Boston Red Sox </Li> <Li> 1913 : New York Highlanders nickname dropped in favor of already - established alternative , New York Yankees </Li> <Li> 1915 : Cleveland Naps renamed Cleveland Indians </Li> <Li> 1954 : St. Louis Browns move to Baltimore , renamed Baltimore Orioles </Li> <Li> 1955 : Philadelphia Athletics move to Kansas City </Li> <Li> 1957 : Washington Nationals / Senators formally renamed Washington Senators </Li> <Li> 1961 : Washington Senators move to Minneapolis - St. Paul , renamed Minnesota Twins </Li> <Li> 1961 : Los Angeles Angels and new Washington Senators enfranchised . </Li> <Li> 1965 : Los Angeles Angels renamed California Angels in late - season on September 2 , 1965 . For the following season , the Angels moved within the Los Angeles metropolitan area from the city of Los Angeles to the Orange County suburb of Anaheim . </Li> <Li> 1968 : Kansas City Athletics move to Oakland </Li> <Li> 1969 : Kansas City Royals and Seattle Pilots enfranchised . </Li> <Li> 1970 : Seattle Pilots move to Milwaukee , renamed Milwaukee Brewers . ( Four years earlier , in 1966 , the National League 's Milwaukee Braves had moved to Atlanta . ) </Li> <Li> 1972 : Washington Senators move to Dallas - Ft . Worth ( Arlington ) , renamed Texas Rangers </Li> <Li> 1973 : Oakland Athletics officially renamed Oakland A 's </Li> <Li> 1977 : Seattle Mariners and Toronto Blue Jays enfranchised </Li> <Li> 1980 : Oakland A 's officially renamed Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> 1997 : California Angels renamed Anaheim Angels . The change came more than 30 years after the team 's move to Anaheim . </Li> <Li> 1998 : Tampa Bay Devil Rays , representing Tampa - St. Petersburg , enfranchised </Li> <Li> 1998 : Milwaukee Brewers transfer from the American League to the National League . ( See above . ) </Li> <Li> 2005 : Anaheim Angels renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim </Li> <Li> 2008 : Tampa Bay Devil Rays renamed Tampa Bay Rays </Li> <Li> 2013 : Houston Astros transfer from the National League Central to the American League West . </Li> <Li> 2016 : Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim slowly phase out official use of `` of Anaheim '' sub-title in favor of just Los Angeles Angels </Li> </Ul> <H3> Current teams ( edit ) </H3> American League East ( edit ) Main article : American League East <Ul> <Li> Baltimore Orioles enfranchised 1901 as the Milwaukee Brewers , moved to St. Louis ( 1902 ) and to Baltimore ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Boston Red Sox enfranchised 1901 , nicknamed the Americans ( adopted name Red Sox in 1908 ) </Li> <Li> New York Yankees enfranchised 1901 as Baltimore Orioles , moved to New York ( 1903 ) and nicknamed the Highlanders ( officially adopted alternate nickname Yanks / Yankees in 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Rays enfranchised 1998 as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays ( team name changed in 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Toronto Blue Jays enfranchised 1977 </Li> </Ul> American League Central ( edit ) Main article : American League Central <Ul> <Li> Chicago White Sox enfranchised 1894 as the Sioux City Cornhuskers , moved to St. Paul ( 1895 ) and to Chicago ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Cleveland Indians enfranchised 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , moved to Cleveland ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Detroit Tigers enfranchised 1894 </Li> <Li> Kansas City Royals enfranchised 1969 </Li> <Li> Minnesota Twins enfranchised 1894 as the Kansas City Blues , moved to Washington ( 1901 ) , and to Minneapolis - St. Paul ( 1961 ) </Li> </Ul> American League West ( edit ) Main article : American League West <Ul> <Li> Houston Astros enfranchised 1962 in National League as the Houston Colt . 45s ( team changed name to Astros in 1965 ) , transferred to American League ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Angels enfranchised 1961 as the Los Angeles Angels , moved within the Los Angeles area to Anaheim ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Oakland Athletics enfranchised 1901 in Philadelphia , moved to Kansas City ( 1955 ) and to Oakland ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Seattle Mariners enfranchised 1977 </Li> <Li> Texas Rangers enfranchised 1961 as the Washington Senators , moved to Arlington , Texas ( 1972 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> American League presidents ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following the 1999 season , the American and National Leagues were merged with Major League Baseball , and the leagues ceased to exist as business entities . The position of the American League President and National League President became honorary . </P> <Table> Key <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> * </Th> <Td> Honorary President </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Johnson , Ban Ban Johnson </Th> <Td> 1901 -- 1927 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Navin , Frank Frank Navin </Th> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Barnard , Ernest Ernest Barnard </Th> <Td> 1927 -- 1931 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Harridge , Will Will Harridge </Th> <Td> 1931 -- 1959 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin </Th> <Td> 1959 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MacPhail , Lee Lee MacPhail </Th> <Td> 1973 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brown , Bobby Bobby Brown </Th> <Td> 1984 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budig , Gene Gene Budig </Th> <Td> 1994 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Autry , Jackie Jackie Autry * </Th> <Td> 2000 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson * </Th> <Td> 2015 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Baseball portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of American League pennant winners </Li> <Li> American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) </Li> <Li> American League Division Series ( ALDS ) </Li> <Li> List of American League Wild Card winners </Li> <Li> Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> National League </Li> <Li> World Series </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ See commentary on Western League page . The Indianapolis and Minneapolis teams were replaced by teams in Baltimore and Philadelphia in 1901 , but it is unclear and disputed as to which team went where . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson named Senior Advisor and Honorary A.L. President '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famer Robinson to become senior adviser to MLB commish '' . Fox Sports . Associated Press . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bankrupt Orioles '' . Baseball - Reference . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Officially `` Bluebirds '' , a form seldom used </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American League '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ To distinguish them from Boston 's National League team , then called the Red Stockings or the Nationals </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ after their home , Hilltop Park </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sources recently have dissociated the 1902 -- 1903 Baltimore Orioles from the Highlanders / Yankees . Sports Reference.com Archived July 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . and sources cited on that page . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edgarf . `` Baltimore Orioles History -- American League East '' . MLB Baseball Betting . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gleeman , Aaron . `` 10 Years of the American League Central '' . The Hardball Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The National League Story , Lee Allen , Putnam , 1961 . </Li> <Li> The American League Story , Lee Allen , Putnam , 1962 . </Li> <Li> The Baseball Encyclopedia , published by MacMillan , 1968 and later . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organization </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parent league : Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> Partner league : National League </Li> <Li> Origins : ( History </Li> <Li> Western League ) </Li> <Li> Honorary president : Frank Robinson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current teams </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore Orioles </Li> <Li> Boston Red Sox </Li> <Li> New York Yankees </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Rays </Li> <Li> Toronto Blue Jays </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago White Sox </Li> <Li> Cleveland Indians </Li> <Li> Detroit Tigers </Li> <Li> Kansas City Royals </Li> <Li> Minnesota Twins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Houston Astros </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Angels </Li> <Li> Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Seattle Mariners </Li> <Li> Texas Rangers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former , relocated , and disestablished teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Championship play </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of champions </Li> <Li> Championship Series </Li> <Li> Division Series </Li> <Li> Wild Card winners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Designated hitter </Li> <Li> Professional baseball </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American League </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore Orioles </Li> <Li> Boston Red Sox </Li> <Li> New York Yankees </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Rays </Li> <Li> Toronto Blue Jays </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago White Sox </Li> <Li> Cleveland Indians </Li> <Li> Detroit Tigers </Li> <Li> Kansas City Royals </Li> <Li> Minnesota Twins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Houston Astros </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Angels </Li> <Li> Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Seattle Mariners </Li> <Li> Texas Rangers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National League </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Braves </Li> <Li> Miami Marlins </Li> <Li> New York Mets </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Phillies </Li> <Li> Washington Nationals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Cubs </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Reds </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Brewers </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates </Li> <Li> St. Louis Cardinals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Diamondbacks </Li> <Li> Colorado Rockies </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers </Li> <Li> San Diego Padres </Li> <Li> San Francisco Giants </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Schedule </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spring training </Li> <Li> Opening Day </Li> <Li> Jackie Robinson Day </Li> <Li> Civil Rights Game </Li> <Li> All - 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affiliated : </Th> <Td> Australian Baseball League </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Inter-league and Professional National Team Championships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia Professional Baseball Championship </Li> <Li> Caribbean Series </Li> <Li> Triple - A National Championship Game </Li> <Li> World Baseball Classic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_League&oldid=838230932 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> Baseball leagues in the United States </Li> <Li> Sports leagues established in 1901 </Li> <Li> 1901 establishments in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from November 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bân - 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list of american league and national league teams

21 Guns ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> 21 Guns ( song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` 21 Guns '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Green Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album 21st Century Breakdown </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 25 , 2009 ( digital download ) July 14 , 2009 ( CD single ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download , CD single , vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Alternative rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Reprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Billie Joe Armstrong , David Bowie , Mike Dirnt , and Tré Cool </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Butch Vig and Green Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Green Day singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Know Your Enemy '' ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> `` East Jesus Nowhere '' ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Know Your Enemy '' ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> `` East Jesus Nowhere '' ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` 21 Guns '' is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the second single from their eighth album , 21st Century Breakdown . The single was released through Reprise Records on May 25 , 2009 as a digital download and July 14 , 2009 as a CD single . The song has been a success on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at No. 22 , which has become their highest charting single since 2005 . </P> <P> It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo / Group with Vocals and Best Rock Song in 2010 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and composition </Li> <Li> 2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 4 Release and media appearance </Li> <Li> 5 Music video </Li> <Li> 6 Musical cast version </Li> <Li> 7 Live EP </Li> <Li> 8 Track listing </Li> <Li> 9 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 9.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 9.3 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Personnel </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and composition </H2> <P> `` 21 Guns '' addresses the topic of patriotism . Frontman and chief songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong told Q magazine , in May 2009 : `` It brings up 21st Century Breakdown in a lot of ways , and the 21 - gun salute for someone that 's fallen , but done in an arena rock ' n ' roll sort of way . '' </P> <P> According to Q , the song is `` a mammoth power ballad with a chorus like Mott the Hoople 's All the Young Dudes . '' William Goodman from Spin agreed , also comparing the song to All The Young Dudes . Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick - Levinson described it as a `` sensitive arena rock cut that made us think of Toto 's ' Africa ' . While the chorus sounded more like ELO 's ' Telephone Line . ' A Rolling Stone article commented that it `` has a dash of ' Boulevard of Broken Dreams ' to it . '' Spin 's Goodman agreed , writing : `` This track covers a lot of territory in its five minutes , from a solo acoustic guitar ( reminiscent of `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' ) to Brian May - worthy electric riffage . But the chorus holds the killer hook , as Armstrong hits highs with his voice in a thrilling moment . '' </P> <H2> Critical reception </H2> <P> The song has received critical acclaim . Chris Fallon writing for AbsolutePunk commented that `` it is arguably the album 's highlight , presenting an anti-war ballad that is both monumentally enduring and also sophisticated protest . '' James Montgomery of MTV News described it as `` a cell - phones - in - the - air anthem , starting with more sharply strummed acoustic guitars . '' Colin Moriarty from IGN wrote that the track is `` perhaps the best song on the album as a whole , is a multi-faceted song with a pretty poignant message to boot . '' Jordan Richardson of Blogcritics commented : `` It 's the album 's anti-war hymn , reaching heroic heights with a sleek sort of sappiness that fits flawlessly . The range and sentiment may dishearten those looking for a little more Dookie from their Green Day , but I 've never heard Billie Joe sound so good and so earnest as he pulls his frail voice upwards to knock out some stunning high notes . '' Mayer Nissim gave the song 3 out of 5 stars , writing : `` It combines verses reminiscent of Neil Young 's ' Heart of Gold ' with big power - pop chord changes and choruses that soar in all the right places . The jerky charm of the band 's earlier work may be missing , but there 's still lots to enjoy here . '' </P> <P> However , Adam Downer from Sputnikmusic gave a negative review , commenting that `` it sounds like a terrible rewrite of something John Lennon never released . '' </P> <H2> Chart Performance </H2> <P> The song debuted at No. 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 22 ( becoming their highest peaking song since the 2005 hit `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ) , and No. 81 on the Canadian Hot 100 , reaching # 15 . It reached No. 3 on the Alternative Songs chart and No. 17 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . Also , on the Billboard Pop Songs it reached # 7 . On the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , the song peaked at # 4 . On the UK Singles Chart , it debuted at No. 100 and rose to # 36 . In New Zealand , the song debuted at No. 23 and peaked at No. 3 in its seventh week on the chart . In New Zealand , it was certified Platinum after 13 weeks on the chart , selling over 15,000 copies . It was certified Platinum by the RIAA . The single was also certified Platinum in Italy . </P> <H2> Release and Media appearance </H2> <P> `` 21 Guns '' was released to modern punk radio stations on May 25 , 2009 , although it had already been played on some radio stations , such as KROQ in Los Angeles and 101.9 in New York City . In the radio edit , the song is over forty seconds shorter than the album version due to the bridge being shortened and the intro being taken out . The CD single and clear 7 '' single were released on July 14 , 2009 . </P> <P> The song is featured heavily in Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and appears on the soundtrack , which was released on June 12 , 2009 . It became available for download on the music video game series Rock Band on July 7 , 2009 , along with the songs `` East Jesus Nowhere '' and `` Know Your Enemy . </P> <P> The song was featured in episode 6 of The Vampire Diaries . The song is featured in the video game Green Day : Rock Band and is downloadable content for the Rock Band series . </P> <P> A live version was also released on 21 Guns Live EP in September 2009 . </P> <H2> Music video </H2> <P> A music video was directed by Marc Webb and filmed in Los Angeles on June 6 , 2009 . It premiered on MySpace on Monday , June 22 , 2009 at midnight EDT . A shorter version of the video also exists , which is set to the radio edit of the song . </P> <P> It is the third Green Day video to feature touring guitarist Jason White performing with the band , following `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' and `` Working Class Hero '' . He is also seen briefly in the music videos for `` When I Come Around '' and `` Jesus of Suburbia '' but he is not performing with the band . </P> <P> After spending the previous week at number 3 , the video peaked at number one on VH1 Top 20 Countdown on August 22 , 2009 and again on September 19 , 2009 . It also won `` Best Rock Video '' , `` Best Direction in a Video '' and `` Best Cinematography in a Video '' for the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . </P> <P> The video takes place with the band and the album 's two protagonists Christian ( Josh Boswell ) and Gloria ( Lisa Stelly ) taking refuge in a white room after robbing a bank . The police arrive outside the room and open fire through the window , to the couple 's terror . As bullets rain through the room , the band continues playing . Gloria picks up the phone and throws it into a fish tank . As the bullets continue to fly and tear apart the room , Christian and Gloria become calm and walk toward each other , unharmed by the bullets . They embrace and kiss as the room goes dark , recreating the 21st Century Breakdown cover art . As the song ends , the room lights up again , and they are still uninjured . After the room lights up , there are various shots of destruction in the room , including a shot of some of the writing on the walls . The writing includes an excerpt of the lyrics to `` 21 Guns '' , as well as those of the song `` See The Light '' which also appears on `` 21st Century Breakdown '' . The video may represent the meaning of the song in the 21st Century Breakdown story . </P> <H2> Musical cast version </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` 21 Guns '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Green Day and the cast of American Idiot </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album American Idiot : The Original Broadway Cast Recording </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Like a Rolling Stone ( Bob Dylan Cover ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 3 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download , CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Alternative rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Reprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Billie Joe Armstrong , David Bowie , Mike Dirnt , and Tré Cool </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Green Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Green Day and the cast of American Idiot singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> `` When It 's Time '' ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns ( Musical Cast Version ) '' ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> `` When It 's Time '' ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Green Day has recorded two versions of `` 21 Guns '' with the cast of American Idiot . The recording was produced by Billie Joe Armstrong . The recording with Armstrong singing the male solo parts was released on December 3 to Spinner.com and also released for digital download on December 22 . The video was released February 1 . </P> <P> The second version of the song with the cast of American Idiot features Stark Sands , John Gallagher Jr. , and Michael Esper singing their respective solos instead of Armstrong . </P> <P> It was performed with Armstrong singing lead male vocals at the 52nd Grammy Awards . </P> <H2> Live EP </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 21 Guns Live EP </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> EP by Green Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 4 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> July 25 , 2009 in Albany , New York ; July 28 , 2009 Madison Square Garden , New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop punk , punk rock , alternative rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 17 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Reprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Green Day </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Green Day released a live EP for the song including live performances of `` Welcome to Paradise '' , `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' and `` F.O.D. '' recorded live in Albany , New York and Madison Square Garden . This EP was released on the Australian iTunes store , Amazon UK , and Napster . </P> <H2> Track listing </H2> <Ul> <Li> Original version : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Digital download / Maxi CD </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Favorite Son '' ( Green Day 's contribution to the Rock Against Bush Vol. 2 compilation ) </Td> <Td> 2 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( Studio 880 version ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 17 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> CD single / 7 '' single </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Favorite Son '' ( From `` Rock Against Bush Vol. 2 '' ) </Td> <Td> 2 : 13 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Promo CD </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( Radio Edit ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Musical cast version : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Digital download / CD single </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( Green Day with the cast of American Idiot version ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 41 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> 21 Guns EP </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( Green Day with the cast of American Idiot version ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( Original version ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( Live in Japan ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 01 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Live EP : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> 21 Guns Live EP </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Welcome to Paradise '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` F.O.D. '' ( live in Madison Square Garden , New York , 2009 ) </Td> <Td> 2 : 50 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Other : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> 21 Guns ( Live in Tokyo ) Promo CD </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` 21 Guns '' ( live in Tokyo ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 56 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Charts and certifications </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil ( ABPD ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> End of year chart ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personnel </H2> <Ul> <Li> Billie Joe Armstrong -- lead vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , piano </Li> <Li> Mike Dirnt -- bass guitar , backing vocals </Li> <Li> Tré Cool -- drums , percussion </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Articles > Q > `` Viva La Revolution ! 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Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia year end -- 2009 '' . ARIA . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Ricerche e dati di mercato '' . Fimi.it . January 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RIANZ '' . RIANZ . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart '' . Swiss Music Charts. 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard year end -- 2009 '' . Billboard . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Recorded Music NZ . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter 21 Guns in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Green Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Billie Joe Armstrong </Li> <Li> Mike Dirnt </Li> <Li> Tré Cool </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Jason White </Li> <Li> John Kiffmeyer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 39 / Smooth </Li> <Li> Kerplunk </Li> <Li> Dookie </Li> <Li> Insomniac </Li> <Li> Nimrod </Li> <Li> Warning </Li> <Li> American Idiot </Li> <Li> 21st Century Breakdown </Li> <Li> ¡ Uno ! </Li> <Li> ¡ Dos ! </Li> <Li> ¡ Tré ! </Li> <Li> Revolution Radio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live Tracks </Li> <Li> Tune In , Tokyo ... </Li> <Li> Bullet in a Bible </Li> <Li> Awesome as Fuck </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours </Li> <Li> International Superhits ! </Li> <Li> Shenanigans </Li> <Li> Green Day </Li> <Li> Demolicious </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits : God 's Favorite Band </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1,000 Hours </Li> <Li> Slappy </Li> <Li> Sweet Children </Li> <Li> Last Night on Earth : Live in Tokyo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Longview '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome to Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` Basket Case '' </Li> <Li> `` When I Come Around '' </Li> <Li> `` She '' </Li> <Li> `` J.A.R. 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! ! </Li> <Li> American Edit </Li> <Li> Green Day 's American Idiot <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Green Day : Rock Band <Ul> <Li> songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ¡ Cuatro ! </Li> <Li> Foreverly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_Guns_(song)&oldid=820470590 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2000s ballads </Li> <Li> 2009 singles </Li> <Li> Green Day songs </Li> <Li> Rock ballads </Li> <Li> Songs written by Billie Joe Armstrong </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Butch Vig </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Marc Webb </Li> <Li> Songs written by Mike Dirnt </Li> <Li> 2008 songs </Li> <Li> 2009 songs </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Poland </Li> <Li> Reprise Records singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Wallonia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Denmark </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Italy </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch40 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Spain </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 22 : 20 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who is the girl in green day 21 guns

Ram trucks - wikipedia <H1> Ram trucks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the marque spun off from Dodge in 2010 . For historic Dodge trucks , see List of vehicles named Dodge Ram . <Table> Ram Trucks <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Division of FCA US LLC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Automobile </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Fargo Trucks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 2010 ; 8 years ago ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Auburn Hills , Michigan , U.S. Administration , Research , Engineering & Design </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> North America , Middle East , Chile . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <P> Michael Manley ( Head of Global Jeep & Ram Brands ) </P> James C. Morrison ( Head of Ram North America ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Trucks , Vans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> FCA US LLC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> RamTrucks.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ram Trucks , stylized as RAM and formally known as the Ram Truck Division , is a United States - based brand of light to mid-weight commercial vehicles established in 2010 as a division of FCA US LLC , a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles . It was spun - off from Dodge marque , using the name of the popular Dodge Ram line of trucks . Ram Trucks ' logo was originally Dodge 's logo . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Trucks <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Current </Li> <Li> 2.2 Former </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prior to the 1970s , Dodge had maintained a separate marque for trucks , Fargo , primarily for use outside the United States . After that point , all trucks made by Chrysler were distributed under the Dodge marque . </P> <P> Ram Trucks was established as a division of Chrysler in 2010 , as a spin - off from the Dodge brand , and using the name of the popular Dodge Ram line of pickups that is now sold under the Ram banner . According to Chrysler , the Ram Trucks brand will concentrate on `` real truck customers , '' rather than casual truck buyers who buy trucks for image or style . </P> <P> The Ram brand was created following Chrysler 's acquisition by Italian automaker Fiat S.p.A. , and the plans called for Dodge switching to an exclusively car - based lineup with all pickup and future heavy - duty trucks by Chrysler being sold under the Ram brand . This started in the 2009 calendar year . The Fiat Ducato cargo van design has been adopted and is sold as the Ram ProMaster in North American markets , filling the gap created when Daimler ended production of the Dodge Sprinter in 2008 . The goal was to increase truck sales `` from today 's 280,000 to 415,000 by 2014 '' . </P> <P> Executives at Chrysler have stated their intention to compete in the semi-trailer truck category with Ram , a possibility that is aided by Fiat 's ownership of Iveco and an already available network of Dodge dealers . Even though the Ram trucks are marketed separately from Dodge cars , former Ram Division President Fred Diaz stated , `` Ram trucks will always and forever be Dodge 's . Ram will always have the Dodge emblem inside and outside and they will be ' vinned ' ( Vehicle Identification Number ) as a Dodge . We need to continue to market as Ram so Dodge can have a different brand identity : hip , cool , young , energetic . That will not fit the campaign for truck buyers . The two should have distinct themes . '' </P> <P> In April 2013 , former CEO Fred Diaz left RAM to serve as vice president of Nissan 's divisional sales and marketing . He was replaced by Reid Bigland . </P> <P> In August 2014 , Ram truck brand CEO Reid Bigland was tapped to lead the Alfa Romeo brand in North America . It was announced that the new head of the Ram Trucks brand would be longtime Chrysler employee Robert Hegbloom , who joined Chrysler in 1986 and had previously been a director for the Dodge brand . </P> <P> The Ram brand logo features the head of a ram , formerly the logo used by Dodge . </P> <H2> Trucks ( edit ) </H2> <P> For specifically foreign - market models ( designed by Chrysler Europe , etc . ) , see below . </P> <P> Also note that from 1927 to 1928 , all trucks built by Dodge were actually sold under the Graham name , as that company held the marketing rights at that time . </P> <H3> Current ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ram 700 ( 2014 -- present , Mexico only ) </Li> <Li> Ram 1200 ( 2016 -- present , Middle East only ) </Li> <Li> Ram Pickup ( 1500 , 2500 , 3500 , 4500 , and 5500 ) ( 1981 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ram ProMaster ( Van 1500 , Van 2500 , Van 3500 , and Chassis / cutaway Cab ) ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ram ProMaster City ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ram ProMaster Rapid ( 2017 -- present , Mexico only ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Ram 1500 DS Crew Cab facelift in China 2014 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2014 Ram 1500 ProMaster Tradesman SWB std roof </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 2015 Ram ProMaster City Tradesman cargo van </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Former ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dakota ( 1987 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ram Cargo Van ( C / V ) ( 2012 -- 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ram utilizes three facilities , two in North America and one in Europe , for the production of its vehicles . </P> <P> Warren Truck Assembly , Warren , Michigan , United States . First opened in 1938 , the facility has produced trucks for Dodge and Ram for over 70 years . Near the plant are also the Warren metal stamping plant , Mount Elliot tool and die plant which contribute parts and components to the manufacture of the Dakota and 1500 series . </P> <P> The following models are currently assembled at the plant : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ram 1500 series , all crew cab and double cab models for the global market are assembled here except for the Ram 1500 Laramie , which is built at both the Warren facility and Ram 's Saltillo Assembly for the Mexican market . </Li> </Ul> <P> Saltillo Truck Assembly , Saltillo , Coahuila , Mexico . The plant manufactures the full range of the Ram truck series as well as the DX Chassis cab and ProMaster van . The plant has won numerous awards and has been recognized as the Chrysler groups best truck facility in terms of build quality . The Saltillo stamping plant is also attached to the facility . </P> <P> The following models are built at the plant : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ram 1500 all regular cab models of various trim levels sold globally are manufactured at the facility as is the crew cab Ram 1500 Laramie for the Mexican market . </Li> <Li> Ram 2500 all models of various trim levels , cab type , and bed length . Vehicles built here are sold globally . </Li> <Li> Ram 3500 all models of various trim levels , cab type , and bed length . Vehicles built here are sold globally . </Li> <Li> Ram 4500 all models of various trim levels , cab type , and bed length . Vehicles built here are sold globally . </Li> <Li> Ram 5500 all models of various trim levels , cab type , and bed length . Vehicles built here are sold globally . </Li> <Li> DX Chassis Cab manufactured for the Mexican and Canadian markets only . </Li> <Li> Ram ProMaster </Li> </Ul> <P> Tofaş , Bursa , Turkey . The plant produces vehicles primarily for the European market ; however , the Ram ProMaster City is produced at Tofaş and imported into North America . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fiat Professional : Fiat Chrysler Automobiles light commercial vehicle brand marketed outside North America . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ram Trucks entered popular culture in an unintentional way on February 4 , 2018 during Super Bowl LII . Their commercial 's use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' was quickly and widely panned by audiences , academics , news outlets and social media alike . Of particular concern was its insidious usage of a speech in which King condemned advertising ( `` we are so often taken by advertisers ... those gentlemen of massive verbal persuasion '' ) , to sell more Ram Trucks . Within hours content creators on YouTube had made spin - offs ( `` What Martin Luther King Actually Thought About Car Commercials '' , `` The MLK Super Bowl Ad Dodge Did n't Show You '' , `` What Dodge LEFT OUT Of Their MLK Commercial In Super Bowl '' etc . ) which showed a more accurate perspective of King 's sermon and opinions about advertising . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ram brand created , Gilles to lead Dodge cars and Fong leaves in Chrysler shakeup '' . AutoWeek. 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffman , Bryce G. ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Chrysler brands to aim appeal at specific lifestyles '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kilcarr , Sean ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Chrysler to get Fiat commercial vans '' . Fleet Owner . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McElroy , John ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Chrysler Considers Getting Back Into Big Rigs '' . Autoline on Autoblog . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reid Bigland Gets Top Spot at Ram '' . pickuptrucks.com. 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robert Hegbloom named head of Ram truck brand '' . trucktrend.com. 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ram 1200 '' . Ram Trucks Middle East . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge in Mexico : a history by Jaime Hale . `` Chrysler , Jeep , and Dodge in Mexico '' . Allpar.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nordic.businessinsider.com/dodge-ram-super-bowl-commercial-martin-luther-king-2018-2?r=US&IR=T </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.democracynow.org/2018/2/6/when_us_needs_mlks_voice_more </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CNN/status/960390097387565056 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.mediaite.com/tv/twitter-roasts-dodge-ram-for-using-mlk-speech-to-sell-trucks-during-super-bowl/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_the_drum_major_instinct/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBiFnDuCJIU </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=767&Itemid=74&jumival=21069 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ram Trucks . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Ram Trucks 's channel on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> `` Dodge -- Ram truck timeline , North American market , 2010 -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td colspan="9"> 2010s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coupé utility </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size pickup </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Dakota </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size pickup </Td> <Td colspan="9"> 1500 -- 5500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van / Minivan </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> ProMaster Rapid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> ProMaster City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> ProMaster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Ram C / V </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> Brown denotes models exclusive to Mexico . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FCA US LLC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marques </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Ram </Li> <Li> Fiat Automobiles ( USA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AMC ( 1966 -- 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Commer ( 1905 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Barreiros ( 1959 -- 1978 ) </Li> <Li> DeSoto ( 1928 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Eagle ( 1988 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Fargo ( 1920 -- 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Hillman ( 1907 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Humber ( 1898 -- 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Imperial ( 1955 -- 1975 , 1981 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Karrier ( 1908 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Singer ( 1905 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Simca ( 1934 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> SRT ( 2013 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sunbeam ( 1901 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Valiant ( 1960 -- 1966 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions and subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler Australia </Li> <Li> Chrysler Capital </Li> <Li> Chrysler Canada </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Mopar </Li> <Li> Ram Trucks </Li> <Li> Street & Racing Technology ( SRT ) </Li> <Li> Road Track ( R / T ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler - Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> American Motors Corporation ( 1954 -- 88 ) </Li> <Li> Chrysler Australia ( 1951 -- 81 ) </Li> <Li> Chrysler Europe ( 1967 -- 81 ) </Li> <Li> Chrysler UK ( 1970 -- 81 ) </Li> <Li> Envi ( 2007 -- 09 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eurostar Automobilwerk </Li> <Li> Global Electric Motorcars </Li> <Li> Chrysler First Financial Services Corporation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joint ventures and alliances </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Council for Automotive Research </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diamond - Star Motors </Li> <Li> DaimlerChrysler -- Mitsubishi alliance </Li> <Li> Global Engine Alliance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walter Chrysler </Li> <Li> Lee Iacocca </Li> <Li> Bob Lutz </Li> <Li> C. Robert Kidder </Li> <Li> Thomas W. LaSorda </Li> <Li> Sergio Marchionne </Li> <Li> Louis Rhodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler Building </Li> <Li> Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center </Li> <Li> Factories </Li> <Li> Proving grounds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Engines ( Hemi , Pentastar , WGE ) </Li> <Li> Platforms </Li> <Li> Transmissions </Li> <Li> Vehicles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Three </Li> <Li> Cerberus Capital Management </Li> <Li> Chrysler Classic Racing </Li> <Li> Daimler - Chrysler ( 1998 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> History ( Chapter 11 reorganization ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Dl> <Dt> Parent </Dt> <Dd> Fiat Chrysler Automobiles </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dodge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current production </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attitude </Li> <Li> Challenger </Li> <Li> Charger <Ul> <Li> LX </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Neon </Li> <Li> Vision </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vans / SUVs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Durango </Li> <Li> Grand Caravan </Li> <Li> Journey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trucks ( Ram ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ram 700 </Li> <Li> Ram 1200 </Li> <Li> Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500 </Li> <Li> Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 024 </Li> <Li> 330 </Li> <Li> 400 </Li> <Li> 440 </Li> <Li> 600 </Li> <Li> 880 </Li> <Li> 1500 </Li> <Li> 1800 </Li> <Li> Alpine </Li> <Li> Aries </Li> <Li> Arrow </Li> <Li> Aspen </Li> <Li> Attitude </Li> <Li> Atos </Li> <Li> Avenger </Li> <Li> Brisa </Li> <Li> Caliber </Li> <Li> Challenger </Li> <Li> Charger ( B - body ) </Li> <Li> Charger ( L - body ) </Li> <Li> Charger Daytona </Li> <Li> Colt </Li> <Li> Colt Vista </Li> <Li> Conquest </Li> <Li> Coronet </Li> <Li> Crusader </Li> <Li> Custom </Li> <Li> Custom 880 </Li> <Li> Custom Royal </Li> <Li> Custom Royal Lancer </Li> <Li> D - 500 </Li> <Li> Dart <Ul> <Li> PF </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Daytona </Li> <Li> Deluxe </Li> <Li> Demon </Li> <Li> Diplomat </Li> <Li> Dynasty </Li> <Li> Fast Four </Li> <Li> Forza </Li> <Li> i10 </Li> <Li> Intrepid </Li> <Li> Kingsway </Li> <Li> La Femme </Li> <Li> Lancer </Li> <Li> Lancer Celeste </Li> <Li> Magnum </Li> <Li> Matador </Li> <Li> Mayfair </Li> <Li> Meadowbrook </Li> <Li> Mirada </Li> <Li> Model DU </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Neon </Li> <Li> Neon SRT - 4 </Li> <Li> Omni </Li> <Li> Phoenix </Li> <Li> Polara </Li> <Li> Regal Lancer </Li> <Li> Regent </Li> <Li> Royal </Li> <Li> Royal Lancer </Li> <Li> Savoy </Li> <Li> SE </Li> <Li> Shadow </Li> <Li> Sierra </Li> <Li> Silver Challenger </Li> <Li> Spirit </Li> <Li> St. Regis </Li> <Li> Stealth </Li> <Li> Stratus </Li> <Li> Suburban </Li> <Li> Super Bee </Li> <Li> SX 2.0 </Li> <Li> Trazo </Li> <Li> Verna </Li> <Li> Viper </Li> <Li> Viscount </Li> <Li> Wayfarer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vans / SUVs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1000 </Li> <Li> Caravan </Li> <Li> JC </Li> <Li> Mini Ram Van </Li> <Li> Nitro </Li> <Li> Raider </Li> <Li> Ramcharger </Li> <Li> Ram Van / Ram Wagon / Sportsman / Tradesman / B - series van </Li> <Li> Sprinter </Li> <Li> Town Panel </Li> <Li> Town Wagon </Li> <Li> Wrangler TJ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 50 series </Li> <Li> 100 series </Li> <Li> 300 series </Li> <Li> 500 series </Li> <Li> 1000 </Li> <Li> A100 </Li> <Li> B Series </Li> <Li> C Series </Li> <Li> D Series </Li> <Li> D - 50 </Li> <Li> Dakota </Li> <Li> H - 100 </Li> <Li> Husky </Li> <Li> L Series </Li> <Li> LCF Series </Li> <Li> M Series </Li> <Li> P Series </Li> <Li> PD Series </Li> <Li> Power Wagon </Li> <Li> Rampage </Li> <Li> Ram 50 </Li> <Li> Route Van </Li> <Li> Dodge T - , V - , W - Series </Li> <Li> VC series </Li> <Li> VF series </Li> <Li> WC series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Corporate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Francis Dodge </Li> <Li> Horace Elgin Dodge </Li> <Li> Ram Truck Division </Li> <Li> List of Chrysler factories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> A division of FCA US LLC </Li> <Li> Category : Dodge vehicles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ram </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded : 2009 </Li> <Li> Parent : FCA US LLC </Li> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trucks ( Ram Trucks ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 100 Series </Li> <Li> 500 Series </Li> <Li> B Series </Li> <Li> C Series </Li> <Li> D Series </Li> <Li> Power Wagon </Li> <Li> Rampage </Li> <Li> Ram 50 </Li> <Li> WC series </Li> <Li> Dakota </Li> <Li> Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500 </Li> <Li> Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vans </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 50 Series </Li> <Li> A100 </Li> <Li> Cargo Van </Li> <Li> ProMaster </Li> <Li> ProMaster City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coupé utilities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ram 700 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ' Note : discontinued products above are shown in italics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="50"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dodge truck timeline , North American market , 1970s -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1970s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1980s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1990s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 2000s </Td> <Td colspan="9"> 2010s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size CUV </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> Journey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact SUV </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Raider </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Nitro </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size SUV </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="8"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Durango </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size SUV </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Ramcharger </Td> <Td colspan="15"> Ramcharger </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Ramcharger </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Durango </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Durango </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coupé utility </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Rampage </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minivan </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Caravan </Td> <Td colspan="4"> CV / GCV </Td> <Td colspan="5"> CV / GCV </Td> <Td colspan="5"> CV / GCV </Td> <Td colspan="7"> CV / GCV </Td> <Td colspan="11"> Grand Caravan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van </Td> <Td colspan="1"> A100 </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Tradesman </Td> <Td colspan="15"> Ram Van / Ram Wagon </Td> <Td colspan="10"> Ram Van / Ram Wagon </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Sprinter </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Sprinter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact pickup </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> D - 50 </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Ram 50 </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Ram 50 </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size pickup </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> Dakota </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Dakota </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Dakota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size pickup </Td> <Td colspan="2"> D Series </Td> <Td colspan="9"> D Series </Td> <Td colspan="13"> Ram ( D Series ) </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Ram </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Ram </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Ram SRT - 10 </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heavy - duty truck </Td> <Td colspan="6"> LCF / C Series </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Notes : </Td> <Td colspan="49"> The Ramcharger was not sold in the United States after the 1994 model year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="50"> After Fiat S.p.A. acquired Chrysler LLC in 2009 , models of trucks and cargo vans were no longer designated as Dodge , but exclusively as Ram . A timeline of these models can be found here . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Automotive industry in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Automotive industry </Li> <Li> Economy of the United States </Li> <Li> Transportation in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American vehicle manufacturers ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AGCO <Ul> <Li> Challenger Tractor </Li> <Li> Massey Ferguson </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AM General </Li> <Li> American Expedition Vehicles </Li> <Li> American Growler </Li> <Li> Amp Electric Vehicles </Li> <Li> Anteros Coachworks </Li> <Li> Arcimoto </Li> <Li> Armour Group , Inc . </Li> <Li> ATK motorcycles </Li> <Li> Aurica Motors </Li> <Li> Autocar </Li> <Li> Blue Bird </Li> <Li> Boulder Electric Vehicle </Li> <Li> Brammo </Li> <Li> Brunton Stalker </Li> <Li> Caterpillar </Li> <Li> FCA US <Ul> <Li> Chrysler </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Ram </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> CNH Industrial <Ul> <Li> Case CE </Li> <Li> Case IH </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Commuter Cars </Li> <Li> Cushman </Li> <Li> Cummins </Li> <Li> Cycle - 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Benz U.S. International </Li> <Li> Nissan North America </Li> <Li> Subaru of Indiana Automotive , Inc . </Li> <Li> Tesla Factory </Li> <Li> Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America </Li> <Li> Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Components companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allison </Li> <Li> BorgWarner </Li> <Li> Caterpillar </Li> <Li> Cummins </Li> <Li> Delphi </Li> <Li> Detroit Diesel </Li> <Li> Ingersoll Rand </Li> <Li> Eaton </Li> <Li> Firestone </Li> <Li> Goodyear </Li> <Li> Nexteer </Li> <Li> Remy International </Li> <Li> Timken </Li> <Li> Torrington </Li> <Li> Visteon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insurance and finance companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allstate <Ul> <Li> Ecompass Insurance </Li> <Li> Esurance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ally Financial </Li> <Li> Erie Insurance Group </Li> <Li> Farmers Insurance Group <Ul> <Li> 21st Century Insurance </Li> <Li> Farmers Insurance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> GM Financial </Li> <Li> GMAC Insurance </Li> <Li> Kemper Direct </Li> <Li> Progressive </Li> <Li> Safe Auto </Li> <Li> State Farm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design studios </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calty Design Research </Li> <Li> Designworks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By state </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former manufacturers ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coda </Li> <Li> FMC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct vehicle manufacturers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allis - 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Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : the Movie - wikipedia <H1> Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : the Movie </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Power Rangers : The Movie '' redirects here . For the 2015 fan film , see Power / Rangers . For the 2017 film , see Power Rangers ( film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Bryan Spicer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Haim Saban </Li> <Li> Shuki Levy </Li> <Li> Suzanne Todd </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Arne Olsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Kamps </Li> <Li> Arne Olsen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karan Ashley </Li> <Li> Johnny Yong Bosch </Li> <Li> Steve Cardenas </Li> <Li> Jason David Frank </Li> <Li> Amy Jo Johnson </Li> <Li> David Yost </Li> <Li> Jason Narvy </Li> <Li> Paul Schrier </Li> <Li> Paul Freeman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Graeme Revell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Paul Murphy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Wayne Wahrman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saban Entertainment </Li> <Li> Toei Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 30 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 95 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $15 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $66.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( also known as Power Rangers : The Movie ) is a 1995 American superhero film based on the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . It stars the ensemble cast of Karan Ashley , Johnny Yong Bosch , Steve Cardenas , Jason David Frank , Amy Jo Johnson , and David Yost alongside the villains cast from the original series and Paul Freeman as Ivan Ooze . Much like the television season that followed the release , it used concepts from the Japanese Super Sentai series Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger , Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . It is the first Power Rangers production from Saban Entertainment not to feature any archived footage from Super Sentai . </P> <P> Filming took place in and around Sydney and Queensland , Australia . It was released by 20th Century Fox on June 30 , 1995 . The film grossed $66.43 million worldwide , but received middling and polarizing reviews from critics . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Voices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Music </Li> <Li> 4 Adaptations in other media </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Power Rangers participate with Bulk and Skull in a charity skydive for the Angel Grove observatory , in anticipation of Ryan 's Comet which is scheduled to pass by in two days . </P> <P> Bulk and Skull miss the target landing zone and accidentally land on a construction site where a giant egg has been unearthed . Lord Zedd , Rita Repulsa , Goldar , and Mordant arrive at the construction site and crack open the egg , releasing Ivan Ooze after 6,000 years , a morphological being who ruled Earth with an iron fist before he was overthrown by Zordon and a group of young warriors . Ivan lays siege to the Rangers ' Command Center and incapacitates Zordon , robbing the Rangers of their powers . As the Rangers return to the Command Center , they find it destroyed and Zordon dying . </P> <P> Zordon 's assistant Alpha 5 sends the Rangers to the distant planet Phaedos to obtain the Great Power and save Zordon . On the Moon , Ivan usurps Rita and Zedd , trapping them in a snow globe , then sends his Tengu warriors to Phaedos and begins building an army . He uses children to bring his ooze to their parents , and it hypnotizes them into becoming his workforce to dig up his Ecto - Morphicon Titans , twin war machines built during his reign . When Fred Kelman , a friend of the Rangers ' , discovers his father missing , he finds him working at the construction site and discovers Ivan 's plans . </P> <P> On Phaedos , the Rangers are almost killed by the Tengu , but are rescued by Dulcea , Phaedos ' Master Warrior . She initially tells them to leave for their own safety , but after hearing of Zordon 's plight , she agrees to help them and takes them to an ancient ruined temple where the Rangers will have to overcome obstacles to acquire the power of the Ninjetti . Dulcea awakens each Rangers ' animal spirit : Aisha is the bear , Rocky is the ape , Billy is the wolf , Kimberly is the crane , Adam is the frog and Tommy is the falcon . The Rangers make their way to the Monolith housing the Great Power , defeating its guardians , and retrieve the Great Power . </P> <P> On Earth , Ivan 's Ecto - Morphicons are completely unearthed , and he unleashes them on Angel Grove , ordering the parents to commit suicide at the construction site . Fred , Bulk , Skull and the other kids head to the construction site to save their parents . The Rangers return with their new animal - themed Ninja Zords and destroy one of Ivan 's Ecto - Morphicons . Ivan takes control of the other and battles the Rangers himself . The Rangers lead Ivan into space right into the path of Ryan 's Comet , which destroys him . His destruction breaks the hypnosis and the parents are reunited with their children . The Rangers then use the Great Power to restore the Command Center and resurrect Zordon . </P> <P> In a mid-credits scene , Goldar briefly lounges in Zedd 's throne being served by Mordant only to panic when Zedd and Rita appear having been released after Ivan was destroyed . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Karan Ashley as Aisha Campbell , The Yellow Ranger </Li> <Li> Johnny Yong Bosch as Adam Park , The Black Ranger </Li> <Li> Steve Cardenas as Rocky DeSantos , The Red Ranger </Li> <Li> Jason David Frank as Tommy Oliver , The White Ranger </Li> <Li> Amy Jo Johnson as Kimberly Hart , The Pink Ranger </Li> <Li> David Yost as Billy Cranston , The Blue Ranger </Li> <Li> Paul Schrier as Farkas `` Bulk '' Bulkmeier </Li> <Li> Jason Narvy as Eugene `` Skull '' Skullovitch </Li> <Li> Paul Freeman as Ivan Ooze </Li> <Li> Gabrielle Fitzpatrick as Dulcea </Li> <Li> Nicholas Bell as Zordon </Li> <Li> Peta - Maree Rixon as Alpha 5 </Li> <Li> Jean Paul Bell as Mordant </Li> <Li> Kerry Casey as Goldar </Li> <Li> Mark Ginther as Lord Zedd </Li> <Li> Julia Cortez as Rita Repulsa </Li> <Li> Jamie Croft as Fred Kelman </Li> <Li> Paul Goddard and Robert Simper as Construction workers </Li> </Ul> <H3> Voices ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kerrigan Mahan as Goldar </Li> <Li> Robert L. Manahan as Zordon </Li> <Li> Robert Axelrod as Lord Zedd </Li> <Li> Barbara Goodson as Rita Repulsa </Li> <Li> Richard Wood as Alpha 5 </Li> <Li> Martin G. Metcalf as Mordant </Li> </Ul> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> See also : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Movie : Original Soundtrack Album and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Movie : Original Motion Picture Score <H2> Adaptations in other media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Four different video game titles based on the film were released for the Super NES , Sega Genesis , Game Boy , and Game Gear . </Li> <Li> Marvel Comics released a comic book adaptation and a photo comic book adaptation of the film in September 1995 . The comic book was printed with two different covers : one featuring fully morphed Rangers and the other featuring them in their Ninjetti uniforms . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> In its opening weekend , the film earned $13,104,788 , coming in fourth behind Apollo 13 and holdovers Pocahontas and Batman Forever . It ultimately grossed $66,433,194 against a $15 million budget , making it a financial success . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film holds a 41 % `` Rotten '' rating based on 34 reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , though there is no summarized consensus given for it . Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times thought it was characterized by `` a barrage of spectacular special effects , a slew of fantastic monsters , a ferociously funny villain -- and , most important , a refreshing lack of pretentiousness . '' Thomas lauded director Bryan Spicer for raising the quality of production values for a feature film adaptation of the TV series while maintaining a likable `` comic - book look and sense of wonder '' and wholesome high school characters parents would approve of . </P> <P> Caryn James of The New York Times thought that story-wise , it resembles multiple episodes of the television series stringed together with slightly better special effects , and that the result was loud , headache - inducing and boring for adults but that children would enjoy it . James further stated that too much of its running time is spent showing the Rangers without their powers . Roger Ebert gave it only half a star out of a possible four stars , saying that it is `` as close as you can get to absolute nothing and still have a product to project on the screen , '' comparing it to synthetic foods in brightly marketed packaging with no nutritional content . He felt that the characters , with the exception of Ivan Ooze , lacked personalities , and that the scenes of monsters rampaging through the city hearkened back to the worst Japanese monster films . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle found the fights `` only adequately choreographed , '' called the battle in the climax `` a complete disaster '' and stating that it made no sense in timing , that protagonists were not very intelligent , and the actors playing them unremarkable . </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc in late 1995 and then as a double feature with 1997 's Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie on a double - sided DVD in 2001 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Bonus features included a theatrical trailer and a `` Making Of '' featurette . The film was then released separately on a single - sided DVD in 2003 . / Blu - ray </P> <P> The film was re-released with different packaging on DVD in 2011 . The film was then re-released in 2017 in a bundled set with Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( this time as two single - sided DVD discs ) to coincide with the reboot film Power Rangers . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MIGHTY MORPHIN POWER RANGERS ( PG ) ( ! ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1995 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 1995 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Oberon to Ooze -- It 's All in a Day 's Work '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( 1995 - 07 - 06 ) . `` The Sky 's the Limit at Box Office Movies : A total of about $154 million in receipts sets a five - day record . ` Apollo 13 ' is atop the field with $38.5 million '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) . `` A Dazzling Leap From TV to Big Screen for ' Rangers ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; For Power Rangers , Bikinis Are Not The Issue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie '' . RogerEbert.com . June 30 , 1995 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Mighty Mindless ' Rangers ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . 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In the Pines - wikipedia <H1> In the Pines </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In the Pines ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` In the Pines '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1917 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Traditional </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` In the Pines '' , also known as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' and `` Black Girl '' , is a traditional American folk song originating from two songs , `` In the Pines '' and `` The Longest Train '' , both of which whose authorship is unknown and date back to at least the 1870s . ( Some contend an older , Irish history ) The songs originated in the Southern Appalachian area of the United States in the contiguous areas of Eastern Tennessee and Kentucky , Western North Carolina and Northern Georgia . </P> <P> Versions of the song have been recorded by many artists in numerous genres , but it is most often associated with American blues musician Lead Belly and American bluegrass musician Bill Monroe , both of whom recorded very different versions of the song in the 1940s and 1950s . </P> <P> A version of the song performed by The Four Pennies reached the UK top - twenty in 1964 . A live performance by the American grunge band Nirvana reinterpreted Lead Belly 's version and was recorded during their MTV Unplugged performance in 1993 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early history </Li> <Li> 2 Influential versions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Bill Monroe </Li> <Li> 2.2 Lead Belly </Li> <Li> 2.3 Cajun versions </Li> <Li> 2.4 The Four Pennies </Li> <Li> 2.5 Mark Lanegan / Nirvana </Li> <Li> 2.6 Other versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 In popular culture <Ul> <Li> 3.1 In film </Li> <Li> 3.2 In literature </Li> <Li> 3.3 In television </Li> <Li> 3.4 In video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Like numerous other folk songs , `` In the Pines '' was passed on from one generation and locale to the next by word of mouth . The first printed version of the song , compiled by Cecil Sharp , appeared in 1917 , and comprised just four lines and a melody . The lines are : </P> <P> Black girl , black girl , do n't lie to me Where did you stay last night ? I stayed in the pines where the sun never shines And shivered when the cold wind blows </P> <P> In 1925 , a version of the song was recorded onto phonograph cylinder by a folk collector . This was the first documentation of `` The Longest Train '' variant of the song , which includes a verse about `` The longest train I ever saw '' . This verse probably began as a separate song that later merged into `` In the Pines '' . Lyrics in some versions about `` Joe Brown 's coal mine '' and `` the Georgia line '' may refer to Joseph E. Brown , a former Governor of Georgia , who famously leased convicts to operate coal mines in the 1870s . While early renditions which mention the head in the `` driver 's wheel '' make clear that the decapitation was caused by the train , some later versions would omit the reference to the train and reattribute the cause . As music historian Norm Cohen pointed out in his 1981 book , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong , the song came to consist of three frequent elements : a chorus about `` in the pines '' , a verse about `` the longest train '' and a verse about a decapitation , but not all elements are present in all versions . </P> <P> Starting in 1926 , commercial recordings of the song were made by various folk and bluegrass bands . In her 1970 Ph. D. dissertation , Judith McCulloh ( 1935 - 2014 ) found 160 permutations of the song . As well as rearrangement of the three frequent elements , the person who goes into the pines , or who is decapitated , is described as a man , woman , adolescent , husband , wife , or parent , while the pines can be seen as representing sexuality , death , or loneliness . The train is described as killing a loved one , as taking one 's beloved away , or as leaving an itinerant worker far from home . </P> <P> In variants in which the song describes a confrontation , the person being challenged is always a woman . The folk version by the Kossoy Sisters asks , `` Little girl , little girl , where 'd you stay last night ? Not even your mother knows . '' The reply to the question , `` Where did you get that dress / And those shoes that are so fine ? '' from one version is , `` From a man in the mines / Who sleeps in the pines . '' The theme of a woman being caught doing something she should not is thus also common to many variants . One variant , performed in the early twentieth century by the Ellison clan ( Ora Ellison , deceased ) in Lookout Mountain , Georgia , tells of a young Georgia girl who flees to the pines after being raped . Her rapist , a male soldier , is later beheaded by the train . </P> <P> Some versions of the song also reference the Great Depression , with the `` black girl '' being a hobo on the move from the police , who witnesses the murder of her father while train - jumping . She hides from this by sleeping in the pines , in the cold . </P> <H2> Influential versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Bill Monroe ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bill Monroe 's 1941 and 1952 recordings , both under the title `` In the Pines '' , were highly influential on later bluegrass and country versions . Recorded with his Bluegrass Boys and featuring fiddles and yodelling , they represent the `` longest train '' variant of the song , and omit any reference to a decapitation . However , as Eric Weisbard writes in a 1994 article in The New York Times , `` ... the enigmatic train is almost as frightening , suggesting an eternal passage : ' I asked my captain for the time of day / He said he throwed his watch away . ' '' </P> <H3> Lead Belly ( edit ) </H3> <P> Huddie Ledbetter , a.k.a. Lead Belly , recorded over half - a-dozen versions between 1944 and 1948 , most often under the title , `` Black Girl '' or `` Black Gal '' . His first rendition , for Musicraft Records in New York City in February 1944 , is arguably his most familiar . Listed as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' , this version appears on a number of Lead Belly `` best - of '' compilations , such as Absolutely the Best ( 2000 ) . </P> <P> Another familiar version was recorded for Moses Asch , founder of Folkways Records , in New York City . Listed as `` Black Girl '' or `` In the Pines '' , this version appears on compilations such as Where Did You Sleep Last Night -- Lead Belly Legacy Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) , and The Definitive Lead Belly ( 2008 ) . </P> <P> Lead Belly is often said to be the author of the song , e.g. by Nirvana on their MTV Unplugged album in 1994 . However , Lead Belly did n't write the song , but reinterpreted it , as did other musicians before and after him . According to the American folklorist Alan Lomax , Lead Belly learned the song from someone 's interpretation of the 1917 version compiled by Cecil Sharp , and by the 1925 phonograph recording . </P> <H3> Cajun versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` In the Pines '' , converted into the Cajun French language and sung under the titles `` Pine Grove Blues '' or `` Ma Negresse '' , became one of the landmark songs of Cajun music . The song is most associated with Nathan Abshire , the Louisiana Cajun accordion player , for whom `` Pine Grove Blues '' was his biggest hit . His melody is a hard - driving blues , but the lyrics , when translated to English , are the familiar `` Hey , my girl , where did you sleep last night ? '' The Cajun French word `` negresse '' and the masculine counterpart `` negre '' are terms of endearment without regard to race . He recorded it at least three times , from the 1940s onward . Since then , Abshire 's version has been covered by a wide variety of Cajun and zydeco musicians , including the Pine Leaf Boys , the Lost Bayou Ramblers , Beau Jocque , and Cedric Watson . </P> <H3> The Four Pennies ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Four Pennies recorded and released the song as `` Black Girl '' in October 1964 . Their version reached No. 20 in the UK , but was not released by their label in the US . </P> <H3> Mark Lanegan / Nirvana ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by Nirvana </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album MTV Unplugged in New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1 November 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> November 18 , 1993 at Sony Music Studios in New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> DGC Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lead Belly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Alex Coletti , Scott Litt , Nirvana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> MTV Unplugged in New York track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 13 tracks ( show ) <Ol> <Li> `` About a Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Come as You Are '' </Li> <Li> `` Jesus Does n't Want Me for a Sunbeam '' </Li> <Li> `` The Man Who Sold the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Pennyroyal Tea '' </Li> <Li> `` Dumb '' </Li> <Li> `` Polly '' </Li> <Li> `` On a Plain '' </Li> <Li> `` Something in the Way '' </Li> <Li> `` Plateau '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh , Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Lake of Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` All Apologies '' </Li> <Li> `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nirvana occasionally performed the song during the early 1990s . Singer / guitarist Kurt Cobain was introduced to the song by fellow Seattle musician Mark Lanegan , and played guitar on a version on Lanegan 's 1990 album , The Winding Sheet . Like Lanegan , Cobain usually screamed its final verse . </P> <P> It is likely that Cobain referenced Lead Belly 's 1944 Musicraft version for his interpretation of the song ; Lanegan owned an original 78 rpm record of this version , and it is the one that Cobain 's version most closely resembles in terms of lyrics , form and title . In a 2009 MTV article , Kurt Loder remembers discussing the song 's title with Cobain , with Cobain insisting , `` But the Leadbelly version is called ' Where Did You Sleep Last Night , ' '' and Loder preferring the `` In the Pines '' title used by Bill Monroe ( as well as Lead Belly ) . </P> <P> Cobain earned critical acclaim for his acoustic performance of the song during Nirvana 's MTV Unplugged appearance in 1993 . Canadian musician Neil Young described Cobain 's vocals during the final screamed verse as `` Unearthly , like a werewolf , unbelievable . '' This version was originally sanctioned to be released as a b - side to the band 's `` Pennyroyal Tea '' single in 1994 , but the single was cancelled following Cobain 's death in April 1994 . It was posthumously released on the band 's MTV Unplugged in New York album in November 1994 , and as a promotional single from the album . In 2002 the song featured as a bonus track on Nirvana 's `` best of '' compilation album Nirvana . A solo Cobain home demo , recorded in 1990 , appears on the band 's 2004 rarities box set , With the Lights Out . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Nirvana 's chart positions </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Airplay Chart </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other versions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Dock Walsh recorded the first known commercial version April 17 , 1926 ( Columbia mastered W142031 - 1 ; released on 15094 - D , September 20 , 1926 ) . </Li> <Li> Darby and Tarlton recorded the song in 1927 as Lonesome In The Pines , and reworked it as Lonesome Railroad in 1928 . </Li> <Li> Roscoe Holcomb recorded a version , available on The High Lonesome Sound . </Li> <Li> The Louvin Brothers ' version appears on the 1956 album , Tragic Songs of Life . </Li> <Li> Dave Van Ronk 's version appears on The Folkway Years 1959 -- 1961 . </Li> <Li> The New Christy Minstrels recorded a version for their 1961 Columbia Records debut album . </Li> <Li> Joan Baez 's version appears on Very Early Joan , which includes performances from 1961 and 1963 . </Li> <Li> Fred Gerlach 's version , titled `` Little Girl '' , appears on his album Twelve - String Guitar , released on Folkways Records in 1962 . </Li> <Li> Doc Watson often performed the song , and a live recording exists , dating from the 1960s . </Li> <Li> Marianne Faithfull recorded a version of the song for her 1965 album Come My Way . </Li> <Li> Jackson C. Frank recorded `` In The Pines '' , which was released on the unreleased tracks and demos compilation Fixin ' to Die . </Li> <Li> Tiny Tim 's version is the B - side of his single `` April Showers '' , in 1966 . </Li> <Li> Grateful Dead recorded the song on July 17 , 1966 . It appears on their 2001 box set , The Golden Road . </Li> <Li> Jerry Reed recorded a version on Jerry Reed Explores Guitar Country , released in 1969 . </Li> <Li> Long John Baldry 's `` Black Girl '' , a duet with Maggie Bell , appears on his 1971 album It Ai n't Easy . A rendition also appears on Long John Baldry Trio - Live ( 1999 ) . </Li> <Li> Link Wray recorded two versions titled `` Georgia Pines '' and `` In the Pines '' on his 1973 folk rock release Beans and Fatback . </Li> <Li> Gene Clark recorded the song for his 1977 album Two Sides to Every Story . </Li> <Li> Charlie Feathers recorded a version in the 1980s in Memphis . </Li> <Li> The Oak Ridge Boys recorded `` In the Pines '' on their 1983 album , Deliver . </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton 's version appears on her 1994 album Heartsongs : Live from Home . </Li> <Li> Odetta recorded the song for her 2001 Lead Belly tribute album , Looking for a Home -- Thanks to Leadbelly . </Li> <Li> Pete Seeger 's version of `` Black Girl '' appears on the 2002 Smithsonian Folkways re-release of recordings from the 1950s and 1960s entitled American Favorite Ballads , Vol. 1 . </Li> <Li> Josh White 's version of `` Black Girl '' appears on his 1955 album , 25th Anniversary : The Story of John Henry , A Musical Narrative . Another version appears on New York to London ( 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> R. Crumb performed the song in Hamburg , Germany in 2003 . The only known release is on R. Crumb 's Music Sampler , included with the R. Crumb Handbook . </Li> <Li> ( Smog ) 's version appears on his 2005 album A River Ai n't Too Much to Love . </Li> <Li> Ralph Stanley and Jimmy Martin 's version appears on their album First Time Together , released in 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jack Rose 's version appears on his 2010 EP Ragged and Right . </Li> <Li> Laura Gibson 's version appears as a b - side on her single La Grande </Li> <Li> Kid Cudi and Dot da Genius , known collectively as WZRD , recorded a rendition on their eponymous 2012 album . </Li> <Li> My Own Private Alaska on the album `` Amen '' ( 2010 ) . </Li> <Li> Joe Banfi `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' on the EP `` Iron '' in 2012 </Li> <Li> Brad Paisley contributed a version of the song to the Orthophonic Joy collection released in 2015 . </Li> <Li> Loretta Lynn recorded a cover for her 2016 album Full Circle . </Li> <Li> The Journeymen recorded a cover of this song , titled `` Black Girl '' , for their eponymous album in 1961 . </Li> <Li> The Finnish rock group Lasten Hautausmaa recorded a cover of the song in Finnish with the name `` Tyttöni '' ( `` My Girl '' ) to close their 2015 eponymous debut LP. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <H3> In film ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A version of the song is sung during Elia Kazan 's 1960 film , Wild River . </Li> <Li> A few lines of the song are sung by Sissy Spacek in the Loretta Lynn biopic , Coal Miner 's Daughter . </Li> </Ul> <H3> In literature ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Danzy Senna titled her memoir `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? A Personal History '' after this song in memory of her paternal grandmother . </Li> <Li> In 2007 , Czech - American writer - singer Natálie Kocábová used a strophe of `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' for the opening of her novella Růže : Cesta za světlem ... ( `` Rose : A Way to the Light '' ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> In television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A version of the song is used in the trailer for American Gods , and appears in the first episode of the series . </Li> <Li> The song becomes an important plot point in the fourth series of Ripper Street . </Li> <Li> A version of it appears in the opening scene of the Marvel 's The Defenders seventh episode `` Fish in the Jailhouse '' </Li> </Ul> <H3> In video Games ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A rendition by Jared Emerson - Johnson and Janel Drewis is played during the closing credits of The Walking Dead : Season Two - Episode 2 : A House Divided released in 2014 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of train songs </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folk Song . Chicago , University of Illinois Press , pp. 491 - 496 . ISBN 0252068815 . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In the Pines '' , Second Hand Songs . Accessed 2017 - 19 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five Good Covers : In The Pines ( Where Did You Sleep Last Night ) '' , ( www.covermesongs.com Cover Me ) . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seida , Linda . `` The Four Pennies -- Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MTV Unplugged in New York ( 1993 ) , DGC Records . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Weisbard , Eric ( November 13 , 1994 ) . `` A Simple Song That Lives Beyond Time '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) . Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong ( 2 ed . ) . p. 459 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06881 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCulloh , Judith Marie ( 1970 ) , In the Pines : The Melodic - Textual Identity of an American Lyric Folksong Cluster ( Ph. D. dissertation , Folklore ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Indiana University </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Pennies -- Discover music , videos , concerts , stats , & pictures at '' . Last.fm . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kurt Loder ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain : Still Missed '' . MTV.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nirvana 's Tense , Brilliant Unplugged in New York , 20 Years Later '' . The Atlantic . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nirvana - Where Did You Sleep Last Night Discogs.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Accès direct à ces Artistes ( The user must select `` Nirvana '' from the dropdown list ) `` . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laura Gibson - La Grande b / w In the Pines '' . Discogs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horáková , Hana ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Cesta Natálie Kocáb '' . VašeLiteratura ( in Czech ) . VašeLiteratura . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ / . `` Telltale Games '' . Telltalegames.bandcamp.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Where Did You Sleep Last Night </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Nirvana 's version of the Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American folk music </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> African - American </Li> <Li> Appalachian </Li> <Li> Blues </Li> <Li> Cajun </Li> <Li> Creole </Li> <Li> Folk revival ( 1950s -- 60s ) </Li> <Li> Gospel </Li> <Li> Jazz <Ul> <Li> Dixieland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Native American </Li> <Li> Old - time </Li> <Li> Ragtime </Li> <Li> Spirituals </Li> <Li> Swamp pop </Li> <Li> Tejano </Li> <Li> Zydeco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Americana </Li> <Li> Bluegrass </Li> <Li> Honky - tonk </Li> <Li> Rockabilly </Li> <Li> Western swing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) </Li> <Li> Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) </Li> <Li> Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) </Li> <Li> Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Moon River '' </Li> <Li> Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) </Li> <Li> `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Pines&oldid=805260045 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Appalachian folk songs </Li> <Li> Lead Belly songs </Li> <Li> Nirvana ( band ) songs </Li> <Li> Live singles </Li> <Li> 1870s songs </Li> <Li> Songs about trains </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using citations with format and no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Duration without hAudio microformat </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 04 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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my girl don't lie to me american gods

Cost of raising a child - wikipedia <H1> Cost of raising a child </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The cost of raising a child varies from country to country . </P> <P> The cost of raising a child is usually determined according to a formula that accounts for major areas of expenditure , such as food , housing , and clothing . However , any given family 's actual expenses may differ from the estimates . For example , the rent on a home does not usually change when the tenants have another child , so the family 's housing costs may remain the same . In other cases , the home may be too small , in which case the family might move to a larger home at a higher cost . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Developing countries </Li> <Li> 2 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 3 United States <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Dual - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 India </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Developing countries ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Globalissues.org , `` Almost half the world -- over three billion people -- live on less than $2.50 a day . '' This statistic includes children . Based on UNICEF statistics , in developing countries the cost is roughly US $ 900 for raising a child for a year , and US $16,200 for raising a child from birth to age 17 . ( This calculation is difficult , since families in developing countries often do not operate with currency , but barter or trade to provide for their children . ) Half of all children in the world live in poverty . </P> <H2> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H2> <P> The annual LV = ( Liverpool Victoria ) Cost of a Child report calculates the cost of raising a child from birth to 21 years old . The latest report puts the cost as £ 231,843 . The Cost of a child calculations , from birth to 21 years , were compiled by the Centre of Economic and Business Research ( CEBR ) for LV = in December 2015 and are based on the cost for the 21 - year period to December 2015 . Additional research was conducted by Opinium Research LLP from 22 to 27 January 2016 . The total sample size was 1,000 UK adults with children under the age of 18 and was conducted online . Results have been weighted to nationally representative criteria </P> <H2> United States ( edit ) </H2> <P> The tax exemption per child is $3,900 in 2013 which is based on the basic cost of raising a child . Plus there is a tax credit up to $1000 for each child. citation needed </P> <P> Based on a survey by the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the table below shows the estimated Average Spending on Children by Families . The data comes from the Consumer Expenditure Survey by the U.S. Department of Labor , conducted from 2005 - 06 . The figures have been updated to 2011 dollars using the Consumer Price Index . However , some dispute the numbers as being biased high for political reasons ( e.g. , Texas A&M University Finance Professor H. Swint Friday : `` The numbers , reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture , are outrageously misleading . Often government statistics are produced for political objectives that cause the research methodology to be biased toward finding the highest dollar amount to support the objective . '' ) . </P> <P> These figures from the USDA go up to age 18 , and do not include any college or university education . Nor does it offer any spending estimates if the child remains in the home as a dependent after the age of 18 . </P> <P> Both tables are for the United States overall , not based on any specific region in the country . </P> <H3> Dual - parent family - USDA Average spending per child ( not the basic cost of raising ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Dual - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) <Tr> <Th> Age of Child </Th> <Th> Housing </Th> <Th> Food </Th> <Th> Transport . </Th> <Th> Clothing </Th> <Th> Health </Th> <Th> Child Care / Education </Th> <Th> Misc . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Before - tax income : Less than $59,410 ( Average = $38,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 to 2 </Td> <Td> 2,990 </Td> <Td> 1,160 </Td> <Td> 1,170 </Td> <Td> 640 </Td> <Td> 630 </Td> <Td> 2,040 </Td> <Td> 420 </Td> <Td> 9,050 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 to 5 </Td> <Td> 2,990 </Td> <Td> 1,260 </Td> <Td> 1,230 </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> 590 </Td> <Td> 1,910 </Td> <Td> 620 </Td> <Td> 9,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 to 8 </Td> <Td> 2,990 </Td> <Td> 1,710 </Td> <Td> 1,350 </Td> <Td> 570 </Td> <Td> 660 </Td> <Td> 1,290 </Td> <Td> 630 </Td> <Td> 8,760 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 to 11 </Td> <Td> 2,990 </Td> <Td> 1,970 </Td> <Td> 1,350 </Td> <Td> 580 </Td> <Td> 710 </Td> <Td> 1,910 </Td> <Td> 630 </Td> <Td> 9,520 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 to 14 </Td> <Td> 2,990 </Td> <Td> 2,130 </Td> <Td> 1,480 </Td> <Td> 690 </Td> <Td> 1,090 </Td> <Td> 1,110 </Td> <Td> 700 </Td> <Td> 9,960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 to 17 </Td> <Td> 2,990 </Td> <Td> 2,120 </Td> <Td> 1,630 </Td> <Td> 730 </Td> <Td> 1,010 </Td> <Td> 1,290 </Td> <Td> 580 </Td> <Td> 9,970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 53,820 </Td> <Td> 31,050 </Td> <Td> 24,630 </Td> <Td> 11,130 </Td> <Td> 14,070 </Td> <Td> 23,640 </Td> <Td> 10,740 </Td> <Td> 169,080 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Before - tax income : $59,410 to $102,870 ( Average = $79,940 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 to 2 </Td> <Td> 3,920 </Td> <Td> 1,405 </Td> <Td> 1,690 </Td> <Td> 760 </Td> <Td> 850 </Td> <Td> 2,860 </Td> <Td> 890 </Td> <Td> 12,370 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 to 5 </Td> <Td> 3,920 </Td> <Td> 1,490 </Td> <Td> 1,740 </Td> <Td> 610 </Td> <Td> 800 </Td> <Td> 2,740 </Td> <Td> 1,090 </Td> <Td> 12,390 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 to 8 </Td> <Td> 3,920 </Td> <Td> 2,100 </Td> <Td> 1,860 </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> <Td> 940 </Td> <Td> 1,680 </Td> <Td> 1,110 </Td> <Td> 12,290 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 to 11 </Td> <Td> 3,920 </Td> <Td> 2,400 </Td> <Td> 1,870 </Td> <Td> 710 </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> 2,110 </Td> <Td> 1,100 </Td> <Td> 13,110 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 to 14 </Td> <Td> 3,920 </Td> <Td> 2,580 </Td> <Td> 1,990 </Td> <Td> 840 </Td> <Td> 1,410 </Td> <Td> 1,910 </Td> <Td> 1,170 </Td> <Td> 13,820 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 to 17 </Td> <Td> 3,920 </Td> <Td> 2,570 </Td> <Td> 2,150 </Td> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 1,330 </Td> <Td> 2,400 </Td> <Td> 1,050 </Td> <Td> 14,320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 70,560 </Td> <Td> 37,620 </Td> <Td> 33,900 </Td> <Td> 13,500 </Td> <Td> 18,990 </Td> <Td> 41,100 </Td> <Td> 19,230 </Td> <Td> 234,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Before - tax income : More than $102,870 ( Average = $180,040 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 to 2 </Td> <Td> 7,100 </Td> <Td> 1,900 </Td> <Td> 2,550 </Td> <Td> 1,050 </Td> <Td> 980 </Td> <Td> 5,090 </Td> <Td> 1,790 </Td> <Td> 20,460 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 to 5 </Td> <Td> 7,100 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> 2,610 </Td> <Td> 880 </Td> <Td> 930 </Td> <Td> 4,970 </Td> <Td> 1,990 </Td> <Td> 20,480 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 to 8 </Td> <Td> 7,100 </Td> <Td> 2,630 </Td> <Td> 2,730 </Td> <Td> 970 </Td> <Td> 1,080 </Td> <Td> 3,910 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> 20,420 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 to 11 </Td> <Td> 7,100 </Td> <Td> 2,980 </Td> <Td> 2,730 </Td> <Td> 1,010 </Td> <Td> 1,150 </Td> <Td> 4,350 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> 21,320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 to 14 </Td> <Td> 7,100 </Td> <Td> 3,190 </Td> <Td> 2,860 </Td> <Td> 1,170 </Td> <Td> 1,610 </Td> <Td> 4,700 </Td> <Td> 2,070 </Td> <Td> 22,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 to 17 </Td> <Td> 7,100 </Td> <Td> 3,180 </Td> <Td> 3,020 </Td> <Td> 1,280 </Td> <Td> 1,520 </Td> <Td> 6,460 </Td> <Td> 1,950 </Td> <Td> 24,510 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 127,800 </Td> <Td> 47,640 </Td> <Td> 49,500 </Td> <Td> 19,080 </Td> <Td> 21,810 </Td> <Td> 88,440 </Td> <Td> 35,400 </Td> <Td> 389,670 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All numbers are in US dollars . </P> <P> Also notice that the dual parent and solo parent charts use different income ranges so that direct comparison between the two should be undertaken with care . </P> <H3> Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) <Tr> <Th> Age of Child </Th> <Th> Housing </Th> <Th> Food </Th> <Th> Transport . </Th> <Th> Clothing </Th> <Th> Health </Th> <Th> Child care / Education </Th> <Th> Misc . </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Before - tax income : Less than $40,410 ( Average = $18,350 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 to 2 </Td> <Td> 2,840 </Td> <Td> 1,400 </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> <Td> 410 </Td> <Td> 520 </Td> <Td> 1,400 </Td> <Td> 510 </Td> <Td> 7,760 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 to 5 </Td> <Td> 2,840 </Td> <Td> 1,370 </Td> <Td> 920 </Td> <Td> 330 </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 1,940 </Td> <Td> 610 </Td> <Td> 8,610 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 to 8 </Td> <Td> 2,840 </Td> <Td> 1,830 </Td> <Td> 1,030 </Td> <Td> 340 </Td> <Td> 670 </Td> <Td> 1,940 </Td> <Td> 780 </Td> <Td> 8,450 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 to 11 </Td> <Td> 2,840 </Td> <Td> 2,010 </Td> <Td> 1,060 </Td> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> 620 </Td> <Td> 1,360 </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> <Td> 9,030 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 to 14 </Td> <Td> 2,840 </Td> <Td> 2,150 </Td> <Td> 1,130 </Td> <Td> 420 </Td> <Td> 940 </Td> <Td> 1,120 </Td> <Td> 840 </Td> <Td> 9,440 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 to 17 </Td> <Td> 2,840 </Td> <Td> 2,270 </Td> <Td> 1,130 </Td> <Td> 460 </Td> <Td> 930 </Td> <Td> 880 </Td> <Td> 670 </Td> <Td> 9,180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 51,120 </Td> <Td> 33,090 </Td> <Td> 17,850 </Td> <Td> 7,080 </Td> <Td> 12,840 </Td> <Td> 22,980 </Td> <Td> 12,450 </Td> <Td> 157,410 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Before - tax income : $59,410 or more ( Average = $107,820 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 to 2 </Td> <Td> 5,880 </Td> <Td> 2,080 </Td> <Td> 1,920 </Td> <Td> 590 </Td> <Td> 980 </Td> <Td> 3,670 </Td> <Td> 1,650 </Td> <Td> 16,770 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 to 5 </Td> <Td> 5,880 </Td> <Td> 2,070 </Td> <Td> 2,160 </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> 1,090 </Td> <Td> 4,210 </Td> <Td> 1,750 </Td> <Td> 17,660 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 to 8 </Td> <Td> 5,880 </Td> <Td> 2,680 </Td> <Td> 2,260 </Td> <Td> 530 </Td> <Td> 1,180 </Td> <Td> 3,350 </Td> <Td> 1,930 </Td> <Td> 17,810 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 to 11 </Td> <Td> 5,880 </Td> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> 2,300 </Td> <Td> 610 </Td> <Td> 1,110 </Td> <Td> 3,880 </Td> <Td> 1,880 </Td> <Td> 18,660 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 to 14 </Td> <Td> 5,880 </Td> <Td> 3,080 </Td> <Td> 2,370 </Td> <Td> 650 </Td> <Td> 1,560 </Td> <Td> 4,150 </Td> <Td> 1,980 </Td> <Td> 19,670 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 to 17 </Td> <Td> 5,880 </Td> <Td> 3,220 </Td> <Td> 2,370 </Td> <Td> 730 </Td> <Td> 1,550 </Td> <Td> 5,010 </Td> <Td> 1,810 </Td> <Td> 20,570 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 105,840 </Td> <Td> 48,390 </Td> <Td> 40,140 </Td> <Td> 10,830 </Td> <Td> 22,410 </Td> <Td> 72,810 </Td> <Td> 33,000 </Td> <Td> 333,420 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All numbers are in US dollars . </P> <H2> India ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on an estimate by Economic Times in April 2011 , the cost of raising a child from birth to age of majority ( 21 Years ) for a middle to upper - middle income family comes to about ₹ 55 lakh ( US $87,000 ) in total . </P> <P> Cost break up is as follows : </P> <Table> Cost of raising a child in India ( as of April , 2011 ) <Tr> <Th> Expenditure Class </Th> <Th> Estimated Cost ( Rs . Lakh ) </Th> <Th> % of Cost </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Education </Td> <Td> 25.19 </Td> <Td> 46 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Housing </Td> <Td> 10.40 </Td> <Td> 19 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Entertainment </Td> <Td> 6.57 </Td> <Td> 12 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clothing </Td> <Td> 3.29 </Td> <Td> 6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Food </Td> <Td> 2.74 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transportation </Td> <Td> 2.74 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Healthcare </Td> <Td> 2.19 </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Others </Td> <Td> 1.64 </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 54.75 </Th> <Th> 100 % </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : Estimate assumes cost of birth , but does n't consider any major illness in child . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Only child </Li> <Li> Child care </Li> <Li> Child support </Li> <Li> Childfree </Li> <Li> Cost of living </Li> <Li> Demographic economics </Li> <Li> Family economics </Li> <Li> Family planning </Li> <Li> Family values </Li> <Li> Single parent </Li> <Li> Middle class squeeze </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Shah , Anup ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Poverty Facts and Stats '' . Global Issues . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : State of the World 's Children , 2005 , UNICEF </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin Ravallion , Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula , Dollar a day revisited , World Bank , May 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cost of a child LV = '' . www.lv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friday , H. Swint ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe '' . caller.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Business/page?id=4019746 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lino , Mark . `` Expenditures on Children by Families , 2011 ( Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528 - 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture , Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How much it cost to raise a child '' ( pdf ) . report . Economic Times . 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Raising that ' 07 baby will cost $204,060 in U.S. '' - from Reuters , retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> `` Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe '' - from caller.com , retrieved March 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` Cost of Raising Children in the US '' - from Globe Life Insurance , retrieved September 11 , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Parenting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adoptive </Li> <Li> Alloparenting </Li> <Li> Complex family </Li> <Li> Coparenting </Li> <Li> Foster care </Li> <Li> Kommune 1 </Li> <Li> Noncustodial </Li> <Li> Nuclear family </Li> <Li> Orphaned </Li> <Li> Shared </Li> <Li> Single parent </Li> <Li> Blended family </Li> <Li> Surrogacy </Li> <Li> In loco parentis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theories Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attachment theory </Li> <Li> Applied behavior analysis </Li> <Li> Behaviorism </Li> <Li> Child development </Li> <Li> Cognitive development </Li> <Li> Developmental psychology </Li> <Li> Human development </Li> <Li> Love </Li> <Li> Maternal bond </Li> <Li> Nature versus nurture </Li> <Li> Parental investment </Li> <Li> Paternal bond </Li> <Li> Pediatrics </Li> <Li> Social psychology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Styles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attachment parenting </Li> <Li> Concerted cultivation </Li> <Li> Gatekeeper parent </Li> <Li> Helicopter parent </Li> <Li> Nurturant parenting </Li> <Li> Slow parenting </Li> <Li> Soccer mom </Li> <Li> Strict father model </Li> <Li> Taking Children Seriously </Li> <Li> Work at home parent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Techniques </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> After - school activity </Li> <Li> Allowance </Li> <Li> Bedtime </Li> <Li> Child care </Li> <Li> Co-sleeping </Li> <Li> Homeschooling </Li> <Li> Latchkey kid </Li> <Li> Parent Management Training </Li> <Li> Play ( date ) </Li> <Li> Role model </Li> <Li> Spoiled child </Li> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Toy ( educational ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discipline </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blanket training </Li> <Li> Corporal punishment in the home </Li> <Li> Curfew </Li> <Li> Grounding </Li> <Li> Tactical ignoring </Li> <Li> Time - out </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abuse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Child abandonment </Li> <Li> Child abuse </Li> <Li> Child labour </Li> <Li> Child neglect </Li> <Li> Cinderella effect </Li> <Li> Incest </Li> <Li> Narcissistic parent </Li> <Li> Parental abuse by children </Li> <Li> Parental alienation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legal and social aspects </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Child support </Li> <Li> Cost of raising a child </Li> <Li> Marriage </Li> <Li> Parental responsibility </Li> <Li> Deadbeat parent </Li> <Li> Paternity </Li> <Li> Disownment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Experts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T. Berry Brazelton </Li> <Li> Tanya Byron </Li> <Li> Bryan Caplan </Li> <Li> Rudolf Dreikurs </Li> <Li> David Elkind </Li> <Li> Jo Frost </Li> <Li> Haim Ginott </Li> <Li> Thomas Gordon </Li> <Li> Alan E. Kazdin </Li> <Li> Truby King </Li> <Li> Annette Lareau </Li> <Li> Penelope Leach </Li> <Li> Madeline Levine </Li> <Li> William Sears </Li> <Li> B.F. Skinner </Li> <Li> Benjamin Spock <Ul> <Li> Baby and Child Care </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_of_raising_a_child&oldid=788344537 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Parenting </Li> <Li> Family </Li> <Li> Marriage </Li> <Li> Demographic economics </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 22 : 40 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

how much does.it cost to raise a child

Sing ( 2016 American film ) - wikipedia <H1> Sing ( 2016 American film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Sing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Garth Jennings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chris Meledandri </Li> <Li> Janet Healy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Garth Jennings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matthew McConaughey </Li> <Li> Reese Witherspoon </Li> <Li> Seth MacFarlane </Li> <Li> Scarlett Johansson </Li> <Li> John C. Reilly </Li> <Li> Taron Egerton </Li> <Li> Tori Kelly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Joby Talbot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Gregory Perler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Illumination Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Universal Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) </Li> <Li> December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 108 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $75 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $634.1 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sing is a 2016 American computer - animated musical comedy - drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater . </P> <P> The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $634 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year . </P> <P> A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Voice cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sequel </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets . </P> <P> Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; and punk - rock porcupine Ash . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dance routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 ( money he does not have ) , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute but agrees to see a private screening of the show . </P> <P> Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When one of the acts quits , and another is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray . After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub . </P> <P> The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater . </P> <P> When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite an interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . '' Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened . </P> <H2> Voice cast ( edit ) </H2> Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . <Ul> <Li> Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition . </Li> <Li> Reese Witherspoon as Rosita , a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman , and mother to their 25 piglets . </Li> <Li> Seth MacFarlane as Mike , an arrogant street musician mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice . </Li> <Li> Scarlett Johansson as Ash , a teenage porcupine punk rocker who takes part in an alternative - rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance . </Li> <Li> John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman , a sheep and Buster 's friend who doubts the future of the theater . </Li> <Li> Tori Kelly as Meena , a teenage elephant with an exquisite singing voice and severe stage fright . </Li> <Li> Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps . </Li> <Li> Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman , a sheep and Eddie 's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days . <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Hudson as Young Nana </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly , an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster 's administrative assistant . </Li> <Li> Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy , a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business . </Li> <Li> Nick Kroll as Gunter , a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show . </Li> <Li> Beck Bennett as Lance , a porcupine and Ash 's boyfriend . </Li> <Li> Jay Pharoah as Meena 's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright . </Li> <Li> Nick Offerman as Norman , a pig and Rosita 's husband . </Li> <Li> Leslie Jones as Meena 's mother </Li> <Li> Rhea Perlman as Judith , a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay . </Li> <Li> Laraine Newman as Meena 's grandmother </Li> <Li> Adam Buxton as Stan , a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy 's gang . </Li> <Li> Brad Morris as Baboon , whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances . </Li> <Li> Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog , who documents Buster 's singing competition . </Li> </Ul> <P> The voices of Rosita 's piglet children were provided by Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings , the children of Garth Jennings , the film 's writer and director . Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide `` additional voices '' , continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other 's films . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing . </P> <P> On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film . </P> <P> The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <P> A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 . </P> <H3> Home Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach . </P> <Ul> <Li> In Gunter Babysits , Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman 's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter . </Li> <Li> In Love at First Sight , Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman . </Li> <Li> In Eddie 's Life Coach , Eddie 's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry `` The Winner '' Wishman . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $363.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $634.1 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 . </P> <P> In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 168 reviews , and an average rating of 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <P> Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> List of awards and nominations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Date of ceremony </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards </Td> <Td> February 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up </Td> <Td> Sing </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annie Awards </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production </Td> <Td> Joby Talbot </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Globe Awards </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Animated Feature Film </Td> <Td> Sing </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Song </Td> <Td> `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hollywood Music in Media Awards </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Best Song -- Animated Film </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Soundtrack Album </Td> <Td> Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film </Td> <Td> Jojo Villanueva </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Favorite Animated Movie </Td> <Td> Sing </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie </Td> <Td> Reese Witherspoon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Most Wanted Pet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Soundtrack </Td> <Td> Sing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saturn Awards </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Animated Film </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sequel ( edit ) </H2> <P> Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel , tentatively titled Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Garth Jennings on Getting Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson to Provide Voices in ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ′ Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . December 27 , 2016 . Sing * ( Ill / Uni ) 4,022 locations , 4 - day $54.9 M , 3 - day : $35.2 M , 4 - day : $13 , 7K average , Total : $75.5 M , 1 wk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Search `` Sing '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutSing ( 2016 American film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Sing on IMDb </Li> <Li> Sing at The Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Illumination Entertainment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Despicable Me ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Hop ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Minions ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Sing ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchises </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chris Meledandri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Despicable Me Minion Mayhem </Li> <Li> Mac Guff </Li> <Li> Illumination Mac Guff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Garth Jennings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Son of Rambow ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Sing ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> <Li> Cartoon portal </Li> <Li> Animation portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_(2016_American_film)&oldid=837851173 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2016 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2016 3D films </Li> <Li> 2016 computer - animated films </Li> <Li> 2010s American animated films </Li> <Li> 2010s musical comedy films </Li> <Li> American children 's animated comedy films </Li> <Li> American computer - animated films </Li> <Li> American musical comedy films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Animated films about animals </Li> <Li> Films about competitions </Li> <Li> Films set in a theatre </Li> <Li> Films featuring anthropomorphic characters </Li> <Li> Films directed by Garth Jennings </Li> <Li> Jukebox musical films </Li> <Li> Illumination Entertainment animated films </Li> <Li> Universal Pictures films </Li> <Li> Universal Pictures animated films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 19 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 12 : 20 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who plays the voice of johnny in sing

People 's Postcode Lottery - wikipedia <H1> People 's Postcode Lottery </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> People 's Postcode Lottery is a subscription lottery in Great Britain , run by Postcode Lottery Limited ( Gambling Commission licence numbers 000 - 000829 - N - 102511 and 000 - 000829 - R - 10251 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Process </Li> <Li> 3 Beneficiaries </Li> <Li> 4 Ambassadors </Li> <Li> 5 Postcode Challenge </Li> <Li> 6 Sponsorship </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Postcode Lottery format was introduced by the Dutch company Novamedia BV , which launched its first postcode lottery in the Netherlands in 1989 . Novamedia now runs six lotteries using cause marketing : Nationale Postcode Loterij , Vrienden Loterij and BankGiro Loterij in the Netherlands , Svenska Postkod Lotteriet in Sweden , People 's Postcode Lottery in Great Britain and , since July 2016 , Deutsche Postcode Lotterie in Germany . Together , they claim to have contributed over € 7.9 billion to charitable organisations around the world . </P> <P> People 's Postcode Lottery was launched in the north of England in 2005 as a pilot scheme . After a successful launch , it expanded into Scotland in 2007 and Wales in July 2010 . The lottery uses cause marketing , claiming to have been established to raise money for charity and to increase awareness of the work of the various charities and causes supported by its players . </P> <P> In 2017 Novamedia BV threatened to sue the Free Postcode Lottery ( an alternative free service which raises money through advertising and offers daily prizes to registered users ) on the basis that they were `` passing themselves off '' as the People 's Postcode Lottery . This claim was made in spite of the fact that the free Postcode lottery was completely free while the Peoples Postcode lottery is a paid for subscription service . </P> <H2> Process ( edit ) </H2> <P> People 's Postcode Lottery is a subscription lottery . Players sign up to pay monthly in advance by direct debit or debit card . There are ten draws each month with prizes every day . </P> <P> A player 's tickets are based on their playing postcode , which is most commonly their home postcode . A given postcode in Britain will usually represent a group of houses . If more than one resident has tickets in a winning postcode , all playing neighbours collect prizes . </P> <P> In accordance with restrictions under the Gambling Act 2005 , the maximum amount which can be won by a single ticket is £ 400,000 or 10 % of the total draw proceeds . </P> <H2> Beneficiaries ( edit ) </H2> <P> A minimum of 32 % goes to various trusts , which in turn provide funding to charities and community projects across Great Britain and internationally . As an external lottery manager , People 's Postcode Lottery manages several society lotteries promoted by different charities . Over 4,000 causes have received support . </P> <H2> Ambassadors ( edit ) </H2> <P> People 's Postcode Lottery has a number of celebrity `` ambassadors '' . In March 2018 , these included David Attenborough , Clare Balding , Brian Blessed , Judi Dench , Shobna Gulati , Tim Healy , Stephen Jardine , Ellen MacArthur , Aggie MacKenzie , Carey Mulligan , John Stapleton and Emma Thompson . Fiona Phillips became an ambassador for People 's Postcode Lottery at the end of 2012 , leading the organisation 's DRTV campaigns . </P> <P> Presenters Judie McCourt , Danyl Johnson , Jeff Brazier and Matt Johnson visit People 's Postcode Lottery winners to present them with their cheques , attend Postcode Million events and take part in People 's Postcode Lottery advertising campaigns . </P> <H2> Postcode Challenge ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 2008 to 2010 , People 's Postcode Lottery sponsored Postcode Challenge , a quiz show hosted by Angus Purden on STV . </P> <H2> Sponsorship ( edit ) </H2> <P> Novamedia has worked with a number of leading TV production companies and public and commercial broadcasters to support the promotion of its lotteries . Novamedia inspired and paid Endemol to produce TV game shows such as Deal or No Deal and 1 vs 100 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gambling Commission Account details </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Novamedia Website , About Charity Lotteries section </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People 's Postcode Lottery - Charities webpage </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People 's Postcode Lottery - Ambassadors webpage </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Postcode_Lottery&oldid=836422769 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lotteries in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 2005 establishments in the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles lacking sources from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with a promotional tone from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with a promotional tone </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2014 </Li> <Li> Use British English from September 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 18 : 44 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who are the faces of the postcode lottery

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time - wikipedia <H1> The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the stage adaptation of the book , see The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) . <Table> The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Front cover of first edition ( quote from Ian McEwan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Mark Haddon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Mystery novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Jonathan Cape ( UK ) Doubleday ( US ) Anchor Canada ( Canada ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> May 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardback and paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 226 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 09 - 945025 - 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 59267481 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon . Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1892 short story `` The Adventure of Silver Blaze '' . Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year , the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best First Book , and the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize . Unusually , it was published simultaneously in separate editions for adults and children . </P> <P> The novel is narrated in the first - person perspective by Christopher John Francis Boone , a 15 - year - old boy who describes himself as `` a mathematician with some behavioural difficulties '' living in Swindon , Wiltshire . Although Christopher 's condition is not stated , the book 's blurb refers to Asperger syndrome , high - functioning autism , or savant syndrome . In July 2009 , Haddon wrote on his blog that `` Curious Incident is not a book about Asperger 's ... if anything it 's a novel about difference , about being an outsider , about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way . The book is not specifically about any specific disorder , '' and that he , Haddon , is not an expert on autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome . </P> <P> The book uses prime numbers to number the chapters , rather than the conventional successive numbers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Themes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Social disability </Li> <Li> 3.2 Metaphor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Awards </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical reaction </Li> <Li> 4.3 Medical professionals ' reviews </Li> <Li> 4.4 Texas community reactions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Stage </Li> <Li> 5.2 Film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> Christopher , a fifteen - year - old boy with an autism spectrum condition , lives with his father , who has told him that his mother , Judy , died two years ago . The boy discovers the dead body of the neighbour 's dog , Wellington , speared by a garden fork . Mrs Shears , the dog 's owner , calls the police , and Christopher comes under suspicion . When a policeman touches him , he hits the policeman , and is arrested , then released with a police caution . He decides to investigate the dog 's death , despite his father 's orders to stay out of other people 's business . He is severely limited by his fears and difficulties when interpreting the world around him . Throughout his adventures , Christopher records his experiences in a book , which he calls a `` murder mystery novel '' . During his investigation , Christopher meets people whom he has never before encountered , even though they live on the same street , including the elderly Mrs Alexander , who informs Christopher that his mother had an affair with Mr Shears and had been with him for a long time . </P> <P> Christopher 's father , Ed , discovers the book and confiscates it after a brief fight with the boy . While searching for the confiscated book , Christopher uncovers a trove of letters which his mother wrote to him , dated after her supposed death , which his father has also hidden . He is so shocked by his father lying about his mother 's death that he is unable to move , curls up on the bed , vomits and groans for several hours until his father returns home . Ed realizes that Christopher has read the letters and cleans him up . He then confesses that he had indeed lied about Judy 's death and also that it was he who killed Wellington , stating that it was a mistake resulting from his anger after a heated argument with Mrs Shears . Christopher , having lost all trust in his father and fearing that Ed might try to kill him since he had already killed the dog , decides to live with his mother and runs away . He remembers his mother 's address from the letters and embarks on an adventurous trip to London , where his mother lives with Mr Shears . </P> <P> After a long and event - filled journey , evading policemen and feeling ill from the overwhelmingly large amount of information and stimuli from the trains and crowds around him , he finally finds his way to his mother and Mr Shears 's home , and waits outside until they arrive . Judy is delighted that Christopher has come to her ; she is upset that Ed told Christopher that she was dead . Mr Shears does not want Christopher living with them and never did . Very soon after arriving , Christopher wants to return to Swindon in order to take his mathematics A-level . His mother leaves Mr Shears , their relationship having broken down because of their conflict about Christopher and Mr Shears 's rejection of Christopher . Judy then moves into a rented room in Swindon . After an argument with Ed , she agrees to let Ed meet Christopher for daily brief visits . Christopher remains terrified of his father and makes repeated attempts to prevent him from talking . He hopes Ed will be imprisoned for killing Wellington , although his mother explains that for this to happen , Mrs Shears would have to press charges . </P> <P> The story ends with Ed getting Christopher a Golden Retriever puppy , whom Christopher gets to name , and promising that he will rebuild trust with Christopher slowly , `` no matter how long it takes '' . Christopher asserts that he will take further A-level exams and attend university . He completes his mathematics A-level with top grades despite having eaten and slept very little . Earlier in the story he talks about wanting to become an astronaut , but at the end he declares that his goal is to become a scientist . The book ends with Christopher optimistic about his future , having solved the mystery of the murdered dog , gone to London on his own , found his mother , written a book about his adventures , and achieved an A in his A-level maths exam . </P> <H2> Characters </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Christopher John Francis Boone </Dt> <Dd> The 15 - year - old protagonist and narrator of the novel , who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears ' large black poodle . </Dd> <Dt> Ed Boone </Dt> <Dd> Christopher 's father , a boiler engineer . Prior to the beginning of the story , he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years . </Dd> <Dt> Judy Boone </Dt> <Dd> Christopher 's mother . Early in the book , Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book 's events . </Dd> <Dt> Siobhan </Dt> <Dd> Christopher 's paraprofessional and mentor at school . She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines . </Dd> <Dt> Roger Shears </Dt> <Dd> One of the neighbours who lived near the Boones , but who has left his wife before the story begins . </Dd> <Dt> Eileen Shears </Dt> <Dd> Mr Shears 's wife , who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother 's death . </Dd> <Dt> Mrs Alexander </Dt> <Dd> An old lady , who is one of Christopher 's neighbours , who offers information to help Christopher 's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears . </Dd> <Dt> Rhodri </Dt> <Dd> Ed Boone 's employee . </Dd> <Dt> Toby </Dt> <Dd> Christopher 's pet rat . </Dd> <Dt> Wellington </Dt> <Dd> Mrs Shears ' large black poodle , which Christopher finds dead in her garden , with a garden fork sticking out of him . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Themes </H2> <H3> Social disability </H3> <P> In a June 2003 interview with NPR 's Terry Gross on her program Fresh Air , Haddon said about Christopher , `` If he were diagnosed , he would be diagnosed as having Asperger 's syndrome , which is a form of autism . I suppose you 'd call it high - function autism in that he can function on , you know , a day - to - day basis , in a kind of rudimentary way . But he has a serious difficulty with life in that he really does n't empathize with other human beings . He ca n't read their faces . He ca n't put himself in their shoes . And he ca n't understand anything more than the literal meaning of whatever 's said to him , although I 'm very careful in the book not to actually use the word ' Asperger 's ' or ' autism . ' ... Because I do n't want him to be labelled , and because , as with most people who have a disability , I do n't think it 's necessarily the most important thing about him ... And as a good friend of mine said after reading the book , a friend who is himself a mathematician , it 's not a novel about a boy who has Asperger 's syndrome ; it 's a novel about a young mathematician who has some strange behavioural problems . And I think that 's right . '' </P> <P> Haddon added , in the conversation with Terry Gross , `` I have to say honestly that I did more research about the London Underground and the inside of Swindon Railway Station , where some of the novel takes place , than I did about Asperger 's syndrome . I gave him kind of nine or 10 rules that he would live his life by , and then I did n't read any more about Asperger 's because I think there is no typical person who has Asperger 's syndrome , and they 're as large and diverse a group of people as any other group in society . And the important thing is that I did a lot of imagining , that I did a lot of putting myself into his shoes in trying to make him come alive as a human being rather than getting him right , whatever that might mean . '' </P> <P> Haddon states on his website that , although he had read `` a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about , or by , people with Asperger 's and autism '' in preparation for writing the book , he knows `` very little '' about Asperger 's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people . According to Haddon , none of these people can be labelled as having a disability . Haddon added that he `` slightly regret ( s ) '' that the term Asperger 's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel . In 2010 , in an interview with The Independent , he was described as `` now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger 's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel , because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures . '' </P> <P> In a critical essay on the novel , Vivienne Muller quotes some praise by experts on disability theory : `` In its presentation of Christopher 's everyday experiences of the society in which he lives , the narrative offers a rich canvas of experiences for an ethnographic study of this particular cognitive condition , and one which places a positive spin on the syndrome . The reader in this instance acts as ethnographer , invited to see what Mark Osteen claims is a ' quality in autistic lives that is valuable in and of itself ' ( cited in ( S . ) Adams 2005 , p. 1 ) . Along similar lines , ( Alex ) McClimens writes that Haddon 's novel is ' an ethnographic delight ' and that ' Haddon 's achievement is to have written a novel that turns on the central character 's difference without making that difference a stigmatising characteristic ' ( 2005 , p. 24 ) . '' Muller adds that the novel `` works with a strong sense of the disabled speaking subject , drawing readers into Christopher 's cognitive / corporeal space through an incremental layering of his perspectives and reactions ... The narrative also bristles with diagrams , maps , drawings , stories , texts that inform Christopher 's lexicon for mapping meaning in a world of bewildering signs and sounds . '' She also admires such elements as `` the digressive stream - of - connectedness - and - disconnectedness way in which Christopher writes and thinks ; the obsessive focus on minutiae ; his musings about why animals behave the way they do ; his quasi philosophizing on death and life and the afterlife ; his ambition to be an astronaut ... '' </P> <P> In a survey of children 's books which `` teach about emotional life , '' Laura Jana wrote , `` On the one hand , this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order , deals with a family crisis , and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it . But it also provides profound insight into a disorder -- autism -- that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions . In so doing , The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel , express , and interpret emotions . This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger 's syndrome and autism - spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy . '' </P> <H3> Metaphor </H3> <P> Christopher often comments on his inability to appreciate some metaphors and similes . He gives as an example a quote that he found in `` a proper novel '' : `` I am veined with iron , with silver and with streaks of common mud . I can not contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus . '' Haddon told Terry Gross , `` Funnily enough , it 's actually a quote from Virginia Woolf . It 's Virginia Woolf on an off day , in the middle , I think , of The Waves . An author whom I love actually , but who sometimes got a little too carried away . '' </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Awards </H3> <P> The book was joint winner of the 2004 Boeke Prize , won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year award and sold more than two million copies . Haddon also was one of the winners of the 2004 Alex Awards , which `` honor the 10 top adult books with appeal for adolescents . '' </P> <P> As well as winning the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize , Haddon earned the Book Trust teenage fiction award . The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time was also long - listed for the Man Booker Prize , and `` many observers were surprised that it did not advance to the shortlist . '' John Carey , chairman of the Booker panel of judges , told The Guardian , `` We have several clashes of opinion among the judges but I found Haddon 's book about a boy with Asperger 's syndrome breathtaking . '' </P> <H3> Critical Reaction </H3> <P> A survey in Great Britain , conducted by the BBC 's literacy campaign for World Book Day , found Curious Incident to be among `` the top five happy endings , as voted on by readers '' in novels ( the others were Pride and Prejudice , To Kill a Mockingbird , Jane Eyre and Rebecca , the last of which Curious outranked ) . </P> <P> School Library Journal praised it as a `` rich and poignant novel . '' The San Jose Mercury News said , `` Haddon does something audacious here , and he does it superbly . He shows us the way consciousness orders the world , even when the world does n't want to be ordered , '' adding that `` the great achievement of this novel is that it transcends its obvious cleverness . It 's more than an exercise in narrative ingenuity . Filled with humor and pain , it verges on profundity in its examination of those things -- customs , habits , language , symbols , daily routines , etc. -- that simultaneously unite and separate human beings . '' A reviewer for The Christian Century described it as `` an absorbing , plausible book '' : `` The reader becomes absorbed not only in the mystery of a murdered dog and a missing mom , but also in the mysterious world of an autistic child . '' </P> <P> A reviewer for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution wrote that the story is `` a touching evolution , one that Haddon scripts with tenderness and care ... a unique window into the mind of a boy who thinks a little differently , but like many kids his age , does n't quite know how to feel . '' Professor Roger Soder called it `` visceral '' and a `` delightful story , '' declaring , `` All of us in our Spokane Book Club are special education professionals and so have considerable experience with kids with this disability , and we found the story believable . '' </P> <H3> Medical professionals ' reviews </H3> <P> Dr. Alex McClimens , whom Muller quoted above , also wrote , `` This magnificent essay in communication is compulsory reading for anyone with the slightest interest in autistic spectrum disorders . This book is also required reading for those who simply enjoy a fascinating story ... we are offered a first person narrative to match anything by contemporary writers . Mark Haddon has created a true literary character and his handling of the teenage Asperger 's heroic adventure is brilliantly crafted . He uses the literal mind - set of his hero to mask the true direction of the plot . '' Reviewer Paul Moorehead calls the book `` a fairly ripping adventure story '' and writes , `` It 's also quite a feat of writing . The actual use of language is somewhat austere -- an unavoidable consequence of having a boy with autism as a narrator -- but it has its own beauty , and it works . So persuasive and so effective is the construction of Christopher , not only is he a character you 're rooting for , he 's also the character in the story you understand the best . It 's startling how believably and comfortably this story puts you into what you might have thought were likely to be some pretty alien shoes . '' </P> <P> Reviewer David Ellis , naming Curious Incident an `` ambitious and innovative novel , '' wrote that Haddon `` manages to avoid the opposing pitfalls of either offending people with autism and their families or turning Christopher into an object of pity . Instead of becoming the focus of the plot , the autism enhances it . The unemotional descriptions amplify many moments of observational comedy , and misfortunes are made extremely poignantly . '' He concludes that Christopher 's story is `` far more enjoyable and likely to stay with you for far longer than any medical textbook . '' </P> <H3> Texas community reactions </H3> <P> The novel was selected as a recommended book for the 2006 Galveston Reads program , a literacy encouragement program in Galveston County , Texas . Kimball Brizendine , the Mayor of Friendswood , issued a proclamation declaring `` Galveston County Reads Day '' and encouraging `` all citizens , teens to seniors '' to read the novel . Five days later , he retracted the statement , declaring that it was `` not ( his ) intention to endorse this readership ( sic ) for our younger readers . '' The journal American Libraries reported , `` City Council member Chris Peden went a step further , asserting to the January 28 Galveston County Daily News that while he had n't read Curious Incident in its entirety , he had noted that the ' F word ' appeared on page four and that ' later in the book , the ( lead character ) says there is no God and there is no life after death . Clearly , these are not ideas we should promote to kids ' . '' </P> <P> In August , 2007 , some parents in Bryan , Texas , `` were appalled to see what their kids were reading '' and protested the inclusion of the book in high school libraries , with one parent claiming that Curious Incident and another book ( Catalyst by Laurie Halse Anderson ) were `` unsuitable for not just some but all high school students . '' </P> <H2> Adaptations </H2> <H3> Stage </H3> Main article : The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) <P> A stage adaptation , by Simon Stephens and directed by Marianne Elliott , premiered at the National Theatre on 2 August 2012 . It starred Luke Treadaway as Christopher , Nicola Walker as his mother Judy , Paul Ritter as his father Ed , Una Stubbs as Mrs Alexander and Niamh Cusack as Siobhan . The production , which ran until late October 2012 , was broadcast live to cinemas worldwide on 6 September 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme . </P> <P> The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue , London , from March 2013 . On 19 December 2013 , during a performance of The Curious Incident at the Apollo , parts of the ceiling fell down injuring around 80 of the over 700 patrons inside . The production re-opened at the Gielgud Theatre on 24 June 2014 . The new West End cast was led by Sion Daniel Young as Christopher Boone , with Rebecca Lacey as Siobhan , Nicolas Tennant as Ed , Mary Stockley as Judy , Jacqueline Clarke as Mrs Alexander , Indra Ové as Mrs Shears , Stephen Beckett as Roger Shears , Matthew Trevannion as Mr Thompson , Pearl Mackie as No. 40 / Punk Girl , Sean McKenzie as Reverend Peters and Kaffe Keating plays alternate Christopher . They were joined by Mark Rawlings , Penelope McGhie , Naomi Said and Simon Victor . </P> <P> An adaptation and translation into Spanish by María Renée Prudencio played at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City in June 2014 . The character of Christopher was played by Luis Gerardo Méndez and by Alfonso Dosal on alternate days . An Israeli adaptation ( translation into Hebrew by Daniel Efrat ) has been staged at the Beit Lessin Theater in Tel Aviv since March 2014 , starring Nadav Netz as Christopher . Netz won the Best Actor category at the 2015 Israeli Theater Awards for the role . </P> <H3> Film </H3> <P> The film rights for the novel were optioned by Brad Grey and Brad Pitt for Warner Brothers . In 2011 Steve Kloves was attached to write and direct the project , but as of 2017 it has not yet been produced . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ethan Frome '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 Commonwealth Writers Prize Awarded '' . State Library of Victoria . 15 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize 2003 ( top page ) . guardian.co.uk. 6 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 13 November 2003 ) . `` Curious incident of writer 's literary hat trick : Whitbread list means Haddon could be three time winner '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Asperger 's & Autism '' . Mark Haddon . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gross , Terry ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Interview : Mark Haddon Talks About His New Book , The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NPR . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Haddon : The Curious Incident of the Novelist Turned Playwright '' . The Independent . UK . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muller , Vivienne ( December 2006 ) . `` Constituting Christopher : Disability Theory and Mark Haddon 's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Papers : Explorations into Children 's Literature. 16 ( 2 ) : 118 + . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jana , Laura A. ( February 2005 ) . `` Feelings 101 : Teaching about Emotional Life through Literature '' . Contemporary Pediatrics. 22 ( 2 ) : 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adult Books that Appeal to Teens '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 22 ( 1 ) : 7 . August -- September 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sarvas , Mark ( 27 January 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Modern Word . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Happy Endings '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 23 ( 5 ) : 4 . April -- May 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Haddon , Mark . The Curious Incident of the Dog on Night - Time '' . School Library Journal . 50 ( 4 ) : S64. April 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( 22 June 2003 ) . `` Narrator is Autistic -- Reasoning is Artistic '' . San Jose Mercury News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Christian Century . 122 ( 25 ) : 23 . 13 December 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeman , John ( 29 June 2003 ) . `` BOOKS : Whodunit Unveils Autistic Boy 's Mind '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soder , Roger ( June 2005 ) . `` Books for Summer Reading '' . Phi Delta Kappan . Phi Delta Kappa. 86 ( 10 ) : 777 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClimens , Alex ( May 2005 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( Adult version ) '' . Learning Disability Practice . Royal College of Nursing. 8 ( 4 ) : 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moorehead , Paul ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` Comfortable in Alien Shoes '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . Canadian Medical Association . 174 ( 9 ) : 1307 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 060083 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellis , David S.J. ( February 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Student BMJ . British Medical Association . 12 : 84 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curious Incident Triggers Curious Reaction in Texas '' . American Libraries . American Library Association . 37 ( 3 ) : 19 . March 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roggenkamp , Karen . `` Challenges to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime '' . Commerce , TX : Texas A&M University . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time -- Cast & Creative '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( 5 August 2012 ) . `` National Theatre adapts Mark Haddon 's Curious Incident '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live Homepage '' . National Theatre . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` London 's Apollo Theatre 's roof collapses '' . BBC News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/97103/curious-incident-dog-night-time/ at Gielgud Theatre 2013 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/108677/production-images-for-the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-night-time/ Production photographs June 2015 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beit Lessin Theater play page ( Hebrew ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Bill ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Actress shows off her knack for comedy '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Wonderful Novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Being Adapted into a Film by Harry Potter Writer '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guardian and Observer Film Season 2010 's Power 100 : David Heyman '' . Guardian.co.uk. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Powell 's interview with author Mark Haddon </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by Mark Haddon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Youth titles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gilbert 's Gobstopper </Li> <Li> Mikie Joy </Li> <Li> Toni and the Tomato Soup </Li> <Li> A Narrow Escape for Princess Sharon </Li> <Li> Agent Z Meets the Masked Crusader </Li> <Li> Titch Johnson , Almost World Champion </Li> <Li> Agent Z Goes Wild </Li> <Li> At Home </Li> <Li> At Playgroup </Li> <Li> In the Garden </Li> <Li> On Holiday </Li> <Li> The Real Porky Phillips </Li> <Li> Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars </Li> <Li> The Sea of Tranquility </Li> <Li> Secret Agent Handbook </Li> <Li> Agent Z and the Killer Bananas </Li> <Li> Ocean Star Express </Li> <Li> The Ice Bear 's Cave </Li> <Li> Gridzbi Spudvetch ! </Li> <Li> Footprints on the Moon </Li> <Li> Boom ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adult titles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - 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Five - Year plans of India - Wikipedia <H1> Five - Year plans of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> From 1947 to 2017 , the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five - Year Plans , developed , executed , and monitored by the Planning Commission ( 1951 - 2014 ) and the NITI Aayog ( 2015 - 2017 ) . With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman , the commission has a nominated deputy chairman , who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister . Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission ( resigned on 26 May 2014 ) . The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017 . Prior to the Fourth Plan , the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism , which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969 . Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans . The new government led by Narendra Modi , elected in 2014 , has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission , and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog ( an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) </Li> <Li> 3 Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> 4 Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) </Li> <Li> 5 Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) </Li> <Li> 6 Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) </Li> <Li> 7 Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 8 Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) </Li> <Li> 9 Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> 10 Annual Plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) </Li> <Li> 11 Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 13 Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 14 Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 15 Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 References </Li> <Li> 18 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Five - Year Plans ( FYPs ) are centralized and integrated national economic programs . Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s . Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them . China and India both continue to use FYPs , although China renamed its Eleventh FYP , from 2006 to 2010 , a guideline ( guihua ) , rather than a plan ( jihua ) , to signify the central government 's more hands - off approach to development . India launched its First FYP in 1951 , immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . </P> <P> The First Five - Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence . Thus , it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country ( but less than the Second Plan , which focused on heavy industries ) . It built a particular system of mixed economy , with a great role for the public sector ( with an emerging welfare state ) , as well as a growing private sector ( represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan ) . </P> <H2> First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first Indian Prime Minister , Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five - Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention . The First Five - year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector . The First Five - Year Plan was based on the Harrod -- Domar model with few modifications . </P> <P> The total planned budget of Rs. 2069 crore ( 2378 crore later ) was allocated to seven broad areas : irrigation and energy ( 27.2 % ) , agriculture and community development ( 17.4 % ) , transport and communications ( 24 % ) , industry ( 8.4 % ) , social services ( 16.6 % ) , rehabilitation of landless farmers ( 4.1 % ) , and for other sectors and services ( 2.5 % ) . The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors . Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence , India was facing basic problems -- deficiency of capital and low capacity to save . </P> <P> The target growth rate was 2.1 % annual gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth ; the achieved growth rate was 3.6 % the net domestic product went up by 15 % . The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields , boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income , which increased by 8 % . National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth . Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period , including the Bhakra , Hirakud , Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the Indian government , addressed children 's health and reduced infant mortality , indirectly contributing to population growth . </P> <P> At the end of the plan period in 1956 , five Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) were started as major technical institutions . The University Grants Commission ( UGC ) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country . Contracts were signed to start five steel plants , which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five - Year Plan . The plan was quasi successful for the government . </P> <H2> Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and `` rapid Industrialisation '' . The plan followed the Mahalanobis model , an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953 . The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long - run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute . The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods . </P> <P> Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai , Durgapur , and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia , Britain ( the U.K ) and West Germany respectively . Coal production was increased . More railway lines were added in the north east . </P> <P> The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes . In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power . </P> <P> The total amount allocated under the Second Five - Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion . This amount was allocated among various sectors : power and irrigation , social services , communications and transport , and miscellaneous . </P> <P> `` The target growth rate was 4.5 % and the actual growth rate was 4.27 % . '' </P> <H2> Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Third Five - year Plan , stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat , but the brief Sino - Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army . In 1965 -- 1966 , India fought a War with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965 . The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation . The construction of dams continued . Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built . Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat . </P> <P> Many primary schools were started in rural areas . In an effort to bring democracy to the grass - root level , Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities . </P> <P> State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed . States were made responsible for secondary and higher education . State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility . </P> <P> The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 2.4 % . </P> <P> Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare `` plan holidays '' ( from 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , and 1968 -- 69 ) . Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period . During 1966 -- 67 there was again the problem of drought . Equal priority was given to agriculture , its allied activities , and industrial sector . The government of India declared `` Devaluation of Rupee '' to increase the exports of the country . The main reasons for plan holidays were the war , lack of resources , and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created . </P> <H2> Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister . The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture . In addition , the situation in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) was becoming dire as the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development . India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test ( Pokhran - 1 ) in Rajasthan on May 18 , 1974 , partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal . The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war . </P> <P> The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 3.3 % . </P> <H2> Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Fifth Five - Year Plan laid stress on employment , poverty alleviation ( Garibi Hatao ) , and justice . The plan also focused on self - reliance in agricultural production and defence . In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan . The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975 , which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission . </P> <P> The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic . Tourism also expanded . The twenty - point programme was launched in 1975 . It was followed from 1974 to 1979 . </P> <P> The Minimum Needs Programme ( MNP ) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan ( 1974 -- 78 ) . The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people . </P> <P> The target growth rate was 4.4 % and the actual growth rate was 4.8 % . </P> <H2> Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five - Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five - Year Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) . This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed . The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years , which may be 3 , 4 or 5 years . Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy . The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10 , 15 or 20 years . Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans . The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets , the object of the exercise , projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country 's economy . The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year , it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five - year period and it turned out to be a complex plan . Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress . </P> <H2> Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Sixth Five - Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation . Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed . This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living . This was the end of Nehruvian socialism . The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee . Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation . In contrast to China 's strict and binding one - child policy , Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas , which continued to have a high birth rate . </P> <P> The Sixth Five - Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy . The target growth rate was 5.2 % and the actual growth rate was 5.7 % . The only Five - Year Plan which was done twice . </P> <H2> Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Seventh Five - Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister . The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology . </P> <P> The main objectives of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity , production of food grains , and generating employment through `` Social Justice '' . </P> <P> As an outcome of the Sixth Five - Year Plan , there had been steady growth in agriculture , controls on the rate of inflation , and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five - Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth . The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large . The thrust areas of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were : social justice , removal of oppression of the weak , using modern technology , agricultural development , anti-poverty programmes , full supply of food , clothing , and shelter , increasing productivity of small - and large - scale farmers , and making India an independent economy . </P> <P> Based on a 15 - year period of striving towards steady growth , the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self - sustaining growth by the year 2000 . The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4 % per year . </P> <P> Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five - Year Plan India are given below : </P> <Ul> <Li> Balance of payments ( estimates ) : Export -- ₹ 330 billion ( US $5.1 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 540 billion ( US $8.3 billion ) , Trade Balance -- ( - ) ₹ 210 billion ( US $3.2 billion ) </Li> <Li> Merchandise exports ( estimates ) : ₹ 606.53 billion ( US $9.3 billion ) </Li> <Li> Merchandise imports ( estimates ) : ₹ 954.37 billion ( US $14.6 billion ) </Li> <Li> Projections for balance of payments : Export -- ₹ 607 billion ( US $9.3 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 954 billion ( US $14.6 billion ) , Trade Balance - ( - ) ₹ 347 billion ( US $5.3 billion ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Under the Seventh Five - Year Plan , India strove to bring about a self - sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace . </P> <P> The target growth rate was 5.0 % and the actual growth rate was 6.01 % . and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7 % . </P> <H2> Annual plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990 -- 91 and 1991 -- 92 were treated as Annual Plans . The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992 -- 1997 . </P> <H2> Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> 1989 -- 91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five - year plan was implemented . Between 1990 and 1992 , there were only Annual Plans . In 1991 , India faced a crisis in foreign exchange ( forex ) reserves , left with reserves of only about US $ 1 billion . Thus , under pressure , the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy . P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party , and led one of the most important administrations in India 's modern history , overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security . At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh ( later Prime Minister of India ) launched India 's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge . It was the beginning of liberalization , privatisation and globalization ( LPG ) in India . </P> <P> Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan . Under this plan , the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt . Meanwhile , India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995 . The major objectives included , controlling population growth , poverty reduction , employment generation , strengthening the infrastructure , institutional building , tourism management , human resource development , involvement of Panchayati rajs , Nagar Palikas , NGOs , decentralisation and people 's participation . </P> <P> Energy was given priority with 26.6 % of the outlay . </P> <P> The target growth rate was 5.6 % and the actual growth rate was 6.8 % . </P> <P> To achieve the target of an average of 5.6 % per annum , investment of 23.2 % of the gross domestic product was required . The incremental capital ratio is 4.1 . The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources , with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6 % of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6 % of gross domestic production . </P> <H2> Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Ninth Five - Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five - Year Plan . The Ninth Five - Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth . It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty . The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five - Year Plan also ensured the states ' ability to proceed on the path of faster development . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country . In addition , the Ninth Five - Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country . New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans ( SAPs ) were evolved during the Ninth Five - Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources . The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure , agriculture , information technology and Water policy . </P> <P> Budget </P> <P> The Ninth Five - Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹ 859,200 crore ( US $130 billion ) . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw a hike of 48 % in terms of plan expenditure and 33 % in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five - Year Plan . In the total outlay , the share of the center was approximately 57 % while it was 43 % for the states and the union territories . </P> <P> The Ninth Five - Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country . The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity . The Ninth Five - Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society . </P> <P> Objectives </P> <P> The main objective of the Ninth Five - Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country . Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five - Year Plan were : </P> <Ul> <Li> Population control . </Li> <Li> Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development . </Li> <Li> Reduction of poverty . </Li> <Li> Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor . </Li> <Li> Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities . </Li> <Li> Primary education to all children in the country . </Li> <Li> Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes , Scheduled tribes and other backward classes . </Li> <Li> Developing self - reliance in terms of agriculture . </Li> <Li> Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices . </Li> </Ul> <P> Strategies </P> <Ul> <Li> Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy . </Li> <Li> New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country . </Li> <Li> Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth . </Li> <Li> Combination of public and private support to increase employment . </Li> <Li> Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self - reliance . </Li> <Li> Providing services like electricity , telecommunication , railways etc . </Li> <Li> Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country . </Li> <Li> Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions / bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process . </Li> </Ul> <P> Performance </P> <Ul> <Li> The Ninth Five - Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4 % against a target of 6.5 % </Li> <Li> The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1 % against the target of 4.2 % </Li> <Li> The industrial growth in the country was 4.5 % which was higher than that of the target of 3 % </Li> <Li> The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8 % . </Li> <Li> An average annual growth rate of 6.7 % was reached . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Ninth Five - Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio - economic development of the country . However , for a well - planned economy of any country , there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation . A combined effort of public , private , and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India 's economy . </P> <P> The target growth was 7.1 % and the actual growth was 6.8 % . </P> <H2> Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The main objectives of the Tenth Five - Year Plan : </P> <Ul> <Li> Attain 8 % GDP growth per year . </Li> <Li> Reduction of poverty rate by 5 % by 2007 . </Li> <Li> Providing gainful and high - quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force . </Li> <Li> Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50 % by 2007 . </Li> <Li> 20 - point program was introduced . </Li> <Li> Target growth : 8.1 % -- growth achieved : 7.7 % . </Li> <Li> The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities . </Li> <Li> Expenditure of ₹ 43,825 crore ( US $6.7 billion ) for tenth five years . </Li> </Ul> <P> Out of total plan outlay , ₹ 921,291 crore ( US $140 billion ) ( 57.9 % ) was for central government and ₹ 691,009 crore ( US $110 billion ) ( 42.1 % ) was for states and union territories . </P> <H2> Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> it was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister . </Li> <Li> It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18 - 23 years of age group by 2011 - 12 . </Li> <Li> It focused on distant education , convergence of formal , non-formal , distant and IT education institutions . </Li> <Li> Rapid and inclusive growth ( poverty reduction ) . </Li> <Li> Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein . </Li> <Li> Empowerment through education and skill development . </Li> <Li> Reduction of gender inequality . </Li> <Li> Environmental sustainability . </Li> <Li> To increase the growth rate in agriculture , industry and services to 4 % , 10 % and 9 % respectively . </Li> <Li> Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1 . </Li> <Li> Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 . </Li> <Li> Increase agriculture growth to 4 % . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 12th Five - Year Plan ( India ) <P> The Twelfth Five - Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2 % but the National Development Council ( NDC ) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8 % for the Twelfth Five - Year Plan . </P> <P> With the deteriorating global situation , the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible . The Final growth target has been set at 8 % by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi . </P> <P> `` It is not possible to think of an average of 9 % ( in the 12th plan ) . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible , '' Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments . The approached paper for the 12th Plan , approved last year , talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 % . </P> <P> `` When I say feasible ... that will require major effort . If you do n't do that , there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent . I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year ... the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan ( 2012 -- 13 ) is 6.5 to 7 percent . '' </P> <P> He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number ( economic growth target ) to put before the country 's NDC for its approval . </P> <P> The government intends to reduce poverty by 10 % during the 12th Five - Year Plan . Ahluwalia said , `` We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 % annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period '' . Earlier , addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments , he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan . The commission had said , while using the Tendulkar poverty line , the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004 -- 05 and 2009 -- 10 , was about 1.5 % points each year , which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993 -- 95 to 2004 -- 05 . The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks . The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US $1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five - year plan , which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) . The UID ( Unique Identification Number ) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan . </P> <P> The objectives of the Twelfth Five - Year Plan were : </P> <Ul> <Li> To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector . </Li> <Li> To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment . </Li> <Li> To enhance access to higher education . </Li> <Li> To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0 - 3 years . </Li> <Li> To provide electricity to all villages . </Li> <Li> To ensure that 50 % of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water . </Li> <Li> To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year . </Li> <Li> To provide access to banking services to 90 % of households . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Five - year plans of China </Li> <Li> Five - Year Plans of Romania </Li> <Li> Five - Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Common minimum programme </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Planning Commission , Government of India : Five Year Plans . Planningcommission.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Planning Commission ( 24 February 1997 ) . `` A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall `` Five Year Plans '' in Encyclopedia of Sustainability , Vol. 7 pp. 156 -- 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir , India 's Open - Economy Policy : Globalism , Rivalry , Continuity ( London and New York : Routledge 2008 ) , Chapter 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar , Globalization And Nationalism : The Changing Balance Of India 's Economic Policy , 1950 -- 2000 ( New Delhi : Sage , 2001 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : L.N. Dash ( 2000 ) . World bank and economic development of India . APH Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 121 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agrawal , AN ( 1995 ) . Indian Economy : Problems of development and planning . pune : Wishwa Prakashan . p. 676 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan '' . Indian Express . 2012 - 12 - 27 . 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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Wikipedia <H1> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio 44114 United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 41 ° 30 ′ 30.2 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 43.8 '' W  /  41.508389 ° N 81.695500 ° W  / 41.508389 ; - 81.695500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitors </Th> <Td> 441,290 ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Greg Harris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public transit access </Th> <Td> North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> rockhall.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Since opening in September 1995 , the `` Rock Hall '' -- part of the city 's redeveloped North Coast Harbor -- has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Foundation and museum <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Economic impact </Li> <Li> 1.2 Layout </Li> <Li> 1.3 Architecture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Exhibit history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Public programs </Li> <Li> 2.2 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Artists with four or more songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 25th anniversary concert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Inductees <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Performers </Li> <Li> 3.2 Early Influences </Li> <Li> 3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement </Li> <Li> 3.4 Award for Musical Excellence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Library and archives </Li> <Li> 5 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 5.1 2007 vote controversy </Li> <Li> 5.2 The Monkees controversy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Foundation and museum ( edit ) </H2> <P> Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland . </P> <P> Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s , including artist David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands . </P> <P> Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography . </P> <P> Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . '' </P> <P> During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium . </P> <P> At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking . </P> <P> The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others . </P> <P> In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie . </P> <H3> Economic impact ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York . </P> <P> The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall . </P> <P> Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results . </P> <H3> Layout ( edit ) </H3> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor . <P> There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects . </P> <P> The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology . </P> <P> Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs . </P> <P> Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones . </P> <H3> Architecture ( edit ) </H3> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground <P> Designed by I.M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of bold geometric forms and dynamic cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade . </P> <P> The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café . </P> <P> `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . '' </P> <H2> Exhibit history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level . </P> <P> The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock . </P> <P> That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S. </P> The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed ) <P> Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics . </P> <P> Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone . </P> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp . </P> <P> The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts . </P> <H3> Public programs ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month . </P> <P> Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane . </P> <P> A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series . </P> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians . </P> <P> The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) . </P> <H3> Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 -- song list . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 155 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . '' The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade , '' both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 655 -- song list , with eight songs each . </P> Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> 8 The Beatles </Li> <Li> 8 The Rolling Stones </Li> <Li> 7 Elvis Presley </Li> <Li> 5 The Beach Boys </Li> <Li> 5 Chuck Berry </Li> <Li> 5 Bob Dylan </Li> <Li> 5 Led Zeppelin </Li> <Li> 5 Bruce Springsteen </Li> <Li> 5 Stevie Wonder </Li> <Li> 4 David Bowie </Li> <Li> 4 James Brown </Li> <Li> 4 Ray Charles </Li> <Li> 4 The Drifters </Li> <Li> 4 Aretha Franklin </Li> <Li> 4 Jimi Hendrix </Li> <Li> 4 Robert Johnson </Li> <Li> 4 The Kinks </Li> <Li> 4 Bob Marley </Li> <Li> 4 The Miracles </Li> <Li> 4 Prince </Li> <Li> 4 U2 </Li> <Li> 4 Muddy Waters </Li> <Li> 4 The Who </Li> </Ul> <H3> 25th anniversary concert ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel . </P> <H2> Inductees ( edit ) </H2> English guitarist , singer , and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three - time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees <P> Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers . </P> <H3> Performers ( edit ) </H3> <P> A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year . </P> <P> In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' </P> <H3> Early Influences ( edit ) </H3> <P> Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' . </P> <H3> Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit ) </H3> <P> Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 . </P> <H3> Award for musical Excellence ( edit ) </H3> <P> Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' </P> <H2> Library and Archives ( edit ) </H2> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015 <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District . </P> <P> The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists . </P> <P> The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases . </P> <P> The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but was not chosen for induction until 2017 . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' . </P> <P> There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote : </P> <P> `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . '' </P> <P> Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . '' </P> <P> According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) . </P> <P> Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy . </P> <P> Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' . </P> <P> In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement . </P> <H3> 2007 vote controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . '' </P> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year . </P> <H3> The Monkees controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting : </P> <P> ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . </P> <P> In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' </P> <P> Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rock and Roll portal </Li> <Li> Cleveland portal </Li> <Li> List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jordan , Lee . `` The house the rock built celebrates 15 years with a redesign of exhibit galleries and new library '' . Article . WEWS TV / ABC . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame welcomes 10 millionth visitor '' . The Plain Dealer via Cleveland.com . Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WMMS : A Cleveland Legend Turns 40 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Rockhall.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AISC Marketing , Inc . `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stones Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / Ap . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / AP . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Process . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WENN . `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapa , Yuridia , `` Misogyny in Rock '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Library and Archives </Li> <Li> SiriusXM.com : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Radio </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rock music </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Components </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Backbeat </Li> <Li> Distortion </Li> <Li> Rock band <Ul> <Li> Electric guitar </Li> <Li> Electric bass </Li> <Li> Rhythm section </Li> <Li> Drum kit </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres by decade of origin </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Instrumental rock </Li> <Li> Latin rock </Li> <Li> Pop rock </Li> <Li> Rock and roll <Ul> <Li> British </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rockabilly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acid rock </Li> <Li> Anatolian rock </Li> <Li> Art rock </Li> <Li> Baroque rock </Li> <Li> Beat music </Li> <Li> Blues rock </Li> <Li> Boogie rock </Li> <Li> Christian rock </Li> <Li> Comedy rock </Li> <Li> Country rock </Li> <Li> Electronic rock </Li> <Li> Experimental rock </Li> <Li> Folk rock </Li> <Li> Flamenco rock </Li> <Li> Garage rock </Li> <Li> Hard rock </Li> <Li> Heavy metal </Li> <Li> Jam </Li> <Li> Jazz rock </Li> <Li> Krautrock </Li> <Li> Power pop </Li> <Li> Progressive rock </Li> <Li> Psychedelic rock </Li> <Li> Raga rock </Li> <Li> Roots rock </Li> <Li> Samba rock </Li> <Li> Southern rock </Li> <Li> Space rock </Li> <Li> Surf music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arena rock </Li> <Li> Cock rock </Li> <Li> Dance - rock </Li> <Li> Funk rock </Li> <Li> Glam rock </Li> <Li> Gothic rock </Li> <Li> Heartland rock </Li> <Li> Ostrock </Li> <Li> Post-progressive </Li> <Li> Pub rock ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Pub rock ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> Punk rock </Li> <Li> Soft rock </Li> <Li> Visual kei </Li> <Li> Yacht rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternative rock </Li> <Li> Rap rock </Li> <Li> Trop rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stoner rock </Li> <Li> Sufi rock </Li> <Li> Viking rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio formats </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Active rock </Li> <Li> Album - oriented rock </Li> <Li> Classic rock </Li> <Li> Mainstream rock </Li> <Li> Modern rock </Li> <Li> Progressive rock ( radio format ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Origins of rock and roll </Li> <Li> Electronics in rock music </Li> <Li> Social effects <Ul> <Li> Rock Against Communism </Li> <Li> Rock Against Racism </Li> <Li> Rock Against Sexism </Li> <Li> Rock music and the fall of communism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rockism and poptimism </Li> <Li> Women in rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of rock genres </Li> <Li> Motorik </Li> <Li> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Progressive music </Li> <Li> Rock concert </Li> <Li> Rock musical </Li> <Li> Rock opera </Li> <Li> Rock festival </Li> <Li> Wagnerian rock </Li> <Li> Wall of Sound </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Music awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Dance Music Awards </Li> <Li> International Rock Awards </Li> <Li> World Music Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South African Music Awards ( RSA ) </Li> <Li> Channel O Music Video Awards ( RSA ) </Li> <Li> Nigeria Entertainment Awards ( NGR ) </Li> <Li> The Headies ( NGR ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dove Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Grammy Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Billboard Music Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Billboard Latin Music Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> American Music Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> iHeartRadio Music Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Heat Latin Music Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Latin Grammy Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Lo Nuestro Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Latin American Music Award ( US ) </Li> <Li> Premios tu mundo ( US ) </Li> <Li> Premios Juventud ( US ) </Li> <Li> MTV Video Music Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> MTV Millennial Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> BET Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> Soul Train Music Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> TEC Awards ( US ) </Li> <Li> iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards ( CAN ) </Li> <Li> Juno Awards ( CAN ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia and Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ABU Song Festivals ( AS ) </Li> <Li> ARIA Music Awards ( AUS ) </Li> <Li> Awit Awards ( PHL ) </Li> <Li> Eurovision Asia Song Contest ( AS ) </Li> <Li> Golden Disc Awards ( S. 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Atticus Finch - wikipedia <H1> Atticus Finch </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Atticus Finch </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch , in the 1962 film adaption </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> To Kill a Mockingbird </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> Go Set a Watchman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Harper Lee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Gregory Peck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Jeremy Finch ( father ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch ( brother ) Alexandra Finch Hancock ( sister ) Caroline Finch ( sister ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jean Graham Finch ( deceased ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Edgar ( cousin ) Joshua ( cousin ) Francis Hancock ( nephew ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Atticus Finch is a fictional character in Harper Lee 's Pulitzer Prize winning novel of 1960 , To Kill a Mockingbird . A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel Go Set a Watchman , written in the mid 1950s but not published until 2015 . Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County , Alabama , and the father of Jeremy `` Jem '' Finch and Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch. Lee based the character on her own father , Amasa Coleman Lee , an Alabama lawyer , who , like Atticus , represented black defendants in a highly publicized criminal trial . Book Magazine 's list of The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 names Finch as the seventh best fictional character of 20th - century literature . In 2003 the American Film Institute voted Atticus Finch , as portrayed in an Academy Award - winning performance by Gregory Peck in the 1962 film adaptation , as the greatest hero of all American cinema . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Impact on the legal profession </Li> <Li> 2 Social references </Li> <Li> 3 Go Set a Watchman </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Impact on the legal profession ( edit ) </H2> <P> Claudia Durst Johnson has commented about critiques of the novel , saying , `` A greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals '' . Alice Petry remarked , `` Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person '' . Examples of Atticus Finch 's impact on the legal profession are plentiful . Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook from which he taught was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review asserts , `` No real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession '' , before questioning whether `` Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun . '' </P> <P> In 1992 Monroe Freedman , a professor of law and noted legal ethicist , published two articles in the national legal newspaper Legal Times calling for the legal profession to set aside Atticus Finch as a role model . Freedman argued that Atticus still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . Freedman 's article sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession holding Atticus Finch as a hero and the reason for which they became lawyers . Freedman argued that Atticus Finch is dishonest , unethical , sexist , and inherently racist , and that he did nothing to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb . Freedman 's article sparked furious controversy , with one legal scholar opining , `` What Monroe really wants is for Atticus to be working on the front lines for the NAACP in the 1930s , and , if he 's not , he 's disqualified from being any kind of hero ; Monroe has this vision of lawyer as prophet . Atticus has a vision of lawyer not only as prophet but as parish priest '' . In 1997 the Alabama State Bar erected a monument dedicated to Atticus in Monroeville marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' . </P> <H2> Social references ( edit ) </H2> <P> Atticus Finch 's willingness to support social outcasts and victims of prejudice is the eponymous inspiration for the name of the Atticus Circle , which is an organization composed of `` straight allies '' ( that is , heterosexual people supportive of the LGBT - rights movement ) . </P> <P> In 2016 , the lawyer Joseph Madison Beck published the memoir My Father & Atticus Finch , in which he noted the numerous parallels between his father Foster Beck 's defense of a black man accused of raping a white woman in the 1938 trial State of Alabama vs. Charles White , Alias , and Atticus Finch 's defense of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mockingbird . In a letter to the author , Harper Lee herself noted the `` obvious parallels '' between the cases ( Lee was 12 at the time of the Charles White trial ) and between Atticus Finch and Foster Beck , though she also stated that she could not recall the trial , and that To Kill a Mockingbird was a work of fiction . </P> <P> Former president Barack Obama referenced Atticus Finch as an ideal American character . In addition Atticus was mentioned during one of Obama 's speeches . </P> <H2> Go Set a Watchman ( edit ) </H2> <P> In July 2015 , days before Lee 's highly anticipated second novel Go Set a Watchman , was officially published , the first chapter was released on The Guardian for public viewing . On that day , a New York Times review of the book ( which is set about twenty years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird but is not a chronological sequel ) revealed that Atticus , depicted in this version as being in his early seventies , is portrayed as a far less - progressive character . He makes comments that favor segregation and has attended a Citizens ' Council meeting . This has proved controversial to many readers , unaware perhaps that although To Kill a Mockingbird was published first , Watchman is the first draft of the text that later became Mockingbird and the characterizations and key plot details between the two books are not only different but sometimes contradictory . </P> <P> In terms of plot , Tom Robinson is acquitted in Watchman while in Mockingbird his unjust conviction as the result of prejudice was a central part of not only the story but why Atticus is seen culturally as such a righteous and progressive character . His defense is based on not just Robinson 's innocence but on his fundamental equality . His closing argument is a more polished version of the progressive argument the adult Jean Louise makes in Watchman and there are other instances where both versions contain the same descriptions word for word . This kind of character development , where motivations and ideals between characters , for reasons of plot , are changed is not unusual in the process of creative writing . Apart from the more progressive depiction of Atticus , the depiction of the town itself , especially the African - American characters , is also dramatically altered between the two drafts. Real - life comparisons with Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , have also been made in the two differing versions of Atticus in that originally Amasa Lee was in favor of segregation but became more liberal later in life , later changing his views to those of Integration . Tay Hohoff , Lee 's editor , has also been argued to have played a major part in the character development of the novel and particularly Atticus ' liberal transformation . Jonathan Mahler of The New York Times notes in his article The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' that Ms. Hohoff , at the same time as she was guiding Ms. Lee through the Mockingbird re-write , was working on her own biography of the early - 20th - century New York activist and humanist John Lovejoy Elliot . He notes that the book , A Ministry to Man , was published in 1959 , a year before Mockingbird . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Boston , Talmage ( June 2010 ) . `` Who was Atticus Finch ? '' ( PDF ) . Texas Bar Journal . 73 ( 6 ) : 484 -- 485 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Book Magazine 's The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 '' . InfoPlease.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Book Magazine , March / April 2002 ( March 2002 ) . `` 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 '' . Talk of the Nation . NPR . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 25 - 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiv </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lubet , Steven . `` Reconstructing Atticus Finch . '' Michigan Law Review 97 , no . 6 ( May 1999 ) : 1339 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( February 28 , 1992 ) . `` At the Bar ; To Attack A Lawyer In ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' : An Iconoclast Takes Aim At A Hero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monroe H. Freedman , `` '' Atticus Finch , Esq. , R.I.P. , `` '' 14 LEGAL TIMES 20 ( 1992 ) ; Monroe H. Freedman , `` '' Finch : The Lawyer Mythologized , `` '' 14 LEGAL TIMES 25 ( 1992 ) and Monroe Freedman , Atticus Finch -- Right and Wrong , 45 Ala . L. Rev. 473 ( 1994 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metress , Christopher . `` The Rise and Fall of Atticus Finch . '' The Chattahoochee Review ; 24 ( 1 ) : September , 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingbird ' Hero Honored in Monroeville . '' Birmingham News ( Alabama ) : May 3 , 1997 ; Pg . 7A . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Atticus Circle '' . 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/My-Father-Atticus-Finch-Lawyers/dp/0393285820/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1513113687&sr=8-1&keywords=my+father+and+atticus+finch </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beck , My Father & Atticus Finch , p. vii </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://qz.com/452650/harper-lee-revisions/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sacks , Sam ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Book Review : In Harper Lee 's ' Go Set a Watchman ' Atticus Finch Defends Jim Crow '' . The Wall Street Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/books/review-harper-lees-go-set-a-watchman-gives-atticus-finch-a-dark-side.html?_r=0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens , Laura ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Memories of the Man Who Inspired Atticus Finch '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mahler , Jonathan ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beck , J.M. ( 2016 ) . My Father and Atticus Finch : A Lawyer 's Fight for Justice in 1930 's Alabama . Athens , Georgia : The University of Georgia Press . </Li> <Li> Johnson , Claudia . To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries . Twayne Publishers : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 8068 - 8 </Li> <Li> Johnson , Claudia . Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historic Documents . Greenwood Press : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29193 - 4 </Li> <Li> Lee , Harper . To Kill a Mockingbird . HarperCollins : 1960 ( Perennial Classics edition : 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093546 - 4 </Li> <Li> Mancini , Candice , ed. ( 2008 ) . Racism in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird , The Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7377 - 3904 - 6 </Li> <Li> Petry , Alice . `` Introduction '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections . University of Tennessee Press : 1994 . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 578 - 5 </Li> <Li> Shields , Charles . Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee . Henry Holt and Co. : 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7919 - X </Li> <Li> Michiko Kakutain . `` Review : Harper Lee 's ' Go Set a Watchman ' Gives Atticus Finch a Dark Side '' nytimes.com : 2015 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atticus Finch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> To Kill a Mockingbird </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prequel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Go Set a Watchman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture </Li> <Li> Broken </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atticus_Finch&oldid=838429873 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Characters in American novels of the 20th century </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from Alabama </Li> <Li> Fictional lawyers </Li> <Li> To Kill a Mockingbird </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1960 </Li> <Li> Fictional American people of English descent </Li> <Li> Drama film characters </Li> <Li> Fictional politicians </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 51 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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Category : Hotel types - wikipedia Help <H1> Category : Hotel types </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hotels by type . </Td> </Tr> </Table> The main article for this category is Hotel . <H2> Pages in category `` Hotel types '' </H2> <P> The following 40 pages are in this category , out of 40 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . </P> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Albergo Diffuso </Li> <Li> Apartment hotel </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hotel barge </Li> <Li> Bed and breakfast </Li> <Li> Botel </Li> <Li> Boutique hotel </Li> <Li> Bunkhouse </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Capsule hotel </Li> <Li> Caravanserai </Li> <Li> Casa particular </Li> <Li> Casino hotel </Li> <Li> Choultry </Li> <Li> Condo hotel </Li> <Li> Conference and resort hotels </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Eco hotel </Li> <Li> Extended stay hotel </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Flophouse </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Garden hotels </Li> <Li> Gasthaus </Li> <Li> Guest house </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Heuhotel </Li> <Li> Holiday cottage </Li> <Li> Hostal </Li> <Li> Hostel </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ice hotel </Li> <Li> Inn </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Love hotel </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Motel </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Patient hotel </Li> <Li> Pension ( lodging ) </Li> <Li> Pension hotel </Li> <Li> Pentahotels </Li> <Li> Pop - up hotel </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Roadhouse ( facility ) </Li> <Li> Ryokan ( inn ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Serviced apartment </Li> <Li> Hotelship </Li> <Li> Stopping house </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Transit hotel </Li> <Li> Turbaza </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hotel_types&oldid=766350044 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Hotels </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Help </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 February 2017 , at 18 : 19 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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Sino - Indian war - Wikipedia <H1> Sino - Indian war </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Sino - Indian War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Sino - Indian War was fought between India and China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 20 October -- 21 November 1962 ( 1 month and 1 day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Aksai Chin and North - East Frontier Agency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Chinese victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brij Mohan Kaul ( Chief of General Staff of the Indian Army ) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( President of India ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( Prime Minister of India ) V.K. Krishna Menon ( Defence Minister of India ) General Pran Nath Thapar ( Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army ) </Td> <Td> Luo Ruiqing ( chief of PLA staff ) Zhang Guohua ( field commander ) Mao Zedong ( Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ) Liu Bocheng ( Marshal of PLA ) Lin Biao ( Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China ) Zhou Enlai ( Premier of the People 's Republic of China ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10,000 -- 12,000 </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,383 -- 3,250 killed 548 -- 1,047 wounded 1,696 missing 3,968 captured </Td> <Td> 722 killed 1,697 wounded </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Sino - Indian War ( Hindi : भारत - चीन युद्ध Bhārat - Chīn Yuddh ) , also known as the Sino - Indian Border Conflict ( simplified Chinese : 中 印 边境 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 中 印 邊境 戰爭 ; pinyin : Zhōng - Yìn Biānjìng Zhànzhēng ) , was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962 . A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war , but other issues played a role . There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959 Tibetan uprising , when India had granted asylum to the Dalai Lama . India initiated a Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border , including several north of the McMahon Line , the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959 . </P> <P> Unable to reach political accommodation on disputed territory along the 3,225 - kilometre - long Himalayan border , the Chinese launched simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line on 20 October 1962 , coinciding with the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chinese troops advanced over Indian forces in both theatres , capturing Rezang la in Chushul in the western theatre , as well as Tawang in the eastern theatre . The war ended when China declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962 , and simultaneously announced its withdrawal to its claimed ' line of actual control ' . </P> <P> The Sino - Indian War is notable for the harsh mountain conditions under which much of the battle took place , entailing large - scale combat at altitudes of over 4,000 metres ( 14,000 feet ) . The Sino - Indian War was also noted for the non-deployment of the navy or air force by either the Chinese or Indian side . </P> <P> It is noteworthy that the buildup and offensive from China occurred concurrently with the 13 - day Cuban Missile Crisis ( 16 -- 28 October 1962 ) that saw both the United States and the Soviet Union confronting each other , and India did not receive assistance from either of these world powers until the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Location </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Aksai Chin </Li> <Li> 2.2 The McMahon Line </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Events leading up to war <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Tibet and the border dispute </Li> <Li> 3.2 1960 meetings to resolve the boundary question </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Forward Policy </Li> <Li> 3.4 Early incidents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Confrontation at Thag La </Li> <Li> 5 Chinese and Indian preparations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Motives </Li> <Li> 5.2 Military planning </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Chinese offensive <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Eastern theatre </Li> <Li> 6.2 Western theatre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Lull in the fighting </Li> <Li> 8 Continuation of war <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Eastern theatre </Li> <Li> 8.2 Western theatre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Ceasefire </Li> <Li> 10 World opinion </Li> <Li> 11 Involvement of other nations </Li> <Li> 12 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 12.1 China </Li> <Li> 12.2 India <Ul> <Li> 12.2. 1 Internment and deportation of Chinese Indians </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Later conflicts </Li> <Li> 14 Diplomatic process </Li> <Li> 15 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes </Li> <Li> 18 References </Li> <Li> 19 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 20 Further reading </Li> <Li> 21 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Location ( edit ) </H2> Pre-Simla British map published in 1909 shows the so - called `` Outer Line '' as India 's northern boundary Postal Map of China published by the Government of China in 1917 <P> China and India shared a long border , sectioned into three stretches by Nepal , Sikkim ( then an Indian protectorate ) , and Bhutan , which follows the Himalayas between Burma and what was then West Pakistan . A number of disputed regions lie along this border . At its western end is the Aksai Chin region , an area the size of Switzerland , that sits between the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang and Tibet ( which China declared as an autonomous region in 1965 ) . The eastern border , between Burma and Bhutan , comprises the present Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh ( formerly the North East Frontier Agency ) . Both of these regions were overrun by China in the 1962 conflict . </P> <P> Most combat took place at high altitudes . The Aksai Chin region is a desert of salt flats around 5,000 metres above sea level , and Arunachal Pradesh is mountainous with a number of peaks exceeding 7,000 metres . The Chinese Army had possession of one of the highest ridges in the regions . The high altitude and freezing conditions also cause logistical and welfare difficulties ; in past similar conflicts ( such as the Italian Campaign of World War I ) harsh conditions have caused more casualties than have enemy action . The Sino - Indian War was no different , with many troops on both sides dying in the freezing cold . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : China -- India relations and Sino - Indian border dispute <P> The cause of the war was a dispute over the sovereignty of the widely separated Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh border regions . Aksai Chin , claimed by India to belong to Kashmir and by China to be part of Xinjiang , contains an important road link that connects the Chinese regions of Tibet and Xinjiang . China 's construction of this road was one of the triggers of the conflict . </P> <H3> Aksai Chin ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Aksai Chin Traditional borders of Jammu and Kashmir ( CIA map ) . The northern boundary is along the Karakash valley . Aksai Chin is the shaded region in the east . 1873 map of trade routes between Ladakh and Chinese Turkestan . The international border between the British Indian Empire ( including the Kashmir region ) and Chinese Turkestan is shown in two - toned purple and pink . <P> The western portion of the Sino - Indian boundary originated in 1834 , with the conquest of Ladakh by the armies of Raja Gulab Singh ( Dogra ) under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire . Following an unsuccessful campaign into Tibet , Gulab Singh and the Tibetans signed a treaty in 1842 agreeing to stick to the `` old , established frontiers '' , which were however left unspecified . The British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846 resulted in the transfer of the Jammu and Kashmir region including Ladakh to the British , who then installed Gulab Singh as the Maharaja under their suzerainty . British commissioners contacted Chinese officials to negotiate the border , who did not show any interest . The British boundary commissioners fixed the southern end of the boundary at Pangong Lake , but regarded the area north of it till the Karakoram Pass as terra incognita . </P> <P> The Maharaja of Kashmir and his officials were , however , keenly aware of the trade routes from Ladakh . Starting from Leh , there were two main routes into Central Asia : one passed through the Karakoram Pass to Shahidulla at the foot of the Kunlun Mountains and went on to Yarkand through Kilian and Sanju passes ; the other went east via the Chang Chenmo Valley , passed the Lingzi Tang Plains in the Aksai Chin region , and followed the course of the Karakash River to join the first route at Shahidulla . The Maharaja regarded Shahidulla as his northern outpost , in effect treating the Kunlun mountains as the boundary of his domains . His British suzerains were however sceptical of such an extended boundary because Shahidulla was 79 miles away from the Karakoram pass and the intervening area was uninhabited . Nevertheless , the Maharaja was allowed to treat Shahidulla as his outpost for more than 20 years . </P> W.H. Johnson 's route to Khotan and back . The bold line shows Johnson 's proposed boundary . The map given by Hung Ta - chen to the British consul at Kashgar in 1893 . The boundary , marked with a thin dot - dashed line , matches the 1873 British map . <P> Chinese Turkestan regarded the high mountains of the Kunlun range with the Kilian and Sanju passes as its southern boundary . Thus the Maharaja 's claim was uncontested . After the 1862 Dungan Revolt , which saw the expulsion of the Chinese from Turkestan , the Maharaja of Kashmir constructed a small fort at Shahidulla in 1864 . The fort was most likely supplied from Khotan , whose ruler was now independent and on friendly terms with Kashmir . When the Khotanese ruler was deposed by the Kashgaria strongman Yakub Beg , the Maharaja was forced to abandon his post in 1867 . It was then occupied by Yakub Beg 's forces until the end of the Dungan Revolt . In the intervening period , W.H. Johnson of Survey of India was commissioned to survey the Aksai Chin region . While in the course of his work , he was `` invited '' by the Khotanese ruler to visit his capital . After returning , Johnson declared that Khotan 's border was at Brinjga , in the Kunlun mountains , and the entire the Karakash Valley was within the territory of Kashmir . The boundary of Kashmir that he drew , stretching from Shahidullah to the eastern edge of Chang Chenmo Valley along the Kunlun mountains , is referred to as the `` Johnson Line '' ( or `` Ardagh - Johnson Line '' ) . </P> <P> After the Chinese reconquered Turkestan in 1878 , renaming it Xinjiang , they again reverted to their traditional boundary . However , by now , the Russian Empire was entrenched in Central Asia , and the British were anxious to avoid a common border with the Russians . After creating the Wakhan corridor as the buffer in the northwest of Kashmir , they wanted the Chinese to fill out the `` no man 's land '' between the Karakoram and Kunlun ranges . Under British ( and possibly Russian ) encouragement , the Chinese occupied the area up to the Yarkand River valley ( called Raskam ) , including Shahidulla , by 1890 . They also erected a boundary pillar at the Karakoram pass by about 1892 . However , these efforts appear half - hearted . A map provided by Hung Ta - chen , a senior Chinese official at St. Petersburgh , in 1893 showed the boundary of Xinjiang up to Raskam . In the east , it was similar to the Johnson line , placing Aksai Chin in Kashmir territory . </P> <P> By 1892 , the British settled on the policy that their preferred boundary for Kashmir was the `` Indus watershed '' , i.e. , the water - parting from which waters flow into the Indus river system on one side and into the Tarim basin on the other . In the north , this water - parting was along the Karakoram range . In the east , it was more complicated because the Chip Chap River , Galwan River and the Chang Chenmo River flow into the Indus whereas the Karakash River flows into the Tarim basin . A boundary alignment along this water - parting was defined by the Viceroy Lord Elgin and communicated to London . The British government in due course proposed it to China via its envoy Sir Claude MacDonald in 1899 . This boundary , which came to be called the Macartney -- MacDonald Line , ceded to China the Aksai Chin plains in the northeast , and the Trans - Karakoram Tract in the north . In return , the British wanted China to cede its ' shadowy suzerainty ' on Hunza . </P> <P> In 1911 the Xinhai Revolution resulted in power shifts in China , and by the end of World War I , the British officially used the Johnson Line . However they took no steps to establish outposts or assert actual control on the ground . According to Neville Maxwell , the British had used as many as 11 different boundary lines in the region , as their claims shifted with the political situation . From 1917 to 1933 , the `` Postal Atlas of China '' , published by the Government of China in Peking had shown the boundary in Aksai Chin as per the Johnson line , which runs along the Kunlun mountains . The `` Peking University Atlas '' , published in 1925 , also put the Aksai Chin in India . Upon independence in 1947 , the government of India used the Johnson Line as the basis for its official boundary in the west , which included the Aksai Chin . On 1 July 1954 , India 's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru definitively stated the Indian position , claiming that Aksai Chin had been part of the Indian Ladakh region for centuries , and that the border ( as defined by the Johnson Line ) was non-negotiable . According to George N. Patterson , when the Indian government finally produced a report detailing the alleged proof of India 's claims to the disputed area , `` the quality of the Indian evidence was very poor , including some very dubious sources indeed '' . </P> <P> In 1956 -- 57 , China constructed a road through Aksai Chin , connecting Xinjiang and Tibet , which ran south of the Johnson Line in many places . Aksai Chin was easily accessible to the Chinese , but access from India , which meant negotiating the Karakoram mountains , was much more difficult . The road came on Chinese maps published in 1958 . </P> <H3> The McMahon Line ( edit ) </H3> The McMahon Line is the red line marking the northern boundary of the disputed area . Main articles : McMahon Line and Simla Accord ( 1914 ) <P> In 1826 , British India gained a common border with China after the British wrested control of Manipur and Assam from the Burmese , following the First Anglo - Burmese War of 1824 -- 1826 . In 1847 , Major J. Jenkins , agent for the North East Frontier , reported that the Tawang was part of Tibet . In 1872 , four monastic officials from Tibet arrived in Tawang and supervised a boundary settlement with Major R. Graham , NEFA official , which included the Tawang Tract as part of Tibet . Thus , in the last half of the 19th century , it was clear that the British treated the Tawang Tract as part of Tibet . This boundary was confirmed in a 1 June 1912 note from the British General Staff in India , stating that the `` present boundary ( demarcated ) is south of Tawang , running westwards along the foothills from near Ugalguri to the southern Bhutanese border . '' A 1908 map of The Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam prepared for the Foreign Department of the Government of India , showed the international boundary from Bhutan continuing to the Baroi River , following the Himalayas foothill alignment . In 1913 , representatives of Great Britain , China and Tibet attended a conference in Simla regarding the borders between Tibet , China and British India . Whilst all three representatives initialed the agreement , Beijing later objected to the proposed boundary between the regions of Outer Tibet and Inner Tibet , and did not ratify it . The details of the Indo - Tibetan boundary was not revealed to China at the time . The foreign secretary of the British Indian government , Henry McMahon , who had drawn up the proposal , decided to bypass the Chinese ( although instructed not to by his superiors ) and settle the border bilaterally by negotiating directly with Tibet . According to later Indian claims , this border was intended to run through the highest ridges of the Himalayas , as the areas south of the Himalayas were traditionally Indian . However , the McMahon Line lay south of the boundary India claims . India 's government held the view that the Himalayas were the ancient boundaries of the Indian subcontinent , and thus should be the modern boundaries of India , while it is the position of the Chinese government that the disputed area in the Himalayas have been geographically and culturally part of Tibet since ancient times . </P> <P> Months after the Simla agreement , China set up boundary markers south of the McMahon Line . T. O'Callaghan , an official in the Eastern Sector of the North East Frontier , relocated all these markers to a location slightly south of the McMahon Line , and then visited Rima to confirm with Tibetan officials that there was no Chinese influence in the area . The British - run Government of India initially rejected the Simla Agreement as incompatible with the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 , which stipulated that neither party was to negotiate with Tibet `` except through the intermediary of the Chinese government '' . The British and Russians cancelled the 1907 agreement by joint consent in 1921 . It was not until the late 1930s that the British started to use the McMahon Line on official maps of the region . </P> <P> China took the position that the Tibetan government should not have been allowed to make such a treaty , rejecting Tibet 's claims of independent rule . For its part , Tibet did not object to any section of the McMahon Line excepting the demarcation of the trading town of Tawang , which the Line placed under British - Indian jurisdiction . However , up until World War II , Tibetan officials were allowed to administer Tawang with complete authority . Due to the increased threat of Japanese and Chinese expansion during this period , British Indian troops secured the town as part of the defence of India 's eastern border . </P> <P> In the 1950s , India began actively patrolling the region . It found that , at multiple locations , the highest ridges actually fell north of the McMahon Line . Given India 's historic position that the original intent of the line was to separate the two nations by the highest mountains in the world , in these locations India extended its forward posts northward to the ridges , regarding this move as compliant with the original border proposal , although the Simla Convention did not explicitly state this intention . </P> <H2> Events leading up to war ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Events leading to the Sino - Indian War <H3> Tibet and the border dispute ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 1940s saw huge change in South Asia with the Partition of India in 1947 ( resulting in the establishment of the two new states of India and Pakistan ) , and the establishment of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) in 1949 . One of the most basic policies for the new Indian government was that of maintaining cordial relations with China , reviving its ancient friendly ties . India was among the first nations to grant diplomatic recognition to the newly created PRC . </P> <P> At the time , Chinese officials issued no condemnation of Nehru 's claims or made any opposition to Nehru 's open declarations of control over Aksai Chin . In 1956 , Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai stated that he had no claims over Indian - controlled territory . He later argued that Aksai Chin was already under Chinese jurisdiction and that the McCartney - MacDonald Line was the line China could accept . Zhou later argued that as the boundary was undemarcated and had never been defined by treaty between any Chinese or Indian government , the Indian government could not unilaterally define Aksai Chin 's borders . </P> <P> In 1950 , the Chinese People 's Liberation Army took control of Tibet , which all Chinese governments regarded as still part of China . Later the Chinese extended their influence by building a road in 1956 -- 67 and placing border posts in Aksai Chin . India found out after the road was completed , protested against these moves and decided to look for a diplomatic solution to ensure a stable Sino - Indian border . To resolve any doubts about the Indian position , Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared in parliament that India regarded the McMahon Line as its official border . The Chinese expressed no concern at this statement , and in 1951 and 1952 , the government of China asserted that there were no frontier issues to be taken up with India . </P> <P> In 1954 , Prime Minister Nehru wrote a memo calling for India 's borders to be clearly defined and demarcated ; in line with previous Indian philosophy , Indian maps showed a border that , in some places , lay north of the McMahon Line . Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai , in November 1956 , again repeated Chinese assurances that the People 's Republic had no claims on Indian territory , although official Chinese maps showed 120,000 square kilometres ( 46,000 sq mi ) of territory claimed by India as Chinese . CIA documents created at the time revealed that Nehru had ignored Burmese premier Ba Swe when he warned Nehru to be cautious when dealing with Zhou . They also allege that Zhou purposefully told Nehru that there were no border issues with India . </P> <P> In 1954 , China and India negotiated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence , by which the two nations agreed to abide in settling their disputes . India presented a frontier map which was accepted by China , and the slogan Hindi - Chini bhai - bhai ( Indians and Chinese are brothers ) was popular then . However , Nehru in 1958 , had privately told G. Parthasarathi , the Indian envoy to China not to trust the Chinese at all and send all communications directly to him , bypassing the Defence Minister VK Krishna Menon since his communist background clouded his thinking about China . According to Georgia Tech scholar John W Garver , Nehru 's policy on Tibet was to create a strong Sino - Indian partnership which would be catalysed through agreement and compromise on Tibet . Garver believes that Nehru 's previous actions had given him confidence that China would be ready to form an `` Asian Axis '' with India . </P> <P> This apparent progress in relations suffered a major setback when , in 1959 , Nehru accommodated the Tibetan religious leader at the time , the 14th Dalai Lama , who fled Lhasa after a failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule . The Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party , Mao Zedong , was enraged and asked the Xinhua News Agency to produce reports on Indian expansionists operating in Tibet . </P> <P> Border incidents continued through this period . In August 1959 , the People 's Liberation Army took an Indian prisoner at Longju , which had an ambiguous position in the McMahon Line , and two months later in Aksai Chin , a clash led to the death of nine Indian frontier policemen . </P> <P> On 2 October , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev defended Nehru in a meeting with Mao . This action reinforced China 's impression that the Soviet Union , the United States and India all had expansionist designs on China . The People 's Liberation Army went so far as to prepare a self - defence counterattack plan . Negotiations were restarted between the nations , but no progress was made . </P> <P> As a consequence of their non-recognition of the McMahon Line , China 's maps showed both the North East Frontier Area ( NEFA ) and Aksai Chin to be Chinese territory . In 1960 , Zhou Enlai unofficially suggested that India drop its claims to Aksai Chin in return for a Chinese withdrawal of claims over NEFA . Adhering to his stated position , Nehru believed that China did not have a legitimate claim over either of these territories , and thus was not ready to concede them . This adamant stance was perceived in China as Indian opposition to Chinese rule in Tibet . Nehru declined to conduct any negotiations on the boundary until Chinese troops withdrew from Aksai Chin , a position supported by the international community . India produced numerous reports on the negotiations , and translated Chinese reports into English to help inform the international debate . China believed that India was simply securing its claim lines in order to continue its `` grand plans in Tibet '' . India 's stance that China withdraw from Aksai Chin caused continual deterioration of the diplomatic situation to the point that internal forces were pressuring Nehru to take a military stance against China . </P> <H3> 1960 meetings to resolve the boundary question ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1960 , based on an agreement between Nehru and Zhou Enlai , officials from India and China held discussions in order to settle the boundary dispute . China and India disagreed on the major watershed that defined the boundary in the western sector . The Chinese statements with respect to their border claims often misrepresented the cited sources . </P> <H3> The Forward policy ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the beginning of 1961 , Nehru appointed General B.M. Kaul as army Chief of General Staff , but he refused to increase military spending and prepare for a possible war . According to James Barnard Calvin of the U.S. Navy , in 1959 , India started sending Indian troops and border patrols into disputed areas . This program created both skirmishes and deteriorating relations between India and China . The aim of this policy was to create outposts behind advancing Chinese troops to interdict their supplies , forcing them north of the disputed line . There were eventually 60 such outposts , including 43 north of the McMahon Line , to which India claimed sovereignty . China viewed this as further confirmation of Indian expansionist plans directed towards Tibet . According to the Indian official history , implementation of the Forward Policy was intended to provide evidence of Indian occupation in the previously unoccupied region through which Chinese troops had been advancing . Kaul was confident , through contact with Indian Intelligence and CIA information , that China would not react with force . Indeed , at first the PLA simply withdrew , but eventually Chinese forces began to counter-encircle the Indian positions which clearly encroached into the north of McMahon Line . This led to a tit - for - tat Indian reaction , with each force attempting to outmanoeuver the other . However , despite the escalating nature of the dispute , the two forces withheld from engaging each other directly . </P> <P> Chinese attention was diverted for a time by the military activity of the Nationalists on Taiwan , but on 23 June the U.S. assured China that a Nationalist invasion would not be permitted . China 's heavy artillery facing Taiwan could then be moved to Tibet . It took China six to eight months to gather the resources needed for the war , according to Anil Athale , author of the official Indian history . The Chinese sent a large quantity of non-military supplies to Tibet through the Indian port of Calcutta . </P> <H3> Early incidents ( edit ) </H3> <P> Various border conflicts and `` military incidents '' between India and China flared up throughout the summer and autumn of 1962 . In May , the Indian Air Force was told not to plan for close air support , although it was assessed as being a feasible way to counter the unfavourable ratio of Chinese to Indian troops . In June , a skirmish caused the deaths of dozens of Chinese troops . The Indian Intelligence Bureau received information about a Chinese buildup along the border which could be a precursor to war . </P> <P> During June -- July 1962 , Indian military planners began advocating `` probing actions '' against the Chinese , and accordingly , moved mountain troops forward to cut off Chinese supply lines . According to Patterson , the Indian motives were threefold : </P> <Ol> <Li> Test Chinese resolve and intentions regarding India . </Li> <Li> Test whether India would enjoy Soviet backing in the event of a Sino - Indian war . </Li> <Li> Create sympathy for India within the U.S. , with whom relations had deteriorated after the Indian annexation of Goa . </Li> </Ol> <P> On 10 July 1962 , 350 Chinese troops surrounded an Indian post in Chushul ( north of the McMahon Line ) but withdrew after a heated argument via loudspeaker . On 22 July , the Forward Policy was extended to allow Indian troops to push back Chinese troops already established in disputed territory . Whereas Indian troops were previously ordered to fire only in self - defence , all post commanders were now given discretion to open fire upon Chinese forces if threatened . In August , the Chinese military improved its combat readiness along the McMahon Line and began stockpiling ammunition , weapons and gasoline . </P> <P> Given his foreknowledge of the coming Cuban Missile Crisis , Mao Zedong was able to persuade Nikita Khrushchev to reverse the Russian policy of backing India , at least temporarily . In mid-October , the Communist organ Pravda encouraged peace between India and China . When the Cuban Missile Crisis ended and Mao 's rhetoric changed , however , Russia reversed course . </P> <H2> Confrontation at Thag La ( edit ) </H2> <P> In June 1962 , Indian forces established an outpost at Dhola , on the southern slopes of the Thag La Ridge . Dhola lay north of the McMahon Line but south of the ridges along which India interpreted the McMahon Line to run . In August , China issued diplomatic protests and began occupying positions at the top of Thag La . On 8 September , a 60 - strong PLA unit descended to the south side of the ridge and occupied positions that dominated one of the Indian posts at Dhola . Fire was not exchanged , but Nehru said to the media that the Indian Army had instructions to `` free our territory '' and the troops had been given discretion to use force . On 11 September , it was decided that `` all forward posts and patrols were given permission to fire on any armed Chinese who entered Indian territory '' . </P> <P> However , the operation to occupy Thag La was flawed in that Nehru 's directives were unclear and it got underway very slowly because of this . In addition to this , each man had to carry 35 kilograms ( 77 lb ) over the long trek and this severely slowed down the reaction . By the time the Indian battalion reached the point of conflict , Chinese units controlled both banks of the Namka Chu River . On 20 September , Chinese troops threw grenades at Indian troops and a firefight developed , triggering a long series of skirmishes for the rest of September . </P> <P> Some Indian troops , including Brigadier Dalvi who commanded the forces at Thag La , were also concerned that the territory they were fighting for was not strictly territory that `` we should have been convinced was ours '' . According to Neville Maxwell , even members of the Indian defence ministry were categorically concerned with the validity of the fighting in Thag La . </P> <P> On 4 October , Kaul assigned some troops to secure regions south of the Thag La Ridge . Kaul decided to first secure Yumtso La , a strategically important position , before re-entering the lost Dhola post . Kaul had then realised that the attack would be desperate and the Indian government tried to stop an escalation into all - out war . Indian troops marching to Thag La had suffered in the previously unexperienced conditions ; two Gurkha soldiers died of pulmonary edema . </P> <P> On 10 October , an Indian Punjabi patrol of 50 troops to Yumtso La were met by an emplaced Chinese position of some 1,000 soldiers . Indian troops were in no position for battle , as Yumtso La was 16,000 feet ( 4,900 m ) above sea level and Kaul did not plan on having artillery support for the troops . The Chinese troops opened fire on the Indians under their belief that they were north of the McMahon Line . The Indians were surrounded by Chinese positions which used mortar fire . However , they managed to hold off the first Chinese assault , inflicting heavy casualties . </P> <P> At this point , the Indian troops were in a position to push the Chinese back with mortar and machine gun fire . However , Brigadier Dalvi opted not to fire , as it would mean decimating the Rajput who were still in the area of the Chinese regrouping . They helplessly watched the Chinese ready themselves for a second assault . In the second Chinese assault , the Indians began their retreat , realising the situation was hopeless . The Indian patrol suffered 25 casualties , and the Chinese 33 . The Chinese troops held their fire as the Indians retreated , and then buried the Indian dead with military honours , as witnessed by the retreating soldiers . This was the first occurrence of heavy fighting in the war . </P> <P> This attack had grave implications for India and Nehru tried to solve the issue , but by 18 October , it was clear that the Chinese were preparing for an attack on India , with massive troop buildups on the border . A long line of mules and porters had also been observed supporting the buildup and reinforcement of positions south of the Thag La Ridge . </P> <H2> Chinese and Indian preparations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Motives ( edit ) </H3> <P> Two of the major factors leading up to China 's eventual conflicts with Indian troops were India 's stance on the disputed borders and perceived Indian subversion in Tibet . There was `` a perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian efforts to undermine Chinese control of Tibet , Indian efforts which were perceived as having the objective of restoring the pre-1949 status quo ante of Tibet '' . The other was `` a perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian aggression against Chinese territory along the border '' . John W. Garver argues that the first perception was incorrect based on the state of the Indian military and polity in the 1960s . It was , nevertheless a major reason for China 's going to war . However , he argues the Chinese perception of Indian aggression to be `` substantially accurate '' . </P> <P> The CIA 's recently declassified POLO documents reveal contemporary American analysis of Chinese motives during the war . According to this document , `` Chinese apparently were motivated to attack by one primary consideration -- their determination to retain the ground on which PLA forces stood in 1962 and to punish the Indians for trying to take that ground '' . In general terms , they tried to show the Indians once and for all that China would not acquiesce in a military `` reoccupation '' policy . Secondary reasons for the attack were to damage Nehru 's prestige by exposing Indian weakness and to expose as traitorous Khrushchev 's policy of supporting Nehru against a Communist country . </P> <P> Another factor which might have affected China 's decision for war with India was a perceived need to stop a Soviet - U.S. - India encirclement and isolation of China . India 's relations with the Soviet Union and United States were both strong at this time , but the Soviets ( and Americans ) were preoccupied by the Cuban Missile Crisis and would not interfere with the Sino - Indian War . P.B. Sinha suggests that China waited until October to attack because the timing of the war was exactly in parallel with American actions so as to avoid any chance of American or Soviet involvement . Although American buildup of forces around Cuba occurred on the same day as the first major clash at Dhola , and China 's buildup between 10 and 20 October appeared to coincide exactly with the United States establishment of a blockade against Cuba which began 20 October , the Chinese probably prepared for this before they could anticipate what would happen in Cuba . Another explanation is that the confrontation in the Taiwan Strait had eased by then . </P> <P> Garver argues that the Chinese correctly assessed Indian border policies , particularly the Forward Policy , as attempts for incremental seizure of Chinese - controlled territory . On Tibet , Garver argues that one of the major factors leading to China 's decision for war with India was a common tendency of humans `` to attribute others behavior to interior motivations , while attributing their own behavior to situational factors '' . Studies from China published in the 1990s confirmed that the root cause for China going to war with India was the perceived Indian aggression in Tibet , with the forward policy simply catalysing the Chinese reaction . </P> <P> Neville Maxwell and Allen Whiting argue that the Chinese leadership believed they were defending territory that was legitimately Chinese , and which was already under de facto Chinese occupation prior to Indian advances , and regarded the Forward Policy as an Indian attempt at creeping annexation . Mao Zedong himself compared the Forward Policy to a strategic advance in Chinese chess : </P> <P> Their ( India 's ) continually pushing forward is like crossing the Chu Han boundary . What should we do ? We can also set out a few pawns , on our side of the river . If they do n't then cross over , that 's great . If they do cross , we 'll eat them up ( chess metaphor meaning to take the opponent 's pieces ) . Of course , we can not blindly eat them . Lack of forbearance in small matters upsets great plans . We must pay attention to the situation . </P> <P> India claims that the motive for the Forward Policy was to cut off the supply routes for Chinese troops posted in NEFA and Aksai Chin . According to the official Indian history , the forward policy was continued because of its initial success , as it claimed that Chinese troops withdrew when they encountered areas already occupied by Indian troops . It also claimed that the Forward Policy was having success in cutting out supply lines of Chinese troops who had advanced South of the McMahon Line , though there was no evidence of such advance before the 1962 war . However , the Forward Policy rested on the assumption that Chinese forces `` were not likely to use force against any of our posts , even if they were in a position to do so '' . No serious re-appraisal of this policy took place even when Chinese forces ceased withdrawing . Nehru 's confidence was probably justified given the difficulty for China to supply the area over the high altitude terrain over 5000 km from the more populated areas of China . </P> <P> The Chinese leadership initially held a sympathetic view towards India as the latter had been ruled by British colonial masters for centuries . However , Nehru 's forward policy convinced PRC leadership that the independent Indian leadership was a reincarnation of British imperialism . Mao Zedong stated : `` Rather than being constantly accused of aggression , it 's better to show the world what really happens when China indeed moves its muscles . '' </P> <P> Chinese policy toward India , therefore , operated on two contradictory assumptions in the first half of 1961 . On the one hand , the Chinese leaders continued to entertain a hope , although a shrinking one , that some opening for talks would appear . On the other hand , they read Indian statements and actions as clear signs that Nehru wanted to talk only about a Chinese withdrawal . Regarding the hope , they were willing to negotiate and tried to prod Nehru into a similar attitude . Regarding Indian intentions , they began to act politically and to build a rationale based on the assumption that Nehru already had become a lackey of imperialism ; for this reason he opposed border talks . </P> <P> Krishna Menon is reported to have said that when he arrived in Geneva on 6 June 1961 for an international conference in Laos , Chinese officials in Chen Yi 's delegation indicated that Chen might be interested in discussing the border dispute with him . At several private meetings with Menon , Chen avoided any discussion of the dispute and Menon surmised that the Chinese wanted him to broach the matter first . He did not , as he was under instructions from Nehru to avoid taking the initiative , leaving the Chinese with the impression that Nehru was unwilling to show any flexibility . </P> <P> In September , the Chinese took a step toward criticising Nehru openly in their commentary . After citing Indonesian and Burmese press criticism of Nehru by name , the Chinese critiqued his moderate remarks on colonialism ( People 's Daily Editorial , 9 September ) : `` Somebody at the Non-Aligned Nations Conference advanced the argument that the era of classical colonialism is gone and dead ... contrary to facts . '' This was a distortion of Nehru 's remarks but appeared close enough to be credible . On the same day , Chen Yi referred to Nehru by implication at the Bulgarian embassy reception : `` Those who attempted to deny history , ignore reality , and distort the truth and who attempted to divert the Conference from its important object have failed to gain support and were isolated . '' On 10 September , they dropped all circumlocutions and criticised him by name in a China Youth article and NCNA report -- the first time in almost two years that they had commented extensively on the Prime Minister . </P> <P> By early 1962 , the Chinese leadership began to believe that India 's intentions were to launch a massive attack against Chinese troops , and that the Indian leadership wanted a war . In 1961 , the Indian army had been sent into Goa , a small region without any other international borders apart from the Indian one , after Portugal refused to surrender the exclave colony to the Indian Union . Although this action met little to no international protest or opposition , China saw it as an example of India 's expansionist nature , especially in light of heated rhetoric from Indian politicians . India 's Home Minister declared , `` If the Chinese will not vacate the areas occupied by it , India will have to repeat what it did in Goa . India will certainly drive out the Chinese forces '' , while another member of the Indian Congress Party pronounced , `` India will take steps to end ( Chinese ) aggression on Indian soil just as it ended Portuguese aggression in Goa '' . By mid-1962 , it was apparent to the Chinese leadership that negotiations had failed to make any progress , and the Forward Policy was increasingly perceived as a grave threat as Delhi increasingly sent probes deeper into border areas and cut off Chinese supply lines . Foreign Minister Marshal Chen Yi commented at one high - level meeting , `` Nehru 's forward policy is a knife . He wants to put it in our heart . We can not close our eyes and await death . '' The Chinese leadership believed that their restraint on the issue was being perceived by India as weakness , leading to continued provocations , and that a major counterblow was needed to stop perceived Indian aggression . </P> <P> Xu Yan , prominent Chinese military historian and professor at the PLA 's National Defense University , gives an account of the Chinese leadership 's decision to go to war . By late September 1962 , the Chinese leadership had begun to reconsider their policy of `` armed coexistence '' , which had failed to address their concerns with the forward policy and Tibet , and consider a large , decisive strike . On 22 September 1962 , the People 's Daily published an article which claimed that `` the Chinese people were burning with ' great indignation ' over the Indian actions on the border and that New Delhi could not ' now say that warning was not served in advance ' . '' </P> <H3> Military planning ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Indian side was confident war would not be triggered and made little preparations . India had only two divisions of troops in the region of the conflict . In August 1962 , Brigadier D.K. Palit claimed that a war with China in the near future could be ruled out . Even in September 1962 , when Indian troops were ordered to `` expel the Chinese '' from Thag La , Maj . General J.S. Dhillon expressed the opinion that `` experience in Ladakh had shown that a few rounds fired at the Chinese would cause them to run away . '' Because of this , the Indian army was completely unprepared when the attack at Yumtso La occurred . </P> <P> Recently declassified CIA documents which were compiled at the time reveal that India 's estimates of Chinese capabilities made them neglect their military in favour of economic growth . It is claimed that if a more military - minded man had been in place instead of Nehru , India would have been more likely to have been ready for the threat of a counter-attack from China . </P> <P> On 6 October 1962 , the Chinese leadership convened . Lin Biao reported that PLA intelligence units had determined that Indian units might assault Chinese positions at Thag La on 10 October ( Operation Leghorn ) . The Chinese leadership and the Central Military Council decided upon war to launch a large - scale attack to punish perceived military aggression from India . In Beijing , a larger meeting of Chinese military was convened in order to plan for the coming conflict . </P> <P> Mao and the Chinese leadership issued a directive laying out the objectives for the war . A main assault would be launched in the eastern sector , which would be coordinated with a smaller assault in the western sector . All Indian troops within China 's claimed territories in the eastern sector would be expelled , and the war would be ended with a unilateral Chinese ceasefire and withdrawal , followed by a return to the negotiating table . India led the Non-Aligned Movement , Nehru enjoyed international prestige , and China , with a larger military , would be portrayed as an aggressor . However , he said that a well - fought war `` will guarantee at least thirty years of peace '' with India , and determined the benefits to offset the costs . </P> <P> China also reportedly bought significant amount of Indian Rupee currency notes from Hong Kong , supposedly to distribute amongst its soldiers in preparation for the war . </P> <P> On 8 October , additional veteran and elite divisions were ordered to prepare to move into Tibet from the Chengdu and Lanzhou military regions . </P> <P> On 12 October , Nehru declared that he had ordered the Indian army to `` clear Indian territory in the NEFA of Chinese invaders '' and personally met with Kaul , issuing instructions to him . </P> <P> On 14 October , an editorial on People 's Daily issued China 's final warning to India : `` So it seems that Mr. Nehru has made up his mind to attack the Chinese frontier guards on an even bigger scale ... It is high time to shout to Mr. Nehru that the heroic Chinese troops , with the glorious tradition of resisting foreign aggression , can never be cleared by anyone from their own territory ... If there are still some maniacs who are reckless enough to ignore our well - intentioned advice and insist on having another try , well , let them do so . History will pronounce its inexorable verdict ... At this critical moment ... we still want to appeal once more to Mr. Nehru : better rein in at the edge of the precipice and do not use the lives of Indian troops as stakes in your gamble . '' </P> <P> Marshal Liu Bocheng headed a group to determine the strategy for the war . He concluded that the opposing Indian troops were among India 's best , and to achieve victory would require deploying crack troops and relying on force concentration to achieve decisive victory . On 16 October , this war plan was approved , and on the 18th , the final approval was given by the Politburo for a `` self - defensive counter-attack '' , scheduled for 20 October . </P> <H2> Chinese offensive ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 20 October 1962 , the Chinese People 's Liberation Army launched two attacks , 1000 kilometres apart . In the western theatre , the PLA sought to expel Indian forces from the Chip Chap valley in Aksai Chin while in the eastern theatre , the PLA sought to capture both banks of the Namka Chu river . Some skirmishes also took place at the Nathula Pass , which is in the Indian state of Sikkim ( an Indian protectorate at that time ) . Gurkha rifles travelling north were targeted by Chinese artillery fire . After four days of fierce fighting , the three regiments of Chinese troops succeeded in securing a substantial portion of the disputed territory . </P> <H3> Eastern theatre ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chinese troops launched an attack on the southern banks of the Namka Chu River on 20 October . The Indian forces were undermanned , with only an understrength battalion to support them , while the Chinese troops had three regiments positioned on the north side of the river . The Indians expected Chinese forces to cross via one of five bridges over the river and defended those crossings . However , the PLA bypassed the defenders by crossing the shallow October river instead . They formed up into battalions on the Indian - held south side of the river under cover of darkness , with each battalion assigned against a separate group of Rajputs . </P> <P> At 5 : 14 am , Chinese mortar fire began attacking the Indian positions . Simultaneously , the Chinese cut the Indian telephone lines , preventing the defenders from making contact with their headquarters . At about 6 : 30 am , the Chinese infantry launched a surprise attack from the rear and forced the Indians to leave their trenches . </P> <P> The Chinese overwhelmed the Indian troops in a series of flanking manoeuvres south of the McMahon Line and prompted their withdrawal from Namka Chu . Fearful of continued losses , Indian troops retreated into Bhutan . Chinese forces respected the border and did not pursue . Chinese forces now held all of the territory that was under dispute at the time of the Thag La confrontation , but they continued to advance into the rest of NEFA . </P> <P> On 22 October , at 12 : 15 am , PLA mortars fired on Walong , on the McMahon line . Flares launched by Indian troops the next day revealed numerous Chinese milling around the valley . The Indians tried to use their mortars against the Chinese but the PLA responded by lighting a bush fire , causing confusion among the Indians . Some 400 Chinese troops attacked the Indian position . The initial Chinese assault was halted by accurate Indian mortar fire . The Chinese were then reinforced and launched a second assault . The Indians managed to hold them back for four hours , but the Chinese used weight of numbers to break through . Most Indian forces were withdrawn to established positions in Walong , while a company supported by mortars and medium machine guns remained to cover the retreat . </P> <P> On the morning 23 October , the Indian Army discovered a Chinese force gathered in a cramped pass and opened fire with mortars and machine guns , leading to heavy fighting . About 200 Chinese soldiers were killed and wounded in this action . Nine Indian soldiers were also killed . The fighting continued well into the afternoon , until the company was ordered to withdraw . Meanwhile , the 4th Sikhs made contact with the Chinese and subjected them to withering mortar and machine gun fire as the Chinese set off a brush fire and attempted to sneak forward . </P> <P> Elsewhere , Chinese troops launched a three - pronged attack on Tawang , which the Indians evacuated without any resistance . </P> <P> Over the following days , there were clashes between Indian and Chinese patrols at Walong as the Chinese rushed in reinforcements . On 25 October , the Chinese made a probe , which was met with resistance from the 4th Sikhs . The following day , a patrol from the 4th Sikhs was encircled , and after being unable to break the encirclement , an Indian unit was able to flank the Chinese , allowing the Sikhs to break free . </P> <H3> Western theatre ( edit ) </H3> The map shows the Indian and Chinese claims of the border in the Aksai Chin region , the Macartney - MacDonald line , the Foreign Office Line , as well as the progress of Chinese forces as they occupied areas during the Sino - Indian War . <P> On the Aksai Chin front , China already controlled most of the disputed territory . Chinese forces quickly swept the region of any remaining Indian troops . Late on 19 October , Chinese troops launched a number of attacks throughout the western theatre . By 22 October , all posts north of Chushul had been cleared . </P> <P> On 20 October , the Chinese easily took the Chip Chap Valley , Galwan Valley , and Pangong Lake . Many outposts and garrisons along the Western front were unable to defend against the surrounding Chinese troops . Most Indian troops positioned in these posts offered resistance but were either killed or taken prisoner . Indian support for these outposts was not forthcoming , as evidenced by the Galwan post , which had been surrounded by enemy forces in August , but no attempt made to relieve the besieged garrison . Following the 20 October attack , nothing was heard from Galwan . </P> <P> On 24 October , Indian forces fought hard to hold the Rezang La Ridge , in order to prevent a nearby airstrip from falling to the Chinese . </P> <P> After realising the magnitude of the attack , the Indian Western Command withdrew many of the isolated outposts to the south - east . Daulet Beg Oldi was also evacuated , but it was south of the Chinese claim line and was not approached by Chinese forces . Indian troops were withdrawn in order to consolidate and regroup in the event that China probed south of their claim line . </P> <H2> Lull in the fighting ( edit ) </H2> <P> By 24 October , the PLA had entered territory previously administered by India to give the PRC a diplomatically strong position over India . The majority of Chinese forces had advanced sixteen kilometres south of the control line prior to the conflict . Four days of fighting were followed by a three - week lull . Zhou ordered the troops to stop advancing as he attempted to negotiate with Nehru . The Indian forces had retreated into more heavily fortified positions around Se La and Bombdi La which would be difficult to assault . Zhou sent Nehru a letter , proposing </P> <Ol> <Li> A negotiated settlement of the boundary </Li> <Li> That both sides disengage and withdraw twenty kilometres from present lines of actual control </Li> <Li> A Chinese withdrawal north in NEFA </Li> <Li> That China and India not cross lines of present control in Aksai Chin . </Li> </Ol> <P> Nehru 's 27 October reply expressed interest in the restoration of peace and friendly relations and suggested a return to the `` boundary prior to 8 September 1962 '' . He was categorically concerned about a mutual twenty kilometre withdrawal after `` 40 or 60 kilometres of blatant military aggression '' . He wanted the creation of a larger immediate buffer zone and thus resist the possibility of a repeat offensive . Zhou 's 4 November reply repeated his 1959 offer to return to the McMahon Line in NEFA and the Chinese traditionally claimed MacDonald Line in Aksai Chin . Facing Chinese forces maintaining themselves on Indian soil and trying to avoid political pressure , the Indian parliament announced a national emergency and passed a resolution which stated their intent to `` drive out the aggressors from the sacred soil of India '' . The United States and the United Kingdom supported India 's response . However , the Soviet Union was preoccupied with the Cuban Missile Crisis and did not offer the support it had provided in previous years . With the backing of other great powers , a 14 November letter by Nehru to Zhou once again rejected his proposal . </P> <P> Neither side declared war , used their air force , or fully broke off diplomatic relations ; however , the conflict is commonly referred to as a war . This war coincided with the Cuban Missile Crisis and was viewed by the western nations at the time as another act of aggression by the Communist bloc . According to Calvin , the Chinese side evidently wanted a diplomatic resolution and discontinuation of the conflict . </P> <H2> Continuation of war ( edit ) </H2> <P> After Zhou received Nehru 's letter ( rejecting Zhou 's proposal ) , the fighting resumed on the eastern theatre on 14 November ( Nehru 's birthday ) , with an Indian attack on Walong , claimed by China , launched from the defensive position of Se La and inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese . The Chinese resumed military activity on Aksai Chin and NEFA hours after the Walong battle . </P> <H3> Eastern theatre ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the eastern theatre , the PLA attacked Indian forces near Se La and Bomdi La on 17 November . These positions were defended by the Indian 4th Infantry Division . Instead of attacking by road as expected , PLA forces approached via a mountain trail , and their attack cut off a main road and isolated 10,000 Indian troops . </P> <P> Se La occupied high ground , and rather than assault this commanding position , the Chinese captured Thembang , which was a supply route to Se La . </P> <H3> Western theatre ( edit ) </H3> The disputed areas in the western sector . <P> On the western theatre , PLA forces launched a heavy infantry attack on 18 November near Chushul . Their attack started at 4 : 35 am , despite a mist surrounding most of the areas in the region . At 5 : 45 the Chinese troops advanced to attack two platoons of Indian troops at Gurung Hill . </P> <P> The Indians did not know what was happening , as communications were dead . As a patrol was sent , China attacked with greater numbers . Indian artillery could not hold off against superior Chinese forces . By 9 : 00 am , Chinese forces attacked Gurung Hill directly and Indian commanders withdrew from the area and also from the connecting Spangur Gap . </P> <P> The Chinese had been simultaneously attacking Rezang La which was held by 123 Indian troops . At 5 : 05 am , Chinese troops launched their attack audaciously . Chinese medium machine gun fire pierced through the Indian tactical defences . </P> <P> At 6 : 55 am the sun rose and the Chinese attack on the 8th platoon began in waves . Fighting continued for the next hour , until the Chinese signaled that they had destroyed the 7th platoon . Indians tried to use light machine guns on the medium machine guns from the Chinese but after 10 minutes the battle was over . Logistical inadequacy once again hurt the Indian troops . The Chinese gave the Indian troops a respectful military funeral . The battles also saw the death of Major Shaitan Singh of the Kumaon Regiment , who had been instrumental in the first battle of Rezang La . The Indian troops were forced to withdraw to high mountain positions . Indian sources believed that their troops were just coming to grips with the mountain combat and finally called for more troops . However , the Chinese declared a ceasefire , ending the bloodshed . </P> <P> Indian forces suffered heavy casualties , with dead Indian troops ' bodies being found in the ice , frozen with weapons in hand . The Chinese forces also suffered heavy casualties , especially at Rezang La . This signalled the end of the war in Aksai Chin as China had reached their claim line -- many Indian troops were ordered to withdraw from the area . China claimed that the Indian troops wanted to fight on until the bitter end . However , the war ended with their withdrawal , so as to limit the amount of casualties . </P> <P> The PLA penetrated close to the outskirts of Tezpur , Assam , a major frontier town nearly fifty kilometres from the Assam - North - East Frontier Agency border . The local government ordered the evacuation of the civilians in Tezpur to the south of the Brahmaputra River , all prisons were thrown open , and government officials who stayed behind destroyed Tezpur 's currency reserves in anticipation of a Chinese advance . </P> <H2> Ceasefire ( edit ) </H2> <P> China had reached its claim lines so the PLA did not advance farther , and on 19 November , it declared a unilateral cease - fire . Zhou Enlai declared a unilateral ceasefire to start on midnight , 21 November . Zhou 's ceasefire declaration stated , </P> <P> Beginning from 21 November 1962 , the Chinese frontier guards will cease fire along the entire Sino - Indian border . Beginning from 1 December 1962 , the Chinese frontier guards will withdraw to positions 20 kilometres behind the line of actual control which existed between China and India on 7 November 1959 . In the eastern sector , although the Chinese frontier guards have so far been fighting on Chinese territory north of the traditional customary line , they are prepared to withdraw from their present positions to the north of the illegal McMahon Line , and to withdraw twenty kilometres back from that line . In the middle and western sectors , the Chinese frontier guards will withdraw twenty kilometres from the line of actual control . </P> <P> Zhou had first given the ceasefire announcement to Indian chargé d'affaires on 19 November ( before India 's request for United States air support ) , but New Delhi did not receive it until 24 hours later . The aircraft carrier was ordered back after the ceasefire , and thus , American intervention on India 's side in the war was avoided . Retreating Indian troops , who had n't come into contact with anyone knowing of the ceasefire , and Chinese troops in NEFA and Aksai Chin , were involved in some minor battles , but for the most part , the ceasefire signalled an end to the fighting . The United States Air Force flew in supplies to India in November 1962 , but neither side wished to continue hostilities . </P> <P> Toward the end of the war India increased its support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries , some of them having settled in India , as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region . The Nehru administration ordered the raising of an elite Indian - trained `` Tibetan Armed Force '' composed of Tibetan refugees . < -- The Discoverer writes : The positions to which the Chinese troops withdrew in the Western sector were different from the pre-war positions . The area gained by China in Ladakh has been claimed by India to be 6,475 square kilometres ( 2,500 sq mi ) , and the total area occupied by China has been estimated to be 14,500 square miles ( 38,000 km ) . For this reason , Nehru did not officially accept the ceasefire offer of the positions of 7 November 1959 , but stuck to his earlier demand to return to the positions of 8 September 1962 . -- > </P> <H2> World opinion ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Chinese military action has been viewed by the United States as part of the PRC 's policy of making use of aggressive wars to settle its border disputes and to distract both its own population and international opinion from its internal issues . According to James Calvin from the United States Marine Corps , western nations at the time viewed China as an aggressor during the China -- India border war , and the war was part of a monolithic communist objective for a world dictatorship of the proletariat . This was further triggered by Mao Zedong 's views that : `` The way to world conquest lies through Havana , Accra , and Calcutta '' . Calvin believes that Chinese actions show a `` pattern of conservative aims and limited objectives , rather than expansionism '' and blames this particular conflict on India 's provocations towards China . However , Calvin also expresses that China , in the past , has been adamant to gain control over regions to which it has a `` traditional claim '' , which triggered the dispute over NEFA and Aksai Chin and indeed Tibet . Calvin 's assumption , based on the history of the Cold War and the Domino Effect , assumed that China might ultimately try to regain control of everything that it considers as `` traditionally Chinese '' which in its view includes the entirety of South East Asia . </P> <P> The Kennedy administration was disturbed by what they considered `` blatant Chinese communist aggression against India '' . In a May 1963 National Security Council meeting , contingency planning on the part of the United States in the event of another Chinese attack on India was discussed . Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and General Maxwell Taylor advised the president to use nuclear weapons should the Americans intervene in such a situation . McNamara stated `` Before any substantial commitment to defend India against China is given , we should recognise that in order to carry out that commitment against any substantial Chinese attack , we would have to use nuclear weapons . Any large Chinese Communist attack on any part of that area would require the use of nuclear weapons by the U.S. , and this is to be preferred over the introduction of large numbers of U.S. soldiers . '' After hearing this and listening to two other advisers , Kennedy stated `` We should defend India , and therefore we will defend India . '' It remains unclear if his aides were trying to dissuade the President of considering any measure with regard to India by immediately raising the stakes to an unacceptable level , nor is it clear if Kennedy was thinking of conventional or nuclear means when he gave his reply . By 1964 China had developed its own nuclear weapon which would have likely caused any American nuclear policy in defense of India to be reviewed . The Johnson Administration considered and then rejected giving nuclear weapons technology to the Indians . However India developed its own nuclear weapon by 1974 , within 10 years of the Chinese . </P> <P> The United States was unequivocal in its recognition of the Indian boundary claims in the eastern sector , while not supporting the claims of either side in the western sector . Britain , on the other hand , agreed with the Indian position completely , with the foreign secretary stating , ' we have taken the view of the government of India on the present frontiers and the disputed territories belong to India . ' </P> <P> The non-aligned nations remained mostly uninvolved , and only the United Arab Republic openly supported India . Of the non-aligned nations , six , Egypt , Burma , Cambodia , Sri Lanka , Ghana and Indonesia , met in Colombo on 10 December 1962 . The proposals stipulated a Chinese withdrawal of 20 km from the customary lines without any reciprocal withdrawal on India 's behalf . The failure of these six nations to unequivocally condemn China deeply disappointed India . </P> <P> In 1972 , Chinese Premier Zhou explained the Chinese point of view to President Nixon of the US . As for the causes of the war , Zhou asserted that China did not try to expel Indian troops from south of the McMahon line and that three open warning telegrams were sent to Nehru before the war . However , Indian patrols south of the McMahon line were expelled and suffered casualties in the Chinese attack . Zhou also told Nixon that Chairman Mao ordered the troops to return to show good faith . The Indian government maintains that the Chinese military could not advance further south due to logistical problems and the cut - off of resource supplies . </P> <P> While Western nations did not view Chinese actions favourably because of fear of the Chinese and competitiveness , Pakistan , which had had a turbulent relationship with India ever since the Indian partition , improved its relations with China after the war . Prior to the war , Pakistan also shared a disputed boundary with China , and had proposed to India that the two countries adopt a common defence against `` northern '' enemies ( i.e. China ) , which was rejected by India . However , China and Pakistan took steps to peacefully negotiate their shared boundaries , beginning on 13 October 1962 , and concluding in December of that year . Pakistan also expressed fear that the huge amounts of western military aid directed to India would allow it to threaten Pakistan 's security in future conflicts . Mohammed Ali , External Affairs Minister of Pakistan , declared that massive Western aid to India in the Sino - Indian dispute would be considered an unfriendly act towards Pakistan . As a result , Pakistan made efforts to improve its relations with China . The following year , China and Pakistan peacefully settled disputes on their shared border , and negotiated the China - Pakistan Border Treaty in 1963 , as well as trade , commercial , and barter treaties . On 2 March 1963 , Pakistan conceded its northern claim line in Pakistani - controlled Kashmir to China in favor of a more southerly boundary along the Karakoram Range . The border treaty largely set the border along the MacCartney - Macdonald Line . India 's military failure against China would embolden Pakistan to initiate the Second Kashmir War with India . However , it effectively ended in a stalemate as Calvin states that the Sino - Indian War had caused the previously passive government to take a stand on actively modernising India 's military . China offered diplomatic support to Pakistan in this war but did not offer military support . In January 1966 , China condemned the Tashkent Agreement between India and Pakistan as a Soviet - US plot in the region . In the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , Pakistan expected China to provide military support , but it was left alone as India successfully helped the rebels in East Pakistan to found the new nation - state of Bangladesh . </P> <H2> Involvement of other nations ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the conflict , Nehru wrote two desperate letters to U.S. President John F. Kennedy , requesting 12 squadrons of fighter jets and a modern radar system . These jets were seen as necessary to beef up Indian air strength so that air - to - air combat could be initiated safely from the Indian perspective ( bombing troops was seen as unwise for fear of Chinese retaliatory action ) . Nehru also asked that these aircraft be manned by American pilots until Indian airmen were trained to replace them . These requests were rejected by the Kennedy Administration ( which was involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis during most of the Sino - Indian War ) . The U.S. nonetheless provided non-combat assistance to Indian forces and planned to send the carrier USS Kitty Hawk to the Bay of Bengal to support India in case of an air war . </P> <P> Some reports suggest a contradictory response from the U.S. According to former Indian diplomat G. Parthasarathy , `` only after we got nothing from the US did arms supplies from the Soviet Union to India commence . '' In 1962 , President of Pakistan Ayub Khan made clear to India that Indian troops could safely be transferred from the Pakistan frontier to the Himalayas . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <H3> China ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to the China 's official military history , the war achieved China 's policy objectives of securing borders in its western sector , as China retained de facto control of the Aksai Chin . After the war , India abandoned the Forward Policy , and the de facto borders stabilised along the Line of Actual Control . </P> <P> According to James Calvin of Marine Corps Command and Staff College , even though China won a military victory it lost in terms of its international image . China 's first nuclear weapon test in October 1964 and its support of Pakistan in the 1965 India Pakistan War tended to confirm the American view of communist world objectives , including Chinese influence over Pakistan . </P> <P> Lora Saalman opined in a study of Chinese military publications , that while the war led to much blame , debates and ultimately acted as causation of military modernisation of India but the war is now treated as basic reportage of facts with relatively diminished interest by Chinese analysts . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith and Prime Minister Nehru conferring at the time of the conflict . This photograph was taken by the United States Information Service ( USIS ) and sent to President John F. Kennedy with a letter from Galbraith dated 9 November 1962 . <P> The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future , and placed pressure on Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru , who was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India . Indians reacted with a surge in patriotism and memorials were erected for many of the Indian troops who died in the war . Arguably , the main lesson India learned from the war was the need to strengthen its own defences and a shift from Nehru 's foreign policy with China based on his stated concept of `` brotherhood '' . Because of India 's inability to anticipate Chinese aggression , Prime Minister Nehru faced harsh criticism from government officials , for having promoted pacifist relations with China . Indian President Radhakrishnan said that Nehru 's government was naive and negligent about preparations , and Nehru admitted his failings . According to Inder Malhotra , a former editor of The Times of India and a commentator for The Indian Express , Indian politicians invested more effort in removing Defence Minister Krishna Menon than in actually waging war . Krishna Menon 's favoritism weakened the Indian Army , and national morale dimmed . The public saw the war as political and military debacle . Under American advice ( by American envoy John Kenneth Galbraith who made and ran American policy on the war as all other top policy makers in USA were absorbed in coincident Cuban Missile Crisis ) Indians refrained , not according to the best choices available , from using the Indian air force to beat back the Chinese advances . The CIA later revealed that at that time the Chinese had neither the fuel nor runways long enough for using their air force effectively in Tibet . Indians in general became highly sceptical of China and its military . Many Indians view the war as a betrayal of India 's attempts at establishing a long - standing peace with China and started to question the once popular `` Hindi - Chini bhai - bhai '' ( meaning `` Indians and Chinese are brothers '' ) . The war also put an end to Nehru 's earlier hopes that India and China would form a strong Asian Axis to counteract the increasing influence of the Cold War bloc superpowers . </P> <P> The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon , who resigned his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India 's military further . India 's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self - sufficiency was thus cemented . Sensing a weakened army , Pakistan , a close ally of China , began a policy of provocation against India by infiltrating Jammu and Kashmir and ultimately triggering the Second Kashmir War with India in 1965 and Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 . The Attack of 1965 was successfully stopped and ceasefire was negotiated under international pressure . In the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 India won a clear victory , resulting in liberation of Bangladesh ( formerly East - Pakistan ) . </P> <P> As a result of the war , the Indian government commissioned an investigation , resulting in the classified Henderson Brooks -- Bhagat Report on the causes of the war and the reasons for failure . India 's performance in high - altitude combat in 1962 led to an overhaul of the Indian Army in terms of doctrine , training , organisation and equipment . Neville Maxwell claimed that the Indian role in international affairs after the border war was also greatly reduced after the war and India 's standing in the non-aligned movement suffered . The Indian government has attempted to keep the Hendersen - Brooks - Bhagat Report secret for decades , although portions of it have recently been leaked by Neville Maxwell . </P> <P> According to James Calvin , an analyst from the U.S. Navy , India gained many benefits from the 1962 conflict . This war united the country as never before . India got 32,000 square miles ( 8.3 million hectares , 83,000 km ) of disputed territory even if it felt that NEFA was hers all along . The new Indian republic had avoided international alignments ; by asking for help during the war , India demonstrated its willingness to accept military aid from several sectors . And , finally , India recognised the serious weaknesses in its army . It would more than double its military manpower in the next two years and it would work hard to resolve the military 's training and logistic problems to later become the second - largest army in the world . India 's efforts to improve its military posture significantly enhanced its army 's capabilities and preparedness . This played a role in subsequent wars against Pakistan . </P> Internment and deportation of Chinese Indians ( edit ) Main article : Persecution of Chinese Indians <P> Soon after the end of the war , the Indian government passed the Defence of India Act in December 1962 , permitting the `` apprehension and detention in custody of any person ( suspected ) of being of hostile origin . '' The broad language of the act allowed for the arrest of any person simply for having a Chinese surname , Chinese ancestry or a Chinese spouse . The Indian government incarcerated thousands of Chinese - Indians in an internment camp in Deoli , Rajasthan , where they were held for years without trial . The last internees were not released until 1967 . Thousands more Chinese - Indians were forcibly deported or coerced to leave India . Nearly all internees had their properties sold off or looted . Even after their release , the Chinese Indians faced many restrictions in their freedom . They could not travel freely until the mid-1990s . </P> <H2> Later conflicts ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : China -- India relations , Nathu La and Cho La incidents , and 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish <P> India also reported some military conflicts with China after the 1962 war . In late 1967 , there were two incidents in which both countries exchanged fire in Sikkim . The first one was dubbed the `` Nathu La incident '' , and the other being `` Chola incident '' in which advancing Chinese forces were forced to withdraw from Sikkim , then a protectorate of India and later a state of India after annexation in 1975 . In the 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish , both sides showed military restraint and it was a bloodless conflict . </P> <H2> Diplomatic process ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1993 and 1996 , the two sides signed the Sino - Indian Bilateral Peace and Tranquility Accords , agreements to maintain peace and tranquility along the Line of Actual Control ( LoAC ) . Ten meetings of a Sino - Indian Joint Working Group ( SIJWG ) and five of an expert group have taken place to determine where the LoAC lies , but little progress has occurred . </P> <P> On 20 November 2006 Indian politicians from Arunachal Pradesh expressed their concern over Chinese military modernization and appealed to parliament to take a harder stance on the PRC following a military buildup on the border similar to that in 1962 . Additionally , China 's military aid to Pakistan as well is a matter of concern to the Indian public , as the two sides have engaged in various wars . </P> <P> On 6 July 2006 , the historic Silk Road passing through this territory via the Nathu La pass was reopened . Both sides have agreed to resolve the issues by peaceful means . </P> <P> In October 2011 , it was stated that India and China will formulate a border mechanism to handle different perceptions as to the LAC and resume the bilateral army exercises between Indian and Chinese army from early 2012 . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Vidyadhar Shastri wrote a Sanskrit poem Himadri Mahtyam to exhort Indians to defend the Himalaya </Li> <Li> Australian author Jon Cleary wrote a novel set at the time of the conflict , The Pulse of Danger ( 1966 ) . </Li> <Li> A Hindi movie , Haqeeqat ( 1964 ) , and a Tamil movie , Ratha Thilagam ( 1963 ) , were based on events of the Sino - Indian war . </Li> <Li> On 27 June 1963 , against the backdrop of the Sino - Indian War , Lata Mangeshkar sang the patriotic song `` Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon '' ( literally , `` Oh , the People of My Country '' ) in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru , Prime Minister of India . The song , composed by C. Ramchandra and written by Pradeep , is said to have brought the Prime Minister to tears . </Li> <Li> The 2017 Hindi movie Tubelight is set during the times of the Sino - Indian war . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nathu La and Cho La incidents </Li> <Li> Aksai Chin </Li> <Li> Sino - Indian relations </Li> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> <Li> Line of Control </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem ( 2010 ) , p. 48 quotes a report by Ney Elias in 1885 : `` He ( the Wazir ) wants the Maharaja to re-occupy Shahidulla in the Karakash valley . Previous to the rebellions in Eastern Turkistan which broke up Chinese rule there in 1863 , the Kashmiris had occupied Shahidulla for nearly 20 years . About 1865 they abandoned it , and in 1868 Shaw and Hayward found it occupied by the Andijani ( Kokandi ) troops of the late Amir Yakub Beg . In 1873 -- 74 Sir D. Forsyth recognised the Amir 's ownership , and recommended the Maharaja 's boundary to be drawn to the north of the Karakash valley as shown in the map accompanying the mission report . This I believe has never been accepted by Kashmir , and the boundary has been left an open question . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem ( 2010 ) , p. 48 , 83 : An India Office ( London ) memorandum in 1893 stated : `` Shahidulla has hitherto been regarded as the frontier post on the road from Leh to Yarkand . Lord Kimberley the secretary of state would suggest that the Chinese Government at Peking ... should be intimated ... that the Indian authorities , acting on behalf of the Kashmir State , will gladly co-operate with the Chinese authorities in Kashgaria in determining the frontier on the road from Leh to Kashgar . Her Majesty 's Government would , however , demur to any attempt being made by the Kashgarian officials to fix the boundary of the Ladakh State on this road without their previous concurrence being obtained . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem ( 2010 ) , p. 58 quotes Captain Younghusband 's report of 1889 : `` In the former Chinese occupation the Kuen - Lun Mountains ( that is the branch of them over which are the Kilian and Sanju Passes ) were always recognised as the frontier , and the country to the south belonged to no one in particular . When the Chinese revolt took place and they were driven from Yarkand , the Kashmir State sent a detachment of troops to Shahidullah and built a fort there . Yakub Beg when he came into power at Yarkand sent some troops , who built a fort at Ali Nazar on the Karakash River at the junction of the roads from the Kilian and Sanju Passes . Shortly afterwards the Kashmiris evacuated the Shahidullah fort after occupying it for about three years , and the Andijanis then took possession of it and occupied it till Yakub Beg 's death . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some commentators state that Johnson 's work was `` severely criticised '' as inaccurate . His boundary line was described as `` patently absurd '' , and extending further north than the Indian claim . Johnson is said to have been reprimanded by the British Government for crossing into Khotan without permission and he resigned from the Survey . Others state that Johnson 's bold explorations were highly commended , and he was rehired a year later at a higher salary . The `` invitation '' from the Khotanese ruler was likely a forcible removal , and the ruler was merely seeking British help in warding off Yakub Beg and the Russian Empire . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The so - called Macartney - MacDonald proposal was precipitated by the crisis over Hunza , which was theoretically a vassal state of both China and Kashmir . In 1890 , the British invaded Hunza and replaced its ruler , and the Chinese remonstrated . The British wanted the Chinese to cede their suzerainty over Hunza and yet grant rights to cultivate lands outside its boundary . In return for this largesse , they were prepared to cede the Aksai Chin plains , but not Lingzi Tang plains , to China . Scholar Parshotam Mehra has termed it a ' barter ' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster 's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language : Chronology of Major Dates in History , page 1686 . Dilithium Press Ltd. , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ China won , but never wanted , Sino - Indian war - Global Times Archived 23 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ India lost war with China but won Arunachal 's heart - Times of India Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Garver , John W. ( 2006 ) , `` China 's Decision for War with India in 1962 '' ( PDF ) , in Robert S. Ross , New Directions in the Study of China 's Foreign Policy , Stanford University Press , pp. 86 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5363 - 0 , archived from the original on 28 August 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.A.S.C. by United States . Congress . House Committee on Armed Services -- 1999 , p. 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ War at the Top of the World : The Struggle for Afghanistan , Kashmir , and Tibet by Eric S. Margolis , p. 234 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The US Army `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2012 . 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Retrieved 10 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India - China to resume annual defence dialogue early next year '' , IBN Live , 8 October 2011 , archived from the original on 11 October 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India - China border mechanism by year - end '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khubchandani , Lata ( 2003 ) . Gulzar ; Govind Nihalani ; Saibal Chatterjee , eds . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . pp. 486 -- 487 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kavi Pradeep , master of the patriotic song , dies at 84 '' . Rediff.com. 11 December 1998 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Das Gupta , Amit R. ; Lüthi , Lorenz M. , eds. ( 2016 ) , The Sino - Indian War of 1962 : New perspectives , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 1 - 315 - 38892 - 2 <Ul> <Li> Lüthi , Lorenz M. ( 2016 ) , `` India 's Relations with China , 1945 -- 1974 '' , Ibid , pp. 29 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Chaowu , Dai ( 2016 ) , `` From ' Hindi - Chini Bhai - Bhai ' to ' international class struggle ' against Nehru : China 's India policy and the frontier dispute , 1950 -- 62 '' , Ibid , pp. 68 -- 84 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fisher , Margaret W. ; Rose , Leo E. ; Huttenback , Robert A. ( 1963 ) , Himalayan Battleground : Sino - Indian Rivalry in Ladakh , Praeger -- via Questia , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) </Li> <Li> Maxwell , Neville ( 1970 ) , India 's China War , Pantheon Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 47051 - 1 </Li> <Li> Mehra , Parshotham ( 1991 ) , `` '' John Lall , Aksai Chin and Sino - Indian Conflict '' ( Book review ) `` , China Report , 27 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 154 , doi : 10.1177 / 000944559102700206 </Li> <Li> Mehra , Parshotam ( 1992 ) , An `` agreed '' frontier : Ladakh and India 's northernmost borders , 1846 - 1947 , Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> Noorani , A.G. ( 2010 ) , India -- China Boundary Problem 1846 -- 1947 : History and Diplomacy , Oxford University Press India , doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198070689.001. 0001 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 908839 - 3 </Li> <Li> Palit , D.K. ( 1991 ) , War in High Himalaya : The Indian Army in Crisis , 1962 , C. Hurst & Co . Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 103 - 1 </Li> <Li> Snedden , Christopher ( 2015 ) , Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 342 - 7 </Li> <Li> Van Eekelen , Willem Frederik ( 2013 ) , Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China , Springer , ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 6555 - 8 </Li> <Li> Warikoo , K. , ed. ( 2009 ) , Himalayan Frontiers of India : Historical , Geo - Political and Strategic Perspectives , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 03294 - 5 <Ul> <Li> Karim , Afsir ( 2009 ) , `` Strategic dimensions of the trans - Himalayan frontiers '' , Ibid , pp. 56 -- 66 </Li> <Li> Warikoo , K. ( 2009 ) , `` India 's gateway to Central Asia : trans - Himalayan trade and cultural movements through Kashmir and Ladakh , 1846 -- 1947 '' , Ibid , pp. 1 -- 13 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Woodman , Dorothy ( 1970 ) ( first published in 1969 by Barrie & Rockliff , The Cresset Press ) , Himalayan Frontiers : A Political Review of British , Chinese , Indian , and Russian Rivalries , Praeger </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Garver , John W. ( 2011 ) , Protracted Contest : Sino - Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century , University of Washington Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 80120 - 9 </Li> <Li> David Malone , The Border War of 1962 / / Does the Elephant Dance ? : Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy - Oxford University Press , 2011 - 425 p . - ISBN 9780199552023 </Li> <Li> Himalayan Blunder by Brigadier John Dalvi . Natraj Publishers </Li> <Li> Lamb , Alastair ( 1964 ) . The China - India Border : The Origins of the Disputed Boundaries . L. Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Gunnar Myrdal . Asian Drama ; An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations . New York : Random House , 1968 </Li> <Li> History of the Conflict with China , 1962 . P.B. Sinha , A.A. Athale , with S.N. Prasad , chief editor , History Division , Ministry of Defence , Government of India , 1992 . -- Official Indian history of the Sino - Indian War . </Li> <Li> Allen S. Whiting . The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence : India and Indochina . </Li> <Li> The Sino - Indian Boundary Question ( Enlarged Edition ) , Foreign Languages Press , Peking , 1962 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Sino - Indian War ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Remembering a War : The 1962 India - China Conflict -- Rediff.com . </Li> <Li> Neville Maxwell : Henderson Brooks Report </Li> <Li> 1962 Sino - Indian War , Hindustan Times </Li> <Li> Why India lost the 1962 border war ? -- Tejas Patel </Li> <Li> War in the Himalayas : 1962 Indo - Sino Conflict ( includes official war history ) from History Division , Ministry of Defence , Government of India </Li> <Li> Critical Asian Studies Article : Sino Indian War 1962 </Li> <Li> India , China to speed up border dispute talks : 2005 Xinhuanet </Li> <Li> The Rediff Special / Claude Arpi </Li> <Li> 1962 War and Its Implications fr Sino - India Relations </Li> <Li> Historical maps of the Sino - Indian border ( in Chinese ) </Li> <Li> Conflict in Kashmir : Selected Internet Resources by the Library , University of California , Berkeley , USA ; ( ( University of California , Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web - Bibliographies list ) </Li> <Li> Frontier India India - China Section </Li> <Li> China , India , and the fruits of Nehru 's folly by Venkatesan Vembu , Daily News & Analysis , 6 June 2007 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Military of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Indian Army </Li> <Li> Indian Navy </Li> <Li> Indian Air Force </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leadership </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chief of the Army Staff </Li> <Li> Chief of the Naval Staff </Li> <Li> Chief of the Air Staff </Li> <Li> Minister of Defence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Academies </Li> <Li> Ranks and insignia <Ul> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Air Force </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Special Forces </Li> <Li> Indian Peace Keeping Force </Li> <Li> Central Armed Police Forces </Li> <Li> Paramilitary forces </Li> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Command </Li> <Li> Strategic Forces Command </Li> <Li> Nuclear Command Authority </Li> <Li> Ballistic missiles </Li> <Li> Weapons of mass destruction </Li> <Li> Defence Research and Development Organisation </Li> <Li> Ordnance Factories Board </Li> <Li> Territorial Army </Li> <Li> National Cadet Corps </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wars and conflicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indo - 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india and china went to war in 1962

Indian High Courts Act 1861 - wikipedia <H1> Indian High Courts Act 1861 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Indian High Courts Act of 1861 ( 24 & 25 Vict . c. 104 ) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to authorize the Crown to create High Courts in the Indian colony . Queen Victoria created the High Courts in Calcutta , Madras , and Bombay by Letters Patent in 1865 . These High Courts would become the precursors to the High Courts in the modern day India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh . The Act was passed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and consolidated the parallel legal system of the Crown and the East India Company . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Abolishing Existing Courts </Li> <Li> 2 Qualifications of High Court Judges </Li> <Li> 3 Judicial Tenure and Seniority </Li> <Li> 4 Jurisdiction </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Abolishing existing Courts ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Act abolished the Supreme Courts at Calcutta , Madras , and Bombay ; the Sadar Diwani Adalat and the Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Calcutta ; Sadar Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Madras ; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Bombay ( § 8 ) . </P> <H2> Qualifications of High Court judges ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each High Court could consist of a chief justice and up to 15 judges . Under § 3 of the Act , judges could be selected from barristers ( with 5 years of experience ) , civil servants ( with 10 years of experience including 3 years as a zillah judge ) , judges of small cause courts or sudder ameen ( with 5 years of experience ) , or pleaders of lander courts or High Courts ( with 05 years of experience ) . </P> <P> The High Court of a State is the highest court of the State and all other courts of the State work under it . Normally there is one High Court in every State but there can be only one High Court for two or more States as well , according to the constitution . There is one High Court at Chandigarh for Punjab , Haryana and Union Territory of Chandigarh . Similarly there is one High Court at Guwahati which serves Assam , Arunachal Pradesh , Mizoram and Nagaland . </P> <P> Composition : </P> <P> In every High Court , there is a Chief Justice and many other judges whose number is defined by the President of India . </P> <P> Appointment of the Judges : The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the State . The other judges are appointed by the will of President , Governor and the Chief Justice of High Court . </P> <P> Qualifications for the Judges </P> <P> ( a ) He should be a citizen of India . </P> <P> ( b ) He should have been ( I ) a judge for 10 years of Subordinate court under the Judicial Service of the State or ( ii ) an Advocate for 10 years in a High Courts in India ( Article 217 ) . </P> <P> Tenure : Originally the age of the retirement of the judges of the High Courts was fixed at 60 but it was raised to 62 in 1963 according to the 15th amendment of the Constitution . </P> <P> Removal of the Judges : A judge may leave his office by resigning . He will send his letter of resignation to the President . His office would be considered to have been vacated if he is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or is transferred to some other High Court . A judge of a High Court may also be removed like a judge of the Supreme Court . A judge of High Court may be removed by the President if the Parliament passes a motion against him by an absolute majority and 2 / 3rd majority of the members present and voting , both the Houses sitting separately . </P> <P> Salary : </P> <P> The pay of the Chief Justice of a High Court is rupees 90,000 / - per month and that of the other judges is rupees 85,000 / - per month . </P> <P> Powers and Functions </P> <P> Original Jurisdiction : </P> <P> The original jurisdiction of the High Court is restricted . </P> <P> ( a ) Every High Court under Article 226 is empowered to issue writs , orders , directions including writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Quo - warranto and Certiorari or any of them to any person or authority with in its territory for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose . </P> <P> ( b ) The original jurisdiction of High Court extends to matters of admiralty , matrimonial , contempt of court and cases ordered to be transferred to High Court by lower court . </P> <P> ( c ) The High Courts of Mumbai , Kolkata and Chennai have original jurisdiction on hearing straightway cases involving the Christians and Parsies . </P> <P> ( d ) The High Courts of Mumbai , Kolkata and Chennai exercise original civil jurisdiction when the amount involved is more than two thousand rupees . </P> <P> Appellate Jurisdiction : </P> <P> The appellate jurisdiction of the High Courts extends so : </P> <P> ( a ) The High Court can hear appeals in civil cases if the amount involved in the case is at least Rs. 5000 . </P> <P> ( b ) The High Court in criminal cases hears the appeal in which the accused has been sentenced to four years imprisonment by the Sessions Judge . v </P> <P> ( c ) The death sentence awarded by Sessions Judge is subject to approval by the High Court . </P> <P> ( d ) The High Court hear the cases involving interpretation of the Constitution or Law . </P> <P> ( e ) The High Court hears the cases on income tax , sales tax etc . </P> <P> Power of Judicial Review : </P> <P> The States High Courts like the Supreme Court has the power of Judicial Review . A High Court has the power to strike down any law of the State or any order of the executive if it violates any provision of the constitution or curtails or takes any of the Fundamental Rights of the people . </P> <P> Administrative and Supervisory Power : </P> <P> The State High Court performs many administrative functions within its Territorial Jurisdiction . It exercises the power of superintendence and control over all courts and tribunals throughout the territory except the military tribunals . </P> <H2> Judicial tenure and seniority ( edit ) </H2> <P> Under § 5 of the Act , judges served at the pleasure of Her Majesty . The chief justice had precedence over judges , whereas judges had seniority based on appointment . Under § 14 , the chief justice had the power to form divisions of two or more judges to hear cases . </P> <H2> Jurisdiction ( edit ) </H2> <P> Under article 9 of the Act , each High Court had `` all such powers and authority for and in relation to the administration of justice '' including original and appellate jurisdiction over civil , criminal , admiralty , vice-admiralty , testamentary , intestate , and matrimonial matters . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indian High Courts Act 1861 '' . GKToday. 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Criminal Justice India Series : Punjab , 2002 . Allied Publishers . 2002 . p. 233 . 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who decides the number of judges in the high court

Dave Dravecky - wikipedia <H1> Dave Dravecky </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Dave Dravecky </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Pitcher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Born : ( 1956 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1956 ( age 61 ) Youngstown , Ohio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Batted : Right </Td> <Td> Threw : Left </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> MLB debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> June 15 , 1982 , for the San Diego Padres </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Last MLB appearance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> August 15 , 1989 , for the San Francisco Giants </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> MLB statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Win -- Loss record </Th> <Td> 64 -- 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Earned run average </Th> <Td> 3.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Strikeouts </Th> <Td> 558 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> San Diego Padres ( 1982 -- 1987 ) </Li> <Li> San Francisco Giants ( 1987 -- 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> All - Star ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Willie Mac Award ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> David Francis Dravecky ( born February 14 , 1956 ) is an American former professional baseball player , a motivational speaker , and an author . He played Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres ( 1982 -- 87 ) and San Francisco Giants ( 1987 -- 89 ) . Cancer ended his career as his team was reaching the 1989 World Series . He won the Hutch Award in 1989 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Life <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early career </Li> <Li> 1.2 Crisis and comeback </Li> <Li> 1.3 Retirement and later career </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Awards </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Life ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early career ( edit ) </H3> <P> A left - handed pitcher , Dravecky represented the Padres at the All - Star game in 1983 , his second season , in which he won 14 games . Equally proficient as a starter or coming out of the bullpen , Dravecky helped the Padres to their first pennant the following year . </P> <P> Dravecky became friends with two other Padres pitchers , Mark Thurmond and Eric Show , who also held strong Christian beliefs . In the spring of 1984 , Show recruited the other two to the John Birch Society , a far right US political group , and the three were widely reported on after they distributed Birch literature from a booth at the June 1984 Del Mar Fair . Dravecky stated he saw Birch beliefs as the `` natural outgrowth '' of a born - again Christian philosophy . Over his first six seasons , Dravecky had a 60 - 55 win -- loss record , and the Associated Press wrote that he was better known for his association with the John Birch Society than his pitching . </P> <P> On July 4 , 1987 , the San Francisco Giants acquired Dravecky , pitcher Craig Lefferts , and third baseman Kevin Mitchell from the San Diego Padres for pitchers Mark Grant and Mark Davis and third baseman Chris Brown for their pennant drive . He went 7 -- 5 during the stretch , and in the playoffs pitched a shutout in Game 2 against the St. Louis Cardinals and lost Game 6 by a score of 1 -- 0 . The Cards won in seven games . </P> <P> While with the Giants , Dravecky and teammates Scott Garrelts , Atlee Hammaker , and Jeff Brantley became known as the `` God Squad '' because of their strong Christian faith . Disdaining the hard - partying lifestyle of many of their teammates , they preferred to hold Bible studies in their hotel rooms while on the road . </P> <H3> Crisis and comeback ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following season , a cancerous desmoid tumor was found in Dravecky 's pitching arm . On October 7 , 1988 , he underwent surgery , which removed half of the deltoid muscle in his pitching arm and froze the humerus bone in an effort to eliminate all of the cancerous cells . Doctors advised Dravecky to wait until 1990 to pitch again , but Dravecky was determined to pitch in 1989 . By July 1989 , he was pitching in the minors , and on August 10 , he made a highly publicized return to the major leagues , pitching eight innings and defeating Cincinnati 4 -- 3 . In his following start , five days later in Montreal , Dravecky pitched three no - hit innings , but in the fifth inning , he felt a tingling sensation in his arm . In the sixth inning , he started off shaky , allowing a home run to the leadoff batter and then hitting the second batter , Andrés Galarraga . Then , on his first pitch to Tim Raines , his humerus bone snapped ; the sound of it breaking could be heard throughout the stadium . Dravecky collapsed on the mound . He 'd suffered a clean break midway between his shoulder and elbow , ending his season . </P> <P> The Giants won the National League pennant in 1989 ( defeating the Chicago Cubs in the NLCS in five games ) , and in the post-game celebration , Dravecky 's arm was broken a second time when he was running out to the mound to celebrate . A doctor examining Dravecky 's x-rays noticed a mass in his arm , which turned out to be malignant . Dravecky 's cancer had returned , ending his career . Eighteen days later , Dravecky retired from baseball with a 64 -- 57 record with 558 strikeouts and a 3.13 ERA in 1,062 2⁄3 innings . He won the 1989 Willie Mac Award honoring his spirit and leadership . </P> <H3> Retirement and later career ( edit ) </H3> <P> After two more surgeries , his left arm continued to deteriorate , and on June 18 , 1991 , less than two years after his comeback with the Giants , Dravecky 's left arm and shoulder were amputated . After recovering from the surgery , Dravecky went on to begin a new career as a motivational speaker . </P> <P> Dravecky wrote two books about his battles with cancer and his comeback attempt : Comeback , published in 1990 and written with Tim Stafford , and When You Ca n't Come Back , coauthored with wife Jan and Ken Gire and published in 1992 . He has also written a Christian motivational book , `` Called Up '' , published in 2004 by Zondervan . With the help of Stafford , Dravecky saw Comeback republished as a self - titled autobiography for children in 1992 . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hutch Award </Li> <Li> Willie Mac Award </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The tortured life of Eric Show '' , September 11 , 2010 , by Tom Friend , ESPN . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All 's Right With His World '' , by Franz Lidz , Sports Illustrated , August 6 , 1984 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Making a pitch for the Birchers '' , Dan Donovan , The Pittsburgh Press , July 9 , 1984 . Retrieved from Google News May 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dravecky Joins ' Birch Society ' '' , Associated Press , Youngstown Vindicator , July 10 , 1984 . Retrieved from Google News May 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Giants sending Dravecky to the mound in Series bid '' , Associated Press , Eugene Register - Guard , October 13 , 1987 . Also published as `` Dravecky Has Made Impact '' , Associated Press , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , October 13 , 1987 . Both retrieved from Google News May 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dravecky , Dave ( 2004 ) . Called Up : Stories of Life and Faith from the Great Game of Baseball . Zondervan . p. 162 . ISBN 031087159X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert ( August 9 , 1989 ) . `` Dravecky is Back on Center Stage '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Robert ( August 17 , 1989 ) . `` Dravecky Was Told He Risked Fracture '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 19 , 1991 ) . `` SPORTS PEOPLE : BASEBALL ; Dravecky 's Left Arm Amputated , Giants Say '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 10 , 1989 ) . `` Dravecky Hurt Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/19/sports/sports-news-briefs-dravecky-wins-hutch-award.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.davedravecky.com/index.cfm/PageID/867/index.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com/sf/history/awards.jsp </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference </Li> <Li> Outreach of Hope </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hutch Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1965 : Mantle </Li> <Li> 1966 : Koufax </Li> <Li> 1967 : Yastrzemski </Li> <Li> 1968 : Rose </Li> <Li> 1969 : Kaline </Li> <Li> 1970 : Conigliaro </Li> <Li> 1971 : Torre </Li> <Li> 1972 : Tolan </Li> <Li> 1973 : Hiller </Li> <Li> 1974 : Thompson </Li> <Li> 1975 : Nolan </Li> <Li> 1976 : John </Li> <Li> 1977 : McCovey </Li> <Li> 1978 : Stargell </Li> <Li> 1979 : Brock </Li> <Li> 1980 : Brett </Li> <Li> 1981 : Bench </Li> <Li> 1982 : Thornton </Li> <Li> 1983 : Knight </Li> <Li> 1984 : Robinson </Li> <Li> 1985 : Reuschel </Li> <Li> 1986 : Leonard </Li> <Li> 1987 : Molitor </Li> <Li> 1988 : Oester </Li> <Li> 1989 : Dravecky </Li> <Li> 1990 : Bream </Li> <Li> 1991 : Wegman </Li> <Li> 1992 : Lansford </Li> <Li> 1993 : Olerud </Li> <Li> 1994 : Dawson </Li> <Li> 1995 : Abbott </Li> <Li> 1996 : Vizquel </Li> <Li> 1997 : Davis </Li> <Li> 1998 : Cone </Li> <Li> 1999 : Casey </Li> <Li> 2000 : Giambi </Li> <Li> 2001 : Schilling </Li> <Li> 2002 : Salmon </Li> <Li> 2003 : Moyer </Li> <Li> 2004 : Hoffman </Li> <Li> 2005 : Biggio </Li> <Li> 2006 : Loretta </Li> <Li> 2007 : Sweeney </Li> <Li> 2008 : Lester </Li> <Li> 2009 : Teahen </Li> <Li> 2010 : Hudson </Li> <Li> 2011 : Butler </Li> <Li> 2012 : Zito </Li> <Li> 2013 : Ibañez </Li> <Li> 2014 : Gordon </Li> <Li> 2015 : Wainwright </Li> <Li> 2016 : McGowan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> New York / San Francisco Giants Opening Day starting pitchers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Red Ames </Li> <Li> Fred Anderson </Li> <Li> Johnny Antonelli </Li> <Li> Jesse Barnes </Li> <Li> Virgil Barnes </Li> <Li> Jim Barr </Li> <Li> Larry Benton </Li> <Li> Vida Blue </Li> <Li> Tom Bradley </Li> <Li> Madison Bumgarner </Li> <Li> John Burkett </Li> <Li> Matt Cain </Li> <Li> Mark Davis </Li> <Li> Phil Douglas </Li> <Li> Dave Dravecky </Li> <Li> Shawn Estes </Li> <Li> Freddie Fitzsimmons </Li> <Li> Mark Gardner </Li> <Li> Rubén Gómez </Li> <Li> Harry Gumbert </Li> <Li> Atlee Hammaker </Li> <Li> Liván Hernández </Li> <Li> Al Holland </Li> <Li> Carl Hubbell </Li> <Li> Larry Jansen </Li> <Li> Bob Knepper </Li> <Li> Mike Krukow </Li> <Li> Mark Leiter </Li> <Li> Tim Lincecum </Li> <Li> Bill Lohrman </Li> <Li> Sal Maglie </Li> <Li> Juan Marichal </Li> <Li> Rube Marquard </Li> <Li> Christy Mathewson </Li> <Li> Joe McGinnity </Li> <Li> Hugh McQuillan </Li> <Li> Cliff Melton </Li> <Li> John Montefusco </Li> <Li> Terry Mulholland </Li> <Li> Art Nehf </Li> <Li> Gaylord Perry </Li> <Li> Rick Reuschel </Li> <Li> Kirk Rueter </Li> <Li> Rosy Ryan </Li> <Li> Jack Sanford </Li> <Li> Jason Schmidt </Li> <Li> Hal Schumacher </Li> <Li> Bill Swift </Li> <Li> Dummy Taylor </Li> <Li> Jeff Tesreau </Li> <Li> Bill Voiselle </Li> <Li> Bill Walker </Li> <Li> Barry Zito </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 77929919 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n89666209 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Dravecky&oldid=801379748 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1956 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Major League Baseball pitchers </Li> <Li> San Diego Padres players </Li> <Li> San Francisco Giants players </Li> <Li> National League All - 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who was the pitcher who broke his arm

List of Delocated episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Delocated episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of episodes for the Adult Swim television series , Delocated , along with descriptions for each episode . The episodes are ordered chronologically by airdate for each season . Like many shows on Adult Swim , the series originally had an 11 minute runtime ; however , in 2010 , the runtime was expanded to 22 minutes for the 2nd season onward . As of March 7 , 2013 , 30 episodes of Delocated , including the pilot and series finale , have aired . </P> <P> The first two seasons were released on DVD in the United States on January 17 , 2012 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Series Finale ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2010 </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2012 </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Series Finale </Td> <Td colspan="2"> March 7 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' and his family move to New York City in hopes of finding a new life in the witness relocation program . The family adjusts to new life and changes . Paul Rudd guest stars . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Bar Mitzvah '' </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' does not like the theme that `` David '' has chosen for his Bar Mitzvah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Good Buds '' </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' fires Mike so they can officially be friends , and Susan divorces him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Rage Cage '' </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' opens his own business . He also meets a woman who ends up becoming his new girlfriend , Kim . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Soother '' </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' becomes a successful children 's lullaby personality while his girlfriend Kim is out of town on a yoga retreat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Member 's Only '' </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' joins a country club . A TV movie is made about `` Susan 's '' life . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Sick of It ! '' </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' gets tired of having cameras following his every move . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> This season , the runtime of each episode was expanded to 22 minutes ( to fit a half - hour TV timeslot ) -- twice the length of season one 's episodes . The second season began airing August 22 , 2010 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Decoys '' </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The Mirminsky clan steps up its game with a new assassin : Yvgeny 's aggressive older brother , Sergei . To ensure `` Jon '' 's safety , the government enacts `` Operation : Many Jons . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Conversions '' </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon 's life gets even more complicated when his ex-wife converts from Judaism to Catholicism and his son `` David '' expresses his desire to become a woman . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Dog Mayor '' </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' puts himself out there and runs for NYC Dog Mayor even though he 's in the witness protection program . One of Jon 's lies results in the Mirminsky 's kidnapping the owner of his favorite sub shop . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mixer '' </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 204 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' is invited to a `` Witness Protection Convention , '' while Kim goes undercover to spy on Jon . Yvgeny and Sergei go on a weekend trip to Idaho . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Jon He Does It '' </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 205 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' gets his own hidden camera prank show . The show itself ends up being an elaborate prank by Mighty Joe Jon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Mole '' </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' goes undercover to infiltrate the Mirminskys hideaway after a surgery ( from the famed film Face / Off ) transforms his appearance to match that of Sergei 's . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Kim 's Krafts '' </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 207 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Kim opens her own craft store , and her tortilla hats become a surprise hit in the fashion world . `` Jon '' competes with Yvgeny in a stand - up comedy contest . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` ' Fidence '' </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' helps Jay the doorman recover after he takes a bullet for him . Todd Barry pays off his poker debts to the Mirminsky family . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Tap '' </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' meets his long - lost twin brother . Sergei discovers that he was adopted . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` RV B&B '' </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 210 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Because of budget cuts , the network will no longer pay for Jon 's rent . `` Jon '' opens a Bed & Breakfast inside his RV to make money . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` David 's Girlfriend '' </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 211 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> David manages to find himself a brand new girlfriend and `` Jon '' is incredibly surprised once learns she is a Mirminsky . Meanwhile Jon , Rob and Susan 's other FBI ex-boyfriends form the `` Good Guys '' doo - wop club . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Coma '' </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' goes into a coma , and Mighty Joe Jon pulls a ratings stunt by having people try to wake him up . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Lipples '' </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 301 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' has to deal with several major life - changes . Yvgeny falls in love , but the Mirminskys get bad news . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Skins '' </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 302 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' becomes so obsessed with a potato skins bar that he could lose custody of David . Appointed the new family boss , Yvgeny has to assert his authority over his men . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Midnight Munchingtons '' </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 303 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' develops a condition in which he not only sleepwalks , but also cooks fine meals when doing so . This situation is turned into an additional TV show that attracts a groupie ( who ca n't stand `` Jon '' when he 's awake ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Camping '' </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 304 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' goes camping with his son , sending him off into the wilderness alone as a survival - challenge family tradition . `` Jon '' is then kidnapped by an elderly couple claiming to belong to a ' militia ' , who want to use `` Jon '' 's fame to promote their cause . Comedian Todd Barry returns ( as himself ) , getting engaged to his favorite Russian prostitute -- much to Sergei 's continued aggravation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Warm - Up '' </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 305 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' 's obsession with network Susan reaches a new level , and Yvgeny befriends a potato . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Sample '' </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' goes on a silent strike upon learning that his catch - phrases are being sampled for dance music songs , without the network paying him for it . Yvgeny spirals out of control after learning his girlfriend , Trish , has been `` visiting the Bone Zone '' with another man ... `` Jon . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Friend '' </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 307 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> After realizing he has no friends , `` Jon '' befriends Charlie , who helps him feel better about himself . The Mirminskys frame `` Jon '' using a fake `` Jon , '' Mishka ( also played by Jon Glaser ) , to flood the internet with sandwich - based porn . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` TB 's Mom '' </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 308 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> TB learns his mom is getting a divorce . Afterwards , to his disgust , The Glaze begins dating his mom . Meanwhile , `` Jon '' dates a Chinese woman who later turns out to be Korean . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Jon Done Gone Nuts '' </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 309 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> `` Jon '' buys his freedom by living in a human - sized hamster ball . What starts as a truce between the Mirminsky and Wang - Cho families soon ends in misery for everyone . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion Show '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 310 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> In the epic Season 3 finale , the network allows a reunion special to occur , involving the entire cast of Delocated . Sergei escapes the reunion with `` Jon , '' intending to finally complete the assassination contract once and for all . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series finale ( 2013 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> `` The Frrt Identity '' </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> After being kidnapped by Sergei during the Reunion Show , `` Jon '' awakes an amnesiac on the New York coast . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ New Live - Action Shows , a bump that aired on Adult Swim on May 23 , 2010 , archived by Bumpworthy.com . Retrieved 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Delocated episodes on IMDb </Li> <Li> List of Delocated episodes at TV.com </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Delocated_episodes&oldid=816642676 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> PFFR </Li> <Li> Lists of American comedy television series episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 18 : 14 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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Retina - Wikipedia <H1> Retina </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Retina ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs attention from an expert in medicine . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Retina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Right human eye cross-sectional view ; eyes vary significantly among animals . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> UK : / ˈrɛtɪnə / RET - i - nə , US : / ˈrɛt ( ɪ ) nə / RET - ( i - ) nə , pl . retinae , / - ni / - nee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Part of </Th> <Td> Eye </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System </Th> <Td> Visual system </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artery </Th> <Td> Central retinal artery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Rēte </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D012160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A15. 2.04. 002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 58301 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The retina is the innermost , light - sensitive `` coat '' , or layer , of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two - dimentional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera . </P> <P> The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses . The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells ( photo receptor cells , bipolar cells , and ganglion cells ) within the retina , which in its entirety comprises ten distinct layers , including an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells . The only neural cells that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells , which are of two types : rods and cones . Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black - and - white vision while cones are responsible for the perception of colour . A third type of photoreceptor , the photosensitive ganglion cells , is important for entrainment and reflexive responses to the brightness of light . </P> <P> Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons , whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve . Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light . </P> <P> In vertebrate embryonic development , the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain , specifically the embryonic diencephalon ; thus , the retina is considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) and is actually brain tissue . It is the only part of the CNS that can be visualized non-invasively . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Inverted versus non-inverted retina </Li> <Li> 1.2 Retinal layers <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Layers imagable with Optical Coherence Tomography ( OCT ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Development </Li> <Li> 1.4 Blood supply <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Circulatory mechanisms <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1.1 In birds </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Function <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Spatial encoding </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Diagnosis </Li> <Li> 3.2 Treatment <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Common treatment modalities </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Uncommon treatment modalities </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Notable researchers and discoveries </Li> <Li> 5 Additional images </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Inverted versus non-inverted retina ( edit ) </H3> <P> The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light sensing cells are in back of the retina , so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the rods and cones . In contrast , in the cephalopod retina the photoreceptors are in front , with processing neurons and capillaries behind them . Because of this , cephalopods do not have a blind spot . </P> <P> The overlying neural fibre layer does not degrade vision in the inverted retina . The neurons are transparent and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre - optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors . In any case , the fovea centralis , the part of the retina with the highest resolution , does not have a layer of blood vessels and nerve cells over it , so there is no possibility of image degradation here . </P> <P> The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates . Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) . Although their photoreceptors contain a protein , retinochrome , that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE , one could argue that cephalopod photoreceptors are not maintained as well as in vertebrates and that , as a result , the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates . Having easily replaced stalk - eyes ( some lobsters ) or retinae ( some spiders , such as Deinopis ) rarely occurs . </P> <P> The cephalopod retina does not originate as an outgrowth of the brain , as the vertebrate one does . It is arguable that this difference shows that vertebrate and cephalopod eyes are not homologous but have evolved separately . From an evolutionary perspective , a more complex structure such as the inverted retina can generally come about as a consequence of two alternate processes : ( a ) an advantageous `` good '' compromise between competing functional limitations , or ( b ) as a historical maladaptive relic of the convoluted path of organ evolution and transformation . Vision is an important adaptation in higher vertebrates . </P> <H3> Retinal layers ( edit ) </H3> Section of retina Rods , cones and nerve layers in the retina . The front ( anterior ) of the eye is on the left . Light ( from the left ) passes through several transparent nerve layers to reach the rods and cones ( far right ) . A chemical change in the rods and cones send a signal back to the nerves . The signal goes first to the bipolar and horizontal cells ( yellow layer ) , then to the amacrine cells and ganglion cells ( purple layer ) , then to the optic nerve fibres . The signals are processed in these layers . First , the signals start as raw outputs of points in the rod and cone cells . Then the nerve layers identify simple shapes , such as bright points surrounded by dark points , edges , and movement . ( Based on a drawing by Ramón y Cajal , 1911 . ) Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye <P> The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers . From closest to farthest from the vitreous body : </P> <Ol> <Li> Inner limiting membrane -- basement membrane elaborated by Müller cells . </Li> <Li> Nerve fibre layer -- axons of the ganglion cell nuclei ( note that a thin layer of Müller cell footplates exists between this layer and the inner limiting membrane ) . </Li> <Li> Ganglion cell layer -- contains nuclei of ganglion cells , the axons of which become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells . </Li> <Li> Inner plexiform layer -- contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells . </Li> <Li> Inner nuclear layer -- contains the nuclei and surrounding cell bodies ( perikarya ) of the amacrine cells , bipolar cells , and horizontal cells . </Li> <Li> Outer plexiform layer -- projections of rods and cones ending in the rod spherule and cone pedicle , respectively . These make synapses with dendrites of bipolar cells . In the macular region , this is known as the Fiber layer of Henle . </Li> <Li> Outer nuclear layer -- cell bodies of rods and cones . </Li> <Li> External limiting membrane -- layer that separates the inner segment portions of the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus . </Li> <Li> Layer of rods and cones -- layer of rod cells and cone cells . </Li> <Li> Retinal pigment epithelium -- single layer of cuboidal cells ( with extrusions not shown in diagram ) . This is closest to the choroid . </Li> </Ol> <P> These layers can be grouped into 4 main processing stages : photoreception ; transmission to bipolar cells ; transmission to ganglion cells , which also contain photoreceptors , the photosensitive ganglion cells ; and transmission along the optic nerve . At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells . </P> <P> The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body , a visual relay station in the diencephalon ( the rear of the forebrain ) . It also projects to the superior colliculus , the suprachiasmatic nucleus , and the nucleus of the optic tract . It passes through the other layers , creating the optic disc in primates . </P> <P> Additional structures , not directly associated with vision , are found as outgrowths of the retina in some vertebrate groups . In birds , the pecten is a vascular structure of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour ; it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the eye , and may also aid in vision . Reptiles have a similar , but much simpler , structure . </P> <P> In adult humans , the entire retina is approximately 72 % of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter . The entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million rods . The optic disc , a part of the retina sometimes called `` the blind spot '' because it lacks photoreceptors , is located at the optic papilla , where the optic - nerve fibres leave the eye . It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm2 . Temporal ( in the direction of the temples ) to this disc is the macula , at whose centre is the fovea , a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods . Human and non-human primates possess one fovea , as opposed to certain bird species , such as hawks , who are bifoviate , and dogs and cats , who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak . Around the fovea extends the central retina for about 6 mm and then the peripheral retina . The farthest edge of the retina is defined by the ora serrata . The distance from one ora to the other ( or macula ) , the most sensitive area along the horizontal meridian is about 32 mm . </P> <P> In section , the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick . It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses , including the unique ribbon synapse . The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain , and the blood vessels that supply the retina . The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond . Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement , light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina , ( including its capillary vessels , not shown ) before reaching the rods and cones . Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid ( both of which are opaque ) . </P> <P> The white blood cells in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light . This is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon ( or Scheerer 's phenomenon ) . </P> <P> Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropils where synaptic contacts are made . The neuropil layers are the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer . In the outer neuropil layer , the rods and cones connect to the vertically running bipolar cells , and the horizontally oriented horizontal cells connect to ganglion cells . </P> <P> The central retina predominantly contains cones , while the peripheral retina predominantly contains rods . In total , there are about seven million cones and a hundred million rods . At the centre of the macula is the foveal pit where the cones are narrow and long , and , arranged in a hexagonal mosaic , the most dense . At the foveal pit the other retinal layers are displaced , before building up along the foveal slope until the rim of the fovea , or parafovea , is reached , which is the thickest portion of the retina . The macula has a yellow pigmentation , from screening pigments , and is known as the macula lutea . The area directly surrounding the fovea has the highest density of rods converging on single bipolar cells . Since its cones have a much lesser convergence of signals , the fovea allows for the sharpest vision the eye can attain . </P> <P> Though the rod and cones are a mosaic of sorts , transmission from receptors , to bipolars , to ganglion cells is not direct . Since there are about 150 million receptors and only 1 million optic nerve fibres , there must be convergence and thus mixing of signals . Moreover , the horizontal action of the horizontal and amacrine cells can allow one area of the retina to control another ( e.g. one stimulus inhibiting another ) . This inhibition is key to lessening the sum of messages sent to the higher regions of the brain . In some lower vertebrates ( e.g. the pigeon ) , there is a `` centrifugal '' control of messages -- that is , one layer can control another , or higher regions of the brain can drive the retinal nerve cells , but in primates this does not occur . </P> Layers imagable with optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) ( edit ) <P> On OCT there are 18 layers that can be identified in the retina . The layers and anatomical correlation are as follows : </P> OCT scan of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm , axial resolution 3 μm <P> From innermost to outermost , the layers identifiable by OCT are as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> OCT Layer / Conventional Label </Th> <Th> Anatomical Correlate </Th> <Th> Reflectivity <P> on OCT </P> </Th> <Th> Specific <P> anatomical </P> <P> boundaries ? </P> </Th> <Th> Additional <P> references </P> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Posterior cortical vitreous </Td> <Td> Posterior cortical vitreous </Td> <Td> Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Preretinal space </Td> <Td> In eyes where the vitreous has fully or partially detached from the retina , this is the space created between the posterior cortical vitreous face and the internal limiting membrane of the retina . </Td> <Td> Hypo - reflective </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) </Td> <Td> Formed by Müller cell endfeet <P> ( unclear if it can be observed on OCT ) </P> </Td> <Td> Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nerve fiber layer ( NFL ) </Td> <Td> Ganglion cell axons travelling towards the optic nerve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ganglion cell layer ( GCL ) </Td> <Td> Ganglion cell bodies ( and some displaced amacrine cells ) </Td> <Td> Hypo - reflective </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Inner plexiform layer ( IPL ) </Td> <Td> Synapses between bipolar , amacrine and ganglion cells </Td> <Td> Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Inner nuclear layer ( INL ) </Td> <Td> a ) Horizontal , bipolar and amacrine cell bodies <P> b ) Müller cell nuclei </P> </Td> <Td> Hypo - reflective </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Outer plexiform layer ( OPL ) </Td> <Td> Synapses between photoreceptor , bipolar and horizontal cells </Td> <Td> Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> ( Inner half ) Henle 's nerve fiber layer ( HL ) </Td> <Td> Photoreceptor axons <P> ( obliquely orientated fibres ; not present in mid-peripheral or peripheral retina ) </P> </Td> <Td> Hypo - reflective </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( Outer half ) Outer nuclear layer ( ONL ) </Td> <Td> The photoreceptor cell bodies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> External limiting membrane ( ELM ) </Td> <Td> Made of zonulae adherens between Müller cells and photoreceptor inner segments </Td> <Td> Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Myoid zone ( MZ ) </Td> <Td> The innermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) containing : <Ul> <Li> Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum </Li> <Li> Ribosomes </Li> <Li> Golgi bodies </Li> <Li> Microtubules </Li> <Li> ( rarely : mitochondria ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Hypo - reflective </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Ellipsoid zone ( EZ ) </Td> <Td> The outermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) packed with mitochondria </Td> <Td> Very Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IS / OS junction or Photoreceptor integrity line ( PIL ) </Td> <Td> The photoreceptor connecting cilia which bridge the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) </Td> <Td> The photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) which contain disks filled with opsin , the molecule that absorbs photons . </Td> <Td> Hypo - reflective </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Interdigitation zone ( IZ ) </Td> <Td> Apices of the RPE cells which encase part of the cone OSs . <P> Poorly distinguishable from RPE . Previously : `` cone outer segment tips line '' ( COST ) </P> </Td> <Td> Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> RPE / Bruch 's complex </Td> <Td> RPE phagosome zone </Td> <Td> Very Hyper - reflective </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RPE melanosome zone </Td> <Td> Hypo - reflective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RPE mitochondria zone + Junction between the RPE & Bruch 's membrane </Td> <Td> Very Hyper - reflective </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Choriocapillaris </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Thin layer of moderate reflectivity in inner choroid </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Sattler 's layer </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Thick layer of round or ovalshaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in mid-choroid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Haller 's layer </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Thick layer of oval - shaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in outer choroid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Choroidal - scleral juncture </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Zone at the outer choroid with a marked change in texture , in which large circular or ovoid profiles abut a <P> homogenous region of variable reflectivity </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Retinal development begins with the establishment of the eye fields mediated by the SHH and SIX3 proteins , with subsequent development of the optic vesicles regulated by the PAX6 and LHX2 proteins . The role of Pax6 in eye development was elegantly demonstrated by Walter Gehring and colleagues , who showed that ectopic expression of Pax6 can lead to eye formation on Drosophila antennae , wings , and legs . The optic vesicle gives rise to three structures : the neural retina , the retinal pigmented epithelium , and the optic stalk . The neural retina contains the retinal progenitor cells ( RPCs ) that give rise to the seven cell types of the retina . Differentiation begins with the retinal ganglion cells and concludes with production of the Muller glia . Although each cell type differentiates from the RPCs in a sequential order , there is considerable overlap in the timing of when individual cell types differentiate . The cues that determine a RPC daughter cell fate are coded by multiple transcription factor families including the bHLH and homeodomain factors . </P> <P> In addition to guiding cell fate determination , cues exist in the retina to determine the dorsal - ventral ( D-V ) and nasal - temporal ( N-T ) axes . The D-V axis is established by a ventral to dorsal gradient of VAX2 , whereas the N-T axis is coordinated by expression of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1 . Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map . </P> <H3> Blood supply ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Fundus photograph showing the blood vessels in a normal human retina . Veins are darker and slightly wider than corresponding arteries . The optic disc is at right , and the macula lutea is near the centre . <P> The retina is stratified into distinct layers , each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements . To satisfy these requirements , the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks : the choroidal network , which supplies the choroid and the outer retina , and the retinal network , which supplies the retina 's inner layer . </P> Circulatory mechanisms ( edit ) <P> At first glance , one may think that the vertebrate retina is `` wired wrongly '' or `` badly designed '' ; but in fact , the retina could not function if it were not inverted . The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , which performs at least seven vital functions , one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function . These nutrients include glucose , fatty acids , and retinal . The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions ( requiring less under scotopic conditions ) and , thus , requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid , which lies beyond the RPE . The choroid supplies about 75 % of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25 % . </P> <P> When light strikes 11 - cis - retinal ( in the disks in the rods and cones ) , 11 - cis - retinal changes to all - trans - retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins . Now , the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis - form once it has been changed by light . Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors . This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo - oxidative damage and allows the photoreceptor cells to have decades - long useful lives . </P> In birds ( edit ) <P> The bird retina is devoid of blood vessels , perhaps to give unobscured passage of light for forming images , thus giving better resolution . It is , therefore , a considered view that the bird retina depends for nutrition and oxygen supply on a specialized organ , called the `` pecten '' or pecten oculi , located on the blind spot or optic disk . This organ is extremely rich in blood vessels and is thought to supply nutrition and oxygen to the bird retina by diffusion through the vitreous body . The pecten is highly rich in alkaline phosphatase activity and polarized cells in its bridge portion -- both befitting its secretory role . Pecten cells are packed with dark melanin granules , which have been theorized to keep this organ warm with the absorption of stray light falling on the pecten . This is considered to enhance metabolic rate of the pecten , thereby exporting more nutritive molecules to meet the stringent energy requirements of the retina during long periods of exposure to light . </P> <H3> Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease ( edit ) </H3> See also : Retinal scan and Biometrics <P> The bifurcations and other physical characteristics of the inner retinal vascular network are known to vary among individuals , and these individual variances have been used for biometric identification and for early detection of the onset of disease . The mapping of vascular bifurcations is one of the basic steps in biometric identification . Results of such analyses of retinal blood vessel structure can be evaluated against the ground truth data of vascular bifurcations of retinal fundus images that are obtained from the DRIVE dataset . In addition , the classes of vessels of the DRIVE dataset have also been identified , and an automated method for accurate extraction of these bifurcations is also available . Changes in retinal blood circulation are seen with aging and exposure to air pollution , and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis . Determining the equivalent width of arterioles and venules near the optic disc is also a widely used technique to identify cardiovascular risks . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> See also : Adaptation ( eye ) and Visual acuity <P> The retina translates an optical image into neural impulses by the patterned excitation of the colour - sensitive pigments of its rods and cones , the retina 's photoreceptor cells . The excitation is processed by the neural system and various parts of the brain working in parallel to form a representation of the external environment in the brain . </P> <P> The cones respond to bright light and mediate high - resolution colour vision during daylight illumination ( also called photopic vision ) . The rods are saturated at daylight levels and do n't contribute to pattern vision . However , rods do respond to dim light and mediate lower - resolution , monochromatic vision under very low levels of illumination ( called scotopic vision ) . The illumination in most office settings falls between these two levels and is called mesopic vision . At mesopic light levels , both the rods and cones are actively contributing pattern information . What contribution the rod information makes to pattern vision under these circumstances is unclear . </P> <P> The response of cones to various wavelengths of light is called their spectral sensitivity . In normal human vision , the spectral sensitivity of a cone falls into one of three subtypes , often called blue , green , or red but more accurately known as short , medium , or long wavelength - sensitive cone subtypes . It is a lack of one or more of the cone subtypes that causes individuals to have deficiencies in colour vision or various kinds of colour blindness . These individuals are not blind to objects of a particular colour but are unable to distinguish between colours that can be distinguished by people with normal vision . Humans have this trichromatic vision , while most other mammals lack cones with red sensitive pigment and therefore have poorer dichromatic colour vision . However , some animals have four spectral subtypes , e.g. the trout adds an ultraviolet subgroup to short , medium , and long subtypes that are similar to humans . Some fish are sensitive to the polarization of light as well . </P> <P> In the photoreceptors , exposure to light hyperpolarizes the membrane in a series of graded shifts . The outer cell segment contains a photopigment . Inside the cell the normal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ) keep the Na+ channel open , and thus in the resting state the cell is depolarised . The photon causes the retinal bound to the receptor protein to isomerise to trans - retinal . This causes the receptor to activate multiple G - proteins . This in turn causes the Ga - subunit of the protein to activate a phosphodiesterase ( PDE6 ) , which degrades cGMP , resulting in the closing of Na+ cyclic nucleotide - gated ion channels ( CNGs ) . Thus the cell is hyperpolarised . The amount of neurotransmitter released is reduced in bright light and increases as light levels fall . The actual photopigment is bleached away in bright light and only replaced as a chemical process , so in a transition from bright light to darkness the eye can take up to thirty minutes to reach full sensitivity . </P> <P> When thus excited by light , the photoceptor sends a proportional response synaptically to bipolar cells which in turn signal the retinal ganglion cells . The photoreceptors are also cross-linked by horizontal cells and amacrine cells , which modify the synaptic signal before it reaches the ganglion cells , the neural signals being intermixed and combined . Of the retina 's nerve cells , only the retinal ganglion cells and few amacrine cells create action potentials . </P> <P> In the retinal ganglion cells there are two types of response , depending on the receptive field of the cell . The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells comprise a central , approximately circular area , where light has one effect on the firing of the cell , and an annular surround , where light has the opposite effect . In ON cells , an increment in light intensity in the centre of the receptive field causes the firing rate to increase . In OFF cells , it makes it decrease . In a linear model , this response profile is well described by a difference of Gaussians and is the basis for edge detection algorithms . Beyond this simple difference , ganglion cells are also differentiated by chromatic sensitivity and the type of spatial summation . Cells showing linear spatial summation are termed X cells ( also called parvocellular , P , or midget ganglion cells ) , and those showing non-linear summation are Y cells ( also called magnocellular , M , or parasol retinal ganglion cells ) , although the correspondence between X and Y cells ( in the cat retina ) and P and M cells ( in the primate retina ) is not as simple as it once seemed . </P> <P> In the transfer of visual signals to the brain , the visual pathway , the retina is vertically divided in two , a temporal ( nearer to the temple ) half and a nasal ( nearer to the nose ) half . The axons from the nasal half cross the brain at the optic chiasma to join with axons from the temporal half of the other eye before passing into the lateral geniculate body . </P> <P> Although there are more than 130 million retinal receptors , there are only approximately 1.2 million fibres ( axons ) in the optic nerve . So , a large amount of pre-processing is performed within the retina . The fovea produces the most accurate information . Despite occupying about 0.01 % of the visual field ( less than 2 ° of visual angle ) , about 10 % of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea . The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 points . The information capacity is estimated at 500,000 bits per second ( for more information on bits , see information theory ) without colour or around 600,000 bits per second including colour . </P> <H3> Spatial encoding ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Receptive field , for figures and more information on centre -- surround structures On - centres and off - centres of the retina <P> When the retina sends neural impulses representing an image to the brain , it spatially encodes ( compresses ) those impulses to fit the limited capacity of the optic nerve . Compression is necessary because there are 100 times more photoreceptor cells than ganglion cells . This is done by `` decorrelation '' , which is carried out by the `` centre -- surround structures '' , which are implemented by the bipolar and ganglion cells . </P> <P> There are two types of centre -- surround structures in the retina -- on - centres and off - centres . On - centres have a positively weighted centre and a negatively weighted surround . Off - centres are just the opposite . Positive weighting is more commonly known as excitatory , and negative weighting as inhibitory . </P> <P> These centre -- surround structures are not physical apparent , in the sense that one can not see them by staining samples of tissue and examining the retina 's anatomy . The centre -- surround structures are logical ( i.e. , mathematically abstract ) in the sense that they depend on the connection strengths between bipolar and ganglion cells . It is believed that the connection strengths between cells is caused by the number and types of ion channels embedded in the synapses between the bipolar and ganglion cells . </P> <P> The centre -- surround structures are mathematically equivalent to the edge detection algorithms used by computer programmers to extract or enhance the edges in a digital photograph . Thus , the retina performs operations on the image - representing impulses to enhance the edges of objects within its visual field . For example , in a picture of a dog , a cat and a car , it is the edges of these objects that contain the most information . In order for higher functions in the brain ( or in a computer for that matter ) to extract and classify objects such as a dog and a cat , the retina is the first step to separating out the various objects within the scene . </P> <P> As an example , the following matrix is at the heart of the computer algorithm that implements edge detection . This matrix is the computer equivalent to the centre -- surround structure . In this example , each box ( element ) within this matrix would be connected to one photoreceptor . The photoreceptor in the centre is the current receptor being processed . The centre photoreceptor is multiplied by the + 1 weight factor . The surrounding photoreceptors are the `` nearest neighbors '' to the centre and are multiplied by the - 1 / 8 value . The sum of all nine of these elements is finally calculated . This summation is repeated for every photoreceptor in the image by shifting left to the end of a row and then down to the next line . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> <Td> + 1 </Td> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> <Td> - 1 / 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The total sum of this matrix is zero , if all the inputs from the nine photoreceptors are of the same value . The zero result indicates the image was uniform ( non-changing ) within this small patch . Negative or positive sums mean the image was varying ( changing ) within this small patch of nine photoreceptors . </P> <P> The above matrix is only an approximation to what really happens inside the retina . The differences are : </P> <Ul> <Li> The above example is called `` balanced '' . The term balanced means that the sum of the negative weights is equal to the sum of the positive weights so that they cancel out perfectly . Retinal ganglion cells are almost never perfectly balanced . </Li> <Li> The table is square while the centre -- surround structures in the retina are circular . </Li> <Li> Neurons operate on spike trains traveling down nerve cell axons . Computers operate on a single floating point number that is essentially constant from each input pixel . ( The computer pixel is basically the equivalent of a biological photoreceptor . ) </Li> <Li> The retina performs all these calculations in parallel while the computer operates on each pixel one at a time . The retina performs no repeated summations and shifting as would a computer . </Li> <Li> Finally , the horizontal and amacrine cells play a significant role in this process , but that is not represented here . </Li> </Ul> <P> Here is an example of an input image and how edge detection would modify it . </P> <P> </P> <P> Once the image is spatially encoded by the centre -- surround structures , the signal is sent out along the optic nerve ( via the axons of the ganglion cells ) through the optic chiasm to the LGN ( lateral geniculate nucleus ) . The exact function of the LGN is unknown at this time . The output of the LGN is then sent to the back of the brain . Specifically , the output of the LGN `` radiates '' out to the V1 primary visual cortex . </P> <P> Simplified signal flow : Photoreceptors → Bipolar → Ganglion → Chiasm → LGN → V1 cortex </P> <P> </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of eye diseases and disorders <P> There are many inherited and acquired diseases or disorders that may affect the retina . Some of them include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of genetic diseases that affect the retina and cause the loss of night vision and peripheral vision . </Li> <Li> Macular degeneration describes a group of diseases characterized by loss of central vision because of death or impairment of the cells in the macula . </Li> <Li> Cone - rod dystrophy ( CORD ) describes a number of diseases where vision loss is caused by deterioration of the cones and / or rods in the retina . </Li> <Li> In retinal separation , the retina detaches from the back of the eyeball . Ignipuncture is an outdated treatment method . The term retinal detachment is used to describe a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium . There are several modern treatment methods for fixing a retinal detachment : pneumatic retinopexy , scleral buckle , cryotherapy , laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy . </Li> <Li> Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the tiny blood vessels that supply the retina , leading to hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy . </Li> <Li> Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina . </Li> <Li> Retinal diseases in dogs include retinal dysplasia , progressive retinal atrophy , and sudden acquired retinal degeneration . </Li> <Li> Lipemia retinalis is a white appearance of the retina , and can occur by lipid deposition in lipoprotein lipase deficiency . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Diagnosis ( edit ) </H3> <P> A number of different instruments are available for the diagnosis of diseases and disorders affecting the retina . Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography have long been used to examine the retina . Recently , adaptive optics has been used to image individual rods and cones in the living human retina , and a company based in Scotland has engineered technology that allows physicians to observe the complete retina without any discomfort to patients . </P> <P> The electroretinogram is used to non-invasively measure the retina 's electrical activity , which is affected by certain diseases . A relatively new technology , now becoming widely available , is optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . This non-invasive technique allows one to obtain a 3D volumetric or high resolution cross-sectional tomogram of the fine structures of the retina , with histologic quality . </P> <H3> Treatment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Treatment depends upon the nature of the disease or disorder . </P> Common treatment modalities ( edit ) <P> The following are commonly modalities of management for retinal disease : </P> <Ul> <Li> Intravitreal medication , such as anti-VEGF or corticosteroid agents </Li> <Li> Vitreoretinal surgery </Li> <Li> Use of nutritional supplements </Li> <Li> Modification of systemic risk factors for retinal disease </Li> </Ul> Uncommon treatment modalities ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Rare or uncommon methods of treatment for retinal disease </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Retinal gene therapy </P> Main article : Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina <P> Gene therapy holds promise as a potential avenue to cure a wide range of retinal diseases . This involves using a non-infectious virus to shuttle a gene into a part of the retina . Recombinant adeno - associated virus ( rAAV ) vectors possess a number of features that render them ideally suited for retinal gene therapy , including a lack of pathogenicity , minimal immunogenicity , and the ability to transduce postmitotic cells in a stable and efficient manner . rAAV vectors are increasingly utilized for their ability to mediate efficient transduction of retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptor cells and retinal ganglion cells . Each cell type can be specifically targeted by choosing the appropriate combination of AAV serotype , promoter , and intraocular injection site . </P> <P> Several clinical trials have already reported positive results using rAAV to treat Leber 's congenital amaurosis , showing that the therapy was both safe and effective . There were no serious adverse events , and patients in all three studies showed improvement in their visual function as measured by a number of methods . The methods used varied among the three trials , but included both functional methods such as visual acuity and functional mobility as well as objective measures that are less susceptible to bias , such as the pupil 's ability to respond to light and improvements on functional MRI . Improvements were sustained over the long - term , with patients continuing to do well after more than 1.5 years . </P> <P> The unique architecture of the retina and its relatively immune - privileged environment help this process . Tight junctions that form the blood retinal barrier separate the subretinal space from the blood supply , thus protecting it from microbes and most immune - mediated damage , and enhancing its potential to respond to vector - mediated therapies . The highly compartmentalized anatomy of the eye facilitates accurate delivery of therapeutic vector suspensions to specific tissues under direct visualization using microsurgical techniques . In the sheltered environment of the retina , AAV vectors are able to maintain high levels of transgene expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptors , or ganglion cells for long periods of time after a single treatment . In addition , the eye and the visual system can be routinely and easily monitored for visual function and retinal structural changes after injections with noninvasive advanced technology , such as visual acuities , contrast sensitivity , fundus auto - fluorescence ( FAF ) , dark - adapted visual thresholds , vascular diameters , pupillometry , electroretinography ( ERG ) , multifocal ERG and optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . </P> <P> This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied , including neovascular diseases that are features of age - related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity . Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive growth factors , such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and inhibitors of angiogenesis , such as pigment epithelium - derived factor ( PEDF ) , rAAV - mediated expression of PEDF , angiostatin , and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt - 1 , which are all antiangiogenic proteins , have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models . Since specific gene therapies can not readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy , there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy . Neurotrophic factors have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye . AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death . </P> <P> Organ transplantation Transplantation of retinas has been attempted , but without much success . At MIT , The University of Southern California , RWTH Aachen University , and the University of New South Wales , an `` artificial retina '' is under development : an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and stimulate the attached nerve cells directly , with signals from a digital camera . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notable researchers and discoveries ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1894 , Santiago Ramón y Cajal published the first major characterization of retinal neurons in Retina der Wirbelthiere ( The Retina of Vertebrates ) . </P> <P> George Wald , Haldan Keffer Hartline , and Ragnar Granit won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their scientific research on the retina . </P> <P> A recent University of Pennsylvania study calculated that the approximate bandwidth of human retinas is 8.75 megabits per second , whereas a guinea pig 's retinal transfer rate is 875 kilobits per second . </P> <P> MacLaren & Pearson and colleagues at University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital in London , in 2006 , showed that photoreceptor cells could be transplanted successfully in the mouse retina if donor cells were at a critical developmental stage . Recently Ader and colleagues in Dublin showed , using the electron microscope , that transplanted photoreceptors formed synaptic connections . </P> <P> In 2012 , Sebastian Seung and his laboratory at MIT have launched EyeWire , an online Citizen science game where players trace neurons in the retina . The goals of the EyeWire project are to identify specific cell types within the known broad classes of retinal cells , and to map the connections between neurons in the retina , which will help to determine how vision works . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> The structures of the eye labeled </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Illustration of image as ' seen ' by the retina independent of optic nerve and striate cortex processing . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Medicine portal </Li> </Ul> This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . <Ul> <Li> Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina </Li> <Li> Charles Schepens -- `` the father of modern retinal surgery '' </Li> <Li> Evolution of the eye </Li> <Li> Duplex retina </Li> <Li> Retinal scan </Li> <Li> List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes </Li> <Li> Rhodopsin </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ J , Krause William ( 1 July 2005 ) . 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NeuroQuantology. 12 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 101 . doi : 10.14704 / nq. 2014.12. 1.685 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Histology of the Eye , edited by William Krause , Dept . Pathology and Anatomical science , University of Missouri School of Medicine </Li> <Li> Eye , Brain , and Vision -- online book -- by David Hubel </Li> <Li> Kolb , H. , Fernandez , E. , & Nelson , R. ( 2003 ) . Webvision : The neural organization of the vertebrate retina . Salt Lake City , Utah : John Moran Eye Center , University of Utah . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Demo : Artificial Retina , MIT Technology Review , September 2004 . Reports on implant research at Technology Review </Li> <Li> Successful photoreceptor transplantation , MIT Technology Review , November 2006 . How stem cells might restore sight Technology Review </Li> <Li> Australian Vision Prosthesis Group , Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering , University of New South Wales </Li> <Li> RetinaCentral , Genetics and Diseases of the Human Retina at University of Würzburg </Li> <Li> Retinal layers image . NeuroScience 2nd Ed at United States National Library of Medicine </Li> <Li> Jeremy Nathans 's seminars : `` The Vertebrate Retina : Structure , Function , and Evolution '' </Li> <Li> Retina -- Cell Centered Database </Li> <Li> Histology image : 07901loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University </Li> <Li> MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002291 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anatomy of the globe of the human eye </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fibrous tunic ( outer ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sclera </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episcleral layer </Li> <Li> Schlemm 's canal </Li> <Li> Trabecular meshwork </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cornea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Limbus </Li> <Li> layers <Ul> <Li> Epithelium </Li> <Li> Bowman 's </Li> <Li> Stroma </Li> <Li> Dua 's layer </Li> <Li> Descemet 's </Li> <Li> Endothelium </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Choroid </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capillary lamina of choroid </Li> <Li> Bruch 's membrane </Li> <Li> Sattler 's layer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ciliary body </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ciliary processes </Li> <Li> Ciliary muscle </Li> <Li> Pars plicata </Li> <Li> Pars plana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iris </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stroma </Li> <Li> Pupil </Li> <Li> Iris dilator muscle </Li> <Li> Iris sphincter muscle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retina ( inner ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Layers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inner limiting membrane </Li> <Li> Nerve fiber layer </Li> <Li> Ganglion cell layer </Li> <Li> Inner plexiform layer </Li> <Li> Inner nuclear layer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Outer plexiform layer </Li> <Li> Outer nuclear layer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> External limiting membrane </Li> <Li> Layer of rods and cones </Li> <Li> Retinal pigment epithelium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cells </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Macula <Ul> <Li> Perifoveal area </Li> <Li> Parafoveal area </Li> <Li> Fovea <Ul> <Li> Foveal avascular zone </Li> <Li> Foveola </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Optic disc <Ul> <Li> Optic cup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ora serrata </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anatomical regions of the eye </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Anterior segment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adnexa </Li> <Li> Fibrous tunic </Li> <Li> Anterior chamber </Li> <Li> Aqueous humour </Li> <Li> Iris </Li> <Li> Posterior chamber </Li> <Li> Ciliary body </Li> <Li> Lens <Ul> <Li> Capsule of lens </Li> <Li> Zonule of Zinn </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posterior segment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vitreous chamber <Ul> <Li> Vitreous body </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Retina </Li> <Li> Choroid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Keratocytes </Li> <Li> Ocular immune system </Li> <Li> Optical coherence tomography </Li> <Li> Eye care professional </Li> <Li> Eye disease </Li> <Li> Refractive error </Li> <Li> Accommodation </Li> <Li> Physiological Optics </Li> <Li> Visual perception </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Optical illusions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> List of optical illusions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Afterimage </Li> <Li> Barberpole </Li> <Li> Bezold </Li> <Li> Blivet </Li> <Li> Café wall </Li> <Li> Cornsweet </Li> <Li> Delboeuf </Li> <Li> Ebbinghaus </Li> <Li> Ehrenstein </Li> <Li> Flash lag </Li> <Li> Fraser spiral </Li> <Li> Grid </Li> <Li> Hering </Li> <Li> Jastrow </Li> <Li> Mach </Li> <Li> McCollough </Li> <Li> Müller - Lyer </Li> <Li> Necker </Li> <Li> Orbison </Li> <Li> Penrose <Ul> <Li> stairs </Li> <Li> triangle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Peripheral drift </Li> <Li> Poggendorff </Li> <Li> Ponzo </Li> <Li> Rubin </Li> <Li> Sander </Li> <Li> Schroeder </Li> <Li> Ternus </Li> <Li> Vertical -- horizontal </Li> <Li> White 's </Li> <Li> Wundt </Li> <Li> Zöllner </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Auditory </Li> <Li> Tactile </Li> <Li> Temporal </Li> <Li> Op art </Li> <Li> Ascending and Descending </Li> <Li> Waterfall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85113322 </Li> <Li> GND : 4171512 - 3 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb11964958v ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00567817 </Li> <Li> BNE : XX532269 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retina&oldid=838474306 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Visual system </Li> <Li> Human eye anatomy </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with unresolved properties </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Use American English from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in American English </Li> <Li> Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter </Li> <Li> Articles needing expert attention </Li> <Li> All articles needing expert attention </Li> <Li> Medicine articles needing expert attention </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from October 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles with self - 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disease of the light sensitive innermost layer of the eyeball

Languages of Africa - wikipedia <H1> Languages of Africa </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The traditional language families spoken in Africa : Afroasiatic Nilo - Saharan Niger -- Congo Bantu Khoisan Indo - European Austronesian <P> The languages of Africa are divided into six major language families : </P> <Ul> <Li> Afroasiatic languages are spread throughout Western Asia , North Africa , the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel . </Li> <Li> Austronesian languages are spoken in Madagascar . </Li> <Li> Indo - European languages are spoken in South Africa and Namibia ( Afrikaans , English , German ) and are used as lingua francas in the former colonies of Britain ( English ) , former colonies of France ( French ) , former colonies of Portugal ( Portuguese ) , former colonies of Spain ( Spanish ) and the current Spanish territories of Ceuta , Melilla and the Canary Islands ( Spanish ) . </Li> <Li> Khoe languages are concentrated in the Kalahari Desert of Namibia and Botswana . </Li> <Li> Niger -- Congo languages ( Bantu and non-Bantu ) cover West , Central , Southeast and Southern Africa . </Li> <Li> Nilo - Saharan languages ( unity debated ) are spoken from Tanzania to Sudan and from Chad to Mali . </Li> </Ul> <P> There are several other small families and language isolates , as well as languages that have yet to be classified . In addition , Africa has a wide variety of sign languages , many of which are language isolates ( see below ) . </P> <P> The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated ( depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect ) at between 1,250 to 2,100 , and by some counts at `` over 3,000 '' , Nigeria alone has over 500 languages ( according to the count of SIL Ethnologue ) , one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world . </P> <P> Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication . Arabic , Somali , Berber , Amharic , Oromo , Igbo , Swahili , Hausa , Manding , Fulani and Yoruba are spoken by tens of millions of people . Twelve dialect clusters ( which may group up to a hundred linguistic varieties ) are spoken by 75 percent , and fifteen by 85 percent , of Africans as a first or additional language . Although many mid-sized languages are used on the radio , in newspapers and in primary - school education , and some of the larger ones are considered national languages , only a few are official at the national level . The African Union declared 2006 the `` Year of African Languages '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Language groups <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Afroasiatic languages </Li> <Li> 1.2 Nilo - Saharan languages </Li> <Li> 1.3 Niger -- Congo languages </Li> <Li> 1.4 Other language families <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Austronesian </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Indo - European </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 Small families </Li> <Li> 1.4. 4 Creole languages </Li> <Li> 1.4. 5 Unclassified languages </Li> <Li> 1.4. 6 Sign languages </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Language in Africa <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Official Languages </Li> <Li> 2.2 Cross-border languages </Li> <Li> 2.3 Language change and planning </Li> <Li> 2.4 Demographics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Linguistic features <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Phonological </Li> <Li> 3.2 Syntactic </Li> <Li> 3.3 Semantic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Number of speakers </Li> <Li> 5 See also <Ul> <Li> 5.1 General </Li> <Li> 5.2 Works </Li> <Li> 5.3 Classifiers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Language groups ( edit ) </H2> Clickable map showing the traditional language families , subfamilies and major languages spoken in Africa <P> Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of three large language families : Afroasiatic , Nilo - Saharan and Niger -- Congo . Another hundred belong to small families such as Ubangian ( sometimes grouped within Niger - Congo ) and the various families called Khoisan , or the Indo - European and Austronesian language families mainly spoken outside Africa ; the presence of the latter two dates to 2,600 and 1,500 years ago , respectively . In addition , the languages of Africa languages include several unclassified languages and sign languages . </P> <P> The earliest Afroasiatic languages are associated with the Capsian culture , the Nilo - Saharan languages are linked with the Khartoum Mesolithic / Neolithic , the Niger - Congo languages are correlated with the west and central African hoe - based farming traditions and the Khoisan languages are matched with the south and southeastern Wilton industries . More broadly , the Afroasiatic family is tentatively grouped within the Nostratic superfamily , and the Nilo - Saharan and Niger - Congo phyla form the Niger - Saharan macrophylum . </P> <H3> Afroasiatic languages ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Afroasiatic languages <P> Afroasiatic languages are spoken throughout North Africa , the Horn of Africa , West Asia and parts of the Sahel . There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by over 350 million people . The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are the Berber languages , Semitic languages , Chadic languages and the Cushitic languages . The Afroasiatic Urheimat is uncertain . However , its most extensive sub-branch , the Semitic languages ( including Arabic , Amharic and Hebrew among others ) , seems to have developed in the Arabian peninsula . The Semitic languages are the only branch of the Afroasiatic family of languages that is spoken outside Africa . </P> <P> Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include Arabic ( a Semitic language , and a recent arrival from West Asia ) , Somali ( Cushitic ) , Berber ( Berber ) , Hausa ( Chadic ) , Amharic ( Semitic ) and Oromo ( Cushitic ) . Of the world 's surviving language families , Afroasiatic has the longest written history , as both the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egyptian are members . </P> <H3> Nilo - Saharan languages ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Nilo - Saharan languages <P> Nilo - Saharan languages consist of a hundred diverse languages . The family has a speech area that stretches from the Nile Valley to northern Tanzania and into Nigeria and DR Congo , with the Songhay languages along the middle reaches of the Niger River as a geographic outlier . Genetic linkage between these languages has not been conclusively demonstrated , and among linguists , support for the proposal is sparse . The languages share some unusual morphology , but if they are related , most of the branches must have undergone major restructuring since diverging from their common ancestor . The inclusion of the Songhay languages is questionable , and doubts have been raised over the Koman , Gumuz and Kadu branches . </P> <P> Some of the better known Nilo - Saharan languages are Kanuri , Fur , Songhay , Nobiin and the widespread Nilotic family , which includes the Luo , Dinka and Maasai . The Nilo - Saharan languages are tonal . </P> <H3> Niger -- Congo languages ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Niger -- Congo languages <P> The Niger -- Congo languages constitute the largest language family spoken in Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages . One of its salient features is an elaborate noun class system with grammatical concord . A large majority of languages of this family are tonal such as Yoruba and Igbo , Ashanti and Ewe language . A major branch of Niger -- Congo languages is the Bantu phylum , which has a wider speech area than the rest of the family ( see Niger -- Congo B ( Bantu ) in the map above ) . </P> <P> The Niger -- Kordofanian language family , joining Niger -- Congo with the Kordofanian languages of south - central Sudan , was proposed in the 1950s by Joseph Greenberg . Today , linguists often use `` Niger -- Congo '' to refer to this entire family , including Kordofanian as a subfamily . One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger -- Congo . Mande has been claimed to be equally or more divergent . Niger -- Congo is generally accepted by linguists , though a few question the inclusion of Mande and Dogon , and there is no conclusive evidence for the inclusion of Ubangian . </P> <H3> Other language families ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several languages spoken in Africa belong to language families concentrated or originating outside the African continent . </P> Austronesian ( edit ) <P> Malagasy belongs to the Austronesian family . It is the national language of Madagascar . </P> Indo - European ( edit ) <P> Afrikaans is Indo - European , as is most of the vocabulary of most African creole languages . Afrikaans evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland ( Hollandic dialect ) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa , where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century . Most Afrikaans speakers live in South Africa . In Namibia it is the lingua franca and in Botswana and Zimbabwe it is a minority language of roughly several ten thousand people . Overall 15 to 20 million people are estimated to speak Afrikaans . </P> <P> Since the colonial era , Indo - European languages such as Afrikaans , English , French , Italian , Portuguese and Spanish have held official status in many countries , and are widely spoken , generally as lingua francas . ( See African French and African Portuguese . ) German was once used in Germany 's colonies there from the late 1800s until World War I , when Britain and France took over and revoked German 's official status . Despite this , German is still spoken in Namibia , mostly among the white population . Although it lost its official status in the 1990s , it has been redesignated as a national language . Indian languages such as Gujarati are spoken by South Asian expatriates exclusively . In earlier historical times , other Indo - European languages could be found in various parts of the continent , such as Old Persian and Greek in Egypt , Latin and Vandalic in North Africa and Modern Persian in the Horn of Africa . </P> Small families ( edit ) <P> The three small Khoisan families of southern Africa have not been shown to be closely related to any other major language family . In addition , there are various other families that have not been demonstrated to belong to one of these families . ( The questionable branches of Nilo - Saharan were covered above , and are not repeated here . ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Mande , some 70 languages , including the major languages of Mali and Guinea . These are generally thought to be divergent Niger -- Congo , but debate persists . </Li> <Li> Ubangian , some 70 languages , centered on the languages of the Central African Republic ; may be Niger -- Congo </Li> <Li> Khoe , around 10 languages , the primary family of Khoisan languages of Namibia and Botswana </Li> <Li> Sandawe , an isolate of Tanzania , possibly related to Khoe </Li> <Li> Kx'a , a language of Southern Africa </Li> <Li> Tuu , or Taa - ǃKwi , two surviving languages </Li> <Li> Hadza , an isolate of Tanzania </Li> <Li> Bangime , a likely isolate of Mali </Li> <Li> Jalaa , a likely isolate of Nigeria </Li> <Li> Laal , a possible isolate of Chad </Li> </Ul> <P> Khoisan is a term of convenience covering some 30 languages spoken by around 300,000 -- 400,000 people . There are five Khoisan families that have not been shown to be related to each other : Khoe , Tuu and Kx'a , which are found mainly in Namibia and Botswana , as well as Sandawe and Hadza of Tanzania , which are language isolates . A striking feature of Khoisan languages , and the reason they are often grouped together , is their use of click consonants . Some neighbouring Bantu languages ( notably Xhosa and Zulu ) have clicks as well , but these were adopted from Khoisan languages . The Khoisan languages are also tonal . </P> Creole languages ( edit ) <P> Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past , a substantial proportion of the world 's creole languages are to be found in Africa . Some are based on Indo - European languages ( e.g. Krio from English in Sierra Leone and the very similar Pidgin in Nigeria and parts of Cameroon ; Cape Verdean Creole in Cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau Creole in Guinea - Bissau and Senegal , both from Portuguese ; Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles and Mauritian Creole in Mauritius , both from French ) ; some are based on Arabic ( e.g. Juba Arabic in the southern Sudan , or Nubi in parts of Uganda and Kenya ) ; some are based on local languages ( e.g. Sango , the main language of the Central African Republic ) ; while in Cameroon a creole based on French , English and local African languages known as Camfranglais has started to become popular . </P> Unclassified languages ( edit ) Further information : Category : Unclassified languages of Africa <P> A fair number of unclassified languages are reported in Africa . Many remain unclassified simply for lack of data ; among the better - investigated ones that continue to resist easy classification are : </P> <Ul> <Li> possibly Afroasiatic : Ongota , Gomba </Li> <Li> possibly Nilo - Saharan : Shabo </Li> <Li> possibly Niger -- Congo : Jalaa , Mbre , Bayot </Li> <Li> possibly Khoe : Kwadi </Li> <Li> unknown : Laal , Mpre </Li> </Ul> <P> Of these , Jalaa is perhaps the most likely to be an isolate . </P> <P> Less - well investigated languages include Irimba , Luo , Mawa , Rer Bare ( possibly Bantu ) , Bete ( evidently Jukunoid ) , Bung ( unclear ) , Kujarge ( evidently Chadic ) , Lufu ( Jukunoid ) , Meroitic ( possibly Afroasiatic ) , Oropom ( possibly spurious ) and Weyto ( evidently Cushitic ) . Several of these are extinct , and adequate comparative data is thus unlikely to be forthcoming . Hombert & Philippson ( 2009 ) list a number of African languages that have been classified as language isolates at one point or another . Many of these are simply unclassified , but Hombert & Philippson believe Africa has about twenty language families , including isolates . Beside the possibilities listed above , there are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Aasax or Aramanik ( Tanzania ) ( South Cushitic ? contains non-Cushitic lexicon ) </Li> <Li> Imeraguen ( Mauritania ) - Hassaniyya Arabic restructured on an Azêr ( Soninke ) base </Li> <Li> Kara ( Fer ? ) ( Central African Republic ) </Li> <Li> Oblo ( Cameroon ) ( Adamawa ? Extinct ? ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Roger Blench notes a couple additional possibilities : </P> <Ul> <Li> Defaka ( Nigeria ) </Li> <Li> Dompo ( Ghana ) </Li> </Ul> Sign languages ( edit ) See also : List of sign languages § Africa <P> Many African countries have national sign languages , such as Algerian Sign Language , Tunisian Sign Language , Ethiopian Sign Language . Other sign languages are restricted to small areas or single villages , such as Adamorobe Sign Language in Ghana . Tanzania has seven , one for each of its schools for the Deaf , all of which are discouraged . Not much is known , since little has been published on these languages </P> <P> Sign language systems extant in Africa include the Paget Gorman Sign System used in Namibia and Angola , the Sudanese Sign languages used in Sudan and South Sudan , the Arab Sign languages used across the Arab Mideast , the Francosign languages used in Francophone Africa and other areas such as Ghana and Tunisia , and the Tanzanian Sign languages used in Tanzania . </P> <H2> Language in Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> Throughout the long multilingual history of the African continent , African languages have been subject to phenomena like language contact , language expansion , language shift and language death . A case in point is the Bantu expansion , in which Bantu - speaking peoples expanded over most of Sub-Equatorial Africa , displacing Khoi - San speaking peoples from much of Southeast Africa and Southern Africa and other peoples from Central Africa . Another example is the Arab expansion in the 7th century , which led to the extension of Arabic from its homeland in Asia , into much of North Africa and the Horn of Africa . </P> <P> Trade languages are another age - old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape . Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication ( lingua franca ) . Of particular importance in this respect are Berber ( North and West Africa ) , Jula ( western West Africa ) , Fulfulde ( West Africa ) , Hausa ( West Africa ) , Lingala ( Congo ) , Swahili ( Southeast Africa ) , Somali ( Horn of Africa ) and Arabic ( North Africa and Horn of Africa ) . </P> <P> After gaining independence , many African countries , in the search for national unity , selected one language , generally the former colonial language , to be used in government and education . However , in recent years , African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity . Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism . </P> <H3> Official languages ( edit ) </H3> Official languages in Africa : <Table> <Tr> <Td> Afrikaans </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Swahili </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> other languages </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Besides the former colonial languages of English , French , Portuguese and Spanish , the following languages are official at the national level in Africa ( non-exhaustive list ) : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Afroasiatic </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Arabic in Comoros , Chad , Djibouti , Egypt , Eritrea , Mauritania , Somalia , Sudan , Tunisia , Algeria , Libya and Morocco </Li> <Li> Berber in Morocco and Algeria </Li> <Li> Amharic in Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Somali in Somalia </Li> <Li> Tigrinya in Eritrea </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Austronesian </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Malagasy in Madagascar </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Indo - European </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Niger - Congo </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Chewa in Malawi and Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Comorian in the Comoros </Li> <Li> Kinyarwanda in Rwanda </Li> <Li> Kirundi in Burundi </Li> <Li> Sesotho in Lesotho , South Africa and Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Setswana / Tswana in Botswana and South Africa </Li> <Li> Shona , Sindebele in Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Sepedi in South Africa </Li> <Li> Ndebele in South Africa </Li> <Li> Swahili in Tanzania , Kenya , Rwanda and Uganda </Li> <Li> Swati in Swaziland and South Africa </Li> <Li> Tsonga in South Africa </Li> <Li> Venda in South Africa </Li> <Li> Xhosa in South Africa </Li> <Li> Zulu in South Africa </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Creoles </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Mauritian Creole in Mauritius </Li> <Li> Sango in the Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cross-border languages ( edit ) </H3> <P> The colonial borders established by European powers following the Berlin Conference in 1884 -- 1885 divided a great many ethnic groups and African language speaking communities . In a sense , `` cross-border languages '' is a misnomer -- the speakers did not divide themselves . Nevertheless , it describes the reality of many African languages , which has implications for divergence of language on either side of a border ( especially when the official languages are different ) , standards for writing the language , etc . Some notable cross-border languages include Berber ( which stretches across much of North Africa and some parts of West Africa ) , Somali ( stretches across most of the Horn of Africa ) , Swahili ( spoken in the African Great Lakes region ) , Fula ( in the Sahel and West Africa ) and Luo languages ( in Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ethiopia , Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , South Sudan and Sudan ) . </P> <P> Some prominent Africans such as former Malian president and former Chairman of the African Commission , Alpha Oumar Konaré , have referred to cross-border languages as a factor that can promote African unity . </P> <H3> Language change and planning ( edit ) </H3> <P> Language is not static in Africa any more than on other continents . In addition to the ( likely modest ) impact of borders , there are also cases of dialect levelling ( such as in Igbo and probably many others ) , koinés ( such as N'Ko and possibly Runyakitara ) and emergence of new dialects ( such as Sheng ) . In some countries , there are official efforts to develop standardized language versions . </P> <P> There are also many less widely spoken languages that may be considered endangered languages . </P> <H3> Demographics ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Demographics of Africa <P> Of the 1 billion Africans ( in 2009 ) , about 17 percent speak an Arabic dialect . About 10 percent speak Swahili , the lingua franca of Southeast Africa ; about 5 percent speak a Berber dialect ; and about 5 percent speak Hausa , which serves as a lingua franca in much of the Sahel . Other important West African languages are Yoruba , Igbo and Fula . Major Horn of Africa languages are Amharic , Oromo and Somali . Important South African languages are Zulu , Xhosa and Afrikaans . </P> <P> English , French and Portuguese are important languages in Africa . About 130 million , 115 million and 30 million Africans , respectively , speak them as either native or secondary languages . Portuguese has become the national language of Angola . Through ( among other factors ) sheer demographic weight , Africans are increasingly taking ownership of these three world languages and having an ever greater influence on their development and growth . </P> <H2> Linguistic features ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some linguistic features are particularly common among languages spoken in Africa , whereas others are less common . Such shared traits probably are not due to a common origin of all African languages . Instead , some may be due to language contact ( resulting in borrowing ) and specific idioms and phrases may be due to a similar cultural background . </P> <H3> Phonological ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some widespread phonetic features include : </P> <Ul> <Li> certain types of consonants , such as implosives ( / ɓa / ) , ejectives ( / kʼa / ) , the labiodental flap and in southern Africa , clicks ( / ǂa / , / ŋǃa / ) . True implosives are rare outside Africa , and clicks and the flap almost unheard of . </Li> <Li> doubly articulated labial - velar stops like / k͡pa / and / ɡ͡ba / are found in places south of the Sahara . </Li> <Li> prenasalized consonants , like / mpa / and / ŋɡa / , are widespread in Africa but not common outside it . </Li> <Li> sequences of stops and fricatives at the beginnings of words , such as / fsa / , / pta / and / dt͡sk͡xʼa / . </Li> <Li> nasal stops which only occur with nasal vowels , such as ( ba ) vs. ( mã ) ( but both ( pa ) and ( pã ) ) , especially in West Africa . </Li> <Li> vowels contrasting an advanced or retracted tongue , commonly called `` tense '' and `` lax '' . </Li> <Li> simple tone systems which are used for grammatical purposes . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sounds that are relatively uncommon in African languages include uvular consonants , diphthongs and front rounded vowels </P> <P> Tonal languages are found throughout the world but are predominantly used in Africa . Both the Nilo - Saharan and the Khoi - San phyla are fully tonal . The large majority of the Niger -- Congo languages is also tonal . Tonal languages are also found in the Omotic , Chadic and South & East Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic . The most common type of tonal system opposes two tone levels , High ( H ) and Low ( L ) . Contour tones do occur , and can often be analysed as two or more tones in succession on a single syllable . Tone melodies play an important role , meaning that it is often possible to state significant generalizations by separating tone sequences ( `` melodies '' ) from the segments that bear them . Tonal sandhi processes like tone spread , tone shift , downstep and downdrift are common in African languages . </P> <H3> Syntactic ( edit ) </H3> <P> Widespread syntactical structures include the common use of adjectival verbs and the expression of comparison by means of a verb ' to surpass ' . The Niger -- Congo languages have large numbers of genders ( noun classes ) which cause agreement in verbs and other words . Case , tense and other categories may be distinguished only by tone . </P> <H3> Semantic ( edit ) </H3> <P> Quite often , only one term is used for both animal and meat ; the word nama or nyama for animal / meat is particularly widespread in otherwise widely divergent African languages . </P> <H2> Number of speakers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Family </Th> <Th> Native speakers ( L1 ) </Th> <Th> Official status per country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afrikaans </Td> <Td> Indo - European </Td> <Td> 7,200,000 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Akan </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 11,000,000 </Td> <Td> None . Government sponsored language of Ghana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amharic </Td> <Td> Afroasiatic </Td> <Td> 21,800,000 </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> Afroasiatic </Td> <Td> 150,000,000 but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties </Td> <Td> Algeria , Chad , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Eritrea , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Somalia , Sudan , Tunisia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berber </Td> <Td> Afroasiatic </Td> <Td> 56,000,000 ( estimated ) ( including separate unintelligible varieties ) </Td> <Td> Morocco , Algeria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chewa </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 9,700,000 </Td> <Td> Malawi , Zimbabwe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Indo - European </Td> <Td> 6,500,000 ( estimated ) </Td> <Td> see List of territorial entities where English is an official language </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> Indo - European </Td> <Td> 700,330 ( estimated ) </Td> <Td> see List of territorial entities where French is an official language </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fulani </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 25,000,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gikuyu </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 6,600,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hausa </Td> <Td> Afroasiatic </Td> <Td> 34,000,000 </Td> <Td> Nigeria , Niger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Igbo </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 18,000,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kinyarwanda </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 9,800,000 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kirundi </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 8,800,000 </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kongo </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 5,600,000 </Td> <Td> recognised national language of Angola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lingala </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 5,500,000 </Td> <Td> national language of Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luganda </Td> <Td> Niger - Congo </Td> <Td> 4,130,000 </Td> <Td> native language of Uganda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luo </Td> <Td> Nilo - Saharan ( probable ) </Td> <Td> 4,200,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malagasy </Td> <Td> Austronesian </Td> <Td> 18,000,000 </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritian Creole </Td> <Td> Indo - European </Td> <Td> 1,135,000 </Td> <Td> native language of Mauritius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mossi </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 7,600,000 </Td> <Td> Recognised regional language in Burkina Faso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ndebele </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 1,090,000 </Td> <Td> Statuatory national language in South Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Sotho </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 4,600,000 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oromo </Td> <Td> Afroasiatic </Td> <Td> 26,000,000 </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> Indo - European </Td> <Td> 13,700,000 ( estimated ) </Td> <Td> Angola , Cape Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Equatorial Guinea , Mozambique , São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sesotho </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 5,600,000 </Td> <Td> Lesotho , South Africa , Zimbabwe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shona </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 14,200,000 incl . Manyika , Ndau ( 2000 -- 2006 ) </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somali </Td> <Td> Afroasiatic </Td> <Td> 16,600,000 </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Indo - European </Td> <Td> 2,700,000 </Td> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swahili </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 15,000,000 </Td> <Td> official in Tanzania , Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda national language of Democratic Republic of Congo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tigrinya </Td> <Td> Afroasiatic </Td> <Td> 7,000,000 </Td> <Td> Eritrea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tshiluba </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 6,300,000 ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> national language of Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tswana </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 5,800,000 </Td> <Td> South Africa , Botswana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Umbundu </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 6,000,000 </Td> <Td> recognised national language of Angola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xhosa </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 7,600,000 </Td> <Td> South Africa , Zimbabwe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yoruba </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 28,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zulu </Td> <Td> Niger -- Congo </Td> <Td> 10,400,000 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Africa portal </Li> <Li> Language portal </Li> </Ul> <H3> General ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Languages of the African Union </Li> <Li> Writing systems of Africa </Li> <Li> Journal of West African Languages </Li> </Ul> <H3> Works ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Polyglotta Africana </Li> <Li> The Languages of Africa </Li> </Ul> <H3> Classifiers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Karl Lepsius </Li> <Li> Wilhelm Bleek </Li> <Li> Carl Meinhof </Li> <Li> Diedrich Westermann </Li> <Li> Joseph Greenberg </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Heine , Bernd ; Heine , Bernd , eds. ( 2000 ) . African Languages : an Introduction . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epstein , Edmund L. ; Kole , Robert , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Language of African Literature . Africa World Press . p. ix . ISBN 0 - 86543 - 534 - 0 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Africa is incredibly rich in language -- over 3,000 indigenous languages by some counts , and many creoles , pidgins , and lingua francas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Nigeria '' . Ethnologue Languages of the World . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ African Union Summit 2006 Khartoum , Sudan . SARPN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Language , Volume 61 , Issues 3 - 4 . Linguistic Society of America . 1985 . p. 695 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blench , Roger ( 2006 ) . Archaeology , Language , and the African Past . Rowman Altamira . p. 108 . ISBN 0759104662 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco , A Glossary of Historical Linguistics ( 2007 , University of Utah Press ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P.H. Matthews , Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics ( 2007 , 2nd edition , Oxford ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K. Pithouse , C. Mitchell , R. Moletsane , Making Connections : Self - Study & Social Action , p. 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.A. Heese ( 1971 ) . Die herkoms van die Afrikaner , 1657 -- 1867 ( The origin of the Afrikaner ) ( in Afrikaans ) . Cape Town : A.A. Balkema . OCLC 1821706 . OL 5361614M . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans - G.G. Kloeke ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation : a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects - Wilbert Heeringa , Febe de Wet ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Standaard Afrikaans ( PDF ) . Abel Coetzee . Afrikaner Pers. 1948 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Marie Hombert & Gérard Philippson. 2009 . `` The linguistic importance of language isolates : the African case . '' In Peter K. Austin , Oliver Bond , Monik Charette , David Nathan & Peter Sells ( eds ) . Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2 . London : SOAS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CIA -- The World Factbook . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to article 7 of The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic Archived 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. : `` The official languages of the Somali Republic shall be Somali ( Maay and Maxaatiri ) and Arabic . The second languages of the Transitional Federal Government shall be English and Italian . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The languages of South Africa '' . southafrica.info . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ African languages for Africa 's development ACALAN ( French & English ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Economist , `` Tongues under threat '' , 22 January 2011 , p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Embassy of the Republic of Angola - Culture '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 -- Home language '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nationalencyklopedin `` Världens 100 största språk 2007 '' The World 's 100 Largest Languages in 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amharic '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arabic '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Berber '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chichewa '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` English '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French '' . Ethnologue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Edmiston ; Annie Dumenil ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . La France contemporaine . Cengage Learning . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 80441 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gikuyu '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ethnologue ( 2009 ) cites 18 , 5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991 ; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006 , 0.8 million in Benin in 2006 , and just over 1 million in other countries . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ibo - Language Information & Resources '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kongo '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luganda '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dholuo '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Malagasy '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Morisyen '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ndebele '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sotho , Northern '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sotho , Southern '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Shona ( S. 10 ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Somali '' . SIL International . 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peek , Philip M. ; Kwesi Yankah ( 2004 ) . African folklore : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 699 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93933 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tigrigna '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luba - Kasai '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tswana '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Umbundu '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Childs , G. Tucker ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to African Languages . Amsterdam : John Benjamin . </Li> <Li> Chimhundu , Herbert ( 2002 ) . Language Policies in Africa . ( Final report of the Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa . ) Revised version . UNESCO . </Li> <Li> Cust , Robert Needham ( 1883 ) . Modern Languages of Africa . </Li> <Li> Ellis , Stephen ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . Africa Now : People - Policies - Institutions . The Hague : Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( DGIS ) . </Li> <Li> Elugbe , Ben ( 1998 ) `` Cross-border and major languages of Africa . '' In K. Legère ( editor ) , Cross-border Languages : Reports and Studies , Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages , National Institute for Educational Development ( NIED ) , Okahandja , 23 -- 27 September 1996 . Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan . </Li> <Li> Ethnologue. com 's Africa : A listing of African languages and language families . </Li> <Li> Greenberg , Joseph H. ( 1983 ) . ' Some areal characteristics of African languages . ' In Ivan R. Dihoff ( editor ) , Current Approaches to African Linguistics , Vol. 1 ( Publications in African Languages and Linguistics , Vol. 1 ) , Dordrecht : Foris , 3 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Greenberg , Joseph H. ( 1966 ) . The Languages of Africa ( 2nd edition with additions and corrections ) . Bloomington : Indiana University . </Li> <Li> Heine , Bernd and Derek Nurse ( editors ) ( 2000 ) . African Languages : An Introduction . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Webb , Vic and Kembo - Sure ( editors ) ( 1998 ) . African Voices : An Introduction to the Languages and Linguistics of Africa . Cape Town : Oxford University Press Southern Africa . </Li> <Li> Wedekind , Klaus ( Oxford University Press . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> African language resources for children </Li> <Li> Web resources for African languages </Li> <Li> Linguistic maps of Africa from Muturzikin.com </Li> <Li> Online Dictionaries , e-books and other online fulltexts in or on African languages </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - 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Asian Games </Li> <Li> Australian - rules football </Li> <Li> Confederation of African Football <Ul> <Li> Africa Cup of Nations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> FIBA Africa </Li> <Li> Rugby Africa <Ul> <Li> Africa Cup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stadiums by capacity </Li> <Li> Tour d'Afrique </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Countries by population <Ul> <Li> density </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Emigration </Li> <Li> Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> HIV / AIDS </Li> <Li> Urbanization <Ul> <Li> cities </Li> <Li> metropolitan areas </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Index </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Countries and languages lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) Countries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By languages </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Spoken </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Countries by spoken languages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Countries by the number of recognized official languages </Li> <Li> Arabic </Li> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Dutch / Afrikaans </Li> <Li> English </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Malay </Li> <Li> Portuguese </Li> <Li> Romanian </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Tamil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endonyms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Countries and capitals in native languages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exonyms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Country names in various languages <Ul> <Li> A -- C </Li> <Li> D -- I </Li> <Li> J -- P </Li> <Li> Q -- Z </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Languages of the European Union </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) Languages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By continent </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Americas <Ul> <Li> North </Li> <Li> South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Asia <Ul> <Li> East </Li> <Li> South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Europe </Li> <Li> Oceania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Official languages <Ul> <Li> by state </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> List of languages without official status </Li> <Li> Countries by the number of recognized official languages </Li> <Li> Languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By population </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> By number of native speakers </Li> <Li> By number of total speakers </Li> <Li> Languages in censuses </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Language families </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language - based geopolitical organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab League ( Arabic ) </Li> <Li> Dutch Language Union ( Dutch ) </Li> <Li> English Speaking Union </Li> <Li> Francophonie ( French ) </Li> <Li> Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Portuguese ) </Li> <Li> Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa ( Portuguese ) </Li> <Li> Latin Union ( Romance ) </Li> <Li> Hispanidad ( Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Turkic Council ( Turkic ) </Li> <Li> International Organization of Turkic Culture ( Turkic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lists of languages </Li> <Li> Category : Languages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85001729 </Li> <Li> GND : 4120108 - 5 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 027235920 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb119321874 ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&oldid=819520369 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Languages of Africa </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Afrikaans - 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how many languages do they speak in africa

Anderson Paak - Wikipedia <H1> Anderson Paak </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Anderson Park . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Anderson . Paak </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Paak in Rockaway Beach , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birth name </Th> <Td> Brandon Paak Anderson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Breezy Lovejoy ( 2009 -- 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1986 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Oxnard , California , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hip hop </Li> <Li> R&B </Li> <Li> funk </Li> <Li> soul </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Singer </Li> <Li> songwriter </Li> <Li> rapper </Li> <Li> record producer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Instruments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vocals </Li> <Li> drums </Li> <Li> percussion </Li> <Li> keyboards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stones Throw </Li> <Li> Steel Wool </Li> <Li> OBE </Li> <Li> ArtClub </Li> <Li> Empire </Li> <Li> Aftermath </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NxWorries </Li> <Li> Knxwledge </Li> <Li> Dr. Dre </Li> <Li> Earl Sweatshirt </Li> <Li> KAYTRANADA </Li> <Li> Watsky </Li> <Li> Dean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.andersonpaak.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Brandon Paak Anderson ( born February 8 , 1986 ) , better known by his stage name Anderson Paak ( stylized as Anderson . Paak ) , is an American singer , songwriter , drummer , rapper and record producer from Oxnard , California . He released his debut album , O.B.E. Vol. 1 in 2012 , under the pseudonym Breezy Lovejoy . He went on to release Venice in 2014 , under his current moniker . Paak followed with Malibu , in 2016 , which received a nomination for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the Grammy Awards . Apart from his solo career , Paak is also one - half of NxWorries , alongside record producer Knxwledge . He is accompanied by the band The Free Nationals , who play a variety of instruments such as electric guitar , bass , piano , keyboards , and drums , and also serve as backing vocalists . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 The Free Nationals -- Band members </Li> <Li> 4 Discography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Albums </Li> <Li> 4.2 Extended plays </Li> <Li> 4.3 Singles </Li> <Li> 4.4 Guest appearances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and nominations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 BET Hip Hop Awards </Li> <Li> 5.2 Grammy Awards </Li> <Li> 5.3 Soul Train Music Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Paak was born in Oxnard , California in 1986 . He is half - African American . At the age of seven , Paak witnessed his estranged father attack his mother : `` My little sister and I went out front , and my pops was on top of my mom . There was blood in the street . He was arrested , and that was the last time I saw him . I think he did 14 years . '' </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Paak began producing music from his bedroom as a teenager , while attending Foothill Technology High School . His first experiences performing were as a drummer at his family 's church where he met and married his first wife . After a few years , they divorced , and when Paak was teaching at a music school , he met his second wife , a music student from South Korea . In 2011 , prior to being a successful working musician , Paak was working at a marijuana farm in Santa Barbara . He was let go without warning , becoming homeless together with his wife and infant son . </P> <P> In 2011 , Paak had started earning acceptance in the Los Angeles music world as he worked on his debut album . Shafiq Husayn of Sa - Ra helped Paak recover financially from losing his job in Santa Barbara by employing him as an assistant , videographer , editor , writer and producer . He completed O.B.E. Vol. 1 and released the album in mid-2012 . He became the drummer for American Idol contestant Haley Reinhart . </P> Paak performing in July 2016 <P> On November 27 , 2013 , Paak produced and recorded Cover Art , an all - covers EP . Paak was inspired by the white artists of the 1950s who achieved commercial success by remaking songs written by black blues and R&B singers , while hardly ever compensating the original artists . Cover Art reversed the process and transformed folk and rock classics from white musicians into a mold of soul , jazz , hip hop , and R&B . The album was released by the independent Hellfyre Club and OBE labels . Paak was the lead producer for Watsky 's 2014 album All You Can Do and is featured on three of its tracks . </P> <P> On October 28 , 2014 , Paak released Venice , his debut album as Anderson . Paak , on OBE and Steel Wool . Paak performed on six songs on Dr. Dre 's 2015 album Compton and two on The Game 's The Documentary 2 . In October 2015 , he announced that he had recorded material with ScHoolboy Q and 9th Wonder . Paak released his second album , Malibu , on January 15 , 2016 , to critical acclaim . </P> <P> In January 2016 , he indicated that he had been recording with Flying Lotus . On January 30 , 2016 , Paak spoke with Scott Simon of NPR 's Weekend Edition Saturday in an interview entitled : `` Anderson . Paak : ' The Dot Stands For Detail ' '' about his tumultuous background as a child of mixed - race parents , the significance of `` . '' ( dot ) Paak , his apprenticeship with Dr. Dre and how all of these influences shaped his music . On January 30 , Paak announced via Twitter he has signed to Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment . </P> <P> In 2016 , Paak was named one of the XXL Freshman , along with Lil Dicky , Desiigner , Dave East , Denzel Curry , Lil Yachty , G Herbo , Lil Uzi Vert , 21 Savage , & Kodak Black . He said he always sends his ideas to Dr. Dre and the two work very fast . </P> <H2> The Free Nationals -- Band members ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anderson Paak -- lead vocals , drums </Li> <Li> Jose Rios -- guitarist , backing vocals </Li> <Li> Ron Tnava Avant -- keyboards , backing vocals </Li> <Li> Kelsey Gonzales -- bass guitar </Li> <Li> Callum Connor -- DJ , drums </Li> </Ul> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Albums ( edit ) </H3> <Table> List of studio albums , with selected chart positions <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Album details </Th> <Th colspan="9"> Peak chart positions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US </Th> <Th> US R&B </Th> <Th> US Vinyl </Th> <Th> AUS </Th> <Th> CAN </Th> <Th> FRA </Th> <Th> NL </Th> <Th> NZ </Th> <Th> SWI </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> O.B.E. Vol. 1 ( as Breezy Lovejoy ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : June 26 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Label : Jakarta Records </Li> <Li> Format : LP , digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lovejoy ( as Breezy Lovejoy ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : October 31 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Label : Self - released </Li> <Li> Format : Digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venice </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : October 28 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Label : Steel Wool , OBE , Empire </Li> <Li> Format : CD , LP , digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malibu </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : January 15 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Label : Steel Wool , OBE , Art Club , Empire </Li> <Li> Format : CD , LP , digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yes Lawd ! ( with Knxwledge as NxWorries ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : October 21 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Label : Stones Throw Records </Li> <Li> Format : CD , LP , digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Extended plays ( edit ) </H3> <Table> List of extended plays , with selected details <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Violets Are Blue ( as Breezy Lovejoy ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : February 14 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Label : Block Cheddar </Li> <Li> Format : Digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover Art </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : December 4 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Label : Hellfyre Club </Li> <Li> Format : Digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Anderson . Paak EP ( with Blended Babies ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : September 28 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Label : BBMG </Li> <Li> Format : Digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Link Up & Suede ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : December 4 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Label : Stones Throw Records </Li> <Li> Format : CD , digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Singles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> List of singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Peak chart positions </Th> <Th> Certifications </Th> <Th> Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US </Th> <Th> US R&B </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Drugs '' </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Venice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Miss Right '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Suede '' ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries ) </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Link Up & Suede </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Season / Carry Me '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malibu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Am I Wrong '' ( featuring ScHoolboy Q ) </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Link Up '' ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries ) </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Link Up & Suede </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Room in Here '' ( featuring The Game ) </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malibu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Come Down '' ( featuring T.I. ) </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> `` -- '' denotes a title that did not chart , or was not released in that territory . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Guest appearances ( edit ) </H3> <Table> List of guest appearances , with other performing artists , showing year released and album name <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Other performer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Do Thangs '' </Th> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Afro Classics </Td> <Td> The Classic EP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Follow Through '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Sing My Song '' </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Verbs </Td> <Td> The Progress EP 2 : Fuck Yea Man </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Cell Phone '' </Th> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Dumbfoundead </Td> <Td> DFD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Bitch '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` No More Sunny Days '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Body High '' </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Love Everyday EP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Wine '' </Th> <Td> Take the Stares </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Fuck It '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Drinking Alone '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Much Better '' </Th> <Td> Verbs </Td> <Td> The Progress EP 3 : Manifest Awesome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Dreaming Out Loud '' </Th> <Td> Mike B . </Td> <Td> Dear Michael , You 're Welcome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Summer Breeze '' </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> EOM </Td> <Td> ForAllWeKnow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` I 'm on It '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` AimShootReload '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Prelection '' </Th> <Td> Jose Rios </Td> <Td> To Live and Grow in LA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Sweet Day '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Feels Good '' </Th> <Td> Wax </Td> <Td> Continue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Too Much to Ask '' </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Nocando </Td> <Td> Jimmy the Burnout </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Stand for Something '' </Th> <Td> Watsky </Td> <Td> All You Can Do </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Ink Do n't Bleed '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Hand Over Hand '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` My Supernova '' </Th> <Td> Tiron & Ayomari </Td> <Td> A Sucker for Pumps : Limited Edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` It 's Better for You '' </Th> <Td> Shafiq Husayn </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` A Day Trip to the Nightosphere '' </Th> <Td> Milo </Td> <Td> A Toothpaste Suburb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Realla '' </Th> <Td> Tokimonsta </Td> <Td> Desiderium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` New Days '' </Th> <Td> Kush Mody </Td> <Td> Creature Comforts and a Collection of Songs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Freight Train '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Locked '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Sexy Sadie '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Get Along '' </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> EOM </Td> <Td> Sunrain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Green Light '' </Th> <Td> Jonwayne </Td> <Td> Jonwayne Is Retired </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Til It 's Done '' </Th> <Td> DJ Premier , BMB Spacekid </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Shifty '' </Th> <Td> Mike Gao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Own Life '' </Th> <Td> Vindata </Td> <Td> Through Time and Space ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Liberation '' </Th> <Td> Sir </Td> <Td> Seven Sundays </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Cold Crush '' </Th> <Td> Jose Rios </Td> <Td> Jose Rios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` All in a Day 's Work '' </Th> <Td> Dr. Dre , Marsha Ambrosius </Td> <Td> Compton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Issues '' </Th> <Td> Dr. Dre , Ice Cube , Dem Jointz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Deep Water '' </Th> <Td> Dr. Dre , Kendrick Lamar , Justus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` For the Love of Money '' </Th> <Td> Dr. Dre , Jon Connor , Jill Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Animals '' </Th> <Td> Dr. Dre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Medicine Man '' </Th> <Td> Dr. Dre , Eminem , Candice Pillay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Magnus Carlsen '' </Th> <Td> The Game </Td> <Td> The Documentary 2.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Crenshaw / 80s and Cocaine '' </Th> <Td> The Game , Sonyae Elise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Strip '' </Th> <Td> MED , Blu , Madlib </Td> <Td> Bad Neighbor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Bloomingdales '' </Th> <Td> White Boiz </Td> <Td> Neighborhood Wonderful </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Worlds to Run '' </Th> <Td> Busdriver </Td> <Td> Thumbs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Unique '' </Th> <Td> GoldLink </Td> <Td> And After That , We Did n't Talk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Put It Down '' </Th> <Td> Tokimonsta </Td> <Td> Fovere </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Found in You '' </Th> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Put My Hands on You '' </Th> <Td> Dean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Church '' ( West Coast Remix ) </Th> <Td> BJ the Chicago Kid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Dance Off '' </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Macklemore , Ryan Lewis , Idris Elba </Td> <Td> This Unruly Mess I 've Made </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` IT G MA Remix ( josh pan Opus ) '' </Th> <Td> Keith Ape </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Dapper '' </Th> <Td> Domo Genesis </Td> <Td> Genesis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Glowed Up '' </Th> <Td> Kaytranada </Td> <Td> 99.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Blessings ( Reprise ) '' </Th> <Td> Chance the Rapper </Td> <Td> Coloring Book </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Money on Me '' </Th> <Td> Snakehips </Td> <Td> Money on Me </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Blank Face '' </Th> <Td> ScHoolboy Q </Td> <Td> Blank Face LP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` No Slaves '' </Th> <Td> Knox Brown </Td> <Td> Searching </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Responsibilities '' </Th> <Td> Thane , BJ the Chicago Kid </Td> <Td> Topia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Dang ! '' </Th> <Td> Mac Miller </Td> <Td> The Divine Feminine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Movin Backwards '' </Th> <Td> A Tribe Called Quest </Td> <Td> We Got It from Here ... Thank You 4 Your Service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` OooWee '' </Th> <Td> Rapsody </Td> <Td> Crown / Laila 's Wisdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` It Do n't Matter '' </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Moonbase </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` New LA '' </Th> <Td> SiR , King Mez </Td> <Td> Her Too </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Nobody '' '' </Th> <Td> Rapsody , Black Thought , Moonchild </Td> <Td> Laila 's Wisdom </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> BET hip hop Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The BET Hip Hop Awards are an annual awards show , airing on BET , showcasing hip hop performers , producers and music video directors . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Anderson . Paak </Td> <Td> Best New Hip Hop Artist </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Grammy Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Grammy Awards are annual awards presented by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English - language music industry . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Anderson . Paak </Td> <Td> Best New Artist </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malibu </Td> <Td> Best Urban Contemporary Album </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Soul Train music Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual award show which previously aired in national television syndication , and honors the best in Black music and entertainment . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Anderson . Paak </Td> <Td> Best New Artist </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Centric Certified Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Munday , Matt ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak : ' If Dre had called five years ago , I do n't think I 'd have been ready ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson . Paak hits big time in L.A. after struggling up the road but a world away in Oxnard '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reeves , Mosi ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` 10 New Artists You Need To Know : November 2014 -- Anderson Paak '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Anderson . Paak More Than Makes Up for Lost Time on ' Malibu ' '' . spin.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` R&B Singer Anderson Paak Has a Curious New Project '' . laweekly.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martins , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak : Dr. Dre 's Golden Child Goes From Protege to Solo Star '' . Billboard Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breakfast Club Power 105.1 FM ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) , Anderson . Paak Interview With The Breakfast Club ( 7 - 28 - 16 ) , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Jeff ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` R&B singer Anderson Paak has a curious new project '' . LA Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Tomorrow with Anderson . Paak & The Free Nationals ( LIVE ) '' . theecho.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cover Art '' . hellfyreclub.bandcamp.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Life After Dre : Anderson . Paak on `` Compton , '' Style & His New Album - DJBooth `` . DJBooth.net . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - Gilles Peterson , Ed Motta and Anderson . Paak '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anderson . Paak : ' The Dot Stands For Detail ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Andy $ ide $ tick on Twitter : `` Aftermath gets the last laugh 💨 🍃 🍂 🍃 '' . Twitter . 2016 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak describes relationship with Dr. Dre '' . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/6845246/anderson-paak/chart?f=1177 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson Paak peaks in Australia : <Ul> <Li> Yes Lawd ! `` Discography Anderson . Paak '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Malibu : `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 408 '' . auspOp . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Discografie Anderson . Paak '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Discography Anderson . Paak '' . New Zealand Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/come-down-feat.-t.i.-single/id1115957129 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` BET Hip Hop Awards 2016 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! Online News . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees - GRAMMY.com '' . GRAMMY.com . The Recording Academy . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Soul Train Awards : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anderson Paak </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Venice ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Malibu ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collaborative EPs & albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Link Up & Suede ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Yes Lawd ! ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Suede '' </Li> <Li> `` Link Up '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NxWorries <Ul> <Li> Knxwledge </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Paak&oldid=822288617 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1986 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 21st - century American singers </Li> <Li> African - American male rappers </Li> <Li> African - American record producers </Li> <Li> American record producers </Li> <Li> African - American songwriters </Li> <Li> American songwriters </Li> <Li> Aftermath Entertainment artists </Li> <Li> American hip hop singers </Li> <Li> American rhythm and blues singer - songwriters </Li> <Li> American musicians of Korean descent </Li> <Li> American rappers of Asian descent </Li> <Li> Musicians from Oxnard , California </Li> <Li> Neo soul singers </Li> <Li> People from Oxnard , California </Li> <Li> Singers from Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Songwriters from California </Li> <Li> West Coast hip hop musicians </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 14 : 31 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when does the soul train music awards come on tv

Easter Bunny - wikipedia <H1> Easter Bunny </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Easter Bunny <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A 1907 postcard featuring the Easter Bunny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grouping </Th> <Td> Legendary creature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub grouping </Th> <Td> Animal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mythology </Th> <Td> Folkloric figure and symbol of Easter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other name ( s ) </Th> <Td> Easter Rabbit , Easter Hare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Habitat </Th> <Td> Grass </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Easter Bunny ( also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare ) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter , depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs . Originating among German Lutherans , the `` Easter Hare '' originally played the role of a judge , evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of Eastertide . The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes . In legend , the creature carries colored eggs in his basket , candy , and sometimes also toys to the homes of children , and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind , as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays . The custom was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau 's De ovis paschalibus ( ' About Easter Eggs ' ) in 1682 , referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Symbols <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Rabbits and hares </Li> <Li> 1.2 Eggs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Association with Ēostre <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Transformed bird </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Symbols </H2> <H3> Rabbits and hares </H3> <P> The hare was a popular motif in medieval church art . In ancient times , it was widely believed ( as by Pliny , Plutarch , Philostratus , and Aelian ) that the hare was a hermaphrodite . The idea that a hare could reproduce without loss of virginity led to an association with the Virgin Mary , with hares sometimes occurring in illuminated manuscripts and Northern European paintings of the Virgin and Christ Child . It may also have been associated with the Holy Trinity , as in the three hares motif . Eggs , like rabbits and hares , are fertility symbols of antiquity . Since birds lay eggs and rabbits and hares give birth to large litters in the early spring , these became symbols of the rising fertility of the earth at the Vernal Equinox . </P> <P> Rabbits and hares are both prolific breeders . Female hares can conceive a second litter of offspring while still pregnant with the first . This phenomenon is known as superfetation . Lagomorphs mature sexually at an early age and can give birth to several litters a year ( hence the saying , `` to breed like rabbits '' or `` to breed like bunnies '' ) . It is therefore not surprising that rabbits and hares should become fertility symbols , or that their springtime mating antics should enter into Easter folklore . </P> <H3> Eggs </H3> Main articles : Easter egg and Egg decorating <P> In addition , Orthodox churches have a custom of abstaining from eggs during the fast of Lent . The only way to keep them from being wasted was to boil or roast them , and begin eating them to break the fast . As a special dish , they would probably have been decorated as part of the celebrations . Later , German Protestants retained the custom of eating colored eggs for Easter , though they did not continue the tradition of fasting . Eggs boiled with some flowers change their color , bringing the spring into the homes , and some over time added the custom of decorating the eggs . Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red , the color of blood , in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ ( and , of the renewal of life in springtime ) . Some also use the color green , in honor of the new foliage emerging after the long - dead time of winter . The Ukrainian art of decorating eggs for Easter , known as pysanky , dates to ancient , pre-Christian times . Similar variants of this form of artwork are seen amongst other eastern and central European cultures . </P> <P> The idea of an egg - giving hare went to the U.S. in the 18th century . Protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area told their children about the `` Osterhase '' ( sometimes spelled `` Oschter Haws '' ) . Hase means `` hare '' , not rabbit , and in Northwest European folklore the `` Easter Bunny '' indeed is a hare . According to the legend , only good children received gifts of colored eggs in the nests that they made in their caps and bonnets before Easter . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Dreihasenfenster ( Window of Three Hares ) in Paderborn Cathedral in Paderborn , Germany </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Marshmallow bunnies and candy eggs in an Easter basket </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A bunny and decorated Easter eggs </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A chocolate Easter Bunny </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Chocolate Easter Bunny molds from Alsace Musée du pain d'épices </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Association with Ēostre </H2> <P> In his 1835 Deutsche Mythologie , Jacob Grimm states `` The Easter Hare is unintelligible to me , but probably the hare was the sacred animal of Ostara '' . This proposed association was repeated by other authors including Charles Isaac Elton and Charles J Billson . In 1961 Christina Hole wrote , `` The hare was the sacred beast of Eastre ( or Eostre ) , a Saxon goddess of Spring and of the dawn . '' The belief that Ēostre had a hare companion who became the Easter Bunny was popularized when it was presented as fact in the BBC documentary Shadow of the Hare ( 1993 ) . </P> <P> The Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore however states `` ... there is no shred of evidence '' that hares were sacred to Ēostre , noting that Bede does not associate her with any animal . </P> <H3> Transformed bird </H3> <P> Sarah Ben Breathnach in Mrs Sharp 's Traditions ( 1990 ) provides an origin story for the Easter Bunny : `` According to legend , Eostre 's favorite animal was a large handsome bird , which in a fit of anger she turned into a hare . '' Another version of this story , in which Ēostre transforms the bird into a hare in an act of mercy , was written by Jean - Andrew Dickmann and appeared in Cricket magazine . Both Breathnach and Dickmann present their respective ' transformed bird ' stories as if they were legend , though no earlier version of either has been attested . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Domestic and pet rabbits </Li> <Li> Easter Bilby </Li> <Li> Ēostre </Li> <Li> Mad as a March hare </Li> <Li> Osterfuchs ( Easter Fox ) ( in German ) </Li> <Li> Rabbits in the arts </Li> <Li> Rabbits in culture and literature </Li> <Li> The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Cross , Gary ( 2004 ) . Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children 's Culture . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195348133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Easter Bunny - What Does He Have To Do With Easter ? , occultcenter.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franck von Franckenau , Georg ( 1682 ) . Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster - Eyern . Satyrae Medicae . XVIII . Heidelberg . p. 6 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Chris ( 2004 ) . `` What does the Symbol Mean ? '' . Three Hares Project . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marta Powell Harley . `` Rosalind , the hare , and the hyena in Shakespeare 's As You Like It '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Thomas Browne ( 1646 ; 6th ed. , 1672 ) Pseudodoxia Epidemica III : xvii ( pp. 162 - 166 ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Three Hares as representation of the Trinity '' . Threehares.blogspot.com. 2006 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heller , Steven ( April 2014 ) . `` Seeing Rabbits '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 68 Issue 2 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martinez - Gomez , Margarita ( September 2004 ) . `` Overlapping litters and reproductive performance in the domestic rabbit '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 82 Issue 4 ) . Physiology & Behavior . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Susan ; John Seidensticker ( 2011 ) . Rabbits : The Animal Answer Guide . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 9789 - 0 . p. 122 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shrove Tuesday Pancakes ! by Bridget Haggerty - Irish Culture & Customs , World Cultures European , paragraph 5 line 2 refers to the Catholic custom of abstaining from eggs during Lent . Accessed 3 / 1 / 08 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Lucie L. ( March 2005 ) . `` DYED IN Tradition '' . Academic Search Complete ( Issue 329 ) . Vegetarian Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How To Dye Red Eggs with Onion Skins for Greek Easter by Nancy Gaifyllia from Your Guide to Greek Food on About.Com Accessed April 9 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hallett , Vicky ( March 31 , 2003 ) . `` Egg - cellent art '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 134 Issue 10 ) . U.S. News & World Report . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gruß vom Osterhasen : Oschter Haws Song : GERMAN WORLD MAGAZINE '' . Germanworldonline.com. 2011 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Easter Symbols Archived 2008 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . from Lutheran Hour Ministries . Accessed 2 / 28 / 08 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Isaac Elton ( 1890 ) , Origins of English History </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles J Billson ( 1892 ) , Folk - Lore vol 3 issue 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christina Hole ( 1961 ) Easter and its Customs </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Attenborough , Sir David ( Presenter ) ( April 12 , 1993 ) . Wildlife on One Easter Special Shadow of the Hare ( Television ) . United Kingdom : BBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacqueline Simpson and Stephen Roud ( 2000 ) , A Dictionary of English Folklore </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarah Ben Breathnach ( 1990 ) , Mrs Sharp 's Traditions : Reviving Victorian Family Celebrations of Comfort and Joy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Andrew Dickmann ( 2002 ) , The Coming of Eostre , Cricket magazine vol 29 issue 7 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter Bunny . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Charles J. Billson . `` The Easter Hare '' . Folk - Lore . Vol. 3 , No. 4 ( December 1892 ) . </Li> <Li> On the Bunny Trail : In Search of the Easter Bunny , Stephen Winick , Folklife Today , March 22 , 2016 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Easter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Controversies </Li> <Li> Date </Li> <Li> Easter Sunday </Li> <Li> Etymology </Li> <Li> Observances </Li> <Li> Traditions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christianity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apostles ' Fast </Li> <Li> Bright Week </Li> <Li> Burial of Jesus </Li> <Li> Crucifixion of Jesus </Li> <Li> Dormition of the Theotokos </Li> <Li> Easter Monday </Li> <Li> Easter Vigil </Li> <Li> Epitaphios </Li> <Li> Exsultet </Li> <Li> Good Friday </Li> <Li> Good Friday Prayer </Li> <Li> Good Friday prayer for the Jews </Li> <Li> Great Lent </Li> <Li> Holy Week </Li> <Li> Jesus </Li> <Li> Last Supper </Li> <Li> Lent </Li> <Li> Lumen Christi </Li> <Li> Maundy Thursday </Li> <Li> Myrrhbearers </Li> <Li> Paschal candle </Li> <Li> Paschal cycle </Li> <Li> Paschal greeting </Li> <Li> Paschal Homily </Li> <Li> Paschal Tide </Li> <Li> Paschal trikirion </Li> <Li> Paschal troparion </Li> <Li> The Passion </Li> <Li> Pentecostarion </Li> <Li> Resurrection of Jesus </Li> <Li> Tenebrae </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traditions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Artos </Li> <Li> Burning of Judas </Li> <Li> Cascarón </Li> <Li> Clipping the church </Li> <Li> Croatian pisanica </Li> <Li> Crucession </Li> <Li> Easter basket </Li> <Li> Easter Bilby </Li> <Li> Easter bonnet </Li> <Li> Easter Bunny </Li> <Li> Easter egg </Li> <Li> Easter egg tree </Li> <Li> Easter postcard </Li> <Li> Easter Sepulchre </Li> <Li> Egg dance </Li> <Li> Egg decorating </Li> <Li> Egg decorating in Slavic culture </Li> <Li> Egg hunt </Li> <Li> Egg rolling </Li> <Li> Egg tapping </Li> <Li> Egg tossing </Li> <Li> Fasika </Li> <Li> Gorzkie żale </Li> <Li> Holy Fire </Li> <Li> Holy Week procession </Li> <Li> Lieldienas </Li> <Li> Osterbrunnen </Li> <Li> Pace Egg play </Li> <Li> Polish pisanka </Li> <Li> Pysanka </Li> <Li> Radonitsa </Li> <Li> Rouketopolemos </Li> <Li> Saitopolemos </Li> <Li> Scoppio del carro </Li> <Li> Sunrise service </Li> <Li> Święconka </Li> <Li> Traditional Easter games and customs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Fiction </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Computus </Li> <Li> Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table </Li> <Li> Easter controversy </Li> <Li> Easter Epic </Li> <Li> Ecclesiastical new moon </Li> <Li> Paschal Full Moon </Li> <Li> Pussy willow </Li> <Li> Reform of the date of Easter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Divine Mercy Sunday </Li> <Li> Easter Monday </Li> <Li> Easter Tuesday </Li> <Li> Easter Wednesday </Li> <Li> Easter Thursday </Li> <Li> Easter Friday </Li> <Li> Easter Saturday </Li> <Li> Eastertide </Li> <Li> Easter Triduum </Li> <Li> Easter Week </Li> <Li> Good Friday </Li> <Li> Holy Saturday </Li> <Li> Maundy Thursday </Li> <Li> Mid-Pentecost </Li> <Li> Octave of Easter </Li> <Li> Palm Sunday </Li> <Li> Pentecost </Li> <Li> Pre-Lenten Season </Li> <Li> Trinity Sunday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ēostre </Li> <Li> Maslenitsa </Li> <Li> Salzburg Easter Festival </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4172936 - 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where did the easter eggs and bunny come from

Santa Claus - wikipedia <H1> Santa Claus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Santa '' redirects here . For other uses , see Santa ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the legendary character . For other uses , see Santa Claus ( disambiguation ) . 1881 illustration by Thomas Nast who , along with Clement Clarke Moore 's poem A Visit from St. Nicholas , helped to create the modern image of Santa Claus The modern portrayal of Santa Claus frequently depicts him listening to the Christmas wishes of different children . <P> Santa Claus , also known as Saint Nicholas , Kris Kringle , Father Christmas , or simply Santa , is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well - behaved ( `` good '' or `` nice '' ) children on Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day ( 25 December ) . The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas ( a fourth - century Greek bishop and gift - giver of Myra ) , the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas ( himself also based on Saint Nicholas ) . Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan , who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky . </P> <P> Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly , joyous , white - bearded man -- sometimes with spectacles -- wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs , white - fur - cuffed red trousers , a red hat with white fur and black leather belt and boots and who carries a bag full of gifts for children . This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of the 1823 poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast . This image has been maintained and reinforced through song , radio , television , children 's books , films , and advertising . </P> <P> Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world , categorizing them according to their behavior ( `` good '' and `` bad '' , or `` naughty '' and `` nice '' ) and to deliver presents , including toys , and candy to all of the well - behaved children in the world , and coal to all the misbehaved children , on the single night of Christmas Eve . He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves , who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole , and his flying reindeer , who pull his sleigh . He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole , and often laughing in a way that sounds like `` ho ho ho '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Predecessor figures <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Saint Nicholas </Li> <Li> 1.2 Father Christmas </Li> <Li> 1.3 Dutch , Belgian and Swiss folklore </Li> <Li> 1.4 Germanic paganism , Wodan , and Christianization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2.2 19th century </Li> <Li> 2.3 20th century </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 4 Traditions and rituals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Chimney tradition </Li> <Li> 4.2 Christmas Eve rituals </Li> <Li> 4.3 Ho , ho , ho </Li> <Li> 4.4 Home </Li> <Li> 4.5 Parades , department stores , and shopping malls </Li> <Li> 4.6 Letter writing to Santa </Li> <Li> 4.7 Santa tracking , Santa websites and email to and from Santa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Calvinist and Puritan opposition </Li> <Li> 5.2 Opposition under state atheism </Li> <Li> 5.3 Symbol of commercialism </Li> <Li> 5.4 Controversy about deceiving children </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Related figures in folklore </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Predecessor figures </H2> <H3> Saint Nicholas </H3> A 13th - century depiction of St. Nicholas from Saint Catherine 's Monastery , Sinai Main article : Saint Nicholas <P> Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th - century Greek Christian bishop of Myra ( now Demre ) in Lycia , a province of the Byzantine Empire , now in Turkey . Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor , in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes . He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity . In continental Europe ( more precisely the Netherlands , Belgium , Austria , the Czech Republic and Germany ) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes . </P> <P> The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy . In 1087 , the Italian city of Bari mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint . The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors and his relics were taken to Bari where they are kept to this day . A basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout . Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas ' skeleton , leaving all the minor fragments in the grave . These were collected by Venetian sailors during the First Crusade and taken to Venice , where a church to St. Nicholas , the patron of sailors , was built on the San Nicolò al Lido . This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice , which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton . Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a patron saint of many diverse groups , from archers , sailors , and children to pawnbrokers . He is also the patron saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow . </P> <P> During the Middle Ages , often on the evening before his name day of 6 December , children were bestowed gifts in his honour . This date was earlier than the original day of gifts for the children , which moved in the course of the Reformation and its opposition to the veneration of saints in many countries on the 24th and 25th of December . So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus . The custom of gifting to children at Christmas has been propagated by Martin Luther as an alternative to the previous very popular gift custom on St. Nicholas , to focus the interest of the children to Christ instead of the veneration of saints . Martin Luther first suggested the Christkind as the bringer of gifts . But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people . </P> <H3> Father Christmas </H3> `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' , an illustration by John Leech made for Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) . Main article : Father Christmas <P> Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in England during the reign of Henry VIII , when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur . He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas , bringing peace , joy , good food and wine and revelry . As England no longer kept the feast day of Saint Nicholas on 6 December , the Father Christmas celebration was moved to the 25th of December to coincide with Christmas Day . The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of ' good cheer ' . His physical appearance was variable , with one famous image being John Leech 's illustration of the `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' in Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , as a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning , sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace . </P> <H3> Dutch , belgian and Swiss folklore </H3> See also : Sinterklaas and Saint Nicholas Sinterklaas , Netherlands ( 2009 ) on his horse called Slecht Weer Vandaag or Amerigo <P> In the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of Sinterklaas , Santa 's presumed progenitor . Santa Claus is known as de Kerstman in Dutch ( `` the Christmas man '' ) and Père Noël ( `` Father Christmas '' ) in French . But for children in the Netherlands Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift - giver in December ; 36 % of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas evening or the day itself ( December 6th ) , whereas Christmas ( December 25th ) is used by another 21 % to give presents . Some 26 % of the Dutch population gives presents on both days . In Belgium , Sinterklaas day presents are offered exclusively to children , whereas on Christmas Day , all ages may receive presents . Sinterklaas ' assistants are called `` Zwarte Pieten '' ( in Dutch , `` Pères Fouettard '' in French ) , so they are not elves . In Switzerland , Pères Fouettard accompanies Père Noël in the French speaking region , while the sinister Schmutzli accompanies Samichlaus in the Swiss German region . Schmutzli carries a twig broom to spank the naughty children . </P> <H3> Germanic paganism , Wodan , and Christianization </H3> An 1886 depiction of the long - bearded Norse god Odin by Georg von Rosen <P> Prior to Christianization , the Germanic peoples ( including the English ) celebrated a midwinter event called Yule ( Old English geola or giuli ) . With the Christianization of Germanic Europe , numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas . During this period , supernatural and ghostly occurrences were said to increase in frequency , such as the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky . The leader of the wild hunt is frequently attested as the god Wodan ( Norse Odin ) , bearing ( among many names ) the names Jólnir , meaning `` Yule figure '' , and Langbarðr , meaning `` long - beard '' , in Old Norse . </P> <P> Wodan 's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets , including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides ( compare Odin 's horse Sleipnir ) or his reindeer in North American tradition . Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that `` the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas , whose day is the 25th of December , owes much to Odin , the old blue - hooded , cloaked , white - bearded Giftbringer of the north , who rode the midwinter sky on his eight - footed steed Sleipnir , visiting his people with gifts . ( ... ) Odin , transformed into Father Christmas , then Santa Claus , prospered with St Nicholas and the Christchild , became a leading player on the Christmas stage . '' </P> <P> In Finland they still use Joulupukki or the Christmas Goat . </P> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Origins </H3> <P> Pre-modern representations of the gift - giver from Church history and folklore , notably St Nicholas ( known in Dutch as Sinterklaas ) , merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the character known to Americans and the rest of the English - speaking world as `` Santa Claus '' ( a phonetic derivation of `` Sinterklaas '' ) . </P> <P> In the English and later British colonies of North America , and later in the United States , British and Dutch versions of the gift - giver merged further . For example , in Washington Irving 's History of New York ( 1809 ) , Sinterklaas was Americanized into `` Santa Claus '' ( a name first used in the American press in 1773 ) but lost his bishop 's apparel , and was at first pictured as a thick - bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat . Irving 's book was a lampoon of the Dutch culture of New York , and much of this portrait is his joking invention . </P> <H3> 19th century </H3> Illustration to verse 1 of Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 1850 illustration of Saint Nicolas with his servant Père Fouettard / Zwarte Piet `` December 24 , 1864 . This has usually been a very busy day with me , preparing for Christmas not only for my own tables , but for gifts for my servants . Now how changed ! No confectionary , cakes , or pies can I have . We are all sad ; no loud , jovial laugh from our boys is heard . Christmas Eve , which has ever been gaily celebrated here , which has witnessed the popping of firecrackers ... and the hanging up of stockings , is an occasion now of sadness and gloom . I have nothing even to put in 8 - year - old daughter Sadai 's stocking , which hangs so invitingly for Santa Claus . How disappointed she will be in the morning , though I have explained to her why he can not come . Poor children ! Why must the innocent suffer with the guilty ? '' Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge , a Maine native , widow of Thomas Burge , and resident living c. 40 miles southeast of Atlanta near Covington , Georgia . This entry from Mrs. Burge 's diary was five weeks after most of General T. Sherman 's U.S. Army forces had passed on their blackened - earth `` march across Georgia '' toward Savanna , after the army 's destruction of Atlanta in mid-November 1864 . U.S. Army mop - up companies and stragglers during those intervening weeks continued to `` forage '' , loot , burn , and liberate slaves , hence , the concern of Mrs. Burge and her household . <P> In 1821 , the book A New - year 's present , to the little ones from five to twelve was published in New York . It contained Old Santeclaus with Much Delight , an anonymous poem describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh , bringing presents to children . Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the anonymous publication of the poem `` A Visit From St. Nicholas '' ( better known today as `` The Night Before Christmas '' ) in the Troy , New York , Sentinel on 23 December 1823 ; Clement Clarke Moore later claimed authorship , though some scholars contest persuasively that Henry Livingston , Jr. ( who died nine years before Moore 's claim ) was the author . St. Nick is described as being `` chubby and plump , a right jolly old elf '' with `` a little round belly '' , that `` shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly '' , in spite of which the `` miniature sleigh '' and `` tiny reindeer '' still indicate that he is physically diminutive . The reindeer were also named : Dasher , Dancer , Prancer , Vixen , Comet , Cupid , Dunder and Blixem ( Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning , which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen ) . </P> <P> By 1845 ' Kris Kringle ' was a common variant of Santa in parts of the U.S. A magazine article from 1853 , describing American Christmas customs to British readers , refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for ' a fabulous personage ' whose name varies : in Pennsylvania he is usually called ' Krishkinkle ' but in New York he is ' St. Nicholas ' or ' Santa Claus ' . The author quotes Moore 's poem in its entirety , saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too . </P> <P> As the years passed , Santa Claus evolved in popular culture into a large , heavyset person . One of the first artists to define Santa Claus 's modern image was Thomas Nast , an American cartoonist of the 19th century . In 1863 , a picture of Santa illustrated by Nast appeared in Harper 's Weekly . </P> <P> Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of Harper 's Weekly . Santa was dressed in an American flag , and had a puppet with the name `` Jeff '' written on it , reflecting its Civil War context . The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation . His Christmas image in the Harper 's issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled Santa Claus and His Works , which included the caption `` Santa Claussville , N.P. '' A color collection of Nast 's pictures , published in 1869 , had a poem also titled `` Santa Claus and His Works '' by George P. Webster , who wrote that Santa Claus 's home was `` near the North Pole , in the ice and snow '' . The tale had become well known by the 1870s . A boy from Colorado writing to the children 's magazine The Nursery in late 1874 said , `` If we did not live so very far from the North Pole , I should ask Santa Claus to bring me a donkey . '' </P> <P> The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors , beginning in the mid-19th century . In 1889 , the poet Katharine Lee Bates popularized Mrs. Claus in the poem `` Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride '' . </P> <P> `` Is There a Santa Claus ? '' was the title of an editorial appearing in the 21 September 1897 edition of The New York Sun . The editorial , which included the famous reply `` Yes , Virginia , there is a Santa Claus '' , has become an indelible part of popular Christmas lore in the United States and Canada . </P> <H3> 20th century </H3> <P> L. Frank Baum 's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus , a 1902 children 's book , further popularized Santa Claus . Much of Santa Claus 's mythos was not set in stone at the time , leaving Baum to give his `` Neclaus '' ( Necile 's Little One ) a wide variety of immortal support , a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho , and ten reindeer -- who could not fly , but leapt in enormous , flight - like bounds . Claus 's immortality was earned , much like his title ( `` Santa '' ) , decided by a vote of those naturally immortal . This work also established Claus 's motives : a happy childhood among immortals . When Ak , Master Woodsman of the World , exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world , Santa strives to find a way to bring joy into the lives of all children , and eventually invents toys as a principal means . Santa later appears in The Road to Oz as a honored guest at Ozma 's birthday party , stated to be famous and beloved enough for everyone to bow even before he is announced as `` The most Mighty and Loyal Friend of Children , His Supreme Highness - Santa Claus '' . </P> <P> Images of Santa Claus were further popularized through Haddon Sundblom 's depiction of him for The Coca - Cola Company 's Christmas advertising in the 1930s . The popularity of the image spawned urban legends that Santa Claus was invented by The Coca - Cola Company or that Santa wears red and white because they are the colors used to promote the Coca - Cola brand . Historically , Coca - Cola was not the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising -- White Rock Beverages had already used a red and white Santa to sell mineral water in 1915 and then in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 . Earlier still , Santa Claus had appeared dressed in red and white and essentially in his current form on several covers of Puck magazine in the first few years of the 20th century . </P> A man dressed as Santa Claus fundraising for Volunteers of America on the sidewalk of street in Chicago , Illinois , in 1902 . He is wearing a mask with a beard attached . <P> The image of Santa Claus as a benevolent character became reinforced with its association with charity and philanthropy , particularly by organizations such as the Salvation Army . Volunteers dressed as Santa Claus typically became part of fundraising drives to aid needy families at Christmas time . </P> <P> In 1937 , Charles W. Howard , who played Santa Claus in department stores and parades , established the Charles W. Howard Santa School , the oldest continuously - run such school in the world . </P> <P> In some images from the early 20th century , Santa was depicted as personally making his toys by hand in a small workshop like a craftsman . Eventually , the idea emerged that he had numerous elves responsible for making the toys , but the toys were still handmade by each individual elf working in the traditional manner . </P> <P> The 1956 popular song by George Melachrino , `` Mrs. Santa Claus '' , and the 1963 children 's book How Mrs. Santa Claus Saved Christmas , by Phyllis McGinley , helped standardize and establish the character and role of Mrs. Claus in the popular imagination . </P> <P> Seabury Quinn 's 1948 novel Roads draws from historical legends to tell the story of Santa and the origins of Christmas . Other modern additions to the `` story '' of Santa include Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the 9th and lead reindeer immortalized in a Gene Autry song , written by a Montgomery Ward copywriter . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> See also : SantaCon <P> By the end of the 20th century , the reality of mass mechanized production became more fully accepted by the Western public . Elves had been portrayed as using assembly lines to produce toys early in the 20th century . That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa 's residence -- now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility , equipped with the latest manufacturing technology , and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives and / or managers . An excerpt from a 2004 article , from a supply chain managers ' trade magazine , aptly illustrates this depiction : </P> <P> Santa 's main distribution center is a sight to behold . At 4,000,000 square feet ( 370,000 m ) , it 's one of the world 's largest facilities . A real - time warehouse management system ( WMS ) is of course required to run such a complex . The facility makes extensive use of task interleaving , literally combining dozens of DC activities ( putaway , replenishing , order picking , sleigh loading , cycle counting ) in a dynamic queue ... the DC elves have been on engineered standards and incentives for three years , leading to a 12 % gain in productivity ... The WMS and transportation system are fully integrated , allowing ( the elves ) to make optimal decisions that balance transportation and order picking and other DC costs . Unbeknownst to many , Santa actually has to use many sleighs and fake Santa drivers to get the job done Christmas Eve , and the transportation management system ( TMS ) optimally builds thousands of consolidated sacks that maximize cube utilization and minimize total air miles . </P> <P> In the cartoon base , Santa has been voiced by several people , including Stan Francis , Mickey Rooney , Ed Asner , John Goodman , and Keith Wickham . </P> <P> Santa has been described as a positive male cultural icon : </P> <P> Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who 's male , does not carry a gun , and is all about peace , joy , giving , and caring for other people . That 's part of the magic for me , especially in a culture where we 've become so commercialized and hooked into manufactured icons . Santa is much more organic , integral , connected to the past , and therefore connected to the future . </P> -- TV producer Jonathan Meath who portrays Santa , 2011 <P> Many television commercials , comic strips and other media depict this as a sort of humorous business , with Santa 's elves acting as a sometimes mischievously disgruntled workforce , cracking jokes and pulling pranks on their boss . For instance , a Bloom County story from 15 December 1981 through 24 December 1981 has Santa rejecting the demands of PETCO ( Professional Elves Toy - Making and Craft Organization ) for higher wages , a hot tub in the locker room , and `` short broads , '' with the elves then going on strike . President Reagan steps in , fires all of Santa 's helpers , and replaces them with out - of - work air traffic controllers ( an obvious reference to the 1981 air traffic controllers ' strike ) , resulting in a riot before Santa vindictively rehires them in humiliating new positions such as his reindeer . In The Sopranos episode , `` ... To Save Us All from Satan 's Power '' , Paulie Gualtieri says he `` Used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a sweatshop over there ... The original elves were ugly , traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin ' , and gave the good ones toys . '' </P> 2009 Liverpool Santa Dash <P> In Kyrgyzstan , a mountain peak was named after Santa Claus , after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present - delivering journeys all over the world , than Lapland . In the Kyrgyz capital , Bishkek , a Santa Claus Festival was held on 30 December 2007 , with government officials attending . 2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa Claus in the country . The events are seen as moves to boost tourism in Kyrgyzstan . </P> <P> The Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of Santa Clauses is held by Thrissur , Kerala , India where on 27 December 2014 , 18,112 Santas came overtaking the current record of Derry City , Northern Ireland . On 9 September 2007 where a total of 12,965 people dressed up as Santa or Santa 's helper which previously brought down the record of 3,921 , which was set during the Santa Dash event in Liverpool City Centre in 2005 . A gathering of Santas in 2009 in Bucharest , Romania attempted to top the world record , but failed with only 3,939 Santas . </P> <H2> Traditions and rituals </H2> <H3> Chimney tradition </H3> Steen 's The Feast of Saint Nicholas <P> The tradition of Santa Claus entering dwellings through the chimney is shared by many European seasonal gift - givers . In pre-Christian Norse tradition , Odin would often enter through chimneys and fire holes on the solstice . In the Italian Befana tradition , the gift - giving witch is perpetually covered with soot from her trips down the chimneys of children 's homes . In the tale of Saint Nicholas , the saint tossed coins through a window , and , in a later version of the tale , down a chimney when he finds the window locked . In Dutch artist Jan Steen 's painting , The Feast of Saint Nicholas , adults and toddlers are glancing up a chimney with amazement on their faces while other children play with their toys . The hearth was held sacred in primitive belief as a source of beneficence , and popular belief had elves and fairies bringing gifts to the house through this portal . Santa 's entrance into homes on Christmas Eve via the chimney was made part of American tradition through the poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' where the author described him as an elf . </P> <H3> Christmas Eve rituals </H3> Santa Claus waves to children from an annual holiday train in Chicago . <P> In the United States and Canada , children traditionally leave Santa a glass of milk and a plate of cookies ; in Britain and Australia , he is sometimes given sherry or beer , and mince pies instead . In Denmark , Norway and Sweden , it is common for children to leave him rice porridge with cinnamon sugar instead . In Ireland it is popular to give him Guinness or milk , along with Christmas pudding or mince pies . </P> <P> In Hungary , St. Nicolaus ( Mikulás ) comes on the night of 5 December and the children get their gifts the next morning . They get sweets in a bag if they were good , and a golden colored birch switch if not . On Christmas Eve `` Little Jesus '' comes and gives gifts for everyone . </P> <P> In Slovenia , Saint Nicholas ( Miklavž ) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December . Božiček ( Christmas Man ) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December , and Dedek Mraz ( Grandfather Frost ) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day . </P> Hanging up stockings for Santa Claus , Ohio , 1928 <P> New Zealander , British , Australian , Irish , Canadian , and American children also leave a carrot for Santa 's reindeer , and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings , although the actual practice of giving coal is now considered archaic . Children following the Dutch custom for sinterklaas will `` put out their shoe '' ( leave hay and a carrot for his horse in a shoe before going to bed , sometimes weeks before the sinterklaas avond ) . The next morning they will find the hay and carrot replaced by a gift ; often , this is a marzipan figurine . Naughty children were once told that they would be left a roe ( a bundle of sticks ) instead of sweets , but this practice has been discontinued . </P> <P> Other Christmas Eve Santa Claus rituals in the United States include reading A Visit from St. Nicholas or other tale about Santa Claus , watching a Santa or Christmas - related animated program on television ( such as the aforementioned Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town and similar specials , such as Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , among many others ) , and the singing of Santa Claus songs such as `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' , `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' , and `` Up on the House Top '' . Last minute rituals for children before going to bed include aligning stockings at the mantelpiece or other place where Santa can not fail to see them , peeking up the chimney ( in homes with a fireplace ) , glancing out a window and scanning the heavens for Santa 's sleigh , and ( in homes without a fireplace ) unlocking an exterior door so Santa can easily enter the house . Tags on gifts for children are sometimes signed by their parents `` From Santa Claus '' before the gifts are laid beneath the tree . </P> A classic American image of Santa Claus . <H3> Ho , ho , ho </H3> <P> Ho ho ho is the way that many languages write out how Santa Claus laughs . `` Ho , ho , ho ! Merry Christmas ! '' It is the textual rendition of a particular type of deep - throated laugh or chuckle , most associated today with Santa Claus and Father Christmas . </P> <P> The laughter of Santa Claus has long been an important attribute by which the character is identified , but it also does not appear in many non-English - speaking countries . The traditional Christmas poem A Visit from St. Nicholas relates that Santa has : </P> <Dl> <Dd> ... a little round belly That shook when he laugh 'd , like a bowl full of jelly </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Home </H3> See also : Santa 's workshop § Location of Santa 's Workshop <P> Santa Claus 's home traditionally includes a residence and a workshop where he creates -- often with the aid of elves or other supernatural beings -- the gifts he delivers to good children at Christmas . Some stories and legends include a village , inhabited by his helpers , surrounding his home and shop . </P> <P> In North American tradition ( in the United States and Canada ) , Santa lives on the North Pole , which according to Canada Post lies within Canadian jurisdiction in postal code H0H 0H0 ( a reference to `` ho ho ho '' , Santa 's notable saying , although postal codes starting with H are usually reserved for the island of Montreal in Québec ) . On 23 December 2008 , Jason Kenney , Canada 's minister of Citizenship , Immigration and Multiculturalism , formally awarded Canadian citizenship status to Santa Claus . `` The Government of Canada wishes Santa the very best in his Christmas Eve duties and wants to let him know that , as a Canadian citizen , he has the automatic right to re-enter Canada once his trip around the world is complete , '' Kenney said in an official statement . </P> <P> There is also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the `` Santa Claus House '' has been established . The United States Postal Service uses the city 's ZIP code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus . A Wendy 's in North Pole , AK has also claimed to have a `` sleigh fly through '' . </P> <P> Each Nordic country claims Santa 's residence to be within their territory . Norway claims he lives in Drøbak . In Denmark , he is said to live in Greenland ( near Uummannaq ) . In Sweden , the town of Mora has a theme park named Tomteland . The national postal terminal in Tomteboda in Stockholm receives children 's letters for Santa . In Finland , Korvatunturi has long been known as Santa 's home , and two theme parks , Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located near Rovaniemi . In Belarus there is a home of Ded Moroz in Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park . </P> <H3> Parades , department stores , and shopping malls </H3> See also : Santa 's workshop § Santa Claus grottos / department stores <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Eaton 's Santa Claus Parade , 1918 , Toronto , Canada . Having arrived at the Eaton 's department store , Santa is readying his ladder to climb up onto the building . Giant Santa Claus , Philippines <P> Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in department stores or shopping malls , or at parties . The practice of this has been credited to James Edgar , as he started doing this in 1890 in his Brockton , Massachusetts department store . He is played by an actor , usually helped by other actors ( often mall employees ) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa . Santa 's function is either to promote the store 's image by distributing small gifts to children , or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee ( a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain , and Switzerland ) . Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken . Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918 . </P> <P> The area set up for this purpose is festively decorated , usually with a large throne , and is called variously `` Santa 's Grotto '' , `` Santa 's Workshop '' or a similar term . In the United States , the most notable of these is the Santa at the flagship Macy 's store in New York City -- he arrives at the store by sleigh in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade on the last float , and his court takes over a large portion of one floor in the store . The Macy 's Santa Claus in New York City is often said to be the real Santa . This was popularized by the 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street with Santa Claus being called Kris Kringle . Essayist David Sedaris is known for the satirical SantaLand Diaries he kept while working as an elf in the Macy 's display , which were turned into a famous radio segment and later published . </P> <P> Quite often the Santa , if and when he is detected to be fake , explains that he is not the real Santa and is helping him at this time of year . Most young children accept this explanation . At family parties , Santa is sometimes impersonated by the male head of the household or other adult male family member . </P> <P> In Canada , malls operated by Oxford Properties established a process by which autistic children could visit Santa Claus at the mall without having to contend with crowds . The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children , who have a private visit with Santa Claus . In 2012 , the Southcentre Mall in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service . </P> Santa Claus portrayed by children 's television producer Jonathan Meath <P> There are schools offering instruction on how to act as Santa Claus . For example , children 's television producer Jonathan Meath studied at the International School of Santa Claus and earned the degree Master of Santa Claus in 2006 . It blossomed into a second career for him , and after appearing in parades and malls , he appeared on the cover of the American monthly Boston Magazine as Santa . There are associations with members who portray Santa ; for example , Mr. Meath was a board member of the international organization called Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas . </P> <H3> Letter writing to Santa </H3> `` Letters to Santa '' redirects here . For the Muppet television film , see A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa . For the Polish film , see Letters to Santa ( film ) . <P> Writing letters to Santa Claus has been a Christmas tradition for children for many years . These letters normally contain a wishlist of toys and assertions of good behavior . Some social scientists have found that boys and girls write different types of letters . Girls generally write longer but more polite lists and express the nature of Christmas more in their letters than in letters written by boys . Girls also more often request gifts for other people . </P> <P> Many postal services allow children to send letters to Santa Claus . These letters may be answered by postal workers and / or outside volunteers . Writing letters to Santa Claus has the educational benefits of promoting literacy , computer literacy , and e-mail literacy . A letter to Santa is often a child 's first experience of correspondence . Written and sent with the help of a parent or teacher , children learn about the structure of a letter , salutations , and the use of an address and postcode . </P> <P> According to the Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) has the oldest Santa letter answering effort by a national postal system . The USPS Santa letter answering effort started in 1912 out of the historic James Farley Post Office in New York , and since 1940 has been called `` Operation Santa '' to ensure that letters to Santa are adopted by charitable organizations , major corporations , local businesses and individuals in order to make children 's holiday dreams come true from coast to coast . Those seeking a North Pole holiday postmark through the USPS , are told to send their letter from Santa or a holiday greeting card by 10 December to : North Pole Holiday Postmark , Postmaster , 4141 Postmark Dr , Anchorage , AK 99530 - 9998 . </P> <P> In 2006 , according to the UPU 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , France 's Postal Service received the most letters for Santa Claus or `` Père Noël '' with 1,220,000 letters received from 126 countries . France 's Postal Service in 2007 specially recruited someone to answer the enormous volume of mail that was coming from Russia for Santa Claus . </P> <P> Other interesting Santa letter processing information , according to the UPU 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Countries whose national postal operators answer letters to Santa and other end - of - year holiday figures , and the number of letters received in 2006 : Germany ( 500,000 ) , Australia ( 117,000 ) , Austria ( 6,000 ) , Bulgaria ( 500 ) , Canada ( 1,060,000 ) , Spain ( 232,000 ) , United States ( no figure , as statistics are not kept centrally ) , Finland ( 750,000 ) , France ( 1,220,000 ) , Ireland ( 100,000 ) , New Zealand ( 110,000 ) , Portugal ( 255,000 ) , Poland ( 3,000 ) , Slovakia ( 85,000 ) , Sweden ( 150,000 ) , Switzerland ( 17,863 ) , Ukraine ( 5,019 ) , United Kingdom ( 750,000 ) . </Li> <Li> In 2006 , Finland 's national postal operation received letters from 150 countries ( representing 90 % of the letters received ) , France 's Postal Service from 126 countries , Germany from 80 countries , and Slovakia from 20 countries . </Li> <Li> In 2007 , Canada Post replied to letters in 26 languages and Deutsche Post in 16 languages . </Li> <Li> Some national postal operators make it possible to send in e-mail messages which are answered by physical mail . All the same , Santa still receives far more letters than e-mail through the national postal operators , proving that children still write letters . National postal operators offering the ability to use an on - line web form ( with or without a return e-mail address ) to Santa and obtain a reply include Canada Post ( on - line web request form in English and French ) , France 's Postal Service ( on - line web request form in French ) , and New Zealand Post ( on - line web request form in English ) . In France , by 6 December 2010 , a team of 60 postal elves had sent out reply cards in response to 80,000 e-mail on - line request forms and more than 500,000 physical letters . </Li> </Ul> <P> Canada Post has a special postal code for letters to Santa Claus , and since 1982 over 13,000 Canadian postal workers have volunteered to write responses . His address is : Santa Claus , North Pole , Canada , H0H 0H0 ; no postage is required . ( see also : Ho ho ho ) . ( This postal code , in which zeroes are used for the letter `` O '' , is consistent with the alternating letter - number format of all Canadian postal codes . ) Sometimes children 's charities answer letters in poor communities , or from children 's hospitals , and give them presents they would not otherwise receive . From 2002 to 2014 , the program replied to approximately `` one million letters or more a year , and in total answered more than 24.7 million letters '' ; as of 2015 , it responds to more than 1.5 million letters per year , `` in over 30 languages , including Braille ... answer ( ing ) them all in the language they are written '' . </P> <P> In Britain it was traditional for some to burn the Christmas letters on the fire so that they would be magically transported by the wind to the North Pole . However this has been found to be less efficient than the use of the normal postal service , and this tradition is dying out in modern times , especially with few homes having open fires . According to the Royal Mail website , Santa 's address for letters from British children is : Santa / Father Christmas , Santa 's Grotto , Reindeerland , XM4 5HQ </P> <P> In Mexico and other Latin American countries , besides using the mail , sometimes children wrap their letters to a small helium balloon , releasing them into the air so Santa magically receives them . </P> <P> In 2010 , the Brazilian National Post Service , `` Correios '' formed partnerships with public schools and social institutions to encourage children to write letters and make use of postcodes and stamps . In 2009 , the Brazilian National Post Service , `` Correios '' answered almost two million children 's letters , and spread some seasonal cheer by donating 414,000 Christmas gifts to some of Brazil 's neediest citizens . </P> <P> Through the years , the Finnish Santa Claus ( Joulupukki or `` Yule Goat '' ) has received over eight million letters . He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 198 different countries with Togo being the most recent country added to the list . Children from Great Britain , Poland and Japan are the busiest writers . The Finnish Santa Claus lives in Korvatunturi , however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in Rovaniemi precisely at the Arctic circle . His address is : Santa Claus ' Main Post Office , Santa Claus Village , FIN - 96930 Arctic Circle . The post office welcomes 300,000 visitors a year , with 70,000 visitors in December alone . </P> <P> Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations , and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures . An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for expatriate and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in Beijing , People 's Republic of China , Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi , Finland , and the People 's Republic of China Postal System 's Beijing International Post Office . Parents can order a personalized `` Santa letter '' to be sent to their child , often with a North Pole postmark . The `` Santa Letter '' market generally relies on the internet as a medium for ordering such letters rather than retail stores . </P> <H3> Santa tracking , Santa websites and e-mail to and from Santa </H3> The Christmas issue of NOAA 's Weather Bureau Topics with `` Santa Claus '' streaking across a weather radar screen , 1958 <P> Over the years there have been a number of websites created by various organizations that have purported to track Santa Claus . Some , such as NORAD Tracks Santa , the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project , the Santa Update Project , and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured . Others , such as the Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport 's Tracks Santa Project , the Santa Retro Radar -- Lehigh Valley Project , and the NASA Tracks Santa Project , have fallen by the wayside . </P> 1955 Sears ad with the misprinted telephone number that led to the creation of the NORAD Tracks Santa program <P> The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955 , when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs , Colorado , gave children a number to call a `` Santa hotline '' . The number was mistyped , resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command ( CONAD ) on Christmas Eve instead . The Director of Operations , Colonel Harry Shoup , received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole . A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command ( NORAD ) . This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD 's website . </P> <P> In the past , many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they `` tracked Santa Claus '' in their own metropolitan areas through the stations ' meteorologists . In December 2000 , the Weather Channel built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve `` Santa tracking '' effort , called `` SantaWatch '' in cooperation with NASA , the International Space Station , and Silicon Valley - based new multimedia firm Dreamtime Holdings . In the 21st century , most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established `` Santa tracking '' efforts , such as NORAD Tracks Santa . </P> <P> Many other websites became available year - round , devoted to Santa Claus and purport to keep tabs on his activities in his workshop . Many of these websites also include email addresses which allow children to send email to Santa Claus . Most of these websites use volunteer living people as `` elves '' to answer email sent to Santa . Some websites , such as Santa 's page on Microsoft 's Windows Live Spaces , however have used or still use `` bots '' to compose and send email replies , with occasional unfortunate results . </P> The Santa Claus Museum in Columbus , Texas <P> In addition to providing holiday - themed entertainment , `` Santa tracking '' websites raise interest in space technology and exploration , serve to educate children in geography . and encourage them to take an interest in science . </P> <H2> Criticism </H2> See also : Christmas controversy <H3> Calvinist and Puritan opposition </H3> <P> Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in Saint Nicholas , particularly in the high church denominations that practice the veneration of him , in addition to other saints . In light of this , the character has sometimes been the focus of controversy over the holiday and its meanings . Some Christians , particularly Calvinists and Puritans , disliked the idea of Santa Claus , as well as Christmas in general , believing that the lavish celebrations were not in accordance with their faith . Other nonconformist Christians condemn the materialist focus of contemporary gift giving and see Santa Claus as the symbol of that culture . </P> <P> Condemnation of Christmas was prevalent among the 17th - century English Puritans and Dutch Calvinists who banned the holiday as either pagan or Roman Catholic . The American colonies established by these groups reflected this view . Tolerance for Christmas increased after the Restoration but the Puritan opposition to the holiday persisted in New England for almost two centuries . In the Dutch New Netherland colony , season celebrations focused on New Year 's Day . </P> Excerpt from Josiah King 's The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas ( 1686 ) , published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England ; Folger Shakespeare Library , Washington , D.C. <P> Following the Restoration of the monarchy and with Puritans out of power in England , the ban on Christmas was satirized in works such as Josiah King 's The Examination and Tryal of Old Father Christmas ; Together with his Clearing by the Jury ( 1686 ) . </P> <P> Reverend Paul Nedergaard , a clergyman in Copenhagen , Denmark , attracted controversy in 1958 when he declared Santa to be a `` pagan goblin '' ( translated from Danish ) after Santa 's image was used on fundraising materials for a Danish welfare organization Clar , 337 . A number of denominations of Christians have varying concerns about Santa Claus , which range from acceptance to denouncement . </P> <P> Mary Baker Eddy , the founder of the Christian Science movement , wrote : `` the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this ( Christmas ) pastime . A deceit or falsehood is never wise . Too much can not be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood . To mould aright the first impressions of innocence , aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model , man in His image and likeness . '' </P> <H3> Opposition under state atheism </H3> <P> Under the Marxist -- Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet antireligious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being Santa Claus and the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays including Easter ; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . </P> <H3> Symbol of commercialism </H3> <P> In his book Nicholas : The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus , writer Jeremy Seal describes how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century . `` In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings : reindeer , sleigh , bells , '' said Seal in an interview . `` They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged . At that time , sleighs were how you got about Manhattan . '' </P> <P> Writing in Mothering , writer Carol Jean - Swanson makes similar points , noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about conspicuous consumption : </P> <P> Our jolly old Saint Nicholas reflects our culture to a T , for he is fanciful , exuberant , bountiful , over-weight , and highly commercial . He also mirrors some of our highest ideals : childhood purity and innocence , selfless giving , unfaltering love , justice , and mercy . ( What child has ever received a coal for Christmas ? ) The problem is that , in the process , he has become burdened with some of society 's greatest challenges : materialism , corporate greed , and domination by the media . Here , Santa carries more in his baggage than toys alone ! </P> <P> In the Czech Republic , a group of advertising professionals started a website against Santa Claus , a relatively recent phenomenon in that country . `` Czech Christmases are intimate and magical . All that Santa stuff seems to me like cheap show business , '' said David König of the Creative Copywriters Club , pointing out that it is primarily an American and British tradition . `` I 'm not against Santa himself . I 'm against Santa in my country only . '' In the Czech tradition , presents are delivered by Ježíšek , which translates as Baby Jesus . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , Father Christmas was historically depicted wearing a green cloak . As Father Christmas has been increasingly merged into the image of Santa Claus , that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit . One school in the seaside town of Brighton banned the use of a red suit erroneously believing it was only indicative of the Coca - Cola advertising campaign . School spokesman Sarah James said : `` The red - suited Santa was created as a marketing tool by Coca - Cola , it is a symbol of commercialism . '' However , Santa had been portrayed in a red suit in the 19th century by Thomas Nast among others . </P> <H3> Controversy about deceiving children </H3> See also : Paternalistic deception <P> Various psychologists and researchers have wrestled with the ways that parents collude to convince young children of the existence of Santa Claus , and have wondered whether children 's abilities to critically weigh real - world evidence may be undermined by their belief in this or other imaginary figures . For example , University of Texas psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley helped conduct a study that found , to the contrary , that children seemed competent in their use of logic , evidence , and comparative reasoning even though they might conclude that Santa Claus or other fanciful creatures were real : </P> <P> The adults they count on to provide reliable information about the world introduce them to Santa . Then his existence is affirmed by friends , books , TV and movies . It is also validated by hard evidence : the half - eaten cookies and empty milk glasses by the tree on Christmas morning . In other words , children do a great job of scientifically evaluating Santa . And adults do a great job of duping them . </P> -- Jacqueline Wooley <P> Woolley posited that it is perhaps `` kinship with the adult world '' that causes children not to be angry that they were lied to for so long . However , the criticism about this deception is not that it is a simple lie , but a complicated series of very large lies . Objections include that it is unethical for parents to lie to children without good cause , and that it discourages healthy skepticism in children . With no greater good at the heart of the lie , some have charged that it is more about the parents than it is about the children . For instance , writer Austin Cline posed the question : `` Is it not possible that kids would find at least as much pleasure in knowing that parents are responsible for Christmas , not a supernatural stranger ? '' </P> <P> Others , however , see no harm in the belief in Santa Claus . Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural , not parental , lie , it does not undermine parental trust . The New Zealand Skeptics also see no harm in parents telling their children that Santa is real . Spokesperson Vicki Hyde said , `` It would be a hard - hearted parent indeed who frowned upon the innocent joys of our children 's cultural heritage . We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable . '' </P> <P> Dr. John Condry of Cornell University interviewed more than 500 children for a study of the issue and found that not a single child was angry at his or her parents for telling them Santa Claus was real . According to Dr. Condry , `` The most common response to finding out the truth was that they felt older and more mature . They now knew something that the younger kids did not '' . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christmas portal </Li> <Li> Holidays portal </Li> <Li> Mythology portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Christmas controversy </Li> <Li> Yes , Virginia , there is a Santa Claus </Li> <Li> Flying Santa -- a northeastern US tradition of pilots delivering presents to families in remote lighthouses </Li> <Li> Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas </Li> <Li> Santa Claus , Indiana -- a small Midwestern United States town named after the figure , and home to Holiday World amusement park </Li> <Li> Easter Bunny </Li> <Li> Tooth fairy </Li> <Li> Santa Claus 's reindeer </Li> </Ul> <H3> Related figures in folklore </H3> <Ul> <Li> Joulupukki Original Santa - Claus from Finland </Li> <Li> Mikulás Hungary , Poland , Romania Slovenia , Czech Republic , Slovakia , a figure who brings treats before Christmas </Li> <Li> Companions of Saint Nicholas </Li> <Li> Jack Frost and Old Man Winter -- Mythical characters </Li> <Li> Olentzero , Basque character , possibly derived from Roman traditions </Li> <Li> Saint Nicholas of Myra and Saint Basil </Li> <Li> Sinterklaas , Dutch mythical figure </Li> <Li> Tomte -- Scandinavian mythical character </Li> <Li> Yule Goat -- Scandinavian Christmas symbol </Li> <Li> Yule Lads a group of Icelandic figures who may leave gifts or rotting potatoes in the days before Christmas </Li> <Li> Ded Moroz ( Father Frost , Russian : Дед Мороз ) plays a role similar to Santa Claus </Li> <Li> Moș Gerilă name of a character from Romanian communist propaganda </Li> <Li> Krampus In German - speaking Alpine folklore , a horned figure who , during the Christmas season , punishes children who have misbehaved </Li> <Li> Amu Nowruz </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert . `` How Does Santa Do It ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coke denies claims it bottled familiar Santa image , Jim Auchmutey , Rocky Mountain News , 10 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santa 's arrival lights up the Green '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penne L. Restad ( 1996 - 12 - 05 ) . Christmas in America : A History . ISBN 9780195355093 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B.K. Swartz , Jr. ; THE ORIGIN OF AMERICAN CHRISTMAS MYTH AND CUSTOMS Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeff Westover ; The Legendary Role of Reindeer in Christmas Archived 3 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus : The real man behind the myth '' . MSNBC. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ St. Nicholas of Myra Catholic Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saint Nicholas Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saint Nicholas : : : People '' . Stnicholascenter.org . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saint Nicholas : : : Places '' . Stnicholascenter.org . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rudolf Öller : 2004 Martin Luthers Christkind ; in : Welt der Naturwissenschaften , Ausgabe Dezember 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wie Abraham Lincoln den Weihnachtsmann erfand -- spiegel.de </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ein Verkaufsfahrer diente als Vorbild - angeblich - manager magazin '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : William J. Federer ( 2002 ) . `` There Really Is a Santa Claus : The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions '' p. 39 . Amerisearch , Inc. , 2002 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jacqueline Simpson , Steve Roud ( 2000 ) `` English Folklore '' . Oxford University Press , 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A children 's party given in England on 26 December 1842 featured ' venerable effigies ' of Father Christmas and the Old Year ; ' ... Father Christmas with scarlet coat and cocked hat , stuck all over with presents for the guests ... ' R.L. Brett , ed. , Barclay Fox 's Journal , Bell and Hyman , London , 1979 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Derek H. ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 334 -- . ISBN 9780190208783 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nibud Pers , persberichten '' ( in Dutch ) . NIBUD. 2003 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 14 . Netherlands budget institute table showing money spent by households categorised into those that give gifts only on Sint ( 36 % ) , only on Christmas day ( 21 % ) , on both days ( 26 % ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sinterklaas Arrival -- Amsterdam , the Netherlands '' . St. Nicholas Center . 2008 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ swissinfo.ch , Morven McLean , . `` Schmutzli : the Swiss Santa 's sinister sidekick '' . SWI swissinfo.ch . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orchard , Andy ( 1997 ) . Dictionary of Norse Mythology and Legend , page 187 . Cassell . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simek , Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall . Dictionary of Northern Mythology , pages 379 -- 380 . D.S. Brewer . & Orchard ( 1997 : 1987 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For the wild hunt , Simek ( 2010 : 372 -- 373 ) . For Jólnir , see Simek ( 2010 : 180 ) and Orchard ( 1997 : 189 ) . For Langbarðr , see Simek ( 2010 : 186 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , see McKnight , George Harley ( 1917 ) . St. Nicholas : His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs , pages 24 -- 26 , 138 -- 139 . G.P. Putman 's sons . & Springwood , Charles Fruehling ( 2009 ) . `` If Santa Wuz Black : The Domestication of a White Myth '' , pages 243 -- 244 . As published in Studies in Symbolic Interaction : Volume 33 of Studies in Symbolic Interactions Series . Emerald Group Publishing . ISBN 9781848557840 archive.org copy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Margaret ( 2007 1962 ) . Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore : A Guide to Seasonal Rites Throughout the World , page 62 . Osprey Publishing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Last Monday , the anniversary of St. Nicholas , otherwise called Santa Claus , was celebrated at Protestant Hall , at Mr. Waldron 's ; where a great number of sons of the ancient saint the Sons of Saint Nicholas celebrated the day with great joy and festivity . '' Rivington 's Gazette ( New York City ) , 23 December 1773 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Woman 's Wartime Journal , An account of Sherman 's devastation of a southern plantation . Dolly Sumner Lunt Burge , 1988 ( orig. 1927 ) , Cherokee Publishing , Marietta GA . ISBN 0 - 87797 - 149 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` mentioning Don Foster , ' ' Author Unknown : On the Trial of Anonymous ( New York : Henry Holt , 2000 : 221 -- 75 ) for the attribution of ' ' Old Santeclaus ' ' to Clement Clarke Moore '' . Tspace.library.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 2000 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Whose Jolly Old Elf Is That , Anyway ? ; Literary Sleuth Casts Doubt on the Authorship of an Iconic Christmas Poem '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snopes The Donner Party 's over ; on reindeer name changes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( newspaperarchive.com `` Advertisement for Harrison 's Bookstore '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Baltimore American Republican And Daily Clipper ( p. 3 ) . January 1 , 1846 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The article is signed ' Uneda ' , an anagrammatic pen - name used by William Duane ( 1808 - 1882 ) of Philadelphia , son of William John Duane . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Nast , Santa Claus and His Works , 1866 . The phrase `` Santa Claussville , N.P. '' is on the curved border to the right of center , above the large word `` Claus '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeremy Seal , Nicholas : The Epic Journey From Saint to Santa Claus , Bloomsbury , 2005 , p. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 419 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ralph Armstrong , age 6 , `` A Letter From Colorado '' , The Nursery , 1875 , vol. 18 , pp. 42 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Image Gallery Santa 1931 '' . Press Center . Coca Cola Company . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Claus That Refreshes Snopes.com . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The White Rock Collectors Association , `` Did White Rock or The Coca - Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement ? , '' whiterocking.org , 2001 Retrieved 19 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , 18 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , 18 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ thumb Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine , thumb Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine , thumb Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tina Susman ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Claus and effect : The ultimate Santa school '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nissenbaum , chap. 2 ; Belk , 87 -- 100 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The North Pole 's Turbo Supply Chain SupplyChainDigest News , 16 December 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian Aldrich ( November 2011 ) . `` The Big Question : Why Should We Believe in Santa ? We ask Kris Kringle , a.k.a. Jonathan Meath : Why Should We Believe in Santa ? '' . Yankee Magazine . Retrieved 12 December 2012 ... Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who 's male , does not carry a gun , and is all about peace ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High Five ! Top Five ! -- Bizarre Santa Claus Cameos in Comics by Robert Bazz , December 13 , 2010 '' . High Five ! Comics . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kyrgyzstan : Central Asian Country Welcomes Santa Claus To His New Home . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 30 December 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ guinness world records http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/amazing_feats/mass_participation/largest_gathering_Santa_Claus.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guiness ( sic ) World Record Santa Claus Costumes WebPhotoBlog imagini , fotografii , pictures , poze , images '' . Webphoto.ro. 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph J ... Were They Wise Men Or Kings ? : The Book of Christmas Questions . Westminster John Knox Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22312 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Post - Newsroom - Letters to the Editor '' . 24 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santa Claus declared a Canadian citizen Toronto Sun , 12 December 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 North Pole Visitor Guide '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com. 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Беловежская пуща - Фотоэнциклопедия Беларуси '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allegrini , Elaine ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` James Edgar 's Santa Claus -- the spirit of Christmas '' . The Enterprise . Brockton , Massachusetts . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Santa clauses introduced '' . BBC News . 9 December 2002 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate Connolly . `` Swiss Santas are banned from sitting children on their laps '' . The Daily Telegraph . Berlin . Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Visit from St. Nick '' . Squareamerica.com . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeMara , Bruce ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` Autistic kids get quiet time with Santa at malls '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian malls offer quieter , calmer visits with Santa for kids with autism '' . CTVNews. 24 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward B. Colby ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Town in the spirit : Dedham Square to be filled with song , shopping '' . Dedham Transcript . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . DEDHAM -- The fifth annual Dedham Square Holiday Stroll this ... At 6 p.m. , Jonathan Meath -- better known as Santa JG , who performs with the Boston Pops -- will entertain children and families at Cafe Video Paradiso with a sing - along with Santa . `` We booked him months ago because we knew that he 's in demand this time of year , '' Haelsen says . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Ann Georgantopoulos ( 23 December 2007 ) . `` Miracle on Mass . Ave. : City Santa takes suit seriously '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Santa Claus is coming to town . More accurately , he 's from town -- Cambridge that is . Jonathan Meath is the perfect fit for a Santa . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santa Glen , secretary ( October 2010 ) . `` Minutes of meeting '' . San Diego Chapter of F.O.R.B.S. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Hello fellow Santas , Once again we had an informative and fun gathering . Ten Santas were in attendance and we were happy to welcome Karilyn Curran , the chair person of our up and coming Santa Luncheon for 2011 ... Fashion Show : ... Jonathan Meath ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Understanding What Christmas Gifts Mean to Children '' by Jenniina Halkoaho and Pirjo Laaksonnen , pages 248 -- 255 in `` Young Consumers '' and their reference to the 1994 article by Otnes , Cele , Kyungseung Kim , and Young Chan Kim . `` Yes , Virginia , There is a Gender Difference : Analyzing Children 's Requests to Santa Claus . '' in the Journal of Popular Culture , Vol. 28 , no . 1 ( Summer 1994 ) , pp. 17 -- 29 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus receives more than six million letters annually and growing , 20 Dec 2007 '' . Asian Tribune . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` No small job for postal elves , 15 Dec 2010 '' . Universal Postal Union -- UPU . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 15 November 2011 No Comments ( 15 November 2011 ) . `` Operation Santa Claus at James Farley Post Office 2012 Operation Santa Claus -- Santa 's Blog '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Santa Mail - Letters to Santa '' . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` France answers the most Santa letters , 21 Dec 2007 '' . xmas.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Holiday -- Santa 's Corner '' . Canadapost.ca . 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Retrieved 2 Aug 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ' Letters to Santa Claus '. ( 2000 ) . In The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Gerry Bowler , Editor . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Limited . pp. 131 -- 132 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Christmas letters to Santa '' . Royal Mail . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About this site -- Embassy of Finland , Beijing -- Consulates General of Finland , Shanghai and Guangzhou : Current Affairs '' . Finland.cn. 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing Post Office '' . Beijing Your Way . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beijing International Post Office '' . Vip.fesco.com.cn . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Expat kids get the chance to connect with Santa , November 17 , 2010 by Todd Balazovic and Li Jing ( China Daily ) '' . China Daily News . 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Archived from the original on 1 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DFW airport unveils Santa Tracker website , 18 Dec 2006 '' . PegNews wire . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DFW Airport 's ' Santa Tracker ' Is Operational , by BJ Austin , 24 Dec 2009 '' . PBS KERA . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From NORAD Santa Tracker To Twitter : Santa Tracking For Christmas Eve 2009 , by Danny Sullivan , 23 Dec 2009 '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank and Debi DeFreitas of Holoworld '' . Frank and Debi DeFreitas . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Here Comes Santa Claus ! Watch it on the Web ! , 24 Dec 2005 '' . WRAL.com -- Raleigh , Durham , Fayetteville -- North Carolina 's TV Station website . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gurnon , Emily ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` How A Sears Typo Led To NORAD 's Santa Tracker '' . Forbes . New York , United States : Forbes , Inc . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norad Santa Tracker : Christmas tradition began with a wrong number '' . CBC News . CBC. 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SantaWatch : Hunt for Santa to Include Clues from the International Space Station , by Dreamtime , 18 Dec 2000 '' . Dreamtime . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Keep track of Santa thanks to NORAD , by WKTV News , 24 Dec 2009 '' . Dreamtime . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Microsoft pulls plug on potty - mouth Santa , by John Fontana , 4 Dec 2007 '' . Network World . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` For a Jolly Good Time , Chat With Santa on Windows Live Messenger , 13 Dec 2006 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NORAD Tracks Santa -- Citation -- Space Certification Program as a Corporate Patron Level Partner in the Certified Imagination Product Category , December 2007 '' . Space Foundation . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hi - tech helps track Santa Claus , December 24 , 2008 '' . BBC News . 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You 'd Better Not Pout ! Booz Allen Supports NORAD to Track Santa 's Approach This Year , December 1 , 2010 by Booz Allen Hamilton '' . Booz Allen Hamilton . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Time for e-Sputnik , by Patrick Gorman , December 8 , 2010 '' . Government Executive . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kippenberg , Hans G. ; Kuiper , Yme B. ; Sanders , Andy F. ( January 1 , 1990 ) . Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought . Walter de Gruyter . p. 363 . ISBN 3110874377 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler , Gerry ( 27 July 2011 ) . Santa Claus : A Biography . Random House . ISBN 1551996081 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When Christmas Was Banned -- The early colonies and Christmas '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History -- Ten Ages of Christmas '' . BBC . 13 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nissenbaum , chap. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santa Claus : The great imposter , Terry Watkins , Dial - the - Truth Ministries . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ To Santa or Not to Santa , Sylvia Cochran , Families Online Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eddy , Mary Baker ( 1925 ) . Miscellany , p. 261 , in Prose Works other than Science and Health . Trustees under the will of Mary Baker G. Eddy , Boston , USA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luzer , Daniel ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` What a Real War on Christmas Looks Like '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . There were several anti-religious campaigns , the most dramatic of which occurred in the 1920s . According to a piece published by the School of Russian and Asia Studies : In 1925 , Christmas was effectively banned under the officially atheist Soviets , and was not to return to Russian lands until 1992 . The New Year celebration usurped the traditions of a Christmas Tree ( Ёлка ) , Santa ( known in Russian as `` Дед Mopoз '' or `` Grandfather Frost '' ) , and presents . In the Russian tradition , Grandfather Frost 's granddaughter , the Snow Maiden ( Снегурочка ) , always accompanies him to help distribute the gifts . Elves are not associated with the holiday . The state prohibited people from selling Christmas trees . There were even festivals , organized by the League of Militant Atheists , specifically to denigrate religious holidays . Their carnivals were inspired by similar events staged by activists after the French Revolution . From 1923 to 1924 and then again from 1929 to 1930 the `` Komsomol Christmases '' and Easters were basically holiday celebrations of atheism . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How St. Nicholas Became Santa Claus : One Theory , interview with Jeremy Seal at the St. Nicholas Center . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In defense of Santa Claus '' . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . , Carol - Jean Swanson , Mothering , Fall 1992 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Better Watch Out , Better Not Cry '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Hilda Hoy , The Prague Post , 13 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santa goes green ! ; BBC.co.uk ; 26 November 2007 ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parents see red over school 's green - suited santa , Olinka Koster , The Daily Mail ( UK ) , 22 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nast , Thomas : `` Merry Old Santa Claus '' -- Encyclopædia Britannica `` . Britannica.com . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Do You Believe in Surnits ? , Jaqueline Woolley , The New York Times , December 23 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Santa Claus : Should Parents Perpetuate the Santa Claus Myth ? , Austin Cline , About.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How to deal with the ' is Santa real ? ' '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence Kutner ; Parent & Child ; New York Times ; 21 November 1991 ; Retrieved 22 December 2007 </Li> </Ol> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Belk , Russell . 1989 . `` Materialism with the modern U.S. Christmas '' . In Interpretive Consumer Research , ed. by Elizabeth C. Hirschman , Provo , UT : Association for Consumer Research , 75 -- 104 . </Li> <Li> Bowler , Gerry , Editor ( 2004 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Christmas , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1535 - 9 ( 0 - 7710 - 1535 - 6 ) </Li> <Li> Bowler , Gerry , ( 2007 ) . Santa Claus : A Biography , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1668 - 4 ( 0 - 7710 - 1668 - 9 ) </Li> <Li> Crump , William D. Editor ( 2006 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 2nd edition , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2293 - 7 </Li> <Li> Nissenbaum , Stephen ( 1997 ) . The Battle for Christmas , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74038 - 4 ( 0 - 679 - 74038 - 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Joffe - Walt , Chana ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Without Magic , Santa Would Need 12 Million Employees '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutSanta Clausat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> An article on the History of Santa Claus from the St. Nicholas Center </Li> <Li> The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas </Li> <Li> North Pole Flooded With Letters -- MSNBC </Li> <Li> Research guides for Thomas Nast and Santa Claus at The Morristown & Morris Township Public Library , NJ </Li> <Li> `` THE KNICKERBOCKERS RESCUE SANTA CLAUS : ' CLAAS SCHLASCHENSCHLINGER ' from James Kirke Paulding 's The Book of Saint Nicholas '' ( 1836 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Christmas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Christmas Eve </Li> <Li> Children 's Day </Li> <Li> Boxing Day </Li> <Li> Nochebuena </Li> <Li> Saint Nicholas Day </Li> <Li> St. Stephen 's Day </Li> <Li> Sol Invictus </Li> <Li> Yule </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In Christianity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biblical Magi <Ul> <Li> Adoration of the Magi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adoration of the Shepherds </Li> <Li> Advent </Li> <Li> Angel Gabriel </Li> <Li> Annunciation </Li> <Li> Annunciation to the shepherds </Li> <Li> Baptism of the Lord </Li> <Li> Bethlehem </Li> <Li> Christingle </Li> <Li> Christmastide </Li> <Li> Epiphany </Li> <Li> Herod the Great </Li> <Li> Jesus </Li> <Li> Joseph </Li> <Li> Mary </Li> <Li> Massacre of the Innocents <Ul> <Li> flight into Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nativity Fast </Li> <Li> Nativity of Jesus <Ul> <Li> in art </Li> <Li> in later culture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nativity scene </Li> <Li> Saint Nicholas </Li> <Li> Star of Bethlehem </Li> <Li> Twelfth Night </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In folklore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Badalisc </Li> <Li> La Befana </Li> <Li> Belsnickel </Li> <Li> Caganer </Li> <Li> Christkind </Li> <Li> Ded Moroz </Li> <Li> Elves </Li> <Li> Father Christmas </Li> <Li> Grýla </Li> <Li> Jack Frost </Li> <Li> Joulupukki </Li> <Li> Knecht Ruprecht </Li> <Li> Korvatunturi </Li> <Li> Krampus </Li> <Li> Mikulás </Li> <Li> Miner 's figure </Li> <Li> Mrs. Claus </Li> <Li> Nisse / Tomte </Li> <Li> North Pole </Li> <Li> Old Man Winter </Li> <Li> Olentzero </Li> <Li> Père Fouettard </Li> <Li> Père Noël </Li> <Li> Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer </Li> <Li> Saint Lucy </Li> <Li> Santa 's reindeer </Li> <Li> Santa 's workshop </Li> <Li> Sinterklaas </Li> <Li> Tió de Nadal </Li> <Li> Vertep </Li> <Li> Yule Cat </Li> <Li> Yule Lads </Li> <Li> Zwarte Piet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gift - bringers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saint Nicholas </Li> <Li> Santa Claus </Li> <Li> List of Christmas gift - bringers by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traditions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advent calendar </Li> <Li> Advent candle </Li> <Li> Advent wreath </Li> <Li> Boar 's Head Feast </Li> <Li> Candle arches </Li> <Li> Cards </Li> <Li> Carols by Candlelight </Li> <Li> Cavalcade of Magi </Li> <Li> Crackers </Li> <Li> Decorations </Li> <Li> Events and celebrations </Li> <Li> Feast of the Seven Fishes </Li> <Li> Flying Santa </Li> <Li> Google Santa Tracker </Li> <Li> Hampers </Li> <Li> Las Posadas </Li> <Li> Letters </Li> <Li> Lights </Li> <Li> Markets </Li> <Li> Meals and feasts </Li> <Li> Moravian star </Li> <Li> Nine Lessons and Carols </Li> <Li> NORAD Tracks Santa </Li> <Li> Nutcrackers <Ul> <Li> dolls </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ornaments </Li> <Li> Parades <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Piñatas </Li> <Li> Pyramids </Li> <Li> Räuchermann </Li> <Li> Seals </Li> <Li> Secret Santa </Li> <Li> Spanbaum </Li> <Li> Stamps </Li> <Li> Stockings </Li> <Li> Tree </Li> <Li> Twelve Days </Li> <Li> Wassailing </Li> <Li> Windows </Li> <Li> Yule Goat </Li> <Li> Yule log </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia and New Zealand </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carols <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hit singles UK </Li> <Li> Hit singles US </Li> <Li> Music books <Ul> <Li> Carols for Choirs </Li> <Li> The Oxford Book of Carols </Li> <Li> The New Oxford Book of Carols </Li> <Li> Piae Cantiones </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Films </Li> <Li> Poetry <Ul> <Li> `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' </Li> <Li> `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Television <Ul> <Li> specials </Li> <Li> Yule Log </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In modern society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advent Conspiracy </Li> <Li> Black Friday ( partying ) </Li> <Li> Black Friday ( shopping ) </Li> <Li> Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland </Li> <Li> Christmas club </Li> <Li> Christmas creep </Li> <Li> Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 </Li> <Li> Christmas Lectures </Li> <Li> Christmas Mountains </Li> <Li> Christmas truce </Li> <Li> Controversies </Li> <Li> Cyber Monday </Li> <Li> Economics </Li> <Li> Giving Tuesday </Li> <Li> El Gordo </Li> <Li> Holiday season </Li> <Li> In July </Li> <Li> In August </Li> <Li> Leon Day </Li> <Li> NBA games </Li> <Li> NFL games </Li> <Li> Puritan New England </Li> <Li> American Civil War </Li> <Li> Post-War United States </Li> <Li> Running of the Santas </Li> <Li> SantaCon </Li> <Li> Santa 's Candy Castle </Li> <Li> Small Business Saturday </Li> <Li> Super Saturday </Li> <Li> Virginia O'Hanlon </Li> <Li> White Christmas </Li> <Li> Winter festivals </Li> <Li> WWE Tribute to the Troops </Li> <Li> Xmas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Food and drink </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dinner <Ul> <Li> Joulupöytä </Li> <Li> Julebord </Li> <Li> Kūčios </Li> <Li> Réveillon </Li> <Li> Twelve - dish supper </Li> <Li> Smörgåsbord </Li> <Li> Wigilia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sweets <Ul> <Li> bûche de Noël </Li> <Li> Cake </Li> <Li> Candy cane </Li> <Li> Cookies </Li> <Li> Fruitcake </Li> <Li> Gingerbread </Li> <Li> Kourabiedes </Li> <Li> Melomakarono </Li> <Li> Mince pie </Li> <Li> Pavlova </Li> <Li> Pecan pie </Li> <Li> Pumpkin pie </Li> <Li> Pudding </Li> <Li> Rosca de reyes </Li> <Li> Szaloncukor </Li> <Li> Turrón </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Soup <Ul> <Li> Menudo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sauce <Ul> <Li> Cranberry sauce </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beverages <Ul> <Li> Apple cider </Li> <Li> Champurrado </Li> <Li> Eggnog </Li> <Li> Mulled wine <Ul> <Li> Smoking Bishop </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ponche crema </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dumpling <Ul> <Li> Hallaca </Li> <Li> Tamale </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Meat <Ul> <Li> Ham </Li> <Li> Roast goose </Li> <Li> Romeritos </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Stuffing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Forbes Fictional 15 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2002 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Santa Claus </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Lex Luthor </Li> <Li> J.R. Ewing </Li> <Li> Auric Goldfinger </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Charles Foster Kane </Li> <Li> Cruella de Vil </Li> <Li> Gordon Gekko </Li> <Li> Jay Gatsby </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2005 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Santa Claus </Li> <Li> Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Lex Luthor </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Arthur Bach </Li> <Li> Ebenezer Scrooge </Li> <Li> Lara Croft </Li> <Li> Cruella de Vil </Li> <Li> Lucius Malfoy </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2006 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Lucius Malfoy </Li> <Li> Tony Montana </Li> <Li> Lara Croft </Li> <Li> Mario </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2007 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Ming the Merciless </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Mom </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Carter Pewterschmidt </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Fake Steve Jobs </Li> <Li> Gomez Addams </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Lucius Malfoy </Li> <Li> Princess Peach </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2008 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Uncle Sam </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Gordon Gekko </Li> <Li> Jabba the Hutt </Li> <Li> Ebenezer Scrooge </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Adrian Veidt </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Artemis Fowl II </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Lara Croft </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Adrian Veidt </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Tooth fairy </Li> <Li> Thurston Howell III </Li> <Li> Sir Topham Hatt </Li> <Li> Artemis Fowl II </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Chuck Bass </Li> <Li> Jay Gatsby </Li> <Li> Lucille Bluth </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Artemis Fowl II </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Smaug </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> <Li> Arthur Bach </Li> <Li> Jo Bennett </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Chuck Bass </Li> <Li> Gordon Gekko </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Lebowski </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2012 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Smaug </Li> <Li> Flintheart Glomgold </Li> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Jed Clampett </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Charles Foster Kane </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Forrest Gump </Li> <Li> Mr. Monopoly </Li> <Li> Lisbeth Salander </Li> <Li> Tywin Lannister </Li> <Li> C. Montgomery Burns </Li> <Li> Robert Crawley </Li> <Li> Jo Bennett </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2013 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Scrooge McDuck </Li> <Li> Smaug </Li> <Li> Carlisle Cullen </Li> <Li> Tony Stark </Li> <Li> Charles Foster Kane </Li> <Li> Bruce Wayne </Li> <Li> Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Christian Grey </Li> <Li> Tywin Lannister </Li> <Li> C. 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Human fertilization - wikipedia <H1> Human fertilization </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human growth and development </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human embryogenesis </Li> <Li> Fetus </Li> <Li> Infant </Li> <Li> Toddler </Li> <Li> Early childhood </Li> <Li> Child </Li> <Li> Preadolescence </Li> <Li> Adolescence </Li> <Li> Adult </Li> <Li> Middle age </Li> <Li> Old age </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological milestones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fertilization </Li> <Li> Childbirth </Li> <Li> Walking </Li> <Li> Language acquisition </Li> <Li> Puberty </Li> <Li> Menopause </Li> <Li> Ageing </Li> <Li> Death </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Development and psychology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre - and perinatal </Li> <Li> Infant and child </Li> <Li> Adolescent </Li> <Li> Youth </Li> <Li> Young adult </Li> <Li> Adult </Li> <Li> Maturity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developmental stage theories </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attachment </Li> <Li> Ecological </Li> <Li> Psychosocial </Li> <Li> Psychosexual development </Li> <Li> Moral </Li> <Li> Cognitive </Li> <Li> Cultural - historical </Li> <Li> Evolutionary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human body portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The acrosome reaction for a sea urchin , a similar process . Note that the picture shows several stages of one and the same spermatozoon - only one penetrates the ovum Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization . <P> Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube . The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell , or fertilized egg , initiating prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century . </P> <P> The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum . The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation , follows with ovulation , and finishes with fertilization . Various exceptions to this sequence are possible , including artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , external ejaculation without copulation , or copulation shortly after ovulation . Upon encountering the secondary oocyte , the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg . The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane , the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus . </P> <P> In vitro fertilization ( IVF ) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb , in vitro . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Anatomy <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Corona radiata </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane </Li> <Li> 1.3 Sperm preparation </Li> <Li> 1.4 Zona pellucida <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Cortical reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Fusion <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cell membranes </Li> <Li> 2.2 Transformations </Li> <Li> 2.3 Replication </Li> <Li> 2.4 Mitosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Fertilization age </Li> <Li> 4 Diseases </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Anatomy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Corona radiata ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sperm binds through the corona radiata , a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte . Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell , known as zygote . The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism . </P> <H3> Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane ( edit ) </H3> <P> Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce , the yolk ( ooplasm ) is drawn out into a conical elevation , termed the cone of attraction or reception cone . Once the spermatozoon has entered , the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane , the perivitelline membrane , which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa . </P> <H3> Sperm preparation ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Acrosome reaction <P> At the beginning of the process , the sperm undergoes a series of changes , as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize . The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female 's reproductive tract over several hours , which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane , preparing it for the acrosome reaction , the enzymatic penetration of the egg 's tough membrane , the zona pellucida , which surrounds the oocyte . </P> <H3> Zona pellucida ( edit ) </H3> <P> After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida , which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins . A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida . This binding triggers the acrosome to burst , releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida . </P> <P> Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell , facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells . As a population , sperm cells have on average 50 % genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort . It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection . </P> <P> Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process . </P> Cortical reaction ( edit ) <P> Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida , the cortical reaction occurs . Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell , causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida . This in turn causes the glyco - proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other -- i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f -- making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm . This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm . The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg . </P> <H2> Fusion ( edit ) </H2> Fertilization and implantation in humans . <P> After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte ( also called ovocyte ) , the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place , preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg . The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body . The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum , enabling fusion of their genetic material . </P> <H3> Cell membranes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place . </P> <H3> Transformations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes . </P> <P> The oocyte completes its second meiotic division . This results in a mature ovum . The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process , to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization . </P> <P> The sperm 's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus . This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin . Still , a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring . </P> <H3> Replication ( edit ) </H3> <P> The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte , rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division . </P> <H3> Mitosis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse ( half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome ) . Their membranes dissolve , leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes . During this dissolution , a mitotic spindle forms between them . The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm . Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis ( which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase ) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together . Thus , the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes . </P> <P> Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage . Thus , they are genetically identical . </P> <H2> Fertilization age ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus . The resultant age is known as fertilization age , fertilizational age , embryonic age , fetal age or ( intrauterine ) developmental ( IUD ) age . </P> <P> Gestational age , in contrast , takes the beginning of the last menstrual period ( LMP ) as the zero point . By convention , gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa . In fact , however , fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation , which , in turn , occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation ( LMP ) . There is also considerable variability in this interval , with a 95 % prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP - to - ovulation time of 14.6 . In a reference group representing all women , the 95 % prediction interval of the LMP - to - ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days . </P> <P> The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days ( 38 weeks and two days ) from ovulation , with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7 % . </P> <P> Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally ( after birth ) as well to estimate various risk factors . For example , it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation . </P> <H2> Diseases ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process . </P> <Ul> <Li> Polyspermy results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg . </Li> </Ul> <P> However , some researchers have found that in rare pairs of fraternal twins , their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father . This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Spontaneous conception , the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding . An Introduction to the History of Medicine , pages 566 - 567 ( Saunders 1921 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978 - 1 - 85941 - 159 - 9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 `` Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization of the Ovum '' . Gray 's Anatomy . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization '' . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angier , Natalie ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Sleek , Fast and Focused : The Cells That Make Dad Dad '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg , Science and Babies , National Academy Press , page 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez , Human Reproductive Biology , Third Edition , Elsevier , 2006 , page 238 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization : The Cortical Reaction '' . Boundless . Boundless . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jodar , M. ; Selvaraju , S. ; Sendler , E. ; Diamond , M.P. ; Krawetz , S.A. ; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks ( 2013 ) . `` The presence , role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 604 -- 624 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt031 . PMC 3796946 . PMID 23856356 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology , 5th ed . pp. 1119 - 1122 ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4989 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner F , Erdösová B , Kylarová D ( December 2004 ) . `` Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development '' . Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 6 . doi : 10.5507 / bp. 2004.054 . PMID 15744391 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , H.P. ; Fleming , J.E.E. ( 1975 ) . `` A Critical Evaluation of Sonar `` crown - Rump Length '' Measurements `` . BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 ( 9 ) : 702 -- 710 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0528.1975. tb00710. x . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geirsson RT ( May 1991 ) . `` Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 0705.1991. 01030212. x . PMID 12797075 . ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6 , as given in : Fehring RJ , Schneider M , Raviele K ( 2006 ) . `` Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle '' . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 ( 3 ) : 376 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.2006. 00051. x . PMID 16700687 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jukic AM , Baird DD , Weinberg CR , McConnaughey DR , Wilcox AJ ( 2013 ) . `` Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation '' . Hum . Reprod. 28 ( 10 ) : 2848 -- 55 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / det297 . PMC 3777570 . PMID 23922246 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan H. Jobe , MD , PhD . Post-fertilizational age and IVH in ECMO patients . RadiologySource Volume 145 , Issue 2 , Page A2 ( August 2004 ) . PII : S0022 - 3476 ( 04 ) 00583 - 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpeds. 2004.07. 010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fertilization ( Conception ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Human physiology of sexual reproduction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Menstrual cycle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Menstruation </Li> <Li> Follicular phase </Li> <Li> Ovulation </Li> <Li> Luteal phase </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gametogenesis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium </Li> <Li> spermatocyte </Li> <Li> spermatid </Li> <Li> sperm ) </Li> <Li> Oogenesis ( oogonium </Li> <Li> oocyte </Li> <Li> ootid </Li> <Li> ovum ) </Li> <Li> Germ cell ( gonocyte </Li> <Li> gamete ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human sexual behavior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sexual arousal </Li> <Li> Sexual intercourse </Li> <Li> Masturbation </Li> <Li> Erection </Li> <Li> Orgasm </Li> <Li> Ejaculation </Li> <Li> Insemination </Li> <Li> Fertilisation / Fertility </Li> <Li> Implantation </Li> <Li> Pregnancy </Li> <Li> Postpartum period </Li> <Li> Mechanics of sex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life span </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization </Li> <Li> Virilization ) </Li> <Li> Puberty ( Gonadarche </Li> <Li> Pubarche </Li> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Spermarche </Li> <Li> Adrenarche ) </Li> <Li> Maternal age / Paternal age </Li> <Li> Climacteric ( Menopause </Li> <Li> Late - onset hypogonadism ) </Li> <Li> Tanner scale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Egg </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ovum </Li> <Li> Oviposition </Li> <Li> Oviparity </Li> <Li> Ovoviviparity </Li> <Li> Vivipary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reproductive endocrinology and infertility </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis </Li> <Li> Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis </Li> <Li> Andrology </Li> <Li> Hormone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thelarche </Li> <Li> Breast development </Li> <Li> Lactation </Li> <Li> Breastfeeding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_fertilization&oldid=816596335 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fertility </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 10 : 56 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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name the process of fusion of an egg with a sperm

2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia <H1> 2018 College football Playoff national championship </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Alabama Crimson Tide </Td> <Td> Georgia Bulldogs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 12 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> ( 13 -- 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Head coach : Nick Saban </Td> <Td> Head coach : Kirby Smart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> Coaches </Td> <Td> CFP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> Coaches </Td> <Td> CFP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> OT </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> January 8 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> Mercedes - Benz Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MVP </Th> <Td> Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Favorite </Th> <Td> Alabama by 3.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National anthem </Th> <Td> Zac Brown Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Referee </Th> <Td> Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Halftime show </Th> <Td> Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 77,430 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> United States TV coverage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Td> ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Announcers </Th> <Td> Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> College Football Playoff National Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> < 2017 </Td> <Td> 2019 > </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . </P> <P> The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 2018 College Football Playoff </Li> <Li> 3 Teams <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Alabama </Li> <Li> 3.2 Georgia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Game summary <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Scoring summary </Li> <Li> 4.2 Statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Broadcasting </Li> <Li> 6 Dispute </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . </P> <H2> 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Semifinals </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Championship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> Alabama ( OT ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> Georgia ( 2OT ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> This bracket : <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> edit </Li> </Ul> <P> The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . </P> <H2> Teams ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Alabama ( edit ) </H3> See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team <P> The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . </P> <H3> Georgia ( edit ) </H3> See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team <P> The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . </P> <H2> Game summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . </P> <P> After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . </P> <P> Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . </P> <P> In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . </P> <H3> Scoring summary ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Scoring summary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Quarter </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Drive </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Scoring information </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> TOP </Th> <Th> Alabama </Th> <Th> Georgia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 : 14 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 7 : 40 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 : 33 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 5 : 19 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 07 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 1 : 12 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 : 52 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 1 : 59 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 : 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 1 : 55 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 20 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1 : 06 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 : 24 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 2 : 15 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 3 : 21 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . </Td> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Statistics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> OT </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No. 4 Crimson Tide </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No. 3 Bulldogs </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistics </Th> <Th> Alabama </Th> <Th> Georgia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First downs </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plays -- yards </Td> <Td> 71 -- 371 </Td> <Td> 77 -- 365 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rushes -- yards </Td> <Td> 39 -- 184 </Td> <Td> 45 -- 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passing yards </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int </Td> <Td> 17 -- 32 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 32 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Time of possession </Td> <Td> 26 : 17 </Td> <Td> 33 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Passing </Td> <Td> Tua Tagovailoa </Td> <Td> 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rushing </Td> <Td> Najee Harris </Td> <Td> 6 car , 64 yds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receiving </Td> <Td> Calvin Ridley </Td> <Td> 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Passing </Td> <Td> Jake Fromm </Td> <Td> 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rushing </Td> <Td> Sony Michel </Td> <Td> 14 car , 98 yds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receiving </Td> <Td> Riley Ridley </Td> <Td> 6 rec , 82 yds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> <P> The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . </P> <H2> Dispute ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers -- who had beaten both the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Georgia Bulldogs in the regular season before losing to Georgia in the 2017 SEC Championship Game -- in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed to have won the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . This claim , however , is not recognized by any major poll . The selection committee ranked UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . UCF announced plans for a victory parade at Disney World and to hang a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . </P> <P> The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes . Alabama was unanimously ranked No. 1 in the Coaches Poll . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Coaches Poll Top 25 : Alabama unanimous No. 1 , UCF finishes outside top five '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> College Football Playoff </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Championships </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overview </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> College Football Playoff National Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> <Li> 2018 -- 19 </Li> <Li> 2019 -- 20 </Li> <Li> 2020 -- 21 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semifinal Bowls </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rose </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sugar </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orange </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cotton </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peach </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fiesta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of College Football Playoff games </Li> <Li> New Year 's Six </Li> <Li> College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy </Li> <Li> NCAA Division I FBS champions </Li> <Li> Mythical national championship </Li> <Li> Plus - One system </Li> <Li> Power Five conferences </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) </Li> <Li> Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) </Li> <Li> Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) </Li> <Li> Cure ( Dec. 16 ) </Li> <Li> New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) </Li> <Li> Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) </Li> <Li> Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) </Li> <Li> Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) </Li> <Li> Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) </Li> <Li> Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) </Li> <Li> Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) </Li> <Li> Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) </Li> <Li> Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) </Li> <Li> Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Independence ( Dec. 27 ) </Li> <Li> Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) </Li> <Li> Texas ( Dec. 27 ) </Li> <Li> Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) </Li> <Li> Military ( Dec. 28 ) </Li> <Li> Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) </Li> <Li> Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) </Li> <Li> Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) </Li> <Li> Belk ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Sun ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Music City ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> Orange ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Outback ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Peach ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> All - Star Games </Dt> <Dd> East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) </Dd> <Dd> NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) </Dd> <Dd> Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NCAA Football Championship Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division I </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> FBS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2007 * </Li> <Li> 2008 * </Li> <Li> 2009 * </Li> <Li> 2010 * </Li> <Li> 2011 * </Li> <Li> 2012 * </Li> <Li> 2013 * </Li> <Li> 2014 * </Li> <Li> 2015 * </Li> <Li> 2016 * </Li> <Li> 2017 * </Li> <Li> 2018 * </Li> <Li> 2019 * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> I-A </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1993 * </Li> <Li> 1994 * </Li> <Li> 1995 * </Li> <Li> 1996 * </Li> <Li> 1997 * </Li> <Li> 1998 * </Li> <Li> 1999 * </Li> <Li> 2000 * </Li> <Li> 2001 * </Li> <Li> 2002 * </Li> <Li> 2003 * </Li> <Li> 2004 * </Li> <Li> 2005 * </Li> <Li> 2006 * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FCS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2011 * </Li> <Li> 2012 * </Li> <Li> 2013 * </Li> <Li> 2014 * </Li> <Li> 2015 * </Li> <Li> 2016 * </Li> <Li> 2017 * </Li> <Li> 2018 * </Li> <Li> 2019 * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> I - AA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division II </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division III </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1926 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1927 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1931 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1935 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1938 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1943 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1945 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1946 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1948 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1953 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1959 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl </Li> <Li> 1962 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1963 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1964 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1965 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1966 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1967 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1968 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1969 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl </Li> <Li> 1972 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1973 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1975 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1975 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1976 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1978 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1979 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1980 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1982 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1983 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1985 Aloha Bowl </Li> <Li> 1986 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl </Li> <Li> 1988 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1990 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1991 Fiesta Bowl </Li> <Li> 1991 Blockbuster Bowl </Li> <Li> 1993 Sugar Bowl # </Li> <Li> 1993 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> 1997 Outback Bowl </Li> <Li> 1998 Music City Bowl </Li> <Li> 2000 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 2001 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 2004 Music City Bowl </Li> <Li> 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 2006 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 2007 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 2009 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 2010 BCS National Championship Game # </Li> <Li> 2011 Capital One Bowl </Li> <Li> 2012 BCS National Championship Game # </Li> <Li> 2013 BCS National Championship Game # </Li> <Li> 2014 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 2015 Sugar Bowl / </Li> <Li> 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / </Li> <Li> 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> <Li> 2016 Peach Bowl / </Li> <Li> 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> <Li> 2018 Sugar Bowl / </Li> <Li> 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> </Ul> <P> # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Georgia Bulldogs bowl games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1942 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1943 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1946 Oil Bowl </Li> <Li> 1947 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1948 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1949 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1950 Presidential Cup </Li> <Li> 1960 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1964 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1967 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1969 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1969 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1971 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1973 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 1974 Tangerine Bowl </Li> <Li> 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1977 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl </Li> <Li> 1981 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1982 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1983 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> 1985 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl </Li> <Li> 1987 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1989 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1989 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 1991 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> 1995 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 1998 Outback Bowl </Li> <Li> 1998 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 2000 Outback Bowl </Li> <Li> 2000 Oahu Bowl </Li> <Li> 2001 Music City Bowl </Li> <Li> 2003 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 2004 Capital One Bowl </Li> <Li> 2005 Outback Bowl </Li> <Li> 2006 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl </Li> <Li> 2008 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 2009 Capital One Bowl </Li> <Li> 2009 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 2010 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 2012 Outback Bowl </Li> <Li> 2013 Capital One Bowl </Li> <Li> 2014 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 2014 Belk Bowl </Li> <Li> 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl </Li> <Li> 2016 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 2018 Rose Bowl / </Li> <Li> 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> </Ul> <P> # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Baseball </Li> <Li> Men 's basketball </Li> <Li> Women 's basketball </Li> <Li> Beach volleyball </Li> <Li> Bowling </Li> <Li> Cross country </Li> <Li> Fencing </Li> <Li> Field hockey </Li> <Li> Football ( FBS ) † </Li> <Li> Football ( FCS ) </Li> <Li> Men 's golf </Li> <Li> Women 's golf </Li> <Li> Men 's gymnastics </Li> <Li> Women 's gymnastics </Li> <Li> Men 's ice hockey </Li> <Li> Women 's ice hockey </Li> <Li> Indoor track and field </Li> <Li> Men 's lacrosse </Li> <Li> Women 's lacrosse </Li> <Li> Outdoor track and field </Li> <Li> Rifle </Li> <Li> Rowing </Li> <Li> Skiing </Li> <Li> Men 's soccer </Li> <Li> Women 's soccer </Li> <Li> Softball </Li> <Li> Men 's swimming and diving </Li> <Li> Women 's swimming and diving </Li> <Li> Tennis </Li> <Li> Men 's volleyball </Li> <Li> Women 's volleyball </Li> <Li> Men 's water polo </Li> <Li> Women 's water polo </Li> <Li> Wrestling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=822294017 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff </Li> <Li> 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> Sports competitions in Atlanta </Li> <Li> American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> 2010s in Atlanta </Li> <Li> Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games </Li> <Li> Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games </Li> <Li> January 2018 sports events in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 15 : 15 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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where is the national championship for college football played

Uvea - wikipedia <H1> Uvea </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Pacific island and chiefdom in Wallis and Futuna , see Wallis ( island ) and Uvea ( Wallis and Futuna ) . For the Pacific commune and island in New Caledonia , see Ouvéa and Ouvéa Island . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Uvea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Horizontal section of the eyeball . The constituents of the uvea follow : iris labeled at top , ciliary body labeled at upper right , and choroid labeled at center right . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> tunica vasculosa bulbi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D014602 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A15. 2.03. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 58103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The uvea ( / ˈjuːvɪə / ) ( Lat . uva , grape ) , also called the uveal layer , uveal coat , uveal tract , or vascular tunic , is the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye . The name is possibly a reference to its reddish - blue or almost black colour , wrinkled appearance and grape - like size and shape when stripped intact from a cadaveric eye . Its use as a technical term in anatomy and ophthalmology is relatively modern . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Regions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Function </Li> <Li> 3 Pharmacology </Li> <Li> 4 Immunology </Li> <Li> 5 Clinical significance </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Regions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The uvea is the vascular middle layer of the eye . It is traditionally divided into three areas , from front to back , the : </P> <Ul> <Li> Iris </Li> <Li> Ciliary body </Li> <Li> Choroid </Li> </Ul> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> The prime functions of the uveal tract as a unit are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Nutrition and gas exchange : uveal vessels directly perfuse the ciliary body and iris , to support their metabolic needs , and indirectly supply diffusible nutrients to the outer retina , sclera , and lens , which lack any intrinsic blood supply . ( The cornea has no adjacent blood vessels and is oxygenated by direct gas exchange with the environment . ) </Li> <Li> Light absorption : the uvea improves the contrast of the retinal image by reducing reflected light within the eye ( analogous to the black paint inside a camera ) , and also absorbs outside light transmitted through the sclera , which is not fully opaque . </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition some uveal regions have special functions of great importance , including secretion of the aqueous humour by the ciliary processes , control of accommodation ( focus ) by the ciliary body , and optimisation of retinal illumination by the iris 's control over the pupil . Many of these functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system . </P> <H2> Pharmacology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The pupil provides a visible example of the neural feedback control in the body . This is subserved by a balance between the antagonistic sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system . Informal pharmacological experiments have been performed on the pupil for centuries , since the pupil is readily visible , and its size can be readily altered by applying drugs -- even crude plant extracts -- to the cornea . Pharmacological control over pupil size remains an important part of the treatment of some ocular diseases . </P> <P> Drugs can also reduce the metabolically active process of secreting aqueous humour , which is important in treating both acute and chronic glaucoma . </P> <H2> Immunology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The normal uvea consists of immune competent cells , particularly lymphocytes , and is prone to respond to inflammation by developing lymphocytic infiltrates . A rare disease called sympathetic ophthalmia may represent ' cross-reaction ' between the uveal and retinal antigens ( i.e. , the body 's inability to distinguish between them , with resulting misdirected inflammatory reactions ) . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> See uveitis , choroiditis , iritis , iridocyclitis , anterior uveitis , sympathetic ophthalmia , and uveal melanoma . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/uvea </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ eye , human. `` Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002337 </Li> <Li> Diagram at visionweb.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anatomy of the globe of the human eye </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fibrous tunic ( outer ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sclera </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episcleral layer </Li> <Li> Schlemm 's canal </Li> <Li> Trabecular meshwork </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cornea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Limbus </Li> <Li> layers <Ul> <Li> Epithelium </Li> <Li> Bowman 's </Li> <Li> Stroma </Li> <Li> Dua 's layer </Li> <Li> Descemet 's </Li> <Li> Endothelium </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Choroid </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capillary lamina of choroid </Li> <Li> Bruch 's membrane </Li> <Li> Sattler 's layer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ciliary body </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ciliary processes </Li> <Li> Ciliary muscle </Li> <Li> Pars plicata </Li> <Li> Pars plana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iris </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stroma </Li> <Li> Pupil </Li> <Li> Iris dilator muscle </Li> <Li> Iris sphincter muscle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retina ( inner ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Layers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inner limiting membrane </Li> <Li> Nerve fiber layer </Li> <Li> Ganglion cell layer </Li> <Li> Inner plexiform layer </Li> <Li> Inner nuclear layer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Outer plexiform layer </Li> <Li> Outer nuclear layer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> External limiting membrane </Li> <Li> Layer of rods and cones </Li> <Li> Retinal pigment epithelium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cells </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Macula <Ul> <Li> Perifoveal area </Li> <Li> Parafoveal area </Li> <Li> Fovea <Ul> <Li> Foveal avascular zone </Li> <Li> Foveola </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Optic disc <Ul> <Li> Optic cup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ora serrata </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anatomical regions of the eye </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Anterior segment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adnexa </Li> <Li> Fibrous tunic </Li> <Li> Anterior chamber </Li> <Li> Aqueous humour </Li> <Li> Iris </Li> <Li> Posterior chamber </Li> <Li> Ciliary body </Li> <Li> Lens <Ul> <Li> Capsule of lens </Li> <Li> Zonule of Zinn </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posterior segment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vitreous chamber <Ul> <Li> Vitreous body </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Retina </Li> <Li> Choroid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Keratocytes </Li> <Li> Ocular immune system </Li> <Li> Optical coherence tomography </Li> <Li> Eye care professional </Li> <Li> Eye disease </Li> <Li> Refractive error </Li> <Li> Accommodation </Li> <Li> Physiological Optics </Li> <Li> Visual perception </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uvea&oldid=825197542 '' Categories : <Ul> 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the vascular layer of the eye is the

Cuban war of independence - wikipedia <H1> Cuban war of independence </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Cuban War of Independence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> An estimated 200,000 Cubans died in Spanish concentration camps . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> February 24 , 1895 -- February 15 , 1898 ( 2 years , 11 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Cuba ( Caribbean ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Cuban victory </P> <Ul> <Li> American Intervention ; Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government during Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . </Li> <Li> Treaty of Paris </Li> <Li> United States Military Government in Cuba </Li> <Li> Cuban independence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Spain </P> <Ul> <Li> Spanish Cuba </Li> <Li> Spanish Philippines </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Cuban nationalists United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías Ramón Blanco Valeriano Weyler Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera </Td> <Td> Máximo Gómez Calixto García José Martí † Antonio Maceo † Nelson A. Miles William Shafter George Dewey William T. Sampson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 196,000 </Td> <Td> 53,774 rebels 28,000 -- 60,000 US regulars and 200,000 + volunteers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 786 killed in action 8,627 DOW 53,313 dead from disease </P> 900 killed in action ( 1898 ) </Td> <Td> <P> 5,180 Cuban insurgents died in combat 3,437 Cuban insurgents dead from disease </P> 385 US soldiers died in combat 2,061 US soldiers dead from disease </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 300,000 total Cubans dead ( most of them civilian fatalities in the concentration camps ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Spanish colonial campaigns </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Canary Islands ( 1402 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Guinea ( 1478 ) </Li> <Li> Morocco ( 1497 ) </Li> <Li> Orán ( 1509 ) </Li> <Li> Bugia ( 1510 ) </Li> <Li> Tripoli ( 1510 ) </Li> <Li> Djerba ( 1510 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1516 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1517 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Djerba ( 1520 ) </Li> <Li> Mexico ( 1519 -- 1821 ) </Li> <Li> Mexico ( 1519 -- 21 ) </Li> <Li> Chiapas ( 1523 -- 1695 ) </Li> <Li> Guatemala ( 1524 -- 1697 ) </Li> <Li> Petén ( 1618 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> El Salvador ( 1524 - 39 ) </Li> <Li> Honduras ( 1524 -- 39 ) </Li> <Li> Yucatán ( 1527 -- 1697 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1529 ) </Li> <Li> Peru ( 1531 -- 72 ) </Li> <Li> Tunisia ( 1534 ) </Li> <Li> Tunisia ( 1535 ) </Li> <Li> Chile ( 1536 -- 1810 ) </Li> <Li> Colombia ( 1537 - 1540 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1541 ) </Li> <Li> Tunisia ( 1550 ) </Li> <Li> Libya ( 1551 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1555 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1556 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1558 ) </Li> <Li> Tunisia ( 1560 ) </Li> <Li> Algeria ( 1563 ) </Li> <Li> Philippines ( 1565 -- 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Philippines ( 1567 -- 1872 ) </Li> <Li> Tunisia ( 1574 ) </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico ( 1595 ) </Li> <Li> Cuba ( 1596 ) </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico ( 1598 ) </Li> <Li> Morocco ( 1614 ) </Li> <Li> Formosa ( 1626 ) </Li> <Li> St. Kitts ( 1629 ) </Li> <Li> Philippines ( 1646 ) </Li> <Li> Hispaniola ( 1655 ) </Li> <Li> Jamaica ( 1655 ) </Li> <Li> Canary Islands ( 1657 ) </Li> <Li> Jamaica ( 1657 ) </Li> <Li> Jamaica ( 1658 ) </Li> <Li> North America ( 1702 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Chiloé ( 1712 ) </Li> <Li> Bahamas ( 1720 ) </Li> <Li> Banda Oriental ( 1735 -- 37 ) </Li> <Li> North America ( 1739 -- 48 ) </Li> <Li> Sacramento ( 1762 -- 63 ) </Li> <Li> Cuba ( 1762 ) </Li> <Li> Nicaragua ( 1762 ) </Li> <Li> Philippines ( 1762 ) </Li> <Li> Sacramento ( 1776 -- 77 ) </Li> <Li> North America ( 1779 -- 83 ) </Li> <Li> Americas ( 1796 -- 1808 ) </Li> <Li> Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Ecuador ( 1809 ) </Li> <Li> Peru ( 1811 -- 24 ) </Li> <Li> Bolivia ( 1809 -- 25 ) </Li> <Li> Florida ( 1810 ) </Li> <Li> Paraguay ( 1810 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Argentina ( 1810 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Mexico ( 1810 -- 21 ) </Li> <Li> Chile ( 1810 -- 26 ) </Li> <Li> El Salvador ( 1811 ) </Li> <Li> Uruguay ( 1811 ) </Li> <Li> Venezuela ( 1811 -- 23 ) </Li> <Li> Colombia ( 1815 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Colombia ( 1819 -- 20 ) </Li> <Li> Ecuador ( 1820 -- 22 ) </Li> <Li> Mexico ( 1821 -- 29 ) </Li> <Li> Balanguingui ( 1848 ) </Li> <Li> Cochinchina ( 1858 -- 62 ) </Li> <Li> Morocco ( 1859 -- 60 ) </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic ( 1863 -- 65 ) </Li> <Li> Chile / Peru ( 1864 -- 66 ) </Li> <Li> Cuba ( 1868 -- 78 ) </Li> <Li> Cuba ( 1879 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Cuba ( 1895 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Philippines ( 1896 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Guam ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Morocco ( 1920 -- 26 ) </Li> <Li> Morocco ( 1957 -- 58 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Cuba </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cuban War of Independence </Li> <Li> Spanish -- American War </Li> <Li> Treaty of Paris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) </Li> <Li> Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bay of Pigs Invasion </Li> <Li> Cuban Missile Crisis </Li> <Li> Intervention in Angola </Li> <Li> Special Period </Li> <Li> Cuban Thaw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Military history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Cuban War of Independence ( Spanish : Guerra de Independencia cubana , 1895 -- 98 ) was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain , the other two being the Ten Years ' War ( 1868 -- 1878 ) and the Little War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) . The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish -- American War , with United States forces being deployed in Cuba , Puerto Rico , and the Philippine Islands against Spain . Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 War </Li> <Li> 3 The Maine incident </Li> <Li> 4 The Spanish -- American War </Li> <Li> 5 Peace </Li> <Li> 6 Analysis </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> <P> During the years 1869 -- 1888 of the so - called `` Rewarding Truce '' , lasting for 17 years from the end of the Ten Years ' War in 1878 , there were fundamental social changes in Cuban society . With the abolition of slavery in October 1886 , freedmen joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working class . The economy could no longer sustain itself with the shift and changes ; therefore , many wealthy Cubans lost their property , and joined the urban middle class . The number of sugar mills dropped and efficiency increased : only companies , and the most powerful plantation owners , remained in business followed by the Central Board of Artisans in 1879 , and many more across the island . After his second deportation to Spain in 1878 , José Martí moved to the United States in 1881 . There he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile community , especially in Ybor City ( Tampa area ) and Key West , Florida . His goal was revolution in order to achieve independence from Spain . Martí lobbied against the U.S. annexation of Cuba , which was desired by some politicians in both the U.S. and Cuba . </P> <P> After deliberations with patriotic clubs across the United States , the Antilles and Latin America , `` El Partido Revolucionario Cubano '' ( The Cuban Revolutionary Party ) was in a state of pendency and was affected by a growing fear that the U.S. government would try to annex Cuba before the revolution could liberate the island from Spain '' . A new trend of aggressive U.S. `` influence '' was expressed by Secretary of State James G. Blaine 's suggestion that all of Central and South America would some day fall to the U.S. : </P> <P> `` That rich island '' , Blaine wrote on 1 December 1881 , `` the key to the Gulf of Mexico , is , though in the hands of Spain , a part of the American commercial system ... If ever ceasing to be Spanish , Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination '' . </P> <P> Blaine 's vision did not allow the existence of an independent Cuba . `` Martí noticed with alarm the movement to annex Hawaii , viewing it as establishing a pattern for Cuba ... '' </P> <H2> War </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On December 25 , 1894 , three ships ; the Lagonda , the Almadis and the Baracoa , set sail for Cuba from Fernandina Beach , Florida , loaded with soldiers and weapons . Two of the ships were seized by US authorities in early January , but the proceedings went ahead . Not to be dissuaded , on March 25 , Martí presented the Manifesto of Montecristi , which outlined the policy for Cuba 's war of independence : </P> <Ul> <Li> The war was to be waged by blacks and whites alike ; </Li> <Li> Participation of all blacks was crucial for victory ; </Li> <Li> Spaniards who did not object to the war effort should be spared , </Li> <Li> Private rural properties should not be damaged ; and </Li> <Li> The revolution should bring new economic life to Cuba . </Li> </Ul> <P> The insurrection began on February 24 , 1895 , with uprisings all across the island . In Oriente , the most important ones took place in Santiago , Guantánamo , Jiguaní , San Luis , El Cobre , El Caney , Alto Songo , Bayate , and Baire . The uprisings in the central part of the island , such as Ibarra , Jagüey Grande , and Aguada , suffered from poor coordination and failed ; the leaders were captured , some of them deported and some executed . In the province of Havana , the insurrection was discovered before it was underway , and authorities detained its leaders . The insurgents further west in Pinar del Río were ordered by rebel leaders to wait . </P> <P> On April 1 and 11 , 1895 , the main Mambi leaders landed on two expeditions in Oriente : Major General Antonio Maceo along with 22 members near Baracoa , and José Martí , Máximo Gómez and 4 other members in Playitas . Around that time , Spanish forces in Cuba numbered about 80,000 , of which 20,000 were regular troops and 60,000 were Spanish and Cuban volunteer militia . The latter were a locally enlisted force that took care of most of the `` guard and police '' duties on the island . Wealthy landowners would `` volunteer '' a number of their slaves to serve in this force , which was under local control as militia and not under official military command . By December , Spain had sent 98,412 regular troops to the island , and the colonial government increased the Volunteer Corps to 63,000 men . By the end of 1897 , there were 240,000 regulars and 60,000 irregulars on the island . The revolutionaries were far outnumbered . </P> <P> The Mambises were named after the Negro Spanish officer , Juan Ethninius Mamby who joined the Dominican fight for independence in 1844 . The Spanish soldiers referred to the insurgents in the Dominican Republic as `` the men of Mamby '' or `` Mambies '' . When Cuba 's first war of independence broke out in 1868 , some of those same soldiers were assigned to Cuba ; they brought along what by then become a derogatory Spanish slur for insurgents . The Cubans adopted the name with pride . </P> <P> After the Ten Years ' War , the government had forbidden possession of weapons by private individuals . From the beginning of the uprising , the rebels were hampered by the lack of suitable weapons . They compensated by using guerrilla - style fighting , based on quick raids and fades to the environment , the element of surprise , mounting their forces on fast horses , and using machetes against regular troops on the march . They acquired most of their weapons and ammunition in raids on the Spaniards . Between June 11 , 1895 , and November 30 , 1897 , out of sixty attempts to bring weapons and supplies to the rebels from outside the country , only one succeeded through the protection of the British . Twenty - eight ships were intercepted within U.S. territory ; five were intercepted at sea by the U.S. Navy , and four by the Spanish Navy ; two were wrecked ; one was driven back to port by storm ; the fate of another is unknown . </P> <P> Martí was killed shortly after landing on May 19 , 1895 , at Dos Rios , but Máximo Gomez and Antonio Maceo fought on , taking the war to all parts of Oriente . By the end of June , all of Camagüey was at war . Based on new research in Cuban sources , historian John Lawrence Tone demonstrated that Gomez and Maceo were the first to force the civilian forces to choose sides . `` Either they relocated to the east side of the islands , where the Cubans controlled the mountainous terrain , or they would be accused of supporting the Spanish and be subject to immediate trial and execution . '' Continuing west , they were joined by 1868 war veterans , such as Polish internationalist General Carlos Roloff and Serafín Sánchez in Las Villas , who brought weapons , men and experience to the revolutionaries ' arsenal . </P> <P> In mid-September , representatives of the five Liberation Army Corps assembled in Jimaguayú , Camagüey to approve the `` Jimaguayú Constitution . '' They established a central government , which grouped the executive and legislative powers into one entity named `` Government Council '' , headed by Salvador Cisneros and Bartolomé Masó . After some time of consolidation in the three eastern provinces , the liberation armies headed for Camagüey and then Matanzas , outmaneuvering and deceiving the Spanish Army several times . They defeated Spanish Gen. Arsenio Martínez - Campos y Antón , who had gained victory in the Ten - Year War , and killed his most trusted general at Peralejo . </P> <P> Campos tried the same strategy he had employed in the Ten Years ' War , constructing a broad belt across the island , called the trocha , about 80 km long and 200 m wide . This defense line was to confine rebel activities to the eastern provinces . The belt was developed along a railroad from Jucaro in the south to Morón in the north . Campos built fortifications along this railroad at various points , and at intervals , 12 meters of posts and 400 meters of barbed wire . In addition , booby traps were placed at locations most likely to be attacked . </P> <P> The rebels believed they had to take the war to the western provinces of Matanzas , Havana and Pinar del Rio , where the island 's government and wealth were located . The Ten - Year War had failed because it had not managed to proceed beyond the eastern provinces . In a successful cavalry campaign overcoming the trochas , the revolutionaries invaded every province . Surrounding all larger cities and well - fortified towns , they arrived at the westernmost tip of the island on January 22 , 1896 , exactly three months after the invasion near Baraguá . </P> <P> Campos was replaced by Gen. Valeriano Weyler . He reacted to the rebels ' successes by introducing terror methods : periodic executions , mass exile of residents and forced concentration of them in certain cities or areas , and destruction of farms and crops . Weyler 's methods reached their height on October 21 , 1896 , when he ordered all countryside residents and their livestock to gather within eight days in various fortified areas and towns occupied by his troops . </P> Death of Maceo in 1896 <P> Hundreds of thousands of people had to leave their homes and were subjected to appalling and inhumane conditions in the crowded towns and cities . Together with the forced reconcentrations done by the rebels in the eastern provinces , it is estimated that 25 to 30 percent of the civilian population subjected to it died during the three years of warfare . Using a variety of sources , Tone estimates that civilian losses totaled 155,000 to 170,000 deaths , representing nearly 10 percent of the total population . </P> <P> Starting in the early 1880s , Spain had also suppressed an independence movement in the Philippines , which was intensifying . In effect , Spain was now fighting two wars , a heavy burden on its economy . In 1896 it turned down offers in secret negotiations by the United States to buy Cuba from Spain . </P> <P> Maceo was killed December 7 , 1896 , in Havana province while returning from the west . As the war went on , the major obstacle to Cuban success was weapons supply . Although weapons and funding came from within the Cuban exile community and supporters in the United States , the supply operation violated American laws . These were enforced by the U.S. Coast Guard : of 71 attempted re-supply missions , only 27 got through ; 5 were stopped by the Spanish , but 33 were stopped by the U.S. Coast Guard . </P> <P> In 1897 , the liberation army maintained a privileged position in Camagüey and Oriente , where the Spanish controlled only a few cities . Spanish Liberal leader Práxedes Mateo Sagasta admitted in May 1897 : `` After having sent 200,000 men and shed so much blood , we do n't own more land on the island than what our soldiers are stepping on '' . The rebel force of 3,000 defeated the Spanish in various encounters , such as the Battle of La Reforma , and forcing the surrender of Las Tunas on August 30 . The Spaniards were kept on the defensive . Las Tunas had been guarded by over 1,000 well - armed and well - supplied men . </P> <P> As stipulated at the Jimaguayü Assembly two years earlier , a second Constituent Assembly met in La Yaya , Camagüey , on October 10 , 1897 . The newly adopted constitution provided that military command was to be subordinated to civilian rule . The government was confirmed , naming Bartolomé Masó President and Domingo Méndez Capote Vice President . </P> <P> Madrid decided to change its policy towards Cuba , and replaced Weyler . It also drew up a colonial constitution for Cuba and Puerto Rico , and installed a new government in Havana . But with half the country out of its control and the other half in arms , the colonial government was powerless and these changes were rejected by the rebels . </P> <H2> The Maine incident </H2> Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) Wreckage of the Maine , 1898 <P> The Cuban struggle for independence had captured the American imagination for years . Some newspapers had agitated for US intervention , especially because of its large financial investment , and featured sensational stories of Spanish atrocities against the native Cuban population , which were exaggerated for propaganda . </P> <P> Such coverage continued after Spain had replaced Weyler and changed its policies . American public opinion was very much in favor of intervening on behalf of the Cubans . </P> <P> In January 1898 , a riot by Cuban Spanish loyalists against the new autonomous government broke out in Havana . They destroyed the printing presses of four local newspapers that had published articles critical of Spanish Army atrocities . The U.S. Consul - General cabled Washington with fears for the lives of Americans living in Havana . In response , the battleship USS Maine was sent to Havana in the last week of January . On February 15 , 1898 , the Maine was rocked by an explosion , killing 258 of the crew and sinking the ship in the harbor . At the time , a military Board of Investigations decided that the Maine had exploded due to the detonation of a mine underneath the hull . However , later investigations decided that it was likely something inside the ship , though the cause of the explosion has not been clearly established to this day . </P> <P> In an attempt to appease the United States , the colonial government took two steps that had been demanded by President William McKinley : it ended forced relocation of residents from their homes and offered negotiations with the independence fighters . But the truce was rejected by the rebels . </P> <H2> The Spanish -- American war </H2> Main article : Spanish -- American War <P> The sinking of the Maine sparked a wave of public indignation in the United States . Newspaper owners such as William R. Hearst leaped to the conclusion that Spanish officials in Cuba were to blame , and they widely publicized the conspiracy . Realistically , Spain could have had no interest in drawing the United States into the conflict . Yellow journalism fueled American anger by publishing `` atrocities '' committed by Spain in Cuba . Hearst , when informed by Frederic Remington , whom he had hired to furnish illustrations for his newspaper , that conditions in Cuba were not bad enough to warrant hostilities , allegedly replied , `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war '' . President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community opposed the growing public demand for war , which was lashed to fury by the yellow journalism . The American cry of the hour became , Remember the Maine , To Hell with Spain ! </P> <P> The decisive event was probably the speech of Senator Redfield Proctor , delivered on March 17 , 1898 , analyzing the situation and concluding that war was the only answer . The business and religious communities switched sides , leaving McKinley and Reed almost alone in their opposition to the war . `` Faced with a revved up , war - ready population , and all the editorial encouragement the two competitors could muster , the United States jumped at the opportunity to get involved and showcase its new steam - powered Navy '' . </P> <P> On April 11 , McKinley asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba for the purpose of ending the civil war there . On April 19 , Congress passed joint resolutions ( by a vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in the Senate ) supporting Cuban independence and disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , demanding Spanish withdrawal , and authorizing the president to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuban patriots gain independence from Spain . This was adopted by resolution of Congress and included the Teller Amendment , named after Colorado Senator Henry Moore Teller , which passed unanimously , stipulating that `` the island of Cuba is , and by right should be , free and independent '' . The amendment disclaimed any intention on the part of the United States to exercise jurisdiction or control over Cuba for other than pacification reasons , and confirmed that the armed forces would be removed once the war is over . The amendment , pushed through at the last minute by anti-imperialists in the Senate , made no mention of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Congress formally declared war on April 25 . The Senate and House passed the amendment April 19 , McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , and the ultimatum was forwarded to Spain . War was declared on April 20 / 21 , 1898 . </P> <P> `` It 's been suggested that a major reason for the U.S. war against Spain was the fierce competition emerging between Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal '' . Joseph E. Wisan wrote in an essay titled `` The Cuban Crisis As Reflected In The New York Press '' , published in `` American Imperialism '' in 1898 : `` In the opinion of the writer , the Spanish -- American War would not have occurred had not the appearance of Hearst in New York journalism precipitated a bitter battle for newspaper circulation . '' It has also been argued that the main reason the United States entered the war was its failed attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain . </P> Further information : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War <P> Hostilities started hours after the declaration of war when a contingent of US Navy ships under Admiral William T. Sampson blockaded several Cuban ports . The Americans decided to invade Cuba and to start in Oriente , where the Cubans had almost absolute control . They cooperated by establishing a beachhead and protecting the U.S. landing in Daiquiri . The first U.S. objective was to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba in order to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago , the Americans had to pass through concentrated Spanish defences in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . Between June 22 and 24 , 1898 , the Americans landed under General William R. Shafter at Daiquirí and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established a base . </P> <P> The port of Santiago became the main target of naval operations . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season , thus nearby Guantánamo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen for this purpose and attacked on June 6 ( 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay ) . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , 1898 was the largest naval engagement during the Spanish -- American War , resulting in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( Flota de Ultramar ) . </P> <P> Resistance in Santiago consolidated around Fort Canosa , All the while , major battles between Spaniards and Americans took place at Las Guasimas on June 24 , El Caney and San Juan Hill on July 1 , 1898 , outside of Santiago . after which the American advance ground to a halt . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city which eventually surrendered on July 16 , after the defeat of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron . Thus , Oriente was under control of Americans , but U.S. General Nelson A. Miles would not allow Cuban troops to enter Santiago , claiming that he wanted to prevent clashes between Cubans and Spaniards . Thus , Cuban General Calixto García , head of the Mambi forces in the Eastern department , ordered his troops to hold their respective areas . He resigned over being excluded from entering Santiago , writing a letter of protest to General Shafter . </P> <H2> Peace </H2> <P> After losing the Philippines and Puerto Rico , which had also been invaded by the United States , and with no hope of holding on to Cuba , Spain sued for peace on July 17 , 1898 . On August 12 , the United States and Spain signed a protocol of Peace , in which Spain agreed to relinquish all claim of sovereignty and title over Cuba . On December 10 , 1898 , the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris , which recognized Cuban independence . </P> <P> Although the Cubans had participated in the liberation efforts , the United States prevented Cuba from participating in the Paris peace talks and signing the treaty . The treaty set no time limit for U.S. occupation and the Isle of Pines was excluded from Cuba . The treaty officially granted Cuba 's independence , but U.S. General William R. Shafter refused to allow Cuban General Calixto García and his rebel forces to participate in the surrender ceremonies in Santiago de Cuba . </P> <H2> Analysis </H2> <P> Most Spanish historians argue that the insurgency could not have succeeded on its own . Cuban historians argue the Cubans were on the verge of winning in 1898 and needed no outside help . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> José Semidei Rodríguez </Li> <Li> Juan Ríus Rivera </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People , Volume II : Since 1863 , Concise Edition '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Michael , Warfare and Armed Conflict : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1618 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dept. of Defense , 1991 Information Please , World Almanac 1984 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheina , Robert L. , Latin America 's Wars : The Age of the Caudillo , 1791 -- 1899 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ COWP : Correlates of War Project , University of Michigan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Navarro ( 1998 ) . History of Cuba . Havana . pp. 55 -- 57 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Foner , Philip : The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism quoted in : ( 1 ) , History of Cuba </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Spanish -- Cuban -- American War -- History of Cuba </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Krohn , Jonathan . ( May 2008 ) Review : `` Caught in the Middle '' John Lawrence Tone . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) , H - Net , accessed 26 December 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Navarro , José Cantón 1998 . History of Cuba . Havana . p69 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PBS , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War , pbs.org , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Navarro , José Cantón : History of Cuba , Havana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell ( Summer 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : The Remington -- Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Offner 1992 pp. 131 -- 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Michelle Bray & Quimby , Rollin W. ( 1969 ) , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War '' , Quarterly Journal of Speech , 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 41 , doi : 10.1080 / 00335636909382938 , ISSN 0033 - 5630 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daley # , L. 2000 . El Fortin Canosa en la Cuba del 1898 . in Los Ultimos Dias del Comienzo . Ensayos sobre la Guerra Hispano - Cubana - Estadounidense . B.E. Aguirre and E. Espina eds . RiL Editores , Santiago de Chile pp. 161 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills , HomeOfHeroes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daley 2000 , pp. 161 -- 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War Centennial Website ! , spanamwar.com , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries , Washington , D.C. , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Treaty of peace between the United States and Spain , The Avalon project at Yale law School , December 10 , 1898 , archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Navarro , José Cantón : History of Cuba , Havana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 77 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kagan , Robert , ( 2006 ) Dangerous Nation ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf ) , pp. 357 -- 416 </Li> <Li> Krohn , Jonathan . ( May 2008 ) Review : `` Caught in the Middle '' John Lawrence Tone . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) ( 2 ) , H - Net , May 2008 </Li> <Li> McCartney , Paul T. ( 2006 ) Power and Progress : American National Identity , the War of 1898 , and the Rise of American Imperialism ( Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press ) , 87 -- 142 </Li> <Li> Rice , Donald Tunnicliff . Cast in Deathless Bronze : Andrew Rowan , the Spanish -- American War , and the Origins of American Empire . Morgantown WV : West Virginia University Press , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Silbey , David J. ( 2007 ) A War of Frontier and Empire : The Philippine -- American War , 1899 -- 1902 ( New York : Hill and Wang ) , pp. 31 -- 34 . </Li> <Li> Tone , John Lawrence . ( 2006 ) War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Trask , David F. 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the cuban revolt against spain was led by

Forensic firearm examination - wikipedia <H1> Forensic firearm examination </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forensic science </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Physiological ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Anthropology </Li> <Li> Biology </Li> <Li> Bloodstain pattern analysis </Li> <Li> Botany </Li> <Li> Dentistry </Li> <Li> DNA phenotyping </Li> <Li> DNA profiling </Li> <Li> Entomology </Li> <Li> Epidemiology </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Palynology </Li> <Li> Pathology </Li> <Li> Podiatry </Li> <Li> Toxicology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Social ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Psychiatry </Li> <Li> Psychology </Li> <Li> Psychotherapy </Li> <Li> Social work </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Criminalistics ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Accounting </Li> <Li> Body identification </Li> <Li> Chemistry </Li> <Li> Facial reconstruction </Li> <Li> Fingerprint analysis </Li> <Li> Firearm examination </Li> <Li> Footwear evidence </Li> <Li> Forensic arts </Li> <Li> Profiling </Li> <Li> Gloveprint analysis </Li> <Li> Palmprint analysis </Li> <Li> Questioned document examination </Li> <Li> Vein matching </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Digital forensics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Computer exams </Li> <Li> Data analysis </Li> <Li> Database study </Li> <Li> Mobile devices </Li> <Li> Network analysis </Li> <Li> Photography </Li> <Li> Video analysis </Li> <Li> Audio analysis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related disciplines ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Electrical engineering </Li> <Li> Engineering </Li> <Li> Fire investigation </Li> <Li> Fire accelerant detection </Li> <Li> Fractography </Li> <Li> Linguistics </Li> <Li> Materials engineering </Li> <Li> Polymer engineering </Li> <Li> Statistics </Li> <Li> Traffic collision reconstruction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Crime scene </Li> <Li> CSI effect </Li> <Li> Perry Mason syndrome </Li> <Li> Pollen calendar </Li> <Li> Skid mark </Li> <Li> Trace evidence </Li> <Li> Use of DNA in forensic entomology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Forensic firearm examination is the forensic process of examining the characteristics of firearms as well as any cartridges or bullets left behind at a crime scene . Specialists in this field are tasked with linking bullets and cartridges to weapons and weapons to individuals . Obliterated serial numbers can be raised and recorded in an attempt to find the registered owner of the weapon . Examiners can also look for fingerprints on the weapon and cartridges , and then viable prints can be processed through fingerprint databases for a potential match . </P> <P> By examining unique striations , or markings , left behind on the bullet as it passes through the barrel and on the cartridge as it is hit by the firing pin , individual spent rounds can be linked back to a specific weapon . Known exemplars taken from a seized weapon can be directly compared to samples recovered from the scene using a comparison microscope . Striation images can also be uploaded to any existing national databases . Furthermore , these markings can be compared to other images in an attempt to link one weapon to multiple crime scenes . Like all forensic specialties , forensic firearm examiners are subject to being called to testify in court as expert witnesses . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Examination of the firearm <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Fingerprint recovery </Li> <Li> 2.2 Serial number recovery <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Magnetic particle inspection </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Chemical restoration </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Examination of cartridges </Li> <Li> 4 Examination of bullets <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Class characteristics </Li> <Li> 4.2 Individual characteristics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Striation databasing </Li> <Li> 6 Criticisms </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ability to compare ammunition is a direct result of the invention of rifling around the turn of the 16th century . By forcing the bullet to spin as it travels down the barrel of the weapon the bullet 's accuracy greatly increases . At the same time , the rifling leaves marks on the bullet that are indicative of that particular barrel . Prior to mass production of firearms , each barrel and bullet mold was hand made by gunsmiths making them unique . The first successful documented case of forensic firearm examination occurred in 1835 when a member of the Bow Street Runners in London matched a recovered bullet from a murder victim to a specific mold in a suspect 's home confirming that he made the bullet . Further evidence that the bullet maker was the perpetrator was found in his home and he was convicted . As manufacturing and automation replaced hand tools , the ability to compare bullets became impossible due to the standardization of molds within a specific company . However , experts in the field postulated that there were microscopic differences on each barrel left during the manufacturing process . These differences were a result of wear on the machines and since each new weapon caused a tiny amount of wear , each barrel would be slightly different from every other barrel produced by that company . Also , each bullet fired from a specific barrel would be printed with the same marks , allowing investigators to identify the weapon that fired a specific bullet . </P> <P> One of the first uses of this knowledge was in 1915 to exonerate Charles Stielow of the murder of his neighbors . Stielow was sentenced to death and appealed to Charles S. Whitman , the Governor of New York , who was not convinced by the evidence used to convict Stielow . Whitman halted the execution until an inquiry could be conducted and after further examination it was shown that Stielow 's firearm could not have fired the bullets recovered from the victims . The invention of the comparison microscope by Calvin Goddard and Phillip O. Gravelle in 1925 modernized the forensic examination of firearms . Simultaneous comparison of two different objects at the same time allowed to closely examine striations for matches and therefore make a more definitive statement as to whether or not they matched . </P> <P> One of the first true tests of this new technology was in the aftermath of the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre in 1929 . During the Prohibition Era , competing gang members were fighting over bootlegging operations within the city of Chicago . Members of the Chicago Outfit and the Egan 's Rats led by Al Capone attempted to remove all competition from Chicago by eliminating the North Side Gang leader Bugs Moran . The massacre missed Moran , who was not present , but killed seven members of the North Side Gang . The murderers attempted to cover up their crime by posing as police officers , even dressing in police uniforms . Witnesses saw two `` officers '' leaving the scene , which implicated the Chicago police department as the perpetrators of the massacre . High levels of police corruption during that time period made it seem likely that the police department committed the killings . The investigation stalled until December 1929 when Fred Burke , a member of the Egan 's Rats , shot and killed a police officer in St. Joseph , Michigan . Officers searching for Burke were led to a home in nearby Stevensville . While Burke was not there , inside officers found an arsenal of weapons including two Thompson submachine guns . The Chicago police department was contacted and the weapons were brought back to Chicago for testing . Goddard was asked to compare the weapons to collected evidence found at the massacre using his new `` ballistic - forensics '' technique . After test firing the guns , Goddard proved that the weapons were those used to kill the members of the North Side Gang , absolving the Chicago police department of all involvement . The successful use of Goddard 's technique resulted in the solidification of his place as the father of forensic firearm examination . </P> <H2> Examination of the firearm ( edit ) </H2> Multiple serial numbers provide redundancy and make it difficult to fully remove the numbers from a weapon . <P> Any firearm collected during the course of an investigation could yield viable evidence if examined . For forensic firearm examination specific evidence that can be recovered include weapon serial numbers and potentially fingerprints left on the weapon 's surface . </P> <H3> Fingerprint recovery ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fingerprint recovery from the surface of firearms is done with cyanoacrylate ( more commonly known as superglue ) fuming . Firearms are placed in a specially designed fume hood designed to evenly distribute fumes instead of removing them . Liquid superglue is placed in a container and heated until it is in a gaseous state . The circulating fumes adhere to the oils left behind by the fingerprint , turning the print white . The resulting white print can be enhanced with fingerprint powder to increase the contrast of the white print against the weapon 's finish . While using the fuming technique on recovered guns is commonplace , the recovery of fingerprints from the surfaces of a firearm is challenging due to the textured grip and the general condition of recovered weapons . If fingerprints are recovered , they can be processed through fingerprint databases such as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ( IAFIS ) . Various parts of the recovered weapon can also be tested for touch DNA left by whomever handled it . However , the low levels of DNA that can be recovered presents numerous issues such as contamination and analysis anomalies such as allele drop - out and drop - in . </P> <H3> Serial number recovery ( edit ) </H3> <P> Serial numbers became commonplace after the United States passed the Gun Control Act of 1968 . This law mandated that all guns manufactured or imported into the country have a serial number . Prior to 1968 , many firearms either did not have a serial number or the serial numbers were not unique and were reused by a manufacturer on multiple firearms . If a recovered weapon has had the serial numbers altered or destroyed , examiners can attempt to recover the original numbers . The two main methods for the restoration of serial numbers are magnetic particle inspection and chemical restoration . It is recommended that magnetic particle inspection be performed first due to the nondestructive nature of the method . If magnetic particle inspection fails , chemical restoration is the next step in the forensic analysis . </P> <P> If the serial number is successfully restored it can be used to help investigators track the weapon 's history , as well as potentially determine who owns the weapon . Firearm databases such as the National Crime Information Center of the United States and INTERPOL 's Firearm Reference Table can be used by investigators to track weapons that have been lost , stolen , or used previously in other crimes . </P> Magnetic particle inspection ( edit ) <P> Originally developed as a method to detect flaws or irregularities in magnetic materials , magnetic particle inspection can be used on firearms to visualize the serial number underneath the obliterated area . When performing this technique , examiners place the weapon in a magnetic field . The irregularities in the metal , in this case the serial number , cause the field to deform . When a solution of ferrous particles is added to the weapon 's magnetized surface they will be attracted to the area where the magnetic field has deformed and will build up in the area . If fluorescent particles are added to the ferrous solution , ultraviolet light can be used to make it easier to visualize any recovered serial number . </P> Chemical restoration ( edit ) <P> Chemical restoration is a type of chemical milling . Typically , chemical milling is used to slowly remove material to create a desired shape . In serial number restoration , small amounts of metal are removed until the serial number is brought back to the surface . This can be performed due to the depth that serial numbers are engraved into the weapon . However , chemical restoration is limited by that depth and is only successful when the obliteration of the serial number is superficial . Examiners performing a restoration first sand the area where the serial number used to be . This removes any debris from the area left when the serial number was obliterated . The examiner then chooses a chemical , usually an acid , that will be used to slowly bring the number back to the surface . The type of chemical that is used depends on the material the weapon is made of . These acids can range from Fry 's Reagent for a magnetic metal , which is a mixture of hydrochloric acid , cupric chloride , and distilled water , to an acidic ferric chloride solution for a non-magnetic , non-aluminum material . </P> <H2> Examination of cartridges ( edit ) </H2> Two test - fired cartridges under magnification . Matching striations can be seen . <P> Spent cartridges found at a scene can be examined for physical evidence such as fingerprints or compared to samples that match them to a weapon . The examination of the cartridge relies on the unique tool marks left by the various parts of the weapon including the firing pin and the ejector in semi and fully automatic firearms . These markings can be compared and matched to known exemplars fired from the same weapon using the same parts . The examination of the marks left on the cartridge is done using a comparison microscope . Examiners view the questioned cartridge and the known exemplar simultaneously , looking for similar microscopic marks left during the firing process . </P> Example of microstamping . Insert shows a close up of the serial number imprinted into the cartridge . <P> Cartridges are also routinely examined for fingerprints as the act of loading the ammunition into the magazine , or chamber , leaves recoverable impressions . These fingerprints can survive the firing processes and , while a rare occurrence , fingerprints have been obtained from cartridges recovered from the scene . Cartridges are subjected to cyanoacrylate fuming and examined for any usable prints . Usable prints are photographed and can be uploaded to fingerprint databases such as IAFIS for comparison with known exemplars . Cartridges can also be swabbed for trace DNA left by the individual who loaded the magazine . The extremely low levels of recoverable DNA present the same issues as swabbing a firearm for DNA . </P> <P> Advancements in microscopic stamping have led to a push for the inclusion of firing pin microstamping . The microstamp is etched onto the firing pin and is transferred to the cartridge during the firing process . Each firing pin would have a unique serial number allowing investigators to trace casings found at a crime scene to a known firearm . The practice is not in use as of 2018 , although California has enacted legislation that requires microstamping on all newly sold firearms . The law , and microstamping in general , has received significant opposition from gun manufacturers due to increased costs associated with introducing the microstamps into the manufacturing lines . </P> <H2> Examination of bullets ( edit ) </H2> Rifing pattern for a Remington rifle showing a clockwise ( right - handed ) twist . <H3> Class characteristics ( edit ) </H3> <P> Preliminary examination of the bullet can exclude a large number of weapons by examining the general characteristics of a recovered bullet . By determining general aspects of the fired ammunition , a number of weapons can be immediately excluded as being incapable of firing that type of bullet . The make and model of the weapon can also be inferred from the combination of different class characteristics that are common to specific manufactures . The three main class characteristics of all bullets are the lands and grooves , the caliber of the bullet , and the rifling twist . All three can be tied directly to the type of barrel that was used to fire the bullet . The lands and grooves of barrel are the bumps and valleys created when the rifling is created . The caliber is the diameter of the barrel . The twist is the direction of the striations left by the barrel 's rifling , clockwise ( right - handed ) or counterclockwise ( left - handed ) . Most barrels will have a right - handed twist with the exception of weapons created by the Colt 's Manufacturing Company which uses left - handed twists . Weapon barrels that match the class characteristics of recovered bullets can be examined further for individual characteristics to determine if the bullet came from that particular weapon . </P> <H3> Individual characteristics ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to compare individual striations , examiners must obtain a known sample using the seized weapon . For slower - traveling bullets , such as pistols or revolvers , known bullet exemplars are created by firing the weapon into a water tank . The spent bullet can be recovered , intact , as the water slows down the bullet before it can reach the tank walls , allowing for it to be recovered . For faster traveling bullets , such as those fired from high - powered rifles and military style weapons , water tanks can not be used as the tank will not provide enough stopping power for the projectiles . To examine these weapons , investigators must fire them at a target at a controlled range with enough backing to stop the bullet and collect the spent round after it has been fired . </P> <P> Once a known exemplar is produced , the evidence sample can be compared to the known by examining both at the same time with a comparison microscope . Striations that line up are examined more closely , looking for multiple consecutive matches . There is no set number of consecutive matches that equates to a match declaration , and examiners are trained to use the phrase `` sufficient agreement '' when testifying . The degree to which an examiner can make that determination is based on their training and expertise . All findings by examiners are subject to questioning by both sides , prosecution and defense , during testimony in court . </P> <H2> Striation databasing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bullets and casings found at a scene require a known example to compare to in order to match them to a weapon . Without a weapon , the striation pattern can be uploaded to a database such as the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network ( NIBIN ) maintained by the ATF or the United Kingdom 's National Ballistics Intelligence Service ( NABIS ) . Information uploaded to these databases can be used to track gun crimes and to link crimes together . Maintainers of these databases recommend that every recovered firearm be test fired and the resulting known exemplar be uploaded into the database . </P> <H2> Criticisms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Firearm examiners have attempted to determine the shooter 's position by the location of spent bullet casings . The use of ejection pattern studies were originally part of incident reconstruction and methods for determining shooter location continue to be explained in major crime scene examination books . However , the validity of ejection pattern analysis has been brought into question by multiple studies that look at the reproducibility and end determination of shooter position by qualified examiners . Studies have shown that over 25 % of spent casings land somewhere other than to the right and rear of the shooter . This is the most commonly accepted location for where spent cartridge casings should fall , and the large percentage of casings that end up somewhere else raises concerns for the validity of the examination technique . Investigators should only present a location gained from an ejection pattern study as a tentative estimate when using the information in a courtroom setting . </P> <P> Prior to September 2005 , comparative bullet - lead analysis was performed on bullets found at a scene that were too destroyed for striation comparison . The technique would attempt to determine the unique elemental breakdown of the bullet and compare it to seized bullets possessed by a suspect . Review of the method found that the breakdown of elements found in bullets could be significantly different enough to potentially allow for two bullets from separate sources to be correlated to each other . However , there are not enough differences to definitely match a bullet from a crime scene to one taken from a suspect 's possession . An additional report in 2004 from the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) found that the testimony given regarding comparative bullet - lead analysis was overstated and potentially `` misleading under the federal rules of evidence '' . In 2005 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation indicated that they would no longer be performing this type of analysis . </P> <P> Further criticism came from the 2009 NAS report on the current state of various forensic fields in the United States . The report 's section on firearm examination focused on the lack of defined requirements that are necessary in order to determine `` matches '' between known and unknown striations . The NAS stated that , `` sufficient studies have not been done to understand the reliability and repeatability of the methods . '' Without defined procedures on what is and what is n't considered `` sufficient agreement '' the report states that forensic firearm examination contains fundamental problems that need to be addressed by the forensic community through a set of repeatable scientific studies that outline standard operating procedures that should be adopted by all firearm examiners . Another report issued in 2016 by the United States President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology confirmed the NAS 's findings , finding only one appropriately designed study that examined the rate of false positives and reliability amongst firearm examiners . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ballistics </Li> <Li> Crime reconstruction </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hamby , James ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The History of Firearm and Toolmark Identification '' . Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal . 31 ( 3 ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steele , Lisa ( 2008 ) . `` Ballistics '' ( PDF ) . Science for Lawyers . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Firearm Identification in the Forensic Science Laboratory '' ( PDF ) . National District Attorneys Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borchard , Edwin ( 1932 ) . `` Stielow and Green '' ( PDF ) . Convicting the Innocent : Errors of Criminal Justice . New Haven Yale University Press . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comparison Microscopy '' . National Forensic Science Technology Center . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brien , John ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` The St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . The Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ashcroft , Brent . `` St. Valentine 's Day Massacre : Tale of two guns '' . WZZM13 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Frederick N. ( February 12 , 2011 ) . `` Baltimore native helped solve 1929 St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` In the Public Eye : Finding Fingerprints on Firearms is Actually Very Rare '' . Forensic Magazine . September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CYANOACRYLATE ( SUPERGLUE ) FUMING '' . Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gulick , Gary ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Lifting Latent Fingerprints from Difficult Surfaces '' . Evidence Technology Magazine . 6 ( 3 ) . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Development of STR profiles from firearms and fired cartridge cases '' . Forensic Science International : Genetics . 3 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 250 . September 2009 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fsigen. 2009.02. 007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Law 90 - 618 : To amend title 18 , United States Code , to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms '' ( PDF ) . October 22 , 1968 . pp. 1213 -- 1236 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Firearms Tracing Guide '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives . November 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Technical Procedure for Serial Number Restoration '' . North Carolina State Crime Laboratory . September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Walker , Robert E. ( 2013 ) . Cartridges and Firearm Identification . CRC Press . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` INTERPOL Firearms Reference Table ( IFRT ) '' . INTERPOL . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCIC Files '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Utrata , Dave ; Johnson , Marcus ( October 2003 ) . `` Magnetic Particle Recovery of Serial Numbers '' . Midwest Forensics Resource Center . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation Criminalistics Laboratory Firearm & Toolmark Section Restoration of Obliterated Serial Numbers '' . Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Serial Number Restoration '' . Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FEU08 -- SOP for Serial Number Restoration of Obliterated Stampings in Various Metal Surfaces '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Department of Forensic Sciences . November 26 , 2013 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Research Council ( 2009 ) . Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States : A Path Forward ( PDF ) . National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 13131 - 6 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Randerson , James ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Forensics : Fingerprints can be recovered from fired bullet casings '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cracking the Case : The Crime - Solving Promise of Ballistic Identification ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Education Fund to Stop Gun Violence . June 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crime Gun Identification , Bill No. 1471 of 2007 . Retrieved on June 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mather , Kate ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Smith & Wesson says it wo n't follow California ' microstamping ' law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : DiMaio , Vincent J.M. ( 2016 ) . Gunshot Wounds : Practical Aspects of Firearms , Ballistics , and Forensic Techniques ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms & Tool Mark '' . North Carolina Department of Justice . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms and Toolmarks in the FBI Laboratory '' . Forensic Science Communications . 2 ( 2 ) . April 2000 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , Barry A.J. ; Tilstone , William J. ; Woytowicz , Catherine ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Criminalistics : The Foundation of Forensic Science . Elsevier Academic Press . p. 39 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Dylan ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` A high - tech approach to tracking gun crimes '' . Southwest Journal . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Intelligence service links 350 guns to crimes '' . BBC News . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bullets , Casings , and You '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Ross ( 2012 ) . Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . pp. 300 -- 301 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lewinski , William ; Hudson , William ; Karwoski , David ; Redmann , Christa ( November 2010 ) . `` Fired Cartridge Case Ejection Patterns From Semi-Automatic Firearms '' ( PDF ) . Investigative Sciences Journal . 2 ( 3 ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Solomon , John ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` FBI 's Forensic Test Full of Holes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Randich , Erik ; Duerfeldt , Wayne ; McLendon , Wade ; Tobin , William ( July 17 , 2002 ) . `` A Metallurgical Review of the Interpretation of Bullet Lead Compositional Analysis '' . Forensic Science International . 127 ( 3 ) : 174 -- 191 . doi : 10.1016 / S0379 - 0738 ( 02 ) 00118 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FBI Laboratory Announces Discontinuation of Bullet Lead Examinations '' ( Press release ) . FBI National Press Office . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forensic Science in Criminal Courts : Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature - Comparison Methods ( PDF ) ( Report ) . President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology . September 2016 . pp. 104 -- 114 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 12 , 2017 . 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when was the first documented case of tool mark identification

Dead Sea - wikipedia <H1> Dead Sea </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Dead Sea ( novel ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Dead Sea ים המלח ‬ ( in Hebrew ) البحر الميت ( in Arabic ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A view of the sea from the Israeli shore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Israel Jordan Palestine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E  / 31.500 ; 35.500 Coordinates : 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E  / 31.500 ; 35.500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lake type </Th> <Td> Endorheic Hypersaline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary inflows </Th> <Td> Jordan River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary outflows </Th> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catchment area </Th> <Td> 41,650 km ( 16,080 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basin countries </Th> <Td> Israel Jordan Palestine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max. length </Th> <Td> 50 km ( 31 mi ) ( northern basin only ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max . width </Th> <Td> 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface area </Th> <Td> 605 km ( 234 sq mi ) ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average depth </Th> <Td> 199 m ( 653 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max . depth </Th> <Td> 298 m ( 978 ft ) ( elevation of deepest point , 728 m BSL ( below sea level ) , minus current surface elevation ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water volume </Th> <Td> 114 km ( 27 cu mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shore length </Th> <Td> 135 km ( 84 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface elevation </Th> <Td> − 430.5 m ( − 1,412 ft ) ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> References </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Shore length is not a well - defined measure . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Play media Short video about the Dead Sea from the Israeli News Company <P> The Dead Sea ( Hebrew : יָם הַמֶּלַח ‬ Yam ha - Melah lit . Sea of Salt ; Arabic : البحر الميت ‎ Al - Bahr al - Mayyit ) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west . Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres ( 1,412 ft ) below sea level , Earth 's lowest elevation on land . The Dead Sea is 304 m ( 997 ft ) deep , the deepest hypersaline lake in the world . With a salinity of 342 g / kg , or 34.2 % , ( in 2011 ) , it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water . This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals can not flourish , hence its name . The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long and 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) wide at its widest point . It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , and its main tributary is the Jordan River . </P> <P> The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years . It was one of the world 's first health resorts ( for Herod the Great ) , and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products , from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers . People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets . </P> <P> The Dead Seawater has a density of 1.24 kg / litre , which makes swimming similar to floating . </P> <P> The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate . Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession , which had begun causing many problems . The Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance project , carried out by Jordan , will provide water to neighbouring countries , while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels . The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology and toponymy </Li> <Li> 2 Geography </Li> <Li> 3 Natural history </Li> <Li> 4 Climate </Li> <Li> 5 Chemistry </Li> <Li> 6 Putative therapies <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Psoriasis </Li> <Li> 6.2 Rhinosinusitis </Li> <Li> 6.3 Osteoarthritis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Fauna and flora </Li> <Li> 8 Human settlement </Li> <Li> 9 Human history <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Biblical period </Li> <Li> 9.2 Greek and Roman period </Li> <Li> 9.3 Byzantine period </Li> <Li> 9.4 Modern times </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Tourism and leisure <Ul> <Li> 10.1 British Mandate period </Li> <Li> 10.2 Israel </Li> <Li> 10.3 Jordan </Li> <Li> 10.4 West Bank </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Chemical industry <Ul> <Li> 11.1 British Mandate period </Li> <Li> 11.2 Israel </Li> <Li> 11.3 Jordan </Li> <Li> 11.4 West Bank </Li> <Li> 11.5 Extraction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Recession and environmental concerns </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology and toponymy </H2> <P> In Hebrew , the Dead Sea is Yām ha - Melaḥ ( help info ) ( ים המלח ‬ ) , meaning `` sea of salt '' ( Genesis 14 : 3 ) . The Bible uses this term alongside two others : the Sea of the Arabah ( Yām ha - ' Ărāvâ ים הערבה ‬ ) , and the Eastern Sea ( Yām ha - Mizraḥî ים המזרחי ‬ ) . The designation `` Dead Sea '' never appears in the Bible . </P> <P> In prose sometimes the term Yām ha - Māvet ( ים המוות ‬ , `` sea of death '' ) is used , due to the scarcity of aquatic life there . In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al - Bahr al - Mayyit ( help info ) ( `` the Dead Sea '' ) , or less commonly baḥru lūṭa ( بحر لوط , `` the Sea of Lot '' ) . Another historic name in Arabic was the `` Sea of Zoʼar '' , after a nearby town in biblical times . The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites ( Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης , hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs , `` the Asphaltite sea '' ) . </P> <H2> Geography </H2> Satellite photograph showing the location of the Dead Sea east of the Mediterranean Sea <P> The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley , a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform ( DST ) . This left lateral - moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate . It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai . It is here that the Upper Jordan River / Sea of Galilee / Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end . </P> <P> The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea , although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea , forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges . There are no outlet streams . </P> <P> The Mujib River , biblical Arnon , is one the larger water sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan . The Wadi Mujib valley , 420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley , is a biosphere reserve , with an area of 212 km ( 82 sq mi ) . Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh ( Arabic ) / Nahal Dragot ( Hebrew ) , and Nahal Arugot . Wadi Hasa ( biblical Zered ) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea . </P> <P> Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm ( 4 in ) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm ( 2 in ) in the southern part . The Dead Sea zone 's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains . The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself . </P> <P> To the west of the Dead Sea , the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east . Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m ( 700 ft ) tall halite formation called `` Mount Sodom '' . </P> <H2> Natural History </H2> <P> There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea . The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone , an extension of the Red Sea Rift , or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa . A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a `` step - over '' discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform , creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence . </P> <P> Around 3.7 million years ago , what is now the valley of the Jordan River , Dead Sea , and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea . The waters formed in a narrow , crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon , which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley . The floods of the valley came and went depending on long - scale climate change . The Sedom Lagoon deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km ( 1.55 mi ) thick . </P> <P> Approximately two million years ago , the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area . Thus , the long lagoon became a landlocked lake . The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km ( 30 mi ) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea , and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse . The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin . </P> <P> The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora , followed by Lake Lisan and finally by the Dead Sea . The water levels and salinity of these lakes have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom , and due to climate variation . As the climate became more arid , Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier , leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder . </P> Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi . <P> In prehistoric times , great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora . The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom ( on the southwest side of the lake ) . Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed , forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket . When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces , the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs ( see salt dome ) . </P> <P> From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago , the lake 's level was 100 m ( 330 ft ) to 250 m ( 820 ft ) higher than its current level . This lake , Lake Lisan , fluctuated dramatically , rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago , indicating a very wet climate in the Near East . Around 10,000 years ago , the lake 's level dropped dramatically , probably to even lower than today 's . During the last several thousand years , the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) , with some significant drops and rises . Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity ; therefore , it may have been a seismic event . </P> <H2> Climate </H2> <P> The Dead Sea 's climate offers year - round sunny skies and dry air . It has less than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 ° C ( 90 and 102 ° F ) . Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 ° C ( 68 and 73 ° F ) . The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation , particularly the UVB ( erythrogenic rays ) . Given the higher atmospheric pressure , the air has a slightly higher oxygen content ( 3.3 % in summer to 4.8 % in winter ) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level . Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude . ( This barometric measure is about 5 % higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa , which is the global ocean mean or ATM . ) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate . During the winter , sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures , and vice versa during the summer months . This is the result of the water 's mass and specific heat capacity . On average , there are 192 days above 30C ( 86F ) annually . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Dead Sea , Sedom ( 390 m below sea level ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 26.4 ( 79.5 ) </Td> <Td> 30.4 ( 86.7 ) </Td> <Td> 33.8 ( 92.8 ) </Td> <Td> 42.5 ( 108.5 ) </Td> <Td> 45.0 ( 113 ) </Td> <Td> 46.4 ( 115.5 ) </Td> <Td> 47.0 ( 116.6 ) </Td> <Td> 44.5 ( 112.1 ) </Td> <Td> 43.6 ( 110.5 ) </Td> <Td> 40.0 ( 104 ) </Td> <Td> 35.0 ( 95 ) </Td> <Td> 28.5 ( 83.3 ) </Td> <Td> 47.0 ( 116.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 20.5 ( 68.9 ) </Td> <Td> 21.7 ( 71.1 ) </Td> <Td> 24.8 ( 76.6 ) </Td> <Td> 29.9 ( 85.8 ) </Td> <Td> 34.1 ( 93.4 ) </Td> <Td> 37.6 ( 99.7 ) </Td> <Td> 39.7 ( 103.5 ) </Td> <Td> 39.0 ( 102.2 ) </Td> <Td> 36.5 ( 97.7 ) </Td> <Td> 32.4 ( 90.3 ) </Td> <Td> 26.9 ( 80.4 ) </Td> <Td> 21.7 ( 71.1 ) </Td> <Td> 30.4 ( 86.7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 16.6 ( 61.9 ) </Td> <Td> 17.7 ( 63.9 ) </Td> <Td> 20.8 ( 69.4 ) </Td> <Td> 25.4 ( 77.7 ) </Td> <Td> 29.4 ( 84.9 ) </Td> <Td> 32.6 ( 90.7 ) </Td> <Td> 34.7 ( 94.5 ) </Td> <Td> 34.5 ( 94.1 ) </Td> <Td> 32.4 ( 90.3 ) </Td> <Td> 28.6 ( 83.5 ) </Td> <Td> 23.1 ( 73.6 ) </Td> <Td> 17.9 ( 64.2 ) </Td> <Td> 26.1 ( 79 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 12.7 ( 54.9 ) </Td> <Td> 13.7 ( 56.7 ) </Td> <Td> 16.7 ( 62.1 ) </Td> <Td> 20.9 ( 69.6 ) </Td> <Td> 24.7 ( 76.5 ) </Td> <Td> 27.6 ( 81.7 ) </Td> <Td> 29.6 ( 85.3 ) </Td> <Td> 29.9 ( 85.8 ) </Td> <Td> 28.3 ( 82.9 ) </Td> <Td> 24.7 ( 76.5 ) </Td> <Td> 19.3 ( 66.7 ) </Td> <Td> 14.1 ( 57.4 ) </Td> <Td> 21.9 ( 71.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 5.4 ( 41.7 ) </Td> <Td> 6.0 ( 42.8 ) </Td> <Td> 8.0 ( 46.4 ) </Td> <Td> 11.5 ( 52.7 ) </Td> <Td> 19.0 ( 66.2 ) </Td> <Td> 23.0 ( 73.4 ) </Td> <Td> 26.0 ( 78.8 ) </Td> <Td> 26.8 ( 80.2 ) </Td> <Td> 24.2 ( 75.6 ) </Td> <Td> 17.0 ( 62.6 ) </Td> <Td> 9.8 ( 49.6 ) </Td> <Td> 6.0 ( 42.8 ) </Td> <Td> 5.4 ( 41.7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 7.8 ( 0.307 ) </Td> <Td> 9.0 ( 0.354 ) </Td> <Td> 7.6 ( 0.299 ) </Td> <Td> 4.3 ( 0.169 ) </Td> <Td> 0.2 ( 0.008 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> ( 0.047 ) </Td> <Td> 3.5 ( 0.138 ) </Td> <Td> 8.3 ( 0.327 ) </Td> <Td> 41.9 ( 1.65 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days </Th> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 31.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="14"> Source : Israel Meteorological Service </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chemistry </H2> Halite deposits ( and teepee structure ) along the western Dead Sea coast . Beach pebbles made of halite ; western Dead Sea coast . <P> With 34.2 % salinity ( in 2011 ) , it is one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water , though Lake Vanda in Antarctica ( 35 % ) , Lake Assal in Djibouti ( 34.8 % ) , Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea ( up to 35 % ) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica ( such as Don Juan Pond ( 44 % ) ) have reported higher salinities . </P> <P> Until the winter of 1978 -- 79 , when a major mixing event took place , the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature , density , age , and salinity . The topmost 35 meters ( 115 ft ) or so of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of 342 parts per thousand ( in 2002 ) , and a temperature that swung between 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) and 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) . Underneath a zone of transition , the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride ( NaCl ) . Since the water near the bottom is saturated , the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1960s , water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large - scale irrigation and generally low rainfall . By 1975 , the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer . Nevertheless , the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense . When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer , the waters mixed ( 1978 -- 79 ) . For the first time in centuries , the lake was a homogeneous body of water . Since then , stratification has begun to redevelop . </P> <P> The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water . The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season , depth and temperature . In the early 1980s , the concentration of ionic species ( in g / kg ) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl ( 181.4 ) , Br ( 4.2 ) , SO ( 0.4 ) , HCO ( 0.2 ) , Ca ( 14.1 ) , Na ( 32.5 ) , K ( 6.2 ) and Mg ( 35.2 ) . The total salinity was 276 g / kg . These results show that the composition of the salt , as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis , was calcium chloride ( CaCl ) 14.4 % , potassium chloride ( KCl ) 4.4 % , magnesium chloride ( MgCl ) 50.8 % and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) 30.4 % . In comparison , the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85 % sodium chloride . The concentration of sulfate ions ( SO ) is very low , and the concentration of bromide ions ( Br ) is the highest of all waters on Earth . </P> <P> The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5 % . This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg / l . Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy . In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States . </P> <P> An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt . From deep seeps , the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance . Asphalt - coated figurines and bitumen - coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found . Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region . </P> <H2> Putative therapies </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Dead Sea area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons . The mineral content of the water , the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere , the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation , and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects . For example , persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure . </P> <P> The region 's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for assessment of putative therapies : </P> <Ul> <Li> Climatotherapy : Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature , humidity , sunshine , barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents </Li> <Li> Heliotherapy : Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun 's radiation </Li> <Li> Thalassotherapy : Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water </Li> </Ul> <H3> Psoriasis </H3> <P> Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased cloud cover over the Dead Sea . </P> <H3> Rhinosinusitis </H3> <P> Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study . </P> <H3> Osteoarthritis </H3> <P> Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees . According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , treatment with mineral - rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy . </P> Panorama of the Dead Sea from the Mövenpick Resort , Jordan . <H2> Fauna and flora </H2> Dead Sea in the morning , seen from Masada <P> The sea is called `` dead '' because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms , such as fish and aquatic plants , from living in it , though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present . </P> <P> In times of flood , the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35 % to 30 % or lower . The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters . In 1980 , after one such rainy winter , the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red . Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella . Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid - containing ( red - pigmented ) halobacteria , whose presence caused the color change . Since 1980 , the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers . </P> <P> In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva , Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface . These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea . They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea . </P> <P> Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea . Hikers can see ibex , hares , hyraxes , jackals , foxes , and even leopards . Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well . Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea . </P> <P> The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees . The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as `` the most fertile spot in Judea '' . In Roman and Byzantine times , sugarcane , henna , and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy . One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree , which could be made into perfume . By the 19th century , Jericho 's fertility had disappeared . </P> <H2> Human settlement </H2> <P> There are several small communities near the Dead Sea . These include Ein Gedi , Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council : Kalya , Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat . There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi , and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar . Highway 90 runs north - south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km ( 351 mi ) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat . </P> <P> Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , and others including Suweima . Highway 65 runs north - south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan 's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba . </P> <H2> Human History </H2> Mount Sodom , Israel , showing the so - called `` Lot 's Wife '' pillar ( made of halite like the rest of the mountain ) A cargo boat on the Dead Sea as seen on the Madaba Map , from the 6th century AD <H3> Biblical period </H3> <P> Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan , and extensively at the time of King David . </P> <P> Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho . Somewhere , perhaps on the southeastern shore , would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham : Sodom and Gomorra ( Genesis 18 ) and the three other `` Cities of the Plain '' , Admah , Zeboim and Zoar ( Deuteronomy 29 : 23 ) . Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham 's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom ( Genesis 19 : 21 - 22 ) . Before the destruction , the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits , which was called the vale of Siddim . King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby . </P> <P> In Ezekiel 47 : 8 - 9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will `` be healed and made fresh '' , becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14 : 8 , which says that `` living waters will go out from Jerusalem , half of them to the eastern sea ( likely the Dead Sea ) and half to the western sea ( the Mediterranean ) . '' </P> <H3> Greek and Roman period </H3> <P> Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters . The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets . The Egyptians were steady customers , as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies . The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as `` Palus Asphaltites '' ( Asphalt Lake ) . </P> <P> King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea . The most famous was Masada , where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple . The zealots survived until 73 CE , when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants . Another historically important fortress was Machaerus ( מכוור ) , on the eastern bank , where , according to Josephus , John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died . </P> <P> Also in Roman times , some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea 's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words , `` on the west side of the Dead Sea , away from the coast ... ( above ) the town of Engeda '' ( Natural History , Bk 5.73 ) ; and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today , that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that `` the Dead Sea Scrolls '' discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library . </P> <P> Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom . However , he referred to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites . </P> <P> Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea . The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran , who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The town of Ein Gedi , mentioned many times in the Mishna , produced persimmon for the temple 's fragrance and for export , using a secret recipe . `` Sodomite salt '' was an essential mineral for the temple 's holy incense , but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness . The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake . These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity . </P> <H3> Byzantine period </H3> <P> Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west , the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge . The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era . Their monasteries , such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert , are places of pilgrimage . </P> <H3> Modern times </H3> <P> In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835 , Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847 , William Francis Lynch in 1848 , and John MacGregor in 1869 . The full text of W.F. Lynch 's 1949 book Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online . Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817 - 18 , but did n't navigate on its waters . </P> World 's lowest ( dry ) point , Jordan , 1971 <P> Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate . </P> <P> After the find of the `` Moabite Stone '' in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea , Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al - Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed `` Moabite '' antiquities , and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the `` Shapira Strips '' , a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea . The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace . </P> <P> In the late 1940s and early 1950s , hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran , about one mile ( 1.6 kilometres ) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ) . They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls . </P> <P> The world 's lowest roads , Highway 90 , run along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea , along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side , at 393 m ( 1,289 ft ) below sea level . </P> <H2> Tourism and leisure </H2> Ein Bokek , a resort on the Israeli shore <H3> British mandate period </H3> <P> A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore . </P> <H3> Israel </H3> <P> The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad , and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex . </P> <P> Israel has 15 hotels along the Dead Sea shore , generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012 . Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a six - kilometre ( 3.7 - mile ) stretch of the southern shore . </P> <H3> Jordan </H3> Kempinski Hotel , one of the many hotels on the Jordanian shore <P> On the Jordanian side , nine international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center , along with resort apartments , on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea . The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side 's capacity to 2,800 rooms . </P> <P> On November 22 , 2015 , the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan , to become live on Google Street View . </P> <H3> West Bank </H3> <P> The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea tourism industry could generate $290 million of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs . However , Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism - related investments on the Dead Sea . According to the World Bank , Officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the only way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement , but the relevant committee has not met with any degree of regularity since 2000 . </P> <H2> Chemical industry </H2> The southern basin of the Dead Sea as of 1817 - 18 , with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford ( now named Lynch Strait ) . North is to the right . View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea , taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia ( STS - 28 ) . The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea . View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later ( STS - 102 ) . A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided . The dwindling water level of the Dead Sea <H3> British mandate period </H3> <P> In the early part of the 20th century , the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural deposit of potash ( potassium chloride ) and bromine . The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929 , after its founder , Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation , Moses Novomeysky , worked for the charter for over ten years . The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash by solar evaporation of the brine . Employing Arabs and Jews , it was an island of peace in turbulent times . The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East , and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore , in the Mount Sodom area , south of the ' Lashon ' region of the Dead Sea . Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain 's potash during World War II . Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . </P> <H3> Israel </H3> <P> The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state - owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company . In 1995 , the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals . From the Dead Sea brine , Israel produces ( 2001 ) 1.77 million tons potash , 206,000 tons elemental bromine , 44,900 tons caustic soda , 25,000 tons magnesium metal , and sodium chloride . Israeli companies generate around US $3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals ( primarily potash and bromine ) , and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals . </P> <H3> Jordan </H3> <P> On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , Arab Potash ( APC ) , formed in 1956 , produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually , as well as sodium chloride and bromine . The plant is located at Safi , South Aghwar Department , in the Karak Governorate . </P> <P> Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales ( equivalent to 4 percent of Jordan 's GDP ) . </P> <H3> West Bank </H3> <P> The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access , permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918 m incremental value added per year , `` almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today '' . </P> <H3> Extraction </H3> <P> Both companies , Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash , use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite , potassium magnesium chloride , which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride . The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs roughly north - south along the international border . The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal ( by a subsidiary , Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd . ) . </P> <P> Due to the popularity of the sea 's therapeutic and healing properties , several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products . </P> <H2> Recession and environmental concerns </H2> The planned Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance , whose first phase will begin construction in 2018 , will work towards stabilizing the falling levels of the Dead Sea . <P> Since 1930 , when its surface was 1,050 km ( 410 sq mi ) and its level was 390 m ( 1,280 ft ) below sea level , the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously . In recent decades , the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north . The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works , a company that converts the sea 's raw materials . From a water surface of 395 m ( 1,296 ft ) below sea level in 1970 it fell 22 m ( 72 ft ) to 418 m ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level in 2006 , reaching a drop rate of 1 m ( 3 ft ) per year . As the water level decreases , the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change . </P> <P> The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop , causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater . This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore -- incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers , rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes . </P> Gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea sediments exposed by recession of water levels . It was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a year . <P> In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum , Jordan announced its plans to construct the `` Jordan National Red Sea Development Project '' ( JRSP ) . This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea . Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan , with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment . The early planning called for developer and financier selection to be completed by year 's end , with detailed design to begin in early 2010 , and water delivery by 2017 . Israel expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region . Some hydro - power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project . </P> <P> At a regional conference in July 2009 , officials expressed concern about the declining water levels . Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced . Others advised environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea . Currently , only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river 's channel . Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts . They said agriculture should not be expanded , sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Water level ( m ) </Th> <Th> Surface ( km ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> − 390 </Td> <Td> 1050 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> − 400 </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 407 </Td> <Td> 675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 411 </Td> <Td> 670 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 417 </Td> <Td> 662 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 423 </Td> <Td> 655 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> − 430.5 </Td> <Td> 605 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sources : Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research , Haaretz , Jewish Virtual Library , Jordan Valley Authority . </P> <P> In October 2009 , the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres ( 11 billion cubic feet ) of water per year from the Red Sea , desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel , despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact . According to Jordan 's minister for water , General Maysoun Zu'bi , this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance . </P> <P> In December 2013 , Israel , Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea . The pipeline will be 180 km ( 110 mi ) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete . In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water is now dropping by 1 m ( 3 ft ) a year . </P> <P> On 27 November 2016 , it was announced that the Jordanian government is shortlisting five consortiums to implement the project . Jordan 's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project will begin construction in the first quarter of 2018 , and will be completed by 2021 . </P> Views in 1972 , 1989 , and 2011 compared <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance </Li> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea Works </Li> <Li> Great Salt Lake </Li> <Li> List of drying lakes </Li> <Li> List of places on land with elevations below sea level </Li> <Li> Mediterranean -- Dead Sea Canal </Li> <Li> Benjamin Elazari Volcani </Li> <Li> World Discoveries III : Dead Sea </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Virtual Israel Experience : The Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Dead Sea Is Dying Fast : Is It Too Late to Save It , or Was It Always a Lost Cause ? '' . Haaretz. 7 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dead Sea Data Summary 2015. Water Authority of Israel . The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 Archived 2013 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Long - Term changes in the Dead Sea '' . Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research - Israel Marine Data Center ( ISRAMAR ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The first article al - is unnecessary and usually not used . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Israel and Jordan Sign ' Historic ' $900 Million Deal to Save the Dead Sea '' . Newsweek . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goetz , P.W. , ed. ( 1986 ) . `` The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 15th ed . ) '' . 3 . Chicago : 937 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RW McColl , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world geography . Facts on File . p. 237 . ISBN 9780816072293 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea - Composition of Dead Sea Water '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 5 alliances shortlisted to execute Red - Dead 's phase I '' . The Jordan Times . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Bridger ; Samuel Wolk ( September 1976 ) . The New Jewish Encyclopedia . Behrman House , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87441 - 120 - 1 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . It was named the `` Dead Sea '' because of the fact that no living thing can exist there , since the water is extremely salty and bitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See bitumen and asphalt for more about asphaltite . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Springs and quicksand at the Dead Sea '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study ( RSDSC ) Program : Dead Sea Study , July 2010 , p. 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mujib '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea '' . Exact Me.org . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mordechai Stein . `` The limnological history of late Pleistocene -- Holocene water bodies in the Dead Sea basin '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uri Kafri ; Yoseph Yechieli ( 2010 ) . Groundwater Base Level Changes and Adjoining Hydrological Systems . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 3642139444 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geochemical Society ; Meteoritical Society ( 1971 ) . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta . Pergamon Press . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lowest Elevation : Dead Sea '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kramer , MR ; Springer C ; Berkman N ; Glazer M ; Bublil M ; Bar - Yishay E ; Godfrey S ( March 1998 ) . `` Rehabilitation of hypoxemic patients with COPD at low altitude at the Dead Sea , the lowest place on earth '' ( PDF ) . Chest. 113 ( 3 ) : 571 -- 575 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 113.3. 571 . PMID 9515826 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . PMID 9515826 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Climatological Averages for Dead Sea '' . IMS . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Averages and Records for several places in Israel '' . Israel Meteorological Service . June 2011 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Sea Canal '' . American.edu. 1996 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ I. Steinhorn , In Situ Salt Precipitation at the Dead Sea , Limnol . Oceanogr. 28 ( 3 ) , 1983 , 580 - 583 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bein , A. ; O. Amit ( 2007 ) . `` The evolution of the Dead Sea floating asphalt blocks : simulations by pyrolisis '' . Journal of Petroleum Geology . Journal of Petroleum Geology. 2 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1747 - 5457.1980. tb00971. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Niemi , Tina M. , Zvi Ben - Avraham and Joel Gat , eds. , The Dead Sea : the lake and its setting , 1997 , Oxford University Press , p. 251 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508703 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Rullkötter ; A. Nissenbaum ( December 1988 ) . `` Dead sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies : Molecular evidence '' . Naturwissenschaften. 75 ( 12 ) : 618 . Bibcode : 1988NW ... 75 ... 618R . doi : 10.1007 / BF00366476 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asthma , Cystic Fibrosis , Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Arnon D. ; Van ‐ Dijk , Dina ; Naggan , Lechaim ; Vardy , Daniel A. ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of climatotherapy at the Dead Sea for psoriasis vulgaris : A community - oriented study introducing the Beer Sheva Psoriasis Severity Score '' . Dermatological Treatment . 16 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 308 -- 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 09546630500375841 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Halevy ; et al. `` Dead sea bath salt for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris : a double - blind controlled study '' . 9 ( 3 ) . Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : 237 -- 242 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Friedman ; Ramakrishnan Vidyasagar ; Ninos Joseph ( June 2006 ) . A Randomized , Prospective , Double - Blind Study on the Efficacy of Dead Sea Salt Nasal Irrigations. 116 . The Laryngoscope . pp. 878 -- 882 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mlg. 0000216798.10007. 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flusser , Daniel ; Abu - Shakra , Mahmoud ; Friger , Michael ; Codish , Shlomi ; Sukenik , Shaul ( August 2002 ) . `` Therapy With Mud Compresses for Knee Osteoarthritis : Comparison of Natural Mud Preparations With Mineral - Depleted Mud '' ( PDF ) . 8 ( 4 ) . Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : 197 -- 203 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PLOS ONE '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asphaltites examples from ancient sources '' . Wordnik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 18.119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephus. `` 9 '' . Antiquities of the Jews . 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Found today in the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum of Jerusalem </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sodomite salt could cause blindness '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A synagogue mosaic floor ( circa 100 BCE ) at Ein Gedi repeats the Mishna , portraying a curse on whoever reveals the town 's secret persimmon recipe . Papyrus parchments found in caves near the Dead Sea document the vast amount of cultivated land in the area , especially persimmon trees , but also olive and date trees </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Dead Sea - Discover the Dead Sea with Us ! '' . 1 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The unfortunate Costigan ' , first surveyor of the Dead Sea '' . 25 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : World Bank , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy , October 2 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea , Aqaba hotels packed during Eid Al Fitr holiday '' . The Jordan Times . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Google Street View '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wealth From The Dead Sea '' . Popular Mechanics . Chicago : Hearst Magazines . 54 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 798 . November 1930 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Saline Lakes V : Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes , held in Bolivia , 22 -- 29 March 1991 '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schechter , Asher ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Who Really Owns the Dead Sea ? '' -- via Haaretz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of Middle East Water Resources_Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . December 1998 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Klein ; A. Flohn . Contribution to the Knowledge in the Fluctuations of the Dead Sea Level . 38 . Theoretical and Applied Climatology . pp. 151 -- 156 , 1987 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Abelson ; Y . Yechieli ; O. Crouvi ; G. Baer ; D. Wachs ; A. Bein ; V. Shtivelman ( 2006 ) . Evolution of the Dead Sea Sinkholes in . special paper 401 . Geological Society of America . pp. 241 -- 253 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ehud Zion Waldoks ( July 8 , 2009 ) . ( tp://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=148034 `` Back from the Dead ? '' ) . The Jerusalem Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Water level of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Water level and surface area of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eng . Sa'ad Abu Hammour , JVA . `` River Basin Management '' ( PDF ) . Jordan Valley Authority . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jordan to refill shrinking Dead Sea '' . Daily Telegraph . 10 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Dead Sea neighbours agree to pipeline to pump water from Red Sea '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catholic Online . `` Dead Sea Dying : Levels of salt water are dropping by three feet annually '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea : Image of the Day '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 , and source of basic data on the Dead Sea . </Li> <Li> Yehouda Enzel , et al. , eds ( 2006 ) New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research , Geological Society of America , ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2401 - 5 </Li> <Li> Niemi , Tina M. , Ben - Avraham , Z. , and Gat , J. , eds. , 1997 , The Dead Sea : The Lake and Its Setting : N.Y. , Oxford University Press , 286 p . </Li> <Li> World Bank , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy , October 2 , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Dead Sea at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Dead Sea travel guide from Wikivoyage ( Israeli and West Bank part and Jordanian part ) </Li> <Li> The dictionary definition of Dead Sea at Wiktionary </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Earth 's oceans and seas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arctic Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Gulf </Li> <Li> Barents Sea </Li> <Li> Beaufort Sea </Li> <Li> Chukchi Sea </Li> <Li> East Siberian Sea </Li> <Li> Greenland Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Kara Sea </Li> <Li> Laptev Sea </Li> <Li> Lincoln Sea </Li> <Li> Prince Gustav Adolf Sea </Li> <Li> Pechora Sea </Li> <Li> Queen Victoria Sea </Li> <Li> Wandel Sea </Li> <Li> White Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adriatic Sea </Li> <Li> Aegean Sea </Li> <Li> Alboran Sea </Li> <Li> Archipelago Sea </Li> <Li> Argentine Sea </Li> <Li> Baffin Bay </Li> <Li> Balearic Sea </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Bay of Biscay </Li> <Li> Bay of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Bay of Campeche </Li> <Li> Bay of Fundy </Li> <Li> Black Sea </Li> <Li> Bothnian Sea </Li> <Li> Caribbean Sea </Li> <Li> Celtic Sea </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Foxe Basin </Li> <Li> Greenland Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Maine </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Gulf of Saint Lawrence </Li> <Li> Gulf of Sidra </Li> <Li> Gulf of Venezuela </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> Ionian Sea </Li> <Li> Irish Sea </Li> <Li> Irminger Sea </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Labrador Sea </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Libyan Sea </Li> <Li> Ligurian Sea </Li> <Li> Marmara Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Myrtoan Sea </Li> <Li> North Sea </Li> <Li> Norwegian Sea </Li> <Li> Sargasso Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Åland </Li> <Li> Sea of Azov </Li> <Li> Sea of Crete </Li> <Li> Sea of the Hebrides </Li> <Li> Thracian Sea </Li> <Li> Tyrrhenian Sea </Li> <Li> Wadden Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andaman Sea </Li> <Li> Arabian Sea </Li> <Li> Bali Sea </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Flores Sea </Li> <Li> Great Australian Bight </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Suez </Li> <Li> Java Sea </Li> <Li> Laccadive Sea </Li> <Li> Mozambique Channel </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Timor Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arafura Sea </Li> <Li> Banda Sea </Li> <Li> Bering Sea </Li> <Li> Bismarck Sea </Li> <Li> Bohai Sea </Li> <Li> Bohol Sea </Li> <Li> Camotes Sea </Li> <Li> Celebes Sea </Li> <Li> Ceram Sea </Li> <Li> Chilean Sea </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> East China Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Alaska </Li> <Li> Gulf of Anadyr </Li> <Li> Gulf of California </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf of Fonseca </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Halmahera Sea </Li> <Li> Koro Sea </Li> <Li> Mar de Grau </Li> <Li> Molucca Sea </Li> <Li> Moro Gulf </Li> <Li> Philippine Sea </Li> <Li> Salish Sea </Li> <Li> Savu Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Japan </Li> <Li> Sea of Okhotsk </Li> <Li> Seto Inland Sea </Li> <Li> Shantar Sea </Li> <Li> Sibuyan Sea </Li> <Li> Solomon Sea </Li> <Li> South China Sea </Li> <Li> Sulu Sea </Li> <Li> Tasman Sea </Li> <Li> Visayan Sea </Li> <Li> Yellow Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Sea </Li> <Li> Bellingshausen Sea </Li> <Li> Cooperation Sea </Li> <Li> Cosmonauts Sea </Li> <Li> Davis Sea </Li> <Li> D'Urville Sea </Li> <Li> King Haakon VII Sea </Li> <Li> Lazarev Sea </Li> <Li> Mawson Sea </Li> <Li> Riiser - Larsen Sea </Li> <Li> Ross Sea </Li> <Li> Scotia Sea </Li> <Li> Somov Sea </Li> <Li> Weddell Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landlocked seas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Salton Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of the world </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cape Lopez </Li> <Li> Mayombe </Li> <Li> Igboland <Ul> <Li> Mbaise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maputaland </Li> <Li> Pool Malebo </Li> <Li> Congo Basin </Li> <Li> Chad Basin </Li> <Li> Congolese rainforests </Li> <Li> Ouaddaï highlands </Li> <Li> Ennedi Plateau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Great Lakes <Ul> <Li> Albertine Rift </Li> <Li> East African Rift </Li> <Li> Great Rift Valley </Li> <Li> Gregory Rift </Li> <Li> Rift Valley lakes </Li> <Li> Swahili coast </Li> <Li> Virunga Mountains </Li> <Li> Zanj </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Horn of Africa <Ul> <Li> Afar Triangle </Li> <Li> Al - Habash </Li> <Li> Barbara </Li> <Li> Danakil Alps </Li> <Li> Danakil Desert </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Highlands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tadjoura </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indian Ocean islands <Ul> <Li> Comoros Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maghreb <Ul> <Li> Barbary Coast </Li> <Li> Bashmur </Li> <Li> Ancient Libya </Li> <Li> Atlas Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nile Valley <Ul> <Li> Cataracts of the Nile </Li> <Li> Darfur </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Lower Egypt </Li> <Li> Lower Nubia </Li> <Li> Middle Egypt </Li> <Li> Nile Delta </Li> <Li> Nuba Mountains </Li> <Li> Nubia </Li> <Li> The Sudans </Li> <Li> Upper Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pepper Coast </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Slave Coast </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Cape Palmas </Li> <Li> Cape Mesurado </Li> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger Basin </Li> <Li> Guinean Forests of West Africa </Li> <Li> Niger Delta </Li> <Li> Inner Niger Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madagascar <Ul> <Li> Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) </Li> <Li> Northern Highlands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rhodesia <Ul> <Li> North </Li> <Li> South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thembuland </Li> <Li> Succulent Karoo </Li> <Li> Nama Karoo </Li> <Li> Bushveld </Li> <Li> Highveld </Li> <Li> Fynbos </Li> <Li> Cape Floristic Region </Li> <Li> Kalahari Desert </Li> <Li> Okavango Delta </Li> <Li> False Bay </Li> <Li> Hydra Bay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Macro-regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aethiopia </Li> <Li> Arab world </Li> <Li> Commonwealth realm </Li> <Li> East African montane forests </Li> <Li> Eastern Desert </Li> <Li> Equatorial Africa </Li> <Li> Françafrique </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Islands of Africa </Li> <Li> List of countries where Arabic is an official language </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Basin </Li> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Mittelafrika </Li> <Li> Negroland </Li> <Li> Northeast Africa </Li> <Li> Portuguese - speaking African countries </Li> <Li> Sahara </Li> <Li> Sahel </Li> <Li> Sub-Saharan Africa </Li> <Li> Sudan ( region ) </Li> <Li> Sudanian Savanna </Li> <Li> Tibesti Mountains </Li> <Li> Tropical Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Aral Sea <Ul> <Li> Aralkum Desert </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Galilee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transoxiana <Ul> <Li> Turan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Khorasan </Li> <Li> Ariana </Li> <Li> Khwarezm </Li> <Li> Sistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstania </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe <Ul> <Li> Asian Steppe </Li> <Li> Kazakh Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> <Li> Wild Fields <Ul> <Li> Yedisan </Li> <Li> Muravsky Trail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ural <Ul> <Li> Ural Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volga region </Li> <Li> Idel - Ural </Li> <Li> Kolyma </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Pryazovia </Li> <Li> Bjarmaland </Li> <Li> Kuban </Li> <Li> Zalesye </Li> <Li> Ingria </Li> <Li> Novorossiya </Li> <Li> Gornaya Shoriya </Li> <Li> Tulgas </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Pamir Mountains </Li> <Li> Tian Shan </Li> <Li> Badakhshan </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Mount Imeon </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Western Regions </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Northeast </Li> <Li> Far East <Ul> <Li> Russian Far East </Li> <Li> Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extreme North </Li> <Li> Siberia <Ul> <Li> Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Khatanga Gulf </Li> <Li> Baraba steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kamchatka Peninsula </Li> <Li> Amur Basin </Li> <Li> Yenisei Gulf </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Sikhote - Alin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japanese archipelago <Ul> <Li> Northeastern Japan Arc </Li> <Li> Sakhalin Island Arc </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Korean Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gobi Desert </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Greater Khingan </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Outer Mongolia </Li> <Li> China proper </Li> <Li> Manchuria <Ul> <Li> Outer Manchuria </Li> <Li> Inner Manchuria </Li> <Li> Northeast China Plain </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North China Plain <Ul> <Li> Yan Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kunlun Mountains </Li> <Li> Liaodong Peninsula </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Tibetan Plateau <Ul> <Li> Tibet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tarim Basin </Li> <Li> Northern Silk Road </Li> <Li> Hexi Corridor </Li> <Li> Nanzhong </Li> <Li> Lingnan </Li> <Li> Liangguang </Li> <Li> Jiangnan </Li> <Li> Jianghuai </Li> <Li> Guanzhong </Li> <Li> Huizhou </Li> <Li> Wu </Li> <Li> Jiaozhou </Li> <Li> Zhongyuan </Li> <Li> Shaannan </Li> <Li> Ordos Loop <Ul> <Li> Loess Plateau </Li> <Li> Shaanbei </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hamgyong Mountains </Li> <Li> Central Mountain Range </Li> <Li> Japanese Alps </Li> <Li> Suzuka Mountains </Li> <Li> Leizhou Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Yangtze River Delta </Li> <Li> Pearl River Delta </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East <Ul> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Zagros Mountains </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf <Ul> <Li> Pirate Coast </Li> <Li> Strait of Hormuz </Li> <Li> Greater and Lesser Tunbs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Al - Faw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Najd </Li> <Li> Hejaz </Li> <Li> Tihamah </Li> <Li> Eastern Arabia </Li> <Li> South Arabia <Ul> <Li> Hadhramaut </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tigris -- Euphrates </Li> <Li> Mesopotamia <Ul> <Li> Upper Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Lower Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Sawad </Li> <Li> Nineveh plains </Li> <Li> Akkad ( region ) </Li> <Li> Babylonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Canaan </Li> <Li> Aram </Li> <Li> Eber - Nari </Li> <Li> Suhum </Li> <Li> Eastern Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Mashriq </Li> <Li> Kurdistan </Li> <Li> Levant <Ul> <Li> Southern Levant </Li> <Li> Transjordan </Li> <Li> Jordan Rift Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Golan Heights </Li> <Li> Hula Valley </Li> <Li> Galilee </Li> <Li> Gilead </Li> <Li> Judea </Li> <Li> Samaria </Li> <Li> Arabah </Li> <Li> Anti-Lebanon Mountains </Li> <Li> Sinai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Arabian Desert </Li> <Li> Syrian Desert </Li> <Li> Fertile Crescent </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Armenian Highlands </Li> <Li> Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Caucasus Mountains <Ul> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Lesser Caucasus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> South Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Kur - Araz Lowland </Li> <Li> Lankaran Lowland </Li> <Li> Alborz </Li> <Li> Absheron Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anatolia </Li> <Li> Cilicia </Li> <Li> Cappadocia </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater India </Li> <Li> Indian subcontinent </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Hindu Kush </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> <Li> Ganges Basin </Li> <Li> Ganges Delta </Li> <Li> Pashtunistan </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Kashmir <Ul> <Li> Kashmir Valley </Li> <Li> Pir Panjal Range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thar Desert </Li> <Li> Indus Valley </Li> <Li> Indus River Delta </Li> <Li> Indus Valley Desert </Li> <Li> Indo - Gangetic Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern coastal plains </Li> <Li> Western Coastal Plains </Li> <Li> Meghalaya subtropical forests </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests </Li> <Li> Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows </Li> <Li> Doab </Li> <Li> Bagar tract </Li> <Li> Great Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Little Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Coromandel Coast </Li> <Li> Konkan </Li> <Li> False Divi Point </Li> <Li> Hindi Belt </Li> <Li> Ladakh </Li> <Li> Aksai Chin </Li> <Li> Gilgit - Baltistan <Ul> <Li> Baltistan </Li> <Li> Shigar Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Saltoro Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mannar </Li> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands <Ul> <Li> Andaman Islands </Li> <Li> Nicobar Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maldive Islands </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainland <Ul> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Malay Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maritime <Ul> <Li> Peninsular Malaysia </Li> <Li> Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Greater Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Lesser Sunda Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesian Archipelago </Li> <Li> Timor </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippine Archipelago <Ul> <Li> Luzon </Li> <Li> Visayas </Li> <Li> Mindanao </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leyte Gulf </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> East Indies </Li> <Li> Nanyang </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific </Li> <Li> Tropical Asia </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Scandinavia </Li> <Li> Scandinavian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fennoscandia </Li> <Li> Baltoscandia </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> West Nordic </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danubian countries </Li> <Li> Prussia </Li> <Li> Galicia </Li> <Li> Volhynia </Li> <Li> Donbass </Li> <Li> Sloboda Ukraine </Li> <Li> Sambia Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Amber Coast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Curonian Spit </Li> <Li> Izyum Trail </Li> <Li> Lithuania Minor </Li> <Li> Nemunas Delta </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Vyborg Bay </Li> <Li> Karelia <Ul> <Li> East Karelia </Li> <Li> Karelian Isthmus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lokhaniemi </Li> <Li> Southeastern <Ul> <Li> Balkans </Li> <Li> Aegean Islands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Chania </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Kabardia </Li> <Li> European Russia <Ul> <Li> Southern Russia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Alpine states </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> <Li> Mitteleuropa </Li> <Li> Visegrád Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benelux </Li> <Li> Low Countries </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> British Isles </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Cotentin Peninsula </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Brittany </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pyrenees </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Insular Italy </Li> <Li> Tuscan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Aegadian Islands </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Crimea </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Germanic </Li> <Li> Celtic </Li> <Li> Slavic countries </Li> <Li> Uralic </Li> <Li> European Plain </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> <Li> Wild Fields </Li> <Li> Pannonian Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Little Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern Slovak Lowland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Canada </Li> <Li> Western Canada </Li> <Li> Canadian Prairies </Li> <Li> Central Canada </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Atlantic Canada </Li> <Li> The Maritimes </Li> <Li> French Canada </Li> <Li> English Canada </Li> <Li> Acadia <Ul> <Li> Acadian Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor </Li> <Li> Peace River Country </Li> <Li> Cypress Hills </Li> <Li> Palliser 's Triangle </Li> <Li> Canadian Shield </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Newfoundland ( island ) </Li> <Li> Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> Gulf Islands </Li> <Li> Strait of Georgia </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Labrador Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gaspé Peninsula </Li> <Li> Avalon Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Bay de Verde Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brodeur Peninsula </Li> <Li> Melville Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bruce Peninsula </Li> <Li> Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) </Li> <Li> Cook Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Georgian Bay </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Inland Northwest </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Midwest </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Mountain States </Li> <Li> Intermountain West </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Mormon Corridor </Li> <Li> Calumet Region </Li> <Li> Southwest <Ul> <Li> Old Southwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado </Li> <Li> Central United States <Ul> <Li> Tallgrass prairie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> South Central </Li> <Li> Deep South </Li> <Li> Upland South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Third Coast </Li> <Li> Coastal states </Li> <Li> Eastern United States <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Great North Woods </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Great Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Basin Desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Ark - La - Tex </Li> <Li> Waxhaws </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> <Li> Twin Tiers </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Atlantic coastal plain </Li> <Li> Outer Lands </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region </Li> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Piney Woods </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> The Dakotas </Li> <Li> The Carolinas </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> Tornado Alley </Li> <Li> North Coast </Li> <Li> Lost Coast </Li> <Li> Emerald Triangle </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay </Li> <Li> North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> Silicon Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Lower Colorado River Valley </Li> <Li> Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta </Li> <Li> Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta </Li> <Li> Colville Delta </Li> <Li> Arkansas Delta </Li> <Li> Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi River Delta </Li> <Li> Columbia River Estuary </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> High Desert </Li> <Li> Monterey Peninsula </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Lower Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Virginia Peninsula </Li> <Li> Keweenaw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Middle Peninsula </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula </Li> <Li> Alaska Peninsula </Li> <Li> Kenai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Niagara Peninsula </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Belt regions <Ul> <Li> Bible Belt </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Corn Belt </Li> <Li> Cotton Belt </Li> <Li> Frost Belt </Li> <Li> Rice Belt </Li> <Li> Rust Belt </Li> <Li> Sun Belt </Li> <Li> Snow Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Northern Mexico </Li> 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Sea </Li> <Li> Ross Sea </Li> <Li> Scotia Sea </Li> <Li> Somov Sea </Li> <Li> Weddell Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landlocked seas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Salton Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 239922660 </Li> <Li> GND : 4106540 - 2 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 143283 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 027708403 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb15367124k ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00636059 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea&oldid=834273252 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Endorheic lakes of Asia </Li> <Li> Extreme points of Earth </Li> <Li> Bodies of water of Jordan </Li> <Li> Lakes of the Great Rift Valley </Li> <Li> Lakes of Israel </Li> <Li> Catholic pilgrimage sites </Li> <Li> Sacred lakes </Li> <Li> Shrunken 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where is the dead sea located in jordan

World population - wikipedia <H1> World population </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google World population percentage by country <P> In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living , and was estimated to have reached 7.6 billion as of March 2018 . </P> <P> World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 and 1975 , peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 and 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century . </P> <P> Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million , while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.1 years in 2016 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> World population ( millions , UN estimates ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Top ten most populous countries </Th> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> 2030 * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China * </Td> <Td> 1,270 </Td> <Td> 1,376 </Td> <Td> 1,416 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,053 </Td> <Td> 1,311 </Td> <Td> 1,528 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> <Td> 356 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> <Td> 258 </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> 245 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> World total </Td> <Td> 6,127 </Td> <Td> 7,349 </Td> <Td> 8,501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Notes : <Ul> <Li> China = excludes Hong Kong and Macau </Li> <Li> 2030 = Medium variant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Population by region <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Population by continent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages </Li> <Li> 2.2 Modern era </Li> <Li> 2.3 Milestones by the billions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Global demographics </Li> <Li> 4 Largest populations by country <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Most densely populated countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Fluctuation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Population growth by region </Li> <Li> 5.2 Past population </Li> <Li> 5.3 Projections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Mathematical approximations <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Years for world population to double </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Overpopulation <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Predictions of scarcity </Li> <Li> 7.2 Environmental impacts </Li> <Li> 7.3 Population control </Li> <Li> 7.4 Overpopulation skepticism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Population by region ( edit ) </H2> <P> Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1 billion people , or 15 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 733 million people make up 12 % of the world 's population as of 2012 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 352 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 35 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . </P> <H3> Population by continent ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) <Tr> <Th> Continent </Th> <Th> Density ( inhabitants / km ) </Th> <Th> Population ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Most populous country </Th> <Th> Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 96.4 </Td> <Td> 4,436 </Td> <Td> 1,382,300,000 - China </Td> <Td> 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> 36.7 </Td> <Td> 1,216 </Td> <Td> 0186,987,000 - Nigeria </Td> <Td> 21,000,000 - Lagos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 72.9 </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) </Td> <Td> 19,468,664 - Moscow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 22.9 </Td> <Td> 579 </Td> <Td> 0324,991,600 - United States </Td> <Td> 23,723,696 / 08,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South America </Td> <Td> 22.8 </Td> <Td> 422 </Td> <Td> 0209,567,000 - Brazil </Td> <Td> 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oceania </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 39.9 </Td> <Td> 0024,458,800 - Australia </Td> <Td> 05,005,400 - Sydney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antarctica </Td> <Td> 0.0003 ( varies ) </Td> <Td> 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0000001,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> See also : World population estimates and History of the world <P> Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . </P> <H3> Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography <P> Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD . </P> <P> The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries AD . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . </P> <P> Starting in AD 2 , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In that year , the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146 , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . </P> <P> The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . </P> <H3> Modern era ( edit ) </H3> Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in urban areas in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . <P> During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . </P> <P> Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . </P> <P> The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . </P> <P> Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . </P> <H3> Milestones by the billions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : World population milestones <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> World population milestones in billions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td> 1804 </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2024 </Td> <Td> 2042 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years elapsed </Th> <Td> -- -- </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . </P> <P> According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . </P> <P> There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . </P> <H2> Global Demographics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . <Table> <Tr> <Td> 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + </Td> <Td> 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . </P> <P> According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . </P> <P> The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . </P> <P> The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 31 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 24.1 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . </P> <H2> Largest populations by country ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population A map of world population in 2014 <Table> 10 most populous countries <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country / Territory </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Approx. % of world population </Th> <Th> Source </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 1,390,570,000 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 18.3 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,330,950,000 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 17.5 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 327,029,000 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.29 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 261,600,000 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 3.43 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 211,367,000 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.77 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 208,968,000 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.74 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 188,500,000 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 2.47 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 164,394,000 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.16 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 146,773,226 </Td> <Td> June 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.93 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 126,670,000 </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.66 % </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . </P> <H3> Most densely populated countries ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density <P> The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . </P> Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . <Table> 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Density ( Pop . per km ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 5,612,300 </Td> <Td> 710 </Td> <Td> 7,905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 164,390,000 </Td> <Td> 143,998 </Td> <Td> 1,142 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 23,562,318 </Td> <Td> 36,190 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 51,446,201 </Td> <Td> 99,538 </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 6,082,000 </Td> <Td> 10,452 </Td> <Td> 582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 11,809,295 </Td> <Td> 26,338 </Td> <Td> 448 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 17,220,000 </Td> <Td> 41,526 </Td> <Td> 415 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 10,911,819 </Td> <Td> 27,065 </Td> <Td> 403 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,330,950,000 </Td> <Td> 3,287,240 </Td> <Td> 405 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 8,850,000 </Td> <Td> 22,072 </Td> <Td> 401 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Density ( Pop . per km ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,330,950,000 </Td> <Td> 3,287,240 </Td> <Td> 405 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 211,370,000 </Td> <Td> 803,940 </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> <Td> Rapidly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 164,390,000 </Td> <Td> 143,998 </Td> <Td> 1,142 </Td> <Td> Rapidly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 126,670,000 </Td> <Td> 377,873 </Td> <Td> 335 </Td> <Td> Declining population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 105,780,000 </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> <Td> 353 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 93,700,000 </Td> <Td> 331,689 </Td> <Td> 282 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 65,648,100 </Td> <Td> 243,610 </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> Slowly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 51,446,201 </Td> <Td> 99,538 </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> <Td> Slowly growing population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 23,562,318 </Td> <Td> 36,190 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> <Td> Steady population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 21,444,000 </Td> <Td> 65,610 </Td> <Td> 327 </Td> <Td> Growing population </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Fluctuation ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : World population growth , Population growth , and Projections of population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . <P> Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . </P> <P> In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . <Table> <Tr> <Td> 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children </Td> <Td> 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . </P> <P> In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 ( in log y scale ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Population growth by region ( edit ) </H3> Main article : World population growth Further information : Total fertility rate and Birth rate <P> The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . </P> <Table> World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> 1500 </Th> <Th> 1600 </Th> <Th> 1700 </Th> <Th> 1750 </Th> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Th> 1850 </Th> <Th> 1900 </Th> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Th> 2150 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Td> 585 </Td> <Td> 660 </Td> <Td> 710 </Td> <Td> 791 </Td> <Td> 978 </Td> <Td> 1,262 </Td> <Td> 1,650 </Td> <Td> 2,521 </Td> <Td> 6,008 </Td> <Td> 6,707 </Td> <Td> 6,896 </Td> <Td> 7,052 </Td> <Td> 9,725 </Td> <Td> 9,746 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 783 </Td> <Td> 973 </Td> <Td> 1,022 </Td> <Td> 1,052 </Td> <Td> 2,478 </Td> <Td> 2,308 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> 282 </Td> <Td> 350 </Td> <Td> 411 </Td> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 635 </Td> <Td> 809 </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> <Td> 1,402 </Td> <Td> 3,700 </Td> <Td> 4,054 </Td> <Td> 4,164 </Td> <Td> 4,250 </Td> <Td> 5,267 </Td> <Td> 5,561 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> 408 </Td> <Td> 547 </Td> <Td> 675 </Td> <Td> 732 </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> <Td> 734 </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin America </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 508 </Td> <Td> 577 </Td> <Td> 590 </Td> <Td> 603 </Td> <Td> 784 </Td> <Td> 912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> 337 </Td> <Td> 345 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 433 </Td> <Td> 398 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> 1500 </Th> <Th> 1600 </Th> <Th> 1700 </Th> <Th> 1750 </Th> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Th> 1850 </Th> <Th> 1900 </Th> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Th> 2150 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> 14.7 </Td> <Td> 17.3 </Td> <Td> 14.9 </Td> <Td> 13.4 </Td> <Td> 10.9 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 13.0 </Td> <Td> 14.5 </Td> <Td> 14.8 </Td> <Td> 15.2 </Td> <Td> 25.48 </Td> <Td> 23.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> 48.2 </Td> <Td> 53.0 </Td> <Td> 57.9 </Td> <Td> 63.5 </Td> <Td> 64.9 </Td> <Td> 64.1 </Td> <Td> 57.4 </Td> <Td> 55.6 </Td> <Td> 61.6 </Td> <Td> 60.4 </Td> <Td> 60.4 </Td> <Td> 60.3 </Td> <Td> 54.16 </Td> <Td> 57.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> 28.7 </Td> <Td> 25.8 </Td> <Td> 25.1 </Td> <Td> 20.6 </Td> <Td> 20.8 </Td> <Td> 21.9 </Td> <Td> 24.7 </Td> <Td> 21.7 </Td> <Td> 11.2 </Td> <Td> 10.9 </Td> <Td> 10.7 </Td> <Td> 10.5 </Td> <Td> 7.55 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin America </Th> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 8.06 </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 4.45 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Past population ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following table gives estimates , in millions , of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> World </Th> <Th> Africa </Th> <Th> Asia </Th> <Th> Europe </Th> <Th> Latin America & Carib . </Th> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70,000 BC </Th> <Td> < 0.015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10,000 BC </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8000 BC </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6500 BC </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5000 BC </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4000 BC </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3000 BC </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 BC </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1000 BC </Th> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 500 BC </Th> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AD 1 </Th> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1000 </Th> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1500 </Th> <Td> 458 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1600 </Th> <Td> 580 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 339 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1700 </Th> <Td> 682 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 436 </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1750 </Th> <Td> 791 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 656 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1850 </Th> <Td> 1,262 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 809 </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900 </Th> <Td> 1,650 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> <Td> 408 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 </Th> <Td> 2,525 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 1,394 </Td> <Td> 549 </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> 12.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1955 </Th> <Td> 2,758 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 1,534 </Td> <Td> 577 </Td> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> 14.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> 3,018 </Td> <Td> 285 </Td> <Td> 1,687 </Td> <Td> 606 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 204 </Td> <Td> 15.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1965 </Th> <Td> 3,322 </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> <Td> 1,875 </Td> <Td> 635 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> 17.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> 3,682 </Td> <Td> 366 </Td> <Td> 2,120 </Td> <Td> 657 </Td> <Td> 288 </Td> <Td> 231 </Td> <Td> 19.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 4,061 </Td> <Td> 416 </Td> <Td> 2,378 </Td> <Td> 677 </Td> <Td> 326 </Td> <Td> 242 </Td> <Td> 21.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Td> 4,440 </Td> <Td> 478 </Td> <Td> 2,626 </Td> <Td> 694 </Td> <Td> 365 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 23.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1985 </Th> <Td> 4,853 </Td> <Td> 550 </Td> <Td> 2,897 </Td> <Td> 708 </Td> <Td> 406 </Td> <Td> 267 </Td> <Td> 24.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 5,310 </Td> <Td> 632 </Td> <Td> 3,202 </Td> <Td> 721 </Td> <Td> 447 </Td> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> 27.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 </Th> <Td> 5,735 </Td> <Td> 720 </Td> <Td> 3,475 </Td> <Td> 728 </Td> <Td> 487 </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> 29.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> 6,127 </Td> <Td> 814 </Td> <Td> 3,714 </Td> <Td> 726 </Td> <Td> 527 </Td> <Td> 314 </Td> <Td> 31.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> 6,520 </Td> <Td> 920 </Td> <Td> 3,945 </Td> <Td> 729 </Td> <Td> 564 </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> <Td> 33.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6,930 </Td> <Td> 1,044 </Td> <Td> 4,170 </Td> <Td> 735 </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> 344 </Td> <Td> 36.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> 7,349 </Td> <Td> 1,186 </Td> <Td> 4,393 </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> 634 </Td> <Td> 358 </Td> <Td> 39.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : </P> <Ul> <Li> World : + 420 million </Li> <Li> Africa : + 142 million </Li> <Li> Asia : + 223 million </Li> <Li> Europe : + 3 million </Li> <Li> Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million </Li> <Li> Northern America : + 14 million </Li> <Li> Oceania : + 2.9 million </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Projections ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth <P> Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . </P> <P> Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . </P> <P> 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . </P> <Table> UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> UN est . ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Difference </Th> <Th> USCB est . ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Difference </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> 6,514 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6,473 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6,916 </Td> <Td> 402 </Td> <Td> 6,866 </Td> <Td> 393 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> 7,324 </Td> <Td> 408 </Td> <Td> 7,256 </Td> <Td> 390 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020 </Th> <Td> 7,717 </Td> <Td> 393 </Td> <Td> 7,643 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2025 </Th> <Td> 8,083 </Td> <Td> 366 </Td> <Td> 8,007 </Td> <Td> 363 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2030 </Th> <Td> 8,425 </Td> <Td> 342 </Td> <Td> 8,341 </Td> <Td> 334 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2035 </Th> <Td> 8,743 </Td> <Td> 318 </Td> <Td> 8,646 </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2040 </Th> <Td> 9,039 </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> 8,926 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2045 </Th> <Td> 9,308 </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> 9,180 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Td> 9,551 </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> 9,408 </Td> <Td> 228 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> World </Th> <Th> Asia </Th> <Th> Africa </Th> <Th> Europe </Th> <Th> Latin America / Caribbean </Th> <Th> Northern America </Th> <Th> Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6,916 </Td> <Td> 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 740 ( 10.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 596 ( 8.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 347 ( 5.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 37 ( 0.5 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td> 7,324 </Td> <Td> 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 743 ( 10.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 630 ( 8.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 361 ( 4.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 39 ( 0.5 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020 </Th> <Td> 7,717 </Td> <Td> 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 744 ( 9.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 662 ( 8.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 376 ( 4.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 42 ( 0.5 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2025 </Th> <Td> 8,083 </Td> <Td> 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 741 ( 9.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 691 ( 8.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 390 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 45 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2030 </Th> <Td> 8,425 </Td> <Td> 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 736 ( 8.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 717 ( 8.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 403 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 47 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2035 </Th> <Td> 8,743 </Td> <Td> 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 730 ( 8.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 739 ( 8.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 415 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2040 </Th> <Td> 9,039 </Td> <Td> 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 724 ( 8.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 757 ( 8.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 426 ( 4.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 52 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2045 </Th> <Td> 9,308 </Td> <Td> 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 717 ( 7.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 771 ( 8.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 436 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 55 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2050 </Th> <Td> 9,551 </Td> <Td> 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 709 ( 7.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 782 ( 8.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 446 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 57 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2055 </Th> <Td> 9,766 </Td> <Td> 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 700 ( 7.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 788 ( 8.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 456 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 59 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2060 </Th> <Td> 9,957 </Td> <Td> 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 691 ( 6.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 791 ( 7.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 465 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 61 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2065 </Th> <Td> 10,127 </Td> <Td> 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 681 ( 6.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 791 ( 7.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 474 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 63 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2070 </Th> <Td> 10,277 </Td> <Td> 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 673 ( 6.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 788 ( 7.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 482 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 64 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2075 </Th> <Td> 10,409 </Td> <Td> 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 665 ( 6.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 783 ( 7.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 490 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 66 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2080 </Th> <Td> 10,524 </Td> <Td> 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 659 ( 6.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 776 ( 7.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 496 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 67 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2085 </Th> <Td> 10,626 </Td> <Td> 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 653 ( 6.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 767 ( 7.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 502 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 68 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2090 </Th> <Td> 10,717 </Td> <Td> 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 649 ( 6.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 757 ( 7.1 % ) </Td> <Td> 506 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2095 </Th> <Td> 10,794 </Td> <Td> 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 644 ( 6.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 747 ( 6.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 510 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2100 </Th> <Td> 10,854 </Td> <Td> 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) </Td> <Td> 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) </Td> <Td> 639 ( 5.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 736 ( 6.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 513 ( 4.7 % ) </Td> <Td> 70 ( 0.6 % ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Mathematical approximations ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . </P> <P> According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula : </P> <Dl> <Dd> N = C τ arccot ⁡ T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where </P> <Ul> <Li> N is current population </Li> <Li> T is the current year </Li> <Li> C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 </Li> <Li> T = 2007 ± 1 </Li> <Li> τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Years for world population to double ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . </P> Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 <Table> Starting at 500 million <Tr> <Th> Population ( in billions ) </Th> <Th colspan="2"> 0.5 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> <Th colspan="2"> 8 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td colspan="2"> 1500 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1804 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1927 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 2024 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Years elapsed </Th> <Td colspan="2"> 304 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 123 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 47 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 50 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Starting at 375 million <Tr> <Th> Population ( in billions ) </Th> <Th colspan="2"> 0.375 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> 0.75 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> 1.5 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> <Th colspan="2"> 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td colspan="2"> 1171 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1715 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1881 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1960 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Years elapsed </Th> <Td colspan="2"> 544 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 166 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 79 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 39 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Overpopulation ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe <H3> Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) </H3> Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . <P> In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . </P> <P> The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . </P> <P> In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . </P> Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BC to AD 2000 , from the US Census Bureau . The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has taken place since the 18th century . The human population has been growing rapidly since the mid-1800s . <P> In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . </P> <P> David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . </P> <P> The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . </P> <H3> Environmental impacts ( edit ) </H3> Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 <P> A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . </P> <P> Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . In November 2017 , a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the `` primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats . '' </P> <P> A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children , followed by living without a vehicle , forgoing air travel and adopting a plant - based diet . </P> <H3> Population control ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Human population planning India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . <P> Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . </P> <P> The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . </P> <H3> Overpopulation skepticism ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Population Research Institute ( PRI ) , an anti-abortion , anti-contraception advocacy group , has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity , with some describing overpopulation as a `` myth '' . The PRI argues that advances in agricultural , medical , and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary . PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards , increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women . However , other commentators have described PRI 's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive . </P> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anthropocene </Li> <Li> Birth control </Li> <Li> Coastal population growth </Li> <Li> Demographic transition </Li> <Li> Depopulation </Li> <Li> Doomsday argument </Li> <Li> Family planning </Li> <Li> Food security </Li> <Li> Megacity </Li> <Li> Natalism </Li> <Li> One - child policy </Li> <Li> Population boom </Li> <Li> Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group </Li> <Li> Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet </Li> <Li> Two - child policy </Li> <Li> World 's largest cities </Li> </Ul> <P> Lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> List of countries and dependencies by population </Li> <Li> List of urban areas by population </Li> <Li> List of population concern organizations </Li> <Li> List of countries by fertility rate </Li> <Li> List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) </Li> <Li> List of countries by past and future population </Li> <Li> List of countries by population in 1900 </Li> <Li> List of countries by population density </Li> <Li> List of countries by population growth rate </Li> <Li> Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations </Li> <Li> List of religious populations </Li> </Ul> <P> Historical : </P> <Ul> <Li> Historical censuses </Li> <Li> Historical demography </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Figure including Crimea and Sevastopol . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Population Clock : 7.6 Billion People ( 2017 ) - Worldometers '' . www.worldometers.info . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , 2012 revision ( 697 million births from 1985 -- 1990 ) '' . United Nations . 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual number of births -- World '' . United Nations Population Division . 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Population estimates by the US Census Bureau '' . USCB . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ male 29.4 , female 30.9 years . `` CIA , The World Factbook : Field Listing : Median Age '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2015 Revision '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 ... 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Journal of the British Interplanetary Society ( 28 ) : 691 -- 712 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Andrey Korotayev et al . For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue , see `` A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth , 1 CE -- 1973 CE '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kapitsa , Sergei P. ( 1996 ) . `` The phenomenological theory of world population growth '' . Physics - Uspekhi. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 71 . doi : 10.1070 / pu1996v039n01abeh000127 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lutz , Wolfgang ; Sanderson , Warren ; Scherbov , Sergei ( 1997 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Doubling of world population unlikely '' . Nature . 387 ( 6635 ) : 803 -- 805 . doi : 10.1038 / 42935 . PMID 9194559 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World faces ' perfect storm ' of problems by 2030 , chief scientist to warn '' . The Guardian . March 18 , 2009 . 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Implementing ecological integrity : restoring regional and global environmental and human health . North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division / Springer . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6351 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global crisis ' to strike by 2030 '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global food production will have to increase 70 % for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 '' . Finfacts.com . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . UN Food and Agriculture Organization -- Economic and Social Development Department . 2008 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One sixth of humanity undernourished -- more than ever before '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2009 . 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Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ripple WJ , Wolf C , Newsome TM , Galetti M , Alamgir M , Crist E , Mahmoud MI , Laurance WF ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity : A Second Notice '' . BioScience . doi : 10.1093 / biosci / bix125 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government is n't telling you about '' . Science . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connelly , Matthew ( 2008 ) . Fatal Misconception : The Struggle to Control World Population . Harvard University Press via Google Books . ISBN 9780674029835 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Debunking the Myth of Overpopulation '' . Population Research Institute . 2013 . 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Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` World Population Prospects , the 2010 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` World Population History Graph '' World population graph 10000 BC - AD 1950 . </Li> <Li> `` Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline '' . Demographia.ru . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> World Factbook 2012 . US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> `` The World in Balance '' ( transcript ) . Two - part PBS Nova on world population . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation '' . University of California , Berkeley . 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` Global population : Faces of the future '' . The Economist . June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> `` Creating new life -- and other ways to feed the world '' . BBC . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> World Population Growth ( Oct 2016 ) , Esteban Ortiz - Ospina and Max Roser , OurWorldInData.org </Li> </Ul> <P> Organizations </P> <Ul> <Li> Optimum Population Trust </Li> <Li> The Day of 6 Billion and 7 Billion -- Official homepages maintained by UNFPA </Li> <Li> Population Reference Bureau -- News and issues related to population </Li> <Li> Berlin Institute for Population and Development </Li> </Ul> <P> Statistics and maps </P> <Ul> <Li> HiveGroup.com -- World population statistics presented in a treemap interface </Li> <Li> PopulationLabs.com -- World population map and graph </Li> <Li> PopulationData.net -- Information and maps about populations around the world </Li> <Li> GeoHive.com -- World statistics including population and future predictions </Li> <Li> Win.tue.nl -- World countries mapped by population size </Li> <Li> World-statistics.org -- World statistics including population and projections </Li> </Ul> <P> Population clocks </P> <Ul> <Li> U.S. and World Population Clock ( US Census Bureau ) </Li> <Li> People in the world </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Global human population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biocapacity </Li> <Li> Optimum population </Li> <Li> Overpopulation <Ul> <Li> Malthusian catastrophe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Population </Li> <Li> Population ethics </Li> <Li> Population momentum </Li> <Li> Sustainable development </Li> <Li> Women 's reproductive rights </Li> <Li> Zero population growth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological and related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Family planning <Ul> <Li> Pledge two or fewer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Human population planning <Ul> <Li> One - child policy </Li> <Li> Two - child policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Population biology </Li> <Li> Population decline </Li> <Li> Population density <Ul> <Li> Physiological density </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Population dynamics </Li> <Li> Population growth </Li> <Li> Population model </Li> <Li> Population pyramid </Li> <Li> Projections of population growth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human impact on the environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deforestation </Li> <Li> Desalination </Li> <Li> Desertification </Li> <Li> Environmental impact <Ul> <Li> of agriculture </Li> <Li> of aviation </Li> <Li> of biodiesel </Li> <Li> of concrete </Li> <Li> of electricity generation </Li> <Li> of the energy industry </Li> <Li> of fishing </Li> <Li> of irrigation </Li> <Li> of mining </Li> <Li> of off - roading </Li> <Li> of oil shale industry </Li> <Li> of palm oil </Li> <Li> of paper </Li> <Li> of the petroleum industry </Li> <Li> of reservoirs </Li> <Li> of shipping </Li> <Li> of war </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Industrialisation </Li> <Li> Land degradation </Li> <Li> Land reclamation </Li> <Li> Overconsumption </Li> <Li> Pollution </Li> <Li> Quarrying </Li> <Li> Urbanization <Ul> <Li> Loss of green belts </Li> <Li> Urban sprawl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Waste </Li> <Li> Water scarcity <Ul> <Li> Overdrafting </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population ecology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrying capacity </Li> <Li> Deep ecology </Li> <Li> Earth 's energy budget </Li> <Li> Food security </Li> <Li> Habitat destruction </Li> <Li> I = P × A × T </Li> <Li> Malthusian growth model </Li> <Li> Overshoot ( population ) </Li> <Li> World energy consumption </Li> <Li> World energy resources </Li> <Li> World3 model </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Modest Proposal </Li> <Li> Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . </Li> <Li> An Essay on the Principle of Population </Li> <Li> `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? 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it took 130 years for the human population to double from 1 billion to 2 billion

2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia <H1> 2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Men 's Singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2018 Australian Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champion </Th> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Td> Marin Čilić </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Final score </Th> <Td> 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Draw </Th> <Td> 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seeds </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Events </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> boys </Td> <Td> girls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Doubles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> mixed </Td> <Td> boys </Td> <Td> girls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legends </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WC Singles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> quad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WC Doubles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> quad </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2017 </Td> <Td> Australian Open </Td> <Td> 2019 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : 2018 Australian Open <P> Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title , defeating Marin Čilić in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 . It was Federer 's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record - equalling sixth Australian Open men 's singles title ( tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic ) . With the win , Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments ( six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon ) . Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in 1972 . The time span between Federer 's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest , almost 15 years , is an Open era record in the men 's singles field . This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title , with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open . Čilić became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open . </P> <P> Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP no . 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament . Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the quarterfinals . </P> <P> This was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships that two unseeded players ( Chung Hyeon and Kyle Edmund ) reached the semifinals of the men 's singles event at a Grand Slam tournament , and the first time at the Australian Open since 1999 . Chung became the first South Korean player to reach the quarterfinals and semifinals of a Grand Slam event . </P> <P> Djokovic 's fourth - round loss to Chung was his first straight - sets loss at the Australian Open since 2007 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Seeds </Li> <Li> 2 Qualifying </Li> <Li> 3 Wildcards </Li> <Li> 4 Draw <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Key </Li> <Li> 4.2 Finals </Li> <Li> 4.3 Top half <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Section 1 </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Section 2 </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Section 3 </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4 Section 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Bottom half <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Section 5 </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 Section 6 </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Section 7 </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 Section 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Seeds ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> 01 . Rafael Nadal ( Quarterfinals , retired ) </Dd> <Dd> 02 . Roger Federer ( Champion ) </Dd> <Dd> 03 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Quarterfinals ) </Dd> <Dd> 04 . Alexander Zverev ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 05 . Dominic Thiem ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 06 . Marin Čilić ( Final ) </Dd> <Dd> 07 . David Goffin ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 08 . Jack Sock ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 09 . Stan Wawrinka ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 10 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 11 . Kevin Anderson ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 12 . Juan Martín del Potro ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 13 . Sam Querrey ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 14 . Novak Djokovic ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 15 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 16 . John Isner ( First round ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> 17 . Nick Kyrgios ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 18 . Lucas Pouille ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 19 . Tomáš Berdych ( Quarterfinals ) </Dd> <Dd> 20 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 21 . Albert Ramos - Viñolas ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 22 . Milos Raonic ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 23 . Gilles Müller ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 24 . Diego Schwartzman ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 25 . Fabio Fognini ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 26 . Adrian Mannarino ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 27 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 28 . Damir Džumhur ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 29 . Richard Gasquet ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 30 . Andrey Rublev ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 31 . Pablo Cuevas ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 32 . Mischa Zverev ( First round , retired ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . </P> <H2> Qualifying ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying <H2> Wildcards ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Main Draw Wildcard Entries <H2> Draw ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Key ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Q = Qualifier </Li> <Li> WC = Wild Card </Li> <Li> LL = Lucky Loser </Li> <Li> Alt = Alternate </Li> <Li> SE = Special Exempt </Li> <Li> PR = Protected Ranking </Li> <Li> w / o = Walkover </Li> <Li> r = Retired </Li> <Li> d = Defaulted </Li> </Ul> <H3> Finals ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Quarterfinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Semifinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Final </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Marin Čilić </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Marin Čilić </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kyle Edmund </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grigor Dimitrov </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kyle Edmund </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Marin Čilić </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="16"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tennys Sandgren </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chung Hyeon </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chung Hyeon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Tomáš Berdych </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Top half ( edit ) </H3> Section 1 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Nadal </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> V Estrella Burgos </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Nadal </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Jarry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L Mayer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L Mayer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Nadal </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> J Millman </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> D Džumhur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B Ćorić </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> J Millman </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> P Lorenzi </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> D Džumhur </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> D Džumhur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Nadal </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> D Schwartzman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> D Schwartzman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Lajović </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> D Schwartzman </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> C Ruud </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> C Ruud </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> Q Halys </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> D Schwartzman </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Dolgopolov </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Dolgopolov </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> A Haider - Maurer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Dolgopolov </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Ebden </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Ebden </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> J Isner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Section 2 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> P Carreño Busta </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> J Kubler </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> P Carreño Busta </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Simon </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Simon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Copil </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> P Carreño Busta </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> S Caruso </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> G Müller </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Jaziri </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Jaziri </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> F Delbonis </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> G Müller </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> G Müller </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> P Carreño Busta </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> P Cuevas </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> M Čilić </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Youzhny </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> P Cuevas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Sela </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Harrison </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Harrison </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Harrison </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> D Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> M Čilić </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Sousa </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Sousa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> V Pospisil </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> M Čilić </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> M Čilić </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Section 3 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Dimitrov </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> D Novak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Dimitrov </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> M McDonald </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> M McDonald </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> E Ymer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Dimitrov </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Baghdatis </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> A Rublev </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> Y Bhambri </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Baghdatis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Ferrer </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> A Rublev </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> A Rublev </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Dimitrov </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> N Kyrgios </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> N Kyrgios </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Dutra Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> N Kyrgios </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> V Troicki </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> V Troicki </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> A Bolt </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> N Kyrgios </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> S Tsitsipas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> J-W Tsonga </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Shapovalov </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Shapovalov </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> K King </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> J-W Tsonga </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> J-W Tsonga </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Section 4 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> K Anderson </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K Edmund </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K Edmund </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> P-H Herbert </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Istomin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Istomin </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K Edmund </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Melzer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Basilashvili </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Basilashvili </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Basilashvili </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> R Bemelmans </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> R Bemelmans </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> L Pouille </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K Edmund </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> P Kohlschreiber </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Seppi </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> Y Nishioka </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> Y Nishioka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Seppi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Seppi </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> C Moutet </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Seppi </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> I Karlović </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> I Karlović </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L Đere </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> I Karlović </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y Sugita </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y Sugita </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> J Sock </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Bottom half ( edit ) </H3> Section 5 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> D Thiem </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Pella </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> D Thiem </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> S Johnson </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> D Kudla </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> D Kudla </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> D Thiem </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> V Šafránek </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> A Mannarino </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Veselý </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Veselý </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LL </Td> <Td> M Berrettini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> A Mannarino </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> A Mannarino </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> D Thiem </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> R Bautista Agut </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> T Sandgren </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> F Verdasco </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> F Verdasco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> C-M Stebe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Marterer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Marterer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Marterer </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Chardy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> T Sandgren </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> T Sandgren </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> T Sandgren </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> R Berankis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> S Wawrinka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> S Wawrinka </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Section 6 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Young </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Monfils </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Monfils </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> J Munar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> T Smyczek </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> A Ramos Viñolas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> A Popyrin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> T Smyczek </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Donaldson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> A Ramos Viñolas </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> A Ramos Viñolas </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> M Zverev </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> H Chung </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> H Chung </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> H Chung </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> T Kokkinakis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Medvedev </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D Medvedev </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> H Chung </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Kukushkin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Zverev </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> P Gojowczyk </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> P Gojowczyk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> T Fabbiano </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Zverev </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Zverev </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Section 7 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> D Goffin </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> M Bachinger </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> D Goffin </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Benneteau </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Benneteau </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> T Daniel </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Benneteau </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E Donskoy </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> F Fognini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> F Mayer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E Donskoy </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> H Zeballos </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> F Fognini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> F Fognini </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> F Fognini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> T Berdych </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> T Berdych </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> A de Minaur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> T Berdych </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G García López </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G García López </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B Paire </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> T Berdych </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K Khachanov </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> JM del Potro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LL </Td> <Td> P Polansky </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K Khachanov </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> F Tiafoe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> JM del Potro </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> JM del Potro </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Section 8 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> S Querrey </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> F López </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> S Querrey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Albot </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Fucsovics </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Fucsovics </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Fucsovics </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Kicker </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Kicker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Thompson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Kicker </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L Lacko </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L Lacko </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> M Raonic </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M Fucsovics </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> R Gasquet </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Federer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B Kavčič </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> R Gasquet </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> L Sonego </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> L Sonego </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Haase </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> R Gasquet </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> WC </Td> <Td> S-w Kwon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Federer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J-L Struff </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J-L Struff </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Bedene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Federer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R Federer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Draw </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins sixth Australian Open and 20th Grand Slam title '' . BBC Sport. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federer wins record 20th Grand Slam title with five - set win over Cilic '' . tennis.com. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins Australian Open and 20th major after beating Marin Cilic '' . CNN.com. 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer beats Marin Cilic to win Australian Open 2018 men 's singles final -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From Milan To Melbourne , Chung Keeps Surging '' . atpworldtour.com. 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Peter ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Hyeon Chung takes South Korean tennis to the world '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five takeaways from Hyeon Chung 's Aussie Open win over Novak Djokovic '' . Tennis.com. 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Australian Open ( Open Era ) singles drawsheets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Men 's singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 <Ul> <Li> Jan </Li> <Li> Dec </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women 's singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 <Ul> <Li> Jan </Li> <Li> Dec </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Australian Open men 's singles drawsheets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre-Open era </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 -- 1918 ( WWI ) </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 -- 1945 ( WWII ) </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Open era </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Australian Open men 's singles champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ( 1969 ) Rod Laver </Li> <Li> ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe </Li> <Li> ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall </Li> <Li> ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall </Li> <Li> ( 1973 ) John Newcombe </Li> <Li> ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors </Li> <Li> ( 1975 ) John Newcombe </Li> <Li> ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson </Li> <Li> ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Roscoe Tanner </Li> <Li> ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Vitas Gerulaitis </Li> <Li> ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas </Li> <Li> ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas </Li> <Li> ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher </Li> <Li> ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek </Li> <Li> ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek </Li> <Li> ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander </Li> <Li> ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander </Li> <Li> ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg </Li> <Li> ( 1986 ) Not Held </Li> <Li> ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg </Li> <Li> ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander </Li> <Li> ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl </Li> <Li> ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl </Li> <Li> ( 1991 ) Boris Becker </Li> <Li> ( 1992 ) Jim Courier </Li> <Li> ( 1993 ) Jim Courier </Li> <Li> ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras </Li> <Li> ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi </Li> <Li> ( 1996 ) Boris Becker </Li> <Li> ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras </Li> <Li> ( 1998 ) Petr Korda </Li> <Li> ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov </Li> <Li> ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi </Li> <Li> ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi </Li> <Li> ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson </Li> <Li> ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi </Li> <Li> ( 2004 ) Roger Federer </Li> <Li> ( 2005 ) Marat Safin </Li> <Li> ( 2006 ) Roger Federer </Li> <Li> ( 2007 ) Roger Federer </Li> <Li> ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic </Li> <Li> ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal </Li> <Li> ( 2010 ) Roger Federer </Li> <Li> ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic </Li> <Li> ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic </Li> <Li> ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic </Li> <Li> ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka </Li> <Li> ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic </Li> <Li> ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic </Li> <Li> ( 2017 ) Roger Federer </Li> <Li> ( 2018 ) Roger Federer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grand Slam events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australian Open ( S , D , X ) </Li> <Li> French Open ( S , D , X ) </Li> <Li> Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) </Li> <Li> US Open ( S , D , X ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ATP World Tour Masters 1000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indian Wells ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Miami ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Monte Carlo ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Madrid ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Rome ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Montreal ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Cincinnati ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Shanghai ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Paris ( S , D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ATP World Tour 500 series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rotterdam ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Dubai ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Acapulco ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Barcelona ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> London ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Halle ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Hamburg ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Washington D.C. ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Beijing ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Tokyo ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Vienna ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Basel ( S , D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ATP World Tour 250 series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brisbane ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Doha ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Pune ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Auckland ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Sydney ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Montpellier ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Sofia ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Quito ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Buenos Aires ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Uniondale ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Delray Beach ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Marseille ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> São Paulo ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Houston ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Marrakesh ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Budapest ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Estoril ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Istanbul ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Munich ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Geneva ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Lyon ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Stuttgart ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Antalya ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Eastbourne ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Båstad ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Newport ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Umag ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Atlanta ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Gstaad ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Kitzbühel ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Los Cabos ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Winston - Salem ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Metz ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> St. Petersburg ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Chengdu ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Shenzhen ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Antwerp ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Moscow ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Stockholm ( S , D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs </Li> <Li> Americas </Li> <Li> Asia / Oceania </Li> <Li> Europe / Africa ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) </Li> <Li> Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Australian_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 833748370 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 Australian Open </Li> <Li> Australian Open ( tennis ) by year -- Men 's Singles </Li> <Li> 2018 ATP World Tour </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> <Li> Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 11 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 06 : 44 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who has won the mens singles title in the australian open tennis tournament

FIFA World rankings - wikipedia <H1> FIFA World rankings </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's rankings . For the women 's rankings , see FIFA Women 's World Rankings . <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Top 20 rankings as of 16 October 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Change </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 1631 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 1619 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 1446 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 1445 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 1333 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 1323 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 1226 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1218 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 1173 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 1160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 1134 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1116 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 1095 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> 1072 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 1066 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 1060 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 1034 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 1013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 1001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> * Change from 14 September 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Complete rankings at FIFA.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men 's national teams in association football , currently led by Germany . The teams of the member nations of FIFA , football 's world governing body , are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest . The rankings were introduced in December 1992 , and eight teams ( Argentina , Belgium , Brazil , France , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands and Spain ) have held the top position , of which Brazil have spent longest ranked first . </P> <P> A points system is used , with points being awarded based on the results of all FIFA - recognised full international matches . Under the existing system , rankings are based on a team 's performance over the last four years , with more recent results and more significant matches being more heavily weighted to help reflect the current competitive state of a team . </P> <P> The ranking system was most recently revamped after the 2006 World Cup , with the first edition of the new series of rankings issued on 12 July 2006 . The most significant change is that the rankings are now based on results over the previous four years instead of the previous eight years . The change is perceived to respond to criticisms that the FIFA World Rankings , based upon the previous calculation method in use from January 1999 to June 2006 , did not effectively reflect the relative strengths of the national teams . </P> <P> Alternative systems have been devised , such as the World Football Elo Ratings , based on the Elo rating system used in chess and Go , ranking teams . </P> <P> In September 2017 , FIFA announced they were reviewing the ranking system and will decide after the end of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification if any changes are to be made to improve the ranking . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1993 -- 1998 calculation method </Li> <Li> 1.2 1999 ranking system update </Li> <Li> 1.3 1999 -- 2006 calculation method </Li> <Li> 1.4 2006 ranking system update </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Rank leaders </Li> <Li> 3 Uses of the rankings </Li> <Li> 4 Criticism </Li> <Li> 5 Current calculation method <Ul> <Li> 5.1 International `` A '' matches </Li> <Li> 5.2 Win , draw or defeat </Li> <Li> 5.3 Match status </Li> <Li> 5.4 Opponent strength </Li> <Li> 5.5 Regional strength </Li> <Li> 5.6 Assessment period </Li> <Li> 5.7 Ranking formula </Li> <Li> 5.8 Examples </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Awards <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Team of the Year <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Performances by countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Best Mover of the Year </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Ranking schedule </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In December 1992 , FIFA first published a listing in rank order of its member associations to provide a basis for comparison of the relative strengths of these teams . From the following August , this list was more frequently updated , to be published most months . Significant changes were implemented in January 1999 and again in July 2006 , as a reaction to criticisms of the system . Historical records of the rankings , such as listed at FIFA.com , reflect the method of calculation in use at the time , as the current method has not been applied retrospectively to rankings prior to July 2006 . Membership of FIFA has expanded from 167 to 209 since the rankings began ; all 209 members are currently included in the rankings . </P> <H3> 1993 -- 1998 calculation method ( edit ) </H3> <P> The ranking formula used from August 1993 until December 1998 was very simplistic and quickly became noticed for its lack of supporting factors . When the rankings were initially introduced , a team received one point for a draw or three for a victory in FIFA - recognised matches -- much the same as a traditional league scoring system . This was a quite simplistic approach , however , and FIFA quickly realised that there were many factors affecting international matches . </P> <H3> 1999 ranking system update ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to meet the objective of fairly and accurately comparing the relative strengths of various national sides , the system was updated in 1999 . The major changes were as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> the point ranking was scaled up by a factor of ten </Li> <Li> the method of calculation was changed to take into account factors including : <Ul> <Li> the number of goals scored or conceded </Li> <Li> whether the match was played at home or away </Li> <Li> the importance of a match or competition </Li> <Li> regional strength </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> a fixed number of points were no longer necessarily awarded for a victory or a draw </Li> <Li> match losers were able to earn points </Li> </Ul> <P> Two new awards were introduced as part of the system : </P> <Ul> <Li> Team of the Year </Li> <Li> Best Mover of the Year </Li> </Ul> <P> The changes made the ranking system more complex , but helped improve its accuracy by making it more comprehensive . </P> <H3> 1999 -- 2006 calculation method ( edit ) </H3> Main article : FIFA World Ranking system ( 1999 -- 2006 ) <P> In January 1999 , FIFA introduced a revised system of ranking calculation , incorporating many changes in response to criticism of inappropriate rankings . For the ranking all matches , their scores and importance were all recorded , and were used in the calculation procedure . Only matches for the senior men 's national team were included . Separate ranking systems were used for other representative national sides such as women 's and junior teams , for example the FIFA Women 's World Rankings . The women 's rankings were , and still are , based on a procedure which is a simplified version of the Football Elo Ratings . </P> <H3> 2006 ranking system update ( edit ) </H3> <P> FIFA announced that the ranking system would be updated following the 2006 World Cup . The evaluation period was cut from eight to four years , and a simpler method of calculation is now used to determine rankings . Goals scored and home or away advantage are no longer taken into account , and other aspects of the calculations , including the importance attributed to different types of match , have been revised . The first set of revised rankings and the calculation methodology were announced on 12 July 2006 . </P> <P> This change is rooted at least in part in widespread criticism of the previous ranking system . Many football enthusiasts felt it was inaccurate , especially when compared to other ranking systems and that it was not sufficiently responsive to changes in the performance of individual teams . </P> <H2> Rank leaders ( edit ) </H2> FIFA World Ranking Leaders <P> When the system was introduced , Germany débuted as the top - ranked team following their extended period of dominance in which they had reached the three previous FIFA World Cup finals , winning one of them . Brazil took the lead in the run up to the 1994 FIFA World Cup after winning eight and losing only one of nine qualification matches , while on the way scoring twenty goals and conceding just four . Italy then led for a short time on the back of their own equally successful World Cup qualifying campaign , after which the top place was re-claimed by Germany . </P> <P> Brazil 's success in their lengthy qualifying campaign returned them to the lead for a brief period . Germany led again during the 1994 World Cup , until Brazil 's victory in that competition gave them a large lead that would stand up for nearly seven years , until they were surpassed by a strong France team that captured both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship . </P> <P> Success at the 2002 FIFA World Cup restored Brazil to the top position , where they remained until February 2007 , when Italy returned to the top for the first time since 1993 following their 2006 FIFA World Cup win in Germany . Just one month later , Argentina replaced them , reaching the top for the first time , but Italy regained its place in April . After winning the Copa América 2007 in July , Brazil returned to the top , but were replaced by Italy in September and then Argentina in October . </P> <P> In July 2008 , Spain took over the lead for the first time , having won UEFA Euro 2008 . Brazil began a sixth stint at the top of the rankings in July 2009 after winning the 2009 Confederations Cup , and Spain regained the title in November 2009 after winning every match in qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . </P> <P> In April 2010 , Brazil returned to the top of the table . After winning the 2010 World Cup , Spain regained the top position and held it until August 2011 , when The Netherlands reached the top spot for the first time , only to relinquish it the following month . </P> <P> In July 2014 , Germany took over the lead once again , having won the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In July 2015 , Argentina reached the top spot for the first time since 2008 , after reaching both the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final , as well as the 2015 Copa America Final . In November 2015 , Belgium became the leader in the FIFA rankings for the first time , after topping their Euro 2016 qualifying group . Belgium led the rankings until April 2016 , when Argentina returned to the top . On April 6 , 2017 , Brazil returned to the No. 1 spot for the first time since just prior to the 2010 World Cup , but Germany regained the top spot in July after winning the Confederations Cup . </P> <H2> Uses of the rankings ( edit ) </H2> <P> The rankings are used by FIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations , and claims that they create `` a reliable measure for comparing national A-teams '' . They are used as part of the calculation , or the entire grounds to seed competitions . In the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament , the rankings were used to seed the groups in the competitions involving CONCACAF members ( using the May rankings ) , CAF ( with the July set of data ) , and UEFA , using the specially postponed November 2007 ranking positions . </P> <P> The October 2009 ranking was used to determine the seeds for the 2010 FIFA World Cup final draw . The March 2011 ranking was used to seed the draw for the 2012 CAF Men 's Pre-Olympic Tournament second qualifying round . </P> <P> The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since their introduction in 1992 , the FIFA World Rankings have been the subject of much debate , particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams . For example , Norway was ranked second in October 1993 and July -- August 1995 , and the United States reached fourth in 2006 , to the surprise of even their own players . However , criticism regarding the unrealistic ranking continued even after the introduction of the new formula . Israel 's climb to 15th in November 2008 raised a few eyebrows even in the Israeli press , with the team missing a huge opportunity to break into the top 10 after conceding a last gasp equaliser against Latvia . Similarly , Belgium 's rank of world number 1 in November 2015 was met with skepticism in the press , given that Belgium had only played in one tournament final stage in the past 13 years . </P> <P> Prior to July 2006 , one of the main criticisms was that the rankings considered the performances of teams over an eight - year period , and that teams ' ranking positions did not correlate to their recent performances . This criticism has lessened somewhat with the introduction of a new formula , reflecting results over a four - year period , introduced in July 2006 . However , problems remain , particularly that hosts of some major tournaments do not take part in qualifying rounds , and instead participate only in friendlies which offer fewer points . </P> <P> This has been a factor which has resulted in 2014 World Cup hosts Brazil falling to a record low ranking of 22nd in the world . The perceived flaws in the FIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians , including the World Football Elo Ratings and the rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation rankings . </P> <P> The current system has been criticised for being open to abuse . National teams can maintain a higher average score by playing fewer friendly matches , particularly against weaker opponents . For example , Switzerland were seeded for the 2014 World Cup draw , largely thanks to only playing three friendly matches in the previous year . Switzerland would have reduced their rating if they had played any more friendlies , as their average score was greater than the maximum possible score from winning a friendly match against the top - ranked nation . </P> <P> Romania were one of the surprise seeds for the 2018 World Cup preliminary draw after taking advice from a consultant and playing only one friendly in the year before the draw . </P> <P> Lastly , the use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking determination formula has been accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions . FIFA 's use of regional multiplier has been cited as a primary reason why most teams in AFC and CONCACAF have significantly lower FIFA rankings compared to their Elo rating based rankings . </P> <H2> Current calculation method ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , a revised calculation procedure for the FIFA rankings was introduced , with a significantly simplified procedure . The new rankings were compiled in response to criticism from the media . Meetings were attended by FIFA staff and external experts and a large amount of research was conducted by this group , resulting in the new ranking system . The new system was confirmed in Leipzig on 7 December 2005 by a committee of FIFA executives . Notable changes include the dropping of the home or away advantage and number of goals from the calculation , and the simplification of many aspects of the system . </P> <P> The system , like the previous ones , is extremely similar to that of a league , though with changes made to ensure that it is still representative of the teams ' performance despite playing differing numbers of matches per annum , and the differing strength of opposition that teams have to face . The factors taken into account are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Match result </Li> <Li> Match status </Li> <Li> Opposition strength </Li> <Li> Regional strength </Li> </Ul> <P> Teams ' actual scores are a result of the average points gained over each calendar year ; matches from the previous four years are considered , with more weight being given to recent ones . </P> <H3> International `` a '' matches ( edit ) </H3> <P> In October 2012 , FIFA released a press circular defining what is considered to be an international `` A '' match . </P> <P> For the purposes of the ranking , FIFA defines an international `` A '' match as a match between two FIFA members for which both members field their first representative team ( `` A '' team ) . </P> <P> The FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking is based on a list of all international `` A '' matches that are recognised by FIFA . </P> <P> International `` A '' matches include matches played as part of the FIFA World Cup , FIFA World Cup qualifiers , FIFA Confederations Cup , continental final tournaments , continental qualifying competitions and international friendlies . </P> -- Jérôme Valcke , FIFA.com <H3> Win , draw or defeat ( edit ) </H3> <P> In previous years a complicated system of points allocation was used , depending on how strong the opponent was , and how large the loss margin , which allowed weaker losing teams to gain points when playing a much stronger opposition , if they managed to put up a decent match . With the new system , the points allocation is simpler : three points for a win , one point for a draw , and zero points for a loss , in line with most league systems around the world . </P> <P> In the event of a match being decided by a penalty shootout , the winning team receives two points , and the losing team one point . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win ( no penalty shootout ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win ( penalty shootout ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss ( penalty shootout ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss ( no penalty shootout ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Until November 2012 , in two - legged play - offs , if Team A lost the first leg 2 -- 0 , then matched the result in the return leg and won after a penalty shootout , it received two points . However , if Team A won the return leg by one goal only , being eliminated in the process , it received 3 points . FIFA fixed this flaw starting with the November 2012 ranking . </P> <H3> Match status ( edit ) </H3> <P> Different matches have different importance to teams , and FIFA has tried to respect this by using a weighting system , where the most significant matches are in the World Cup finals , and the lowest weighted are friendly matches . FIFA states that it wishes to recognise that friendlies are still important , since they make up half of the competitive matches counted in the rankings . FIFA also stated , however , that it did not plan to make any adjustment for teams that qualify directly for major tournaments . </P> <P> The match status multipliers are as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Match status </Th> <Th> Multiplier </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Friendly match </Td> <Td> x 1.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FIFA World Cup and Continental cup qualifiers </Td> <Td> x 2.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Continental cup and Confederations Cup finals </Td> <Td> x 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> World Cup finals match </Td> <Td> x 4.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Opponent strength ( edit ) </H3> <P> A win against a very highly ranked opponent is a considerably greater achievement than a win against a low - rated opponent , thus the strength of the opposing team is an important factor . </P> <P> The new system uses an opposition strength factor based on team rankings . The previous system was based on points difference . </P> <P> The formula used is : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Opposition strength multiplier = ( 200 − ranking position ) / 100 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Opposition strength multiplier ) ) = ( ( 200 - ( \ text ( ranking position ) ) ) / 100 ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> with the exceptions that the team ranked # 1 is given a multiplier of 2 , and teams ranked 150th and below are assigned the minimum multiplier of 0.5 . </P> <P> The ranking position is taken from the opposition 's ranking in the most recently published FIFA World Ranking before the match is included in the ranking calculation . </P> <P> The rankings published before July 2006 are purely historical and are not used for the new ranking calculation . Instead , FIFA went back as far as 1996 to apply the new formula and is using those new rankings for the current calculations . </P> <P> See the detailed break - down of point totals for teams from the top 20 in the October 2007 rankings . </P> <H3> Regional strength ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to the opposition strength multiplier , FIFA considers the relative strength of entire confederations in the calculation . Each confederation is assigned a weighting between 0.85 and 1.0 , based on the relative performance of the confederations in the last three World Cups . Their values are as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Confederation </Th> <Th> After 2014 World Cup </Th> <Th> After 2010 World Cup </Th> <Th> After 2006 World Cup </Th> <Th> Up to and including 2006 World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UEFA ( Europe ) </Td> <Td> 0.99 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CONMEBOL ( South America ) </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> 0.98 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.88 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AFC ( Asia ) </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.86 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CAF ( Africa ) </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.86 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> OFC ( Oceania ) </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The multiplier used in the calculation is the average of the regional strength weighting of the two teams : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Regional strength multiplier = Team 1 regional weighting + Team 2 regional weighting 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Regional strength multiplier ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ text ( Team 1 regional weighting ) ) + ( \ text ( Team 2 regional weighting ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> FIFA changed the formula used to compute the confederation weightings after the 2010 FIFA World Cup without public announcement . Without this modification , UEFA 's multiplier would have dropped for the first time below 1 , with CONMEBOL remaining the only confederation with a multiplier of 1 . </P> <P> The confederation weighting for AFC was increased in August 2011 from 0.85 to 0.86 after a computer programmer found an error in FIFA 's calculations . </P> <H3> Assessment period ( edit ) </H3> <P> Matches played over the last four years ( 48 months ) are included in the calculation , but there is a weighting to put more emphasis on recent results . Previously an eight - year period was used . The date weighting is as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date of match </Th> <Th> Multiplier </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Within the last 12 months </Td> <Td> × 1.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 -- 24 months ago </Td> <Td> × 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 -- 36 months ago </Td> <Td> × 0.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 -- 48 months ago </Td> <Td> × 0.2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> If a team exceeds the assessment period without playing a match , it is temporarily removed from the rankings , and is reinstated as soon as it plays a match again . The most recent team to be temporarily absent from the rankings is São Tomé and Príncipe ( reinstated in November 2011 , after having been removed in December 2007 ) . </P> <H3> Ranking formula ( edit ) </H3> <P> The final ranking points figure for a single match is multiplied by 100 and rounded to the nearest whole number . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Ranking points = Result points × Match status × Opposition strength × Regional strength ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Ranking points ) ) = ( \ text ( Result points ) ) \ times ( \ text ( Match status ) ) \ times ( \ text ( Opposition strength ) ) \ times ( \ text ( Regional strength ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Results for all matches played in the year are averaged together ( assuming at least five matches have been played ) . The average ranking points for the four previous years , weighted by their multiplier mentioned above , are added together to arrive at the final ranking points . </P> <H3> Examples ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following examples use these hypothetical teams and confederations , and assume the games are played within the last 12 months : </P> <Ul> <Li> Amplistan is currently ranked 2nd in the world and is a member of confederation XYZ ( weighting 1.0 ) ; </Li> <Li> Bestrudia is currently ranked 188th in the world and is a member of confederation ABC ( weighting 0.88 ) ; </Li> <Li> Conesto is currently ranked 39th in the world and is a member of confederation QRS ( weighting 0.98 ) ; </Li> <Li> Delphiz is currently ranked 30th in the world and is a member of confederation HIJ ( weighting 0.94 ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> A friendly match is played between Amplistan and Bestrudia . Amplistan wins 2 -- 1 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Match </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Result points </Th> <Th> Match status </Th> <Th> Opposition strength </Th> <Th> Regional strength </Th> <Th> Ranking points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( friendly ) Result : 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Amplistan Bestrudia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.0 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.50 1.98 </Td> <Td> 0.94 0.94 </Td> <Td> 141 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bestrudia gets no ranking points because it lost the game , so all factors are multiplied by zero . </P> <P> Amplistan 's 141 ranking points are calculated like this : </P> <Ul> <Li> 3 points for the win ; </Li> <Li> multiplied by 1.0 for match status ( friendly match ) ; </Li> <Li> multiplied by 0.50 for opposition strength ( Bestrudia is ranked 188th , so it has the minimum 0.50 weighting ) ; </Li> <Li> multiplied by 0.94 for regional strength ( the average of the weightings for the two teams ' confederations ) ; </Li> <Li> multiplied by 100 . </Li> </Ul> <P> More examples : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Match </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Result points </Th> <Th> Match status </Th> <Th> Opposition strength </Th> <Th> Regional strength </Th> <Th> Ranking points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( friendly ) Result : 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Amplistan Bestrudia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.0 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.50 1.98 </Td> <Td> 0.94 0.94 </Td> <Td> 0 558 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( friendly ) Result : 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Amplistan Bestrudia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.0 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.50 1.98 </Td> <Td> 0.94 0.94 </Td> <Td> 47 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( World Cup finals ) Result : 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Amplistan Bestrudia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 4.0 4.0 </Td> <Td> 0.50 1.98 </Td> <Td> 0.94 0.94 </Td> <Td> 564 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( World Cup finals ) Result : 1 -- 1 ( Bestrudia wins on penalties ) </Td> <Td> Amplistan Bestrudia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4.0 4.0 </Td> <Td> 0.50 1.98 </Td> <Td> 0.94 0.94 </Td> <Td> 188 1488 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amplistan vs. Conesto ( friendly ) Result : 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Amplistan Conesto </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.0 1.0 </Td> <Td> 1.61 1.98 </Td> <Td> 0.99 0.99 </Td> <Td> 0 588 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conesto vs. Delphiz ( Continental cup qualifiers ) Result : 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Conesto Delphiz </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2.5 2.5 </Td> <Td> 1.70 1.61 </Td> <Td> 0.96 0.96 </Td> <Td> 1224 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conesto vs. Delphiz ( Continental cup qualifiers ) Result : 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Conesto Delphiz </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2.5 2.5 </Td> <Td> 1.70 1.61 </Td> <Td> 0.96 0.96 </Td> <Td> 0 1159 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conesto vs. Amplistan ( World Cup finals ) Result : 0 -- 0 ( Amplistan wins on penalties ) </Td> <Td> Conesto Amplistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4.0 4.0 </Td> <Td> 1.98 1.61 </Td> <Td> 0.99 0.99 </Td> <Td> 784 1275 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Conesto gets more points than Bestrudia for defeating the same team ( Amplistan ) because of the higher weighting of its confederation . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each year FIFA hands out two awards to its member nations , based on their performance in the rankings . They are : </P> <H3> Team of the Year ( edit ) </H3> <P> Team of the Year is awarded to the team that finishes top of the FIFA World Ranking . Argentina are the Team of the Year for the second time in the 23 - year history of the rankings . Brazil hold the records for most consecutive wins ( seven , between 1994 and 2000 ) and most wins overall ( twelve ) . The table below shows the three best teams of each year . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> First place </Th> <Th> Second place </Th> <Th> Third place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> </Table> Performances by countries ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> First place </Th> <Th> Second place </Th> <Th> Third place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 12 ( 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 & 2006 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2007 , 2009 & 2016 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1993 & 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 6 ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 & 2013 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2002 , 2003 & 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1993 & 2014 ) </Td> <Td> 6 ( 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2012 & 2013 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1998 , 2010 , 2011 & 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 2 ( 2007 & 2016 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2001 , 2014 & 2015 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2012 & 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 & 2004 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1996 & 1999 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2015 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 2010 & 2011 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2005 , 2008 & 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1993 & 2006 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1995 & 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1999 & 2005 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1997 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1994 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Best Mover of the year ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Best Mover of the Year was awarded to the team who made the best progress up the rankings over the course of the year . In the FIFA rankings , this is not simply the team that has risen the most places , but a calculation is performed in order to account for the fact that it becomes progressively harder to earn more points the higher up the rankings a team is . </P> <P> The calculation used is the number of points the team has at the end of the year ( z ) multiplied by the number of points it earned during the year ( y ) . The team with the highest index on this calculation received the award . The table below shows the top three best movers from each year . </P> <P> The award has not been an official part of the awards since 2006 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> First place </Th> <Th> Second place </Th> <Th> Third place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China PR </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> While an official award has not been made for movements since 2006 , FIFA has released a list of the ' Best Movers ' in the rankings since 2007 . </P> <P> An example of the informal on - going `` Mover of the Year '' award is the recognition made by FIFA to Colombia in 2012 in an official press release . However , the calculation methodology had changed to the difference in ranking points over the course of the year ( rather than the methodology used in the official award from 1993 to 2006 ) . The results for latter years are based on a similar methodology . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Best mover </Th> <Th> Second best </Th> <Th> Third best </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> New Caledonia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> Botswana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> Mali </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ranking schedule ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rankings are published monthly , usually on a Thursday . The deadline for the matches to be considered is usually the Thursday prior to the release date , but after major tournaments , all games up to the final are included . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rankings schedule 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 January </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 March </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 April </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 May </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 June </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 August </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 September </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 October </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 November </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 December </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> FIFA Women 's World Rankings </Li> <Li> World Football Elo Ratings </Li> <Li> Seeding for 2006 FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> Statistical association football predictions </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking - Ranking Table '' . FIFA . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ben Rumsby ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Fifa to review rankings system after friendlies harm England 's World Cup seeding '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking Procedure '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Revised FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA. 6 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Ranking Procedure '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great expectations '' . FIFA. 17 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : Netherlands dethrone Spain '' . Football-Rankings.info. 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil back on top of FIFA Ranking , Netherlands slump to record low '' . ESPN . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifa rankings : Northern Ireland reach highest point as Germany lead the way '' . BBC news . 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Organising Committee approves Final Draw procedure '' . FIFA. 2 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics -- updated draw procedure , with teams '' . CAFOnline.com . Confederation of African Football . 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The world rankings riddle '' . BBC Sport. 21 December 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA adapting new world rankings '' ( PDF ) . Associated Press . 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA chief praises IFA 's work '' . The Jerusalem Post . 29 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Blatter was also asked about Israel 's unrealistic FIFA ranking . Despite failing to qualify for a major tournament in 38 years , the national team is currently ranked number 16 in the world , ahead of such team as Greece , Sweden and Denmark , and just two places below England . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soccer : Quirky FIFA rankings system sees Israel climb to # 15 '' . The Jerusalem Post . 13 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Israel continued its baffling rise up the FIFA rankings on Wednesday , climbing one more position to a best - ever 15th in the world . Amazingly , the national team , which has n't reached a major tournament since the 1970 World Cup , is ahead of such teams as Greece ( 18 ) , Nigeria ( 22 ) , Sweden ( 29 ) , Scotland ( 33 ) , Denmark ( 34 ) and the Republic of Ireland ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Last Word : It 's time to get rid of the FIFA rankings '' . The Jerusalem Post . 14 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . So the news this week that Israel has risen another place to number 15 in the latest FIFA rankings , above Mexico ( 25 ) , Nigeria ( 22 ) , the US ( 24 ) and Colombia ( 40 ) , only serves to underline the futility of the ranking system . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : November 2008 preview ( II ) '' . Football-Rankings.info. 20 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Israel will improve ( again ! ) their best ever ranking , climbing one place to 15th . With a win ( instead of a draw ) against Latvia they would have been tied for 8th place with Russia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Belgium rise to No1 in Fifa world rankings after they beat Israel -- despite playing one tournament in 13 years '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Rankings '' . Travour.com. 1 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cummings , Michael . `` FIFA World Rankings Place Brazil 18th , Reinforce Flawed Nature of System '' . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freitas , Paulo . `` Scolari blames FIFA for Brazil 's poor ranking '' . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burnton , Simon ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` With a bit of planning England could have been seeded ahead of the Swiss '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Romania , Wales set to be surprise World Cup top seeds '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Romania took advice from a consultant who decoded some mysteries of a ranking system used by FIFA since 1992 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gavril , Victor ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Burleanu : `` Am consultat specialiști în clasamentul FIFA . '' Cum a urcat România în TOP 10 mondial '' ( Burleanu : `` We have consulted FIFA ranking specialists . '' How Romania climbed in the World Top 10 ) . România Liberă ( in Romanian ) . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Preliminary draw pots for UEFA '' . Football-Rankings.info. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . I 've told Romanian FA officials in the spring of 2014 to avoid playing friendlies . Surprisingly , they heeded my advice . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soccer rankings : farewell FIFA , hello Elo ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Circular no. 1324 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : Flaw in the calculation '' . Football-Rankings.info. 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : November 2012 differences '' . Football-Rankings.info. 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : Penalty shoot - out matches '' . Football-Rankings.info. 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finals is used in this sense to mean the ' final tournament ' ( as opposed to the qualifying tournament ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking : In focus '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 revision of the FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking : Frequently Asked Questions About the FIFA World Ranking '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ However , 2010 FIFA World Cup hosts South Africa competed in CAF qualifying despite automatically qualifying for the World Cup ; this is because CAF chose to combine the 2010 World Cup qualifying tournament with the qualifiers for the 2010 African Cup of Nations , an event for which South Africa had to separately qualify . South Africa failed to qualify for the 2010 African Cup of Nations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Rankings : September 2008 errors ( II ) '' . Football-rankings.info . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA miscalculated the rankings ... or did they ? '' . Football-rankings.info. 14 November 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calculation FIFA Coca - Cola world ranking October 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How are points calculated in the FIFA World Ranking ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fact Sheet : How are points calculated in the FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking ? '' ( PDF ) . Fifa.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fact Sheet : How are points calculated in the FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking ? '' ( PDF ) . Fifa.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Confederation weightings : One answer , more questions '' . Football-Rankings.info. 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Confederation weighting : Are the official values wrong ? '' . Football-Rankings.info. 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch dethrone Spain , Uruguay rise '' . FIFA. 24 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Team of the Year Award 2010 Archived 18 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . on the FIFA website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Best Mover of the Year Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . on the FIFA website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spain on top and Wales highest climber on the FIFA website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top Team and the Best Mover of the Year on the FIFA website ( PDF ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spain finish 2012 on top , Colombia in fifth . FIFA.com . Retrieved on 12 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spain on top , Ukraine highest climber '' . fifa.com. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Germany conquer 2014 , Belgium , Slovakia impress '' . fifa.com. 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Belgium and Turkey claim awards , Hungary return '' . fifa.com. 3 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentina and France take Ranking awards '' . fifa.com. 22 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . 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who has been ranked no. 1 in the latest football rankings announced by fifa

All I Want for Christmas is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity - wikipedia <H1> All I Want for Christmas is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Residency by Mariah Carey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North America </Li> <Li> Europe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Various </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated albums </Th> <Td> Merry Christmas & Merry Christmas II You </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Start date </Th> <Td> December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> End date </Th> <Td> December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legs </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 6 in 2014 </Li> <Li> 8 in 2015 </Li> <Li> 9 in 2016 </Li> <Li> 11 in 2017 </Li> <Li> 34 in total </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 65,195 ( 93 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $7,335,589 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mariah Carey concert chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Elusive Chanteuse Show ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy & Festivity ( 2014 - 17 ) </Li> <Li> Number 1 to Infinity ( 2015 -- 17 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity is the first concert residency by American singer Mariah Carey . Performed annually at the Beacon Theatre in Manhattan , New York , the residency began on December 15 , 2014 , and will conclude on December 22 , 2017 , after completing six legs and thirty - four shows . Billboard revealed that the six dates had sold out with a total of 16,196 tickets while grossing $1.5 million during the first leg of the residency . The main set list for the show encompassed songs from Merry Christmas and Merry Christmas II You , with additional non-holiday tracks . The show also included `` a cast of forty , including a gospel choir , a clutch of carolers , several acrobats and a hyperactive round of kid singer / dancers . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and development </Li> <Li> 2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 3 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 4 Set list </Li> <Li> 5 Residency dates <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Cancelled shows </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and development ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mariah Carey released her fourteenth studio album , titled Me . I Am Mariah ... The Elusive Chanteuse , on May 27 , 2014 . It debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 album chart with opening week sales of 58,000 copies in the United States , and number one on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . Carey embarked on her eighth concert tour called The Elusive Chanteuse Show in October and November later that year , whereby she performed concerts throughout East Asia , South East Asia and Australasia . During the Australasian leg , Carey announced that she would take up residency at the Beacon Theatre in the New York City borough of Manhattan to be performed annually in December , as a twentieth anniversary celebration of the release of her first Christmas album , Merry Christmas , in 1994 , as well as her second Christmas album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . Carey said in an announcement `` I ca n't imagine being anywhere more special than live on stage , in my hometown , celebrating with my fans during the Christmas season , my most treasured time of the year , I ca n't wait ! '' </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jim Farber of the New York Daily News stated that while Carey `` seemed nervous and out - of - breath , '' the show had `` a strange allure . '' Steven J. Horowitz from Billboard praised the singer 's first performance at the venue , writing : `` Carey accomplished what she came to do : spread Christmas cheer . '' Jon Caramanica from The New York Times who also reviewed the first show wrote the singer felt `` utterly at ease '' and commended her engagement with the audience . </P> <H2> Commercial performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following the announcement of the residency in October 2014 , tickets for shows on December 15 , 16 , 18 and 20 went on pre-sale on November 3 for Citigroup cardholders , while general release followed a week later on November 10 . Additional dates for December 21 and 22 were later released . Billboard later announced that the six dates generated a 100 % attendance , with Carey playing to a total of 16,196 people and the shows grossing $1,563,173 in total . </P> <P> In October 2015 , a new string of dates were announced once again at the Beacon Theatre with tickets available on October 17 via Ticketmaster . </P> <H2> Set list ( edit ) </H2> <P> This set list is representative of the performance on December 18 , 2014 . It is not necessarily representative of all concerts for the duration of the shows . </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' / `` Gloria ( In Excelsis Dio ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Charlie Brown Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh Santa ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas ( Baby Please Come Home ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Silent Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Joy to the World '' </Li> <Li> `` When Christmas Comes '' </Li> <Li> `` Here Comes Santa Claus ( Right Down Santa Claus Lane ) '' / `` Housetop Celebration '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' </Li> <Li> `` O Holy Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Emotions '' </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' </Li> <Li> `` Hero '' </Li> <Li> `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Guest performers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> John Legend joined Carey to perform `` When Christmas Comes '' at the December 7 , 2016 , show . Legend is featured on the single release studio version of the track . </Li> <Li> R Kelly joined Carey to perform a cover of Nat King Cole 's song `` The Christmas Song '' at the December 8 , 2016 , show . </Li> <Li> Jussie Smollett joined Carey to perform `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' on December 17 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Residency dates ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Sellouts / Shows </Th> <Th> Attendance / Capacity </Th> <Th> Revenue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Leg 1 -- North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 15 , 2014 </Th> <Td> Beacon Theatre </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 6 / 6 </Td> <Td> 16,196 / 16,196 ( 100 % ) </Td> <Td> $1,563,173 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 16 , 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 18 , 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 20 , 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 21 , 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 22 , 2014 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Leg 2 -- North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 8 , 2015 </Th> <Td> Beacon Theatre </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 9 , 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 11 , 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 12 , 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 14 , 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 15 , 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 17 , 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 18 , 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Leg 3 -- North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 5 , 2016 </Th> <Td> Beacon Theatre </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 7 / 9 </Td> <Td> 23,392 / 24,169 ( 96 % ) </Td> <Td> $2,369,921 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 7 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 8 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 10 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 11 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 13 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 14 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 16 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 17 , 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="11"> Leg 4 -- North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 2 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Beacon Theatre </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 4 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 5 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Leg 5 -- Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 9 , 2017 </Th> <Td> AccorHotels Arena </Td> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 10 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Manchester Arena </Td> <Td> Manchester </Td> <Td> England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 11 , 2017 </Th> <Td> The O2 Arena </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> 0 / 1 </Td> <Td> 15,074 / 16,290 ( 92 % ) </Td> <Td> $1,525,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Leg 6 -- North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 14 , 2017 </Th> <Td> The Colosseum at Caesars Palace </Td> <Td> Las Vegas </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 0 / 5 </Td> <Td> 14,533 / 17,434 ( 83 % ) </Td> <Td> $1,897,495 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 16 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 17 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 20 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 22 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Total </Th> <Td> 13 / 21 </Td> <Td> 69,195 / 74,089 ( 93 % ) </Td> <Td> $7,335,589 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Cancelled shows ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Reason </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 17 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Caesars Windsor </Td> <Td> Windsor </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> `` Artist illness '' ( Upper respiratory infection ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 18 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Chicago Theatre </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 20 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Sands Bethlehem Event Center </Td> <Td> Bethlehem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 21 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Seneca Niagara Events Center </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 22 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park </Td> <Td> Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 24 , 2017 </Th> <Td> MGM National Harbor </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 25 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa </Td> <Td> Atlantic City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November 28 , 2017 </Th> <Td> Beacon Theatre </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December 1 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lopez , Francisco ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want For Christmas Is You ' performance at the Beacon NYC '' . AXS.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey sets holiday shows at Beacon Theatre '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Farber , Jim ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey overdoes herself at wavering Beacon Theatre show : concert review '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stern , Bradley ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Announces ' The Elusive Chanteuse Show ' : See The First Tour Dates '' . Idolator . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brandle , Lars ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Announces ' Elusive Chanteuse ' Tour of Australia '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gamboa , Glen ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey sets holiday shows at Beacon Theatre '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Courtney E. ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Announces NYC Christmas Concerts '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horowitz , Steven J. ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Brings Christmas Cheer to NYC 's Beacon Theater '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` A Diva and a Holiday , Intertwined '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey kicks off Christmas extravaganza in NYC '' . Rap - Up . December 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Jessica ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Mariah Carey announces second annual Christmas concert series '' . E ! News . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Basks in Christmas Chart Reign at NYC 's Beacon Theater : Concert Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/news/204548_john_legend_makes_a_surprise_appearance_at_mariah_carey_nyc_concert_watch/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.rap-up.com/2016/12/09/mariah-carey-r-kelly-perform-the-christmas-song/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Current Boxscore '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Current Boxscore '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Current Boxscore '' . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.torontosun.com/2017/07/19/mariah-carey-brings-christmas-concert-series-to-las-vegas </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/mariah-carey-cancels-caesars-windsor-show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/mariah-carey-cancels-first-shows-christmas-concert-due-respiratory-infection-91147 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8038463/mariah-carey-cancels-shows-christmas-tour </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/11/25/mariah-carey-cancels-more-christmas-tour-shows-for-a-few-extra-days-rest-7107422/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/896163/mariah-carey-further-postpones-christmas-tour-over-health-issues </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Merry Christmas II You </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mariah Carey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Albums </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Singles </Li> <Li> Videography </Li> <Li> Performances </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mariah Carey </Li> <Li> Emotions </Li> <Li> Music Box </Li> <Li> Merry Christmas </Li> <Li> Daydream </Li> <Li> Butterfly </Li> <Li> Rainbow </Li> <Li> Charmbracelet </Li> <Li> The Emancipation of Mimi </Li> <Li> E = MC2 </Li> <Li> Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel </Li> <Li> Merry Christmas II You </Li> <Li> Me . 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The Elusive Chanteuse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MTV Unplugged </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> # 1 's </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> The Remixes </Li> <Li> The Ballads </Li> <Li> The Essential Mariah Carey </Li> <Li> # 1 to Infinity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtrack albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glitter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The First Vision </Li> <Li> MTV Unplugged + 3 </Li> <Li> Here Is Mariah Carey </Li> <Li> Fantasy : Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden </Li> <Li> Around the World </Li> <Li> # 1 's </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Mimi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VH1 Divas </Li> <Li> American Idol </Li> <Li> A Christmas Melody </Li> <Li> Mariah 's World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Music Box Tour </Li> <Li> Daydream World Tour </Li> <Li> Butterfly World Tour </Li> <Li> Rainbow World Tour </Li> <Li> Charmbracelet World Tour </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Mimi </Li> <Li> Angels Advocate Tour </Li> <Li> The Elusive Chanteuse Show </Li> <Li> The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour </Li> <Li> All the Hits Tour </Li> <Li> The # 1 's Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert residencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live at the Pearl </Li> <Li> All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity </Li> <Li> # 1 to Infinity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fragrances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> M by Mariah Carey </Li> <Li> Luscious Pink </Li> <Li> Forever </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monarc Entertainment </Li> <Li> Butterfly MC Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tommy Mottola </Li> <Li> Nick Cannon </Li> <Li> Lionel Cole </Li> <Li> James Packer </Li> <Li> VH1 Divas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You,_a_Night_of_Joy_and_Festivity&oldid=819618785 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2014 concert residencies </Li> <Li> 2015 concert residencies </Li> <Li> 2016 concert residencies </Li> <Li> 2017 concert residencies </Li> <Li> Mariah Carey concert residencies </Li> <Li> Christmas music </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using div col with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 10 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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all i want for christmas is you mariah carey tour

Bed - wikipedia <H1> Bed </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bed ( disambiguation ) . Bedroom on the Detmold Open - air Museum premises <P> A bed is a piece of furniture which is used as a place to sleep or relax . </P> <P> Most modern beds consist of a soft , cushioned mattress on a bed frame , the mattress resting either on a solid base , often wood slats , or a sprung base . Many beds include a box spring inner - sprung base , which is a large mattress - sized box containing wood and springs that provide additional support and suspension for the mattress . Beds are available in many sizes , ranging from infant - sized bassinets and cribs , to small beds for a single person or adult , to large queen and king - size beds designed for two people . While most beds are single mattresses on a fixed frame , there are other varieties , such as the murphy bed , which folds into a wall , the sofa bed , which folds out of a sofa , and the bunk bed , which provides two mattresses on two tiers . Temporary beds include the inflatable air mattress and the folding camp cot . Some beds contain neither a padded mattress nor a bed frame , such as the hammock , which is considered one of the most comfortable places to rest while swaying side to side . Some beds are made especially for animals . </P> <P> Beds may have a headboard for resting against , and may have side rails and footboards ( or `` footers '' ) . `` Headboard only '' beds may incorporate a `` dust ruffle '' , `` bed skirt '' , or `` valance sheet '' to hide the bed frame . To support the head , a pillow made of a soft , padded material is usually placed on the top of the mattress . Some form of covering blanket is often used to insulate the sleeper , often bed sheets , a quilt , or a duvet , collectively referred to as bedding . Bedding is the removable non-furniture portion of a bed , which enables these components to be washed or aired out . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ancient world </Li> <Li> 1.2 Medieval Europe </Li> <Li> 1.3 Renaissance and modern Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Bed sizes </Li> <Li> 3 Notable examples </Li> <Li> 4 Types </Li> <Li> 5 Frames </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Ancient world </H3> Tutankhamun 's gilded bed from the 14th century BC <P> Early beds were little more than piles of straw or some other natural material ( e.g. a heap of palm leaves , animal skins , or dried bracken ) . An important change was raising them off the ground , to avoid drafts , dirt , and pests . Bedding dated around to 3600 BC was discovered in Sibudu Cave , South Africa . The bedding consists of sedge and other monocotyledons topped with the leaves of Cryptocarya woodii Engl . Beds found in a preserved northern Scottish village , which were raised boxes made of stone and likely topped with comfortable fillers , were dated to between 3200 BC and 2200 BC . The Egyptians had high bedsteads which were ascended by steps , with bolsters or pillows , and curtains to hang around . The elite of Egyptian society such as its pharaohs and queens even had beds made of wood , sometimes gilded . Often there was a head - rest as well , semi-cylindrical and made of stone , wood , or metal . Ancient Assyrians , Medes , and Persians had beds of a similar kind , and frequently decorated their furniture with inlays or appliques of metal , mother - of - pearl , and ivory . </P> Headrest with Two Images of the God Bes , ca . 1539 - 1190 B.C.E. , 37.435 E , Brooklyn Museum <P> The image to the right showcases a headrest . Headrests like this were used in life to support the head while sleeping . They are also found supporting a mummy 's head in the coffin . This headrest perhaps was made specifically for the tomb , since the offering prayer has been inscribed on the supporting column , although the prayer may have been added after the death of the owner . </P> <P> The oldest account of a bed is probably that of Odysseus : a charpoy woven of rope plays a role in the Odyssey . A similar bed can be seen at the St Fagans National History Museum in Wales . Odysseus also gives an account of how he crafted the nuptial bed for himself and Penelope , out of an ancient , huge olive tree trunk that used to grow on the spot before the bridal chamber was built . His detailed description finally persuades the doubting Penelope that the shipwrecked , aged man is indeed her long - lost husband . Homer also mentions the inlaying of the woodwork of beds with gold , silver , and ivory . The Greek bed had a wooden frame , with a board at the head and bands of hide laced across , upon which skins were placed . At a later period the bedstead was often veneered with expensive woods ; sometimes it was of solid ivory veneered with tortoise - shell and with silver feet ; often it was of bronze . The pillows and coverings also became more costly and beautiful ; the most celebrated places for their manufacture were Miletus , Corinth and Carthage . Folding beds , too , appear in the famous Ancient Greek vase paintings . </P> <P> Roman mattresses were stuffed with reeds , hay , or wool . Feathers were used towards the end of the Republic , when custom demanded luxury . Small cushions were placed at the head and sometimes at the back . The bedsteads were high and could only be ascended by the help of steps . They were often arranged for two people , and had a board or railing at the back , as well as the raised portion at the head . The counterpanes were sometimes very costly , generally purple embroidered with figures in gold ; and rich hangings fell to the ground masking the front . The bedsteads themselves were often of bronze inlaid with silver , and Elagabalus had one of solid silver . In the walls of some houses at Pompeii bed niches are found which were probably closed by curtains or sliding partitions . Ancient Romans had various kinds of beds for repose . These included : </P> <Ul> <Li> lectus cubicularis , or chamber bed , for normal sleeping </Li> <Li> lectus genialis , the marriage bed , it was much decorated , and was placed in the atrium opposite the door </Li> <Li> lectus discubitorius , or table bed , on which they ate -- for they ate while lying on their left sides -- there usually being three people to one bed , with the middle place accounted the most honorable position </Li> <Li> lectus lucubratorius , for studying </Li> <Li> and a lectus funebris , or emortualis , on which the dead were carried to the pyre </Li> </Ul> <H3> Medieval Europe </H3> <P> The ancient Germans lay on the floor on beds of leaves covered with skins , or in a kind of shallow chest filled with leaves and moss . In the early Middle Ages they laid carpets on the floor or on a bench against the wall , placed upon them mattresses stuffed with feathers , wool , or hair , and used skins as a covering . Curtains were hung from the ceiling or from an iron arm projecting from the wall . They appear to have generally lain naked in bed , wrapping themselves in large linen sheets which were stretched over the cushions . </P> Southampton Medieval Merchant 's House bedroom <P> In the 12th century , luxury increased and bedsteads were made of wood much decorated with inlaid , carved , and painted ornamentation . They also used folding beds , which served as couches by day and had cushions covered with silk laid upon leather . At night a linen sheet was spread and pillows placed , while silk - covered skins served as coverlets . The Carolingian manuscripts show metal bedsteads much higher at the head than at the feet , and this shape continued in use until the 13th century in France , many cushions being added to raise the body to a sloping position . In 12th - century manuscripts , the bedsteads appear much richer , with inlays , carving , and painting , and with embroidered coverlets and mattresses in harmony . Curtains were hung above the bed and a small hanging lamp is often shown . </P> <P> In the 14th century the woodwork became of less importance , generally being entirely covered by hangings of rich materials . Silk , velvet , and even cloth of gold were frequently used . Inventories from the beginning of the 14th century give details of these hangings lined with fur and richly embroidered . It was then that the Four poster bed ( also known as a tester bed ) made its first appearance , the bed being slung from the ceiling or fastened to the walls , a form which developed later into a room within a room , shut in by double curtains , sometimes even to exclude all drafts . The space between bed and wall was called the ruelle , and very intimate friends were received there . The 14th century is also the time when feather beds became highly prized possessions . </P> <P> In the 15th century beds became very large , reaching 7 to 8 feet ( 2.1 to 2.4 m ) by 6 to 7 feet ( 1.8 to 2.1 m ) . The mattresses were often filled with pea - shucks , straw , or feathers . At this time great personages were in the habit of carrying most of their property about with them , including beds and bed - hangings , and for this reason the bedsteads were for the most part mere frameworks to be covered up ; but about the beginning of the 16th century bedsteads were made lighter and more decorative , since the lords remained in the same place for longer periods . </P> <H3> Renaissance and modern Europe </H3> <P> In the 17th century , which has been called `` the century of magnificent beds '' , the style a la duchesse , with tester and curtains only at the head , replaced the more enclosed beds in France , though they lasted much longer in England . Louis XIV had an enormous number of sumptuous beds , as many as 413 being described in the inventories of his palaces . Some of them had embroideries enriched with pearls , and figures on a silver or golden ground . The great bed at Versailles had crimson velvet curtains on which `` The Triumph of Venus '' was embroidered . So much gold was used that the velvet scarcely showed . </P> Napoleon I 's bed <P> In the 18th century feather pillows were first used as coverings in Germany , which in the fashions of the bed and the curious etiquette connected with the bedchamber followed France for the most part . The beds were a la duchesse , but in France itself there was great variety both of name and shape . The custom of the `` bed of justice '' upon which the king of France reclined when he was present in parliament , the princes being seated , the great officials standing , and the lesser officials kneeling , was held to denote the royal power even more than the throne . </P> <P> Louis XI is credited with its first use and the custom lasted till the end of the monarchy . In the chambre de parade , where the ceremonial bed was placed , certain persons , such as ambassadors or great lords , whom it was desired to honour , were received in a more intimate fashion than the crowd of courtiers . At Versailles women received their friends in their beds , both before and after childbirth , during periods of mourning , and even directly after marriage -- in fact in any circumstances which were thought deserving of congratulation or condolence . During the 17th century this curious custom became general , perhaps to avoid the tiresome details of etiquette . Portable beds were used in high society in France till the end of the Ancien Régime . The earliest of which mention has been found belonged to Charles the Bold . They had curtains over a light framework , and were in their way as fine as the stationary beds . </P> <P> Iron beds appear in the 18th century ; the advertisements declare them as free from the insects which sometimes infested wooden bedsteads . Elsewhere , there was also the closed bed with sliding or folding shutters , and in England -- where beds were commonly quite simple in form -- the four poster was the usual citizen 's bed until the middle of the 19th century . </P> <H2> Bed sizes </H2> Main article : Bed size <P> Bed sizes vary considerably around the world , with most countries having their own standards and terminology . While the `` double '' size appears to be standard among English speaking countries , based on the imperial measurement of 4 ft 6 in by 6 ft 3 in ( 137 cm x 190 cm ) , the sizes for other bed types tend to vary . The mainland European sizes differ , not merely because of the use of the metric system . </P> <P> In the mid-1950s , the United States bedding industry introduced a new size : the king size . A king - sized bed differs from the other sizes in implementation , as it is not common to have a king - sized box spring ; rather , two smaller box - springs are used under a king - sized mattress . It is a common misconception that in a US `` standard '' or `` Eastern king '' , the box springs are identical in size to a `` twin extra-long '' ; however , `` twin extra-long '' mattresses next to each other add up to 78 inches ( 200 cm ) wide instead of the 76 inches ( 190 cm ) width that is standard for an `` eastern king '' . Another size variant in the United States is the `` California king '' , which measures 72 by 84 inches ( 180 cm × 210 cm ) long ( narrower but longer than the standard king ) . </P> <P> What is referred to as a `` single bed '' in many parts of the world may also be known in US terminology as a `` twin bed . '' In some countries , a `` twin bed '' may also be used to describe one of two single beds in the same room . As another example , in some cultures , the `` full mattress '' is referred to as a `` master size bed . '' </P> <P> When a mattress is available in fixed size ( for example , twin or queen ) , and the description does not specify the exact size , this table may be used . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mattress size </Th> <Th> Size in inches </Th> <Th> Size in cm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cot size </Td> <Td> 30 '' wide x 74 '' long </Td> <Td> 76x188 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twin </Td> <Td> 39 '' wide x 75 '' long </Td> <Td> 99x190 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twin extra long </Td> <Td> 39 '' wide x 80 '' long </Td> <Td> 99x203 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full size </Td> <Td> 54 '' wide x 75 '' long </Td> <Td> 137x190 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full extra long </Td> <Td> 54 '' wide x 80 '' long </Td> <Td> 137x203 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen size </Td> <Td> 60 '' wide x 80 '' long </Td> <Td> 153x203 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cal - king </Td> <Td> 72 '' wide x 84 '' long </Td> <Td> 183x214 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King size </Td> <Td> 76 '' wide x 80 '' long </Td> <Td> 193x203 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All mattresses are made according to certain standards , but different brands sometimes have exceptions . Most often , the difference is 2 - 5 inches . </P> <H2> Notable examples </H2> The Great Bed of Ware , one of the largest beds in the world <P> One of the largest beds in the world is the Great Bed of Ware , made in about 1580 . It is 3.26 metres ( 10.7 ft ) wide , 3.38 metres ( 11.1 ft ) long . The bed is mentioned by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night . It is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum ( V&A ) in London . Another bed in the V&A is the Golden Bed created by William Burges in 1879 . </P> <P> In 1882 , an Indian Maharajah had a bed made of solid silver . At each corner of the bed there was a life - sized statue of a naked woman holding a fan . When the Maharajah lay on the bed , his weight started a mechanism that made the women wave their fans . </P> <P> In 1865 , a convertible bed in the form of an upright piano was available , which could provide home entertainment while saving space . </P> <H2> Types </H2> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Category : Beds Lit à la Polonaise ( Polish style bed ) , Royal Castle in Warsaw , 18th century . Patent # 322,177 , on 14 July 1885 issued to Sarah E. Goode for a cabinet bed Drawing of a candle - lit mourning bed ( Trauergerüst ) for abbess Franziska Christine von Pfalz - Sulzbach , 1776 Chinese style beds <P> There are many varieties of beds : </P> <Ul> <Li> An adjustable bed is a bed that can be adjusted to a number of different positions . Most hospital beds are adjustable , so that a patient can have different parts of her body elevated for medical reasons . Some people have adjustable beds in private homes . Some adjustable beds are designed for couples ; they use two separate mattresses and adjustment mechanisms . This permits one partner to be lying flat to sleep while the other has the head and shoulders elevated to watch television or read . Couple adjustable beds also permit partners with different medical conditions to select a mattress positioning that best suits them . </Li> <Li> An air bed uses an air - inflated mattress , sometimes connected to an electric air pump and having variable , firmness controls . The portable version of an air bed can also be rolled up and packed ; so is meant for travel or temporary guest use . </Li> <Li> A bassinet is a bed specifically for newborns . </Li> <Li> A box - bed is a bed having the form of a large box with wooden roof , sides , and ends , opening in front with two sliding panels or shutters ; often used in cottages in Scotland : sometimes also applied to a bed arranged to fold up into a box . </Li> <Li> A brass bed has a frame constructed from brass . A brass - plated bed is a cheaper bed of iron with a thin covering of brass , which with time peels off and the iron is exposed . </Li> <Li> A bunk bed is two or more beds one atop the other . Bunk beds are used for adults in military barracks and in some ski lodges . Bunk beds are used for children and teens in summer camps . Some inexpensive hostels provide bunk beds for guests . Bunk beds are used for children in private homes . </Li> <Li> A loft bed is similar to a bunk bed , except there is no lower bunk . This leaves space underneath for storage , other furniture , a desk etc . </Li> <Li> A captain 's bed ( also known as a `` captain bed '' , `` chest bed '' , or `` cabin bed '' ) is a platform bed with drawers and storage compartments built in underneath . </Li> <Li> A camp bed ( also `` cot '' ) is a simple , temporary , portable bed used by armies and by campers . Cots are also used to provide a sleeping surface for refugees and other homeless people during disasters , floods , or other crises . </Li> <Li> A canopy bed is similar to a four poster bed , but the posts usually extend higher and are adorned or draped with cloth , sometimes completely enclosing the bed . </Li> <Li> A curtained bed is a luxury bed with curtains . </Li> <Li> A daybed is a couch that is used as a seat by day and as a bed by night . Usually it has pop up trundle which is used as bed in the night . </Li> <Li> A futon is a traditional style of Japanese bed using a mattress on a wooden frame . Futons are also available in a larger Western style which can fold halfway for sitting . Futons were traditionally made with cotton , but in the 2000s , many futons include synthetic foam . </Li> <Li> A four poster bed is a bed with four posts , one in each corner , that support a tester . </Li> <Li> A hammock is a piece of suspended fabric or netting , used on ships and in some homes . </Li> <Li> A hideaway bed , invented by Sarah E. Goode in response to the needs of apartment - dwellers , folds up into another piece of furniture , such as a shelf or desk , when not in use . </Li> <Li> A hospital bed is specifically designed to facilitate convalescence , traditionally in a hospital or nursing facility , but increasingly in other settings , such as a private residence . Hospital beds are typically adjustable , so that the head or feet can be raised or lowered . Modern hospital beds commonly have wheels to assist in moderate relocation , but they are larger and generally more permanently placed than a trolley ( US : gurney ) . The `` hospital bed '' is also a common unit of measurement for the capacity of any type of inpatient medical facility , though it is just as common to shorten the term to `` bed '' in that usage ( e.g. The hospital has 250 beds ... ) . </Li> <Li> An infant bed ( also `` crib '' or `` cot '' ) is a small bed specifically for babies and infants . </Li> <Li> An iron bed , developed in the 1850s , is constructed of iron and steel . </Li> <Li> A kang bed - stove is a Chinese ceramic room heater used as the platform for a bed . </Li> <Li> A Manjaa is a traditional Punjabi bed made of tied ropes bordered by a wooden frame . </Li> <Li> A mourning bed ( `` illustration '' ) is a formal canopied bed , with the deceased , a wax effigy , or symbols of rank </Li> <Li> A Murphy bed or wallbed is a bed that can fold up into a wall or cabinet to save space . </Li> <Li> An Ottoman bed ( in the UK ) is a type of storage bed in which the storage area is placed underneath the mattress base and accessed by lifting the hinged mattress frame with the help of a spring or hydraulic mechanism . </Li> <Li> A pallet is a thin , lightweight mattress . </Li> <Li> A platform bed is a mattress resting on a solid , flat raised surface , either free - standing or part of the structure of the room . </Li> <Li> A roll - away bed is a bed whose frame folds in half and rolls in order to be more easily stored and moved . This is used in different settings , including hotels for either free or a nominal fee per night , where more people than expected may need to sleep in the same room , e.g. 5 people in a hotel room for 4 ( two twin beds ) . </Li> <Li> A rope bed is a pre-modern bed whose wooden frame includes crossing ropes to support the typically down - filled single mattress . </Li> <Li> A sofabed ( `` pull - out '' or `` pull - out bed '' ) is a folding bed that is stored inside a sofa . </Li> <Li> A state bed developed in Early Modern Europe from a hieratic canopy of state . </Li> <Li> A toddler bed is a small bed for young children . </Li> <Li> A trundle bed or `` truckle bed '' is a bed usually stored beneath a twin bed also sometimes referred to as a `` sleepover bed '' or `` daybed with pop up trundle '' </Li> <Li> A vibrating bed ( also known as a Magic Fingers bed ) is typically a coin - operated novelty found in a vintage ( c. 1960s - early 1980s ) motel . For a nominal fee , the mattress vibrates for a duration of time . Alternatively it is a modern bed which vibrates by use of an off - centre motor . It is controlled by electronics for varying time and amplitude settings and is used therapeutically to ease back pains or as an erotic aid . </Li> <Li> A waterbed is a flexible plastic mattress full of water . The plastic container needs a strong frame around it . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Frames </H2> Main article : Bed frame <P> Bed frames , also called bed steads , are made of wood or metal . The frame is made up of head , foot , and side rails . For heavy duty or larger frames ( such as for queen - and king - sized beds ) , the bed frame also includes a center support rail . These rails are assembled to create a box for the mattress or mattress / box spring to sit on . </P> <P> Types include : </P> <Ul> <Li> platform -- typically used without a box spring </Li> <Li> captain -- has drawers beneath the frame to make use of the space between the floor and the bed frame </Li> <Li> waterbed -- a heavy - duty frame built specifically to support the weight of the water in the mattress ( Mainly used on larger models ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Though not truly parts of a bed frame , headboards , footboards , and bed rails can be included in the definition . Headboards and footboards can be wood or metal . They can be stained , painted , or covered in fabric or leather . </P> <P> Bed rails are made of wood or metal and are attached to a headboard and footboard . Wooden slats are placed perpendicular to the bed rails to support the mattress / mattress box spring . Bed rails and frames are often attached to the bed post using knock - down fittings . A knock - down fitting enables the bed to be easily dismantled for removal . Primary knock - down fittings for bed rails are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Pin - and - hook fastener . A mortise or slot is cut vertically in the bedpost . Pins are inserted horizontally in the bed post so that the pins perpendicularly intersect the mortise . For example , if one looked in the mortise , one might see part of one horizontal pin at the bottom of the mortise and a part of a second pin toward the top of the mortise . Hooks are installed at the end of the rail . Usually these hooks are part of a plate that is attached to the rail . The hooks then are inserted into the bed post mortise and hook over the pins . </Li> <Li> Plate - and - hook fastener . Instead of pins inserted horizontally into the bedpost , an eye plate ( post plate ) is installed on the bedpost . The hooks are installed on the rail , either as surface mount or recessed . Depending on the hardware , the bedpost may require a mortise in order to allow the hooks to fasten to the plate . This is also referred to as a keyhole fastener , especially if the connector is more of a `` plug '' than a `` hook '' . </Li> <Li> Bed bolts ( `` through - bolts '' ) are a different means of a knock - down connection . A hole is typically drilled through the bedpost . The bolt head is inset and covered with a plug . In the rail , a dowel nut or other type of nut receives the bolt . The springs are made from metal , which are swirled for maximum comfort </Li> </Ul> <P> Safety rails , or cot sides , can be added to the sides of a bed ( normally a child or elderly person 's bed ) to stop anyone falling out of the sides of the bed . A safety rail is normally a piece of wood that attaches to the side rails on one or both sides of the bed . They are made so that they can be easily removed when no longer required . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Design portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bed - In </Li> <Li> Co-sleeping </Li> <Li> Sleeping bag </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bed '' . The Free Dictionary By Farlex . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bed '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wadley L , Sievers C , Bamford M , Goldberg P , Berna F , Miller C. ( 2011 ) . Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu , South Africa . Science 9 December 2011 : Vol. 334 no . 6061 pp. 1388 - 1391 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Skara Brae -- The Furniture '' . orkneyjar.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Headrest with Two Images of the God Bes '' . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Definition of CHARPOY '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chambers , Ephraim , ed. ( 1728 ) . `` `` . Cyclopædia , or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ( first ed . ) . James and John Knapton , et al. `` BED '' . History of Science and Technology . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Medieval Furniture & Home Decor '' . furniturestyles.net . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TCTerms - Standard - double vs. Standard - twin ( English ) '' . www.translatorscafe.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Even Beds Go King - Size '' Popular Mechanics , December 1954 , p. 128 , bottom of page . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Golden Bed '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Independent . `` India 's royal riches : The maharajas ' opulent lifestyle '' . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooklyn Museum . `` Decorative Arts : Convertible Bed in Form of Upright Piano '' . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in English ) `` Bed ( Lit à la Polonaise ) '' . getty.edu . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Captain 's bed '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Historical Guide : Bed Hardware '' . whitechapel-ltd.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bed Rail Fastener Options '' . home-improvement-and-financing.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Picture '' . srbworld.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beds </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up bed in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beds . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bedding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bed types ( Bed sizes ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Banig </Li> <Li> Bassinet </Li> <Li> Box - bed </Li> <Li> Bunk bed </Li> <Li> Cage bed </Li> <Li> Camp bed </Li> <Li> Canopy bed </Li> <Li> Couch bed </Li> <Li> Cradle ( bed ) </Li> <Li> Daybed </Li> <Li> Four - poster bed </Li> <Li> Futon </Li> <Li> Hammock </Li> <Li> Hospital bed </Li> <Li> Infant bed </Li> <Li> Kang bed - stove </Li> <Li> Lit a la turque </Li> <Li> Loft bed </Li> <Li> Charpai </Li> <Li> Murphy bed </Li> <Li> Petate </Li> <Li> Platform bed </Li> <Li> Sleigh bed </Li> <Li> Sofa bed </Li> <Li> Toddler bed </Li> <Li> Trundle bed </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bed components </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bed frame </Li> <Li> Bed sheet </Li> <Li> Bed skirt </Li> <Li> Cot side </Li> <Li> Footboard </Li> <Li> Headboard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mattresses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Air mattress </Li> <Li> Featherbed </Li> <Li> Mattress pad </Li> <Li> Mattress protector </Li> <Li> Memory foam </Li> <Li> Orthopedic mattress </Li> <Li> Waterbed </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bed bases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Box - spring </Li> <Li> Bunkie board </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blankets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghan </Li> <Li> Comforter </Li> <Li> Duvet </Li> <Li> Duvet cover </Li> <Li> Electric blanket </Li> <Li> Hudson 's Bay point blanket </Li> <Li> Patchwork quilt </Li> <Li> Photo blanket </Li> <Li> Quilt </Li> <Li> Razai </Li> <Li> Security blanket </Li> <Li> Silk comforter </Li> <Li> Sleeping bag </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pillows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acupressure pillow </Li> <Li> Bamboo wife </Li> <Li> Bolster </Li> <Li> Contour leg pillow </Li> <Li> Cushion </Li> <Li> Dakimakura </Li> <Li> Eye pillow </Li> <Li> Orthopedic pillow </Li> <Li> Phonetic pillow </Li> <Li> Sex pillow </Li> <Li> Speaker pillow </Li> <Li> Throw pillow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related items </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bed warmer </Li> <Li> Couch </Li> <Li> Nightstand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Psychophysiology : Sleep and sleep disorders ( F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sleep stages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rapid eye movement ( REM ) <Ul> <Li> Non-rapid eye movement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Slow - wave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brain waves </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alpha wave </Li> <Li> Beta wave </Li> <Li> Delta wave </Li> <Li> Gamma wave </Li> <Li> K - complex </Li> <Li> Mu rhythm </Li> <Li> Sensorimotor rhythm </Li> <Li> Sleep spindle </Li> <Li> Theta wave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sleep disorders </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dyssomnia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hypersomnia </Li> <Li> Insomnia </Li> <Li> Kleine -- Levin syndrome </Li> <Li> Narcolepsy </Li> <Li> Sleep apnea <Ul> <Li> Central hypoventilation syndrome </Li> <Li> Obesity hypoventilation syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sleep state misperception </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Circadian rhythm disorder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advanced sleep phase disorder </Li> <Li> Delayed sleep phase disorder </Li> <Li> Irregular sleep -- wake rhythm </Li> <Li> Jet lag </Li> <Li> Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder </Li> <Li> Shift work sleep disorder </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parasomnia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Catathrenia </Li> <Li> Night terror </Li> <Li> Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder </Li> <Li> Sleepwalking </Li> <Li> Somniloquy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bruxism </Li> <Li> Night eating syndrome </Li> <Li> Nocturia </Li> <Li> Nocturnal myoclonus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Benign phenomena </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dream </Li> <Li> Exploding head syndrome </Li> <Li> False awakening </Li> <Li> Hypnagogia / Sleep onset </Li> <Li> Hypnic jerk </Li> <Li> Lucid dream </Li> <Li> Nightmare </Li> <Li> Nocturnal clitoral tumescence </Li> <Li> Nocturnal emission </Li> <Li> Nocturnal penile tumescence </Li> <Li> Sleep paralysis </Li> <Li> Somnolence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bed <Ul> <Li> Bunk bed </Li> <Li> Daybed </Li> <Li> Four - poster bed </Li> <Li> Futon </Li> <Li> Hammock </Li> <Li> Mattress </Li> <Li> Sleeping bag </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bed bug </Li> <Li> Bedding </Li> <Li> Bedroom </Li> <Li> Bedtime </Li> <Li> Bedtime story </Li> <Li> Bedtime toy </Li> <Li> Biphasic and polyphasic sleep </Li> <Li> Chronotype </Li> <Li> Dream journal </Li> <Li> Excessive daytime sleepiness </Li> <Li> Hypnopompic state </Li> <Li> Lullaby </Li> <Li> Microsleep </Li> <Li> Nap </Li> <Li> Nightwear </Li> <Li> Polysomnography </Li> <Li> Power nap </Li> <Li> Second wind </Li> <Li> Siesta </Li> <Li> Sleep and creativity </Li> <Li> Sleep and learning </Li> <Li> Sleep debt </Li> <Li> Sleep deprivation </Li> <Li> Sleep diary </Li> <Li> Sleep hygiene </Li> <Li> Sleep induction </Li> <Li> Sleep inertia </Li> <Li> Sleep medicine </Li> <Li> `` Sleeping sickness '' </Li> <Li> Sleeping while on duty </Li> <Li> Sleepover </Li> <Li> Snoring </Li> <Li> Somnology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Not a sleep disorder . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4006250 - 8 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00576741 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bed&oldid=819667927 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Beds </Li> <Li> Mattresses </Li> <Li> Sleep </Li> <Li> Human sexuality </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1728 Cyclopaedia </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Cyclopaedia </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1728 Cyclopaedia without an article title parameter </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pending changes protected pages </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Acèh </Li> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Avañe'ẽ </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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when did beds become popular in france and germany

The Glory of Love ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> The Glory of Love ( song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> For the song by Peter Cetera , see Glory of Love . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` The Glory of Love '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Benny Goodman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 78 rpm vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Billy Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Benny Goodman singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Glory of Love ' '' ( 1936 ) The Glory of Love'1936 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Five Keys singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Glory of Love ' '' ( 1951 ) The Glory of Love'1951 </Td> <Td> `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' ( 1952 ) Yes Sir , That 's My Baby1952 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` The Glory of Love '' is a song written by Billy Hill , recorded by Benny Goodman in 1936 , whose version was a number one pop hit . In 1951 , R&B vocal group , The Five Keys , had their biggest R&B hit with their version of the song , hitting number one on the R&B chart for four non-consecutive weeks . Although The Five Keys recording sold a reported million copies pressed recordings are very rare . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Charts <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Weekly charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Otis Redding version </Li> <Li> 3 Charts <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1951 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Songs </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Otis Redding version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` The Glory of Love '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Otis Redding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album The Dock of the Bay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` I 'm Coming Home '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> December , 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul , Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Volt S419 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Billy Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Steve Cropper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Otis Redding singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Shake '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Glory of Love '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Tramp '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Shake '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Glory of Love '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Tramp '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1967 , Otis Redding recorded a cover version for his 1968 album , The Dock of the Bay . Redding 's cover became a top 20 hit and reached number nineteen on the Billboard R&B Songs chart and number sixty on the Billboard Hot 100 . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1967 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Songs </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Propes , Steve ( 1973 ) . Those Oldies But Goodies : A Guide to 50 's Record Collecting . The Macmillan Company , New York . p. 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 486 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Otis Redding > Awards ) ) ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard R&B Singles Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Sixty Minute Man '' by The Dominoes </Td> <Td> Billboard Best Selling Retail Rhythm & Blues Records number - one single ( The Five Keys version ) September 22 , 1951 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Sixty Minute Man '' by The Dominoes </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glory_of_Love_(song)&oldid=814898703 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1936 songs </Li> <Li> 1951 singles </Li> <Li> Benny Goodman songs </Li> <Li> Otis Redding songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Billy Hill ( songwriter ) </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Paul McCartney songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Norsk </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 15 : 51 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who wrote the song the glory of love

Brain - wikipedia <H1> Brain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the brains of all types of animals , including humans . For information specific to the human brain , see Human brain . For other uses , see Brain ( disambiguation ) and Brains ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Brane . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Brain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A chimpanzee brain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D001921 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NeuroNames </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A14. 1.03. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 50801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals . The brain is located in the head , usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision . The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate 's body . In a human , the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15 -- 33 billion neurons , each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons . These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons , which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells . </P> <P> Physiologically , the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body . The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones . This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment . Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia , but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain . </P> <P> The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved . Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer , very different in mechanism from an electronic computer , but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world , stores it , and processes it in a variety of ways . </P> <P> This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species , with the greatest attention to vertebrates . It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains . The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article . Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context . The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage , that are covered in the human brain article . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Anatomy <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Cellular structure </Li> <Li> 1.2 Evolution <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Generic bilaterian nervous system </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Invertebrates </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 Vertebrates </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4 Mammals <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 4.1 Primates </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Development </Li> <Li> 3 Physiology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Neurotransmitters and receptors </Li> <Li> 3.2 Electrical activity </Li> <Li> 3.3 Metabolism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Functions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Perception </Li> <Li> 4.2 Motor control </Li> <Li> 4.3 Arousal </Li> <Li> 4.4 Homeostasis </Li> <Li> 4.5 Motivation </Li> <Li> 4.6 Learning and memory </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Research <Ul> <Li> 5.1 History </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Other uses <Ul> <Li> 6.1 As food </Li> <Li> 6.2 In rituals </Li> <Li> 6.3 For tanning </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Anatomy </H2> Cross section of the olfactory bulb of a rat , stained in two different ways at the same time : one stain shows neuron cell bodies , the other shows receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA . <P> The shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species , and identifying common features is often difficult . Nevertheless , there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species . Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species ; others distinguish `` advanced '' brains from more primitive ones , or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates . </P> <P> The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection , but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed . Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with , but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives , and then sliced apart for examination of the interior . Visually , the interior of the brain consists of areas of so - called grey matter , with a dark color , separated by areas of white matter , with a lighter color . Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations . It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope , and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another . </P> <H3> Cellular structure </H3> Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons . When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a synapse , it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released , which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity . <P> The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells : neurons and glial cells . Glial cells ( also known as glia or neuroglia ) come in several types , and perform a number of critical functions , including structural support , metabolic support , insulation , and guidance of development . Neurons , however , are usually considered the most important cells in the brain . The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances . They send these signals by means of an axon , which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects , usually with numerous branches , to other areas , sometimes nearby , sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body . The length of an axon can be extraordinary : for example , if a pyramidal cell , ( an excitatory neuron ) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body , its axon , equally magnified , would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter , extending more than a kilometer . These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials , which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1 -- 100 meters per second . Some neurons emit action potentials constantly , at rates of 10 -- 100 per second , usually in irregular patterns ; other neurons are quiet most of the time , but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials . </P> <P> Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses . A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells . When an action potential , traveling along an axon , arrives at a synapse , it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released . The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell . </P> Neurons often have extensive networks of dendrites , which receive synaptic connections . Shown is a pyramidal neuron from the hippocampus , stained for green fluorescent protein . <P> Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain . The essential function of the brain is cell - to - cell communication , and synapses are the points at which communication occurs . The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses ; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million . The functions of these synapses are very diverse : some are excitatory ( exciting the target cell ) ; others are inhibitory ; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways . A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable ; that is , they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them . It is widely believed that activity - dependent modification of synapses is the brain 's primary mechanism for learning and memory . </P> <P> Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons , which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts . A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin , which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation . ( There are also unmyelinated axons ) . Myelin is white , making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light - colored white matter , in contrast to the darker - colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies . </P> <H3> Evolution </H3> Main article : Evolution of the brain Generic bilaterian nervous system Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal , in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements , and a `` brain '' at the front . <P> Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges ( which have no nervous system ) and cnidarians ( which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net ) , all living multicellular animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape ( that is , left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other ) . All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period , 485 - 540 million years ago , and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body . At a schematic level , that basic worm - shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians , including vertebrates . The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a ganglion ) for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the brain . The brain is small and simple in some species , such as nematode worms ; in other species , including vertebrates , it is the most complex organ in the body . Some types of worms , such as leeches , also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord , known as a `` tail brain '' . </P> <P> There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain , including echinoderms and tunicates . It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain , or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure . </P> Invertebrates Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) have been extensively studied to gain insight into the role of genes in brain development . <P> This category includes tardigrades , arthropods , molluscs , and numerous types of worms . The diversity of invertebrate body plans is matched by an equal diversity in brain structures . </P> <P> Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains : arthropods ( insects , crustaceans , arachnids , and others ) , and cephalopods ( octopuses , squids , and similar molluscs ) . The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal . Arthropods have a central brain , the supraesophageal ganglion , with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing . Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates . </P> <P> There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) , because of the large array of techniques available for studying their genetics , have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in brain development . In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals , many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have been shown to be relevant to humans . The first biological clock genes , for example , were identified by examining Drosophila mutants that showed disrupted daily activity cycles . A search in the genomes of vertebrates revealed a set of analogous genes , which were found to play similar roles in the mouse biological clock -- and therefore almost certainly in the human biological clock as well . Studies done on Drosophila , also show that most neuropil regions of the brain are continuously reorganized throughout life in response to specific living conditions . </Li> <Li> The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , like Drosophila , has been studied largely because of its importance in genetics . In the early 1970s , Sydney Brenner chose it as a model organism for studying the way that genes control development . One of the advantages of working with this worm is that the body plan is very stereotyped : the nervous system of the hermaphrodite contains exactly 302 neurons , always in the same places , making identical synaptic connections in every worm . Brenner 's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed each one under an electron microscope , then visually matched fibers from section to section , to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body . The complete neuronal wiring diagram of C. elegans -- its connectome was achieved . Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism , and the information gained has enabled a multitude of studies that would otherwise have not been possible . </Li> <Li> The sea slug Aplysia californica was chosen by Nobel Prize - winning neurophysiologist Eric Kandel as a model for studying the cellular basis of learning and memory , because of the simplicity and accessibility of its nervous system , and it has been examined in hundreds of experiments . </Li> </Ul> Vertebrates The brain of a shark . <P> The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago ( Mya ) , during the Cambrian period , and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form . Sharks appeared about 450 Mya , amphibians about 400 Mya , reptiles about 350 Mya , and mammals about 200 Mya . Each species has an equally long evolutionary history , but the brains of modern hagfishes , lampreys , sharks , amphibians , reptiles , and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence . All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components , but many are rudimentary in the hagfish , whereas in mammals the foremost part ( the telencephalon ) is greatly elaborated and expanded . </P> <P> Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size . The relationship between brain size , body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species . As a rule , brain size increases with body size , but not in a simple linear proportion . In general , smaller animals tend to have larger brains , measured as a fraction of body size . For mammals , the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75 . This formula describes the central tendency , but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree , in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior . For example , primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts . Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey , relative to body size . </P> The main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain , which later differentiate into the forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain . <P> All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form , which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development . In its earliest form , the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain ( the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively ) . At the earliest stages of brain development , the three areas are roughly equal in size . In many classes of vertebrates , such as fish and amphibians , the three parts remain similar in size in the adult , but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts , and the midbrain becomes very small . </P> <P> The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue . Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside , with subtle variations in color . Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain . Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers . The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another , forming the blood -- brain barrier , which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens ( though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs , thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain ) . </P> <P> Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions : the telencephalon ( cerebral hemispheres ) , diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus ) , mesencephalon ( midbrain ) , cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata . Each of these areas has a complex internal structure . Some parts , such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex , consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space . Other parts , such as the thalamus and hypothalamus , consist of clusters of many small nuclei . Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure , chemistry , and connectivity . </P> <P> Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains , some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry , especially in the forebrain area . The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way , but in teleost fishes ( the great majority of existing fish species ) , the forebrain has become `` everted '' , like a sock turned inside out . In birds , there are also major changes in forebrain structure . These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species . </P> The main anatomical regions of the vertebrate brain , shown for shark and human . The same parts are present , but they differ greatly in size and shape . <P> Here is a list of some of the most important vertebrate brain components , along with a brief description of their functions as currently understood : </P> See also : List of regions in the human brain <Ul> <Li> The medulla , along with the spinal cord , contains many small nuclei involved in a wide variety of sensory and involuntary motor functions such as vomiting , heart rate and digestive processes . </Li> <Li> The pons lies in the brainstem directly above the medulla . Among other things , it contains nuclei that control often voluntary but simple acts such as sleep , respiration , swallowing , bladder function , equilibrium , eye movement , facial expressions , and posture . </Li> <Li> The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the forebrain , whose complexity and importance belies its size . It is composed of numerous small nuclei , each with distinct connections and neurochemistry . The hypothalamus is engaged in additional involuntary or partially voluntary acts such as sleep and wake cycles , eating and drinking , and the release of some hormones . </Li> <Li> The thalamus is a collection of nuclei with diverse functions : some are involved in relaying information to and from the cerebral hemispheres , while others are involved in motivation . The subthalamic area ( zona incerta ) seems to contain action - generating systems for several types of `` consummatory '' behaviors such as eating , drinking , defecation , and copulation . </Li> <Li> The cerebellum modulates the outputs of other brain systems , whether motor related or thought related , to make them certain and precise . Removal of the cerebellum does not prevent an animal from doing anything in particular , but it makes actions hesitant and clumsy . This precision is not built - in , but learned by trial and error . The muscle coordination learned while riding a bicycle is an example of a type of neural plasticity that may take place largely within the cerebellum. 10 % of the brain 's total volume consists of the cerebellum and 50 % of all neurons are held within its structure . </Li> <Li> The optic tectum allows actions to be directed toward points in space , most commonly in response to visual input . In mammals it is usually referred to as the superior colliculus , and its best - studied function is to direct eye movements . It also directs reaching movements and other object - directed actions . It receives strong visual inputs , but also inputs from other senses that are useful in directing actions , such as auditory input in owls and input from the thermosensitive pit organs in snakes . In some primitive fishes , such as lampreys , this region is the largest part of the brain . The superior colliculus is part of the midbrain . </Li> <Li> The pallium is a layer of gray matter that lies on the surface of the forebrain and is the most complex and most recent evolutionary development of the brain as an organ . In reptiles and mammals , it is called the cerebral cortex . Multiple functions involve the pallium , including smell and spatial memory . In mammals , where it becomes so large as to dominate the brain , it takes over functions from many other brain areas . In many mammals , the cerebral cortex consists of folded bulges called gyri that create deep furrows or fissures called sulci . The folds increase the surface area of the cortex and therefore increase the amount of gray matter and the amount of information that can be stored and processed . </Li> <Li> The hippocampus , strictly speaking , is found only in mammals . However , the area it derives from , the medial pallium , has counterparts in all vertebrates . There is evidence that this part of the brain is involved in complex events such as spatial memory and navigation in fishes , birds , reptiles , and mammals . </Li> <Li> The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected structures in the forebrain . The primary function of the basal ganglia appears to be action selection : they send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate motor behaviors , and in the right circumstances can release the inhibition , so that the action - generating systems are able to execute their actions . Reward and punishment exert their most important neural effects by altering connections within the basal ganglia . </Li> <Li> The olfactory bulb is a special structure that processes olfactory sensory signals and sends its output to the olfactory part of the pallium . It is a major brain component in many vertebrates , but is greatly reduced in humans and other primates ( whose senses are dominated by information acquired by sight rather than smell ) . </Li> </Ul> Mammals <P> The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size . On average , a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size , and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size . </P> <P> Size , however , is not the only difference : there are also substantial differences in shape . The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates , but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain , which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure . The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals . In non-mammalian vertebrates , the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three - layered structure called the pallium . In mammals , the pallium evolves into a complex six - layered structure called neocortex or isocortex . Several areas at the edge of the neocortex , including the hippocampus and amygdala , are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates . </P> <P> The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas . The superior colliculus , which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates , shrinks to a small size in mammals , and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex . The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion ( the neocerebellum ) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex , which has no counterpart in other vertebrates . </P> Primates <Table> Encephalization Quotient <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Th> EQ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> 7.4 -- 7.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chimpanzee </Td> <Td> 2.2 -- 2.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhesus monkey </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bottlenose dolphin </Td> <Td> 4.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elephant </Td> <Td> 1.13 -- 2.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Human brain <P> The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals , but are generally larger in proportion to body size . The encephalization quotient ( EQ ) is used to compare brain sizes across species . It takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain - to - body relationship . Humans have an average EQ in the 7 - to - 8 range , while most other primates have an EQ in the 2 - to - 3 range . Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans , but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower . </P> <P> Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex , especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision . The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas , with a complex web of interconnections . It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex . The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning , working memory , motivation , attention , and executive control . It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species , and an especially large fraction of the human brain . </P> <H2> Development </H2> Main article : Neural development Brain of a human embryo in the sixth week of development . <P> The brain develops in an intricately orchestrated sequence of stages . It changes in shape from a simple swelling at the front of the nerve cord in the earliest embryonic stages , to a complex array of areas and connections . Neurons are created in special zones that contain stem cells , and then migrate through the tissue to reach their ultimate locations . Once neurons have positioned themselves , their axons sprout and navigate through the brain , branching and extending as they go , until the tips reach their targets and form synaptic connections . In a number of parts of the nervous system , neurons and synapses are produced in excessive numbers during the early stages , and then the unneeded ones are pruned away . </P> <P> For vertebrates , the early stages of neural development are similar across all species . As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure , a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate , the precursor of the nervous system . The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove , and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube , a hollow cord of cells with a fluid - filled ventricle at the center . At the front end , the ventricles and cord swell to form three vesicles that are the precursors of the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain . At the next stage , the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon ( which will contain the cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , and related structures ) and the diencephalon ( which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus ) . At about the same time , the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon ( which will contain the cerebellum and pons ) and the myelencephalon ( which will contain the medulla oblongata ) . Each of these areas contains proliferative zones where neurons and glial cells are generated ; the resulting cells then migrate , sometimes for long distances , to their final positions . </P> <P> Once a neuron is in place , it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it . Axons , because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets , grow in a particularly complex way . The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone , studded with chemical receptors . These receptors sense the local environment , causing the growth cone to be attracted or repelled by various cellular elements , and thus to be pulled in a particular direction at each point along its path . The result of this pathfinding process is that the growth cone navigates through the brain until it reaches its destination area , where other chemical cues cause it to begin generating synapses . Considering the entire brain , thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding . </P> <P> The synaptic network that finally emerges is only partly determined by genes , though . In many parts of the brain , axons initially `` overgrow '' , and then are `` pruned '' by mechanisms that depend on neural activity . In the projection from the eye to the midbrain , for example , the structure in the adult contains a very precise mapping , connecting each point on the surface of the retina to a corresponding point in a midbrain layer . In the first stages of development , each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by chemical cues , but then branches very profusely and makes initial contact with a wide swath of midbrain neurons . The retina , before birth , contains special mechanisms that cause it to generate waves of activity that originate spontaneously at a random point and then propagate slowly across the retinal layer . These waves are useful because they cause neighboring neurons to be active at the same time ; that is , they produce a neural activity pattern that contains information about the spatial arrangement of the neurons . This information is exploited in the midbrain by a mechanism that causes synapses to weaken , and eventually vanish , if activity in an axon is not followed by activity of the target cell . The result of this sophisticated process is a gradual tuning and tightening of the map , leaving it finally in its precise adult form . </P> <P> Similar things happen in other brain areas : an initial synaptic matrix is generated as a result of genetically determined chemical guidance , but then gradually refined by activity - dependent mechanisms , partly driven by internal dynamics , partly by external sensory inputs . In some cases , as with the retina - midbrain system , activity patterns depend on mechanisms that operate only in the developing brain , and apparently exist solely to guide development . </P> <P> In humans and many other mammals , new neurons are created mainly before birth , and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain . There are , however , a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life . The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb , which is involved in the sense of smell , and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus , where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories . With these exceptions , however , the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life . Glial cells are different : as with most types of cells in the body , they are generated throughout the lifespan . </P> <P> There has long been debate about whether the qualities of mind , personality , and intelligence can be attributed to heredity or to upbringing -- this is the nature and nurture controversy . Although many details remain to be settled , neuroscience research has clearly shown that both factors are important . Genes determine the general form of the brain , and genes determine how the brain reacts to experience . Experience , however , is required to refine the matrix of synaptic connections , which in its developed form contains far more information than the genome does . In some respects , all that matters is the presence or absence of experience during critical periods of development . In other respects , the quantity and quality of experience are important ; for example , there is substantial evidence that animals raised in enriched environments have thicker cerebral cortices , indicating a higher density of synaptic connections , than animals whose levels of stimulation are restricted . </P> <H2> Physiology. </H2> <P> The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells , and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells . The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes , most notably the interactions between neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses . </P> <H3> Neurotransmitters and receptors </H3> <P> Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them -- neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse 's target cell , and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules . With few exceptions , each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter , or combination of neurotransmitters , at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons ; this rule is known as Dale 's principle . Thus , a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases . The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems . This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids , nicotine , heroin , cocaine , alcohol , fluoxetine , chlorpromazine , and many others . </P> <P> The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons , and gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , which is almost always inhibitory . Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain . Because of their ubiquity , drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects . Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate ; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA . </P> <P> There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain , often areas dedicated to a particular function . Serotonin , for example -- the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids -- comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the raphe nuclei . Norepinephrine , which is involved in arousal , comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus . Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain , but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA . </P> <H3> Electrical activity </H3> Brain electrical activity recorded from a human patient during an epileptic seizure . <P> As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling , brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active . When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity , the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull , using electroencephalography ( EEG ) or magnetoencephalography ( MEG ) . EEG recordings , along with recordings made from electrodes implanted inside the brains of animals such as rats , show that the brain of a living animal is constantly active , even during sleep . Each part of the brain shows a mixture of rhythmic and nonrhythmic activity , which may vary according to behavioral state . In mammals , the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep , faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive , and chaotic - looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task . During an epileptic seizure , the brain 's inhibitory control mechanisms fail to function and electrical activity rises to pathological levels , producing EEG traces that show large wave and spike patterns not seen in a healthy brain . Relating these population - level patterns to the computational functions of individual neurons is a major focus of current research in neurophysiology . </P> <H3> Metabolism </H3> <P> All vertebrates have a blood -- brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body . Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons , including levels of ions and nutrients . </P> <P> Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume , so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals . The need to limit body weight in order , for example , to fly , has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species , such as bats . Most of the brain 's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge ( membrane potential ) of neurons . Most vertebrate species devote between 2 % and 8 % of basal metabolism to the brain . In primates , however , the percentage is much higher -- in humans it rises to 20 -- 25 % . The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time , but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions ; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET , fMRI , and NIRS . The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen - dependent metabolism of glucose ( i.e. , blood sugar ) , but ketones provide a major alternative source , together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids ( caprylic and heptanoic acids ) , lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids . </P> <H2> Functions </H2> Model of a neural circuit in the cerebellum , as proposed by James S. Albus . <P> Information from the sense organs is collected in the brain . There it is used to determine what actions the organism is to take . The brain processes the raw data to extract information about the structure of the environment . Next it combines the processed information with information about the current needs of the animal and with memory of past circumstances . Finally , on the basis of the results , it generates motor response patterns . These signal - processing tasks require intricate interplay between a variety of functional subsystems . </P> <P> The function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal . A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns ; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other parts , and it can prevent different parts of the body from acting at cross-purposes to each other . </P> <H3> Perception </H3> Diagram of signal processing in the auditory system . <P> The human brain is provided with information about light , sound , the chemical composition of the atmosphere , temperature , head orientation , limb position , the chemical composition of the bloodstream , and more . In other animals additional senses are present , such as the infrared heat - sense of snakes , the magnetic field sense of some birds , or the electric field sense of some types of fish . </P> <P> Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells , such as light - receptive neurons in the retina of the eye , or vibration - sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear . The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain , where they transmit their signals to a first - order sensory nucleus dedicated to one specific sensory modality . This primary sensory nucleus sends information to higher - order sensory areas that are dedicated to the same modality . Eventually , via a way - station in the thalamus , the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex , where they are processed to extract the relevant features , and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems . </P> <H3> Motor control </H3> <P> Motor systems are areas of the brain that are involved in initiating body movements , that is , in activating muscles . Except for the muscles that control the eye , which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain , all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain . Spinal motor neurons are controlled both by neural circuits intrinsic to the spinal cord , and by inputs that descend from the brain . The intrinsic spinal circuits implement many reflex responses , and contain pattern generators for rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming . The descending connections from the brain allow for more sophisticated control . </P> <P> The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord . At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons , which control stereotyped movements such as walking , breathing , or swallowing . At a higher level are areas in the midbrain , such as the red nucleus , which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs . At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex , a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe . The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas , but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord , through the pyramidal tract . This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements . Other motor - related brain areas exert secondary effects by projecting to the primary motor areas . Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex , basal ganglia , and cerebellum . </P> <Table> Major areas involved in controlling movement <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Function </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ventral horn </Th> <Td> Spinal cord </Td> <Td> Contains motor neurons that directly activate muscles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oculomotor nuclei </Th> <Td> Midbrain </Td> <Td> Contains motor neurons that directly activate the eye muscles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cerebellum </Th> <Td> Hindbrain </Td> <Td> Calibrates precision and timing of movements </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basal ganglia </Th> <Td> Forebrain </Td> <Td> Action selection on the basis of motivation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motor cortex </Th> <Td> Frontal lobe </Td> <Td> Direct cortical activation of spinal motor circuits </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premotor cortex </Th> <Td> Frontal lobe </Td> <Td> Groups elementary movements into coordinated patterns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supplementary motor area </Th> <Td> Frontal lobe </Td> <Td> Sequences movements into temporal patterns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prefrontal cortex </Th> <Td> Frontal lobe </Td> <Td> Planning and other executive functions </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In addition to all of the above , the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system , which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the `` smooth '' muscles of the gut . </P> <H3> Arousal </H3> See also : Sleep <P> Many animals alternate between sleeping and waking in a daily cycle . Arousal and alertness are also modulated on a finer time scale by a network of brain areas . </P> <P> A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) , a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross . The SCN contains the body 's central biological clock . Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours , circadian rhythms : these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of `` clock genes '' . The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution , but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves , through the retinohypothalamic tract ( RHT ) , that allows daily light - dark cycles to calibrate the clock . </P> <P> The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus , brainstem , and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep - wake cycles . An important component of the system is the reticular formation , a group of neuron - clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain . Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus , which in turn sends activity - level - controlling signals to every part of the cortex . Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma . </P> <P> Sleep involves great changes in brain activity . Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep , but this is now known to be far from true ; activity continues , but patterns become very different . There are two types of sleep : REM sleep ( with dreaming ) and NREM ( non-REM , usually without dreaming ) sleep , which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode . Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured : REM , light NREM and deep NREM . During deep NREM sleep , also called slow wave sleep , activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves , whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized . Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep , and fall almost to zero during REM sleep ; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern . </P> <H3> Homeostasis </H3> Cross-section of a human head , showing location of the hypothalamus . <P> For any animal , survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation : these include temperature , water content , salt concentration in the bloodstream , blood glucose levels , blood oxygen level , and others . The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body -- the milieu intérieur , as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it -- is known as homeostasis ( Greek for `` standing still '' ) . Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain . The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback : any time a parameter diverges from its set - point , sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value . ( This principle is widely used in engineering , for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat . ) </P> <P> In vertebrates , the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus , a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function . The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei , most of which are involved in basic biological functions . Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality , aggression , or maternal behaviors ; but many of them relate to homeostasis . Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels , conveying information about temperature , sodium level , glucose level , blood oxygen level , and other parameters . These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies . Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland , a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus . The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream , where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity . </P> <H3> Motivation </H3> Components of the basal ganglia , shown in two cross-sections of the human brain . Blue : caudate nucleus and putamen . Green : globus pallidus . Red : subthalamic nucleus . Black : substantia nigra . <P> The individual animals need to express survival - promoting behaviors , such as seeking food , water , shelter , and a mate . The motivational system in the brain monitors the current state of satisfaction of these goals , and activates behaviors to meet any needs that arise . The motivational system works largely by a reward -- punishment mechanism . When a particular behavior is followed by favorable consequences , the reward mechanism in the brain is activated , which induces structural changes inside the brain that cause the same behavior to be repeated later , whenever a similar situation arises . Conversely , when a behavior is followed by unfavorable consequences , the brain 's punishment mechanism is activated , inducing structural changes that cause the behavior to be suppressed when similar situations arise in the future . </P> <P> Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward -- punishment mechanism : for instance , worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers . In vertebrates , the reward - punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures , at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia , a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain . The basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made : the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over most of the motor systems in the brain ; when this inhibition is released , a motor system is permitted to execute the action it is programmed to carry out . Rewards and punishments function by altering the relationship between the inputs that the basal ganglia receive and the decision - signals that are emitted . The reward mechanism is better understood than the punishment mechanism , because its role in drug abuse has caused it to be studied very intensively . Research has shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a central role : addictive drugs such as cocaine , amphetamine , and nicotine either cause dopamine levels to rise or cause the effects of dopamine inside the brain to be enhanced . </P> <H3> Learning and memory </H3> <P> Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience -- even the most primitive types of worms . Because behavior is driven by brain activity , changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain . Already in the late 19th century theorists like Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons . Until 1970 , however , experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking . In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje Lømo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long - term potentiation : the paper showed clear evidence of activity - induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days . Since then technical advances have made these sorts of experiments much easier to carry out , and thousands of studies have been made that have clarified the mechanism of synaptic change , and uncovered other types of activity - driven synaptic change in a variety of brain areas , including the cerebral cortex , hippocampus , basal ganglia , and cerebellum . Brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process . </P> <P> Neuroscientists currently distinguish several types of learning and memory that are implemented by the brain in distinct ways : </P> <Ul> <Li> Working memory is the ability of the brain to maintain a temporary representation of information about the task that an animal is currently engaged in . This sort of dynamic memory is thought to be mediated by the formation of cell assemblies -- groups of activated neurons that maintain their activity by constantly stimulating one another . </Li> <Li> Episodic memory is the ability to remember the details of specific events . This sort of memory can last for a lifetime . Much evidence implicates the hippocampus in playing a crucial role : people with severe damage to the hippocampus sometimes show amnesia , that is , inability to form new long - lasting episodic memories . </Li> <Li> Semantic memory is the ability to learn facts and relationships . This sort of memory is probably stored largely in the cerebral cortex , mediated by changes in connections between cells that represent specific types of information . </Li> <Li> Instrumental learning is the ability for rewards and punishments to modify behavior . It is implemented by a network of brain areas centered on the basal ganglia . </Li> <Li> Motor learning is the ability to refine patterns of body movement by practicing , or more generally by repetition . A number of brain areas are involved , including the premotor cortex , basal ganglia , and especially the cerebellum , which functions as a large memory bank for microadjustments of the parameters of movement . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Research </H2> Main article : Neuroscience The Human Brain Project is a large scientific research project , starting in 2013 , which aims to simulate the complete human brain . <P> The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system . Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior , and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system . The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry , the branch of medicine that works to study , prevent , and treat mental disorders . Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain , such as computer science ( artificial intelligence and similar fields ) and philosophy . </P> <P> The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical , and until the middle of the 20th century , much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes . Neuroanatomists study the large - scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components , especially synapses . Among other tools , they employ a plethora of stains that reveal neural structure , chemistry , and connectivity . In recent years , the development of immunostaining techniques has allowed investigation of neurons that express specific sets of genes . Also , functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior . </P> <P> Neurophysiologists study the chemical , pharmacological , and electrical properties of the brain : their primary tools are drugs and recording devices . Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system , some in highly specific ways . Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes , either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies , or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings , which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons . Because the brain does not contain pain receptors , it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress . The same techniques have occasionally been used to study brain activity in human patients suffering from intractable epilepsy , in cases where there was a medical necessity to implant electrodes to localize the brain area responsible for epileptic seizures . Functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are also used to study brain activity ; these techniques have mainly been used with human subjects , because they require a conscious subject to remain motionless for long periods of time , but they have the great advantage of being noninvasive . </P> Design of an experiment in which brain activity from a monkey was used to control a robotic arm . <P> Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas . Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges , surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood -- brain barrier , the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage . In humans , the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function . Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage , however , this information is often difficult to interpret . In animal studies , most commonly involving rats , it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior . </P> <P> Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches : first , the use of computers to study the brain ; second , the study of how brains perform computation . On one hand , it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their electrochemical activity ; such simulations are known as biologically realistic neural networks . On the other hand , it is possible to study algorithms for neural computation by simulating , or mathematically analyzing , the operations of simplified `` units '' that have some of the properties of neurons but abstract out much of their biological complexity . The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists . </P> <P> Computational neurogenetic modeling is concerned with the study and development of dynamic neuronal models for modeling brain functions with respect to genes and dynamic interactions between genes . </P> <P> Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity . The most common subjects are mice , because of the availability of technical tools . It is now possible with relative ease to `` knock out '' or mutate a wide variety of genes , and then examine the effects on brain function . More sophisticated approaches are also being used : for example , using Cre - Lox recombination it is possible to activate or deactivate genes in specific parts of the brain , at specific times . </P> <H3> History </H3> Illustration by René Descartes of how the brain implements a reflex response . See also : History of neuroscience <P> The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni - 1 cave complex . The brain , estimated to be over 5,000 years old , was found in the skull of a 12 to 14 - year - old girl . Although the brains were shriveled , they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave . </P> <P> Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart . Aristotle favored the heart , and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood . Democritus , the inventor of the atomic theory of matter , argued for a three - part soul , with intellect in the head , emotion in the heart , and lust near the liver . Hippocrates , the `` father of medicine '' , came down unequivocally in favor of the brain . In his treatise on epilepsy he wrote : </P> <P> Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys , delights , laughter and sports , and sorrows , griefs , despondency , and lamentations ... And by the same organ we become mad and delirious , and fears and terrors assail us , some by night , and some by day , and dreams and untimely wanderings , and cares that are not suitable , and ignorance of present circumstances , desuetude , and unskillfulness . All these things we endure from the brain , when it is not healthy ... </P> <Dl> <Dd> Hippocrates , On the Sacred Disease </Dd> </Dl> Andreas Vesalius ' Fabrica , published in 1543 , showing the base of the human brain , including optic chiasma , cerebellum , olfactory bulbs , etc . <P> The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain , and theorized in some depth about how it might work . Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain , nerves , and muscles , demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves . He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon , usually translated as `` animal spirits '' . Galen 's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages , but not much further progress came until the Renaissance , when detailed anatomical study resumed , combined with the theoretical speculations of René Descartes and those who followed him . Descartes , like Galen , thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms . He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans , but that the majority of behaviors of humans , and all behaviors of animals , could be explained mechanistically . </P> <P> The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function , though , came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani , who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract . Since that time , each major advance in understanding has followed more or less directly from the development of a new technique of investigation . Until the early years of the 20th century , the most important advances were derived from new methods for staining cells . Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain , which ( when correctly used ) stains only a small fraction of neurons , but stains them in their entirety , including cell body , dendrites , and axon . Without such a stain , brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers , in which it is impossible to determine any structure . In the hands of Camillo Golgi , and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal , the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons , each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity . </P> Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal of two types of Golgi - stained neurons from the cerebellum of a pigeon . <P> In the first half of the 20th century , advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells , culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley , and others on the biophysics of the action potential , and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse . These studies complemented the anatomical picture with a conception of the brain as a dynamic entity . Reflecting the new understanding , in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep : </P> <P> The great topmost sheet of the mass , that where hardly a light had twinkled or moved , becomes now a sparkling field of rhythmic flashing points with trains of traveling sparks hurrying hither and thither . The brain is waking and with it the mind is returning . It is as if the Milky Way entered upon some cosmic dance . Swiftly the head mass becomes an enchanted loom where millions of flashing shuttles weave a dissolving pattern , always a meaningful pattern though never an abiding one ; a shifting harmony of subpatterns . </P> <Dl> <Dd> -- Sherrington , 1942 , Man on his Nature </Dd> </Dl> <P> The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s , along with the development of mathematical information theory , led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems . This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics , and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience . The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise , as for example in John von Neumann 's 1958 book , The Computer and the Brain . Over the years , though , accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism . </P> <P> One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog 's eye tells the frog 's brain : the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs , and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as `` bug perceivers '' . A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view -- a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize . Follow - up studies in higher - order visual areas found cells that detect binocular disparity , color , movement , and aspects of shape , with areas located at increasing distances from the primary visual cortex showing increasingly complex responses . Other investigations of brain areas unrelated to vision have revealed cells with a wide variety of response correlates , some related to memory , some to abstract types of cognition such as space . </P> <P> Theorists have worked to understand these response patterns by constructing mathematical models of neurons and neural networks , which can be simulated using computers . Some useful models are abstract , focusing on the conceptual structure of neural algorithms rather than the details of how they are implemented in the brain ; other models attempt to incorporate data about the biophysical properties of real neurons . No model on any level is yet considered to be a fully valid description of brain function , though . The essential difficulty is that sophisticated computation by neural networks requires distributed processing in which hundreds or thousands of neurons work cooperatively -- current methods of brain activity recording are only capable of isolating action potentials from a few dozen neurons at a time . </P> <P> Furthermore , even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations . So , brain models that do n't reflect this are too abstract to be representative of brain operation ; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with present computational resources . However , the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic , detailed computational model of the entire human brain . The wisdom of this approach has been publicly contested , with high - profile scientists on both sides of the argument . </P> <P> In the second half of the 20th century , developments in chemistry , electron microscopy , genetics , computer science , functional brain imaging , and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function . In the United States , the 1990s were officially designated as the `` Decade of the Brain '' to commemorate advances made in brain research , and to promote funding for such research . </P> <P> In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging . </P> <H2> Other uses </H2> <H3> As food </H3> Gulai otak , cattle 's brain curry from Indonesia <P> Animal brains are used as food in numerous cuisines . </P> <H3> In rituals </H3> <P> Some archaeological evidence suggests that the mourning rituals of European Neanderthals also involved the consumption of the brain . </P> <P> The Fore people of Papua New Guinea are known to eat human brains . In funerary rituals , those close to the dead would eat the brain of the deceased to create a sense of immortality . A prion disease called kuru has been traced to this . </P> <H3> For Tanning </H3> <P> The brain can be useful to hunters : most animals have enough brain matter for use in the tanning of their own hides . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brain -- computer interface </Li> <Li> Central nervous system disease </Li> <Li> List of neuroscience databases </Li> <Li> Neurological disorder </Li> <Li> Neuroplasticity </Li> <Li> Optogenetics </Li> <Li> Outline of neuroscience </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Pelvig , DP ; Pakkenberg , H ; Stark , AK ; Pakkenberg , B ( 2008 ) . `` Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains '' . Neurobiology of Aging. 29 ( 11 ) : 1754 -- 1762 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neurobiolaging. 2007.04. 013 . PMID 17544173 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yuste , Rafael ; Church , George M. 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Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506491 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piccolino , M ( 2002 ) . `` Fifty years of the Hodgkin - Huxley era '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 25 ( 11 ) : 552 -- 553 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 02 ) 02276 - 2 . PMID 12392928 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherrington , CS ( 1942 ) . Man on his nature . Cambridge University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Churchland , PS ; Koch , C ; Sejnowski , TJ ( 1993 ) . `` What is computational neuroscience ? '' . In Schwartz EL . Computational Neuroscience . MIT Press . pp. 46 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 69164 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ von Neumann , J ; Churchland , PM ; Churchland , PS ( 2000 ) . The Computer and the Brain . Yale University Press . pp. xi -- xxii . 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PMID 10336393 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buzsáki , G ( 2004 ) . `` Large - scale recording of neuronal ensembles '' ( PDF ) . Nature Neuroscience. 7 ( 5 ) : 446 -- 451 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1233 . PMID 15114356 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geschwind , DH ; Konopka , G ( 2009 ) . `` Neuroscience in the era of functional genomics and systems biology '' . Nature . 461 ( 7266 ) : 908 -- 915 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461 ... 908G . doi : 10.1038 / nature08537 . PMC 3645852 . PMID 19829370 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 2001 ) . The Aztec Treasure House . Counterpoint Press . ISBN 1 - 58243 - 162 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , S ; McLean CA ; Masters CL ( 2001 ) . `` Gerstmann - Straussler - Scheinker syndrome , fatal familial insomnia , and kuru : a review of these less common human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies '' . Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 8 ( 5 ) : 387 -- 97 . doi : 10.1054 / jocn. 2001.0919 . PMID 11535002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The History of Brain Tan : page 1 '' . Braintan.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mammals ( 2008 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Brain Tanning : Animal Planet '' . Animal.discovery.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tanning Deer Hides and Small Fur Skins '' ( PDF ) . The Official Site of the Tennessee Government . 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where does the brain get its energy from

On the Origin of species - wikipedia <H1> On the Origin of species </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Origin of Species '' redirects here . For other uses , see Origin of Species ( disambiguation ) . <Table> On the Origin of Species <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The title page of the 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Charles Darwin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subject </Th> <Td> Natural selection Evolutionary biology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 24 November 1859 ( John Murray ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 502 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 352242 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Fertilisation of Orchids </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Evolutionary biology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Key topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Introduction to evolution </Li> <Li> Common descent </Li> <Li> Evidence of common descent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Processes and outcomes ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Population genetics </Li> <Li> Variation </Li> <Li> Diversity </Li> <Li> Mutation </Li> <Li> Natural selection </Li> <Li> Adaptation </Li> <Li> Polymorphism </Li> <Li> Genetic drift </Li> <Li> Gene flow </Li> <Li> Speciation </Li> <Li> Adaptive radiation </Li> <Li> Co-operation </Li> <Li> Coevolution </Li> <Li> Divergence </Li> <Li> Convergence </Li> <Li> Parallel evolution </Li> <Li> Extinction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natural history ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Origin of life </Li> <Li> History of life </Li> <Li> Timeline of evolution </Li> <Li> Human evolution </Li> <Li> Phylogeny </Li> <Li> Biodiversity </Li> <Li> Biogeography </Li> <Li> Classification </Li> <Li> Evolutionary taxonomy </Li> <Li> Cladistics </Li> <Li> Transitional fossil </Li> <Li> Extinction event </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History of evolutionary theory ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Overview </Li> <Li> Renaissance </Li> <Li> Before Darwin </Li> <Li> Darwin </Li> <Li> Origin of Species </Li> <Li> Before synthesis </Li> <Li> Modern synthesis </Li> <Li> Molecular evolution </Li> <Li> Evo - devo </Li> <Li> Current research </Li> <Li> History of speciation </Li> <Li> History of paleontology ( timeline ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fields and applications ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Applications of evolution </Li> <Li> Biosocial criminology </Li> <Li> Ecological genetics </Li> <Li> Evolutionary aesthetics </Li> <Li> Evolutionary anthropology </Li> <Li> Evolutionary computation </Li> <Li> Evolutionary ecology </Li> <Li> Evolutionary economics </Li> <Li> Evolutionary epistemology </Li> <Li> Evolutionary ethics </Li> <Li> Evolutionary game theory </Li> <Li> Evolutionary linguistics </Li> <Li> Evolutionary medicine </Li> <Li> Evolutionary neuroscience </Li> <Li> Evolutionary physiology </Li> <Li> Evolutionary psychology </Li> <Li> Experimental evolution </Li> <Li> Phylogenetics </Li> <Li> Paleontology </Li> <Li> Selective breeding </Li> <Li> Speciation experiments </Li> <Li> Sociobiology </Li> <Li> Systematics </Li> <Li> Universal Darwinism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Social implications ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Evolution as fact and theory </Li> <Li> Social effects </Li> <Li> Creation -- evolution controversy </Li> <Li> Objections to evolution </Li> <Li> Level of support </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evolutionary biology portal </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Related topics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On the Origin of Species ( or more completely , On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ) , published on 24 November 1859 , is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology . Darwin 's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection . It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution . Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research , correspondence , and experimentation . </P> <P> Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology . There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public , but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England , while science was part of natural theology . Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique , unrelated to other animals . The political and theological implications were intensely debated , but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream . </P> <P> The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication . As Darwin was an eminent scientist , his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific , philosophical , and religious discussion . The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism . Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution , with a branching pattern of common descent , had occurred , but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate . During `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' from the 1880s to the 1930s , various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit . With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s , Darwin 's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory , and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Summary of Darwin 's theory </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Developments before Darwin 's theory </Li> <Li> 2.2 Inception of Darwin 's theory </Li> <Li> 2.3 Further development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Publication <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Time taken to publish </Li> <Li> 3.2 Events leading to publication : `` big book '' manuscript </Li> <Li> 3.3 Joint publication of papers by Wallace and Darwin </Li> <Li> 3.4 Abstract of Species book </Li> <Li> 3.5 Murray as publisher ; choice of title </Li> <Li> 3.6 Publication and subsequent editions </Li> <Li> 3.7 Publication outside Great Britain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Content <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Title pages and introduction </Li> <Li> 4.2 Variation under domestication and under nature </Li> <Li> 4.3 Struggle for existence , natural selection , and divergence </Li> <Li> 4.4 Variation and heredity </Li> <Li> 4.5 Difficulties for the theory </Li> <Li> 4.6 Geologic record </Li> <Li> 4.7 Geographic distribution </Li> <Li> 4.8 Classification , morphology , embryology , rudimentary organs </Li> <Li> 4.9 Concluding remarks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Structure , style , and themes <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Nature and structure of Darwin 's argument </Li> <Li> 5.2 Literary style </Li> <Li> 5.3 Human evolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Impact on the scientific community <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Impact outside Great Britain </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Challenges to natural selection </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Impact on economic and political debates </Li> <Li> 6.3 Religious attitudes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Modern influence </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Contemporary reviews </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Summary of Darwin 's theory ( edit ) </H2> Darwin pictured shortly before publication <P> Darwin 's theory of evolution is based on key facts and the inferences drawn from them , which biologist Ernst Mayr summarised as follows : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Every species is fertile enough that if all offspring survived to reproduce , the population would grow ( fact ) . </Li> <Li> Despite periodic fluctuations , populations remain roughly the same size ( fact ) . </Li> <Li> Resources such as food are limited and are relatively stable over time ( fact ) . </Li> <Li> A struggle for survival ensues ( inference ) . </Li> <Li> Individuals in a population vary significantly from one another ( fact ) . </Li> <Li> Much of this variation is heritable ( fact ) . </Li> <Li> Individuals less suited to the environment are less likely to survive and less likely to reproduce ; individuals more suited to the environment are more likely to survive and more likely to reproduce and leave their heritable traits to future generations , which produces the process of natural selection ( fact ) . </Li> <Li> This slowly effected process results in populations changing to adapt to their environments , and ultimately , these variations accumulate over time to form new species ( inference ) . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> See also : History of evolutionary thought and History of biology <H3> Developments before Darwin 's theory ( edit ) </H3> <P> In later editions of the book , Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle ; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles . Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account ; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form . Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious , with monstrous births from union between species , and spontaneous generation of life . </P> Cuvier 's 1799 paper on living and fossil elephants helped establish the reality of extinction . <P> The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible , with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method . After the turmoil of the English Civil War , the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability . John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order ; in his taxonomy , species were static and fixed , their adaptation and complexity designed by God , and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions . In God 's benevolent design , carnivores caused mercifully swift death , but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem . The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan . In 1766 , Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species , such as horses and asses , or lions , tigers , and leopards , might be varieties descended from a common ancestor . The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC , but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world . Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas , but James Hutton proposed a self - maintaining infinite cycle , anticipating uniformitarianism . </P> <P> Charles Darwin 's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s , and Jean - Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809 . Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity , adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse . This process was later called Lamarckism . Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity , in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction . Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos , and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies . Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas , holding that unrelated , fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs . His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction , which he explained by local catastrophes , followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species . </P> <P> In Britain , William Paley 's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial `` design '' by the Creator acting through natural laws . All naturalists in the two English universities ( Oxford and Cambridge ) were Church of England clergymen , and science became a search for these laws . Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment , initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood . Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy , but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order . </P> <H3> Inception of Darwin 's theory ( edit ) </H3> See also : Charles Darwin 's education and Inception of Darwin 's theory <P> Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine . In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant 's research into marine invertebrates . Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species , but Darwin rejected it . Starting in 1827 , at Cambridge University , Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow , and read Paley , John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt . Filled with zeal for science , he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick . </P> In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his `` B '' notebook on Transmutation of Species , and on page 36 wrote `` I think '' above his first evolutionary tree . <P> In December 1831 , he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist . He read Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore , at St. Jago , found Lyell 's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes . Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos , and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their `` centre of creation '' . The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised , yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed `` miserable , degraded savages '' , and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals . As the Beagle neared England in 1836 , he noted that species might not be fixed . </P> <P> Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent . In March 1837 , ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin 's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea ( though their territories overlapped ) , that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island , and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches . Darwin began speculating , in a series of notebooks , on the possibility that `` one species does change into another '' to explain these findings , and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree , discarding Lamarck 's independent lineages progressing to higher forms . Unconventionally , Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists . At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape , and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed . </P> <P> In late September 1838 , he started reading Thomas Malthus 's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations , if unrestrained , breed beyond their means and struggle to survive . Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle 's `` warring of the species '' in plants ; he immediately envisioned `` a force like a hundred thousand wedges '' pushing well - adapted variations into `` gaps in the economy of nature '' , so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities , and unfavourable variations would be destroyed . By December 1838 , he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by `` chance '' so that `` every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected '' . </P> <P> Darwin now had the basic framework of his theory of natural selection , but he was fully occupied with his career as a geologist and held back from compiling it until his book on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs was completed . As he recalled in his autobiography , he had `` at last got a theory by which to work '' , but it was only in June 1842 that he allowed himself `` the satisfaction of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in pencil '' . </P> <H3> Further development ( edit ) </H3> See also : Development of Darwin 's theory <P> Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage . He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842 ; then in June he roughed out a 35 - page `` Pencil Sketch '' of his theory . Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844 , and by July had rounded out his `` sketch '' into a 230 - page `` Essay '' , to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely . </P> Darwin researched how the skulls of different pigeon breeds varied , as shown in his Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication of 1868 . <P> In November 1844 , the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers , widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species . Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time . But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin 's work in progress , and it ignored adaptation . Darwin read it soon after publication , and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology , but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists , including Adam Sedgwick , attacked its morality and scientific errors . Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion , and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream . While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation , Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s . </P> <P> Hooker was persuaded to take away a copy of the `` Essay '' in January 1847 , and eventually sent a page of notes giving Darwin much needed feedback . Reminded of his lack of expertise in taxonomy , Darwin began an eight - year study of barnacles , becoming the leading expert on their classification . Using his theory , he discovered homologies showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions , and he found an intermediate stage in the evolution of distinct sexes . </P> <P> Darwin 's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances . In 1854 , he completed the last part of his Beagle - related writing and began working full - time on evolution . He now realised that the branching pattern of evolutionary divergence was explained by natural selection working constantly to improve adaptation . His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only , as on islands , to an emphasis on speciation without isolation ; that is , he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches . He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory . He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals , became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding , and experimented ( with the help of his son Francis ) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands . By 1856 , his theory was much more sophisticated , with a mass of supporting evidence . </P> <H2> Publication ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Publication of Darwin 's theory <H3> Time taken to publish ( edit ) </H3> <P> In his autobiography , Darwin said he had `` gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839 , when the theory was clearly conceived , to 1859 ; and I lost nothing by it '' . On the first page of his 1859 book he noted that , having begun work on the topic in 1837 , he had drawn up `` some short notes '' after five years , had enlarged these into a sketch in 1844 , and `` from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object . '' </P> <P> Various biographers have proposed that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons . Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed , and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma . Charles Darwin 's illness caused repeated delays . His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong , and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct . David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed , and notes Darwin 's large output of books and busy family life during that time . </P> <P> A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s , and Darwin 's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable . Darwin always finished one book before starting another . While he was researching , he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage . He firmly intended to publish , but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full - time . His 1846 estimate that writing his `` big book '' would take five years proved optimistic . </P> <H3> Events leading to publication : `` big book '' manuscript ( edit ) </H3> A photograph of Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1823 -- 1913 ) taken in Singapore in 1862 <P> An 1855 paper on the `` introduction '' of species , written by Alfred Russel Wallace , claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing , closely related species . Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace 's paper and its possible connection to Darwin 's work , although Darwin did not , and in a letter written on 1 -- 2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority . Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper . He met Lyell , and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal . He began a `` sketch '' account on 14 May 1856 , and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species as his `` big book '' on Natural Selection . His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas . </P> <H3> Joint publication of papers by Wallace and Darwin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Darwin was hard at work on the manuscript for his `` big book '' on Natural Selection , when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace , who stayed on the Maluku Islands ( Ternate and Gilolo ) . It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism , a response to Darwin 's recent encouragement , with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile . The mechanism was similar to Darwin 's own theory . Darwin wrote to Lyell that `` your words have come true with a vengeance , ... forestalled '' and he would `` of course , at once write and offer to send ( it ) to any journal '' that Wallace chose , adding that `` all my originality , whatever it may amount to , will be smashed '' . Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace 's pages with extracts from Darwin 's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society , and on 1 July 1858 , the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection , by Wallace and Darwin respectively , were read out but drew little reaction . While Darwin considered Wallace 's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection , historians have pointed out differences . Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders , and emphasised competition between individuals ; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding , and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions . Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation . </P> <H3> Abstract of species book ( edit ) </H3> <P> Soon after the meeting , Darwin decided to write `` an abstract of my whole work '' in the form of one or more papers to be published by the Linnean Society , but was concerned about `` how it can be made scientific for a Journal , without giving facts , which would be impossible . '' He asked Hooker how many pages would be available , but `` If the Referees were to reject it as not strictly scientific I would , perhaps publish it as pamphet . '' He began his `` abstract of Species book '' on 20 July 1858 , while on holiday at Sandown , and wrote parts of it from memory , while sending the manuscripts to his friends for checking . </P> <P> By early October , he began to `` expect my abstract will run into a small volume , which will have to be published separately . '' Over the same period , he continued to collect information and write large fully detailed sections of the manuscript for his `` big book '' on Species , Natural Selection . </P> <H3> Murray as publisher ; choice of title ( edit ) </H3> <P> By mid March 1859 Darwin 's abstract had reached the stage where he was thinking of early publication ; Lyell suggested the publisher John Murray , and met with him to find if he would be willing to publish . On 28 March Darwin wrote to Lyell asking about progress , and offering to give Murray assurances `` that my Book is not more un-orthodox , than the subject makes inevitable . '' He enclosed a draft title sheet proposing An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection , with the year shown as `` 1859 '' . </P> <P> Murray 's response was favourable , and a very pleased Darwin told Lyell on 30 March that he would `` send shortly a large bundle of M.S. but unfortunately I can not for a week , as the three first chapters are in three copyists ' hands '' . He bowed to Murray 's objection to `` abstract '' in the title , though he felt it excused the lack of references , but wanted to keep `` natural selection '' which was `` constantly used in all works on Breeding '' , and hoped `` to retain it with Explanation , somewhat as thus '' , -- Through Natural Selection or the preservation of favoured races . On 31 March Darwin wrote to Murray in confirmation , and listed headings of the 12 chapters in progress : he had drafted all except `` XII . Recapitulation & Conclusion '' . Murray responded immediately with an agreement to publish the book on the same terms as he published Lyell , without even seeing the manuscript : he offered Darwin ​ ⁄ of the profits . Darwin promptly accepted with pleasure , insisting that Murray would be free to withdraw the offer if , having read the chapter manuscripts , he felt the book would not sell well . ( eventually Murray paid £ 180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin 's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition , earning Darwin nearly £ 3000 . ) </P> <P> On 5 April , Darwin sent Murray the first three chapters , and a proposal for the book 's title . An early draft title page suggests On the Mutability of Species . Murray cautiously asked Whitwell Elwin to review the chapters . At Lyell 's suggestion , Elwin recommended that , rather than `` put forth the theory without the evidence '' , the book should focus on observations upon pigeons , briefly stating how these illustrated Darwin 's general principles and preparing the way for the larger work expected shortly : `` Every body is interested in pigeons . '' Darwin responded that this was impractical : he had only the last chapter still to write . In September the main title still included `` An essay on the origin of species and varieties '' , but Darwin now proposed dropping `` varieties '' . </P> <P> With Murray 's persuasion , the title was eventually agreed as On the Origin of Species , with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life . In this extended title ( and elsewhere in the book ) Darwin used the biological term `` races '' interchangeably with `` varieties '' , meaning varieties within a species . He used the term broadly , and as well as discussions of `` the several races , for instance , of the cabbage '' and `` the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants '' , there are three instances in the book where the phrase `` races of man '' is used , referring to races of humans . </P> <H3> Publication and subsequent editions ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859 , priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies . The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray 's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November , and all available copies had been taken up immediately . In total , 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies , and five for Stationers ' Hall copyright , around 1,170 copies were available for sale . Significantly , 500 were taken by Mudie 's Library , ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library . The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860 , and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii , a quotation from Charles Kingsley , and the phrase `` by the Creator '' added to the closing sentence . During Darwin 's lifetime the book went through six editions , with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised . The third edition came out in 1861 , with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix , An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species , while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions . The fifth edition , published on 10 February 1869 , incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology ( 1864 ) . </P> <P> In January 1871 , George Jackson Mivart 's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection , and claimed it included false metaphysics . Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin ( this was the first edition in which he used the word `` evolution '' which had commonly been associated with embryological development , though all editions concluded with the word `` evolved '' ) , and added a new chapter VII , Miscellaneous objections , to address Mivart 's arguments . </P> <P> The sixth edition was published by Murray on 19 February 1872 as The Origin of Species , with `` On '' dropped from the title . Darwin had told Murray of working men in Lancashire clubbing together to buy the 5th edition at fifteen shillings and wanted it made more widely available ; the price was halved to 7 s 6 d by printing in a smaller font . It includes a glossary compiled by W.S. Dallas . Book sales increased from 60 to 250 per month . </P> <H3> Publication outside great Britain ( edit ) </H3> American botanist Asa Gray ( 1810 -- 1888 ) <P> In the United States , botanist Asa Gray , an American colleague of Darwin , negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version , but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin . Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book , and asked Gray to keep any profits . Gray managed to negotiate a 5 % royalty with Appleton 's of New York , who got their edition out in mid January 1860 , and the other two withdrew . In a May letter , Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies , but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year . </P> <P> The book was widely translated in Darwin 's lifetime , but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors , and some translations were biased by the translator 's own agenda . Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany , hoping that suitable applicants would come forward , as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher . He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn , but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn 's own ideas , adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted . Bronn translated `` favoured races '' as `` perfected races '' , and added essays on issues including the origin of life , as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn 's adherence to Naturphilosophie . In 1862 , Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin 's suggested additions , but then died of a heart attack . Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus , who published an improved translation in 1867 . Darwin 's attempts to find a translator in France fell through , and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin 's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics , as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed . Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870 , but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions . He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876 . A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860 . By 1864 , additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian . In Darwin 's lifetime , Origin was published in Swedish in 1871 , Danish in 1872 , Polish in 1873 , Hungarian in 1873 -- 1874 , Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878 . By 1977 , it had appeared in an additional 18 languages . </P> <H2> Content ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Title pages and introduction ( edit ) </H3> John Gould 's illustration of Darwin 's rhea was published in 1841 . The existence of two rhea species with overlapping ranges influenced Darwin . <P> Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws , harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton 's belief in a rational God who established a law - abiding cosmos . In the second edition , Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles , in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends . The Introduction establishes Darwin 's credentials as a naturalist and author , then refers to John Herschel 's letter suggesting that the origin of species `` would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process '' : </P> <P> WHEN on board HMS Beagle , as naturalist , I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America , and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent . These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species -- that mystery of mysteries , as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers . </P> <P> Darwin refers specifically to the distribution of the species rheas , and to that of the Galápagos tortoises and mockingbirds . He mentions his years of work on his theory , and the arrival of Wallace at the same conclusion , which led him to `` publish this Abstract '' of his incomplete work . He outlines his ideas , and sets out the essence of his theory : </P> <P> As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive ; and as , consequently , there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence , it follows that any being , if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself , under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life , will have a better chance of surviving , and thus be naturally selected . From the strong principle of inheritance , any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form . </P> <P> Starting with the third edition , Darwin prefaced the introduction with a sketch of the historical development of evolutionary ideas . In that sketch he acknowledged that Patrick Matthew had , unknown to Wallace or himself , anticipated the concept of natural selection in an appendix to a book published in 1831 ; in the fourth edition he mentioned that William Charles Wells had done so as early as 1813 . </P> <H3> Variation under Domestication and under nature ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding , going back to ancient Egypt . Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding . As an illustration of artificial selection , he describes fancy pigeon breeding , noting that `` ( t ) he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing '' , yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon . Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation : ( 1 ) rare abrupt changes he called `` sports '' or `` monstrosities '' ( example : Ancon sheep with short legs ) , and ( 2 ) ubiquitous small differences ( example : slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons ) . Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders . However , for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution . </P> <P> In Chapter II , Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary , with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found . He concludes that `` a well - marked variety may be justly called an incipient species '' and that `` species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties '' . He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature . Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another , but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species , that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God . Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world . </P> <H3> Struggle for existence , natural selection , and divergence ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Chapter III , Darwin asks how varieties `` which I have called incipient species '' become distinct species , and in answer introduces the key concept he calls `` natural selection '' ; in the fifth edition he adds , `` But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer , of the Survival of the Fittest , is more accurate , and is sometimes equally convenient . '' </P> <P> Owing to this struggle for life , any variation , however slight and from whatever cause proceeding , if it be in any degree profitable to an individual of any species , in its infinitely complex relations to other organic beings and to external nature , will tend to the preservation of that individual , and will generally be inherited by its offspring ... I have called this principle , by which each slight variation , if useful , is preserved , by the term of Natural Selection , in order to mark its relation to man 's power of selection . </P> <P> He notes that both A.P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition . Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase `` struggle for existence '' in `` a large and metaphorical sense , including dependence of one being on another '' ; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds . He describes the struggle resulting from population growth : `` It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms . '' He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies , and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms `` which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature '' . </P> <P> Chapter IV details natural selection under the `` infinitely complex and close - fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life '' . Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species , immigration of others and , where suitable variations occurred , descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions . He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds , and suggests that natural selection might do the same , saying : </P> <P> But how , it may be asked , can any analogous principle apply in nature ? I believe it can and does apply most efficiently , from the simple circumstance that the more diversified the descendants from any one species become in structure , constitution , and habits , by so much will they be better enabled to seize on many and widely diversified places in the polity of nature , and so be enabled to increase in numbers . </P> <P> Historians have remarked that here Darwin anticipated the modern concept of an ecological niche . He did not suggest that every favourable variation must be selected , nor that the favoured animals were better or higher , but merely more adapted to their surroundings . </P> This tree diagram , used to show the divergence of species , is the only illustration in the Origin of Species . <P> Darwin proposes sexual selection , driven by competition between males for mates , to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes , deer antlers , peacock tails , bird songs , and the bright plumage of some male birds . He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 1871 ) . Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species , but given the effectiveness of artificial selection , he could `` see no limit to the amount of change , to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings , one with another and with their physical conditions of life , which may be effected in the long course of time by nature 's power of selection '' . Using a tree diagram and calculations , he indicates the `` divergence of character '' from original species into new species and genera . He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred , while new branches formed in `` the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications '' . </P> <H3> Variation and heredity ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Darwin 's time there was no agreed - upon model of heredity ; in Chapter I Darwin admitted , `` The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown . '' He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics ( which after Darwin 's death came to be called Lamarckism ) , and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse ; he wrote that he thought `` there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts , and disuse diminishes them ; and that such modifications are inherited '' , and that this also applied in nature . Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse , such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects , might be produced by natural selection . In later editions of Origin , Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics . Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations , but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors . However , one thing was clear : whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations , Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection . The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism . </P> <P> Breeding of animals and plants showed related varieties varying in similar ways , or tending to revert to an ancestral form , and similar patterns of variation in distinct species were explained by Darwin as demonstrating common descent . He recounted how Lord Morton 's mare apparently demonstrated telegony , offspring inheriting characteristics of a previous mate of the female parent , and accepted this process as increasing the variation available for natural selection . </P> <P> More detail was given in Darwin 's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication , which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis . Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance , he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population . However , inherited variation could be seen , and Darwin 's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable . It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation . This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin 's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel 's theories of genetic inheritance . </P> <H3> Difficulties for the theory ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory , the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found , though the theory implies such forms must have existed . As Darwin noted , `` Firstly , why , if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations , do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms ? Why is not all nature in confusion , instead of the species being , as we see them , well defined ? '' Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms , combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms , often leading to extinction of such forms . This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space . </P> <P> Another difficulty , related to the first one , is the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in time . Darwin commented that by the theory of natural selection `` innumerable transitional forms must have existed , '' and wondered `` why do we not find them embedded in countless numbers in the crust of the earth ? '' ( for further discussion of these difficulties , see Speciation # Darwin 's dilemma : Why do species exist ? and Bernstein et al. and Michod ) </P> <P> The chapter then deals with whether natural selection could produce complex specialised structures , and the behaviours to use them , when it would be difficult to imagine how intermediate forms could be functional . Darwin said : </P> <P> Secondly , is it possible that an animal having , for instance , the structure and habits of a bat , could have been formed by the modification of some animal with wholly different habits ? Can we believe that natural selection could produce , on the one hand , organs of trifling importance , such as the tail of a giraffe , which serves as a fly - flapper , and , on the other hand , organs of such wonderful structure , as the eye , of which we hardly as yet fully understand the inimitable perfection ? </P> <P> His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional . He presented flying squirrels , and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors . He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates , starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment , as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved . Darwin concludes : `` If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed , which could not possibly have been formed by numerous , successive , slight modifications , my theory would absolutely break down . But I can find out no such case . '' </P> <P> In a section on `` organs of little apparent importance '' , Darwin discusses the difficulty of explaining various seemingly trivial traits with no evident adaptive function , and outlines some possibilities such as correlation with useful features . He accepts that we `` are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations '' which distinguish domesticated breeds of animals , and human races . He suggests that sexual selection might explain these variations : </P> <P> I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man , which are so strongly marked ; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences , chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind , but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous . </P> <P> Chapter VII ( of the first edition ) addresses the evolution of instincts . His examples included two he had investigated experimentally : slave - making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees . Darwin noted that some species of slave - making ants were more dependent on slaves than others , and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food . He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps . He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells , under pressure from natural selection to economise wax . Darwin concluded : </P> <P> Finally , it may not be a logical deduction , but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster - brothers , -- ants making slaves , -- the larvæ of ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars , -- not as specially endowed or created instincts , but as small consequences of one general law , leading to the advancement of all organic beings , namely , multiply , vary , let the strongest live and the weakest die . </P> <P> Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species . Darwin said that , far from being constant , the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species , and the viability and fertility of the hybrids , varied greatly , especially among plants . Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely , and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty . Darwin concluded : `` Finally , then , the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to , but even rather to support the view , that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties . '' </P> <P> In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII ( renumbering the subsequent chapters ) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions , including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection . He said some such features could have been by - products of adaptive changes to other features , and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown , as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects . Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart 's criticisms , including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales , flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive . Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature . </P> <H3> Geologic record ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising , without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes . Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell 's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence , spread over vast periods of time ; since few areas had been geologically explored , there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations , and fossil collections were very poor . Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species . Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history , but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms . To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly , he cited the example of The Weald as discussed in Principles of Geology together with other observations from Hugh Miller , James Smith of Jordanhill and Andrew Ramsay . Combining this with an estimate of recent rates of sedimentation and erosion , Darwin calculated that erosion of The Weald had taken around 300 million years . The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil - bearing layers , now known as the Cambrian explosion , posed a problem . Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures , but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils . Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found , extending the history of life back for billions of years . </P> <P> Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection , than by the individual creation of fixed species . Darwin expected species to change slowly , but not at the same rate -- some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils . The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment . This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress . It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis , but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin 's commitment to gradualism . He cited Richard Owen 's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms , and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms , matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor . Patterns of extinction matched his theory , with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction , then not reappearing . Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras , and as he had seen in South America , and William Clift had shown in Australia , fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area . </P> <H3> Geographic distribution ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography , starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions can not be explained by environmental differences alone ; South America , Africa , and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes , but those regions have very different plants and animals . The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents . Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions . The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide . His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification . He went on to say : `` On this principle of inheritance with modification , we can understand how it is that sections of genera , whole genera , and even families are confined to the same areas , as is so commonly and notoriously the case . '' Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent . These species would become modified over time , but would still be related to species found on the continent , and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern . Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands , many of which he had investigated experimentally . </P> <P> Chapter XII continues the discussion of biogeography . After a brief discussion of freshwater species , it returns to oceanic islands and their peculiarities ; for example on some islands roles played by mammals on continents were played by other animals such as flightless birds or reptiles . The summary of both chapters says : </P> <P> ... I think all the grand leading facts of geographical distribution are explicable on the theory of migration ( generally of the more dominant forms of life ) , together with subsequent modification and the multiplication of new forms . We can thus understand the high importance of barriers , whether of land or water , which separate our several zoological and botanical provinces . We can thus understand the localisation of sub-genera , genera , and families ; and how it is that under different latitudes , for instance in South America , the inhabitants of the plains and mountains , of the forests , marshes , and deserts , are in so mysterious a manner linked together by affinity , and are likewise linked to the extinct beings which formerly inhabited the same continent ... On these same principles , we can understand , as I have endeavoured to show , why oceanic islands should have few inhabitants , but of these a great number should be endemic or peculiar ; ... </P> <H3> Classification , morphology , embryology , rudimentary organs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chapter XIII starts by observing that classification depends on species being grouped together in a Taxonomy , a multilevel system of groups and sub groups based on varying degrees of resemblance . After discussing classification issues , Darwin concludes : </P> <P> All the foregoing rules and aids and difficulties in classification are explained , if I do not greatly deceive myself , on the view that the natural system is founded on descent with modification ; that the characters which naturalists consider as showing true affinity between any two or more species , are those which have been inherited from a common parent , and , in so far , all true classification is genealogical ; that community of descent is the hidden bond which naturalists have been unconsciously seeking , ... </P> <P> Darwin discusses morphology , including the importance of homologous structures . He says , `` What can be more curious than that the hand of a man , formed for grasping , that of a mole for digging , the leg of the horse , the paddle of the porpoise , and the wing of the bat , should all be constructed on the same pattern , and should include the same bones , in the same relative positions ? '' This made no sense under doctrines of independent creation of species , as even Richard Owen had admitted , but the `` explanation is manifest on the theory of the natural selection of successive slight modifications '' showing common descent . He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos . Darwin discusses rudimentary organs , such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes . He remarks that some rudimentary organs , such as teeth in baleen whales , are found only in embryonic stages . These factors also supported his theory of descent with modification . </P> <H3> Concluding remarks ( edit ) </H3> <P> The final chapter `` Recapitulation and Conclusion '' reviews points from earlier chapters , and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history . He suggests that psychology will be put on a new foundation and implies the relevance of his theory to the first appearance of humanity with the sentence that `` Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history . '' Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted : </P> <P> It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank , clothed with many plants of many kinds , with birds singing on the bushes , with various insects flitting about , and with worms crawling through the damp earth , and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms , so different from each other , and dependent on each other in so complex a manner , have all been produced by laws acting around us ... Thus , from the war of nature , from famine and death , the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving , namely , the production of the higher animals , directly follows . There is grandeur in this view of life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ; and that , whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity , from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been , and are being , evolved . </P> <P> As discussed under religious attitudes , Darwin added the phrase `` by the Creator '' from the 1860 second edition onwards , so that the ultimate sentence began `` There is grandeur in this view of life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one '' . </P> <H2> Structure , style , and themes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Nature and structure of Darwin 's argument ( edit ) </H3> <P> Darwin 's aims were twofold : to show that species had not been separately created , and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change . He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges , and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism . Therefore , the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature , caused by the struggle for existence , is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication , and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation . </P> <P> Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred , supporting the idea of branching , adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism . Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines , showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created . The structure of Darwin 's argument showed the influence of John Herschel , whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa ( true cause ) if three things could be demonstrated : its existence in nature , its ability to produce the effects of interest , and its ability to explain a wide range of observations . </P> <H3> Literary style ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Examiner review of 3 December 1859 commented , `` Much of Mr. Darwin 's volume is what ordinary readers would call ' tough reading ; ' that is , writing which to comprehend requires concentrated attention and some preparation for the task . All , however , is by no means of this description , and many parts of the book abound in information , easy to comprehend and both instructive and entertaining . '' </P> <P> While the book was readable enough to sell , its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction . Unlike the still - popular Vestiges , it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation , though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression . Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science , and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments . David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience , but noted that Darwin 's literary style was uneven : in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read , while in other places his writing was beautiful . Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics , and recommended the first edition . James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace 's essay , it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on , which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail . He added that some parts of Origin are dense , but other parts are almost lyrical , and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books , which broadened its audience . </P> <H3> Human evolution ( edit ) </H3> <P> From his early transmutation notebooks in the late 1830s onwards , Darwin considered human evolution as part of the natural processes he was investigating , and rejected divine intervention . In 1856 , his `` big book on species '' titled Natural Selection was to include a `` note on Man '' , but when Wallace enquired in December 1857 , Darwin replied ; `` You ask whether I shall discuss ' man ' ; -- I think I shall avoid whole subject , as so surrounded with prejudices , though I fully admit that it is the highest & most interesting problem for the naturalist . '' On 28 March 1859 , with his manuscript for the book well under way , Darwin wrote to Lyell offering the suggested publisher John Murray assurances `` That I do not discuss origin of man '' . </P> <P> In the final chapter of On the Origin of Species , `` Recapitulation and Conclusion '' , Darwin briefly highlights the human implications of his theory : </P> <P> In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches . Psychology will be based on a new foundation , that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation . Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history . '' </P> <P> Discussing this in January 1860 , Darwin assured Lyell that `` by the sentence ( Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history ) I show that I believe man is in same predicament with other animals . Many modern writers have seen this sentence as Darwin 's only reference to humans in the book ; Janet Browne describes it as his only discussion there of human origins , while noting that the book makes other references to humanity . </P> <P> Some other statements in the book are quietly effective at pointing out the implication that humans are simply another species , evolving through the same processes and principles affecting other organisms . For example , in Chapter III : `` Struggle for Existence '' Darwin includes `` slow - breeding man '' among other examples of Malthusian population growth . In his discussions on morphology , Darwin compares and comments on bone structures that are homologous between humans and other mammals . </P> <P> Darwin 's early notebooks discussed how non-adaptive characteristics could be selected when animals or humans chose mates , with races of humans differing over ideas of beauty . In his 1856 notes responding to Robert Knox 's The Races of Man : A Fragment , he called this effect sexual selection . He added notes on sexual selection to his `` big book on species '' , and in mid-1857 he added a section heading ; `` Theory applied to Races of Man '' , but did not add text on this topic . </P> <P> In On the Origin of Species , Chapter VI : `` Difficulties on Theory '' Darwin mentions this in the context of `` slight and unimportant variations '' : </P> <P> I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man , which are so strongly marked ; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences , chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind , but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous . '' </P> <P> When Darwin published The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex twelve years later , he said that he had not gone into detail on human evolution in the Origin as he thought that would `` only add to the prejudices against my views '' . He had not completely avoided the topic : </P> <P> It seemed to me sufficient to indicate , in the first edition of my ' Origin of Species , ' that by this work ' light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history ; ' and this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth . </P> <P> He also said that he had `` merely alluded '' in that book to sexual selection differentiating human races . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> See also : Reactions to On the Origin of Species In the 1870s , British caricatures of Darwin with a non-human ape body contributed to the identification of evolutionism with Darwinism . <P> The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate , with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological , social and religious implications . Much of the initial reaction was hostile , in a large part because very few reviewers actually understood his theory , but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science . There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation , which had been rejected by scientists , but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws . The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform . Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals , and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work , though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges . Darwin 's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms , and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism , not just his own ideas . By the mid-1870s , evolutionism was triumphant . </P> <P> While Darwin had been somewhat coy about human origins , not identifying any explicit conclusion on the matter in his book , he had dropped enough hints about human 's animal ancestry for the inference to be made , and the first review claimed it made a creed of the `` men from monkeys '' idea from Vestiges . Human evolution became central to the debate and was strongly argued by Huxley who featured it in his popular `` working - men 's lectures '' . Darwin did not publish his own views on this until 1871 . </P> <P> The naturalism of natural selection conflicted with presumptions of purpose in nature and while this could be reconciled by theistic evolution , other mechanisms implying more progress or purpose were more acceptable . Herbert Spencer had already incorporated Lamarckism into his popular philosophy of progressive free market human society . He popularised the terms evolution and survival of the fittest , and many thought Spencer was central to evolutionary thinking . </P> <H3> Impact on the scientific community ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of evolutionary thought <P> Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature , but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague `` law of development '' of Vestiges had not found scientific favour . Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible . His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study , and by 1875 , most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant . Darwin 's scientific method was also disputed , with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill 's A System of Logic , while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell 's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences , in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design . Early support for Darwin 's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology , including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860 , and Asa Gray in 1862 . Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection . Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research , including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line . </P> Huxley used illustrations to show that humans and apes had the same basic skeletal structure . <P> Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology , and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley . Despite this , Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution ; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species , and questioned if Darwin 's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation . Huxley wanted science to be secular , without religious interference , and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology , praising Darwin for `` extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has , as yet , hardly penetrated '' and coining the term `` Darwinism '' as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science . Huxley gained influence , and initiated the X Club , which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism , shaping much of late Victorian science . Later , the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies . </P> <P> The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen , an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan . Owen 's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley , Hooker and Darwin , but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous `` ordained becoming '' , with new species appearing by natural birth . Others that rejected natural selection , but supported `` creation by birth '' , included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design . Since 1858 , Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans , contesting Owen 's view that humans were a separate sub-class . Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate . In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the `` Great Hippocampus Question '' and parodied in The Water - Babies as the `` great hippopotamus test '' , Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains . Others , including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace , thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes , but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process . Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man ( 1871 ) . </P> Impact outside great Britain ( edit ) Haeckel showed a main trunk leading to mankind with minor branches to various animals , unlike Darwin 's branching evolutionary tree . <P> Evolutionary ideas , although not natural selection , were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe 's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy . Bronn 's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives , but enthused political radicals . Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent , aiming to synthesise Darwin 's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie . Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology . Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory , which embodied a progressive , almost linear model of evolution . Darwin was cautious about such histories , and had already noted that von Baer 's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching . </P> <P> Asa Gray promoted and defended Origin against those American naturalists with an idealist approach , notably Louis Agassiz who viewed every species as a distinct fixed unit in the mind of the Creator , classifying as species what others considered merely varieties . Edward Drinker Cope and Alpheus Hyatt reconciled this view with evolutionism in a form of neo-Lamarckism involving recapitulation theory . </P> <P> French - speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer , but Darwin 's ideas had little impact in France , where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism . The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory , and scientists were quick to take it into account , although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant . The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy , who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin 's views . </P> Challenges to natural selection ( edit ) <P> There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution , including Karl von Nägeli 's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection . Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics . His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson ( later awarded the title Lord Kelvin ) , who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years . Darwin accepted blending inheritance , but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits , natural selection could not accumulate useful traits . Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition . Mivart supported directed evolution , and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection . In response , Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition . The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century . </P> <P> By the mid-1870s , most scientists accepted evolution , but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive . The range of evolutionary theories during `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' included forms of `` saltationism '' in which new species were thought to arise through `` jumps '' rather than gradual adaptation , forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction , and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress . The minority view of August Weismann , that natural selection was the only mechanism , was called neo-Darwinism . It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin 's views . </P> <H3> Impact on economic and political debates ( edit ) </H3> <P> While some , like Spencer , used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor , others , including Alfred Russel Wallace , argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further . Some political commentaries , including Walter Bagehot 's Physics and Politics ( 1872 ) , attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races . Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism . Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin 's scientific theory , and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution , such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel , as they were by Darwin 's work . Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans , and he opposed polygenism , the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry . </P> <H3> Religious attitudes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The book produced a wide range of religious responses at a time of changing ideas and increasing secularisation . The issues raised were complex and there was a large middle ground . Developments in geology meant that there was little opposition based on a literal reading of Genesis , but defence of the argument from design and natural theology was central to debates over the book in the English - speaking world . </P> The liberal theologian Baden Powell defended evolutionary ideas by arguing that the introduction of new species should be considered a natural rather than a miraculous process . <P> Natural theology was not a unified doctrine , and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book , others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful . In the Church of England , some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God 's design , with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as `` just as noble a conception of Deity '' . In the second edition of January 1860 , Darwin quoted Kingsley as `` a celebrated cleric '' , and added the phrase `` by the Creator '' to the closing sentence , which from then on read `` life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one '' . While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted , Darwin 's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature , and even in the first edition there are several references to `` creation '' . </P> <P> Baden Powell praised `` Mr Darwin 's masterly volume ( supporting ) the grand principle of the self - evolving powers of nature '' . In America , Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect , or modus operandi , of the first cause , design , and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution , Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology . Theistic evolution became a popular compromise , and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin 's naturalistic mechanism . Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation , and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose . </P> <P> Even though the book did not explicitly spell out Darwin 's beliefs about human origins , it had dropped a number of hints about human 's animal ancestry and quickly became central to the debate , as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul , and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities . This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans , or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind 's position at the head of nature . While many conservative theologians accepted evolution , Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique `` What is Darwinism ? '' that `` Darwinism '' , defined narrowly as including rejection of design , was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design . Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin 's text . By the early 20th century , four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution , but fundamentalism inspired the American creation -- evolution controversy that began in the 1920s . Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century , but other Catholic writers , starting with Mivart , pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area . The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical , which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching . </P> <H2> Modern influence ( edit ) </H2> A modern phylogenetic tree based on genome analysis shows the three - domain system . <P> Various alternative evolutionary mechanisms favoured during `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' became untenable as more was learned about inheritance and mutation . The full significance of natural selection was at last accepted in the 1930s and 1940s as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis . During that synthesis biologists and statisticians , including R.A. Fisher , Sewall Wright and J.B.S. Haldane , merged Darwinian selection with a statistical understanding of Mendelian genetics . </P> <P> Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop . Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection , with its tree - like model of branching common descent , has become the unifying theory of the life sciences . The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment . It makes sense of the geologic record , biogeography , parallels in embryonic development , biological homologies , vestigiality , cladistics , phylogenetics and other fields , with unrivalled explanatory power ; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture . Despite the scientific consensus , a religion - based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools , especially in the United States . </P> <P> Interest in Darwin 's writings continues , and scholars have generated an extensive literature , the Darwin Industry , about his life and work . The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum , detailing the changes made in every edition , first published in 1959 , and a concordance , an exhaustive external index published in 1981 . Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin 's birth were scheduled for 2009 . They celebrated the ideas which `` over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it '' . </P> <P> In a survey conducted by a group of academic booksellers , publishers and librarians in advance of Academic Book Week in the United Kingdom , On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book ever written . It was hailed as `` the supreme demonstration of why academic books matter '' and `` a book which has changed the way we think about everything '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Evolution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> On the Origin of Species -- full text at Wikisource of the first edition , 1859 </Li> <Li> The Origin of Species -- full text at Wikisource of the 6th edition , 1872 </Li> <Li> Charles Darwin bibliography </Li> <Li> History of biology </Li> <Li> History of evolutionary thought </Li> <Li> History of speciation </Li> <Li> Modern evolutionary synthesis </Li> <Li> The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online </Li> <Li> The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex , published in 1871 ; his second major book on evolutionary theory . </Li> <Li> Transmutation of species </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. iii </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1977 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The book 's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life . In the 1872 sixth edition `` On '' was omitted , so the full title is The origin of species by means of natural selection , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . This edition is usually known as The Origin of Species . The 6th is Darwin 's final edition ; there were minor modifications in the text of certain subsequent issues . See Freeman , R.B. `` The works of Charles Darwin : an annotated bibliographical handlist . '' In Van Wyhe , John , ed . Darwin Online : On the Origin of Species , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , p. 477 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Darwin Manuscripts ( Digitised notes on Origin ) '' . Cambridge Digital Library . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mayr 1982 , pp. 479 -- 480 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1872 , p. xiii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aristotle , Physics , translated by Hardie , R.P. and Gayle , R.K. and hosted by MIT 's Internet Classics Archive , retrieved 23 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forster & Marston 1999 , pp. 26 -- 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 27 , 43 , 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 27 -- 36 , 39 -- 42 , 57 -- 62 , 67 , 70 , 77 -- 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 84 -- 90 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond 1989 , pp. 47 -- 54 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 111 -- 114 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 91 , 129 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 115 -- 117 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 34 -- 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 80 -- 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 148 -- 149 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 133 -- 140 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 56 -- 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1845 , pp. 205 -- 208 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 244 -- 250 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keynes 2000 , pp. xix -- xx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eldredge 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 24 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herbert 1980 , pp. 7 -- 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2008 , p. 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 's Notebook B : Transmutation of species . pp. 1 -- 13 , 26 , 36 , 74 , retrieved 16 March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 240 -- 244 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 66 -- 70 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 's Notebook D: Transmutation of species . pp. 134 -- 135 , retrieved 8 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 's Notebook E : Transmutation of species . p. 75 , retrieved 14 March 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2007 , pp. 186 -- 187 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , p. 436 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , p. 120 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , p. 292 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 436 -- 437 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2007 , p. 188 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 814 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , ( 7 January 1845 ) , retrieved 24 November 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 461 -- 465 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 135 -- 140 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 169 -- 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , pp. 117 -- 121 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 138 -- 142 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , p. 124 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 84 -- 92 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallace , Alfred R. ( 1855 ) , `` On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species '' , Annals and Magazine of Natural History , 16 ( 93 ) : 184 -- 196 , doi : 10.1080 / 037454809495509 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quammen 2006 , pp. 135 -- 158 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Darwin in letters , 1856 -- 1857 : the ' Big Book ' '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . `` Letter 1870 -- Darwin , C.R. , to Hooker , J.D. , 9 May ( 1856 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2285 -- Darwin to Lyell ( June 1858 ) , archived from the original on 28 August 2007 , retrieved 15 March 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 74 -- 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 162 -- 163 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 175 -- 176 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2013 , pp. 61 -- 63 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Darwin in letters , 1858 - 1859 : Origin '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2303 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , 5 July ( 1858 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 2006 , pp. 36 verso </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2432 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , 15 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . It ( geographical distribution ) was nearly all written from memory </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2339 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , 12 ( October 1858 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . See letter to T.C. Eyton , 4 October ( 1858 ) , in which CD first mentioned the possibility that his ' abstract ' would form a small volume . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Letter 2437 -- Darwin , C.R. to Lyell , Charles , 28 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Would you advise me to tell Murray that my Book is not more un-orthodox , than the subject makes inevitable . That I do not discuss origin of man. -- That I do not bring in any discussions about Genesis &c , & only give facts , & such conclusions from them , as seem to me fair . Darwin , C.R. proposed title page for Origin of species draft . ( 1859 ) APS - B - D25. L (. 38 ) Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker , edited by John van Wyhe </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Desmond & Moore 2009 , p. 306 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2439 -- Darwin , C.R. to Lyell , Charles , 30 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2441 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 31 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2443 -- Murray , John ( b ) to Darwin , C.R. , 1 April 1859 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2445 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 2 April ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charles Darwin and his publisher '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2447 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 5 April ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin , C.R. ( early draft title of Origin ) On the mutability of species ( & other notes ) CUL - DAR205. 1.70 Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker , edited by John van Wyhe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2457A -- Elwin , Whitwell , to Murray , John ( b ) , 3 May 1859 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2459 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 6 May ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2448 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 10 September ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Defining Evolution '' . National Center for Science Education . 24 August 2000 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Bernasconi ; Tommy Lee Lott ( 2000 ) . The Idea of Race . Hackett Publishing . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 458 - 8 . The full title ( of the book ) employs the term ' race ' only in the broad biological use of the word , which refers to varieties throughout organic life ; however , speculation about the implications of his views specifically for the question of the human races began almost as soon as the book was published . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sober 2011 , p. 45 , Quote : `` There nonetheless are a few cases in which Darwin does discuss selection processes in which groups are the units , and these will be the focus of the present chapter . But even here it does not matter whether the groups are from different ' races ' or from the same race . It is nests of honeybees that compete with each other , and human tribes that compete with other human tribes . For Darwin , the question of group selection had nothing special to do with ' race . ' Still , writing in the heyday of empire , Darwin saw European nations outcompeting the nations , kingdoms , and tribes that occupy the rest of the globe . In this one very salient example , Darwin did see races struggling with each other . In any event , the word race in Darwin 's subtitle needs to be understood very broadly ; it encompasses competition among individuals , competition among groups in the same ' race , ' and competition from groups from different ' races . ' This is a much broader meaning than the word ' race ' tends to have today . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ the three instances of the phrase `` races of man '' are found on Darwin 1859 , pp. 199 , 382 and 422 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dupree , A. Hunter ( 1988 ) . Asa Gray , American Botanist , Friend of Darwin . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 83741 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , p. 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , p. 122 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 95 -- 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1861 , p. xiii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ' , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . '' Spencer 1864 , pp. 444 -- 445 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mivart 1871 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , p. 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeman 1977 , pp. 79 -- 80 . `` Evolution '' in the transformist sense had been used by Charles Lyell in 1832 , Principles of Geology vol 2 , p. 11 ; and was used by Darwin in The Descent of Man in 1871 , p. 2 onwards . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 577 , 582 , 590 , 592 -- 593 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2592 -- Darwin , C.R. to Gray , Asa , 21 December ( 1859 ) , archived from the original on 13 February 2009 , retrieved 6 December 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2665 -- Darwin , C.R. to Gray , Asa , 28 January ( 1860 ) , archived from the original on 13 February 2009 , retrieved 6 December 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2706 -- Gray , Asa to Darwin , C.R. , 20 February 1860 , archived from the original on 13 February 2009 , retrieved 6 December 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , p. 492 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 256 -- 259 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 140 -- 142 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darwin Correspondence Project -- The correspondence of Charles Darwin , volume 10 : 1862 , archived from the original on 5 June 2010 , retrieved 6 March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- The correspondence of Charles Darwin , volume 14 : 1866 , retrieved 6 March 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 142 -- 144 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ch . Darwin , Het ontstaan der soorten van dieren en planten door middel van de natuurkeus of het bewaard blijven van bevoorregte rassen in de strijd des levens , transl . by T.C. Winkler ( Haarlem 1860 ) Source : Teyler , Winkler , Darwin Lecture by Marijn van Hoorn MA at the Congress of the European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Group , Prague , 23 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freeman Bibliographic Database '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeman 1977 , pp. 101 -- 111 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. ii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phipps 1983 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secord 2000 , p. 510 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2007 , p. 197 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1861 , p. xiii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1866 , p. xiv -- xv . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quammen 2006 , pp. 184 -- 186 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 20 -- 28 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : David Reznick ( 2009 ) The Origin Then and Now , Princeton University Press , p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 44 -- 59 Chap. II . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 44 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1859 , pp. 60 -- 61 Chap . III </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1869 , pp. 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 62 -- 76 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 112 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , p. 189 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 87 -- 101 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 117 -- 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , p. 85 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 86 -- 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 131 -- 150 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 159 -- 167 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 159 -- 167 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Dawkins ( 8 February 2003 ) . `` An early flowering of genetics , Books '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 200 -- 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McBride , P.D. , Gillman , L.N. , & Wright , S.D. ( 2009 ) . Current debates on the origin of species . Journal of Biological Education , 43 ( 3 ) , 104 -- 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. page 171 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 171 -- 178 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. page 172 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein H , Byerly HC , Hopf FA , Michod RE ; Byerly ; Hopf ; Michod ( December 1985 ) . `` Sex and the emergence of species '' . J. Theor. Biol. 117 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5193 ( 85 ) 80246 - 0 . PMID 4094459 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michod , Richard E. ( 1995 ) . Eros and evolution : a natural philosophy of sex . Reading , Mass : Addison - Wesley Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 201 - 44232 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 171 -- 172 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 180 -- 181 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 187 -- 190 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , pp. 194 -- 199 Darwin 1859 , pp. 197 -- 199 , Quote : `` We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations ; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 199 Darwin 1874 , p. vi , Quote : `` ... I gave , however , a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the ' Origin of Species , ' and I there stated that it was applicable to man . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 2009 , p. 310 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 199 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 243 -- 244 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 245 -- 278 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1872 , pp. 168 -- 205 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , p. 182 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wesley R. Elsberry ( 1996 ) , Punctuated Equilibria , retrieved 30 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 282 -- 287 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 306 -- 308 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schopf 2000 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1859 , pp. 312 -- 345 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes 1987 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 350 -- 351 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 346 -- 382 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 408 -- 409 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 420 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 434 -- 435 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 450 -- 451 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 484 -- 488 . Quote : `` When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species , or when analogous views are generally admitted , we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 488 Darwin 1871 , p. 1 , Quote : `` ... this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 489 -- 490 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1860 , p. 490 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , p. 152 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Secord 2000 , pp. 508 -- 511 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 183 -- 188 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 180 -- 181 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 190 , 200 -- 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 88 -- 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. xvii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crawford 1859 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 176 -- 181 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. ix </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Joseph ( 2003 ) . On the Origin of Species / Charles Darwin . Broadview Press . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 337 - 6 . Following Darwin 's lead , most commentators cite this one passage as the only reference to man in the Origin , but they thus overlook , as did Darwin himself , two sentences that are , in their own quiet way , even more effective . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2007 , p. 42 , quoting Darwin , C.R. Notebook C ( February to July 1838 ) pp. 196 -- 197 `` Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great work worthy the interposition of a deity , more humble & I believe truer to consider him created from animals . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 412 -- 441 , 457 -- 458 , 462 -- 463 Desmond & Moore 2009 , pp. 283 -- 284 , 290 -- 292 , 295 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2192 -- Darwin , C.R. to Wallace , A.R. , 22 December 1857 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , p. 488 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter 2647 -- Darwin , C.R. to Charles Lyell , 10 January ( 1860 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , Browne 2002 , p. 60 , `` In this book , he was completely silent on the subject of human origins , although he did refer in several places to mankind as an example of biological details . The only words he allowed himself -- and these out of a sense of duty that he must somewhere refer to human beings -- were gnomic in their brevity . ' Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history ' . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 64 , Quote : `` There is no exception to the rule that every organic being naturally increases at so high a rate , that if not destroyed , the earth would soon be covered by the progeny of a single pair . Even slow - breeding man has doubled in twenty - five years , and at this rate , in a few thousand years , there would literally not be standing room for his progeny . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2008 Darwin 1859 , p. 434 , Quote : `` What can be more curious than that the hand of a man , formed for grasping , that of a mole for digging , the leg of the horse , the paddle of the porpoise , and the wing of the bat , should all be constructed on the same pattern , and should include the same bones , in the same relative positions ? '' Darwin 1859 , p. 479 , Quote : `` The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man , wing of a bat , fin of the porpoise , and leg of the horse ... at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin , C.R. Notebook C , CUL - DAR122. - Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker . ( Darwin Online ) , notes from de Beer , Gavin ed. 1960 . Darwin 's notebooks on transmutation of species . Part II . Second notebook ( C ) ( February to July 1838 ) . Bulletin of the British Museum ( Natural History ) . Historical Series 2 , No. 3 ( May ) : pp. 79 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 2009 , pp. 139 -- 141 , quotes `` our acquiring the instinct one notion of beauty & negroes another '' from Darwin , C.R. Notebook M : ( Metaphysics on morals and speculations on expression ( 1838 ) ) . CUL - DAR125. - Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker , edited by Paul Barrett . ( Darwin Online , p. 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richards 2017 , pp. 315 , 323 -- 324 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 2009 , pp. 290 -- 291Stauffer , R.C. ed. 1975 . Charles Darwin 's Natural Selection ; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 213 Chapter Vi On Natural Selection first draft , completed on March 31 , 1857 , ( The outline of this original form of the chapter appears in the original table of contents ) `` 63 ( pencil addition ) Theory applied to Races of Man . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1859 , pp. 197 -- 199 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1871 , p. 1 , Quote : `` During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man , without any intention of publishing on the subject , but rather with the determination not to publish , as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See also Darwin 1958 , pp. 130 -- 131 , Quote : `` My Descent of Man was published in Feb. 1871 . As soon as I had become , in the year 1837 or 1838 , convinced that species were mutable productions , I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the same law . Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own satisfaction , and not for a long time with any intention of publishing . Although in the Origin of Species , the derivation of any particular species is never discussed , yet I thought it best , in order that no honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views , to add that by the work in question ' light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history . ' It would have been useless and injurious to the success of the book to have paraded without giving any evidence my conviction with respect to his origin . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , pp. 4 -- 5 , Quote : `` During many years it has seemed to me highly probable that sexual selection has played an important part in differentiating the races of man ; but in my ' Origin of Species ' ( first edition , p. 199 ) I contented myself by merely alluding to this belief . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 376 -- 379 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2008 , pp. 48 -- 49 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 177 -- 180 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin in letters , 1860 : Answering critics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 102 -- 103 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 488 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Radick 2013 , pp. 174 -- 175 Huxley & Kettlewell 1965 , p. 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , p. 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leifchild 1859 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 207 -- 209 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huxley 1863 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 203 -- 207 , 220 -- 222 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 , 197 -- 198 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 183 -- 184 , 189 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 208 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 184 -- 185 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 105 -- 106 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huxley 1860 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 184 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , p. 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 124 -- 126 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 490 -- 491 , 545 -- 547 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secord 2000 , p. 512 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucas 1979 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 464 -- 465 , 493 -- 499 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 160 -- 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 208 -- 211 , 214 -- 216 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 169 -- 170 , 190 -- 192 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 186 -- 187 , 237 , 241 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dupree , pp. 216 -- 232 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 198 -- 200 , 234 -- 236 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 225 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quammen 2006 , pp. 205 -- 234 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 294 -- 307 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 202 -- 208 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dewey 1994 , p. 26 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 89 -- 92 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 139 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Darwin and design : historical essay , Darwin Correspondence Project , 2007 , archived from the original on 21 October 2014 , retrieved 17 September 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2534 -- Kingsley , Charles to Darwin , C.R. , 18 November 1859 , archived from the original on 29 June 2009 , retrieved 11 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , p. 119 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moore 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barlow 1963 , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 487 -- 488 , 500 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dewey 1994 , p. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miles 2001 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Asa ( 1860 ) , `` Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology '' , Atlantic Monthly , Darwin Correspondence Project -- Essay : Natural selection & natural theology , archived from the original on 20 February 2009 , retrieved 11 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forster & Marston 1999 , pp. 37 -- 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hodge 1874 , p. 177 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Asa ( 28 May 1874 ) , `` What is Darwinism ? '' , The Nation , Darwin Correspondence Project , archived from the original on 26 February 2009 , retrieved 3 March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forster & Marston 1999 , pp. 41 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 323 -- 324 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pius XII ( 1950 ) , Humani generis , Vatican , retrieved 8 June 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreeft 2001 , p. 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biography , The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online , 21 January 2009 , retrieved 23 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 287 -- 288 , 295 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. x </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peckham 1959 , recently reprinted . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 179 , 271 -- 283 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The ISTC of On the Origin of Species is A02 - 2009 - 00000001 - 4 . 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( 1979 ) , `` Wilberforce and Huxley : A Legendary Encounter '' , The Historical Journal , 22 ( 2 ) , pp. 313 -- 330 , doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00016848 , PMID 11617072 , retrieved 22 November 2008 </Li> <Li> Mayr , Ernst ( 1982 ) , The Growth of Biological Thought , Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 36446 - 5 </Li> <Li> Miles , Sara Joan ( 2001 ) , `` Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design '' , Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith , 53 , pp. 196 -- 201 , retrieved 22 November 2008 </Li> <Li> Mivart , St. George Jackson ( 1871 ) , On the Genesis of Species , New York : Appleton </Li> <Li> Moore , James ( 2006 ) , Evolution and Wonder -- Understanding Charles Darwin , Speaking of Faith ( Radio Program ) , American Public Media , archived from the original on 22 December 2008 , retrieved 22 November 2008 </Li> <Li> Phipps , William E. ( 1983 ) , `` Darwin , the Scientific Creationist '' , Christian Century ( 14 -- 21 September 1983 ) : 809 -- 811 , archived from the original on 8 January 2007 , retrieved 11 January 2007 </Li> <Li> Peckham , Morse ( ed . ) ( 1959 ) , The Origin of Species : a variorum text ( 2006 reprint ed . ) , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1954 - 8 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Quammen , David ( 2006 ) , The Reluctant Mr. Darwin , New York : Atlas Books , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05981 - 2 </Li> <Li> Radick , Gregory ( 2013 ) . `` Darwin and Humans '' . In Ruse , Michael . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought . Cambridge University Press . pp. 173 -- 181 . </Li> <Li> Rhodes , Frank H.T. ( June 1987 ) , `` Darwinian Gradualism and Its Limits : The development of Darwin 's Views on the Rate and Pattern of Evolutionary Change '' , Journal of the History of Biology , Humanities , Social Sciences and Law , Springer Netherlands ( published 6 November 2004 ) , 20 ( 2 ) , pp. 139 -- 157 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00138435 </Li> <Li> Schopf , J. William ( 2000 ) , `` Solution to Darwin 's dilemma : Discovery of the missing Precambrian record of life '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 97 ( 13 ) : 6947 -- 6953 , Bibcode : 2000PNAS ... 97.6947 S , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 97.13. 6947 , PMC 34368 , PMID 10860955 </Li> <Li> Secord , James A. ( 2000 ) , Victorian Sensation : The Extraordinary Publication , Reception , and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , ISBN 0 - 226 - 74411 - 6 </Li> </Ul> <P> Sober , Elliott ( 2011 ) , Did Darwin Write the Origin Backwards ? : Philosophical Essays on Darwin 's Theory , Amherst : Prometheus Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61614 - 278 - 0 </P> <Ul> <Li> Spencer , Herbert ( 1864 ) , The Principles of Biology , Vol. 1 , London : Williams and Norgate </Li> <Li> van Wyhe , John ( 2007 ) , `` Mind the gap : Did Darwin Avoid Publishing his Theory for Many Years ? '' , Notes and Records of the Royal Society , 61 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 205 , doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2006.0171 , retrieved 5 January 2009 </Li> <Li> van Wyhe , John ( 2008 ) , Darwin : The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution , London : Andre Deutsch , ISBN 0 - 233 - 00251 - 0 </Li> <Li> van Wyhe , John ( 2009 ) , Charles Darwin : Gentleman Naturalist : A Biographical Sketch , The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online , retrieved 6 June 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Browne , Janet ( 2007 ) , Darwin 's Origin of Species : A Biography , Grove Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87113 - 953 - 5 </Li> <Li> Malthus , Thomas Robert ( 1826 ) , An Essay on the Principle of Population : A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness ; with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils which It Occasions , 1 ( 6th ed . ) , London : John Murray , retrieved 13 November 2017 ( Vol. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Reznick , David N. ( 2009 ) , The Origin Then and Now : An Interpretive Guide to the Origin of Species , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12978 - 5 </Li> <Li> Schopf , J. William ; Scheibel , Arnold B. ( 1997 ) , The Origin and Evolution of Intelligence , Boston : Jones and Bartlett , ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0365 - 6 </Li> <Li> van Hoorn , Marijn ( 2009 ) , Teyler , Winkler , Darwin ( Lecture given at the Congress of the European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Group , Prague , 23 April 2009 ) , Teyler Net ( Weblog of the Teylers Museum , Haarlem ) , retrieved 27 April 2010 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Contemporary reviews ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Carpenter , William Benjamin ( 1859 ) , `` Darwin on the Origin of Species '' , National Review , vol. 10 no . December 1859 , pp. 188 -- 214 . Published anonymously . </Li> <Li> Gray , Asa ( 1860 ) , `` ( Review of ) The Origin of Species '' , Athenaeum ( 1710 : 4 August 1860 ) : 161 . Extract from Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4 ( 1860 ) : 411 -- 415 . </Li> <Li> Huxley , Thomas Henry ( 1859 ) , `` Time and Life : Mr Darwin 's Origin of Species '' , Macmillan 's Magazine , 1 : 142 -- 148 . </Li> <Li> Huxley , Thomas Henry ( 1859 ) , `` Darwin on the Origin of Species '' , The Times ( 26 December 1859 ) : 8 -- 9 . Published anonymously . </Li> <Li> Jenkin , Fleeming ( 1867 ) , `` ( Review of ) The Origin of Species '' , North British Review , 46 ( June 1867 ) : 277 -- 318 . Published anonymously . </Li> <Li> Murray , Andrew ( 1860 ) , `` On Mr Darwin 's Theory of the Origin of Species '' , Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 4 : 274 -- 291 . </Li> <Li> Owen , Richard ( 1860 ) , `` Review of Darwin 's Origin of Species '' , Edinburgh Review , 3 ( April 1860 ) : 487 -- 532 . Published anonymously . </Li> <Li> Wilberforce , Samuel ( 1860 ) , `` ( Review of ) On the Origin of Species , by means of Natural Selection ; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life '' , Quarterly Review , 108 ( 215 : July 1860 ) : 225 -- 264 . Published anonymously . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> For further reviews , see Darwin Online : Reviews & Responses to Darwin , Darwin Online , 10 March 2009 , retrieved 18 June 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Origin of Species . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : On the Origin of Species </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about On the origin of species </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online : <Ul> <Li> Table of contents , bibliography of On the Origin of Species -- links to text and images of all six British editions of The Origin of Species , the 6th edition with additions and corrections ( final text ) , the first American edition , and translations into Danish , Dutch , French , German , Polish , Russian and Spanish . </Li> <Li> Online Variorum , showing every change between the six British editions . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> On the Origin of Species on In Our Time at the BBC . </Li> <Li> On the Origin of Species , full text with embedded audio . </Li> <Li> Victorian Science Texts </Li> <Li> Darwin Correspondence Project Home Page , University Library , Cambridge . </Li> <Li> On the Origin of Species eBook provided by Project Gutenberg </Li> <Li> View online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library On the Origin of Species 1860 American edition , D Appleton and Company , New York , with front insert by H.E. 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who wrote the book the origin of species

Westward expansion trails - wikipedia <H1> Westward expansion trails </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the American Old West , overland trails were popular means of travel used by pioneers and immigrants throughout the 19th century and especially between 1830 and 1870 as an alternative to sea and railroad transport . These immigrants began to settle various regions of North America west of the Great Plains as part of the mass overland migrations of the mid-19th century . Settlers emigrating from the eastern United States were spurred by various motives , among them religious persecution , economic incentives , and the prospect of new wealth and new freedoms in what was then a largely unspoiled and unregulated country . By the 1840s , several popular and well - established routes had been blazed through the continental interior to destinations in the far west , including the Oregon Trail , California Trail , and Mormon Trail . After the end of the Mexican -- American War in 1849 , vast new American conquests again enticed mass immigration . Legislation like the Donation Land Claim Act and significant events like the California Gold Rush further lured colonists to travel overland to the west . </P> <P> Two major wagon - based transportation networks , one typically starting in Missouri and the other in the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , served the majority of migrants during the era of westward expansion . Three of the Missouri - based routes -- the Oregon , Mormon , and California Trails -- were collectively known as the Emigrant Trails . Historians have estimated at least 500,000 emigrants used these three trails between 1843 and 1869 , and despite growing competition from transcontinental railroads , some use even continued into the early 20th century . The major southern routes were the Santa Fe Trail , the Southern Emigrant Trail , and the Old Spanish Trail , as well as its wagon road successor the Mormon Road , a southern spur of the California Trail used in the winter that also made use of the western half of the Old Spanish Trail . Regardless of the trail used , the journey was often slow and arduous , fraught with risks from infectious diseases , dehydration , malnutrition , injury , and harsh weather , with as many as one in ten travelers dying along the way , usually as a result of disease . </P> <P> The history of these trails and the pioneers who traveled them have since become deeply embedded in the culture and folklore of the United States as some of the most significant influences to shape the content and character of the nation . The remains of many trail ruts can still be observed in various locations throughout the American West . Travelers may loosely follow various routes of the emigrant trails on modern highways through the use of byway signs across the western states . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Trail choices </Li> <Li> 2 Santa Fe Trail </Li> <Li> 3 Old Spanish Trail </Li> <Li> 4 Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> 5 California Trail </Li> <Li> 6 Mormon Trail </Li> <Li> 7 Southern Emigrant Trail </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Trail choices ( edit ) </H2> <P> Travelers across what became the Western United States in the 19th century had the choice of several routes . Some of the earliest were those of the Mexicans in the southwest . American trade with Northern Mexico created the Santa Fe Trail between St. Louis and Santa Fe following an 18th - century route pioneered by the Spanish Empire . From Santa Fe , American traders followed the old El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro southward to Chihuahua by way of El Paso del Norte . The Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe , in Mexican New Mexico Territory to Los Angeles , in Mexican Alta California , developed in 1829 - 1830 to support the trade of New Mexican wool products for California horses and mules and carried parties of fur traders and emigrants from New Mexico to Southern California . </P> <P> Following the trails pioneered by fur traders , the Oregon Trail from Independence , Missouri to the Oregon Territory developed crossing the central Great Plains , Rocky Mountains and northern Great Basin . Branching off from that route , some settlers traveled southwestward on the California Trail from Fort Hall , Oregon Territory to Sutters Fort , in Mexican Alta California . Also branching off to the south was the Mormon Trail from Nauvoo , Illinois to Salt Lake City , Utah Territory . During the twenty - five years 1841 -- 1866 , 250,000 to 650,000 people `` pulled up stakes , '' and headed west along these trails . About one - third immigrated to Oregon , one - third to California and one - third to Utah , Colorado , and Montana . </P> <P> Although it is often stated that the Northern trails began in certain cities on the Missouri River , emigrants following any of the three trails typically left from one of three `` jumping off '' points on the Missouri 's steamboat serviced river ports : Independence , Missouri or Saint Joseph , Missouri , or Council Bluffs , Iowa . ( Once known as Kanesville , Iowa until 1852 ; after river dredging in the early 1850s , the latter town at the Missouri - Platte confluence became the most common departure point since it was close in proximity to the River Platte -- along which the eastern trails ascend to South Pass above Fort Laramie. ) The trails from these cities ( and several others ) converged in the mostly empty flatlands of central Nebraska near present - day Kearney , in the vicinity of Fort Kearney . From their confluence there the combined trails followed in succession the Platte , North Platte , and Sweetwater rivers westward across the full widths of Nebraska and Wyoming , and crossed the continental divide south of the Wind River Range through South Pass in southwestern Wyoming . </P> <P> The most common vehicle for Oregon and California - bound settlers was a covered wagon pulled by a team of oxen or mules ( which were greatly preferred for their endurance and strength over horses ) in the dry semi-arid terrain common to the high plains in the heat of summer . In later years , following the advice of Brigham Young , many Mormon emigrants made the crossing to Utah with handcarts . For all emigrants , the scarcity of potable water and fuel for fires was a common brutal challenge on the trip , which was exacerbated by the wide ranging temperature changes common to the mountain highlands and high plains where a daylight reading in the eighties or nineties can drop precipitously to a frigid seeming nighttime temperature in the low 40s . In many treeless areas , buffalo chips were the most common source of fuel . </P> Routes of the California , Mormon and Oregon Trails west of the Rocky Mountains <P> During the Mexican -- American War , the wagon to California road known as Cooke 's Wagon Road , or Sonora Road , was built across Nuevo Mexico , Sonora and Alta California from Santa Fe , New Mexico to San Diego . It crossed what was then the northernmost part of Mexico until the 1853 Gadsden Purchase . During the California Gold Rush the routes to California used were increased by the Siskiyou Trail from Oregon . In the south the forty - niners used the Cooke Wagon Road , until some found a short cut , the Tucson Cutoff . This route , not closed to travel in winter , permitted travelers coming to New Mexico Territory on the Santa Fe Trail or on the San Antonio - El Paso Road developed in 1849 , across West Texas to El Paso where it followed the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro north to link up to the Cooke 's Wagon Road / Southern Emigrant Trail at the cutoff through the San Diego Crossing . In 1856 , as part of an improvement of the route as a military road , a cutoff was built to Cooke 's Spring from Mesilla , ( part of Mexico until 1853 ) . From Cooke 's Spring the road ran to the Yuma Crossing into California and on to Los Angeles . This route became the Southern Emigrant Trail . From Los Angeles the goldfields could be reached by land over the two routes north , the old El Camino Viejo or by what became the Stockton -- Los Angeles Road . During the Gold Rush era it was these routes by which many herds of sheep and cattle were driven to California and the goldfields . </P> <P> With the passes of the Sierras and the Rocky Mountains blocked in winter , another winter route , the Mormon Road between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles was developed by a Mormon expedition from their new settlements at and around Salt Lake City , and by some Mormon Battalion soldiers returning to Utah in 1847 -- 48 . The first significant use of the route was by parties of Forty - Niners late in 1849 , and by some Mormon trains , to avoid crossing the snow bound Sierra Nevada Mountains by linking up with the Old Spanish Trail in southern Utah and closely following it , with alterations to the route of the mule trails only to allow wagons to traverse it for the first time . Soon afterward it was the route Mormon colonists followed to settle southwestern Utah , a mission in Las Vegas and a colony in San Bernardino , California . This wagon route , also called by some of its early travelers the Southern Route , of the California Trail , remained a minor migration route and in the early 1850s a mail route . After some alterations of the route between Cajon Pass and the border of California and in southern Utah , in 1855 , it became a significant seasonal trade route between California and Utah , until 1869 , when the transcontinental railroad ended Utah 's winter isolation . </P> <P> Up to 50,000 people , or one - tenth of the emigrants who attempted the crossing continent , died during the trip , most from infectious disease such as cholera , spread by poor sanitation : with thousands traveling along or near the same watercourses each summer , downstream travelers were susceptible to ingesting upstream wastewater including bodily waste . Hostile confrontations with Native Americans , although often feared by the emigrants , were comparatively rare , prior to the American Civil War . Most emigrants traveled in large parties or `` trains '' of up to several hundred wagons led by a wagon master . In 1859 the government published a guidebook written by Captain Randolph B. Marcy , called The Prairie Traveler , in order to help emigrants prepare for the journey. > </P> <H2> Santa Fe Trail ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Santa Fe Trail <P> The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th - century transportation route through central North America that connected Independence , Missouri with Santa Fe , New Mexico . Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell , it served as a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880 . Santa Fe was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City . </P> <P> The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the north - western corner of Comancheria , the territory of the Comanches , who demanded compensation for granting passage to the trail , and represented another market for American traders . Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico , making it more dependent on the American trade , and provided the Comanches with a steady supply of horses for sale . By the 1840s trail traffic along the Arkansas Valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land , contributing to their collapse which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region . The Trail was used as the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican -- American War . </P> <P> After the U.S. acquisition of the Southwest ending the Mexican -- American War , the trail helped open the region to U.S. economic development and settlement , playing a vital role in the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had acquired . The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . A highway route that roughly follows the trail 's path through the entire length of Kansas , the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway . </P> <H2> Old Spanish Trail ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Old Spanish Trail <P> The Old Spanish Trail witnessed a brief but furious heyday between 1830 and 1848 as a trade route linking Santa Fe , New Mexico and Los Angeles , California . During that period , Mexican and American traders took woolen goods west over the trail by mule train , and returned eastward with California mules and horses for the New Mexico and Missouri markets . Between 1598 and 1830 , Spanish ( 1598 -- 1821 ) and later Mexican ( 1821 -- 1830 ) , and American ( 1821 -- 1830 ) traders connected the native trade routes that started to Old Spanish Trail and completed it . </P> <P> The Trail left Santa Fe and split into two routes . The South or Main Branch headed northwest past Colorado 's San Juan mountains to near Green River , Utah . The North Branch proceeded due north into Colorado 's San Luis Valley and crossed west over Cochetepa Pass to follow the Gunnison and Colorado rivers to meet the Southern Branch near Green River . From central Utah the trail trended southwest to an area now shared by Utah , Nevada and Arizona . It crossed southern Nevada and passed through the Mojave Desert to San Gabriel Mission and Los Angeles </P> <H2> Oregon Trail ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Oregon Trail <P> The Oregon Trail , was the longest of the overland routes used in the westward expansion of the United States , was first traced by explorers and fur traders for traveling to the Oregon Country . The main route of the Oregon Trail stopped at the Hudson 's Bay Company Fort Hall , a major resupply route along the trail near present - day Pocatello and where the California Trail split off to the south . Then the Oregon Trail crossed the Snake River Plain of present - day southern Idaho and the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon before reaching the Willamette Valley . It was the only practical way for settlers in wagons without tools , livestock , or supplies to cross the mountains and usually thought critical to the colonization of the American West . Some of the first to travel the Oregon Trail were Christian missionaries , members of the Methodist Episcopal Church who established the Methodist Mission in 1834 . Even though they did n't make many converts , they were impressed by the short amount of time needed to reach the Pacific Coast . Rumors about how the sun always shone there and wheat grew as tall as a man attracted American settlers . </P> <P> American settlers began following the trail in 1841 , with the first recorded colonist wagon traingroup being the 1843 `` Great Migration '' of about 900 colonists , led by Marcus Whitman . The Provisional Government of Oregon was established by such colonists in 1843 , generally limited to the Willamette Valley . The Oregon Treaty of 1846 divided the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States , mostly along the 49th parallel . The Territory of Oregon was established shortly afterwards , in 1848 , and over 12,000 American settlers made the journey there during the decade . </P> <P> Families usually began their journey at Independence , Missouri , near the Missouri River with the best time to travel being from April to September . The journey to cross the entire Oregon Trail in a covered wagon took from four to six months , following a winding trail 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) through prairies , deserts , and across mountains to the Pacific Northwest . The journey was a severe test of strength and endurance so travelers often joined wagon trains traveling about 12 -- 15 miles ( 19 -- 24 km ) per day . Settlers often had to cross flooded rivers . Indians attacked the wagon trains ; however , of the 10,000 deaths that occurred from 1835 to 1855 , only 4 percent resulted from Indian attacks . Cholera , smallpox , and firearms accidents were the chief causes of death on the trail . Food , water , and wood were always scarce , and the travelers often encountered contaminated water holes . During summer , the trail was crowded with wagon trains , army units , missionaries , hunting parties , traders , and even sightseeing tours . Some travelers complained that they sometimes had to stop early in the day in order to find a good campsite ahead of the crowd . Others spoke of the need to wear masks for protection against the dust kicked up by the heavy traffic . </P> <H2> California Trail ( edit ) </H2> Main article : California Trail <P> The main route of the California Trail branched from the Oregon Trail west of Fort Hall , as immigrants went on forward going southwestward into present - day Nevada , then down along the Humboldt River to the Sierra Nevada . The California Trail came into heavy use after the California Gold Rush enticed over 250,000 gold - seekers and farmers to travel overland the gold fields and rich farmlands of California during the 1840s and 1850s . Today , more than 1,000 miles of trail ruts and traces can still be seen in the vast undeveloped lands between Capers Wyoming and the West Coast , reminders of the sacrifices , struggles , and triumphs of early American travelers and settlers . More than 240 historic sites along the trail will eventually be available for public use and interpretation . </P> <P> Early emigrants once called the California Trail an elephant , due to the difficult journey . If you wanted to get to California in pre-railroad times , you were guaranteed an arduous trek . California emigrants faced the greatest challenges of all the pioneer emigrants of the mid-19th century . In addition to the Rockies , these emigrants faced the barren deserts of Nevada and the imposing Sierra Nevada Range . The travelers of the California Trail often quipped that if you had `` seen the elephant , '' then you had hit some hard traveling . </P> <H2> Mormon Trail ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Mormon Trail <P> The Mormon Trail was created by pioneer members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , called `` Mormons , '' who settled in what is now the Great Salt Lake in Utah . The Mormon Trail followed part of the Oregon Trail and then branched off at the fur trading post called Fort Bridger , founded by famed mountain man Jim Bridger . Heading south and following river valleys southwestward to the valley of the Great Salt Lake , Brigham Young led the first Mormons into present - day Utah during 1847 . The Mormon Trail is 1,300 miles long and extends from Nauvoo , Illinois to Salt Lake City , Utah . The Mormon Trail was used for more than 20 years after the Mormons used it and has been reserved for sightseeing . The initial movement of the Mormons from Nauvoo , Illinois to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake occurred in two segments : one in 1846 and one in 1847 . The first segment , across Iowa to the Missouri River , covered around 265 miles . The second segment , from the Missouri River to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake , covered about 1,032 miles . </P> <P> From 1846 to 1869 , more than 4,600 Mormons traveled along an integral part of the road west , the Mormon Pioneer Trail . The trail started in Nauvoo , Illinois , traveled across Iowa , connected with the Great Platte River Road at the Missouri River , and ended near the Great Salt Lake in Utah . Generally following pre-existing routes , the trail carried tens of thousands of Mormon emigrants to a new home and refuge in the Great Basin . From their labors arose the State of Deseret , later to become the Utah Territory , and finally the State of Utah . </P> <P> The Mormon pioneers shared similar experiences with others traveling west : the drudgery of walking hundreds of miles , suffocating dust , violent thunderstorms , mud , temperature extremes , bad water , poor forage , sickness , and death . They recorded their experiences in journals , diaries , and letters . The Mormons , however , were a unique part of this migration . Their move to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake was a response to their violent expulsion from Missouri and Illinois . As it was also motivated by a desire to maintain a religious and cultural identity it was necessary to find an isolated area where they could permanently settle and practice their religion in peace . </P> <H2> Southern Emigrant Trail ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Southern Emigrant Trail <P> The Southern Emigrant Trail was a major land route for immigration into California from the eastern United States that followed the Santa Fe Trail to New Mexico during the California Gold Rush . Unlike the more northern routes , pioneer wagons could travel year round , mountain passes not being blocked by snows , however it had the disadvantage of summer heat and lack of water in the desert regions through which it passed in New Mexico Territory and the Colorado Desert of California . Subsequently , it was a route of travel and commerce between the eastern United States and California . Many herds of cattle and sheep were driven along this route and it was followed by the San Antonio - San Diego Mail Line in 1857 -- 1858 and then the Butterfield Overland Mail from 1858 -- 1861 . </P> <P> In 1846 , General Stephen Watts Kearny and his dragoons with their scout Kit Carson found the route . One year later , Colonel Philip St. George Cooke and the Mormon Battalion followed Kearny 's route establishing the first wagon road . This wagon road became known as Cooke 's Wagon Road , or Sonora Road , until the discovery of gold brought a flood of Americans westward in 1849 . The discovery of the Tucson Cutoff later that year shortened the route bringing it fully within the territory of the United States . From this date on , the route was called the Southern Emigrant Trail . </P> <P> Tied in with the Santa Fe Trail and the San Antonio - El Paso Road , by the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro the Southern Emigrant Trail route in 1849 ran from westward from the El Camino Real to San Diego Crossing and after 1855 Mesilla , New Mexico , westward to Tucson , Arizona , then followed the Gila River to the ferries on the Colorado River near what became Fort Yuma , crossed the Colorado Desert to Vallecito , then up to Warner 's Ranch . From Warner 's the road then ran either northwest to Los Angeles or west southwest to San Diego . From either of these towns the traveler could continue north by land to the gold fields on the coast via the El Camino Real or over the Tejon Pass into the San Joaquin Valley by what would become the Stockton -- Los Angeles Road or El Camino Viejo . Alternatively they could take ships to San Francisco from San Diego or San Pedro . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Emigrant Trail in Wyoming </Li> <Li> Great Platte River Road </Li> <Li> Donner Party </Li> <Li> Westward the Women </Li> <Li> Applegate - Lassen Trail </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcy , Randolph B. ( 1859 ) . The Prairie Traveler : A Hand - book for Overland Expeditions , with Maps , Illustrations , and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific . New York : Harper & Brothers , Franklin Square . United States Department of War . ISBN 978 - 1602067738 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcy ( 1859 ) List of Itineraries : XIV. -- Wagon - road from San Antonia , Texas , to El Paso , N.M. , and Fort Yuma , Cal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcy ( 1859 ) List of Itineraries : XV. -- From Fort Yuma to San Diego , California . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcy ( 1859 ) List of Itineraries : XXI. -- From Fort Yuma to Benicia , California </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&oldid=821149083 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> History of the Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> California Trail </Li> <Li> Independence , Missouri </Li> <Li> Mormon Trail </Li> <Li> National Historic Trails of the United States </Li> <Li> National Forest Scenic Byways </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Trails and roads in the American Old West </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 18 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

the settlers were attracted to oregon for all of the following reasons except

Rip It Up ( Orange Juice song ) - wikipedia <H1> Rip It Up ( Orange Juice song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Rip It Up '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Orange Juice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Rip It Up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Snake Charmer '' `` A Sad Lament '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' 12 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> Berwick Street Studios , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Post-punk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Polydor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Edwyn Collins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Martin Hayles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Orange Juice singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( 1982 ) </Td> <Td> `` Rip It Up '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Flesh of My Flesh '' ( 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( 1982 ) </Td> <Td> `` Rip It Up '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Flesh of My Flesh '' ( 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Rip It Up '' was a 1983 single by Scottish post-punk band Orange Juice . It was the second single to be released from their 1982 album of the same name . The song became the band 's only UK top 40 success , reaching no . 8 in the chart . `` Rip It Up '' signalled a departure from the sound of the band 's earlier singles , with Chic - influenced guitars and using a synthesiser to create a more disco - oriented sound . </P> <P> The song was sampled in 2009 by British soul singer Beverley Knight on her song `` In Your Shoes '' from the album 100 % . </P> <P> In 2014 , NME ranked it at number 216 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . It was also included by Pitchfork at number 157 in a list of The Best 200 Songs of the 1980s . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Recording and influences </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 UK single release <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Chart positions </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Recording and influences ( edit ) </H2> Roland TB - 303 <P> The song was recorded as part of the sessions for Orange Juice 's second studio album and would go on to become the title track of said album . It marked a departure from their previous guitar - pop based material , instead utilising Chic style guitar - funk and a bubbling Roland TB - 303 synthesiser bassline , becoming the first chart single to feature the instrument . The song also features a snatch of the guitar riff from `` Boredom '' , a song by Buzzcocks that featured on their debut Spiral Scratch EP . The riff chimes briefly in , just as Collins namechecks the song in the lyrics claiming that `` ... and my favourite song is entitled ' Boredom ' . '' Backing vocals on the song were provided by Paul Quinn , the lead singer of fellow Scottish band Bourgie Bourgie , with whom Collins would later record a single in 1984 , a cover of the Velvet Underground song `` Pale Blue Eyes . '' </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The video opens with the band in a futuristic , but cheaply constructed , control room as they sing , dance and operate various controls . The band then watch themselves on a monitor screen as they walk down a rainy British high street dressed in incongruous , brightly coloured summer clothes . The video then cuts back to the control room , this time with the band playing their instruments superimposed over it , before returning to more scenes of a British city in torrential rain as the band walk around in scuba diving gear . The video finally cuts back to the band playing in a silver foil covered room , before superimposing them over a pile of random photographs . </P> <H2> UK single release ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Rip It Up '' was released as a single in the UK in February 1983 . The seven inch vinyl version of the single was available in three versions , a double pack including a second seven - inch and a fold out poster , along with two versions of the standard release , initially with a silver injection moulded labels , and then subsequently with paper printed labels . The song was also released on twelve inch vinyl , with extended versions of the title track and B - side . All versions were housed in a paper sleeve depicting a US P - 40 Warhawk fighter plane ( decorated with eyes and teeth ) partially submerged , tail first , in the sea , drawn by Edwyn Collins . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Single 7 '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Rip It Up '' </Td> <Td> Edwyn Collins </Td> <Td> 3 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Snake Charmer '' </Td> <Td> Malcolm Ross </Td> <Td> 4 : 43 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Double 7 '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Rip It Up '' </Td> <Td> Edwyn Collins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Snake Charmer '' </Td> <Td> Malcolm Ross </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Love Sick '' ( Live ) </Td> <Td> Edwyn Collins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` A Sad Lament '' </Td> <Td> Edwyn Collins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> 12 '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Rip It Up '' ( Long Version ) </Td> <Td> Edwyn Collins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` A Sad Lament '' ( Long Version ) </Td> <Td> Edwyn Collins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chart positions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1983 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/nme_500_greatest_songs_2014.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/9700-the-200-best-songs-of-the-1980s/?page=3 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Buzzcocks : Boredom / Orange Juice : Rip It Up '' . Stylus Magazine . 25 August 2004 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up 12 '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up ( Song ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Music video on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Orange Juice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Edwyn Collins </Li> <Li> James Kirk </Li> <Li> David McClymont </Li> <Li> Steven Daly </Li> <Li> Malcolm Ross </Li> <Li> Zeke Manyika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> You Ca n't Hide Your Love Forever </Li> <Li> Rip It Up </Li> <Li> Texas Fever </Li> <Li> The Orange Juice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Falling and Laughing '' </Li> <Li> `` Rip It Up '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ostrich Churchyard </Li> <Li> The Heather 's on Fire </Li> <Li> The Glasgow School </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rip_It_Up_(Orange_Juice_song)&oldid=751734896 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1983 singles </Li> <Li> Orange Juice ( band ) songs </Li> <Li> 1983 songs </Li> <Li> Polydor Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Edwyn Collins </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2015 </Li> <Li> Use British English from May 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 </Li> <Li> Track listings with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 November 2016 , at 15 : 08 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who sang rip it up and start again

2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia <H1> 2018 Winter Olympics </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . <Table> XXIII Olympic Winter Games <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host city </Th> <Td> Pyeongchang , South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nations participating </Th> <Td> 90 ( estimated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> 102 in 7 sports ( 15 disciplines ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening ceremony </Th> <Td> 9 February ( 31 days from now ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Closing ceremony </Th> <Td> 25 February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Winter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> < Sochi 2014 </Th> <Th> Beijing 2022 > </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Summer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> < Rio de Janeiro 2016 </Th> <Th> Tokyo 2020 > </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Pyeongchang Location in South Korea <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Pyeongchang Winter Olympics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hangul </Th> <Td> 평창 동계 올림픽 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hanja </Th> <Td> 平 昌 冬季 올림픽 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revised Romanization </Th> <Td> Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> McCune -- Reischauer </Th> <Td> P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 Winter Olympics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bid process ( bid details ) </Li> <Li> Venues </Li> <Li> Torch relay </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Chronological summary </Li> <Li> Medal table ( medalists ) </Li> <Li> World and Olympic records </Li> <Li> Concerns and controversies </Li> <Li> Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Paralympics </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> IOC </Li> <Li> KOC </Li> <Li> POCOG </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIèmes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Hangul : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 ; RR : Je - isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 ( ( phjʌŋ. tɕhaŋ ) ) , is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , South Korea . </P> <P> The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . Pyeongchang won its bid on the first round of voting , receiving more votes than both Munich , Germany and Annecy , France combined . </P> <P> These will be South Korea 's second Olympic Games and its first Winter Games ; Seoul hosted the Summer Games in 1988 . Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Bidding <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Host city election </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Tickets </Li> <Li> 3 Preparations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Torch relay </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Venues <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Pyeongchang ( Mountain cluster ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Alpensia Sports Park </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Stand - alone venues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Gangneung ( Coastal cluster ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sports </Li> <Li> 6 Participating National Olympic Committees </Li> <Li> 7 Calendar </Li> <Li> 8 Marketing <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Branding </Li> <Li> 8.2 Mascots </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Broadcasting rights </Li> <Li> 10 Concerns and controversies <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Security </Li> <Li> 10.2 Jeongseon Alpine Centre Ecological Issues </Li> <Li> 10.3 Russian doping <Ul> <Li> 10.3. 1 Official sanctions </Li> <Li> 10.3. 2 Reaction in Russia </Li> <Li> 10.3. 3 Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Bidding ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics <P> Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games but lost in the final rounds of voting by three and four votes respectively . Pyeongchang won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting , receiving 63 of the 95 votes cast , giving it the majority required to be elected host city . </P> <P> Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched a bid , but failed to secure public support from local citizens . Their bid received seven votes . </P> <H3> Host city election ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> Votes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pyeongchang </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Munich </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annecy </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tickets ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016 , ranging from ₩ 20,000 ( approximately US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( US $776 ) . Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies range from ₩ 220,000 ( US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets are expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , will be made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's hockey gold - medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games . </P> <P> As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games have been slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % have been sold . International sales have been better , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . In total , 61 % of tickets have been sold . Sales of tickets to the Paralympic Games are increasing slowly , with 37 % of them sold . </P> <H2> Preparations ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . </P> Olympic venues 2018 <P> The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . </P> <P> On 27 June 2014 the Pyeongchang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest . The contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014 . The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang . </P> <P> The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . </P> <H3> Torch relay ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay <H2> Venues ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort <H3> Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) </H3> Alpensia sports park ( edit ) <P> The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics . </P> <Ul> <Li> Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies </Li> <Li> Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) </Li> <Li> Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon </Li> <Li> Alpensia Cross-Country Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined </Li> <Li> Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton </Li> <Li> Olympic Village </Li> <Li> Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) </Li> </Ul> Stand - alone venues ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Bokwang Snow Park -- freestyle skiing and snowboard </Li> <Li> Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , and combined ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The coastal cluster is located in the city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park will include the following four venues : </P> <Ul> <Li> Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men competition ) </Li> <Li> Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling </Li> <Li> Gangneung Oval -- speed skating </Li> <Li> Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating and figure skating </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women competition ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 2018 Winter Olympics will feature 102 events in 15 sports . Four new disciplines in existing sports will be introduced in Pyeongchang , including big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . </P> <P> For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League will not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participate in the Games . Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . </P> <P> Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline . </P> <Ul> <Li> Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Participating national Olympic committees ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> A total of 90 teams have qualified at least one athlete so far ( 89 nations , and the delegation from Russia which will compete under the IOC flag ) . </Li> <Li> Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , and Singapore are scheduled to make their Winter Olympics debut if they decide to participate . </Li> <Li> North Korean athletes will be allowed to cross the DMZ into South Korea since two North Korean figure skaters qualified . North Korea agreed in negotiations with South Korea to send the qualified athletes for the Winter Olympics . </Li> <Li> Russia 's status remained unclear due to the state - sponsored doping scandal . On 5 December 2017 it was announced that the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended effective immediately . Individual athletes who qualified and can demonstrate they have complied with the IOC 's doping regulations will be allowed to compete as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia , '' ( OAR ) under a neutral flag and with the Olympic anthem played in any ceremony . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Great Britain </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Korea ( host ) </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Chinese Taipei </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Timor - Leste </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Calendar ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> OC </Td> <Td> Opening ceremony </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Event competitions </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Event finals </Td> <Td> EG </Td> <Td> Exhibition gala </Td> <Td> CC </Td> <Td> Closing ceremony </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> February </Th> <Th> 8th Thu </Th> <Th> 9th Fri </Th> <Th> 10th Sat </Th> <Th> 11th Sun </Th> <Th> 12th Mon </Th> <Th> 13th Tue </Th> <Th> 14th Wed </Th> <Th> 15th Thu </Th> <Th> 16th Fri </Th> <Th> 17th Sat </Th> <Th> 18th Sun </Th> <Th> 19th Mon </Th> <Th> 20th Tue </Th> <Th> 21st Wed </Th> <Th> 22nd Thu </Th> <Th> 23rd Fri </Th> <Th> 24th Sat </Th> <Th> 25th Sun </Th> <Th> Events </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Ceremonies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> OC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> CC </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Alpine skiing </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Biathlon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Bobsleigh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cross country skiing </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Curling </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Figure skating </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> EG </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Freestyle skiing </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Ice hockey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Luge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Nordic combined </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Short track speed skating </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Skeleton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Ski jumping </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Snowboarding </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Speed skating </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Total events </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 102 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Cumulative total </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> <Th> 34 </Th> <Th> 41 </Th> <Th> 46 </Th> <Th> 55 </Th> <Th> 61 </Th> <Th> 64 </Th> <Th> 69 </Th> <Th> 76 </Th> <Th> 84 </Th> <Th> 90 </Th> <Th> 98 </Th> <Th> 102 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> February </Th> <Th> 8th Thu </Th> <Th> 9th Fri </Th> <Th> 10th Sat </Th> <Th> 11th Sun </Th> <Th> 12th Mon </Th> <Th> 13th Tue </Th> <Th> 14th Wed </Th> <Th> 15th Thu </Th> <Th> 16th Fri </Th> <Th> 17th Sat </Th> <Th> 18th Sun </Th> <Th> 19th Mon </Th> <Th> 20th Tue </Th> <Th> 21st Wed </Th> <Th> 22nd Thu </Th> <Th> 23rd Fri </Th> <Th> 24th Sat </Th> <Th> 25th Sun </Th> <Th> 102 events </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Marketing ( edit ) </H2> Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics <H3> Branding ( edit ) </H3> <P> The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right symbol a crystal of ice . </P> <P> The name of the host city has been intentionally formatted in all official materials as `` PyeongChang '' , rather than `` Pyeongchang '' . This is to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . </P> <P> The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as inspiration . </P> <H3> Mascots ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi <P> The official mascots for the Games , Soohorang ( 수 호랑 ) , a white tiger , and Bandabi ( 반 다비 ) , an Asiatic black bear , were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . </P> <H2> Broadcasting rights ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters <P> Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS -- which extended its rights to the Olympics in July 2011 through 2024 . </P> <P> On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across Europe , excluding Russia , from 2018 through 2024 on all platforms . Discovery 's rights deal will , initially , not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games . Unlike previous pan-European deals , such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive , Discovery will not serve solely as a reseller , as it intends to carry coverage on its regional properties , such as Eurosport and DMAX , but it has committed to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air networks . In the United Kingdom , Discovery will hold exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC ; in return , the BBC will sub-license the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . </P> <P> In the United States , the Games will once again be broadcast by NBC under a long - term contract with NBCUniversal ; it will be NBC 's first Olympics without long - time primary host Bob Costas , who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico . On 28 March 2017 , NBC also announced that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States , rather than tape - delayed for the West Coast . </P> <H2> Concerns and controversies ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics <H3> Security ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 20 September 2017 , South Korea 's President Moon Jae - in said the country is pushing to ensure security at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games amid rising tensions over North Korea 's nuclear tests and a series of missile launches . However , on the next day , French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Laura Flessel - Colovic said France 's Winter Olympics team will boycott the games unless South Korea 's security is guaranteed . </P> <P> On 22 September 2017 , Austria and Germany joined France in considering not attending the Games . Karl Stoss , head of Austria 's national Olympic committee , said that `` if the situation worsens and the security of our athletes is no longer guaranteed , we will not go to South Korea . '' The German interior ministry said the security question and the possibility of keeping the German team at home would be addressed `` in good time '' by the government . Several days later , Laura Flessel - Colovic reaffirmed France 's participation in the games . Both countries have yet to decide on reaffirming . </P> <P> In early December 2017 , United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States `` looks forward to participating '' and will attend . </P> <H3> Jeongseon Alpine Centre ecological issues ( edit ) </H3> <P> Environmental groups have raised concerns surrounding the deforestation from the slopes of Gariwang mountain to build the Jeongseon Alpine Centre . Officials claim it is necessary as it is the only slope that will accommodate Olympic requirements and the forest will be restored after the games are done . Environmental groups are sceptical as the forest includes old growth of ancient and rare species . </P> <H3> Russian doping ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Official sanctions ( edit ) Proposed OAR logo <P> On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended effective immediately from the 2018 Winter Olympics . Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an `` Olympic Athlete from Russia '' ( OAR ) . Under the terms of the decree , Russian government officials were barred from the Games , and neither the country 's flag nor anthem would be present . The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem will be used instead , and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate logo for the uniforms ( seen at right ) . IOC President Thomas Bach said that `` after following due process ( the IOC ) has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes . '' </P> Reaction in Russia ( edit ) <P> In the past , Vladimir Putin , the President of Russia , and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed . After the IOC decision was announced , Ramzan Kadyrov , the head of Chechnya , announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag . On 6 December , Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals , but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott . </P> Criticism ( edit ) <P> The IOC 's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency , who said that the IOC has issued `` a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the ( IOC 's ) and Russia 's commercial and political interests '' . He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that `` 99 percent of ( their ) national - level teammates were doping . '' According to Robertson , `` ( WADA ) has discovered that when a Russian athlete ( reaches ) the national level , he or she ( has ) no choice in the matter : ( it is ) either dope , or you 're done '' . `` There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state - sponsored doping program has ceased '' , he added . It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov 's ( main whistleblower ) extradition to Russia . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Olympics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 2018 Winter Paralympics </Li> <Li> 2018 Summer Youth Olympics </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics : 2018 Winter Olympics ... not in Pyongyang '' . The Manila Bulletin . Agence France - Presse. 26 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ; Sang - hun , Choe ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` 2018 Winter Games to Be Held in Pyeongchang , South Korea '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 reveal ticket prices for Winter Olympic Games '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang Olympics ticket sales get icy reception '' . The Korea Herald . Herald Media Inc. 11 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gunilla Lindberg to Chair PyeongChang 2018 Coordination Commission '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coordination Commissions '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Organizing Committee Launched '' . GamesBids.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Praised '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 have `` good grasp of what is expected '' says Lindberg after first IOC Coordination Commission visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Construction Begins on High - Speed Railway , Critical for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IPC Orientates PyeongChang 2018 '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 on `` right track '' declares Rogge after first visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 및 장애인 동계 올림픽 대회 마스코트 아이디어 공모 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 recruits college student reporters : WINNERS '' . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Alpensia Resort and water park complete and full for summer season '' . Sportsfeatures.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang2018 Volume 2 ( Sport and Venues ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies Winter Olympics 2018 '' . insidethegames.biz. 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Big air , mixed curling among new 2018 events '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC decides not to cover costs for NHL players at Olympics '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin , other NHL players reluctantly accept 2018 Olympics decision '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 : Athletes to travel through demilitarised zone '' . BBC News . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North Korean skaters qualify for Pyeongchang 2018 '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Limited . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` North Korea to Send Athletes to Olympics in South Korea Breakthrough '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` With one year until 2018 Winter Games , Russia 's status murky '' . 9 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic flag '' . IOC. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Alpine skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics '' . IIHF . iihf.com . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Cross-country skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics '' . worldcurling.org . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ISU Communication no . 2136 '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Launches Official Emblem '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Pictograms '' . The PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games . 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tiger and bear mascots unveiled for Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Limited . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games - Olympic News '' . International Olympic Committee . 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DMAX emitirá los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno de Pyeongchang 2018 . Noticias de Televisión '' . El Confidencial ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics ; Mike Tirico to replace him '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC to Broadcast Winter Olympics Live Across All Time Zones '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics '' . Reuters. 20 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics - France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured '' . Reuters. 22 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics : North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare '' . The Straits Times . 23 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US ambassador to UN says it 's an ' open question ' whether U.S. athletes will participate in Winter Olympics over safety concerns '' . Business Insider. 7 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ellen ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` White House walks back remarks that US athletes might not participate in 2018 Olympics '' . The Hill . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Olympic organisers destroy ' sacred ' South Korean forest to create ski run '' . The Guardian . 03 January 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference : 0 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Rebecca C. ; Panja , Tariq ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC 's OAR implementation group releases guidelines for uniforms accessories and equipment 's '' . olympic.org. 20 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC Bars Russian Athletes and Officials From Winter Olympic Games '' . The Moscow Times . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Putin says US pressured IOC to ban Russia from Winter Games '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Кадыров : ни один чеченский спортсмен не будет выступать под нейтральным флагом '' . Championat.com ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Владимир Путин : `` Никакой блокады Олимпиады не будет '' . ОЛИМПИАДА - Пхенчхан - 2018 . СПОРТ - ЭКСПРЕСС '' ( in Russian ) . Sport-express.ru . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Путин : Россия не будет объявлять `` никакой блокады '' Олимпиады - BBC Русская служба '' ( in Russian ) . BBC . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Жириновский предложил отказаться от участия в Олимпиаде - 2018 '' ( in Russian ) . Interfax.ru . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin wo n't tell Russian athletes to boycott Winter Olympics '' . CNN . 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC accused of cowardice for failing to address Russian retaliation against Rodchenkov '' . Inside the Games . 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Winter Olympics . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Pyeongchang 2018 </Li> <Li> Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Sochi </Td> <Td> Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Beijing </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Olympic Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Ceremonies </Li> <Li> Charter </Li> <Li> Participating nations <Ul> <Li> Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> Winter Olympics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Host cities <Ul> <Li> Bids </Li> <Li> Venues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> IOC <Ul> <Li> NOCs </Li> <Li> Country codes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Medal <Ul> <Li> Medal tables </Li> <Li> Medalists </Li> <Li> Ties </Li> <Li> Diploma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Scandals and controversies <Ul> <Li> Colonialism </Li> <Li> Doping </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Symbols <Ul> <Li> Torch relays </Li> <Li> Pierre de Coubertin medal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Women </Li> <Li> Deaths <Ul> <Li> WWI </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Olympic video games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1896 Athens </Li> <Li> 1900 Paris </Li> <Li> 1904 St. Louis </Li> <Li> 1908 London </Li> <Li> 1912 Stockholm </Li> <Li> 1916 Berlin </Li> <Li> 1920 Antwerp </Li> <Li> 1924 Paris </Li> <Li> 1928 Amsterdam </Li> <Li> 1932 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1936 Berlin </Li> <Li> 1940 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1944 London </Li> <Li> 1948 London </Li> <Li> 1952 Helsinki </Li> <Li> 1956 Melbourne </Li> <Li> 1960 Rome </Li> <Li> 1964 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1968 Mexico City </Li> <Li> 1972 Munich </Li> <Li> 1976 Montreal </Li> <Li> 1980 Moscow </Li> <Li> 1984 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1988 Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1996 Atlanta </Li> <Li> 2000 Sydney </Li> <Li> 2004 Athens </Li> <Li> 2008 Beijing </Li> <Li> 2012 London </Li> <Li> 2016 Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> 2020 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 2024 Paris </Li> <Li> 2028 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 2032 TBD </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winter Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1924 Chamonix </Li> <Li> 1928 St. Moritz </Li> <Li> 1932 Lake Placid </Li> <Li> 1936 Garmisch - 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alone venues : Jeongseon Alpine Centre </Li> <Li> Phoenix Snow Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gangneung Coastal Cluster </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gangneung Olympic Park <Ul> <Li> Gangneung Curling Centre </Li> <Li> Gangneung Hockey Centre </Li> <Li> Gangneung Ice Arena </Li> <Li> Gangneung Oval </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kwandong Hockey Centre </Li> <Li> Gangneung Olympic Village </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Italics indicate non-competition venues . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> <Li> Olympics portal </Li> <Li> South Korea portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=819510807 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 Winter Olympics </Li> <Li> 2018 in multi-sport events </Li> <Li> 2018 in South Korean sport </Li> <Li> Olympic Games in South Korea </Li> <Li> Scheduled multi-sport events </Li> <Li> Sport in Pyeongchang County </Li> <Li> Winter Olympics by year </Li> <Li> Sport in Gangneung </Li> <Li> February 2018 sports events in Asia </Li> <Li> 2018 in winter sports </Li> <Li> Winter sports competitions in South Korea </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with reference errors </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - 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where are the winter olympics and when do they start

Singapore -- South Africa relations - Wikipedia <H1> Singapore -- South Africa relations </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article has been translated from the article 新加坡 - 南非 關係 in the Chinese Wikipedia , and requires proofreading . If you are confident enough in your fluency of English and Chinese , please feel free to join this translation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Singapore -- South Africa relations <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singapore </Th> <Th> South Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Republic of Singapore and the Republic of South Africa are independent countries which achieved independence from Great Britain and maintain friendly bilateral relations . The connections between the two countries are mainly based on their membership in the Commonwealth of Nations , and their interactions in trade and sight - seeing . Both countries cooperate in social and economic development issues . </P> <P> Singapore has a High Commission in Pretoria while South Africa has a High Commission in Singapore . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Trade relations </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> On August 9 , 1965 , Singapore was expelled from Malaysia and became an independent state . However , due to the apartheid policy , it did not establish diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1992 , when the two countries signed agreements to do so . In 1994 , South Africa joined the Commonwealth , resulting in the Embassies of both countries being renamed High Commissions and the Ambassadors becoming High Commissioner s . </P> <P> On March 5 , 1997 , Nelson Mandela became the first President of South Africa to visit Singapore , where he met President Ong Teng Cheong and Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew . In 2007 , S.R. Nathan became the first President of Singapore to visit South Africa . </P> <P> In January 2013 , International Enterprise Singapore set up a centre in Johannesburg , its first overseas centre in Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> <H2> Trade relations ( edit ) </H2> Singapore products export to South Africa in 2012 South Africa products export to Singapore in 2012 <P> In 2011 , the total trade value between Singapore and South Africa was worth S $ 2.54 billion ( or R 16 billion ) . In 2012 , the export value from Singapore to South Africa was worth US $ 1.31 billion , The export value from South Africa to Singapore was worth US $950 million . </P> <P> Singapore exports were mainly communication equipment , electrical machines , office and data machines , manufactured articles , general industrial machines , plastics , crude rubber , textiles , coffee and spices to South Africa . </P> <P> During the same period , South Africa mainly exported organic chemicals , petroleum and its products , iron and steels , non-ferrous metals , metal manufactures , vegetables , inorganic chemicals , metallic ores and scraps and paper manufactures to Singapore . </P> <P> In 2011 , the direct investment value from Singapore to South Africa was worth S $491 million ( or R3. 23 billion ) , while the direct investment value from South Africa to Singapore was worth 19.04 million Singapore dollars ( or R125 million ) . </P> <P> Singapore Airlines operates a flight between Singapore Changi Airport and Cape Town International Airport in South Africa , via O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg . During the 1990s , South African Airways also operated direct flights to Singapore . It later established a codeshare with Singapore Airlines on daily flights between Singapore and Johannesburg . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Foreign relations of Singapore </Li> <Li> Foreign relations of South Africa </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Srimal Fernando . South Africa and Singapore partnership continues to grow stronger . The Diplomacy Society . ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Singapore ( Republic of ) . Department of International Relations and Cooperation , Republic of South Africa . Department of International Relations and Cooperation , Republic of South Africa . ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SINGAPORE : SOUTH AFRICA 'S PRESIDENT NELSON MANDELA VISIT . The Associated Press . 1997 - 03 - 05 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bilateral Relations Department of International Relations and Cooperation ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Africa '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Singapore . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Singapore . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : What did Singapore export to South Africa in 2012 ? . Center for International Development of Harvard University . Center for International Development of Harvard University . ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Where we fly . Singapore Airlines . Singapore Airlines . ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of African Airlines , Ben R. Guttery , McFarland & Company , 1998 , page 192 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SAA customers can now fly to Singapore , South African Airways , 31 August 2006 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> High Commission of Singapore in South Africa </Li> <Li> High Commission of South Africa in Singapore </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Foreign relations of Singapore </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China ( Hong Kong ) </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International organisations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> United Nations ( UN relations ) </Li> <Li> APEC </Li> <Li> ASEAN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treaties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership </Li> <Li> ASEAN -- China Free Trade Agreement </Li> <Li> Five Power Defence Arrangements </Li> <Li> Malaysia -- Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 </Li> <Li> Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks </Li> <Li> Southeast Asian Nuclear - 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how do you think south africa compared with singapore

Maryse Ouellet - wikipedia <H1> Maryse Ouellet </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Maryse Ouellet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Ouellet in April 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birth name </Th> <Td> Maryse Ouellet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1983 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1983 ( age 35 ) Montréal , Quebec , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Austin , Texas , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Miz ( m . 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Professional wrestling career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ring name ( s ) </Th> <Td> Maryse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Billed height </Th> <Td> 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Billed weight </Th> <Td> 116 lb ( 53 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Billed from </Th> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trained by </Th> <Td> Al Snow Dave Finlay Steve Keirn Tom Prichard Ricky Steamboat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Debut </Th> <Td> August 24 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Maryse Mizanin ( / məˈriːs / ; née Ouellet ; born January 21 , 1983 ) is a French Canadian professional wrestler , professional wrestling manager , actress , businesswoman and glamour model currently signed to WWE under the ring name Maryse , performing on the SmackDown brand as the manager of her real - life husband The Miz . She is currently inactive due to her maternity leave . </P> <P> After spending years modeling , including winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada in 2003 , Ouellet was hired by the professional wrestling promotion WWE in August 2006 , after she participated in the WWE Diva Search competition . She spent time in Ohio Valley Wrestling and Florida Championship Wrestling , WWE 's developmental territories , before being assigned to the SmackDown brand in 2008 . In December 2008 , Maryse won her first WWE Divas Championship and held it for seven months , which is the third longest reign in the championship 's history . In April 2009 , she was drafted to the Raw brand , and won the WWE Divas Championship for the second time in February 2010 , making her the first wrestler to have held the championship on more than one occasion . In mid-2010 , she became the co-host of NXT and the manager of Ted DiBiase , prior to her release from the company in October 2011 . In April 2016 , she returned to the company and became the manager of her husband The Miz , managing him to three Intercontinental Championship reigns . </P> <P> In late - 2011 , she announced plans for a clothing and jewelry line called House of Maryse , and later began working as a realtor . In November 2016 , she began starring in the reality television series Total Divas on E ! as part of the main cast . She and her husband The Miz will also star in their own reality show titled Miz & Mrs. that will premiere in 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and career </Li> <Li> 2 Professional wrestling career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Diva Search and developmental territories ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Early feuds ( 2006 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Divas Champion ( 2008 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Managing Ted DiBiase and departure ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Independent circuit ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Return to WWE <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Managing The Miz ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other media </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Other endeavors </Li> <Li> 6 Personal life </Li> <Li> 7 In wrestling </Li> <Li> 8 Championships and accomplishments </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life and career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ouellet was born in Montreal , Quebec , but grew up in Edmundston , New Brunswick . In high school , Ouellet was the only girl in her class , and ran the school 's fashion show . She also began developing a range of makeup products . Ouellet began her modelling career as a beauty pageant contestant , winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada 2003 and finishing second at the International Finals of Miss Hawaiian Tropic 2004 . She was also on the cover of Playboy 's 2007 Girls of Canada calendar . </P> <H2> Professional Wrestling career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE ( edit ) </H3> Diva Search and developmental territories ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) <P> In mid-2006 , Ouellet tried out for World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) 's Diva Search . She made the final cut and was one of the top eight contestants , but was the second person eliminated on July 24 . Despite her elimination , she was invited to observe workouts and the training facility at WWE 's developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , along with Brooke Adams . Ouellet later said that she was `` very , very excited '' , as it was her `` dream to become a WWE Diva '' . </P> <P> Ouellet was officially signed to a WWE developmental contract on August 24 , 2006 and was assigned to OVW for training . She made her in - ring debut at an OVW live event in December 2006 . In March 2007 , she began wrestling in dark matches prior to the OVW television tapings . In mid-2007 , Ouellet began managing Sylvain Grenier . When Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) opened in mid-2007 , Ouellet was transferred to the new developmental facility , and on September 25 , she made her FCW debut as the valet of Ryan O'Reilly along with Lacey Von Erich . Ouellet then started competing in singles and tag team competition , before managing Ted DiBiase , Jr. in December 2007 , and was at ringside when he captured the FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship . She continued making sporadic appearances in FCW until January 2008 . </P> Early feuds ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) <P> On the September 22 , 2006 episode of SmackDown ! , Ouellet , known as simply Maryse , was shown on the TitanTron welcoming the Montreal viewers in French to the season premiere of SmackDown ! on the CW Network . Maryse made her first official televised appearance on the May 21 , 2007 episode of Raw to present American rapper Timbaland 's new music video for the single `` Throw It on Me '' , in which she had appeared . </P> Maryse in 2008 <P> By the time she began appearing regularly on SmackDown at the beginning of 2008 , she had adopted a snobby attitude and become a villainous character . On the March 7 , 2008 episode of SmackDown , Maryse competed in a swimsuit contest against Victoria , Michelle McCool , Cherry , and Eve Torres , which ended in a brawl between Maryse and Torres . The following week , she was the first eliminated from another swimsuit competition . On March 28 , Maryse competed in a `` Wet and Wild '' match , teaming with Victoria against Cherry and McCool in a losing effort . On a `` SmackDown after the bell '' video on WWE 's website , the tag team Deuce ' n Domino dumped Cherry , who had been their manager , and replaced her with Maryse . Maryse then insulted Cherry , only for Cherry to slap her . On the May 16 episode of SmackDown , Maryse made her in - ring debut in a loss to Cherry , though she defeated Cherry in a rematch the following week . On the June 6 episode of SmackDown ! , SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero announced the creation of the WWE Divas Championship , and that same night the Divas competed in a Golden Dreams match to qualify for the championship match at The Great American Bash , which was won by Natalya . On the July 4 , 2008 episode of SmackDown ! , she competed again in another Golden Dreams match to face Natalya for the championship , however she failed to win . For several weeks , Maryse competed in six - person tag team matches with Victoria and Natalya against Cherry , Michelle McCool and Maria . She suffered a minor broken nose after receiving a bulldog from Maria in August 2008 . </P> Divas Champion ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) <P> Maryse began a rivalry with Michelle McCool in September 2008 , challenging her for the WWE Divas Championship at Unforgiven , and in a rematch the following week on SmackDown , but failed to win on both occasions . On the September 23 episode of ECW , Maryse defeated McCool in a non-title match . After a month - long absence , Maryse returned at Survivor Series pay - per - view event in November , participating in a five - on - five Divas elimination tag team match , eliminating Kelly Kelly , Mickie James and Candice Michelle ; Maryse was the sole survivor of her team , but was ultimately eliminated by Beth Phoenix . At the Armageddon pay - per - view on December 14 , Maryse teamed up with Jillian Hall , Victoria and Natalya in a losing effort to McCool , Maria , Kelly Kelly and Mickie James in an Eight - Diva Santa 's Little Helper tag team match . On December 19 , Maryse pinned Maria to become the number one contender for Michelle McCool 's Divas Championship . The following week on SmackDown , Maryse defeated McCool , with Maria as the special guest referee , to win her first Divas Championship . On December 28 , at a house show in Raleigh , North Carolina , Maryse dislocated her knee in a tag team match against The Bella Twins ( Nikki and Brie ) . It was later announced that the injury was not major , and therefore only missed a few weeks action . On the January 23 , 2009 episode of SmackDown , Maryse returned and sat at ringside commentating during a Divas ' tag team match . She returned to in - ring action on February 20 , teaming with Michelle McCool in a win against Maria and Eve Torres , where she pinned Torres . </P> Maryse wrestling during the WrestleMania XXV event in April 2009 <P> Maryse made her first appearance on Raw on March 2 , as a commentator for a match involving the WWE Women 's Champion Melina , with Maryse attacking her after the match . The following week , Maryse made her in - ring debut on Raw in a champion vs champion lumberjill match , which she defeated Melina . The rivalry extended to a tag team match on SmackDown on March 13 , where Melina and Maria defeated McCool and Maryse . On March 27 episode of SmackDown , Maryse made her first championship defense , losing by disqualification after the returning Gail Kim attacked Maryse and McCool , and thus retained the championship . On April 5 , Maryse competed in a 25 - Diva Miss WrestleMania battle royal at WrestleMania XXV , but she was eliminated by Beth Phoenix and the match was won by Santina Marella ( Santino Marella dressed in drag ) . Maryse made her last appearance on SmackDown on April 24 , retaining her championship against Gail Kim . </P> <P> As part of the 2009 WWE Draft on April 13 , Maryse was drafted to the Raw brand , and in the process , the Divas Championship became exclusive to Raw . She made her first appearance as part of the brand on April 27 , teaming with Beth Phoenix , Rosa Mendes , and Jillian Hall in a loss to Santina Marella , Mickie James , Brie Bella and Kelly Kelly . Maryse then began feuding with Mickie James after she cost James a number one contender 's battle royal , which was eventually won by Kelly Kelly , by spraying hairspray in her eyes . The following week , Maryse lost a championship match against Kelly by disqualification , meaning the championship did not change hands , and won a subsequent rematch by pinfall two weeks later on June 8 . At Night of Champions on July 26 , Maryse lost the Divas Championship to James . Despite being only the second Divas champion , her reign of 216 days remained the longest in the title 's history for nearly five years , until AJ Lee surpassed her reign in January 2014 . </P> <P> After losing the championship , Maryse underwent to a legitimate knee surgery . She returned on the November 23 episode of Raw , disguised as The Gobbledy Gooker , as the guest timekeeper for a Thanksgiving - themed 6 - Divas tag team match . After the match , she revealed herself by attacking the Divas Champion Melina . The following week , Maryse made her in - ring return teamed with Jillian Hall in a tag team match against Melina and Gail Kim , where Maryse pinned Melina . On the December 7 episode of Raw , Maryse defeated Gail Kim by dirty tactics , and following the match , Maryse proceed to attack Kelly Kelly , who was working as ring announcer , ordering her to announce she was the next Divas Champion , but was stopped by Melina . </P> <P> In early 2010 , a tournament was held for the newly vacated WWE Divas Championship due to Melina 's injury . Maryse entered the tournament , and defeated Brie Bella and Eve Torres in the first round and semi-finals , respectively , to advance to the finals . The tournament 's finals were originally scheduled for Elimination Chamber on February 21 ; instead , the match was changed by the SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero to a interbrand tag team match , where Maryse teamed with her scheduled opponent Gail Kim against LayCool ( Michelle McCool and Layla ) , which was won by LayCool as a result of Maryse abandoning Kim during the match . The following night on Raw , Maryse defeated Kim in the finals to win the championship , becoming the first Diva to have held it twice . </P> <P> On March 15 episode of Raw , Maryse defeated Kelly Kelly in a non-title match , attacking her after the match before being attacked by Eve Torres and Gail Kim , and saved by LayCool , then joining with them and Vickie Guerrero . On March 26 episode of SmackDown , Maryse teamed up with LayCool , Guerrero and Alicia Fox defeating Beth Phoenix in a 5 - on - 1 handicap match before being attacked by Kim , Eve , Kelly and Mickie James . At WrestleMania XXVI , on March 28 , she was part of the winning team of a 10 - Diva tag team match with LayCool , Fox and Guerrero against Phoenix , James , Kim , Torres and Kelly Kelly , but the following night on Raw , she was pinned by Torres in a rematch . Maryse lost the Divas Championship two weeks later to Eve Torres on the April 12 episode of Raw , and was unsuccessful to regain it at Over the Limit pay - per - view in May . At Fatal 4 - Way on June 20 , Maryse failed to regain the title in a Fatal Four - Way match that also involved then - champion Eve , Gail Kim , and Alicia Fox , which Fox would win pinning her to become the champion . </P> Managing Ted DiBiase and departure ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Maryse at the 2010 Tribute to the Troops event . <P> On the June 21 episode of Raw , after Ted DiBiase fired Virgil , Maryse became DiBiase 's new personal assistant . At Money in the Bank , on July 18 , Maryse accompanied DiBiase in his Money in the Bank ladder match for the WWE Championship contract , which she tried to pick the briefcase , but was stopped by John Morrison . Along with DiBiase , Maryse was announced as a mentor for Brodus Clay for the fourth season of NXT on November 30 . On Raw , on December 13 , Maryse was involved in a battle royal to determine the winner of the Diva of the Year Slammy Award , but was eliminated by Natalya . Clay traded his mentors , Maryse and DiBiase , for Alberto Del Rio on the January 25 , 2011 episode of NXT . In late September 2010 , Maryse was involved in an storyline with Goldust , in which he stole the Million Dollar Championship from DiBiase , and lost a subsequent mixed tag team match against Goldust and Aksana on October 26 . </P> <P> On March 8 , Maryse became the co-host of NXT , alongside Matt Striker . As part of NXT Redemption , Maryse was involved in several romantic storylines , most notably with Yoshi Tatsu , Lucky Cannon , and Hornswoggle . In April , DiBiase made an ultimatum to Maryse for her to choose to continue on the NXT or continue with him . The following week , Maryse chose to continue appearing on NXT , disbanding their alliance in the process . In August , Maryse underwent surgery for an abdominal hernia and took time off WWE programming . After two months of inactivity , Maryse was released from her WWE contract on October 28 . </P> <H3> Independent circuit ( 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> On October 5 , 2012 , Maryse appeared at the Family Wrestling Entertainment ( FWE ) event Back 2 Brooklyn , performing live commentary . She began appearing regularly for FWE , where she commentated during women 's matches . </P> <H3> Return to WWE ( edit ) </H3> Managing the Miz ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Maryse celebrating along The Miz after winning the Intercontinental Championship at a Raw event in April 2016 <P> On April 4 , 2016 episode of Raw , the episode after WrestleMania 32 , Maryse returned during a WWE Intercontinental Championship match between the champion Zack Ryder and her husband , The Miz . During the match , Maryse slapped Ryder 's father , who was in the front row , in order to distract Ryder and allowed Miz to capture the championship for the fifth time , thus becoming his manager in the process , where the two then became an on - screen power couple . She formally re-introduced herself three days later on the April 7 episode of SmackDown before once more helping Miz to retain his championship over Ryder . She then began to cut various promos with Miz as his host during the `` Miz TV '' segments , while calling themselves the `` It '' Couple . </P> <P> Following a hiatus due to the shoot of a WWE film , Maryse returned to WWE television on the June 27 episode of Raw , where she helped Miz to retain his championship against Kane after she faked an ankle injury . After being drafted to Smackdown as part of the 2016 WWE draft which took place on July 19 , Ouellet made her first appearance for the brand on July 26 , where she co-hosted a Miz TV segment along her husband before being interrupted by Randy Orton , who challenged Miz to a non-title match , in which he was subsequently defeated . At Backlash , Maryse successfully helped Miz to retain the Intercontinental Championship by spraying something at Dolph Ziggler whilst Miz distracted the referee . The following week , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan announced a rematch for the championship due Maryse 's interference at Backlash . On September 20 , Miz retained the championship over Ziggler . On October 9 , at No Mercy Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Ziggler in a title vs career match when Maryse was banned from the ringside along with The Spirit Squad ( Kenny and Mikey ) , who was contracted by her to help Miz , ending Miz 's reign at 188 days . On November 8 episode of SmackDown , Maryse went on to speak in Miz 's name due Miz refuse to speak with Daniel Bryan . At that night , Maryse accepted Bryan 's offer to Miz face Ziggler the following week for the Intercontinental Championship in the 900th episode of SmackDown . Later that night , Bryan would state on Talking Smack that if Ziggler successfully retains his championship , The Miz and Maryse would be traded to Raw for someone else . On November 15 at the 900th episode of SmackDown , Maryse helped Miz to win the championship for the sixth time and also retain it at Survivor Series against Sami Zayn . </P> <P> On December 20 , episode of SmackDown , Maryse was banned from the ringside after an attempt to apply a eye poke on Apollo Crews during a championship match for Miz 's Intercontinental Championship ; After the match , Miz was interviewed by Renee Young who slapped him after a joke involving her and Dean Ambrose . On December 27 , episode of SmackDown , Maryse confronted Renee Young in a backstage segment before Ambrose attacked Miz . On January 3 , 2017 , episode of SmackDown , Maryse slapped both Ambrose and Young in different occasions , before interfering in the championship match between Miz and Ambrose , slapping Ambrose again and being banned from ringside before Ambrose defeated Miz for the championship . Later on Talking Smack , Maryse was fined $5,000 for slapping Young . </P> <P> On February 12 at the Elimination Chamber pay - per - view , Maryse was accidentally hit by Nikki Bella when Natalya pushed Nikki into her during a backstage brawl . On February 21 episode of SmackDown , Maryse was again hit by Nikki and Natalya backstage during their Falls Count Anywhere match , leading to Maryse attacking Bella with a lead pipe and causing her to lose the match . On February 28 episode of SmackDown , during the Miz TV segment , Maryse slapped Nikki 's then real - life boyfriend John Cena , causing Nikki to confront her . On March 7 episode of SmackDown , Maryse and Miz attacked Nikki and Cena after they won a match against James Ellsworth and Carmella . On March 14 episode of SmackDown , after another showdown between the couples , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan announced a mixed tag team match at WrestleMania 33 . Maryse and Miz would ultimately lose in what was Maryse 's first match in over six years . </P> <P> On April 10 , Maryse was drafted to the Raw brand along with Miz as part of the `` Superstar Shake Up '' , where they made their debut on the same night dressed as Bella and Cena , before being confronted by the Intercontinental Champion Dean Ambrose . On June 4 , at Extreme Rules , Maryse was in Miz 's corner when he won the WWE Intercontinental Championship for the seventh time by defeating Ambrose . In September , following her pregnancy announcement , Maryse stopped appearing on television . </P> <P> On January 22 , 2018 , in the Raw 25 Years special episode , Maryse was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company 's success , including the Bella Twins , Kelly Kelly , Lilian Garcia , Torrie Wilson , Michelle McCool , Terri Runnels , Maria Kanellis and the Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus . </P> <H2> Other media ( edit ) </H2> Maryse and Miz in July 2016 <P> In April 2007 , she appeared alongside fellow WWE Divas Ashley , Torrie Wilson , Brooke Adams , Layla , and Kelly Kelly in Timbaland 's music video `` Throw It On Me '' featuring The Hives . </P> <P> Ouellet also appeared in the January 2009 issue of Muscle & Fitness , along with Eve Torres and Michelle McCool . She and John Morrison were interviewed on Eurosport in the same year . She also made a special appearance on Redemption Song , which was hosted by WWE wrestler Chris Jericho , along with Candice Michelle , Mickie James , and Eve Torres . She has also appeared in several newspaper interviews , including Tokyo Headline , and was on the cover of Sessions Magazine in October 2010 . </P> <P> In 2012 , Maryse was featured on the cover of Le Journal de Montréal , and on MDA Show of Strength with The Miz and other celebrities . In 2015 , Ouellet had roles in Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! and in Santa 's Little Helper , the latter starring Ouellet 's husband , The Miz . In the same year , she appeared on the E ! reality television series WAGS . In 2016 , it was announced that Maryse would appear as a main cast member on the sixth season of Total Divas , which prompted her return to WWE . In June 2017 , Maryse along with Miz were cover of the DUB Magazine with a Jeep car . In 2018 , Maryse along with The Miz will star in a reality television series titled Miz & Mrs . </P> <P> Maryse has appeared in four WWE video games . She made her in - game debut at WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2010 , later appearing in WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2011 , WWE ' 12 , and returned in WWE 2K18 . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Octobre </Td> <Td> Pouilleuse </Td> <Td> Film debut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! </Td> <Td> Officer Davis </Td> <Td> TV Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Karla </Td> <Td> Sidney </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Santa 's Little Helper </Td> <Td> Melody </Td> <Td> Straight - to - DVD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Enter the Fist and the Golden Fleecing </Td> <Td> Macy Does </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Delilah </Td> <Td> Amy Lannigan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Isle of the Dead </Td> <Td> Mikaela Usylvich </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> The Marine 5 : Battleground </Td> <Td> Ana </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Redemption Song </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Guest appearance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Musée Eden </Td> <Td> Religieuse auditorium </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Trauma </Td> <Td> Femme de Lemire </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Unité 9 </Td> <Td> Infirmière d'Yvon </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> WAGS </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Never Have I Ever '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> Total Divas </Td> <Td> Main cast ( season 6 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other endeavors ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following her release from WWE in 2011 , Ouellet announced her plans for a clothing and jewelry line named House of Maryse . </P> <P> Beginning in late 2013 , Ouellet began working as a realtor in Los Angeles after spending a year earning her real estate license . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ouellet is a native speaker of French , fluent in English , and she is able to read Spanish , although she can not speak it . Ouellet has a tattoo of her late father 's name , Guy , on her left wrist . She has a degree in business administration , and holds a black belt in martial arts . Her favorite actress is Scarlett Johansson , her favorite bands are Simple Plan and Nickelback , and she loves techno music . Ouellet is a vegan and an avid supporter of animal rights and gay rights , and posed for the NOH8 campaign in 2011 . Ouellet is Catholic . </P> <P> Ouellet was inspired to become a professional wrestler by Lita . She cites Lita and Victoria as her dream opponents . </P> <P> In 2013 , Ouellet got engaged to longtime boyfriend and fellow wrestler Mike Mizanin , best known by his ring name The Miz . The two were married in The Bahamas on February 20 , 2014 . The couple reside in Austin , Texas . The couple announced on September 11th episode of RAW that they are expecting their first child . </P> <P> On March 27 , 2018 , Maryse gave birth to their first child , a daughter named Monroe Sky Mizanin . </P> <H2> In wrestling ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Finishing moves <Ul> <Li> French Kiss ( Snap DDT , with theatrics ) </Li> <Li> French TKO ( Heel kick , to the back of the opponent 's head ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Signature moves <Ul> <Li> Forward Russian legsweep </Li> <Li> French Pain ( Camel clutch ) </Li> <Li> Spinning side slam backbreaker </Li> <Li> Hair - pull facebuster </Li> <Li> Leg choke </Li> <Li> Modified sleeper hold </Li> <Li> Running knee strike , to the head of a kneeling opponent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wrestlers managed <Ul> <Li> Sylvain Grenier </Li> <Li> Ryan O'Reilly </Li> <Li> Deuce ' n Domino </Li> <Li> Ted DiBiase </Li> <Li> The Miz </Li> <Li> The Spirit Squad ( Kenny and Mikey ) </Li> <Li> The Miztourage ( Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Entrance themes <Ul> <Li> `` All Summer Long '' by Adam Salkeld </Li> <Li> `` Lounge Lizard '' by Emanuel Kallins and Stephen Teller </Li> <Li> `` Pourquoi ? '' by Jim Johnston </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Championships and accomplishments ( edit ) </H2> Maryse is a two - time Divas Champion <Ul> <Li> Pro Wrestling Illustrated <Ul> <Li> Ranked No. 9 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> World Wrestling Entertainment <Ul> <Li> WWE Divas Championship ( 2 times ) </Li> <Li> Divas Championship Tournament ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kamchen , Richard . `` Maryse Ouellet '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maryse Mizanin 's Blog : How The Miz and I Are Preparing for Our Daughter 's Birth '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maryse 's profile '' . Ohio Valley Wrestling . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maryse '' . WWE . 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Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maryse Ouellet profile on famousVcard '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maryse talks WWE release , restraining order , Divas Legend she wants to work with '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` More Diva dreams come true '' . WWE . August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nesbitt , Cherylann . `` Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin Knows His Fiance is hotter `` . MTV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matthew Scott . `` Mike ' The Miz ' Mizanin ties the knot with a fellow WWE Champ '' . MTV . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WWE Superstar The Miz -- My Wedding Was Awesome ! '' . TMZ . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Miz and Maryse are expecting their first child '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Smackdown : UK gets a strong episode of SD ! '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 1 / 4 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 5 / 17 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 12 / 26 / 08 -- Toronto , ON '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` Smackdown Results -- 12 / 19 / 08 -- Baltimore , MD '' . Wrestleview . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Maryse hits the Stroke and I 'm sure Kurt Angle is happy about that ... Maryse hits a forearm to the face and a spinning backbreaker , which was executed nicely ! </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` Smackdown Results -- 2 / 20 / 09 '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Todd ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` WWE Raw TV report for May 4 '' . Wrestling Observer / Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulligan , Ryan ( December 13 , 2008 ) . `` Ryan Mulligan 's Smackdown TV report for December 12 '' . Wrestling Observer / Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Night Of Champions PPV Report 7 / 26 : Results , star ratings , thoughts , observations , nitpicks , quotebook '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 12 / 6 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 1 / 17 / 11 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adam , Martin ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 5 / 16 / 08 -- Grand Rapids , MI -- ( 6 on 1 Handicap ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lennie , DiFino ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown Results - 5 / 23 / 08 - Des Moines , IA ( Undertaker / Chavo ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OWW : The Miz '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Summer Long ( R ' N ' B Pop 2 ) '' . APM Music . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lounge Lizard ( Glamazon ) '' . FirstCom Music . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WWE : Pourquoi ? ( Maryse ) - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` PWI Top 50 Female Wrestlers list '' . WrestleView . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Professional wrestling portal </Li> <Li> Fashion portal </Li> <Li> Film portal </Li> <Li> Television portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maryse Ouellet . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Maryse on WWE.com </Li> <Li> Maryse Ouellet 's profile at Cagematch.net , Wrestlingdata.com , Internet Wrestling Database </Li> <Li> Online World of Wrestling profile </Li> <Li> Maryse Ouellet on IMDb </Li> <Li> Maryse Ouellet on Facebook </Li> <Li> Maryse Ouellet on Instagram </Li> <Li> Maryse Ouellet on Twitter </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> WWE personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Raw </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Male wrestlers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akam </Li> <Li> Apollo Crews </Li> <Li> Baron Corbin </Li> <Li> Big Show </Li> <Li> Bo Dallas </Li> <Li> Bobby Lashley </Li> <Li> Bobby Roode </Li> <Li> Braun Strowman </Li> <Li> Bray Wyatt </Li> <Li> Brock Lesnar </Li> <Li> Chad Gable </Li> <Li> Curt Hawkins </Li> <Li> Curtis Axel </Li> <Li> Dash Wilder </Li> <Li> Dean Ambrose </Li> <Li> Dolph Ziggler </Li> <Li> Drew McIntyre </Li> <Li> Elias </Li> <Li> Fandango </Li> <Li> Finn Bálor </Li> <Li> Goldust </Li> <Li> Heath Slater </Li> <Li> Jason Jordan </Li> <Li> Jinder Mahal </Li> <Li> Kane </Li> <Li> Kevin Owens </Li> <Li> Konnor </Li> <Li> Matt Hardy </Li> <Li> Mike Kanellis </Li> <Li> Mojo Rawley </Li> <Li> No Way Jose </Li> <Li> Rezar </Li> <Li> Rhyno </Li> <Li> Roman Reigns </Li> <Li> Sami Zayn </Li> <Li> Scott Dawson </Li> <Li> Seth Rollins </Li> <Li> Titus O'Neil </Li> <Li> Tyler Breeze </Li> <Li> Viktor </Li> <Li> Zack Ryder </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 205 Live ( Cruiserweights ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akira Tozawa </Li> <Li> Ariya Daivari </Li> <Li> The Brian Kendrick </Li> <Li> Buddy Murphy </Li> <Li> Cedric Alexander </Li> <Li> Drew Gulak </Li> <Li> Gentleman Jack Gallagher </Li> <Li> Gran Metalik </Li> <Li> Hideo Itami </Li> <Li> Kalisto </Li> <Li> Lince Dorado </Li> <Li> Mark Andrews </Li> <Li> Mustafa Ali </Li> <Li> Neville </Li> <Li> Noam Dar </Li> <Li> TJP </Li> <Li> Tony Nese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Female wrestlers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexa Bliss </Li> <Li> Alicia Fox </Li> <Li> Bayley </Li> <Li> Dana Brooke </Li> <Li> Ember Moon </Li> <Li> Liv Morgan </Li> <Li> Mickie James </Li> <Li> Natalya </Li> <Li> Nia Jax </Li> <Li> Ronda Rousey </Li> <Li> Ruby Riott </Li> <Li> Sarah Logan </Li> <Li> Sasha Banks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other on - 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when does the miz and maryse show start

Slasher ( TV series ) - wikipedia <H1> Slasher ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Slasher </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Anthology Horror Slasher Drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Katie McGrath </Li> <Li> Brandon Jay McLaren </Li> <Li> Steve Byers </Li> <Li> Patrick Garrow </Li> <Li> Dean McDermott </Li> <Li> Leslie Hope </Li> <Li> Lovell Adams - Gray </Li> <Li> Jim Watson </Li> <Li> Christopher Jacot </Li> <Li> Paulino Nunes </Li> <Li> Ty Olsson </Li> <Li> Joanne Vannicola </Li> <Li> Sebastian Pigott </Li> <Li> Madison Cheeatow </Li> <Li> Melinda Shankar </Li> <Li> Kaitlyn Leeb </Li> <Li> Rebecca Liddiard </Li> <Li> Paula Brancati </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Shawn Pierce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 16 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aaron Martin </Li> <Li> Greg Phillips </Li> <Li> Jonathan Ford </Li> <Li> Christina Jennings </Li> <Li> Scott Garvie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ontario , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> Erin Deck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single - camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 46 - 53 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shaftesbury Films </Li> <Li> Super Channel ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> TVA Group ( season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Content Media Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Channel ( Canada , season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Chiller ( USA , season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Netflix ( season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.netflix.com/title/80105452 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Slasher is a Canadian television horror anthology series created by Aaron Martin . </P> <P> The first season , retroactively subtitled The Executioner , was produced in association with the Canadian network Super Channel , Slasher was the first original series by U.S. TV channel Chiller , which premiered the series on Friday , March 4 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 pm EST . Super Channel aired the show 's Canadian premiere on April 1 , 2016 . The series first season , which centered on a mysterious figure billed as `` The Executioner '' terrorizing the fictional town of Waterbury , Canada , was filmed between July and October 2015 in Sudbury , Parry Sound , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario . </P> <P> On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . The licensing rights for the second season was acquired by Netflix . The season was released as a `` Netflix Original '' title in various countries on October 17 , 2017 . The second season titled Slasher : Guilty Party is centered on a group of former summer camp counselors who return to an isolated campground in order to bury their sins of the past , before being targeted , one by one , by an unknown killer . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Plot <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 : The Executioner ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Recurring cast members </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 1 : The Executioner <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Season 2 : Guilty Party </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Season 1 : The Executioner ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Development and production </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Awards and accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 International broadcast </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Slasher employs a season - long anthology format , with an overarching mystery storyline that will be resolved upon the season 's conclusion . Aaron Martin , the series ' creator / producer , acknowledged gaining inspiration for the format from American Horror Story , stating that , should Slasher have subsequent seasons , the AHS style of self - contained storylines would be used along with , ideally , the reliance on as many actors from previous seasons as possible to portray brand new roles . </P> <P> Martin aims to tell `` a modern - day monster story '' in Slasher , combining three of his favorite genres : The contemporary murder mystery ( a la Broadchurch ) , the works of Agatha Christie ( one of Martin 's favorite crime writers ) , and the classic slasher films he grew up with . In terms of the latter , Martin has specifically cited the influences of Halloween and It Follows in Slasher 's use of a mysterious singular embodiment that is responsible for a series of killings . Not wanting to have the show 's killer be `` a mythological creature '' ( as he feels the killers in most slasher films do not have much mystery surrounding them ) , Martin also uses elements of the traditional whodunit in Slasher : The show 's characters , many of whom have mysterious backgrounds -- and their own reasons for possibly being the killer -- are featured , explored , and eliminated from consideration , one by one ( either through death or the natural deductive process ) , until the `` all too human '' killer and their motivations for their actions are revealed . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Slasher 's 8 - episode first season centers around Sarah Bennett who , with husband Dylan , moves back to the town of her birth , Waterbury ( a fictional town in Canada ) , and into her parents ' former home . It was in that house on Halloween Night 1988 where both of her parents , Bryan and Rachel , were murdered . Rachel was pregnant with Sarah at the time of her murder , with police discovering the killer holding Rachel 's newborn baby after the slayings . Sarah 's return to Waterbury is greeted with the start of a series of copycat murders , all appearing to be at the hands of `` The Executioner '' . </P> <P> Seeking insight on her sightings of `` The Executioner '' and the slayings he or she has committed , Sarah has paid visits to her parents ' imprisoned murderer , Tom Winston . Tom suggests to Sarah that though most of Waterbury 's residents project a veneer of friendship , innocence , and self - righteousness , many of them harbor dark secrets , including her late parents . During these conversations , Tom expresses thoughts on what is a common theme of Slasher 's first season -- the seven deadly sins . Gaining information from Sarah on the victims ' backgrounds and the nature of their deaths , Tom provides suggestions as to what sin the victims may have violated ; Sarah would begin to employ this approach herself without Tom 's assistance in later episodes . </P> <P> Just as Tom declared himself `` the Lord 's messenger '' in a 1988 police interrogation video after murdering Sarah 's parents ( seen in Episode 1 ) , he believes in the present day that the new Executioner has become a self - appointed deliverer of `` Biblical '' punishment towards those he or she believes have committed one of the seven deadly sins in their past , employing methods that are apropos to the individual natures of the deadly sins . Future victim Alison Sutherland would get The Executioner to admit this in their Episode 5 interview : Alison asks why The Executioner would be as much a sinner as everyone else and violate one of God 's commandments to not kill ; The Executioner counters that God only commanded not to murder the innocent , and that his / her victims are not innocent . Tom has suggested to Sarah , in Episode 3 , that The Executioner him / herself has committed a deadly sin of their own , being blinded by pride ( `` the greatest of sins '' ) . </P> <P> The police chief is found harboring Ariel , a missing teenager that he kidnapped , and a child they had together , in a enclosed locked room in his basement . Sarah 's grandmother accidentally put her best friend in a coma by dropping a cinder block on her head ( in fact , she was aiming for the girl sitting next to her best friend ; the boy who had gotten Sarah 's grandmother pregnant as a teenager was taking this girl to their high school prom ) . Bryan and Rachel ( Sarah 's parents ) were cuckolding multiple men and video taping them into service to support them , including Tom Winston . Tom decided to kill Bryan and Rachel after falling in love with Rachel and being blackmailed , but saved Sarah after Rachel told him Sarah was actually his and not her husband 's . </P> <P> Eventually , it 's revealed that the deputy Cam is the Executioner , suffering under an abusive mother whom he pushed down the stairs , killing her . Cam 's father , the town priest , discovered that Cam was the Executioner , and Cam killed him as well . After finding her father 's body parts in his home , Sarah kills Cam with a machete . </P> <H3> Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Slasher 's 8 - episode second season centers around a horrific secret that a group of former summer camp counselors have buried long ago . Due to a changing circumstance , they must return to their resort in the dead of winter to retrieve the body of Talvinder , whom they murdered while they were camp counsellors , five years earlier . They get surprised when they ca n't find the body at the campsite . Later , the group start dying one by one at the hands of a mysterious person wearing a parka , which also alerts the second group of counselors at the resort . </P> <P> Eventually , it 's revealed that Judith is the killer , and another character , Wren , is actually Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull , her son who committed suicide after being framed for Talvinder 's murder , and is a figment of Judith 's imagination . Owen wrote a letter to his mother , asking her to get justice for him before hanging himself . Judith killed several members of the commune for their complicity after the fact , as Antoine discovered Talvinder 's body and hid it to avoid jeopardizing a real estate deal . Dawn and Keira are the only ones to escape her wrath and the former finally turns herself in for her crime during the epilogue . Judith can be seen watching them along with the hallucination of Owen , who says they 'll be waiting for Dawn after she is released from prison . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Recurring cast members ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Character per season </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Executioner </Th> <Th> Guilty Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Katie McGrath </Th> <Td> Sarah Bennett </Td> <Td> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brandon Jay McLaren </Th> <Td> Dylan Bennett </Td> <Td> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Steve Byers </Th> <Td> Cam Henry </Td> <Td> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Patrick Garrow </Th> <Td> Tom Winston </Td> <Td> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dean McDermott </Th> <Td> Iain Vaughn </Td> <Td> Alan Haight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christopher Jacot </Th> <Td> Robin Turner </Td> <Td> Antoine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wendy Crewson </Th> <Td> Brenda Merrit </Td> <Td> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leslie Hope </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Judith Berry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lovell Adams - Gray </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Peter Broome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paula Brancati </Th> <Td> Jana Singer </Td> <Td> Dawn Duguin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jim Watson </Th> <Td> Young Alan Henry </Td> <Td> Noah Jenkins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paulino Nunes </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Mark Rankin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ty Olsson </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Benny Ironside </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joanne Vannicola </Th> <Td> Debbie </Td> <Td> Renée </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sebastian Pigott </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Madison Cheeatow </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Keira </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melinda Shankar </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Talvinder Gill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kaitlyn Leeb </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Susan Lam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rebecca Liddiard </Th> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Andi Criss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jefferson Brown </Th> <Td> Trent McBride </Td> <Td> Gene </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 : the Executioner ( edit ) </H3> Main ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Katie McGrath as Sarah Bennett . An artist , Sarah returns with her husband to Waterbury , where she becomes proprietor of her own art gallery . She sets out to find how and why the slayings are occurring . Creator Aaron Martin has described Sarah as more of a Nancy Drew type than that of a classic `` final girl '' commonly found in horror films . </Li> <Li> Brandon Jay McLaren as Dylan Bennett , Sarah 's husband and editor - in - chief of the local newspaper , the Waterbury Bulletin . </Li> <Li> Steve Byers as Cam Henry , a member of Waterbury 's police force . </Li> <Li> Patrick Garrow as Tom Winston , the original Executioner who murdered Sarah 's parents in 1988 and who advises Sarah on the new Executioner 's murders in the present day . </Li> <Li> Dean McDermott as Iain Vaughn , Waterbury 's police chief . </Li> <Li> Christopher Jacot as Robin Turner , who , after the death of his husband , Justin , must deal with the business mess he left behind . </Li> <Li> Wendy Crewson as Brenda Merrit , Sarah 's maternal grandmother , who returns to Waterbury to look after Sarah and Dylan . </Li> </Ul> Recurring ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Jessica Sipos as June Henry , Cam 's wife , who works as an EMT and shows jealousy over Cam 's relationship to Sarah . </Li> <Li> Mary Walsh as Verna McBride , Sarah and Dylan 's neighbor , who passed judgement almost immediately on the two . </Li> <Li> Enuka Okuma as Lisa Ann Follows , a former criminal justice lawyer , now a New York - based journalist and talk show host . </Li> <Li> Erin Karpluk as Heather Peterson . She is deeply haunted by and obsessed with her daughter Ariel 's disappearance , which occurred 5 years before the show begins . Karpluk has equated Heather to the Log Lady , in that much like the Twin Peaks character , Heather appears to have a sixth sense about Waterbury 's residents and their dark secrets . </Li> <Li> Mayko Nguyen as Alison Sutherland , the publisher of the Waterbury Bulletin and Dylan 's boss . </Li> <Li> Rob Stewart as Alan Henry , Cam 's father , a church pastor , and the survivor / witness of Sarah 's parents ' murder . He has made occasional visits to Tom Winston in prison to provide religious counsel . </Li> <Li> Jefferson Brown as Trent McBride , Verna 's nephew , June Henry 's former EMT partner , and an enthusiastic hunter and taxidermist . </Li> <Li> Mark Ghanimé as Justin Faysal , who with husband Robin purchased several properties in Waterbury , including the storefront location that serves as Sarah 's art gallery . </Li> <Li> Dylan Taylor as Bryan Ingram , Sarah 's father </Li> <Li> Alysa King as Rachel Ingram , Sarah 's mother </Li> <Li> Victoria Snow as Sonja Edwards , Brenda 's former childhood friend and her intended victim in a prom night 1968 incident . </Li> <Li> Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Ariel Peterson , Heather 's missing daughter </Li> <Li> Shawn Ahmed as Sharma , an officer in Waterbury 's police force </Li> <Li> Booth Savage as Ronald Edwards , the Mayor of Waterbury </Li> <Li> Susannah Hoffman as Marjorie Travers , a prostitute and drug addict </Li> </Ul> <H3> Season 2 : Guilty Party ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Leslie Hope as Judith Berry </Li> <Li> Lovell Adams - Gray as Peter Broome </Li> <Li> Jim Watson as Noah Jenkins </Li> <Li> Christopher Jacot as Antoine </Li> <Li> Paulino Nunes as Mark Rankin </Li> <Li> Ty Olsson as Glenn Morgan / Benny Ironside : A former prisoner , and the sixth to die in the present . A year ago , Benny was serving time in prison when he met a new inmate with whom he entered into a romantic relationship . The inmate is released 6 months later , and 2 months prior to the present , Benny reunites with him as he is camping in Tamarind Bluffs . When the inmate announces he plans on joining a commune , Benny volunteers to come along , but the inmate eventually snaps on the journey and demands he leaves , believing he ca n't start a new life if he 's constantly being reminded of his time in jail . When Benny tries to kiss him and re-affirm their relationship , the inmate angers him by saying he does n't want to be with him anymore and Benny kills him in a fit of rage . He joins the commune under the inmate 's , Glen Morgan , identity . After he kidnaps and rapes Noah , Noah managed to fight back by setting the school bus on fire and driving him out . Benny then returns to the commune and attempts to kill Renee and Judith , but he is shot and incapacitated by Renee . He is tortured for answers regarding the killer , but admits only to Glen 's death until falsely admitting he killed Antoine to end the torture , so Renee slits his throat . </Li> <Li> Joanne Vannicola as Renée </Li> <Li> Sebastian Pigott as Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull </Li> <Li> Madison Cheeatow as Keira </Li> <Li> Melinda Shankar as Talvinder Gill : A new camp counselor whose murder drives the events of Guilty Party . A manipulative girl , she played on the other counselors kindness , setting up Susan as a destructive hater and having sex with Peter . A summer outing for her and five other counselors turns out to be a trap , as the other five have arranged for her to stand ' trial ' for her actions . The trial goes wrong , however , leading the other campers to believe she is dead only to regain consciousness as her body is about to be hidden . Faced with the possibility of being arrested for her assault , the group argues about what to do with her until Andi snaps and kills her with a rock . 5 years later , the counselors have to return to retrieve and destroy her body as a resort is going to be built and the construction might unearth it . However , despite her death and the hiding of her body resulting in multiple murders , the killer is not doing it because they are avenging Talvinder 's death . </Li> <Li> Kaitlyn Leeb as Susan Lam : A mother and wife , once Andi and Dawn 's friend , the third to die in the present . 5 years ago , when Talvinder was the newest camp counselor , she was distrustful of her , believing her to be a bad person . After rejecting her attempt at seduction and telling her that she saw right through her , Talvinder trashed the camp carnival booth they had been working on and accused Susan of doing it , setting Dawn against her . Angry , Susan showed Andi that Talvinder was a faker by taking her to where she and Peter were having sex in the woods , promising the distraught Andi that she would figure out a way to make Talvinder pay . She was the one to come up with the trial idea that went bad when Talvinder was hurt and thought to be dead , panicking when Talvinder was found to be dead and she ran away , claiming no wrong doing occurred . After the counselor group is discovered to have access to a gun and separated from the commune group , she leaves the cabin and is caught by the killer , her eyes gouged out with a broken pipe and her neck snapped . </Li> <Li> Rebecca Liddiard as Andi Criss : Peter 's ex-girlfriend , and the second to die in the present . 5 years ago , when Talvinder was the newest camp counselor , Peter cheated on Andi with Talvinder . When the attempt to scare Talvinder went wrong and she was severely injured , while the other counselors were arguing what to do with her , Talvinder called out to Peter that she loved him , angering Andi and causing her to pick up a rock and kill Talvinder . In the present , she argues with Peter about going to the police and after talking with Mark , decides to return to the rocks where Talivinder 's body disappeared , only to see her skeletal corpse hanging from the trees and get knocked out . She is tied to the ground by stakes and her throat is sliced open , bleeding out onto the snow . </Li> <Li> Paula Brancati as Dawn Duguin </Li> <Li> Dean McDermott as Alan Haight </Li> <Li> Jefferson Brown as Gene : The outfitter and supply deliverer for the commune . He drives the former counselors up to the commune , and becomes suspicious of their desire to visit the former camp in the dead of winter , deciding to stay over the weekend to keep an eye on the newcomers . He is the first to die in the present , as when he decides to visit the communes sauna , he is surprised by a person in a concealing parka and sliced from his stomach downward with a chainsaw . </Li> <Li> Kyle Buchanan as Simon </Li> <Li> Simu Liu as Luke : Susan 's kind and somewhat oblivious husband . He truly loves his wife , but fails to notice her stress about interacting with her old counselor friends , once two years prior when Andi approached on the street and in the present when she is hesitating to go up to the commune . </Li> <Li> Sophia Walker as Megan : An unlucky hiker , the fifth to die in the present . Going on a trek she typically took with a friend who passed away in memoriam of her , she came to the commune to seek shelter when a blizzard is expected . Renee , hardened by the loss of Antoine , is immediately suspicious of her and refuses to listen to reason , striking her with a statue and giving her a concussion . After she learns of the situation at hand , she agrees to attempt a hike down the mountain to the road for help , but only if the blizzard is over by morning . However , that night she suffers a psychotic break , wildly hallucinating and vomiting before falling down the stairs and dying from a broken neck , the cause of which is revealed to be toxic berries in her soup bowl . </Li> <Li> Kimberly - Sue Murray as Janice </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` An Eye for an Eye '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 0.120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Sarah and Dylan move to Waterbury and into the former home and murder site of her parents . The new `` Executioner '' surfaces for the first time , chasing Sarah down her street before beating a teen boy who had been destroying mailboxes with his baseball bat . Following a suggestion from Tom Winston after their first meeting , Sarah discovers a camcorder and illicit sex tapes her parents buried in their house , tapes that Verna discovers and takes to her house after snooping around . The Executioner ties down and dismembers Verna in her bedroom as punishment for the sin of wrath . Sarah discovers Verna 's body , only to fall down the stairs and lose consciousness while trying to escape The Executioner , who leaves one sex tape beside her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Digging Your Grave With Your Teeth '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 0.110 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Sarah 's grandmother , Brenda arrives at the Bennett 's home , suitcase in hand . Robin is confronted by Trent , while Sarah is confronted by Heather . Sarah receives a package containing a severed human finger and a note ; following Tom 's suggestion that the note contains geographic coordinates , Sarah discovers the remains of Verna McBride 's husband , Peter , in a nearby wooded area . Lured out into an alley way by a severed power cable , Robin 's arms are slashed by The Executioner , with a bystander rescuing Robin . While Robin recovers in hospital , another outage occurs , after which Robin receives flowers and a card of condolence . Believing Justin is in danger , Robin and Cam frantically try to call Justin but Justin dies after collapsing and frothing at the mouth after snorting cocaine and ingesting the rat poison that was in it , serving as the punishment for his gluttony . After she had previously threatened Justin and Robin , a fitful Heather is arrested by the police . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Like as Fire Eateth Up and Burneth Wood '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 0.067 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Robin , deep in grief over Justin and deep in the business mess he left behind , deals with Trent 's anger over Justin giving him a bad check . After The Executioner breaks into her home , Sarah heads out of town . After swerving off the road to avoid a truck , Sarah and Brenda become separated in the woods . Brenda , who had just admitted to Sarah her role in Ada 's accident , is kidnapped by The Executioner , who ties her to a cinder block and tosses it into the lake at a nearby boathouse . Brenda 's drowning death , the punishment for her envy , prompts the police to release Heather from custody . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` As Water is Corrupted Unless It Moves '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 0.067 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> The police verify that the truck that ran off Sarah and Brenda belonged to Trent . Trent is chased into a pit in the woods and eaten by snakes as punishment for his sloth by The Executioner . Dylan interviews Tom in prison for the Bulletin . Tom produces evidence to Dylan that suggests he has had a greater interest in Tom than he let on to Sarah . Apologetic for drunkenly claiming Sarah is in love with Cam , June confides to Sarah that she and Trent had an affair while they were EMT partners ; she also tells Sarah about Trent 's encounter with Ariel Peterson . Security camera footage reveals a detail June left out : She was with Trent in his ambulance that night . After comforting a hysterical Heather , June heads to church to pray but The Executioner abducts her . June awakens in a cornfield naked , attached to an IV , and covered in honey , which attracts animals that eat her alive while she does n't know what happens . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Ill - Gotten Gains '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 0.053 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> June 's rotted remains are discovered . Cam and Sarah argue over suspicions each other have about the killer ; Alan learns about the argument and advises Sarah to be careful . Sarah and Robin discover a `` murder kit '' in Alan 's church office , later discovering Alan needs the contents for a BDSM session . Sarah discovers her parents ' sex videos feature a young Tom Winston . Alison asks The Executioner on - air for an interview who obliges and , in full costume , speaks with Alison at an abandoned foundry . Alison confides to Lisa Ann that she fabricated evidence in the Bulletin that tied Benny Peterson to his daughter 's disappearance . Heading to New York , Alison gets into a courtesy limo driven by the Executioner , who takes her back to the foundry and slashes her throat ; her head is later found in a restaurant 's deep fryer as punishment for her greed . Vaughn heads home to his basement , where he opens a room - sized safe ; inside , a young boy is being sung to by Ariel Peterson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The One Who Sows His Own Flesh '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 0.076 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> The cold open depicts Iain Vaughn 's abduction and rape of Ariel 5 years ago ; in the present day , he prevents an attempt by Ariel and son Jake to escape his basement . Sarah becomes suspicious about Dylan 's whereabouts when Alison was killed . Tom insists to Sarah that he is her father with a DNA test to confirm . After Sarah and Cam tell Vaughn their suspicions about Marjorie Travers ' claim of seeing Ariel the night she disappeared , Vaughn and Marjorie meet and he gives Marjorie a needle filled with heroin that she fatally overdoses on . Realizing Sarah is suspicious about Marjorie 's death , Vaughn takes Sarah to a junkyard and attempts to make it appear as if The Executioner punished Sarah for the sin of pride . Knowing his sin is lust , Vaughn makes an attempt to punish himself along with Ariel and Jake with gasoline and attempts to burn himself and the two . With the police demanding Vaughn 's whereabouts , Sarah encourages his wife , Nancy , to let them into their basement , from which only Ariel and Jake exit . Vaughn escapes to a secluded lakeside shack , where The Executioner knocks him out ; he later awakens to being burned alive in a crematorium , a punishment for his lust . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` In the Pride of His Face '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 0.077 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> A flashback to Bryan and Rachel Ingram 's murder reveals a new detail : Before killing her , Tom reveals himself to Rachel ; she responds by professing her love for him and pleads for their baby 's life . Sharma and Cam discover The Executioner 's list of sinners , which include Tom 's and Sarah 's names for pride . Sarah becomes angry at Dylan after discovering his website dedicated to her parents ' murders . Lisa Ann upsets Dylan with her knowledge that Tom and Sarah are targets , but mollifies him with news that she got his request for a book deal approved -- and an intimate moment . While heading back to prison from hospital , Tom escapes to Sarah 's house ; Sarah willingly goes with him to the woods where The Executioner captures them both . With Sarah tied to a buzzsaw , Tom reveals how his own ego and pride led him to murder Bryan and Rachel . Tom demands that The Executioner punish him instead of Sarah , and he dives onto the running buzzsaw , being `` broken on a wheel '' , killing himself for his sin of pride . At Cam 's house , Cam adds a bloody piece of Tom 's prison jumpsuit to a hidden box of murder mementos , implying that he is the Executioner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Soon Your Own Eyes Will See '' </Td> <Td> Craig David Wallace </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 0.086 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> After a flashback depicts the death of Cam 's mother , the story picks up on Halloween eve : Alan finds Cam 's box of murder mementos , but is strangled by Cam while praying for his son . Cam plants the mementos in the Bennetts ' house and , after Sarah discovers them , arrests Dylan . Cam comforts Sarah , and the two have a sexual interlude . Browsing through a summer camp scrapbook , Sarah discovers a sketch Cam drew that resembles The Executioner 's drawings ; her new suspicions are confirmed when she sneaks into Cam 's house and discovers Alan 's remains and a bloody knife . Sarah takes the knife and , after luring him out of Robin 's Halloween party , stabs Cam , who takes that same knife and stabs both Sarah and Robin . Sarah escapes to her house , but Cam pursues her and stabs Sarah again . Sarah , along with Dylan , turn the tables , however , stabbing Cam several times and slitting his throat . Four weeks later , a reconciled Sarah and Dylan leave Waterbury , with Robin showing their former house to two prospective buyers and their young daughter , who snaps the neck of a stray cat in the yard . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Six Feet Under '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Five years ago , a group of six summer camp counselors , Peter , Dawn , Noah , Susan , Andi and Talvinder drive beyond camp limits to party . That night , Susan tells the group that she 's found a good swimming hole , so the group follows her , but only Talivinder is excited about the find until she reaches the clearing , finding it lined with torches as Andi informs her that she is going to stand trial for being ' a nasty bitch ' . The other five members then drag what they think to be Talivinder 's dead body into the woods , until at the place where they plan to hide her body she regains consciousness . While Peter wants to take her to the hospital , Dawn refuses to let him take her and Noah tackles him , holding him down while Dawn drags Talivinder away . In the present , the five counselors are burdened by the guilt of what happened , and must return to the former camp , now a commune , to remove and destroy Talivinder 's body when they learn that a resort is going to built on the land , running the risk of having the body be discovered . The group gets a ride up to the commune thanks to the outfitter Gene and his snowmobiles . The people there , Antoine and Renee , the founders of the commune , and Mark , Glen , Judith , Wren , and Kiera , the communes members , are surprised that they have decided to visit in winter . Gene is killed when he goes to the isolated sauna and is surprised by a parka - clad person wielding a chainsaw . When the former counselors go to the site where Talivinder 's body was supposed to be hidden , they find it has disappeared . 5 years ago ( sometime prior to her death ) Talivinder is the newest counselor at the summer camp and Andi is showing her the camp , and Talvinder begins making advances on her boyfriend Peter . Back in the present , Andi is angered by Peter 's optimistic view about rekindling their relationship after going to the police . Searching for the body , Andi finds Talivinder 's skeletal corpse suspended from nearby trees and gets knocked out . Peter later leaves to search for Andi , finding her with her throat slit . Peter returns to the commune with news of Andi 's death , while Antoine tries and fails to contact the outside world via land line . When the former counselors return to their cabin , they find someone has written the words ' I know you killed her ' in blood over their mantle . 5 years ago , after the discovery that Talivinder was still alive and dragged back to the hiding place , she calls out to Peter , repeatedly , that she still loves him . This angers Andi , and she finishes off Talivinder by smashing her head with a rock . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Between Good and Evil '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Jana Sinyor </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Susa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Two years prior to the present , Susan and her husband Luke are walking down the street when they are approached by Andi . After Luke misunderstands the situation and leaves to let the two of them talk , Susan confronts Andi , telling her to stay away as she will defend her new family to death if necessary . In the present , the group clean up the bloody message while Antoine and Renee go looking for Gene , only to find a gruesome snowman decorated with his dismembered body parts . 5 years ago , sometime after Talvinder became a counselor , she and Susan are setting up a fortune telling booth for a camp carnival event . Susan is n't happy about working with her because she thinks she 's too clingy and desperate , and Dawn admonishes her for disliking Talivinder . In the present , the group create a story , in case the commune members are suspicious about Andi 's murder , and Judith and Wren have a quiet chat , where Wren expresses his concern about her after almost walking in on her cutting herself in the bathroom , until Antoine comes in to announce a meeting between both groups . After announcing the discovery of Gene 's body , Antoine , Renee and Pete go out to the snowmobiles to see if they can go for help , only to find all the gas has been siphoned from them . 5 years ago , before the camp carnival is to begin , Talivinder attempts to seduce Susan , but Susan retorts that she sees right through her , angering Talvinder . In the present , the counselor group are unpleasantly surprised when Dawn reveals she has a gun , having packed it just in case . Noah finds a box on the commune 's doorstep , with a note saying ' Stay Warm ! ' attached , that is stuffed with Gene 's bloody clothes . After this discovery , Susan gets angry so she and Noah attempt to walk back to Gene 's store to go for help in her SUV. 5 years ago at the camp carnival , the fortune teller 's booth is trashed and Talvinder accuses Susan of doing it , though Susan tries to protest her innocence . In the present , Susan and Noah discover that the phone line was cut , preventing anyone from calling for help . Renee discusses the disappearance of Talvinder with the commune group , as it caused Renee 's mother to shut down the camp 3 years prior because parents would n't send their kids anymore . Antoine gets suspicious of the former counselors , as the story they gave fits the disappearance 's timeline . After getting too cold and lost in the dark , Susan and Noah are forced to return to the commune , Noah suffering from severe frostbite on his toes . Dawn is surprised during the night by someone trying to get into the cabin , so she fires through the door , alerting the people behind it , Mark and Kiera , to the fact that the counselor group has a gun , angering Renee and demanding the truth from Noah and Susan . Five years ago , while discussing Talvinder 's accusation , Susan leads Andi through the woods to show her Peter and Talvinder having sex . In the present , Peter convinces Dawn to give up the gun , surrendering it to the commune group , but Antoine and Renee take the gun when he ca n't provide a good reason for having it and kick out Susan and Noah to the counselor cabin , telling them not to come back for any reason . When Susan tries to argue with Dawn , claiming innocence in Talvinder 's death , Dawn reminds her she came up with the idea for the trial that went wrong . 5 years ago , Susan tries to comfort Andi after seeing her boyfriend cheat on her , telling her the only way to beat Talvinder is to think like her , to come up with a plan to ensure she never does anything like that again . In the present , Susan left the cabin to go for a walk and is shot by a knock - out dart. 5 years ago , when Talvinder is discovered to be still alive , she apologizes to Susan and begs for her help while Dawn demands to know what to do next , so Susan panics and runs away . In the present , Susan is dragged by her hair by the parka - clad person to a spot where her eyes are gouged out with a broken pipe and her neck is snapped . Juliet is shocked awake when she discovers Wren in her room , though he had come to stand watch over her through the night . Mark and Kiera discover Susan 's body . Two years ago , when Andi tried to talk to Susan , Susan says that the reason she seems so together is that she pretends that Talvinder 's death never happened , dismissing Andi 's concerns about living with the consequences as ' some of us have more to regret than others ' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Saint Sebastian '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> James Hurst </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Three years ago , Antoine , Renee and her girlfriend are going home after a night out . When Antoine walks home alone through an alley , a man in a pickup truck pulls up and insults him about his homosexuality . When the man starts beating him up , Antoine fights back and beats him down before putting his head in his car door and kicking it into him . In the present , after discovering Susan 's body , the two groups begin accusing the others of the murders . Glen lets Noah bunk with him while Dawn and Peter bunk in other rooms . Dawn takes the opportunity , when Judith , her roommate , leaves to get extra blankets to retrieve her gun . Antoine says to Renee that he needs to show her something , and outside he shows her Talvinder 's body in a locked trunk . He had found it last summer while looking for mushrooms in the woods . after he stumbled across it in the woods months prior and he had to hide it to ensure the land deal went through . But after that , he was concerned he 'd left evidence on it and would be accused of her murder so he had to keep it . Renee is angry that Antoine has hidden this from her but agrees to keep the body a secret . Glen gives Noah some drugs for the pain from his frostbite , but makes sure he promises that he wo n't tell anyone he has them , as illicit drugs are banned from the house and spies on Noah from the bathroom keyhole as he is changing . 3 years ago , Antoine is trying to dispose of the evidence of the homophobic man 's murder when Renee invites him over to smoke weed . He expresses his frustration with city life , and Renee tells him about some land her family has that they could use to build their own open community . In the present , Antoine and Renee go out with an auger to hide Talinder 's body , but the ground is frozen and Antoine tries to tear her corpse apart to bury her in different locations . When he fails , Renee convinces him to turn over the body to the police and hide it in the trunk again until they can . Renee , Dawn , Peter , Mark and Glen hike to Glen 's shop to get to the SUV that brought the counselor group there , and Dawn misplaces her gun after Noah is seen holding a similar gun . Juliet finds a note from Wren on her bed that is seemingly romantic in tone . While looking for pain relief , Noah accidentally discovers more of Glen 's pills , one with the name Benny Ironside on the prescription label . The group arrives at Gene 's store , but find his phone line is n't functional because he did n't pay the bill , and the SUV 's battery is dead because Dawn left the lighted mirror over her seat on . Keira discovers Talvinder 's severed hand when going for firewood , which enrages Antoine into confronting and attacking Noah because he was the only member of the counselor group left behind , demanding he tell everything about what happened 5 years ago and why they came back . Noah blames Owen , and before Antoine can hurt him anymore , the group comes back , shocking Renee with his display of violence . Antoine apologizes to her , but refuses her help as he leaves to hide the body . He runs into Judith in the hall , who wanted to discuss his observation of her and Wren earlier , but says it 's natural to want to escape in this situation and he believes it 's harmless . When her gets to the trunk , he finds it empty , and is surprised by the parka - clad person , who knocks him down by pushing over the auger , impaling him in the stomach before turning it on and tearing his insides apart . Glen goes back to his room and Noah confronts him about the different name on the pill bottle . Glen identifies the pills as warfarin , an extremely expensive medication he received for free from a compassion clinic , and they had to print random names on the labels because the practice is considered illegal . Noah does n't believe the story , so Glen warns him not to go through his things again . As Glen prepares some meat for his meal , a piece he puts into the pan has one of Antoine 's tattoos , leading Renee to the shocking revelation that Antoine is dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Night of Hunters '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Story by : Aaron Martin Teleplay by : Naledi Jackson </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> One year ago , Glen is in prison , talking to a confident new inmate while working out , advising him to seek allies . In the present , Glen is throwing up in a sink after the discovery that the meat he was cooking and eating was Antoine . Mark and Renee go out to the shed where Antoine was killed , finding the bloody auger and the rest of his remains in the trunk that was used to hide Talvinder 's body . Judith comforts the grieving Renee , convincing her to take some pills to let her sleep . Mark visits with Dawn , returning the gun Antoine took so she could have it for protection . When Glen angers Noah , he reveals to Kiera and Peter that Glen has a prescription with a different name , but ca n't find in his drawer when tries to show them . This makes Kiera suspicious , so she orders him to stay in Glen 's room until further notice . Kiera and Peter are surprised by a stranger in a parka outside , who they chase down , only to find it to be a woman named Megan McCalister , who claims to be on a memorial trek for her best friend Gail who died of leukemia . Renee is suspicious and strikes her with a statue , giving her a concussion , refusing to listen Kiera trying to tell her Megan was telling the truth because she found a park permit dated the day before at 8 am , from a station 50 kilometers away . When Renee keeps trying to hurt or tie Megan up , Kiera orders her out of the room to tend to Megan . 6 months ago at Glen 's prison , the cocky new inmate is about to be released , saying his first stop on the outside will be a few months in Tamarind Bluffs , and gives Glen a picture postcard from the place . In the present , Peter informs Megan about what 's been happening and she , reluctantly , agrees to help with a trek back down to the main road , but only if the blizzard is gone by morning . In the night , Noah decides to try and get into Glen 's RV in order to find evidence to prove his suspicions about Glen being the killer . 2 months ago , Glen surprises the cocky inmate by visiting him in his RV . That night , as the two are talking , the inmate tells Glen he intends to join an intended community for a fresh start and Glen says he wants to come along too . In the present , Noah sees the freezer in the back has blood on it and opens it for a surprising sight . He takes a picture of it and flees . He tries to get back to the commune , but struggles because he went out in only a hoodie , and is grabbed by a person in black . Noah and Glen 's absence is noticed at dinner , so Peter and Kiera go to look for him . 2 months ago , the cocky inmate is annoyed by Glen 's antics and does n't want him around anymore to remind him of his time in jail . Glen tells him he 's tired and that he 'll drive , pulling him in for a deep kiss , but the inmate breaks it , saying the best day of his life was his release , as it meant he would n't have to look at or touch Glen anymore . This angers Glen , and in his rage he kills him . In the present , Noah is tied up with duct tape as Glen is revealed to be the one who abducted him and is holding him in an abandoned school bus . At the commune , Megan suffers a psychotic break , seeing hallucinations and vomiting before throwing herself down the stairs and breaking her neck . Mark finds toxic berries in Megan 's soup , putting suspicion on Dawn as she was the one who ladled out the soup . Kiera and Peter get to the RV and find the inmate 's body in the freezer . 2 months ago , Glen made it to the commune and is accepted under the dead inmate 's name , revealing ' Glen ' is his false identity and Bruce Ironsides as his real name . In the present , Glen rapes Noah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Out of the Frying Pan '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Lucie Pagé </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Five years ago , Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) is building tents , having trouble , so Noah ( Jim Watson ) helps her out selflessly . She comes on to him a bit , conning him into doing stuff for her . The picture of the hideous acts which later occurred is being painted , one stroke at a time . Not long later , Noah sees Tal heading into the woods with a beer and friends . Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and him both have a thing for her , obviously the former has a better idea of what was going on . Now , Noah 's lying in a bus after being raped by Glenn ( Actually Benny Ironside ) ( Ty Olsson ) . While his captor sleeps , he picks up a kettle and tries beating him with it . That does n't go over well , at all . Out at the camper , Peter and the others have found the corpse in the freezer . They look around to find any clues about who it was , who owns the camper . They find the actual Glenn Morgan 's ID . Judith ( Leslie Hope ) tends to Megan 's dead body when Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) shows up . He believes that anything could happen now . Out in the living room , Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) is still standing accused of poisoning the woman , denying it to Renée ( Joanne Vannicola ) and Mark ( Paulino Nunes ) . This is when Peter and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) come to tell them about Glenn 's true identity , which is n't totally received so hot right away . But some of them will go looking for Benny . Speaking of , he 's strangling Noah to death . His victim manages to toss a bit of fire around and lights the place up , trapping his captor inside the bus . Benny gets out , not before Noah escapes for the time being . Cut back to five years ago , when the group of friends has taken Tal out to the forest , calling her out . Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) , Dawn , and Susan ( Kaitlyn Leeb ) lead them . She 's sentenced to spend a night out there alone with nothing , just what she 's wearing . She pleads to Noah , getting no help . Present day again . Everyone 's looking for Noah now , the bus burning in the distance . They hear him screaming for them . Benny takes off further in the darkness . He goes back to the cabins , breaking through the window and strangling Renée until she 's unconscious . Judith runs and hides from him as he stalks her through the halls . Thankfully , Renée puts a bullet in the big guy , incapacitating him for the time being . Benny 's in trouble , tied to a chair , helpless . When Mark comes out with food and water , he has questions for him . He asks about the snowmobile , the poison in the food . He claims he 's not a killer . He fesses up to one murder , naturally , that he 's Mr. Ironside , saying that killing Glenn was n't a planned thing . Meanwhile , Keira and Dawn help Noah get his clothes off and clean up . This is when the women discover he 's been raped , as well . Back to five years ago again , as Tal chases after the group pleading for them not to leave . They taunt her while they go . Peter protests , whereas Noah calls her a skank and starts a fight with him . Before they leave , Tal brings up something about Susan , a girl named Marcy Rae ; they made out , and when Susan outed her she killed herself . Plus , Tal trots out everyone 's secrets , blackmailing them to take her back out of the woods . Noah yells at her , prompting her to call him pathetic , going hard at him . So he runs after her , angry enough to kill . Present day . Renée , Peter , and Mark discuss what to do next . They realize that Benny may not be the serial killer . So , what 's their best option ? Could lure the real killer using him . Renée 's fixing to get answers of him , believing he killed Antoine , and she starts slicing the guy up with a box cutter . And she 's barred the door so nobody can get inside . Soon , he admits to it just to try ending the torture . This is when she peels a strip off his arm , followed by cutting his throat open . Outside , Noah finds a fire going . But it 's not any of his friends there . He 's stumbled onto the parka killer , who tosses gas on him and lights him ablaze . Immediately we cut back to Noah charging after Tal that night five years ago . He tears her shirt open , then he 's about to rape her right on the truck . Peter rushes in and hauls him off . This sends Tal running into the woods , the others shocked at their friend 's actions . Peter punches him in the face before going after Tal . This has everyone actually worried about the girl instead of murderous . Present day once more . Everyone wakes up , wondering if they 're safe since Benny is dead . Nobody can find Noah , though . Peter and Keira head out to look , coming to the remains of the fire : Noah on top of Tal 's skeletal remains . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Drone '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Floyd Kane </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Back in the past , Mark ( Paulino Nunes ) is having sex in the kitchen with Stephanie , taking pictures . It 's in a restaurant , not far from the staff just outside . In through the door comes a scruffy looking dude ( Dean McDermott ) . He 's pissed at Mark , whose client killed his son in a drunk driving incident ; he obviously got the guy off for the death . The lawyer claims he was just doing a job , but this is not the end . Moments later , the man blows Stephanie 's brains out in front of everybody . He points the gun at Mark , shooting him twice , before turning the gun on himself . Back to the retreat , where Peter ( Lovell Adams - Grey ) and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) have found the corpse of Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) with a burned up Noah ( Jim Watson ) underneath . Turns out he 's still alive . They get him inside , trying to help with his burn wounds . A brutal situation . Mark 's having troubles due to his flashbacks to that day he was shot . Worse , Noah needs a hospital , he can barely breath without a tube getting shoved down his throat . Outside a plane flies over ; they do n't get its attention , though they start making an SOS signal out of branches and logs in hopes it 'll circle back , and that they 'll be ready . Mark also wants to build a couple fires to make smoke signals , so Peter and Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) head further into the woods . Inside , Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) reveals a bit of an inner dark side , he does n't care that there 's a man burned up , dying in front of them , whereas Judith ( Leslie Hope ) hates to see Noah in pain ; she does n't care what the young man did before . Out in the woods , Dawn steps right into a bear trap . They ca n't open it . Peter offers to head back . Although now this leaves her all alone . She has a gun , but that 'll only do so good . She nearly shoots Mark when he turns up , then Peter gets back , too . They manage to get her out . But her leg 's completely broken . She and Mark get closer now , bonding during a terrifying experience , isolated out there . Keira straight out asks Peter if they killed that girl five years ago . From his burned up state , Noah tells Peter that it 's his fault . He admits to his part in what happened , telling Keira it was largely his fault . Downstairs Mark comes to confront everybody . He believes that one of them is the killer , someone in that cabin . He talks about being an attorney before , paid to be a nasty shark . He wants to root out the killer by questioning everybody . However , they 're not happy with that . Nobody 's gon na do that , certainly not Renée ( Joane Vannicola ) . Yet he 's pretty keen on it . He offers for him to represent We Live As One and Dawn to represent the group of friends during this little mock trial . Mark stats with Keira . He figures out eventually she had a patient die on her watch once when she was an ER nurse . She 'd been working a long shift , she messed up , and that was that . Next is Wren . He 's pretty combative and has nothing to say . Judith is n't totally forthcoming , Mark asks her about her strong prescription drugs and she passes it off . He pushes her a bit hard , getting personal , to the point Dawn is n't on board . Judith yells at him . Then comes Renée . She would 've had no reason to kill Antoine , however , Mark wo n't let her forget that she killed Benny , torturing him to death . Mark questions Dawn about why they came up there . She 's honest , explaining they were coming up to find the remains , to move them before the resort was built . She does n't show any remorse . Claims it was an accident and goes on about how Talvinder was n't innocent . Whatever relationship they 'd started building together has fallen apart , as Mark rages at her . When he goes to interrogate Peter , they 've all had enough of him stirring the place into madness . Everybody 's slowly starting to crumble , turning against one another . This leads to the lawyer pulling out that gun ; an interesting parallel to the opening scene . Simultaneously , Noah chokes to death , succumbing to his brutal wounds . Renée puts aside the anger , asking Mark to go with her someplace . She tells him , vaguely , somebody said something they should n't have known about the past . They head out to a spot where there 's a small cabin . She heads in while he stays out , guarding with the gun . This is when we flash back two years ago , Mark first coming to We Live As One . He meets Antoine ( Christopher Jacot ) , Renée , Judith , as they welcome him with open arms . They 're all bright eyed , bushy tailed , ready to live an alternative lifestyle in the midst of nature . Quite different from how it is now . Especially with a chainsaw revving in the distance . Renée finds a box of things from 2012 marked Camp Motega . She looks through it and comes across the files of the group of friends , from Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) to Talvinder to Dawn and the rest . And then we see Wren . Outside the killer , covered in blood , arrives on snowmobile . He runs Mark down hard . Then he puts a couple bullets into Renée as she runs away . She does n't make it very far . The killer takes the file from her , then we hear the sounds of him running her over , the wet sounds of the blood , her last scream . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Dawn of the Dead '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Amanda Fahey </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Five years ago , Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) and Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) are close . Talking together about the future , what it 'll be like fully entering adulthood , how they should move in together . A macabre match cut takes us from Dawn twirling her fingers through Tal 's living hair to the dead hair on the corpse 's head . Then she winds up toppling the remains over onto her . Meanwhile , Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) have found the snowmobile , covered in blood and gore . Plus , no gas , no Renée ( Joanne Vannicola ) -- well , at least not much . Suspicions are high , Keira wonders if it was Dawn who could be the killer , even if Peter is n't convinced . Jump back to five years prior . Dawn and the other counselors teach kids to do all kinds of stuff , like archery . She was particularly close to one dude , Ryan . This is also when we see Owen ( Wren ) talking to Tal , pressing her to go out with him , being creepy . Nothing gets any better at the retreat . Peter thinks Mark is the killer . Mark finds one of the pictures from the files on Renée , and it 's Peter . Five years ago again . Tal and Dawn talk about the latter sleeping with a married man ; her stepfather , in fact . She wrecked her own home , doing it to get back at her mother . At Camp Motega , she did n't want to add to her body count , and so she intended on taking it slow with Ryan . This is where we see her bonding , deeply , with Tal . At the cabin , Mark puts a pill in Peter 's beer , as they all sit around trying to forget their grim reality , at least for a moment . They try a game of Never Have I Ever . He has a flashback to five years before , he and Tal lying together out in the woods . She tells him about moving in with Dawn when they go back home , what they ought to do about their relationship . He made some promises , ones he appears to want to go back on . Breaking her heart a bit . Later , she listens to Dawn talking lovingly of Ryan , and she laments the love she just lost . And the drugs are kicking in on Peter . He stumbles outside , so Mark locks the door . Dawn was a part of it , of course . Keira 's the only one who seems to not believe in what the others are sure of already . Things are getting really ugly . Go back five years . Dawn wants Tal to talk her up to Ryan . The trusted friend goes to him , trying to work her magic . He asks if Dawn ever mentions him . She gives him a generic answer , not talking Dawn up whatsoever . Tal 's doing what she does , acting deviously behind the backs of the people who seem to like her ; she lies about Dawn 's stepfather , making it out to look like she was molested . In the woods , Peter is stumbling , drugged on ketamine , out in the cold . At the cabins , Wren and Judith ( Leslie Hope ) hook up in one room . In the living room , Dawn tries getting closer to Mark , in a genuine way , talking to him about her past . She also admits that all that 's happened is because of her , her friends . She wants to own up to the guilt . Five years ago , once more . Tal lies to Dawn that she 's not Ryan 's type because he likes really skinny , small girls . This clearly devastates her friend . That night , Dawn gets drunk and starts getting a bit wild in front of everyone , talking to Ryan . But he mentions the stepfather stuff , and then she realizes her friend is not actually her friend . Out in the woods , Peter comes across a shrine , bloody , candles lit . Above it is a mannequin , hanging by the neck . Back at the retreat , Judith finds the gun in Wren 's jacket ; the one the killer supposedly took from Renée . She nearly uses it on him , deciding not to at the last moment . Peter goes back to the cabin , more information now , but when Dawn lets him inside Mark runs at him , knocking him out . After that Keira is pissed . She believes maybe Mark is the killer now . Yet there 's a piece of Andi 's hair in Peter 's pocket . So strange , so creepy . Go back again , five years ago . Dawn and the other girls plot against Tal . They go from silly little pranks , to more serious things . They want to scare the life out of her . They decide to put her on trial , leaving her in the woods to walk home alone . Present day , Judith 's having trouble , worried Wren is the killer . She considers blowing her own brains out , until he finds her out there . He confesses his love for her . She says she loves him , too . However , when Mark comes running towards them , Wren shoots him in the head . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Past is Never Dead '' </Td> <Td> Felipe Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Aaron Martin </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Five years ago , Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) , Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and the rest of the friends are carefully enacting their calculated plan to get revenge on Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) . They take her out to that spot in the woods with the lit torches . They 've got her on trial . She 's made to stand in the middle of a circle . They all call her out , starting with Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) . Conveniently , Andi does n't blame Peter , which Tal uses against her . Susan ( Kaitlyn Leeb ) calls her nothing . Eventually Dawn has her say , feeling utterly betrayed ; she 's the one who really has the most genuine reason . Peter does n't bash her , instead apologizing to his girlfriend for what he 's done . Cut to a little later , when Noah ( Jim Watson ) almost rapes her on the truck . Then she 's rushing off into the woods , the others worried for her . But Tal wo n't turn back . She winds up tripping and smashing her head . They find her in a ditch . She seems dead , so they all react with horror . They drag her off , she 's still alive . Andi smashes her head , she still wo n't die . And Dawn takes the rock , smashing her once more . Noah takes his turn , as well . Laying the killing blow , it seems . Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) is heading back to the cabin , after killing Mark , Judith ( Leslie Hope ) is pleading with him not to do anything else terrible . He 's bent on revenge . They let him take the fall for Talvinder 's disappearance . All she asks is that Keira is left alive . Back at the cabins , Judith reels off a lie about Mark , that he was going to kill her . And she says she shot him . Taking the blame . Lulling Dawn in . Except the young woman does n't believe it , she knows it 's lies . Five years ago . The friends are reeling in the aftermath of what they 've done , people are asking where Tal has gone . They 're trying to figure out the next course of action . Their lives changed for the worse , and they had to either deal or go to prison for the rest of their lives . Present day , the gang at the retreat hear a snowmobile . A woman named Janice arrives looking for her boyfriend , Gene . She thinks We Live As One are a cult , but Peter tries explaining , asking for help . Janice has room for one on her machine ; Judith tries desperately to send Keira , only Keira wo n't have it , wanting it to be Dawn , so she might get medical attention . But Wren , he 's intent on killing more . He wants Judith to help and she wo n't , he starts getting worse . He 's a sad , lonely , murderous man . He says she 'll die alone and she grabs him , throwing him at the mirror . Except nobody 's there . Just her . Soon , Peter and Keira find her , bloodied , unconscious . They put her to bed , then decide they 've got to find Mark 's corpse , confirm he 's dead . Peter heads out while she stays to look after Judith . Judith has worse problems . She continually hears Wren in her head , commanding her . We jump back five years . Wren a.k.a Owen leaves his cabin at Camp Motega , and in slips Dawn to drop a piece of Tal 's jewelry into his things . Present day , Peter comes across Mark 's dead body . Nearby he sees the footprints , he tries re-imagining the crime . He knows something 's not right . Elsewhere , Dawn and Janice try getting out of the forest , but they stop a moment across the way from the parka killer , who fires on both women , bleeding Janice out . Dawn makes it away , though she 's soon shot in the river . Who 's behind the mask ? Judith . At the cabin , Peter finds Keira unconscious , propane filling the house . Then he sees a bunch of letters in Judith 's room . They 're from Wren , in jail . To his mother , Judith . Peter does the only thing he can , carrying Keira through the woods . Only to run into Judith . She says one lives , the other dies . A tough choice . We 're finally seeing the full extent of things now after a flashback , why the noose was in that shrine Peter found -- Judith has hallucinated Owen , the entire time . He hanged himself in jail . Peter puts the noose around his neck and steps from the ledge over the shrine , hanging himself as Judith watches , flashing to images of her son slowly dying . But another surprise , as well -- up the river , Dawn is still alive , on shore , and two hunters find her there bleeding profusely . When Keira wakes up she sees Peter hanging . She also finds a letter Peter wrote to Talvinder 's parents , confessing to the crime , trying to give them closure . Admitting that Owen was innocent , they laid the crime on him . Skip ahead a bit : Keira is safe , back home . She meets with Dawn , who 's preparing to turn herself in to the police , to atone for her terrible sins . From a distance , Judith watches them , still followed by the haunting ghost of her son . Neither of them have forgotten Dawn , they 'll wait until she 's free . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Development and production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Aaron Martin was inspired to write Slasher after his work on the first season of the medical series Saving Hope , including his writing of two Hope episodes where , in his words , `` people got chopped up . '' Martin would write the first episode of Slasher as a spec script , with two intentions for doing so : To offer it to prospective studios , and to show a writing style that was different from his previous work ( e.g. Saving Hope , Degrassi : The Next Generation , Being Erica ) . Though the script did not receive immediate interest , Shaftesbury Films would discover and option it to prospective broadcasters . The script would land at Canadian premium network Super Channel , who , their interest piqued in part by Slasher 's fixed - end format , would order it as a series . The American network Chiller , which specializes in the horror / thriller genre , would join in production sometime after Super Channel ; Slasher would be Chiller 's first foray into original scripted series content . </P> <P> Production on Slasher 's 8 - episode first season was announced on July 28 , 2015 , with filming taking place between then and October 2015 . Three Northern Ontario municipalities -- the cities of Sudbury and Sault Ste . Marie and the town of Parry Sound -- would stand in for the show 's fictitious location , the town of Waterbury . A first trailer for the series would be released on November 26 , 2015 . </P> <P> Unlike most TV series that film their episodes in order , Slasher , under the direction of Craig David Wallace , was shot as if it were a `` super-sized '' movie : Scenes from multiple episodes were shot at the same time , with the availability of locations and cast being factored in . The out - of - order schedule allowed the actors to know of their characters ' fates , especially those who had to film their death scenes one day but return later to film earlier scenes as necessary . As an example of this , Martin cited Mark Ghanimé 's first day on set , when his character , Justin Faysal , was laid out in a casket for a scene early in Slasher 's third episode ( Justin 's death , which took place in Episode 2 , would be filmed later on ) . </P> <P> On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . Shaftesbury Films confirmed that the series will not be returning to Super Channel or Chiller for a second season . However , Netflix acquired the rights to the second season . The second season was released via Netflix on October 17 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Slasher has received positive reviews . Zap2it called the series `` a whole lot of fun '' and `` something for everyone , '' praising the series ' anthology nature , its cast of characters , storyline , plot twists , bloody violence , and even the series - within - the - series Falcon Husbandry ( shown as a favorite of Robin and Justin 's in Episode 2 ) . Bloody Disgusting awarded the show four skulls out of five , praising Katie McGrath as a great `` protagonist and possible final girl '' and the series ' decision to feature an adult cast , rather than teenagers , with well - developed characters and a `` decidedly classic '' presentation . On the occasion of Slasher 's Super Channel premiere , The Globe and Mail 's John Doyle , while remarking that it `` is no masterpiece of horror , nor was it meant to be , '' called the show `` very well - crafted , '' praising its `` exceptional cast '' and tight pacing , and noting fans of gory horror will appreciate its bloody scenes . </P> <H3> Awards and accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 5th Annual Canadian Screen Awards </Td> <Td> Best TV Movie or Limited Series </Td> <Td> Slasher </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Writing in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series </Td> <Td> Steve Byers </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series </Td> <Td> Wendy Crewson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> On May 25 , 2016 , the entire first season of Slasher became available to stream instantly on Netflix US . On October 17 , 2017 , the full second season of Slasher became available to stream on Netflix in various countries . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Brzoznowski , Kristin . `` Super Channel Sets April Premiere for Original Series Slasher '' . TVDrama.ws . World Screen ( WSN Inc . ) . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chiller and Shaftesbury Announce Start of Production and Cast for `` Slasher '' `` . The Futon Critic . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lights , camera , action ... ' Slasher ' TV series begins filming in Orangeville '' . Orangeville Banner . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher returns for a second season '' . Playback Online . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` October 2017 New Netflix Releases '' . WhatsonNetlix . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Urqyhart - White , Alaina ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Is ' Slasher 2 : Guilty Party ' A True Story ? The Netflix Series Honors Some Legendary Horror Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Patrick Hipes . `` Chiller Unveils First Original Series ' Slasher ' , More New Movies '' . Deadline Hollywood . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher delivers a good old - fashioned murder mystery , '' from The TV Junkies , 3 / 3 / 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Conversation with ' Slasher ' Creator Aaron Martin , '' from TheTelevixen , 3 / 4 / 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Katie McGrath , Brandon Jay McLaren , Wendy Crewson & More To Star In Chiller 's Anthology Series ' Slasher ' '' . TVWise . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apr 1 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Steve Byers on Twitter : `` Welcome to Waterbury Canada . # Slasher starts any minute on @ SuperChannel @ SlasherSeries '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher Premieres With Two Back - to - Back Episodes , '' from TheTeleVixen.com , 3 / 2 / 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Recap for Slasher Season 1 , Episode 3 from ChillerTV.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mario Giglio . `` Slasher : Chiller stellt Cast seiner Horrorserie auf '' . Serienjunkies ( in German ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Recap of Chiller Season 1 , Episode 6 from ChillerTV.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` John Doyle : If gore 's your thing , Slasher will slay you , '' from The Globe and Mail , 4 / 3 / 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Erin Karpluk Ventures Into New Territory on ' Slasher ' , '' from TheTelevixen.com , 3 / 25 / 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Recap of Slasher Season 1 , Episode 2 from ChillerTV.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Lead Prime Time '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mario Giglio ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Slasher : Erster Trailer zur Horrorserie von Chiller '' . Serienjunkies . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aaron Martin Talks Slasher 's First Season And Teases The Finale , '' from TheTeleVixen , 4 / 15 / 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Slasher ' : Guts & gore galore and 5 more reasons to watch Chiller 's first scripted series '' . Zap2it.com . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( TV Review ) Chiller 's ' Slasher ' Impresses With More Drama Than Kills ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nat Brehmer . `` New on Netflix : May 27th , 2016 '' . Wicked Horror . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` October 2017 New Netflix Releases '' . WhatsonNetlix . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Slasher on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slasher_(TV_series)&oldid=819375334 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2010s American drama television series </Li> <Li> 2016 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> American anthology television series </Li> <Li> American drama television series </Li> <Li> American horror fiction television series </Li> <Li> American mystery television series </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Serial drama television series </Li> <Li> Thriller television series </Li> <Li> 2010s Canadian drama television series </Li> <Li> 2016 Canadian television series debuts </Li> <Li> Canadian horror fiction television series </Li> <Li> Super Channel shows </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Unfit url </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox television with editor parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 01 : 07 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where was the first season of slasher filmed

If a tree falls in a forest - wikipedia <H1> If a tree falls in a forest </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the 2011 documentary , see If a Tree Falls : A Story of the Earth Liberation Front . A fallen tree in a forest <P> `` If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it , does it make a sound ? '' is a philosophical thought experiment that raises questions regarding observation and perception . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Metaphysics <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The possibility of unperceived existence </Li> <Li> 2.2 Knowledge of the unobserved world </Li> <Li> 2.3 The dissimilarity between sensation and reality </Li> <Li> 2.4 Buddhist perspectives <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Tibetan </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Zen <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 2.1 Hui - neng 's Flag </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2.2 Hui - neng Receives The Dharma </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Hinduism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Philosopher George Berkeley , in his work , A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ( 1710 ) , proposes , `` But , say you , surely there is nothing easier than for me to imagine trees , for instance , in a park ( ... ) and nobody by to perceive them . ( ... ) The objects of sense exist only when they are perceived ; the trees therefore are in the garden ( ... ) no longer than while there is somebody by to perceive them . '' ( It is worth noting that the quote from section 45 is arguably a statement of an objection to Berkeley 's view , and not a proclamation of it . ) Nevertheless , Berkeley never actually wrote about the question . </P> <P> Some years later , a similar question is posed . It is unknown whether the source of this question is Berkeley or not . In June 1883 in the magazine The Chautauquan , the question was put , `` If a tree were to fall on an island where there were no human beings would there be any sound ? '' They then went on to answer the query with , `` No . Sound is the sensation excited in the ear when the air or other medium is set in motion . '' This seems to imply that the question is posed not from a philosophical viewpoint , but from a purely scientific one . The magazine Scientific American corroborated the technical aspect of this question , while leaving out the philosophic side , a year later when they asked the question slightly reworded , `` If a tree were to fall on an uninhabited island , would there be any sound ? '' And gave a more technical answer , `` Sound is vibration , transmitted to our senses through the mechanism of the ear , and recognized as sound only at our nerve centers . The falling of the tree or any other disturbance will produce vibration of the air . If there be no ears to hear , there will be no sound . '' </P> <P> Albert Einstein is reported to have asked his fellow physicist and friend Niels Bohr , one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics , whether he realistically believed that ' the moon does not exist if nobody is looking at it . ' To this Bohr replied that however hard he ( Einstein ) may try , he would not be able to prove that it does , thus giving the entire riddle the status of a kind of an infallible conjecture -- one that can not be either proved or disproved . </P> <P> The current phrasing appears to have originated in the 1910 book Physics by Charles Riborg Mann and George Ransom Twiss . The question `` When a tree falls in a lonely forest , and no animal is near by to hear it , does it make a sound ? Why ? '' is posed along with many other questions to quiz readers on the contents of the chapter , and as such , is posed from a purely physical point of view . </P> <H2> Metaphysics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The possibility of unperceived existence ( edit ) </H3> Main article : George Berkeley <P> Can something exist without being perceived ? -- e.g. `` is sound only sound if a person hears it ? '' The most immediate philosophical topic that the riddle introduces involves the existence of the tree ( and the sound it produces ) outside of human perception . If no one is around to see , hear , touch or smell the tree , how could it be said to exist ? What is it to say that it exists when such an existence is unknown ? Of course , from a scientific viewpoint , it exists . It is human beings that are able to perceive it . George Berkeley in the 18th century developed subjective idealism , a metaphysical theory to respond to these questions , coined famously as `` to be is to be perceived '' . Today meta - physicists are split . According to substance theory , a substance is distinct from its properties , while according to bundle theory , an object is merely its sense data . The definition of sound , simplified , is a hearable noise . The tree will make a sound , even if nobody heard it . The definition states that sound is a hearable noise . So the tree could have been heard , though nobody was around to do so . </P> <H3> Knowledge of the unobserved world ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Observer - expectancy effect <P> Can we assume the unobserved world functions the same as the observed world ? -- e.g. , `` does observation affect outcome ? '' A similar question does not involve whether or not an unobserved event occurs predictably , like it occurs when it is observed . The anthropic principle suggests that the observer , just in its existence , may impose on the reality observed . However , most people , as well as scientists , assume that the observer does n't change whether the tree - fall causes a sound or not , but this is an impossible claim to prove . However , many scientists would argue as follows , `` A truly unobserved event is one which realises no effect ( imparts no information ) on any other ( where ' other ' might be e.g. , human , sound - recorder or rock ) , it therefore can have no legacy in the present ( or ongoing ) wider physical universe . It may then be recognized that the unobserved event was absolutely identical to an event which did not occur at all . '' ( this apparent quote has no attribution or reference and none can be found online with reasonable effort ) . Of course , the fact that the tree is known to have changed state from ' upright ' to ' fallen ' implies that the event must be observed to ask the question at all -- even if only by the supposed deaf onlooker . The British philosopher of science Roy Bhaskar , credited with developing critical realism has argued , in apparent reference to this riddle , that : </P> <P> If men ceased to exist sound would continue to travel and heavy bodies to fall to the earth in exactly the same way , though ex hypothesi there would be no - one to know it </P> <P> This existence of an unobserved real is integral to Bhaskar 's ontology , which contends ( in opposition to the various strains of positivism which have dominated both natural and social science in the twentieth century ) that ' real structures exist independently of and are often out of phase with the actual patterns of events ' . In social science , this has made his approach popular amongst contemporary Marxists -- notably Alex Callinicos -- who postulate the existence of real social forces and structures which might not always be observable . </P> <H3> The dissimilarity between sensation and reality ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Qualia <P> What is the difference between what something is , and how it appears ? -- e.g. , `` sound is the variation of pressure that propagates through matter as a wave '' Perhaps the most important topic the riddle offers is the division between perception of an object and how an object really is . If a tree exists outside of perception then there is no way for us to know that the tree exists . So then , what do we mean by ' existence ' , what is the difference between perception and reality ? Also , people may also say , if the tree exists outside of perception ( as common sense would dictate ) , then it will produce sound waves . However , these sound waves will not actually sound like anything . Sound as it is mechanically understood will occur , but sound as it is understood by sensation will not occur . So then , how is it known that ' sound as it is mechanically understood ' will occur if that sound is not perceived ? </P> <H3> Buddhist perspectives ( edit ) </H3> Tibetan ( edit ) <P> from The Thirty - Seven Bodhisattva Practices by Ngulchu Thogme Zangpo , </P> <P> `` 22 Appearances are one 's own mind . From the beginning , mind 's nature is free from the extremes of elaboration . Knowing this , not to engage the mind in subject - object duality is the bodhisattva 's practice . '' </P> Zen ( edit ) Hui - neng 's flag ( edit ) <P> There is a well - known story of Hui - neng , a well - respected Buddhist monk who later became known as the founder of the Zen school , who one day happened to be passing by two monks . </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` Two monks were arguing about the temple flag waving in the wind . One said , `` The flag moves . '' The other said , `` The wind moves . '' They argued back and forth but could not agree . </Dd> <Dd> The Sixth Ancestor said , `` Gentlemen ! It is not the wind that moves ; it is not the flag that moves ; it is your mind that moves . '' The two monks were struck with awe . '' </Dd> <Dd> - The Mumonkan Case 29 , translation by Robert Aitken </Dd> </Dl> Hui - neng receives the dharma ( edit ) <P> One day the monks at Huang - mei monastery were instructed to write a stanza in order that their master Hung - jen might decide who would inherit the dharma throne . All of the monks assumed that a certain senior disciple Shen - hsui would win and thus did n't even bother writing stanzas . Shen - hsui assumed he would win too , and wrote the following stanza on the monastery wall : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The body is a Bodhi tree , </Dd> <Dd> the mind a standing mirror bright . </Dd> <Dd> At all times polish it diligently , </Dd> <Dd> and let no dust alight . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Due to the danger surrounding him if he were to openly challenge the senior monk Shen - hsui , Hui - neng went out one night while it was completely dark and wrote the following stanza in secret : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Bodhi originally has no tree . </Dd> <Dd> The bright mirror also has no stand . </Dd> <Dd> Fundamentally there is not a single thing . </Dd> <Dd> Where could dust arise ? </Dd> </Dl> <P> Later , master Hung - jen saw this stanza and reaffirmed that he who had written it had indeed opened his mind 's eye . Finding it was Hui - neng , master Hung - jen then gave Hui - neng the secret dharma teachings of their lineage , which Hui - neng says completely opened his mind , and gave the young Hui - neng the dharma robe and stick , symbolizing his status as Patriarch of the lineage . Hung - jen told Hui - neng that he must then flee the monastery for fear of Shen - hsui and his followers killing Hui - neng . Hui - neng did as he was told and then later returned from living with some hunters to become The Sixth Patriarch and pass on The Dharma in such forms as The Sutra Spoken by The Sixth Patriarch . Hui - neng also started the Sudden School which taught that Mind is realized instantaneously while Shen - hsui started the Gradual School which taught , similar to his stanza above , a sort of dust - wiping meditation . Zen today embodies Hui - neng 's Sudden School style , particularly with Satori . </P> <H3> Hinduism ( edit ) </H3> <P> The ancient Hindu texts , the Vedas and the Puranas , have defined several theories of creation -- one of them being the ' Drishti - srishti - vada ' ( Drishti = Sight , Srishti = Universe , Vada = Theory ) , which puts forth the argument that the universe , or that which is seen , arises only after the seer , and has no independent existence apart from the seer . The very name of the theory is derived from the order of precedence of sight and the seen -- first there is sight ( ' Drishti ' ) and then there is the seen ( ' Srishti ' ) . </P> <P> The famous 20th century Tamil saint Sri Ramana Maharshi , also made numerous references to the world being only a concept in the mind . </P> <P> `` The mind is like akasa ( space ) . Just as there are the objects in the akasa , so there are thoughts in the mind . The akasa is the counterpart of the mind and objects are of thought . One can not hope to measure the universe and study the phenomena . It is impossible . For the objects are mental creations ... The universe is only an object created by the mind and has its being in the mind . '' ( Talks with Sri Ramana Maharshi , pp. 478 -- 479 ) . </P> <P> `` The shrutis ( a subdivision of the Vedas ) and the sages say that the objects are only mental creations . They have no substantive being . Investigate the matter and ascertain the truth of the statement . The result will be the conclusion that the objective world is in the subjective consciousness . '' ( TWSRM , p. 479 ) . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> Canadian songwriter , social activist and environmentalist Bruce Cockburn poses the question in the chorus of his 1989 song `` If a Tree Falls '' and frames it with his lyrics as a pressing question regarding the cause and effect of deforestation . </P> <P> Washington - state - based wilderness conservatory Northwest Trek used a shortened form of the quote in its mid-1970s television advertisement , as such : `` There is no sound unless someone is there to see it or hear it . Experience it at Northwest Trek . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Counterfactual definiteness </Li> <Li> Descartes ' dream argument </Li> <Li> Epistemology </Li> <Li> Object ( philosophy ) </Li> <Li> Observer effect ( physics ) </Li> <Li> Kōan </Li> <Li> Ontology </Li> <Li> Schrödinger 's cat </Li> <Li> Principle of locality </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge , 1734 . section 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge , 1734 . section 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whether Berkeley thought objects continued to exist when unperceived by finite minds , and if so , in what manner , is the subject of serious debate among Berkeley scholars . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Chautauquan , June 1883 , Volume 3 , Issue 9 , p. 543 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scientific American , April 5 , 1884 , pg 218 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mann , Charles Riborg and George Ransom Twiss . Physics . Scott , Foresman and Co. , 1910 , p. 235 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` What is Philosophy ? -- Analysis '' , Plymouth State University , Philosophy Department </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhaskar , R. ( 2008 ( 1975 ) ) , A Realist Theory of Science , London : Verso , p. 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhaskar , R. ( 2008 ( 1975 ) ) , A Realist Theory of Science , London : Verso , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsh , D. ( 2002 ) , `` Marxism '' , in Marsh D. Stoker , G. ( Eds . ) , Theory and Methods in Political Science , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsh , D , & Furlong , P. ( 2002 ) , `` Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science '' , in Marsh D. Stoker , G. ( Eds . ) , Theory and Methods in Political Science , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Callinicos , A. ( 2006 ) , The Resources of Critique , Cambridge : Polity , pp. 155 -- 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watts 1962 , pp. 111 -- 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Buddhist Bible , `` Sutra Spoken by The Sixth Patriarch '' </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_a_tree_falls_in_a_forest&oldid=812540716 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fictional trees </Li> <Li> Riddles </Li> <Li> Philosophical problems </Li> <Li> Thought experiments in philosophy of mind </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 12 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who said if a tree falls in the woods and nobody hears it

Uralic languages - wikipedia <H1> Uralic languages </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Urali language . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Uralic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Uralian languages </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geographic distribution </Th> <Td> Central , Eastern , and Northern Europe , North Asia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Linguistic classification </Th> <Td> One of the world 's primary language families </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proto - language </Th> <Td> Proto - Uralic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Finnic </Li> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Khanty </Li> <Li> Mansi </Li> <Li> Mari </Li> <Li> Mordvinic </Li> <Li> Permic </Li> <Li> Sami </Li> <Li> Samoyedic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 639 - 5 </Th> <Td> urj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glottolog </Th> <Td> ural1272 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Geographical distribution of the Uralic languages </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Uralic languages ( / jʊəˈrælɪk / ; sometimes called Uralian languages / jʊəˈreɪliən / ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people , predominantly in Northern Eurasia . The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian , Finnish , and Estonian , which are the official languages of Hungary , Finland , and Estonia , respectively , and of the European Union . Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya , Moksha , Mari , Udmurt , and Komi , which are officially recognized languages in various regions of Russia . </P> <P> The name `` Uralic '' derives from the fact that the areas where the languages are spoken are found on both sides of the Ural Mountains . Also , the original homeland ( Urheimat ) is commonly hypothesized to be in the vicinity of the Urals . </P> <P> Finno - Ugric is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic , though Finno - Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages . Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Homeland </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early attestations </Li> <Li> 1.3 Uralic studies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Classification <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Traditional classification </Li> <Li> 2.2 Lexical isoglosses </Li> <Li> 2.3 Phonological isoglosses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Typology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Grammar </Li> <Li> 3.2 Phonology </Li> <Li> 3.3 Lexicography <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Selected cognates </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Mutual intelligibility </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Comparison </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Possible relations with other families <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Indo - Uralic </Li> <Li> 4.2 Uralic -- Yukaghir </Li> <Li> 4.3 Eskimo -- Uralic </Li> <Li> 4.4 Uralo - Siberian </Li> <Li> 4.5 Ural -- Altaic </Li> <Li> 4.6 Nostratic </Li> <Li> 4.7 Eurasiatic </Li> <Li> 4.8 Uralo - Dravidian </Li> <Li> 4.9 Uralic skepticism </Li> <Li> 4.10 Other comparisons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References <Ul> <Li> 7.1 External classification </Li> <Li> 7.2 Linguistic issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 External links <Ul> <Li> 8.1 `` Rebel '' Uralists </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Proto - Uralic <H3> Homeland ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Proto - Uralic homeland hypotheses <P> In recent times , linguists often place the Urheimat ( original homeland ) of the Proto - Uralic language in the vicinity of the Volga River , west of the Urals , close to the Urheimat of the Indo - European languages , or to the east and southeast of the Urals . Historian Gyula László places its origin in the forest zone between the Oka River and central Poland . E. N. Setälä and M. Zsirai place it between the Volga and Kama Rivers . According to E. Itkonen , the ancestral area extended to the Baltic Sea . P. Hajdu has suggested a homeland in western and northwestern Siberia . </P> <H3> Early attestations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first plausible mention of a Uralic people is in Tacitus 's Germania ( c. 98 AD ) , mentioning the Fenni ( usually interpreted as referring to the Sami ) and two other possibly Uralic tribes living in the farthest reaches of Scandinavia . There are many possible earlier mentions , including the Iyrcae ( perhaps related to Yugra ) described by Herodotus living in what is now European Russia , and the Budini , described by Herodotus as notably red - haired ( a characteristic feature of the Udmurts ) and living in northeast Ukraine and / or adjacent parts of Russia . In the late 15th century , European scholars noted the resemblance of the names Hungaria and Yugria , the names of settlements east of the Ural . They assumed a connection but did not seek linguistic evidence . </P> <H3> Uralic Studies ( edit ) </H3> The Siberian origin of Hungarians was long hypothesized by European scholars . Here , Sigismund von Herberstein 's 1549 map of Moscovia shows `` Yugra from where the Hungarians originated '' ( Iuhra inde ungaroru origo ) , east of the Ob River . The Ural Mountains in the middle of the maps are labeled Montes dicti Cingulus Terræ ( `` The mountains called the Girdle of the Earth '' ) <P> The affinity of Hungarian and Finnish was first proposed in the late 17th century . Two of the more important contributors were the German scholar Martin Vogel , who established several grammatical and lexical parallels between Finnish and Hungarian , and the Swedish scholar Georg Stiernhielm , who commented on the similarities of Sami , Estonian and Finnish , and also on a few similar words between Finnish and Hungarian . These two authors were the first to outline what was to become the classification of the Finno - Ugric , and later Uralic family . This proposal received some of its initial impetus from the fact that these languages , unlike most of the other languages spoken in Europe , are not part of what is now known as the Indo - European family . </P> <P> In 1717 , Swedish professor Olof Rudbeck proposed about 100 etymologies connecting Finnish and Hungarian , of which about 40 are still considered valid . In the same year , the German scholar Johann Georg von Eckhart , in an essay published in Leibniz 's Collectanea Etymologica , proposed for the first time a relation to the Samoyedic languages . </P> <P> In 1730 , Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published his book Das Nord - und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia ( The North and East Parts of Europe and Asia ) , surveying the geography , peoples and languages of Russia . All the main groups of the Uralic languages were already identified here . Nonetheless , these relationships were not widely accepted . Hungarian intellectuals especially were not interested in the theory and preferred to assume connections with Turkic tribes , an attitude characterized by Merritt Ruhlen as due to `` the wild unfettered Romanticism of the epoch '' . Still , in spite of this hostile climate , the Hungarian Jesuit János Sajnovics travelled with Maximilian Hell to survey the alleged relationship between Hungarian and Sami . Sajnovics published his results in 1770 , arguing for a relationship based on several grammatical features . In 1799 , the Hungarian Sámuel Gyarmathi published the most complete work on Finno - Ugric to that date . </P> Uralic languages in the Russian Empire ( Russian Census of 1897 ; the census was not held in Finland because it was an autonomous area ) <P> Progress resumed after a number of decades , with the first major field research expeditions on the Uralic languages spoken in the more eastern parts of Russia . These were made in the 1840s by Matthias Castrén ( 1813 -- 1852 ) and Antal Reguly ( 1819 -- 1858 ) , who focused especially on the Samoyedic and the Ob - Ugric languages , respectively . Reguly 's materials were worked on by the Hungarian linguist Pál Hunfalvy ( 1810 -- 1891 ) and German Josef Budenz ( 1836 -- 1892 ) , who both supported the Uralic affinity of Hungarian . Budenz was the first scholar to bring this result to popular consciousness in Hungary , and to attempt a reconstruction of the Proto - Finno - Ugric grammar and lexicon . Another late - 19th - century Hungarian contribution is that of Ignácz Halász ( 1855 -- 1901 ) , who published extensive comparative material of Finno - Ugric and Samoyedic in the 1890s , and whose work is at the base of today 's wide acceptance of the inclusion of Samoyedic as a part of Uralic . Meanwhile , in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland , a chair for Finnish language and linguistics at the University of Helsinki was created in 1850 , first held by Castrén . </P> <P> In 1883 , the Finno - Ugrian Society was founded in Helsinki on the proposal of Otto Donner , and during the late 19th and early 20th century ( until the separation of Finland from Russia following the Russian revolution ) , a large number of stipendiates were sent by the Society to survey the less known Uralic languages . Major researchers of this period included Heikki Paasonen ( studying especially the Mordvinic languages ) , Yrjö Wichmann ( studying Permic ) , Artturi Kannisto ( Mansi ) , Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen ( Khanty ) , Toivo Lehtisalo ( Nenets ) , and Kai Donner ( Kamass ) . The vast amounts of data collected on these expeditions would provide edition work for later generations of Finnish Uralicists for more than a century . </P> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> Relative numbers of speakers of Uralic languages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Hungarian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 56 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Finnish </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Estonian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 4.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Erzya </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 2.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Moksha </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 2.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mari </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Udmurt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Komi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Other </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 8.9 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Uralic family comprises nine undisputed groups with no consensus classification between them . ( Some of the proposals are listed in the next section . ) An agnostic approach treats them as separate branches . </P> <P> Obsolete or native names are displayed in italics . </P> <Ul> <Li> Finnic ( Fennic , Baltic Finnic , Balto - Finnic , Balto - Fennic ) </Li> <Li> Hungarian ( Magyar ) </Li> <Li> Khanty ( Ostyak , Handi , Hantõ ) </Li> <Li> Mansi ( Vogul ) </Li> <Li> Mari ( Cheremis ) </Li> <Li> Mordvinic ( Mordvin , Mordvinian ) </Li> <Li> Permic ( Permian ) </Li> <Li> Sami ( Saami , Samic , Saamic , Lappic , Lappish ) </Li> <Li> Samoyedic ( Samoyed ) </Li> </Ul> <P> There is also historical evidence of a number of extinct languages of uncertain affiliation : </P> <Ul> <Li> Merya </Li> <Li> Muromian </Li> <Li> Meshcherian ( until 16th century ? ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Traces of Finno - Ugric substrata , especially in toponymy , in the northern part of European Russia have been proposed as evidence for even more extinct Uralic languages . </P> <P> </P> <H3> Traditional classification ( edit ) </H3> <P> All Uralic languages are thought to have descended , through independent processes of language change , from Proto - Uralic . The internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed . Doubts about the validity of most of the proposed higher - order branchings ( grouping the nine undisputed families ) are becoming more common . </P> <P> A traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late 19th century . It has enjoyed frequent adaptation in whole or in part in encyclopedias , handbooks , and overviews of the Uralic family . Donner 's model is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ugric ( Ugrian ) <Ul> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Ob - Ugric ( Ob Ugrian ) <Ul> <Li> Khanty </Li> <Li> Mansi </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Finno - Permic ( Permian - Finnic ) <Ul> <Li> Permic </Li> <Li> Finno - Volgaic ( Finno - Cheremisic , Finno - Mari ) <Ul> <Li> Volga - Finnic <Ul> <Li> Mari </Li> <Li> Mordvinic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Finno - Lappic ( Finno - Saamic , Finno - Samic ) <Ul> <Li> Sami </Li> <Li> Finnic </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> At Donner 's time , the Samoyedic languages were still poorly known , and he was not able to address their position . As they became better known in the early 20th century , they were found to be quite divergent , and they were assumed to have separated already early on . The terminology adopted for this was `` Uralic '' for the entire family , `` Finno - Ugric '' for the non-Samoyedic languages ( though `` Finno - Ugric '' has , to this day , remained in use also as a synonym for the whole family ) . Finno - Ugric and Samoyedic are listed in ISO 639 - 5 as primary branches of Uralic . </P> <P> Nodes of the traditional family tree recognized in some overview sources : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Author ( s ) </Th> <Th> Finno - Ugric </Th> <Th> Ugric </Th> <Th> Ob - Ugric </Th> <Th> Finno - Permic </Th> <Th> Finno - Volgaic </Th> <Th> Volga - Finnic </Th> <Th> Finno - Samic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1910 </Th> <Th> Szinnyei </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1921 </Th> <Th> T.I. Itkonen </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1926 </Th> <Th> Setälä </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1962 </Th> <Th> Hajdú </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1965 </Th> <Th> Collinder </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1966 </Th> <Th> E. Itkonen </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Th> Austerlitz </Th> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1977 </Th> <Th> Voegelin & Voegelin </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2002 </Th> <Th> Kulonen </Th> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Th> Lehtinen </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Th> Janhunen </Th> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✓ </Td> <Td> ✗ </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> </P> <P> Little explicit evidence has however been presented in favour of Donner 's model since his original proposal , and numerous alternate schemes have been proposed . Especially in Finland , there has been a growing tendency to reject the Finno - Ugric intermediate protolanguage . A recent competing proposal instead unites Ugric and Samoyedic in an `` East Uralic '' group for which shared innovations can be noted . </P> <P> The Finno - Permic grouping still holds some support , though the arrangement of its subgroups is a matter of some dispute . Mordvinic is commonly seen as particularly closely related to or part of Finno - Samic . The term Volgaic ( or Volga - Finnic ) was used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari , Mordvinic and a number of the extinct languages , but it is now obsolete and considered a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one . </P> <P> Within Ugric , uniting Mansi with Hungarian rather than Khanty has been a competing hypothesis to Ob - Ugric . </P> <H3> Lexical isoglosses ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lexicostatistics has been used in defense of the traditional family tree . A recent re-evaluation of the evidence however fails to find support for Finno - Ugric and Ugric , suggesting four lexically distinct branches ( Finno - Permic , Hungarian , Ob - Ugric and Samoyedic ) . </P> <P> One alternate proposal for a family tree , with emphasis on the development of numerals , is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Uralic ( * kektä `` 2 '' , * wixti `` 5 '' / `` 10 '' ) <Ul> <Li> Samoyedic ( * op `` 1 '' , * ketä `` 2 '' , * näkur `` 3 '' , * tettə `` 4 '' , * səmpəleŋkə `` 5 '' , * məktut `` 6 '' , * sejtwə `` 7 '' , * wiət `` 10 '' ) </Li> <Li> Finno - Ugric ( * üki / * ükti `` 1 '' , * kormi `` 3 '' , * ńeljä `` 4 '' , * wiiti `` 5 '' , * kuuti `` 6 '' , * luki `` 10 '' ) <Ul> <Li> Mansic <Ul> <Li> Mansi </Li> <Li> Hungarian ( hét `` 7 '' ; replacement egy `` 1 '' ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Finno - Khantic ( reshaping * kolmi `` 3 '' on the analogy of `` 4 '' ) <Ul> <Li> Khanty </Li> <Li> Finno - Permic ( reshaping * kektä > * kakta ) <Ul> <Li> Permic </Li> <Li> Finno - Volgaic ( * śećem `` 7 '' ) <Ul> <Li> Mari </Li> <Li> Finno - Saamic ( * kakteksa , * ükteksa `` 8 , 9 '' ) <Ul> <Li> Saamic </Li> <Li> Finno - Mordvinic ( replacement * kümmen `` 10 '' ( * luki - `` to count '' , `` to read out '' ) ) <Ul> <Li> Mordvinic </Li> <Li> Finnic </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Phonological isoglosses ( edit ) </H3> <P> Another proposed tree , more divergent from the standard , focusing on consonant isoglosses ( which does not consider the position of the Samoyedic languages ) is presented by Viitso ( 1997 ) , and refined in Viitso ( 2000 ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Finno - Ugric <Ul> <Li> Saamic -- Fennic ( consonant gradation ) <Ul> <Li> Saamic </Li> <Li> Fennic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Eastern Finno - Ugric <Ul> <Li> Mordva </Li> <Li> ( node ) <Ul> <Li> Mari </Li> <Li> Permian -- Ugric ( * δ > * l ) <Ul> <Li> Permian </Li> <Li> Ugric ( * s * š * ś > * ɬ * ɬ * s ) <Ul> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Khanty </Li> <Li> Mansi </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> The grouping of the four bottom - level branches remains to some degree open to interpretation , with competing models of Finno - Saamic vs. Eastern Finno - Ugric ( Mari , Mordvinic , Permic - Ugric ; * k > ɣ between vowels , degemination of stops ) and Finno - Volgaic ( Finno - Saamic , Mari , Mordvinic ; * δ́ > δ between vowels ) vs. Permic - Ugric . Viitso finds no evidence for a Finno - Permic grouping . </P> <P> Extending this approach to cover the Samoyedic languages suggests affinity with Ugric , resulting in the aforementioned East Uralic grouping , as it also shares the same sibilant developments . A further non-trivial Ugric - Samoyedic isogloss is the reduction * k , * x , * w > ɣ when before * i , and after a vowel ( cf . * k > ɣ above ) , or adjacent to * t , * s , * š , or * ś . </P> <P> Finno - Ugric consonant developments after Viitso ( 2000 ) ; Samoyedic changes after Sammallahti ( 1988 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> <Th> Saamic </Th> <Th> Finnic </Th> <Th> Mordvinic </Th> <Th> Mari </Th> <Th> Permic </Th> <Th> Hungarian </Th> <Th> Mansi </Th> <Th> Khanty </Th> <Th> Samoyedic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Medial lenition of * k </Th> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Medial lenition of * p , * t </Th> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Degemination </Th> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Consonant gradation </Th> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> yes </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> no </Td> <Td> yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Development of </Th> <Th> * δ </Th> <Td> * δ </Td> <Td> * t </Td> <Td> * t </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> * l </Td> <Td> l </Td> <Td> * l </Td> <Td> * l </Td> <Td> * r </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> * δ́ </Th> <Td> * δ </Td> <Td> * ĺ </Td> <Td> ď ⟨ gy ⟩ , j </Td> <Td> * ĺ </Td> <Td> * j </Td> <Td> * j </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> * s </Th> <Td> * s </Td> <Td> * s </Td> <Td> * s </Td> <Td> * š </Td> <Td> * s </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> * t </Td> <Td> * ɬ </Td> <Td> * t </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> * š </Th> <Td> * h </Td> <Td> * š </Td> <Td> * š </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> * ś </Th> <Td> * ć </Td> <Td> * s </Td> <Td> * ś </Td> <Td> * ś </Td> <Td> s ⟨ sz ⟩ </Td> <Td> * š </Td> <Td> * s </Td> <Td> * s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> * ć </Th> <Td> * ć </Td> <Td> č ⟨ cs ⟩ </Td> <Td> * ć ~ * š </Td> <Td> * ć </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Note : Proto - Khanty * ɬ in many of the dialects yields * t ; it is assumed this also happened in Mansi and Samoyedic . </Li> </Ul> <P> The inverse relationship between consonant gradation and medial lenition of stops ( the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation is found ) is noted by Helimski ( 1995 ) : an original allophonic gradation system between voiceless and voiced stops would have been easily disrupted by a spreading of voicing to previously unvoiced stops as well . </P> <P> Based on phonological isoglosses , Häkkinen ( 2007 ) proposes the following tree : </P> <Ul> <Li> Uralic <Ul> <Li> West Uralic <Ul> <Li> Saamic </Li> <Li> Finnic </Li> <Li> Mordvinic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central Uralic ( ? ) <Ul> <Li> Mari </Li> <Li> Permic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> East Uralic <Ul> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Ob - Ugric <Ul> <Li> Mansi </Li> <Li> Khanty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Samoyedic </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Typology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Structural characteristics generally said to be typical of Uralic languages include : </P> <H3> Grammar ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> extensive use of independent suffixes ( agglutination ) </Li> <Li> a large set of grammatical cases marked with agglutinative suffixes ( 13 -- 14 cases on average ; mainly later developments : Proto - Uralic is reconstructed with 6 cases ) , e.g. : <Ul> <Li> Erzya : 12 cases </Li> <Li> Estonian : 14 cases ( 15 cases with instructive ) </Li> <Li> Finnish : 15 cases </Li> <Li> Hungarian : 18 cases ( together 34 grammatical cases and case - like suffixes ) </Li> <Li> Inari Sami : 9 cases </Li> <Li> Komi : in certain dialects as many as 27 cases </Li> <Li> Moksha : 13 cases </Li> <Li> Nenets : 7 cases </Li> <Li> North Sami : 6 cases </Li> <Li> Udmurt : 16 cases </Li> <Li> Veps : 24 cases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> unique Uralic case system , from which all modern Uralic languages derive their case systems . <Ul> <Li> nominative singular has no case suffix . </Li> <Li> accusative and genitive suffixes are nasal sounds ( - n , - m , etc . ) </Li> <Li> three - way distinction in the local case system , with each set of local cases being divided into forms corresponding roughly to `` from '' , `` to '' , and `` in / at '' ; especially evident , e.g. in Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian , which have several sets of local cases , such as the `` inner '' , `` outer '' and `` on top '' systems in Hungarian , while in Finnish the `` on top '' forms have merged to the `` outer '' forms . </Li> <Li> the Uralic locative suffix exists in all Uralic languages in various cases , e.g. Hungarian superessive , Finnish essive ( - na ) , North Sami essive , Erzyan inessive , and Nenets locative . </Li> <Li> the Uralic lative suffix exists in various cases in many Uralic languages , e.g. Hungarian illative , Finnish lative ( - s as in rannemmas ) , Erzyan illative , Komi approximative , and Northern Sami locative . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> a lack of grammatical gender , including one pronoun for both he and she ; for example , hän in Finnish , tämä in Votic , tema in Estonian , sijə in Komi , ő in Hungarian . </Li> <Li> negative verb , which exists in almost all Uralic languages ( notably absent in Hungarian ) </Li> <Li> use of postpositions as opposed to prepositions ( prepositions are uncommon ) . </Li> <Li> possessive suffixes <Ul> <Li> the genitive is also used to express possession in some languages , e.g. Estonian mu koer , colloquial Finnish mun koira , Northern Sami mu beana ' my dog ' ( literally ' dog of me ' ) . Separate possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns , such as my and your , are rare . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> dual , in the Samoyedic , Ob - Ugric and Samic languages and reconstructed for Proto - Uralic </Li> <Li> plural markers - j ( i ) and - t ( - d , - q ) have a common origin ( e.g. in Finnish , Estonian , Võro , Erzya , Samic languages , Samoyedic languages ) . Hungarian , however , has - i - before the possessive suffixes and - k elsewhere . In the old orthographies , the plural marker - k was also used in the Samic languages . </Li> <Li> Possessions are expressed by a possessor in the adessive or dative case , the verb `` be '' ( the copula , instead of the verb `` have '' ) and the possessed with or without a possessive suffix . The grammatical subject of the sentence is thus the possessed . In Finnish , for example , the possessor is in the adessive case : `` Minulla on kala '' , literally `` At me is fish '' , i.e. `` I have a fish '' , whereas in Hungarian , the possessor is in the dative case , but appears overtly only if it is contrastive , while the possessed has a possessive ending indicating the number and person of the possessor : `` ( Nekem ) van egy halam '' , literally `` ( To me ( dative ) ) is a fish - my '' , i.e. `` ( As for me , ) I have a fish '' . </Li> <Li> expressions that include a numeral are singular if they refer to things which form a single group , e.g. `` négy csomó '' in Hungarian , `` njeallje čuolmma '' in Northern Sami , `` neli sõlme '' in Estonian , and `` neljä solmua '' in Finnish , each of which means `` four knots '' , but the literal approximation is `` four knot '' . ( This approximation is inaccurate for Finnish and Estonian , where the singular is in the partitive case , such that the number points to a part of a larger mass , like `` four of knot ( s ) '' . ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Phonology ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Vowel harmony : this is present in many but by no means all Uralic languages . It exists in Hungarian and various Baltic - Finnic languages , and is present to some degree elsewhere , such as in Mordvinic , Mari , Eastern Khanty , and Samoyedic . It is lacking in Sami , Permic and standard Estonian , while it does exist in Võro and elsewhere in South Estonian . ( Although umlaut letters are used in writing Uralic languages , the languages do not exhibit Germanic umlaut ; front and back values are intrinsic features of words and modify suffixes , not vice versa as in umlaut . ) </Li> <Li> Large vowel inventories . For example , some Selkup varieties have over twenty different monophthongs , and Estonian has over twenty different diphthongs . </Li> <Li> Palatalization of consonants ; in this context , palatalization means a secondary articulation , where the middle of the tongue is tense . For example , pairs like ( ɲ ) -- ( n ) , or ( c ) -- ( t ) are contrasted in Hungarian , as in hattyú ( hɒcːuː ) `` swan '' . Some Sami languages , for example Skolt Sami , distinguish three degrees : plain ⟨ l ⟩ ( l ) , palatalized ⟨ ' l ⟩ ( lj ) , and palatal ⟨ lj ⟩ ( ʎ ) , where ⟨ ' l ⟩ has a primary alveolar articulation , while ⟨ lj ⟩ has a primary palatal articulation . Original Uralic palatalization is phonemic , independent of the following vowel and traceable to the millennia - old Proto - Uralic . It is different from Slavic palatalization , which is of more recent origin . The Finnic languages have lost palatalization , but the eastern varieties have reacquired it , so Finnic palatalization ( where extant ) was originally dependent on the following vowel and does not correlate to palatalization elsewhere in Uralic . </Li> <Li> Lack of phonologically contrastive tone . </Li> <Li> In many Uralic languages , the stress is always on the first syllable , though Nganasan shows ( essentially ) penultimate stress , and a number of languages of the central region ( Erzya , Mari , Udmurt and Komi - Permyak ) synchronically exhibit a lexical accent . The Erzya language can vary its stress in words to give specific nuances to sentential meaning . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Lexicography ( edit ) </H3> <P> Basic vocabulary of about 200 words , including body parts ( e.g. eye , heart , head , foot , mouth ) , family members ( e.g. father , mother - in - law ) , animals ( e.g. viper , partridge , fish ) , nature objects ( e.g. tree , stone , nest , water ) , basic verbs ( e.g. live , fall , run , make , see , suck , go , die , swim , know ) , basic pronouns ( e.g. who , what , we , you , I ) , numerals ( e.g. two , five ) ; derivatives increase the number of common words . </P> Selected cognates ( edit ) <P> The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family , which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved . This is not a list of translations : cognates have a common origin , but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> English </Th> <Th> Proto - Uralic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Finnic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Sami </Th> <Th> Mordvin </Th> <Th> Mari </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Permic </Th> <Th> Hungarian </Th> <Th colspan="1"> Mansi </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Khanty </Th> <Th> Samoyed </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finnish </Th> <Th> Estonian </Th> <Th> Võro </Th> <Th> South </Th> <Th> North </Th> <Th> Kildin </Th> <Th> Erzya </Th> <Th> Meadow </Th> <Th> Komi </Th> <Th> Udmurt </Th> <Th> Northern </Th> <Th> Kazym </Th> <Th> Vakh </Th> <Th> Tundra Nenets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' fire ' </Td> <Th> * tuli </Th> <Td> tuli ( tule - ) </Td> <Td> tuli ( tule - ) </Td> <Td> tuli ( tulõ - ) </Td> <Td> dålle ( tollə ) </Td> <Td> dolla </Td> <Td> tōll </Td> <Td> tol </Td> <Td> tul </Td> <Td> tɨl - </Td> <Td> tɨl </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> tuu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' water ' </Td> <Th> * weti </Th> <Td> vesi ( vete - ) </Td> <Td> vesi ( vee - ) </Td> <Td> vesi ( vii - ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> ved ́ </Td> <Td> wüt </Td> <Td> va </Td> <Td> vu </Td> <Td> víz </Td> <Td> wit </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> jiʔ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' ice ' </Td> <Th> * jäŋi </Th> <Td> jää </Td> <Td> jää </Td> <Td> ijä </Td> <Td> jïenge ( jɨeŋə ) </Td> <Td> jiekŋa </Td> <Td> īŋŋ </Td> <Td> ej </Td> <Td> i </Td> <Td> ji </Td> <Td> jə </Td> <Td> jég </Td> <Td> jaaŋk </Td> <Td> jeŋk </Td> <Td> jeŋk </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' fish ' </Td> <Th> * kala </Th> <Td> kala </Td> <Td> kala </Td> <Td> kala </Td> <Td> guelie ( kʉelie ) </Td> <Td> guolli </Td> <Td> kūll ' </Td> <Td> kal </Td> <Td> kol </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> hal </Td> <Td> xuul </Td> <Td> xŭɬ </Td> <Td> kul </Td> <Td> xalja </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' nest ' </Td> <Th> * pesä </Th> <Td> pesä </Td> <Td> pesa </Td> <Td> pesä </Td> <Td> biesie ( piesie ) </Td> <Td> beassi </Td> <Td> piess ' </Td> <Td> pize </Td> <Td> pəžaš </Td> <Td> poz </Td> <Td> puz </Td> <Td> fészek </Td> <Td> pitji </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> pĕl </Td> <Td> pjidja </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' hand , arm ' </Td> <Th> * käti </Th> <Td> käsi ( käte - ) </Td> <Td> käsi ( käe - ) </Td> <Td> käsi ( käe - ) </Td> <Td> gïete ( kɨedə ) </Td> <Td> giehta </Td> <Td> kīdt </Td> <Td> ked ́ </Td> <Td> kit </Td> <Td> ki </Td> <Td> ki </Td> <Td> kéz </Td> <Td> kaat </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> köt </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' eye ' </Td> <Th> * śilmä </Th> <Td> silmä </Td> <Td> silm ( silma - ) </Td> <Td> silm ( silmä - ) </Td> <Td> tjelmie ( t͡ʃɛlmie ) </Td> <Td> čalbmi </Td> <Td> čall 'm </Td> <Td> śeĺme </Td> <Td> šinča </Td> <Td> śin ( śinm - ) </Td> <Td> śin ( śinm - ) </Td> <Td> szem </Td> <Td> sam </Td> <Td> sem </Td> <Td> sem </Td> <Td> sæwə </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' fathom ' </Td> <Th> * süli </Th> <Td> syli ( syle - ) </Td> <Td> süli ( süle - ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> sïlle ( sjɨllə ) </Td> <Td> salla </Td> <Td> sē̮ll </Td> <Td> seĺ </Td> <Td> šülö </Td> <Td> sɨl </Td> <Td> sul </Td> <Td> öl ( el ) </Td> <Td> tal </Td> <Td> ɬăɬ </Td> <Td> lö̆l </Td> <Td> tjíbja </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' vein / sinew ' </Td> <Th> * sï ( x ) ni </Th> <Td> suoni ( suone - ) </Td> <Td> soon ( soone - ) </Td> <Td> suuń ( soonõ - ) </Td> <Td> soene ( suonə ) </Td> <Td> suotna </Td> <Td> sūnn </Td> <Td> san </Td> <Td> šün </Td> <Td> sən </Td> <Td> sən </Td> <Td> ín </Td> <Td> taan </Td> <Td> ɬɔn </Td> <Td> lan </Td> <Td> teʔ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' bone ' </Td> <Th> * luwi </Th> <Td> luu </Td> <Td> luu </Td> <Td> luu </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> lovaža </Td> <Td> lu </Td> <Td> lɨ </Td> <Td> lɨ </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> luw </Td> <Td> ɬŭw </Td> <Td> lŏγ </Td> <Td> le </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' blood ' </Td> <Th> * weri </Th> <Td> veri </Td> <Td> veri </Td> <Td> veri </Td> <Td> vïrre ( vjɨrrə ) </Td> <Td> varra </Td> <Td> vē̮rr </Td> <Td> veŕ </Td> <Td> wür </Td> <Td> vur </Td> <Td> vir </Td> <Td> vér </Td> <Td> wiɣr </Td> <Td> wŭr </Td> <Td> wər </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' liver ' </Td> <Th> * mïksa </Th> <Td> maksa </Td> <Td> maks ( maksa - ) </Td> <Td> mass ( massa - ) </Td> <Td> mueksie ( mʉeksie ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> makso </Td> <Td> mokš </Td> <Td> mus </Td> <Td> mus ( musk - ) </Td> <Td> máj </Td> <Td> maat </Td> <Td> mŏxəɬ </Td> <Td> muγəl </Td> <Td> mudə </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' urine ' / ' to urinate ' </Td> <Th> * kunśi </Th> <Td> kusi ( kuse - ) </Td> <Td> kusi ( kuse - ) </Td> <Td> kusi ( kusõ - ) </Td> <Td> gadtjedh ( gadtje - ) ( kɑdd͡ʒə ) - </Td> <Td> gožžat ( gožža - ) </Td> <Td> kōnnče </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> kəž </Td> <Td> kudź </Td> <Td> kɨź </Td> <Td> húgy </Td> <Td> xuńś - </Td> <Td> xŏs - </Td> <Td> kŏs - </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' to go ' </Td> <Th> * meni - </Th> <Td> mennä ( men - ) </Td> <Td> minema </Td> <Td> minemä </Td> <Td> mïnnedh ( mjɨnnə ) - </Td> <Td> mannat </Td> <Td> mē̮nne </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> mija - </Td> <Td> mun - </Td> <Td> mɨn - </Td> <Td> menni </Td> <Td> men - </Td> <Td> măn - </Td> <Td> mĕn - </Td> <Td> mjin - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' to live ' </Td> <Th> * elä - </Th> <Td> elää ( elä - ) </Td> <Td> elama ( ela - ) </Td> <Td> elämä ( elä - ) </Td> <Td> jieledh ( jielə ) - </Td> <Td> eallit </Td> <Td> jēll'e </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> ila - </Td> <Td> ol - </Td> <Td> ul - </Td> <Td> él - </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> jilje - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' to die ' </Td> <Th> * ka ( x ) li - </Th> <Td> kuolla ( kuol - ) </Td> <Td> koolma </Td> <Td> kuulma ( kool - ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> kulo - </Td> <Td> kola - </Td> <Td> kul - </Td> <Td> kul - </Td> <Td> hal - </Td> <Td> xool - </Td> <Td> xăɬ - </Td> <Td> kăla - </Td> <Td> xa - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' to wash ' </Td> <Th> * mośki - </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> mõskma </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> muśke - </Td> <Td> muška - </Td> <Td> mɨśkɨ - </Td> <Td> mɨśk - </Td> <Td> mos - </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> masø - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Orthographical notes : The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ( ⟨ ž ⟩ ( ʒ ) , ⟨ š ⟩ ( ʃ ) , ⟨ č ⟩ ( t͡ʃ ) ) ( In Northern Sami , ( ⟨ ž ⟩ ( dʒ ) ) , while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ( ⟨ ś ⟩ ( sj ~ ɕ ) , ⟨ ć ⟩ ( tsj ~ tɕ ) , ⟨ l ⟩ ( lj ) ) or , in Hungarian , vowel length . The Finnish letter ⟨ y ⟩ and the letter ⟨ ü ⟩ in other languages represent the high rounded vowel ( y ) ; the letters ⟨ ä ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ are the front vowels ( æ ) and ( ø ) . </P> <P> As is apparent from the list , Finnish is the most conservative of the Uralic languages presented here , with nearly half the words on the list below identical to their Proto - Uralic reconstructions and most of the remainder only having minor changes , such as the conflation of * ś into / s / , or widespread changes such as the loss of * x and alteration of * ï . Finnish has even preserved old Indo - European borrowings relatively unchanged as well . ( An example is porsas ( `` pig '' ) , loaned from Proto - Indo - European * porḱos or pre-Proto - Indo - Iranian * porśos , unchanged since loaning save for loss of palatalization , * ś > s . ) </P> Mutual intelligibility ( edit ) <P> The Estonian philologist Mall Hellam proposed cognate sentences that she asserted to be mutually intelligible among the three most widely spoken Uralic languages : Finnish , Estonian , and Hungarian : </P> <Ul> <Li> Estonian : Elav kala ujub vee all . </Li> <Li> Finnish : Elävä kala ui veden alla . </Li> <Li> Hungarian : Eleven hal úszik a víz alatt . </Li> <Li> English : A live fish is swimming underwater . </Li> </Ul> <P> However , linguist Geoffrey Pullum reports that neither Finns nor Hungarians could understand the other language 's version of the sentence . </P> <H3> Comparison ( edit ) </H3> <P> No Uralic language has exactly the idealized typological profile of the family . Typological features with varying presence among the modern Uralic language groups include : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Feature </Th> <Th> Samoyedic </Th> <Th> Ob - Ugric </Th> <Th> Hungarian </Th> <Th> Permic </Th> <Th> Mari </Th> <Th> Mordvin </Th> <Th> Finnic </Th> <Th> Samic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Palatalization </Th> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consonant length </Th> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consonant gradation </Th> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vowel harmony </Th> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grammatical vowel alternation ( ablaut or umlaut ) </Th> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dual number </Th> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distinction between inner and outer local cases </Th> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Determinative inflection ( verbal marking of definiteness ) </Th> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passive voice </Th> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Negative verb </Th> <Td> + </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> ± </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SVO word order </Th> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> ± </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> + </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : </P> <Ol> <Li> Clearly present only in Nganasan . </Li> <Li> Vowel harmony is present in the Uralic languages of Siberia only in some marginal archaic varieties : Nganasan , Southern Mansi and Eastern Khanty . </Li> <Li> A number of umlaut processes are found in Livonian . </Li> <Li> In Komi , but not in Udmurt . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Possible Relations with other families ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many relationships between Uralic and other language families have been suggested , but none of these are generally accepted by linguists at the present time . </P> <H3> Indo - Uralic ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Indo - Uralic languages <P> The Indo - Uralic ( or Uralo - Indo - European ) hypothesis suggests that Uralic and Indo - European are related at a fairly close level or , in its stronger form , that they are more closely related than either is to any other language family . </P> <H3> Uralic -- Yukaghir ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Uralic -- Yukaghir languages <P> The Uralic -- Yukaghir hypothesis identifies Uralic and Yukaghir as independent members of a single language family . It is currently widely accepted that the similarities between Uralic and Yukaghir languages are due to ancient contacts . Regardless , the hypothesis is accepted by a few linguists and viewed as attractive by a somewhat larger number . </P> <H3> Eskimo -- Uralic ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Eskimo -- Uralic languages <P> The Eskimo -- Uralic hypothesis associates Uralic with the Eskimo -- Aleut languages . This is an old thesis whose antecedents go back to the 18th century . An important restatement of it is Bergsland 1959 . </P> <H3> Uralo - Siberian ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Uralo - Siberian languages <P> Uralo - Siberian is an expanded form of the Eskimo -- Uralic hypothesis . It associates Uralic with Yukaghir , Chukotko - Kamchatkan , and Eskimo -- Aleut . It was propounded by Michael Fortescue in 1998 . </P> <H3> Ural -- Altaic ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ural -- Altaic languages <P> Theories proposing a close relationship with the Altaic languages were formerly popular , based on similarities in vocabulary as well as in grammatical and phonological features , in particular the similarities in the Uralic and Altaic pronouns and the presence of agglutination in both sets of languages , as well as vowel harmony in some . For example , the word for `` language '' is similar in Estonian ( keel ) and Mongolian ( хэл ( hel ) ) . These theories are now generally rejected and most such similarities are attributed to language contact or coincidence . </P> <H3> Nostratic ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Nostratic languages <P> Nostratic associates Uralic , Indo - European , Altaic , Dravidian , and various other language families of Asia . The Nostratic hypothesis was first propounded by Holger Pedersen in 1903 and subsequently revived by Vladislav Illich - Svitych and Aharon Dolgopolsky in the 1960s . </P> <H3> Eurasiatic ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Eurasiatic languages <P> Eurasiatic resembles Nostratic in including Uralic , Indo - European , and Altaic , but differs from it in excluding the South Caucasian languages , Dravidian , and Afroasiatic and including Chukotko - Kamchatkan , Nivkh , Ainu , and Eskimo -- Aleut . It was propounded by Joseph Greenberg in 2000 -- 2002 . Similar ideas had earlier been expressed by Heinrich Koppelmann in 1933 and by Björn Collinder in 1965 . </P> <H3> Uralo - Dravidian ( edit ) </H3> <P> The hypothesis that the Dravidian languages display similarities with the Uralic language group , suggesting a prolonged period of contact in the past , is popular amongst Dravidian linguists and has been supported by a number of scholars , including Robert Caldwell , Thomas Burrow , Kamil Zvelebil , and Mikhail Andronov . This hypothesis has , however , been rejected by some specialists in Uralic languages , and has in recent times also been criticised by other Dravidian linguists , such as Bhadriraju Krishnamurti . </P> <H3> Uralic skepticism ( edit ) </H3> <P> In her book , The Uralic language family : facts , myths , and statistics , linguist Angela Marcantonio argues against the existence of the Uralic family , claiming that the languages are no more closely related to each other than they are to various other Eurasian languages . </P> <P> All of these hypotheses are minority views at the present time in Uralic studies . </P> <H3> Other comparisons ( edit ) </H3> See also : Alternative theories of the Hungarian language relations <P> Various unorthodox comparisons have been advanced such as Finno - Basque , Hungarian - Etruscan , and Cal - Ugrian . These are considered at best spurious fringe - theories by specialists . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Finland portal </Li> <Li> Hungary portal </Li> <Li> Languages portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Uralic peoples </Li> <Li> Finno - Ugric peoples </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Uralic '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simons , Gary F. ; Fenning , Charles F. `` Uralic '' . Ethnologue . SIL International . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tommola , Hannu ( 2010 ) . `` Finnish among the Finno - Ugrian languages '' . Mood in the Languages of Europe . John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 155 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 0587 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia , p. 231 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , J.G.C. ( ed . ) ( 1938 ) . Germania . Oxford : Clarendon Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sebeok , Thomas A. ( 15 August 2002 ) . Portrait Of Linguists . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 5874 - 1 . OCLC 956101732 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 793 -- 794 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Collinder , Björn . An Introduction to the Uralic languages . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 8 -- 27 , 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 795 -- 796 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruhlen , Merritt ( 1987 ) . A Guide to the World 's Languages . Stanford : Stanford University Press . pp. 64 -- 71 . OCLC 923421379 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 796 - 798 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , p. 798 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 801 - 803 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 803 -- 804 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halász , Ignácz ( 1893 ) . `` Az ugor - szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudományi Közlemények ( in Hungarian ) . 23 : 1 : 14 -- 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halász , Ignácz ( 1893 ) . `` Az ugor - szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése II '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudományi Közlemények ( in Hungarian ) . 23 : 3 : 260 -- 278 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halász , Ignácz ( 1893 ) . `` Az ugor - szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése III '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudományi Közlemények ( in Hungarian ) . 23 : 4 : 436 -- 447 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halász , Ignácz ( 1894 ) . `` Az ugor - szamojéd nyelvrokonság kérdése IV '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudományi Közlemények ( in Hungarian ) . 24 : 4 : 443 -- 469 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szabó , László ( 1969 ) . `` Die Erforschung der Verhältnisses Finnougrisch -- Samojedisch '' . Ural - Altaische Jahrbücher ( in German ) . 41 : 317 -- 322 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 799 -- 800 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 810 -- 811 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lexica Societatis Fenno - Ugricae XXXV '' . Suomalais - Ugrilainen Seura ( in Hungarian ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salminen , Tapani ( 2009 ) . `` Uralic ( Finno - Ugrian ) languages '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helimski , Eugene ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Northwestern '' group of Finno - Ugric languages and its heritage in the place names and substratum vocabulary of the Russian North `` . In Nuorluoto , Juhani . The Slavicization of the Russian North ( Slavica Helsingiensia 27 ) ( PDF ) . Helsinki : Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures . pp. 109 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 10 - 2852 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marcantonio , Angela ( 2002 ) . The Uralic Language Family : Facts , Myths and Statistics . Publications of the Philological Society . 35 . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 55 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23170 - 7 . OCLC 803186861 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Salminen , Tapani ( 2002 ) . `` Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donner , Otto ( 1879 ) . Die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der Finnisch - ugrischen sprachen ( in German ) . Helsinki . OCLC 1014980747 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szinnyei , Josef ( 1910 ) . Finnisch - ugrische Sprachwissenschaft ( in German ) . Leipzig : G.J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung . pp. 9 -- 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itkonen , T.I. ( 1921 ) . Suomensukuiset kansat ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Tietosanakirjaosakeyhtiö . pp. 7 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Setälä , E.N. ( 1926 ) . `` Kielisukulaisuus ja rotu '' . Suomen suku ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Otava . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hájdu , Péter ( 1962 ) . Finnugor népek és nyelvek ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hajdu , Peter ( 1975 ) . Finno - Ugric Languages and Peoples . Translated by G.F. Cushing . London : André Deutch Ltd ... English translation of Hajdú ( 1962 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itkonen , Erkki ( 1966 ) . Suomalais - ugrilaisen kielen - ja historiantutkimuksen alalta . Tietolipas ( in Finnish ) . 20 . Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura . pp. 5 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Austerlitz , Robert ( 1968 ) . `` L'ouralien '' . In Martinet , André . Le langage . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Voegelin , C.F. ; Voegelin , F.M. ( 1977 ) . Classification and Index of the World 's Languages . New York / Oxford / Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 341 -- 343 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kulonen , Ulla - Maija ( 2002 ) . `` Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret '' . In Grünthal , Riho . Ennen , muinoin . Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan . Tietolipas. 180 . Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura . pp. 104 -- 108 . ISBN 951 - 746 - 332 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lehtinen , Tapani ( 2007 ) . Kielen vuosituhannet . Tietolipas. 215 . Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura . 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Journal of Linguistics. 35 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 98 . ISSN 1469 - 7742 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pedersen , Holger ( 1903 ) . `` Türkische Lautgesetze '' ( Turkish Phonetic Laws ) . Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft ( in German ) . 57 ( 3 ) : 535 -- 561 . ISSN 0341 - 0137 . OCLC 5919317968 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg , Joseph Harold ( 2000 ) . Indo - European and Its Closest Relatives : The Eurasiatic Language Family . Volume 1 : Grammar . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3812 - 5 . OCLC 491123067 . <Ul> <Li> Greenberg , Joseph H ( 2002 ) . Indo - European and Its Closest Relatives : The Eurasiatic Language Family . Vol. 2 : Lexicon . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4624 - 3 . OCLC 895918332 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koppelmann , Heinrich L. ( 1933 ) . Die Eurasische Sprachfamilie : Indogermanisch , Koreanisch U. Verwandtes ( in German ) . Heidelberg : Carl Winter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collinder , Björn ( 1965 ) . An Introduction to the Uralic Languages . University of California Press . pp. 30 -- 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tyler , Stephen ( 1968 ) , `` Dravidian and Uralian : the lexical evidence '' . Language 44 : 4 . 798 -- 812 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb , Edward ( 1860 ) . `` Evidences of the Scythian Affinities of the Dravidian Languages , Condensed and Arranged from Rev. R. Caldwell 's Comparative Dravidian Grammar '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 7 : 271 -- 298 . doi : 10.2307 / 592159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burrow , T. ( 1944 ) . `` Dravidian Studies IV : The Body in Dravidian and Uralian '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 11 ( 2 ) : 328 -- 356 . doi : 10.1017 / s0041977x00072517 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zvelebil , Kamal ( 2006 ) . Dravidian Languages . In Encyclopædia Britannica ( DVD edition ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andronov , Mikhail S. ( 1971 ) , `` Comparative Studies on the Nature of Dravidian - Uralian Parallels : A Peep into the Prehistory of Language Families '' . Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Tamil Studies Madras. 267 -- 277 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zvelebil , Kamal ( 1970 ) , Comparative Dravidian Phonology Mouton , The Hauge . at p. 22 contains a bibliography of articles supporting and opposing the hypothesis </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krishnamurti , Bhadriraju ( 2003 ) The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77111 - 0 at p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Uralic language family : facts , myths , and statistics review by Dr. Edward Vajda '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Edward Vajda . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trask , R.L. The History of Basque Routledge : 1997 ISBN 0 - 415 - 13116 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alinei , Mario ( 2003 ) , Etrusco : una forma arcaica di ungherese , Bologna , Il Mulino . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Abondolo , Daniel M. ( editor ) . 1998 . The Uralic Languages . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08198 - X . </Li> <Li> Collinder , Björn. 1955 . Fenno - Ugric Vocabulary : An Etymological Dictionary of the Uralic Languages . ( Collective work . ) Stockholm : Almqvist & Viksell . ( Second , revised edition : Hamburg : Helmut Buske Verlag , 1977 . ) </Li> <Li> Collinder , Björn. 1957 . Survey of the Uralic Languages . Stockholm . </Li> <Li> Collinder , Björn. 1960 . Comparative Grammar of the Uralic Languages . Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell </Li> <Li> Comrie , Bernhard. 1988 . `` General Features of the Uralic Languages . '' In The Uralic Languages , edited by Denis Sinor , pp. 451 -- 477 . Leiden : Brill . </Li> <Li> Décsy , Gyula. 1990 . The Uralic Protolanguage : A Comprehensive Reconstruction . Bloomington , Indiana . </Li> <Li> Hajdu , Péter. 1963 . Finnugor népek és nyelvek . Budapest : Gondolat kiadó . </Li> <Li> Helimski , Eugene . Comparative Linguistics , Uralic Studies . Lectures and Articles . Moscow . 2000 . ( Russian : Хелимский Е. А . Компаративистика , уралистика . Лекции и статьи . М. , 2000 . ) </Li> <Li> Laakso , Johanna. 1992 . Uralilaiset kansat ( ' Uralic Peoples ' ) . Porvoo -- Helsinki -- Juva . ISBN 951 - 0 - 16485 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Napolskikh , Vladimir . The First Stages of Origin of People of Uralic Language Family : Material of Mythological Reconstruction . Moscow , 1991 . ( Russian : Напольских В . В . Древнейшие этапы происхождения народов уральской языковой семьи : данные мифологической реконструкции . М. , 1991 . ) </Li> <Li> Rédei , Károly ( editor ) . 1986 -- 88 . Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ( ' Uralic Etymological Dictionary ' ) . Budapest . </Li> <Li> Wickman , Bo ( 1988 ) . `` The History of Uralic Languages '' . In Sinor , Denis . The Uralic Languages : Description , History , and Foreign Influences . Leiden : Brill . pp. 792 -- 818 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 07741 - 6 . OCLC 16580570 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> External classification ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sauvageot , Aurélien. 1930 . Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo - altaïques ( ' Research on the Vocabulary of the Uralo - Altaic Languages ' ) . Paris . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Linguistic issues ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Künnap , A. 2000 . Contact - induced Perspectives in Uralic Linguistics . LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics 39 . München : LINCOM Europa . ISBN 3 - 89586 - 964 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Wickman , Bo. 1955 . The Form of the Object in the Uralic Languages . Uppsala : Lundequistska bokhandeln . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` The Finno - Ugrics '' The Economist , December 20 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Kulonen , Ulla - Maija : Origin of Finnish and related languages . thisisFINLAND , Finland Promotion Board . Cited 30.10. 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> `` Rebel '' uralists ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` The untenability of the Finno - Ugrian theory from a linguistic point of view '' by Dr. László Marácz , a minority opinion on the language family </Li> <Li> `` The ' Ugric - Turkic battle ' : a critical review '' by Angela Marcantonio , Pirjo Nummenaho , and Michela Salvagni </Li> <Li> `` Linguistic shadow - boxing '' by Johanna Laakso -- a book review of Angela Marcantonio 's The Uralic Language Family : Facts , Myths and Statistics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uralic languages . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Uralic languages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finnic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Estonian <Ul> <Li> Northeastern coastal </Li> <Li> South Estonian <Ul> <Li> Võro </Li> <Li> Seto </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Finnish <Ul> <Li> Kven </Li> <Li> Meänkieli </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ingrian </Li> <Li> Karelian <Ul> <Li> Karelian proper </Li> <Li> Livvi </Li> <Li> Ludic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Livonian † </Li> <Li> Veps </Li> <Li> Votic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sami </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akkala † </Li> <Li> Inari </Li> <Li> Kainuu † </Li> <Li> Kemi † </Li> <Li> Kildin </Li> <Li> Lule </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Pite </Li> <Li> Skolt </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Ter </Li> <Li> Ume </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mordvinic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erzya </Li> <Li> Moksha </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mari </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hill Mari </Li> <Li> Meadow Mari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Permic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Komi <Ul> <Li> Zyrian </Li> <Li> Permyak </Li> <Li> Yodzyak </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Udmurt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ugric </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Khanty </Li> <Li> Mansi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samoyedic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enets </Li> <Li> Yurats † </Li> <Li> Nenets <Ul> <Li> Forest Nenets </Li> <Li> Tundra Nenets </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nganasan </Li> <Li> Kamassian † </Li> <Li> Mator † </Li> <Li> Selkup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Merya † </Li> <Li> Meshcherian † </Li> <Li> Muromian † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> † indicate extinct languages </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> List of primary language families </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afro - Asiatic </Li> <Li> Austronesian </Li> <Li> Khoe </Li> <Li> Kx'a </Li> <Li> Niger -- Congo </Li> <Li> Nilo - Saharan ? </Li> <Li> Tuu </Li> <Li> Mande ? </Li> <Li> Songhay ? </Li> <Li> Ijaw ? </Li> <Li> Ubangian ? </Li> <Li> Kadu ? </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangime </Li> <Li> Hadza </Li> <Li> Jalaa </Li> <Li> Sandawe </Li> <Li> Kwadi ? </Li> <Li> Laal ? </Li> <Li> Shabo ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab </Li> <Li> BANZSL </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Lasima </Li> <Li> Tanzanian </Li> <Li> Others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe and Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afro - Asiatic </Li> <Li> Ainu </Li> <Li> Austroasiatic </Li> <Li> Austronesian </Li> <Li> Chukotko - Kamchatkan </Li> <Li> Dravidian </Li> <Li> Eskimo -- Aleut </Li> <Li> Great Andamanese </Li> <Li> Hmong -- Mien </Li> <Li> Hurro - Urartian </Li> <Li> Indo - European </Li> <Li> Japonic </Li> <Li> Kartvelian </Li> <Li> Koreanic </Li> <Li> Mongolic </Li> <Li> Northeast Caucasian </Li> <Li> Northwest Caucasian </Li> <Li> Ongan </Li> <Li> Sino - Tibetan </Li> <Li> Tai -- Kadai </Li> <Li> Tungusic </Li> <Li> Turkic </Li> <Li> Tyrsenian </Li> <Li> Uralic </Li> <Li> Yeniseian </Li> <Li> Yukaghir </Li> <Li> Dené -- Yeniseian ? </Li> <Li> Altaic ? </Li> <Li> Austronesian -- Ongan ? </Li> <Li> Austro - Tai ? </Li> <Li> Sino - Austronesian ? </Li> <Li> Digaro ? </Li> <Li> Kho - Bwa ? </Li> <Li> Siangic ? </Li> <Li> Miji ? </Li> <Li> Vasconic ? </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Basque </Li> <Li> Burushaski </Li> <Li> Elamite </Li> <Li> Hattic </Li> <Li> Kusunda </Li> <Li> Nihali </Li> <Li> Nivkh </Li> <Li> Sumerian </Li> <Li> Hruso ? </Li> <Li> Miju ? </Li> <Li> Puroik ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BANZSL </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Swedish </Li> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Indo - Pakistani </Li> <Li> Arab </Li> <Li> Chiangmai -- Bangkok </Li> <Li> Others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Guinea and the Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arai -- Samaia </Li> <Li> Arafundi </Li> <Li> Austronesian </Li> <Li> Baining </Li> <Li> Binanderean -- Goilalan </Li> <Li> Border </Li> <Li> Bulaka River </Li> <Li> Central Solomons </Li> <Li> Chimbu -- Wahgi </Li> <Li> Doso -- Turumsa </Li> <Li> East Geelvink Bay </Li> <Li> East Strickland </Li> <Li> Eleman </Li> <Li> Engan </Li> <Li> Fas </Li> <Li> Kaure -- Kosare </Li> <Li> Kiwaian </Li> <Li> Kutubuan </Li> <Li> Kwomtari </Li> <Li> Lakes Plain </Li> <Li> Lower Mamberamo </Li> <Li> Lower Sepik </Li> <Li> Madang </Li> <Li> Mairasi </Li> <Li> North Bougainville </Li> <Li> Pauwasi </Li> <Li> Piawi </Li> <Li> Ramu </Li> <Li> Senagi </Li> <Li> Sentani </Li> <Li> Sepik </Li> <Li> Skou </Li> <Li> South Bougainville </Li> <Li> Teberan </Li> <Li> Tor -- Kwerba -- Nimboran </Li> <Li> Torricelli </Li> <Li> Trans - Fly </Li> <Li> Trans -- New Guinea </Li> <Li> Turama -- Kikorian </Li> <Li> West Papuan </Li> <Li> Yam </Li> <Li> Yawa </Li> <Li> Yuat </Li> <Li> North Papuan ? </Li> <Li> Northeast New Guinea ? </Li> <Li> Papuan Gulf ? </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abinomn </Li> <Li> Anêm ? </Li> <Li> Ata ? </Li> <Li> Kol </Li> <Li> Kuot </Li> <Li> Porome </Li> <Li> Taiap ? </Li> <Li> Pawaia </Li> <Li> Porome </Li> <Li> Sulka ? </Li> <Li> Tambora </Li> <Li> Wiru </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawai'i Sign Language </Li> <Li> Others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arnhem / Macro-Gunwinyguan </Li> <Li> Bunuban </Li> <Li> Darwin River </Li> <Li> Eastern Daly </Li> <Li> Eastern Tasmanian </Li> <Li> Garawan </Li> <Li> Iwaidjan </Li> <Li> Jarrakan </Li> <Li> Mirndi </Li> <Li> Northern Tasmanian </Li> <Li> Northeastern Tasmanian </Li> <Li> Nyulnyulan </Li> <Li> Pama -- Nyungan </Li> <Li> Southern Daly </Li> <Li> Tangkic </Li> <Li> Wagaydyic </Li> <Li> Western Daly </Li> <Li> Western Tasmanian </Li> <Li> Worrorran </Li> <Li> Yangmanic ( Wardaman ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Giimbiyu </Li> <Li> Malak - Malak </Li> <Li> Marrgu </Li> <Li> Tiwi </Li> <Li> Wagiman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algic </Li> <Li> Alsea </Li> <Li> Caddoan </Li> <Li> Chimakuan </Li> <Li> Chinookan </Li> <Li> Chumashan </Li> <Li> Comecrudan </Li> <Li> Coosan </Li> <Li> Eskimo -- Aleut </Li> <Li> Iroquoian </Li> <Li> Kalapuyan </Li> <Li> Keresan </Li> <Li> Maiduan </Li> <Li> Muskogean </Li> <Li> Na - Dene </Li> <Li> Palaihnihan </Li> <Li> Plateau Penutian </Li> <Li> Pomoan </Li> <Li> Salishan </Li> <Li> Shastan </Li> <Li> Siouan </Li> <Li> Tanoan </Li> <Li> Tsimshianic </Li> <Li> Utian </Li> <Li> Uto - Aztecan </Li> <Li> Wakashan </Li> <Li> Wintuan </Li> <Li> Yokutsan </Li> <Li> Yukian </Li> <Li> Yuman -- Cochimí </Li> <Li> Dené -- Yeniseian ? </Li> <Li> Hokan ? </Li> <Li> Penutian ? </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chimariko </Li> <Li> Haida </Li> <Li> Karuk </Li> <Li> Kutenai </Li> <Li> Seri </Li> <Li> Siuslaw </Li> <Li> Takelma </Li> <Li> Timucua </Li> <Li> Waikuri </Li> <Li> Washo </Li> <Li> Yana </Li> <Li> Yuchi </Li> <Li> Zuni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inuit ( Inuiuuk ) </Li> <Li> Plains Sign Talk </Li> <Li> Others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mesoamerica </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chibchan </Li> <Li> Jicaquean </Li> <Li> Lencan </Li> <Li> Mayan </Li> <Li> Misumalpan </Li> <Li> Mixe -- Zoque </Li> <Li> Oto - Manguean </Li> <Li> Tequistlatecan </Li> <Li> Totonacan </Li> <Li> Uto - Aztecan </Li> <Li> Xincan </Li> <Li> Totozoquean ? </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cuitlatec </Li> <Li> Huave </Li> <Li> Tarascan / Purépecha </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Plains Sign Talk </Li> <Li> Mayan </Li> <Li> Others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arawakan </Li> <Li> Arauan </Li> <Li> Araucanian </Li> <Li> Arutani -- Sape </Li> <Li> Aymaran </Li> <Li> Barbacoan </Li> <Li> Boran </Li> <Li> Borôroan </Li> <Li> Cahuapanan </Li> <Li> Cariban </Li> <Li> Catacaoan </Li> <Li> Chapacuran </Li> <Li> Charruan </Li> <Li> Chibchan </Li> <Li> Choco </Li> <Li> Chonan </Li> <Li> Guaicuruan </Li> <Li> Guajiboan </Li> <Li> Jê / Gê </Li> <Li> Harákmbut -- Katukinan </Li> <Li> Jirajaran </Li> <Li> Jivaroan </Li> <Li> Kariri </Li> <Li> Katembri -- Taruma </Li> <Li> Mascoian </Li> <Li> Matacoan </Li> <Li> Maxakalian </Li> <Li> Nadahup </Li> <Li> Nambikwaran </Li> <Li> Otomákoan </Li> <Li> Pano - Tacanan </Li> <Li> Peba -- Yaguan </Li> <Li> Purian </Li> <Li> Quechuan </Li> <Li> Piaroa -- Saliban </Li> <Li> Ticuna -- Yuri </Li> <Li> Timotean </Li> <Li> Tiniguan </Li> <Li> Tucanoan </Li> <Li> Tupian </Li> <Li> Uru -- Chipaya </Li> <Li> Witotoan </Li> <Li> Yabutian </Li> <Li> Yanomaman </Li> <Li> Zamucoan </Li> <Li> Zaparoan </Li> <Li> Chimuan ? </Li> <Li> Esmeralda -- Yaruro ? </Li> <Li> Hibito -- Cholón ? </Li> <Li> Lule -- Vilela ? </Li> <Li> Macro-Jê ? </Li> <Li> Tequiraca -- Canichana ? </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isolates ( extant in 2000 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aikanã ? </Li> <Li> Alacalufan </Li> <Li> Andoque ? </Li> <Li> Camsá </Li> <Li> Candoshi </Li> <Li> Chimane </Li> <Li> Chiquitano </Li> <Li> Cofán ? </Li> <Li> Fulniô </Li> <Li> Guató </Li> <Li> Hodï / Joti </Li> <Li> Irantxe ? </Li> <Li> Itonama </Li> <Li> Karajá </Li> <Li> Krenak </Li> <Li> Kunza </Li> <Li> Leco </Li> <Li> Maku - Auari of Roraima </Li> <Li> Movima </Li> <Li> Mura - Pirahã </Li> <Li> Nukak ? </Li> <Li> Ofayé </Li> <Li> Puinave </Li> <Li> Huaorani / Waorani </Li> <Li> Trumai </Li> <Li> Urarina </Li> <Li> Warao </Li> <Li> Yamana </Li> <Li> Yuracaré </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Language isolates </Li> <Li> Unclassified languages </Li> <Li> Creoles </Li> <Li> Pidgins </Li> <Li> Mixed languages </Li> <Li> Artificial languages </Li> <Li> List of sign languages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Families with more than 30 languages are in bold . 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1954 in the United States - wikipedia <H1> 1954 in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1954 in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Years </Dt> <Dd> 1952 </Dd> <Dd> 1953 </Dd> <Dd> 1954 </Dd> <Dd> 1955 </Dd> <Dd> 1956 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flag </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 stars ( 1912 -- 59 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timeline of United States history </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Events from the year 1954 in the United States . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Incumbents <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Federal Government </Li> <Li> 1.2 Governors </Li> <Li> 1.3 Lieutenant Governors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Events <Ul> <Li> 2.1 January </Li> <Li> 2.2 February </Li> <Li> 2.3 March </Li> <Li> 2.4 April </Li> <Li> 2.5 May </Li> <Li> 2.6 June </Li> <Li> 2.7 July </Li> <Li> 2.8 August </Li> <Li> 2.9 September </Li> <Li> 2.10 October </Li> <Li> 2.11 November </Li> <Li> 2.12 December </Li> <Li> 2.13 Undated </Li> <Li> 2.14 Ongoing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Births <Ul> <Li> 3.1 January </Li> <Li> 3.2 February </Li> <Li> 3.3 March </Li> <Li> 3.4 April </Li> <Li> 3.5 May </Li> <Li> 3.6 June </Li> <Li> 3.7 July </Li> <Li> 3.8 August </Li> <Li> 3.9 September </Li> <Li> 3.10 October </Li> <Li> 3.11 November </Li> <Li> 3.12 December </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Deaths </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Incumbents ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Federal Government ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> President : Dwight D. Eisenhower ( R - Kansas / New York ) </Li> <Li> Vice President : Richard Nixon ( R - California ) oo </Li> <Li> Chief Justice : Earl Warren ( California ) </Li> <Li> ( ( Speaker of the United States House of </Li> </Ul> <P> Representatives Speaker of the House of Representatives ) ) : Joseph William Martin , Jr . ( R - Massachusetts ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Senate Majority Leader : William F. Knowland ( R - California ) </Li> <Li> Congress : 83rd </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Governors and Lieutenant Governors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Governors ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Governor of Alabama : Gordon Persons ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Arizona : John Howard Pyle ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Arkansas : Francis Cherry ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of California : Goodwin Knight ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Colorado : Daniel I.J. Thornton ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Connecticut : John Davis Lodge ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Delaware : J. Caleb Boggs ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Florida : Charley Eugene Johns ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Georgia : Herman Talmadge ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Idaho : Leonard B. Jordan ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Illinois : William G. Stratton ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Indiana : George N. Craig ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Iowa : <Ul> <Li> until November 21 : William S. Beardsley ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> November 21 - November 22 : vacant </Li> <Li> starting November 22 : Leo Elthon ( Republican ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Governor of Kansas : Edward F. Arn ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Kentucky : Lawrence W. Wetherby ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Louisiana : Robert F. Kennon ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Maine : Burton M. Cross ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Maryland : Theodore R. McKeldin ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Massachusetts : Christian A. Herter ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Michigan : G. Mennen Williams ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Minnesota : C. Elmer Anderson ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Mississippi : Hugh L. White ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Missouri : Phil M. Donnelly ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Montana : J. Hugo Aronson ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Nebraska : Robert B. Crosby ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Nevada : Charles H. Russell ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of New Hampshire : Hugh Gregg ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of New Jersey : Alfred E. Driscoll ( Republican ) ( until January 19 ) , Robert B. Meyner ( Democratic ) ( starting January 19 ) </Li> <Li> Governor of New Mexico : Edwin L. Mechem ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of New York : Thomas Dewey ( Republican ) ( until end of December 31 ) </Li> <Li> Governor of North Carolina : William B. Umstead ( Democratic ) ( until November 7 ) , Luther H. Hodges ( Democratic ) ( starting November 7 ) </Li> <Li> Governor of North Dakota : Clarence Norman Brunsdale ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Ohio : Frank J. Lausche ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Oklahoma : Johnston Murray ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Oregon : Paul L. Patterson ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Pennsylvania : John S. Fine ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Rhode Island : Dennis J. Roberts ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of South Carolina : James Francis Byrnes ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of South Dakota : Sigurd Anderson ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Tennessee : Frank G. Clement ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Texas : Allan Shivers ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Utah : J. Bracken Lee ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Vermont : Lee E. Emerson ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Virginia : John S. Battle ( Democratic ) ( until January 20 ) , Thomas Bahnson Stanley ( Democratic ) ( starting January 20 ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Washington : Arthur B. Langlie ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of West Virginia : William C. Marland ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Wisconsin : Walter J. Kohler , Jr . ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Governor of Wyoming : Clifford Joy Rogers ( Republican ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Lieutenant Governors ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : James B. Allen ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : Nathan Green Gordon ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of California : Harold J. Powers ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Gordon L. Allott ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Edward N. Allen ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : John W. Rollins ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Georgia : Marvin Griffin ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : Edson H. Deal ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : John William Chapman ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : Harold W. Handley ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : Leo Elthon ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : Fred Hall ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Emerson Beauchamp ( political party unknown ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : C.E. `` Cap '' Barham ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : Sumner G. Whittier ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : Clarence A. Reid ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : vacant ( until month and day unknown ) , Donald O. Wright ( Republican ) ( starting month and day unknown ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Carroll Gartin ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : James T. Blair , Jr . ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Montana : George M. Gosman ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Charles J. Warner ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Clifford A. Jones ( Democratic ) ( until December ) , vacant ( starting December ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Tibo J. Chavez ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of New York : vacant </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : Luther H. Hodges ( Democratic ) ( until November 7 ) , vacant ( starting November 7 ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Clarence P. Dahl ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : John William Brown ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : James E. Berry ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : Lloyd H. Wood ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : John S. McKiernan ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : George Bell Timmerman , Jr . ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : Rex A. Terry ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : Jared Maddux ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Texas : Ben Ramsey ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Joseph B. Johnson ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : Allie Edward Stokes Stephens ( Democratic ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Washington : Emmett T. Anderson ( Republican ) </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : George M. Smith ( Republican ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Events ( edit ) </H2> <H3> January ( edit ) </H3> January 21 : USS Nautilus , the first nuclear - powered submarine <Ul> <Li> January 14 -- Marilyn Monroe marries baseball player Joe DiMaggio . </Li> <Li> January 20 <Ul> <Li> The U.S. - based National Negro Network is established with 40 charter member radio stations . </Li> <Li> Rogers Pass , Montana records the coldest temperature in the contiguous United States of − 70 ° F ( − 56.7 ° C ) . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> January 21 -- The first nuclear - powered submarine , the USS Nautilus , is launched in Groton , Connecticut , by First Lady of the United States Mamie Eisenhower . </Li> <Li> January 25 -- The foreign ministers of the United States , Britain , France and the Soviet Union meet at the Berlin Conference . </Li> </Ul> <H3> February ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> February 10 -- After authorizing $385,000,000 over the $400,000,000 already budgeted for military aid to Vietnam , U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower warns against United States intervention in Vietnam . </Li> <Li> February 23 -- The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States . </Li> </Ul> <H3> March ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> March 1 -- U.S. officials announce that a hydrogen bomb test has been conducted on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean . </Li> <Li> March 1 -- U.S. Capitol shooting incident : Four Puerto Rican nationalists open fire in the United States House of Representatives chamber and wound five people ; they are apprehended by security guards . </Li> <Li> March 9 -- American journalists Edward Murrow and Fred W. Friendly produce a 30 - minute See It Now documentary , entitled A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy . </Li> <Li> March 16 -- The Army -- McCarthy hearings are convened . </Li> <Li> March 19 -- Joey Giardello knocks out Willie Tory at Madison Square Garden , in the first televised boxing prize fight to be shown in color . </Li> <Li> March 25 -- The 26th Academy Awards ceremony is held . </Li> <Li> March 28 -- Puerto Rico 's first television station , WKAQ - TV , goes on the air . </Li> </Ul> <H3> April ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> April 1 -- President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado </Li> <Li> April 7 -- Dwight D. Eisenhower gives his `` domino theory '' speech during a news conference . </Li> <Li> April 16 -- Vice President Richard Nixon announces that the United States may be `` putting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support . '' </Li> <Li> April 22 -- Senator Joseph McCarthy begins hearings investigating the United States Army for being `` soft '' on Communism . </Li> </Ul> <H3> May ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> May 14 -- The Boeing 707 is released after about two years of development . </Li> <Li> May 17 -- Brown v. Board of Education ( 347 US 483 1954 ) : The United States Supreme Court rules that segregated schools are unconstitutional . </Li> </Ul> <H3> June ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> June 9 -- McCarthyism : Joseph Welch , special counsel for the United States Army , lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy , during hearings on whether Communism has infiltrated the Army , saying , ' Have you , at long last , no decency ? ' . </Li> <Li> June 14 -- The words `` under God '' are added to the United States Pledge of Allegiance . </Li> <Li> June 17 -- A CIA - engineered military coup occurs in Guatemala . </Li> <Li> June 27 -- Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán steps down in a CIA - sponsored military coup , triggering a bloody civil war that continues for more than thirty - five years . </Li> </Ul> <H3> July ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> July 1 -- The United States officially begins using the international unit of the nautical mile , equal to 6,076.11549 ft. or 1,852 meters . </Li> <Li> July 15 -- The maiden flight of the Boeing 367 - 80 ( or Dash 80 ) , a prototype of the Boeing 707 series . </Li> <Li> July 19 -- Release of Elvis Presley 's first single , `` That 's All Right '' , by Sun Records ( recorded July 5 in Memphis , Tennessee ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> August ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> August 16 -- The first issue of Sports Illustrated magazine is published in the United States . </Li> </Ul> <H3> September ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> September 3 -- The last new episode of The Lone Ranger is aired on radio , after 2,956 episodes over a period of twenty - one years . </Li> <Li> September 11 -- The Miss America Pageant is broadcast on television for the first time . </Li> <Li> September 30 -- The USS Nautilus , the first nuclear - powered submarine , is commissioned by the US Navy . </Li> </Ul> <H3> October ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> October 15 -- Hurricane Hazel makes U.S. landfall ; it is the only recorded Category 4 hurricane to strike as far north as North Carolina . </Li> <Li> October 18 -- Texas Instruments announces the development of the first transistor radio . </Li> </Ul> <H3> November ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> November 10 -- U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates the USMC War Memorial ( Iwo Jima memorial ) in Arlington National Cemetery . </Li> <Li> November 12 -- The main immigration port of entry in New York Harbor at Ellis Island closes . </Li> <Li> November 23 -- The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises 3.27 points , or 0.86 % , closing at an all - time high of 382.74 . More significantly , this is the first time the Dow has surpassed its peak level reached just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . </Li> <Li> November 30 -- In Sylacauga , Alabama , a 4 kg piece of the Hodges Meteorite crashes through the roof of a house and badly bruises a napping woman , in the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person . </Li> </Ul> <H3> December ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> December 1 -- The first Hyatt Hotel , The Hyatt House Los Angeles , opens . It is the first hotel in the world built outside of an airport . </Li> <Li> December 2 <Ul> <Li> Red Scare : The United States Senate votes 67 -- 22 to condemn Joseph McCarthy for `` conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute . '' </Li> <Li> The Sino - American Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and Republic of China is signed . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> December 4 -- The first branch of Burger King opens in Miami , Florida , USA . </Li> <Li> December 21 -- The 6.5 M Eureka earthquake affected the north coast of California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very strong ) . Several people were injured and one was killed , with $2.1 million in damage . </Li> <Li> December 23 -- The first successful kidney transplant is performed by Joseph E. Murray , MD in Boston from one identical twin to his brother . Murray would later share the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his `` ( discovery ) concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease '' . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Undated ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus ) are brought to the United States by Dr. Victor Schwentker . </Li> <Li> New York City Ballet co-founder and balletmaster George Balanchine 's production of The Nutcracker is staged for the first time in New York , becoming an annual tradition there , still being performed there as of 2008 . </Li> <Li> The Boy Scouts of America desegregates on the basis of race . ( Source / citation needed -- no evidence for this statement found until 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The TV dinner is introduced by the American entrepreneur Gerry Thomas . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ongoing ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Second Red Scare ( 1947 -- 1957 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Births ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> January ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> January 1 -- Bob Menendez , United States Senator from New Jersey since 2006 . </Li> <Li> January 23 -- Richard Finch , bass player , songwriter , and producer ( KC and the Sunshine Band ) </Li> <Li> January 29 -- Bill Evers , baseball player , coach , and manager </Li> </Ul> <H3> February ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> February 15 -- Matt Groening , author , cartoonist , producer and screenwriter </Li> <Li> February 16 -- Margaux Hemingway , fashion model , actress , and sister of Mariel Hemingway ( d . 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> March ( edit ) </H3> <H3> April ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> April 10 -- Peter MacNicol , actor . </Li> <Li> April 23 -- Michael Moore , filmmaker , writer , social critic , and activist . </Li> </Ul> <H3> May ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> May 4 -- Doug Jones , U.S. Senator from Alabama since 2018 </Li> <Li> May 8 -- Pam Arciero , puppeteer and voice actress </Li> <Li> May 12 -- Rafael Yglesias , novelist and screenwriter </Li> <Li> May 21 -- Janice Karman , film producer , record producer , singer , voice artist and wife of Ross Bagdasarian , Jr . </Li> <Li> May 29 -- Jerry Moran , United States Senator from Kansas since 2011 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> June ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> June 25 -- Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> July ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> July 25 -- Walter Payton , football running back who played for the Chicago Bears ( d . 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> August ( edit ) </H3> <H3> September ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> September 6 -- Carly Fiorina , businesswoman , CEO of Hewlett - Packard </Li> <Li> September 24 -- Ash Carter , 25th United States Secretary of Defense </Li> </Ul> <H3> October ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> October 3 -- Joe Gates , American baseball player and coach ( d . 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> November ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> November 12 -- Rob Lytle , American football player ( d . 2010 ) </Li> <Li> November 14 <Ul> <Li> Anson Funderburgh , guitarist and bandleader </Li> <Li> Condoleezza Rice , first female African - American Secretary of State , in office from 2005 - 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> December ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> December 2 -- Stone Phillips , journalist and educator </Li> <Li> December 10 -- Gavin Smith , businessman ( d . 2012 ) </Li> <Li> December 15 -- Mark Warner , United States Senator from Virginia since 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Deaths ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> January 5 -- Rabbit Maranville , baseball player ( b . 1891 ) </Li> <Li> February 6 -- Maxwell Bodenheim , poet and novelist , murdered ( b . 1892 ) </Li> <Li> September 28 -- Pat McCarran , Democratic United States Senator from Nevada from 1933 until 1954 ( born 1876 ) </Li> <Li> Jeremiah Dublanc , Philadelphia businessman </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of American films of 1954 </Li> <Li> Timeline of United States history ( 1950 -- 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` On This Day '' , New York Times , retrieved 25 August 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s : Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dente , Christopher J. ( March 2005 ) . `` Joseph E. Murray ( 1919 -- ) '' . Archives of Surgery . American Medical Association . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to 1954 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18th century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1776 </Li> <Li> 1777 </Li> <Li> 1778 </Li> <Li> 1779 </Li> <Li> 1780 </Li> <Li> 1781 </Li> <Li> 1782 </Li> <Li> 1783 </Li> <Li> 1784 </Li> <Li> 1785 </Li> <Li> 1786 </Li> <Li> 1787 </Li> <Li> 1788 </Li> <Li> 1789 </Li> <Li> 1790 </Li> <Li> 1791 </Li> <Li> 1792 </Li> <Li> 1793 </Li> <Li> 1794 </Li> <Li> 1795 </Li> <Li> 1796 </Li> <Li> 1797 </Li> <Li> 1798 </Li> <Li> 1799 </Li> <Li> 1800 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19th century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1801 </Li> <Li> 1802 </Li> <Li> 1803 </Li> <Li> 1804 </Li> <Li> 1805 </Li> <Li> 1806 </Li> <Li> 1807 </Li> <Li> 1808 </Li> <Li> 1809 </Li> <Li> 1810 </Li> <Li> 1811 </Li> <Li> 1812 </Li> <Li> 1813 </Li> 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what was going on in 1954 in the us

Eighth Crusade - wikipedia <H1> Eighth Crusade </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Eighth Crusade </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the Crusades </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Death of Louis IX during the siege of Tunis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 1270 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Tunisia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Muslim victory Treaty of Tunis Death of Louis IX Opening of trade with Tunis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Territorial changes </Th> <Td> Status quo ante bellum </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of France Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Navarre </Td> <Td> Hafsid dynasty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis IX # Charles I of Sicily Theobald II of Navarre </Td> <Td> Muhammad I al - Mustansir </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Crusades </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> In the Holy Land ( 1095 -- 1291 ) <Ul> <Li> First </Li> <Li> People 's </Li> <Li> 1101 </Li> <Li> Norwegian </Li> <Li> Venetian </Li> <Li> Second </Li> <Li> Third </Li> <Li> 1197 </Li> <Li> Fourth </Li> <Li> Children 's </Li> <Li> Fifth </Li> <Li> Sixth </Li> <Li> Barons ' </Li> <Li> Seventh </Li> <Li> Shepherds ' 1251 </Li> <Li> Eighth </Li> <Li> Ninth </Li> </Ul> <P> After 1291 </P> <Ul> <Li> Poor 1309 </Li> <Li> Shepherds ' 1320 </Li> <Li> Smyrniote 1343 -- 1351 </Li> <Li> Alexandrian 1365 </Li> <Li> Savoyard 1366 </Li> <Li> Barbary 1390 </Li> <Li> Nicopolis 1396 </Li> <Li> Varna 1443 </Li> <Li> Portuguese 1481 </Li> </Ul> <P> Northern Crusades ( 1147 -- 1410 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Wendish 1147 </Li> <Li> Swedish <Ul> <Li> 1150 </Li> <Li> 1249 </Li> <Li> 1293 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Livonian 1198 -- 1290 </Li> <Li> Prussian 1217 -- 1274 </Li> <Li> Lithuanian 1283 -- 1410 </Li> </Ul> <P> Against Christians </P> <Ul> <Li> Bosnian 1235 -- 1241 </Li> <Li> Albigensian 1209 -- 1229 </Li> <Li> Aragonese 1284 / 5 </Li> <Li> Despenser 's 1382 / 3 </Li> <Li> Hussite 1419 -- 1434 </Li> </Ul> <P> Reconquista ( 718 -- 1492 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Book : The Crusades </Li> <Li> Portal : Crusades </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in 1270 . The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh , if the Fifth and Sixth Crusades of Frederick II are counted as a single crusade . The Ninth Crusade is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth . The crusade is considered a failure after Louis died shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia , with his disease - ridden army dispersing back to Europe shortly afterwards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Preparation </Li> <Li> 3 Campaign and siege </Li> <Li> 4 Literary response </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Despite the failure of the Seventh Crusade , which ended in the capture of King Louis by the Mamluks , the King did not lose interest in crusading . He continued to send financial aid and military support to the settlements in Outremer from 1254 to 1266 . While the `` crusade '' of the King 's brother Charles of Anjou against the Hohenstaufen Kingdom of Sicily occupied Papal attention for some years , the advance of Baibars in Syria during the early 1260s became increasingly alarming to Christendom . The War of Saint Sabas between Genoa and Venice had drawn in the Crusader States and depleted their resources and manpower . The exhausted settlements were systematically overrun by the methodical campaigns of Baibars . By 1265 , he had raided Galilee and destroyed the cathedral of Nazareth , captured Caesarea and Arsuf and temporarily took Haifa . In late 1266 , Louis informed Pope Clement IV that he intended to go on crusade again . </P> <H2> Preparation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Louis formally took the cross on 24 March 1267 at an assembly of his nobles . A second ceremony took place on 5 June 1267 before a papal legate in Notre - Dame de Paris . Louis 's son - in - law , King Theobald II of Navarre , who had also taken the cross , was also present . The response was less enthusiastic than to his calling of the Seventh Crusade in 1248 , although its unpopularity may have been exaggerated by his chronicler Jean de Joinville , who was personally opposed to the venture . The crusade was set to sail from Aigues - Mortes in early summer 1270 in Genoese and Marseillois shipping . An Aragonese contingent under James I of Aragon sailed from Barcelona in September 1269 , but was caught in a storm and badly damaged ; most of the survivors returned home , while one squadron under the King 's natural sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez reached Acre . Too weak to engage Baibars , they soon returned to Aragon as well . </P> <P> Louis ' initial plan was to descend on the coast of Outremer by way of Cyprus . However , a new plan was developed in 1269 , wherein the fleet would first descend on Tunis . This change has often been attributed to the King 's brother Charles of Anjou , whose newly - conquered Kingdom of Sicily would benefit from a renewal of its traditional influence on Tunis . However , the details of Charles ' preparations suggest that he was not initially aware of the change of plans , which originated at the French court . Louis may have thought that Tunis was an important base of supplies for Egypt ; Geoffrey of Beaulieu stated that the King thought that the Khalif of Tunis , Muhammad I al - Mustansir , might be persuaded to convert to Christianity , if given military support . </P> <P> Pope Clement ceded a tenth of the church 's income in Navarre to King Theobald for the financing the crusade . The prior of Roncesvalles and the dean of Tudela were to oversee the collection of the tenth . The preaching of the crusade in Navarre was primarily undertaken by the Franciscans and Dominicans of Pamplona . </P> <H2> Campaign and siege ( edit ) </H2> <P> A large and well - organized fleet under Louis IX sailed from Aigues - Mortes about a month late , on 1 July 1270 . The following day a second fleet under the King of Navarre sailed from Marseille . The two fleets joined up at Cagliari on the southern coast of Sardinia . They landed on the Tunisian coast on 18 July . The crusaders built a fortified camp on the ruins of Carthage and awaited the arrival of the Sicilian contingent under Charles of Anjou . The North African summer bred pestilence , and an epidemic of dysentery swept through the crusading ranks . Louis ' Damietta - born son John Tristan died of the disease on 3 August . Soon Louis , too , fell sick , and died , in penitence , on a bed of ashes on 25 August . His brother Charles arrived just after his death . </P> <P> Because of further diseases the siege of Tunis was abandoned on 30 October by an agreement with the sultan . In this agreement the Christians gained free trade with Tunis , and residence for monks and priests in the city was guaranteed . After hearing of the death of Louis and the evacuation of the crusaders from Tunis , Sultan Baibars of Egypt cancelled his plan to send Egyptian troops to fight Louis in Tunis . The treaty was quite beneficial to Charles of Anjou , who received one - third of a war indemnity from the Tunisians , and was promised that Hohenstaufen refugees in the sultanate would be expelled . </P> <P> Prince Edward of England arrived with an English fleet the day before the crusaders left Tunis . The English returned to Sicily with the rest of the crusaders ; the combined fleet was badly damaged in a storm off Trapani . At the end of April 1271 , the English continued to Acre to carry on the Ninth Crusade . </P> <H2> Literary response ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bertran d'Alamanon , a diplomat in the service of Charles of Anjou , and Ricaut Bono criticised the de Papal policy of pursuing wars in Italy with money that should have gone overseas . </P> <P> The failure of the Eighth Crusade , like those of its predecessors , caused a response to be crafted in Occitan poetry by the troubadours . The death of Louis of France especially sparked their creative output , notable considering the hostility which the troubadours had previously shown towards the French monarchy during the Albigensian Crusade . Three planhs , songs of lament , were composed for the death of Louis IX . </P> <P> Guilhem d'Autpol composed Fortz tristors es e salvaj'a retraire for Louis . Raimon Gaucelm de Bezers composed Qui vol aver complida amistansa to celebrate the preparations of the Crusade in 1268 , but in 1270 he had to compose Ab grans trebalhs et ab grans marrimens in commemoration of the French king . Austorc de Segret composed No sai quim so , tan sui desconoissens , a more general Crusading song , that laments Louis but also that either God or Satan is misleading Christians . He also attacks Louis ' brother Charles , whom he calls the caps e guitz ( head and guide ) of the infidels , because he convinced Louis to attack Tunis and not the Holy Land , and he immediately negotiated a peace with the Muslims after Louis ' death . </P> <P> After the Crusade , the aged troubadour Peire Cardenal wrote a song , Totz lo mons es vestitiz et abrazatz ( more or less : the entire world is besieged and surrounded ( by falsehood ) ) , encouraging Louis ' heir , Philip III , to go to the Holy Land to aid Edward Longshanks . </P> <P> Satiric verses were composed in Tunis about Louis ' new plan to invade Tunis : `` O Louis , Tunis is the sister of Egypt ! thus expect your ordeal ! you will find your tomb here instead of the house of Ibn Lokman ; and the eunuch Sobih will be here replaced by Munkir and Nakir . '' . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Crusades of St. Louis '' . Britannica . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 207 -- 208 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 239 -- 240 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 240 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 241 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Narbaitz 2007 , pp. 256 -- 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 209 -- 210 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 210 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 210 -- 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Al - Maqrizi , p. 69 / vol. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verses by a contemporary Tunesian named Ahmad Ismail Alzayat ( Al - Maqrizi , p. 462 / vol. 1 ) -- House of Ibn Lokman was the house in Al - Mansurah where Louis was imprisoned in chains after he was captured in Fariskur during the 7th Crusade and where he was under the guard of a eunuch named Sobih . According to Muslim creed Munkir and Nakir are two angels who interrogate the dead . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Al - Maqrizi , Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al - Melouk , Dar al - kotob , Cairo 1997 . English translation by Bohn , Henry G. , The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings , Chronicles of the Crusades , AMS Press , 1969 . </Li> <Li> Beebe , Bruce , `` The English Baronage and the Crusade of 1270 , '' in Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research , vol . xlviii ( 118 ) , November 1975 , pp. 127 -- 148 . </Li> <Li> Narbaitz , Pierre ( 2007 ) . Navarra o cuando los vascos tenían reyes . Tafalla : Editorial Txalaparta . </Li> <Li> Paterson , Linda ( 2003 ) . `` Lyric allusions to the crusades and the Holy Land . '' Colston Symposium . </Li> <Li> Richard , Jean . The Crusades , C. 1071 - c. 1291 , Cambridge University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62566 - 1 </Li> <Li> Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 2005 ) ( 1987 ) . The Crusades : A History ( 2nd ed . ) . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7270 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Strayer , Joseph R. ( 1969 ) . `` The Crusades of Louis IX '' . In R.L. Wolff ; H.W. Hazard . A History of the Crusades , Volume II : The Later Crusades ( 1189 -- 1311 ) . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 486 -- 518 . </Li> <Li> Throop , Palmer A. , `` Criticism of Papal Crusade Policy in Old French and Provençal . '' Speculum , Vol. 13 , No. 4 . ( October , 1938 ) , pp. 379 -- 412 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&oldid=815529492 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Eighth Crusade </Li> <Li> 13th - century crusades </Li> <Li> Conflicts in 1270 </Li> <Li> 1270 in Africa </Li> <Li> Charles I of Naples </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from September 2011 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> مصرى </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 11 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who occupied the holy land after the 8th crusade

Menstruation - wikipedia <H1> Menstruation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about humans . For other mammals , see Menstruation ( mammal ) . Figure showing the progression of the menstrual cycle and the different hormones contributing to it . <P> Menstruation , also known as a period or monthly , is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue ( known as menses ) from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina . The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age , a point in time known as menarche . However , periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal . The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world , and earlier in the developed world . The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women , and 21 to 31 days in adults ( an average of 28 days ) . Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days . Menstruation stops occurring after menopause , which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age . Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding . </P> <P> Up to 80 % of women report having some symptoms prior to menstruation . Common signs and symptoms include acne , tender breasts , bloating , feeling tired , irritability , and mood changes . These may interfere with normal life , therefore qualifying as premenstrual syndrome , in 20 to 30 % of women . In 3 to 8 % , symptoms are severe . </P> <P> A lack of periods , known as amenorrhea , is when periods do not occur by age 15 or have not occurred in 90 days . Other problems with the menstrual cycle include painful periods and abnormal bleeding such as bleeding between periods or heavy bleeding . Menstruation in other animals occurs in primates , such as apes and monkeys , as well as bats and the elephant shrew . </P> <P> The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise and fall of hormones . This cycle results in the thickening of the lining of the uterus , and the growth of an egg , ( which is required for pregnancy ) . The egg is released from an ovary around day fourteen in the cycle ; the thickened lining of the uterus provides nutrients to an embryo after implantation . If pregnancy does not occur , the lining is released in what is known as menstruation . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Onset and frequency </Li> <Li> 2 Health effects <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cramps </Li> <Li> 2.2 Mood and behavior </Li> <Li> 2.3 Bleeding </Li> <Li> 2.4 Menstrual disorders </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Ovulation suppression <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Birth control </Li> <Li> 3.2 Breastfeeding </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Menstrual management <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Disposable products </Li> <Li> 4.2 Reusable products </Li> <Li> 4.3 Non-commercial items </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Society and culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Traditions and taboos <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Islam </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Judaism </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Hinduism </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Christianity </Li> <Li> 5.1. 5 Secular culture </Li> <Li> 5.1. 6 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sexual activity </Li> <Li> 5.3 Education </Li> <Li> 5.4 Cost </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Evolution </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Onset and frequency </H2> Diagram illustrating how the uterus lining builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle . <P> The first menstrual period occurs after the onset of pubertal growth , and is called menarche . The average age of menarche is 12 to 15 . However , it may start as early as eight . The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world , and earlier in the developed world . The average age of menarche has changed little in the United States since the 1950s . </P> <P> Menstruation is the most visible phase of the menstrual cycle and its beginning is used as the marker between cycles . The first day of menstrual bleeding is the date used for the last menstrual period ( LMP ) . The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women , and 21 to 31 days in adults ( an average of 28 days ) . </P> <P> Perimenopause is when fertility in a female declines , and menstruation occurs less regularly in the years leading up to the final menstrual period , when a female stops menstruating completely and is no longer fertile . The medical definition of menopause is one year without a period and typically occurs between 45 and 55 in Western countries . </P> <P> During pregnancy and for some time after childbirth , menstruation does not occur ; this state is known as amenorrhoea . If menstruation has not resumed , fertility is low during lactation . The average length of postpartum amenorrhoea is longer when certain breastfeeding practices are followed ; this may be done intentionally as birth control . </P> <H2> Health effects </H2> Further information : Premenstrual syndrome <P> In most women , various physical changes are brought about by fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle . This includes muscle contractions of the uterus ( menstrual cramping ) that can precede or accompany menstruation . Some may notice water retention , changes in sex drive , fatigue , breast tenderness , or nausea . Breast swelling and discomfort may be caused by water retention during menstruation . Usually , such sensations are mild , and some females notice very few physical changes associated with menstruation . A healthy diet , reduced consumption of salt , caffeine and alcohol , and regular exercise may be effective for women in controlling some symptoms . Severe symptoms that disrupt daily activities and functioning may be diagnosed as premenstrual dysphoric disorder . Symptoms before menstruation are known as premenstrual molimina . </P> <H3> Cramps </H3> Further information : Dysmenorrhea <P> Many women experience painful cramps , also known as dysmenorrhea , during menstruation . Pain results from ischemia and muscle contractions . Spiral arteries in the secretory endometrium constrict , resulting in ischemia to the secretory endometrium . This allows the uterine lining to slough off . The myometrium contracts spasmodically in order to push the menstrual fluid through the cervix and out of the vagina . The contractions are mediated by a release of prostaglandins . </P> <P> Painful menstrual cramps that result from an excess of prostaglandin release are referred to as primary dysmenorrhea . Primary dysmenorrhea usually begins within a year or two of menarche , typically with the onset of ovulatory cycles . Treatments that target the mechanism of pain include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and hormonal contraceptives . NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production . With long - term treatment , hormonal birth control reduces the amount of uterine fluid / tissue expelled from the uterus . Thus resulting in shorter , less painful menstruation . These drugs are typically more effective than treatments that do not target the source of the pain ( e.g. acetaminophen ) . Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea include : early age at menarche , long or heavy menstrual periods , smoking , and a family history of dysmenorrhea . Regular physical activity may limit the severity of uterine cramps . </P> <P> For many women , primary dysmenorrhea gradually subsides in late second generation . Pregnancy has also been demonstrated to lessen the severity of dysmenorrhea , when menstruation resumes . However , dysmenorrhea can continue until menopause. 5 -- 15 % of women with dysmenorrhea experience symptoms severe enough to interfere with daily activities . </P> <P> Secondary dysmenorrhea is the diagnosis given when menstruation pain is a secondary cause to another disorder . Conditions causing secondary dysmenorrhea include endometriosis , uterine fibroids , and uterine adenomyosis . Rarely , congenital malformations , intrauterine devices , certain cancers , and pelvic infections cause secondary dysmenorrhea . Symptoms include pain spreading to hips , lower back and thighs , nausea , and frequent diarrhea or constipation . If the pain occurs between menstrual periods , lasts longer than the first few days of the period , or is not adequately relieved by the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) or hormonal contraceptives , women should be evaluated for secondary causes of dysmenorrhea . </P> <P> When severe pelvic pain and bleeding suddenly occur or worsen during a cycle , the woman or girl should be evaluated for ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion . This evaluation begins with a pregnancy test and should be done as soon as unusual pain begins , because ectopic pregnancies can be life ‐ threatening . </P> <P> In some cases , stronger physical and emotional or psychological sensations may interfere with normal activities , and include menstrual pain ( dysmenorrhea ) , migraine headaches , and depression . Dysmenorrhea , or severe uterine pain , is particularly common for young females ( one study found that 67.2 % of girls aged 13 -- 19 have it ) . </P> <P> The medications in the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) class are commonly used to relieve menstrual cramps . Some herbs are also claimed to help . </P> <H3> Mood and behavior </H3> <P> Some women experience emotional disturbances starting one or two weeks before their period , and stopping soon after the period has started . Symptoms may include mental tension , irritability , mood swings , and crying spells . Problems with concentration and memory may occur . There may also be depression or anxiety . </P> <P> This is part of premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) and is estimated to occur in 20 to 30 % of women . In 3 to 8 % it is severe . </P> <P> More severe symptoms of anxiety or depression may be signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD ) . Rarely , in individuals who are susceptible , menstruation may be a trigger for menstrual psychosis . </P> <P> Extreme psychological stress can also result in periods stopping . </P> <H3> Bleeding </H3> <P> The average volume of menstrual fluid during a monthly menstrual period is 35 milliliters ( 2.4 tablespoons of menstrual fluid ) with 10 -- 80 milliliters ( 1 -- 6 tablespoons of menstrual fluid ) considered typical . Menstrual fluid is the correct name for the flow , although many people prefer to refer to it as menstrual blood . Menstrual fluid contains some blood , as well as cervical mucus , vaginal secretions , and endometrial tissue . Menstrual fluid is reddish - brown , a slightly darker color than venous blood . </P> <P> About half of menstrual fluid is blood . This blood contains sodium , calcium , phosphate , iron , and chloride , the extent of which depends on the woman . As well as blood , the fluid consists of cervical mucus , vaginal secretions , and endometrial tissue . Vaginal fluids in menses mainly contribute water , common electrolytes , organ moieties , and at least 14 proteins , including glycoproteins . </P> <P> Many mature females notice blood clots during menstruation . These appear as clumps of blood that may look like tissue . If there are questions ( for example , was there a miscarriage ? ) , examination under a microscope can confirm if it was endometrial tissue or pregnancy tissue ( products of conception ) that was shed . Sometimes menstrual clots or shed endometrial tissue is incorrectly thought to indicate an early - term miscarriage of an embryo . An enzyme called plasmin -- contained in the endometrium -- tends to inhibit the blood from clotting . </P> <P> The amount of iron lost in menstrual fluid is relatively small for most women . In one study , premenopausal women who exhibited symptoms of iron deficiency were given endoscopies. 86 % of them actually had gastrointestinal disease and were at risk of being misdiagnosed simply because they were menstruating . Heavy menstrual bleeding , occurring monthly , can result in anemia . </P> <H3> Menstrual disorders </H3> <P> There is a wide spectrum of differences in how women experience menstruation . There are several ways that someone 's menstrual cycle can differ from the norm , any of which should be discussed with a doctor to identify the underlying cause : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Symptom </Th> <Th> See article </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infrequent periods </Td> <Td> Oligomenorrhea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Short or extremely light periods </Td> <Td> Hypomenorrhea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Too - frequent periods ( defined as more frequently than every 21 days ) </Td> <Td> Polymenorrhea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Extremely heavy or long periods ( one guideline is soaking a sanitary napkin or tampon every hour or so , or menstruating for longer than 7 days ) </Td> <Td> Hypermenorrhea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Extremely painful periods </Td> <Td> Dysmenorrhea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Breakthrough bleeding ( also called spotting ) between periods ; normal in many females </Td> <Td> Metrorrhagia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Absent periods </Td> <Td> Amenorrhea </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There is a movement among gynecologists to discard the terms noted above , which although they are widely used , do not have precise definitions . Many now argue to describe menstruation in simple terminology , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cycle regularity ( irregular , regular , or absent ) </Li> <Li> Frequency of menstruation ( frequent , normal , or infrequent ) </Li> <Li> Duration of menstrual flow ( prolonged , normal , or shortened ) </Li> <Li> Volume of menstrual flow ( heavy , normal , or light ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a hormonally caused bleeding abnormality . Dysfunctional uterine bleeding typically occurs in premenopausal women who do not ovulate normally ( i.e. are anovulatory ) . All these bleeding abnormalities need medical attention ; they may indicate hormone imbalances , uterine fibroids , or other problems . As pregnant women may bleed , a pregnancy test forms part of the evaluation of abnormal bleeding . </P> <P> Women who had undergone female genital mutilation ( particularly type III - infibulation ) a practice common in parts of Africa , may experience menstrual problems , such as slow and painful menstruation , that is caused by the near - complete sealing off of the vagina . </P> <P> Premature or delayed menarche should be investigated if menarche begins before 9 years , if menarche has not begun by age 15 , if there is no breast development by age 13 , or if there is no period by 3 years after the onset of breast development . </P> <H2> Ovulation suppression </H2> <H3> Birth control </H3> Main article : Hormonal contraception Half - used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive . The white pills are placebos , mainly for the purpose of reminding the woman to continue taking the pills . <P> Since the late 1960s , many women have chosen to control the frequency of menstruation with hormonal birth control pills . They are most often combined hormone pills containing estrogen and are taken in 28 - day cycles , 21 hormonal pills with either a 7 - day break from pills , or 7 placebo pills during which the woman menstruates . Hormonal birth control acts by using low doses of hormones to prevent ovulation , and thus prevent pregnancy in sexually active women . But by using placebo pills for a 7 - day span during the month , a regular bleeding period is still experienced . </P> <P> Injections such as depo - provera became available in the 1960s . Progestogen implants such as Norplant in the 1980s and extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pills in the early 2000s . </P> <P> Using synthetic hormones , it is possible for a woman to completely eliminate menstrual periods . When using progestogen implants , menstruation may be reduced to 3 or 4 menstrual periods per year . By taking progestogen - only contraceptive pills ( sometimes called the ' mini-pill ' ) continuously without a 7 - day span of using placebo pills , menstrual periods do not occur . Some women do this simply for convenience in the short - term , while others prefer to eliminate periods altogether when possible . </P> <P> Some women use hormonal contraception in this way to eliminate their periods for months or years at a time , a practice called menstrual suppression . When the first birth control pill was being developed , the researchers were aware that they could use the contraceptive to space menstrual periods up to 90 days apart , but they settled on a 28 - day cycle that would mimic a natural menstrual cycle and produce monthly periods . The intention behind this decision was the hope of the inventor , John Rock , to win approval for his invention from the Roman Catholic Church . That attempt failed , but the 28 - day cycle remained the standard when the pill became available to the public . There is debate among medical researchers about the potential long - term impacts of these practices upon female health . Some researchers point to the fact that historically , females have had far fewer menstrual periods throughout their lifetimes , a result of shorter life expectancies , as well as a greater length of time spent pregnant or breast - feeding , which reduced the number of periods experienced by females . These researchers believe that the higher number of menstrual periods by females in modern societies may have a negative impact upon their health . On the other hand , some researchers believe there is a greater potential for negative impacts from exposing females perhaps unnecessarily to regular low doses of synthetic hormones over their reproductive years . </P> <H3> Breastfeeding </H3> Main article : Lactational amenorrhea method <P> Breastfeeding causes negative feedback to occur on pulse secretion of gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) . Depending on the strength of the negative feedback , breastfeeding women may experience complete suppression of follicular development , follicular development but no ovulation , or normal menstrual cycles may resume . Suppression of ovulation is more likely when suckling occurs more frequently . The production of prolactin in response to suckling is important to maintaining lactational amenorrhea . On average , women who are fully breastfeeding whose infants suckle frequently experience a return of menstruation at fourteen and a half months postpartum . There is a wide range of response among individual breastfeeding women , however , with some experiencing return of menstruation at two months and others remaining amenorrheic for up to 42 months postpartum . </P> <H2> Menstrual management </H2> Main article : Feminine hygiene Further information : Menstrual hygiene day <P> Menstruation is managed by menstruating women to avoid damage to clothing or to accord with norms of public life . Menstrual management practices range from medical suppression of menstruation , through wearing special garments or other items , washing or avoidance of washing , disposal and laundry of stained materials , to separation of menstruators to particular places or activities . </P> <P> Menstrual products ( also called `` feminine hygiene '' products ) are made to absorb or catch menstrual blood . A number of different products are available - some are disposable , some are reusable . Where women can afford it , items used to absorb or catch menses are usually commercially manufactured products . </P> <H3> Disposable products </H3> Disposable sanitary napkin Tampon in plastic applicator <Ul> <Li> Sanitary napkins ( also called sanitary towels or pads ) -- Rectangular pieces of material worn attached to the underwear to absorb menstrual flow , often with an adhesive backing to hold the pad in place . Disposable pads may contain wood pulp or gel products , usually with a plastic lining and bleached . </Li> <Li> Tampons -- Disposable cylinders of treated rayon / cotton blends or all - cotton fleece , usually bleached , that are inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow . </Li> <Li> Disposable menstrual cups made of soft plastic -- A firm , flexible cup - shaped device worn inside the vagina to collect menstrual flow . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Reusable products </H3> Menstrual cup Cloth menstrual pad <Ul> <Li> Menstrual cups -- A firm , flexible bell - shaped device worn inside the vagina to collect menstrual flow . Menstrual cups are usually made of silicone and can last 5 years or longer . </Li> <Li> Reusable cloth pads -- Pads that are made of cotton ( often organic ) , terrycloth , or flannel , and may be handsewn ( from material or reused old clothes and towels ) or storebought . </Li> <Li> Padded panties or period - proof underwear -- Reusable cloth ( usually cotton ) underwear with extra absorbent layers sewn in to absorb flow . Some also use patented technology to be leak resistant , such as the brand THINX . </Li> <Li> Sea sponges -- Natural sponges , worn internally like a tampon to absorb menstrual flow . </Li> <Li> Blanket , towel -- ( also known as a draw sheet ) -- large reusable piece of cloth , most often used at night , placed between legs to absorb menstrual flow . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Non-commercial items </H3> <P> In developing countries , many poor women can not afford commercial feminine hygiene products . Instead , they use materials found in the environment or other improvised materials . Absorption materials that may be used by women who can not afford anything else include : sand , ash , small hole in earth , cloth , whole leaf , leaf fibre ( such as water hyacinth , banana , papyrus , cotton fibre ) , paper ( toilet paper , re-used newspaper , pulped and dried paper ) , animal pelt e.g. goat skin , double layer of underwear , skirt or sari . </P> <H2> Society and culture </H2> Amra Padatik India , celebration of Menstrual Hygiene Day in India <H3> Traditions and taboos </H3> Main article : Culture and menstruation Further information : Menstrual taboo <P> Many religions have menstruation - related traditions . </P> Islam <P> Islam prohibits sexual contact with women during menstruation in the 2nd chapter of the Quran . Women are exempted from Salah ( prayer ) . They are also prohibited from fasting and obligatory fasts of Ramadan are to be performed during other days . During menses pilgrimages are allowed ; however , circumambulation of the Kaaba is prohibited and is to be performed during other times . </P> Judaism <P> The laws of Niddah in Judaism may ban certain actions during menstruation ( such as sexual intercourse in some movements of Judaism ) or rituals performed at the end of each menses ( such as the mikvah ) . Some traditional societies sequester women in residences called `` menstrual huts '' that are reserved for that exclusive purpose . </P> Hinduism <P> In Hinduism , it is also frowned upon to go to a temple and do pooja ( i.e. , pray ) or do pooja at religious events if one is menstruating . Metaformic Theory , as proposed by cultural theorist Judy Grahn and others , places menstruation as a central organizing idea in the creation of culture and the formation of humans ' earliest rituals . </P> Christianity <P> Although most Christian denominations do not follow any specific or prescribed rites for menstruation , Western civilization , which has been predominantly Christian , has a history of menstrual taboos , with menstruating women having been believed to be dangerous . </P> Secular culture <P> Anthropologists , Lock and Nguyen ( 2010 ) , have noted that the heavy medicalization of the reproductive life - stages of women in the West , mimic power structures that are deemed , in other cultural practices , to function as a form of `` social control '' . Medicalization of the stages of women 's lives , such as birth and menstruation , has enlivened a feminist perspective that investigates the social implications of biomedicine 's practice . `` ( C ) ultural analysis of reproduction ... attempts to show how women ... exhibit resistance and create dominant alternative meanings about the body and reproduction to those dominant among the medical profession . '' </P> Other <P> In some parts of South Asia , women are isolated during menstruation . In 2005 , in Nepal , the Supreme Court abolished the practice of chhaupadi , keeping women in cow - sheds during menstruation . </P> <H3> Sexual activity </H3> <P> Sexual intercourse during menstruation does not cause damage in and of itself , but the woman 's body is more vulnerable during this time . Vaginal pH is higher and thus less acidic than normal , the cervix is lower in its position , the cervical opening is more dilated , and the uterine endometrial lining is absent , thus allowing organisms direct access to the bloodstream through the numerous blood vessels that nourish the uterus . All these conditions increase the chance of infection during menstruation . </P> <H3> Education </H3> <P> Menstruation education is frequently taught in combination with sex education in the US , although one study suggests that girls would prefer their mothers to be the primary source of information about menstruation and puberty . A Nigerian study showed the following breakdown in menstruation education : `` parents of 56.1 % , friends of 53.18 % , books of 45.56 % , teachers of 44.15 % , internet of 45.19 % , and health centers of 54.14 % '' held the most influence in terms of menstruation education . Information about menstruation is often shared among friends and peers , which may promote a more positive outlook on puberty . </P> <P> The quality of menstrual education in a society determines the accuracy of people 's understanding of the process . This is in part due to the segregation of male and female peers during educational sessions . Failure to teach an accurate understanding of menstruation to students of all genders has social implications for gendered relationships and the objectification of women 's bodies . Discomfort arises when students do not have access to the same information , reinforcing the belief `` that menstruation is gross and should be kept hidden '' . Girls are encouraged to conceal the fact that they may be menstruating in order to be considered desirable . Sexual harassment and teasing about menstruation cause girls anxiety as they must struggle to ensure that they give no sign of menstruation . </P> <P> Effective educational programs are essential to providing children and adolescents with clear and accurate information about menstruation . Several education and sexual health experts have studied the key features necessary for such programs . Some experts maintain that schools are an appropriate place for menstrual education to take place because they are an institution that young people attend consistently . Schools are intended to expand students ' knowledge and thus serve as an appropriate site for conveying menstrual education . </P> <P> Other experts argue that programs led by peers or third - party agencies are more effective than those taught in the school classroom . This may be due to the use of small group interactions , the ability of these programs to target specific populations , or the possibility that many teenagers choose to participate voluntarily in these programs , rather than being mandated to attend school programs . </P> <H3> Cost </H3> Further information : Tampon tax <P> The cost of commercial products for menstrual management is considered to be unacceptably high for many women . At least half a million women across the world do not have enough money to adequately afford these products . This can result in missing school or even dropping out . </P> <P> Known as `` period poverty '' this situation has resulted in efforts to eliminate taxes on these products . A study by the WHO and UNICEF showed that one out of five women in Scotland have been forced to improvise with items including toilet paper and old clothes due to the high cost of commercial products . </P> <P> In July 2017 , a pilot program began in Scotland to have free sanitary products available at schools and food banks for women who can not afford them . Further to this half year pilot program , Scotland 's opposition Labour Party intends to introduce a bill to make this permanent . Scotland is the first country to ban period poverty . </P> <P> In 2015 a petition was put forward in England seeking the elimination of the 5 % `` tampon tax '' . The government voted in favour but it has yet to be implemented due to Brexit complications . In England , one in ten women between 14 and 21 can not afford menstrual management products . </P> <P> In the United States , nine states have eliminated the tampon tax , and seven states have introduced legislation . In January 2018 , California rejected a proposal to eliminate tampon tax . </P> <H2> Evolution </H2> <P> All female placental mammals have a uterine lining that builds up when the animal is fertile , but it is dismantled when the animal is infertile . Most female mammals have an estrous cycle , yet only primates ( including humans ) , several species of bats , and elephant shrews have a menstrual cycle . ( Killer whales , Orcinus orca , are one of the few species to experience menopause . ) Some anthropologists have questioned the energy cost of rebuilding the endometrium every fertility cycle . However , anthropologist Beverly Strassmann has proposed that the energy savings of not having to continuously maintain the uterine lining more than offsets energy cost of having to rebuild the lining in the next fertility cycle , even in species such as humans where much of the lining is lost through bleeding ( overt menstruation ) rather than reabsorbed ( covert menstruation ) . </P> <P> Many have questioned the evolution of overt menstruation in humans and related species , speculating on what advantage there could be to losing blood associated with dismantling the endometrium , rather than absorbing it , as most mammals do . Humans do , in fact , reabsorb about two - thirds of the endometrium each cycle . Strassmann asserts that overt menstruation occurs not because it is beneficial in itself . Rather , the fetal development of these species requires a more developed endometrium , one which is too thick to reabsorb completely . Strassman correlates species that have overt menstruation to those that have a large uterus relative to the adult female body size . </P> <P> Beginning in 1971 , some research suggested that menstrual cycles of cohabiting human females became synchronized . A few anthropologists hypothesized that in hunter - gatherer societies , males would go on hunting journeys whilst the females of the tribe were menstruating , speculating that the females would not have been as receptive to sexual relations while menstruating . However , there is currently significant dispute as to whether menstrual synchrony exists . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Menstrual cycle </Li> <Li> Menstrual Hygiene Day </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Women 's Gynecologic Health . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . 2011 . p. 94 . ISBN 9780763756376 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet '' . 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( 2014 ) Period of shame - The Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on Rural Women and Girls ' Quality of Life in Savannakhet , Laos ( Master 's thesis ) LUMID International Master programme in applied International Development and Management http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4442938 ( accessed 10 August 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Emergence of Metaformic Consciousness '' . www.metaformia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Golden Bough : a study of magic and religion , by Sir James George Frazer : LX . Between Heaven and Earth '' . ebooks.adelaide.edu.au . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lock , M. & Nguyen , V. - K. , 2010 . An Anthropology of Biomedicine . 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( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Allen , Katherine R. ; Kaestle , Christine E. ; Goldberg , Abbie E. `` More Than Just a Punctuation Mark : How Boys and Young Men Learn About Menstruation '' . Journal of Family Issues . 32 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 156 . doi : 10.1177 / 0192513x10371609 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirby , Douglas ( February 2002 ) . `` The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior '' . Journal of Sex Research . 39 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 00224490209552116 . ISSN 0022 - 4499 . PMID 12476253 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirby , Douglas ( February 2002 ) . `` The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior '' . Journal of Sex Research . 39 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 00224490209552116 . ISSN 0022 - 4499 . PMID 12476253 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/could-this-be-the-first-country-to-end-period-poverty/ar-AAw1fu4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-hampshire-43148080/period-poverty-helping-homeless-and-vulnerable-women </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/04/18/scotland-end-period-poverty-tampon-tax/502020002/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why do women menstruate ? '' . ScienceBlogs. 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Strassmann BI ( 1996 ) . `` The evolution of endometrial cycles and menstruation '' . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 71 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 220 . doi : 10.1086 / 419369 . PMID 8693059 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kathleen O'Grady ( 2000 ) . `` Is Menstruation Obsolete ? '' . The Canadian Women 's Health Network . Archived from the original on 13 February 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Desmond Morris ( 1997 ) . `` The Human Sexes '' . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Knight ( 1991 ) . Blood relations : menstruation and the origins of culture . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06308 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( 20 December 2002 ) . `` Does menstrual synchrony really exist ? '' . The Straight Dope . The Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on 15 September 2008 . Retrieved 10 January 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Howie , Gillian ; Shail , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Menstruation : A Cultural History . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 3935 - 7 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Knight , Chris ( 1995 ) . Blood Relations : Menstruation and the Origins of Culture . New Haven and London : Yale University . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04911 - 0 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Menstruation </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Menstruation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Museum of Menstruation </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Human physiology of sexual reproduction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Menstrual cycle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Menstruation </Li> <Li> Follicular phase </Li> <Li> Ovulation </Li> <Li> Luteal phase </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gametogenesis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium </Li> <Li> spermatocyte </Li> <Li> spermatid </Li> <Li> sperm ) </Li> <Li> Oogenesis ( oogonium </Li> <Li> oocyte </Li> <Li> ootid </Li> <Li> ovum ) </Li> <Li> Germ cell ( gonocyte </Li> <Li> gamete ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human sexual behavior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sexual arousal </Li> <Li> Sexual intercourse </Li> <Li> Masturbation </Li> <Li> Erection </Li> <Li> Orgasm </Li> <Li> Ejaculation </Li> <Li> Insemination </Li> <Li> Fertilisation / Fertility </Li> <Li> Implantation </Li> <Li> Pregnancy </Li> <Li> Postpartum period </Li> <Li> Mechanics of sex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life span </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization </Li> <Li> Virilization ) </Li> <Li> Puberty ( Gonadarche </Li> <Li> Pubarche </Li> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Spermarche </Li> <Li> Adrenarche ) </Li> <Li> Maternal age / Paternal age </Li> <Li> Climacteric ( Menopause </Li> <Li> Late - 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Bond ( finance ) - wikipedia <H1> Bond ( finance ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the financial instrument . For other uses , see Bond ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Securities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Securities ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Banknote </Li> <Li> Bond </Li> <Li> Debenture </Li> <Li> Derivative </Li> <Li> Stock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Markets ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Stock market </Li> <Li> Commodity market </Li> <Li> Foreign exchange market </Li> <Li> Futures exchange </Li> <Li> Over-the - counter market ( OTC ) </Li> <Li> Spot market </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonds by coupon ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Fixed rate bond </Li> <Li> Floating rate note </Li> <Li> Inflation - indexed bond </Li> <Li> Perpetual bond </Li> <Li> Zero - coupon bond </Li> <Li> Commercial paper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonds by issuer ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Corporate bond </Li> <Li> Government bond </Li> <Li> Municipal bond </Li> <Li> Pfandbrief </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equities ( stocks ) ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Stock </Li> <Li> Share </Li> <Li> Initial public offering ( IPO ) </Li> <Li> Short selling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Investment funds ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Mutual fund </Li> <Li> Closed - end fund </Li> <Li> Exchange - traded fund ( ETF ) </Li> <Li> Hedge fund </Li> <Li> Index fund </Li> <Li> Segregated fund </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Structured finance ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Securitization </Li> <Li> Agency security </Li> <Li> Asset - backed security </Li> <Li> Mortgage - backed security </Li> <Li> Commercial mortgage - backed security </Li> <Li> Residential mortgage - backed security </Li> <Li> Tranche </Li> <Li> Collateralized debt obligation </Li> <Li> Collateralized fund obligation </Li> <Li> Collateralized mortgage obligation </Li> <Li> Credit - linked note </Li> <Li> Unsecured debt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Derivatives ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Forward </Li> <Li> Futures </Li> <Li> Option </Li> <Li> Swap </Li> <Li> Warrant </Li> <Li> Credit derivative </Li> <Li> Hybrid security </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In finance , a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders . The most common types of bonds include municipal bonds and corporate bonds . </P> <P> The bond is a debt security , under which the issuer owes the holders a debt and ( depending on the terms of the bond ) is obliged to pay them interest ( the coupon ) or to repay the principal at a later date , termed the maturity date . Interest is usually payable at fixed intervals ( semiannual , annual , sometimes monthly ) . Very often the bond is negotiable , that is , the ownership of the instrument can be transferred in the secondary market . This means that once the transfer agents at the bank medallion stamp the bond , it is highly liquid on the secondary market . </P> <P> Thus a bond is a form of loan or IOU : the holder of the bond is the lender ( creditor ) , the issuer of the bond is the borrower ( debtor ) , and the coupon is the interest . Bonds provide the borrower with external funds to finance long - term investments , or , in the case of government bonds , to finance current expenditure . Certificates of deposit ( CDs ) or short - term commercial paper are considered to be money market instruments and not bonds : the main difference is the length of the term of the instrument . </P> <P> Bonds and stocks are both securities , but the major difference between the two is that ( capital ) stockholders have an equity stake in a company ( that is , they are owners ) , whereas bondholders have a creditor stake in the company ( that is , they are lenders ) . Being a creditor , bondholders have priority over stockholders . This means they will be repaid in advance of stockholders , but will rank behind secured creditors , in the event of bankruptcy . Another difference is that bonds usually have a defined term , or maturity , after which the bond is redeemed , whereas stocks typically remain outstanding indefinitely . An exception is an irredeemable bond , such as a consol , which is a perpetuity , that is , a bond with no maturity . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Issuance </Li> <Li> 3 Features <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Principal </Li> <Li> 3.2 Maturity </Li> <Li> 3.3 Coupon </Li> <Li> 3.4 Yield </Li> <Li> 3.5 Credit quality </Li> <Li> 3.6 Market price </Li> <Li> 3.7 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Types <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Foreign currencies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Bond valuation </Li> <Li> 6 Investing in bonds <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Bond indices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> In English , the word `` bond '' relates to the etymology of `` bind '' . In the sense `` instrument binding one to pay a sum to another '' , use of the word `` bond '' dates from at least the 1590s . </P> <H2> Issuance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bonds are issued by public authorities , credit institutions , companies and supranational institutions in the primary markets . The most common process for issuing bonds is through underwriting . When a bond issue is underwritten , one or more securities firms or banks , forming a syndicate , buy the entire issue of bonds from the issuer and re-sell them to investors . The security firm takes the risk of being unable to sell on the issue to end investors . Primary issuance is arranged by bookrunners who arrange the bond issue , have direct contact with investors and act as advisers to the bond issuer in terms of timing and price of the bond issue . The bookrunner is listed first among all underwriters participating in the issuance in the tombstone ads commonly used to announce bonds to the public . The bookrunners ' willingness to underwrite must be discussed prior to any decision on the terms of the bond issue as there may be limited demand for the bonds . </P> <P> In contrast , government bonds are usually issued in an auction . In some cases , both members of the public and banks may bid for bonds . In other cases , only market makers may bid for bonds . The overall rate of return on the bond depends on both the terms of the bond and the price paid . The terms of the bond , such as the coupon , are fixed in advance and the price is determined by the market . </P> <P> In the case of an underwritten bond , the underwriters will charge a fee for underwriting . An alternative process for bond issuance , which is commonly used for smaller issues and avoids this cost , is the private placement bond . Bonds sold directly to buyers may not be tradeable in the bond market . </P> <P> Historically an alternative practice of issuance was for the borrowing government authority to issue bonds over a period of time , usually at a fixed price , with volumes sold on a particular day dependent on market conditions . This was called a tap issue or bond tap . </P> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Principal ( edit ) </H3> 1978 $1,000 U.S. Treasury Bond <P> Nominal , principal , par , or face amount is the amount on which the issuer pays interest , and which , most commonly , has to be repaid at the end of the term . Some structured bonds can have a redemption amount which is different from the face amount and can be linked to performance of particular assets . </P> <H3> Maturity ( edit ) </H3> <P> The issuer has to repay the nominal amount on the maturity date . As long as all due payments have been made , the issuer has no further obligations to the bond holders after the maturity date . The length of time until the maturity date is often referred to as the term or tenure or maturity of a bond . The maturity can be any length of time , although debt securities with a term of less than one year are generally designated money market instruments rather than bonds . Most bonds have a term of up to 30 years . Some bonds have been issued with terms of 50 years or more , and historically there have been some issues with no maturity date ( irredeemable ) . In the market for United States Treasury securities , there are three categories of bond maturities : </P> <Ul> <Li> short term ( bills ) : maturities between one and five years ; </Li> <Li> medium term ( notes ) : maturities between six and twelve years ; </Li> <Li> long term ( bonds ) : maturities longer than twelve years . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Coupon ( edit ) </H3> <P> The coupon is the interest rate that the issuer pays to the holder . Usually this rate is fixed throughout the life of the bond . It can also vary with a money market index , such as LIBOR , or it can be even more exotic . The name `` coupon '' arose because in the past , paper bond certificates were issued which had coupons attached to them , one for each interest payment . On the due dates the bondholder would hand in the coupon to a bank in exchange for the interest payment . Interest can be paid at different frequencies : generally semi-annual , i.e. every 6 months , or annual . </P> Bond issued by the Dutch East India Company in 1623 <H3> Yield ( edit ) </H3> <P> The yield is the rate of return received from investing in the bond . It usually refers either to </P> <Ul> <Li> The current yield , or running yield , which is simply the annual interest payment divided by the current market price of the bond ( often the clean price ) . </Li> <Li> The yield to maturity , or redemption yield , which is a more useful measure of the return of the bond . This takes into account the current market price , and the amount and timing of all remaining coupon payments and of the repayment due on maturity . It is equivalent to the internal rate of return of a bond . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Credit quality ( edit ) </H3> <P> The quality of the issue refers to the probability that the bondholders will receive the amounts promised at the due dates . This will depend on a wide range of factors . High - yield bonds are bonds that are rated below investment grade by the credit rating agencies . As these bonds are riskier than investment grade bonds , investors expect to earn a higher yield . These bonds are also called junk bonds . </P> <H3> Market price ( edit ) </H3> <P> The market price of a tradable bond will be influenced , amongst other factors , by the amounts , currency and timing of the interest payments and capital repayment due , the quality of the bond , and the available redemption yield of other comparable bonds which can be traded in the markets . </P> <P> The price can be quoted as clean or dirty . `` Dirty '' includes the present value of all future cash flows , including accrued interest , and is most often used in Europe . `` Clean '' does not include accrued interest , and is most often used in the U.S. </P> <P> The issue price at which investors buy the bonds when they are first issued will typically be approximately equal to the nominal amount . The net proceeds that the issuer receives are thus the issue price , less issuance fees . The market price of the bond will vary over its life : it may trade at a premium ( above par , usually because market interest rates have fallen since issue ) , or at a discount ( price below par , if market rates have risen or there is a high probability of default on the bond ) . </P> <H3> Others ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Indentures and Covenants -- An indenture is a formal debt agreement that establishes the terms of a bond issue , while covenants are the clauses of such an agreement . Covenants specify the rights of bondholders and the duties of issuers , such as actions that the issuer is obligated to perform or is prohibited from performing . In the U.S. , federal and state securities and commercial laws apply to the enforcement of these agreements , which are construed by courts as contracts between issuers and bondholders . The terms may be changed only with great difficulty while the bonds are outstanding , with amendments to the governing document generally requiring approval by a majority ( or super-majority ) vote of the bondholders . </Li> <Li> Optionality : Occasionally a bond may contain an embedded option ; that is , it grants option - like features to the holder or the issuer : <Ul> <Li> Callability -- Some bonds give the issuer the right to repay the bond before the maturity date on the call dates ; see call option . These bonds are referred to as callable bonds . Most callable bonds allow the issuer to repay the bond at par . With some bonds , the issuer has to pay a premium , the so - called call premium . This is mainly the case for high - yield bonds . These have very strict covenants , restricting the issuer in its operations . To be free from these covenants , the issuer can repay the bonds early , but only at a high cost . </Li> <Li> Putability -- Some bonds give the holder the right to force the issuer to repay the bond before the maturity date on the put dates ; see put option . These are referred to as retractable or putable bonds . </Li> <Li> Call dates and put dates -- the dates on which callable and putable bonds can be redeemed early . There are four main categories : <Ul> <Li> A Bermudan callable has several call dates , usually coinciding with coupon dates . </Li> <Li> A European callable has only one call date . This is a special case of a Bermudan callable . </Li> <Li> An American callable can be called at any time until the maturity date . </Li> <Li> A death put is an optional redemption feature on a debt instrument allowing the beneficiary of the estate of a deceased bondholder to put ( sell ) the bond back to the issuer at face value in the event of the bondholder 's death or legal incapacitation . This is also known as a `` survivor 's option '' . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sinking fund provision of the corporate bond indenture requires a certain portion of the issue to be retired periodically . The entire bond issue can be liquidated by the maturity date ; if not , the remainder is called balloon maturity . Issuers may either pay to trustees , which in turn call randomly selected bonds in the issue , or , alternatively , purchase bonds in open market , then return them to trustees . <Ul> <Li> Bonds are often identified by its international securities identification number , or ISIN , which is a 12 digit alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies debt securities . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> A smart bond is an automated programmable bond contract that uses the capabilities of a blockchain database to operate as a cryptographically - secure yet open and transparent general bond ledger . It is one of a class of financial instruments known as a smart contract , `` a computerized transaction protocol that executes the terms of a contract . '' Smart bond technology may lower transaction costs by the elimination of the `` middle or back office '' , as well as the bond registry , substantially reducing the cost of bond servicing . Another potential benefit is the potential for instantaneous settlement , rather than the days , as well as lower operational risk . In 2015 , UBS was experimenting with smart bonds that use the bitcoin blockchain . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> Bond certificate for the state of South Carolina issued in 1873 under the state 's Consolidation Act . Railroad obligation of the Moscow - Kiev - Voronezh railroad company , printed in Russian , Dutch and German . <P> The following descriptions are not mutually exclusive , and more than one of them may apply to a particular bond : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fixed rate bonds have a coupon that remains constant throughout the life of the bond . A variation are stepped - coupon bonds , whose coupon increases during the life of the bond . </Li> <Li> Floating rate notes ( FRNs , floaters ) have a variable coupon that is linked to a reference rate of interest , such as Libor or Euribor . For example , the coupon may be defined as three - month USD LIBOR + 0.20 % . The coupon rate is recalculated periodically , typically every one or three months . </Li> <Li> Zero - coupon bonds ( zeros ) pay no regular interest . They are issued at a substantial discount to par value , so that the interest is effectively rolled up to maturity ( and usually taxed as such ) . The bondholder receives the full principal amount on the redemption date . An example of zero coupon bonds is Series E savings bonds issued by the U.S. government . Zero - coupon bonds may be created from fixed rate bonds by a financial institution separating ( `` stripping off '' ) the coupons from the principal . In other words , the separated coupons and the final principal payment of the bond may be traded separately . See IO ( Interest Only ) and PO ( Principal Only ) . </Li> <Li> High - yield bonds ( junk bonds ) are bonds that are rated below investment grade by the credit rating agencies . As these bonds are riskier than investment grade bonds , investors expect to earn a higher yield . </Li> <Li> Convertible bonds let a bondholder exchange a bond to a number of shares of the issuer 's common stock . These are known as hybrid securities , because they combine equity and debt features . </Li> <Li> Exchangeable bonds allows for exchange to shares of a corporation other than the issuer . </Li> <Li> Inflation - indexed bonds ( linkers ) ( US ) or Index - linked bond ( UK ) , in which the principal amount and the interest payments are indexed to inflation . The interest rate is normally lower than for fixed rate bonds with a comparable maturity ( this position briefly reversed itself for short - term UK bonds in December 2008 ) . However , as the principal amount grows , the payments increase with inflation . The United Kingdom was the first sovereign issuer to issue inflation linked gilts in the 1980s . Treasury Inflation - Protected Securities ( TIPS ) and I - bonds are examples of inflation linked bonds issued by the U.S. government . </Li> </Ul> Receipt for temporary bonds for the state of Kansas issued in 1922 <Ul> <Li> Other indexed bonds , for example equity - linked notes and bonds indexed on a business indicator ( income , added value ) or on a country 's GDP . </Li> <Li> Asset - backed securities are bonds whose interest and principal payments are backed by underlying cash flows from other assets . Examples of asset - backed securities are mortgage - backed securities ( MBSs ) , collateralized mortgage obligations ( CMOs ) and collateralized debt obligations ( CDOs ) . </Li> <Li> Subordinated bonds are those that have a lower priority than other bonds of the issuer in case of liquidation . In case of bankruptcy , there is a hierarchy of creditors . First the liquidator is paid , then government taxes , etc . The first bond holders in line to be paid are those holding what is called senior bonds . After they have been paid , the subordinated bond holders are paid . As a result , the risk is higher . Therefore , subordinated bonds usually have a lower credit rating than senior bonds . The main examples of subordinated bonds can be found in bonds issued by banks , and asset - backed securities . The latter are often issued in tranches . The senior tranches get paid back first , the subordinated tranches later . </Li> <Li> Covered bonds are backed by cash flows from mortgages or public sector assets . Contrary to asset - backed securities the assets for such bonds remain on the issuers balance sheet . </Li> <Li> Perpetual bonds are also often called perpetuities or ' Perps ' . They have no maturity date . The most famous of these are the UK Consols , which are also known as Treasury Annuities or Undated Treasuries . Some of these were issued back in 1888 and still trade today , although the amounts are now insignificant . Some ultra-long - term bonds ( sometimes a bond can last centuries : West Shore Railroad issued a bond which matures in 2361 ( i.e. 24th century ) are virtually perpetuities from a financial point of view , with the current value of principal near zero . </Li> <Li> Bearer bond is an official certificate issued without a named holder . In other words , the person who has the paper certificate can claim the value of the bond . Often they are registered by a number to prevent counterfeiting , but may be traded like cash . Bearer bonds are very risky because they can be lost or stolen . Especially after federal income tax began in the United States , bearer bonds were seen as an opportunity to conceal income or assets . U.S. corporations stopped issuing bearer bonds in the 1960s , the U.S. Treasury stopped in 1982 , and state and local tax - exempt bearer bonds were prohibited in 1983 . </Li> <Li> Registered bond is a bond whose ownership ( and any subsequent purchaser ) is recorded by the issuer , or by a transfer agent . It is the alternative to a Bearer bond . Interest payments , and the principal upon maturity are sent to the registered owner . </Li> <Li> A government bond , also called Treasury bond , is issued by a national government and is not exposed to default risk . It is characterized as the safest bond , with the lowest interest rate . A treasury bond is backed by the `` full faith and credit '' of the relevant government . For that reason , for the major OECD countries this type of bond is often referred to as risk - free . </Li> <Li> Pacific Railroad Bond issued by City and County of San Francisco , CA . May 1 , 1865 Municipal bond is a bond issued by a state , U.S. Territory , city , local government , or their agencies . Interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often exempt from the federal income tax and from the income tax of the state in which they are issued , although municipal bonds issued for certain purposes may not be tax exempt . </Li> <Li> Build America Bonds ( BABs ) are a form of municipal bond authorized by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Unlike traditional US municipal bonds , which are usually tax exempt , interest received on BABs is subject to federal taxation . However , as with municipal bonds , the bond is tax - exempt within the US state where it is issued . Generally , BABs offer significantly higher yields ( over 7 percent ) than standard municipal bonds . </Li> <Li> Book - entry bond is a bond that does not have a paper certificate . As physically processing paper bonds and interest coupons became more expensive , issuers ( and banks that used to collect coupon interest for depositors ) have tried to discourage their use . Some book - entry bond issues do not offer the option of a paper certificate , even to investors who prefer them . </Li> <Li> Lottery bonds are issued by European and other states . Interest is paid as on a traditional fixed rate bond , but the issuer will redeem randomly selected individual bonds within the issue according to a schedule . Some of these redemptions will be for a higher value than the face value of the bond . </Li> <Li> War bond is a bond issued by a government to fund military operations during wartime . This type of bond has low return rate . </Li> <Li> Serial bond is a bond that matures in installments over a period of time . In effect , a $100,000 , 5 - year serial bond would mature in a $20,000 annuity over a 5 - year interval . </Li> <Li> Revenue bond is a special type of municipal bond distinguished by its guarantee of repayment solely from revenues generated by a specified revenue - generating entity associated with the purpose of the bonds . Revenue bonds are typically `` non-recourse '' , meaning that in the event of default , the bond holder has no recourse to other governmental assets or revenues . </Li> <Li> Climate bond is a bond issued by a government or corporate entity in order to raise finance for climate change mitigation - or adaptation - related projects or programmes . </Li> <Li> Dual currency bonds </Li> <Li> Retail bonds are a type of corporate bond mostly designed for ordinary investors . They have become particularly attractive since the London Stock Exchange ( LSE ) launched an order book for retail bonds . </Li> <Li> Social impact bonds are an agreement for public sector entities to pay back private investors after meeting verified improved social outcome goals that result in public sector savings from innovative social program pilot projects . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Foreign currencies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some companies , banks , governments , and other sovereign entities may decide to issue bonds in foreign currencies as it may appear to be more stable and predictable than their domestic currency . Issuing bonds denominated in foreign currencies also gives issuers the ability to access investment capital available in foreign markets . The proceeds from the issuance of these bonds can be used by companies to break into foreign markets , or can be converted into the issuing company 's local currency to be used on existing operations through the use of foreign exchange swap hedges . Foreign issuer bonds can also be used to hedge foreign exchange rate risk . Some foreign issuer bonds are called by their nicknames , such as the `` samurai bond '' . These can be issued by foreign issuers looking to diversify their investor base away from domestic markets . These bond issues are generally governed by the law of the market of issuance , e.g. , a samurai bond , issued by an investor based in Europe , will be governed by Japanese law . Not all of the following bonds are restricted for purchase by investors in the market of issuance . </P> <Ul> <Li> Eurodollar bond , a U.S. dollar - denominated bond issued by a non-U.S. entity outside the U.S </Li> <Li> Baklava bond , a bond denominated in Turkish Lira and issued by a domestic or foreign entity in the Turkish market </Li> <Li> Yankee bond , a US dollar - denominated bond issued by a non-US entity in the US market </Li> <Li> Kangaroo bond , an Australian dollar - denominated bond issued by a non-Australian entity in the Australian market </Li> <Li> Maple bond , a Canadian dollar - denominated bond issued by a non-Canadian entity in the Canadian market </Li> <Li> Masala bonds an Indian rupee denominated bond issued outside India . </Li> <Li> Samurai bond , a Japanese yen - denominated bond issued by a non-Japanese entity in the Japanese market </Li> <Li> Uridashi bond , a non-yen - denominated bond sold to Japanese retail investors . </Li> <Li> Shibosai Bond , a private placement bond in the Japanese market with distribution limited to institutions and banks . </Li> <Li> Shogun bond , a non-yen - denominated bond issued in Japan by a non-Japanese institution or government </Li> <Li> Bulldog bond , a pound sterling - denominated bond issued in London by a foreign institution or government . </Li> <Li> Matryoshka bond , a Russian rouble - denominated bond issued in the Russian Federation by non-Russian entities . The name derives from the famous Russian wooden dolls , Matrioshka , popular among foreign visitors to Russia </Li> <Li> Arirang bond , a Korean won - denominated bond issued by a non-Korean entity in the Korean market </Li> <Li> Kimchi bond , a non-Korean won - denominated bond issued by a non-Korean entity in the Korean market </Li> <Li> Formosa bond , a non-New Taiwan Dollar - denominated bond issued by a non-Taiwan entity in the Taiwan market </Li> <Li> Panda bond , a Chinese renminbi - denominated bond issued by a non-China entity in the People 's Republic of China market </Li> <Li> Dim sum bond , a Chinese renminbi - denominated bond issued by a Chinese entity in Hong Kong . Enables foreign investors forbidden from investing in Chinese corporate debt in mainland China to invest in and be exposed to Chinese currency in Hong Kong . </Li> <Li> Huaso bond , a Chilean peso - denominated bond issued by a non-Chilean entity in the Chilean market . </Li> <Li> Lion City bond foreign currency denominated bond issued by foreign company in Singapore </Li> <Li> Komodo bonds , rupiah - denominated global bonds issued in Indonesia , `` The Komodo dragon is a very large species of lizards found in eastern Indonesia . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bond valuation ( edit ) </H2> See also : Bond valuation <P> At the time of issue of the bond , the interest rate and other conditions of the bond will have been influenced by a variety of factors , such as current market interest rates , the length of the term and the creditworthiness of the issuer . </P> <P> These factors are likely to change over time , so the market price of a bond will vary after it is issued . The market price is expressed as a percentage of nominal value . Bonds are not necessarily issued at par ( 100 % of face value , corresponding to a price of 100 ) , but bond prices will move towards par as they approach maturity ( if the market expects the maturity payment to be made in full and on time ) as this is the price the issuer will pay to redeem the bond . This is referred to as `` Pull to Par '' . At other times , prices can be above par ( bond is priced at greater than 100 ) , which is called trading at a premium , or below par ( bond is priced at less than 100 ) , which is called trading at a discount . Most government bonds are denominated in units of $1000 in the United States , or in units of £ 100 in the United Kingdom . Hence , a deep discount US bond , selling at a price of 75.26 , indicates a selling price of $752.60 per bond sold . ( Often , in the US , bond prices are quoted in points and thirty - seconds of a point , rather than in decimal form . ) Some short - term bonds , such as the U.S. Treasury bill , are always issued at a discount , and pay par amount at maturity rather than paying coupons . This is called a discount bond . </P> <P> The market price of a bond is the present value of all expected future interest and principal payments of the bond discounted at the bond 's yield to maturity , or rate of return . That relationship is the definition of the redemption yield on the bond , which is likely to be close to the current market interest rate for other bonds with similar characteristics . ( Otherwise there would be arbitrage opportunities . ) The yield and price of a bond are inversely related so that when market interest rates rise , bond prices fall and vice versa . </P> <P> The market price of a bond may be quoted including the accrued interest since the last coupon date . ( Some bond markets include accrued interest in the trading price and others add it on separately when settlement is made . ) The price including accrued interest is known as the `` full '' or `` dirty price '' . ( See also Accrual bond . ) The price excluding accrued interest is known as the `` flat '' or `` clean price '' . </P> <P> The interest payment ( `` coupon payment '' ) divided by the current price of the bond is called the current yield ( this is the nominal yield multiplied by the par value and divided by the price ) . There are other yield measures that exist such as the yield to first call , yield to worst , yield to first par call , yield to put , cash flow yield and yield to maturity . </P> <P> The relationship between yield and term to maturity ( or alternatively between yield and the weighted mean term allowing for both interest and capital repayment ) for otherwise identical bonds is called a yield curve . The yield curve is a graph plotting this relationship . </P> <P> Bond markets , unlike stock or share markets , sometimes do not have a centralized exchange or trading system . Rather , in most developed bond markets such as the U.S. , Japan and western Europe , bonds trade in decentralized , dealer - based over-the - counter markets . In such a market , market liquidity is provided by dealers and other market participants committing risk capital to trading activity . In the bond market , when an investor buys or sells a bond , the counterparty to the trade is almost always a bank or securities firm acting as a dealer . In some cases , when a dealer buys a bond from an investor , the dealer carries the bond `` in inventory '' , i.e. holds it for their own account . The dealer is then subject to risks of price fluctuation . In other cases , the dealer immediately resells the bond to another investor . </P> <P> Bond markets can also differ from stock markets in that , in some markets , investors sometimes do not pay brokerage commissions to dealers with whom they buy or sell bonds . Rather , the dealers earn revenue by means of the spread , or difference , between the price at which the dealer buys a bond from one investor -- the `` bid '' price -- and the price at which he or she sells the same bond to another investor -- the `` ask '' or `` offer '' price . The bid / offer spread represents the total transaction cost associated with transferring a bond from one investor to another . </P> <H2> Investing in bonds ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bonds are bought and traded mostly by institutions like central banks , sovereign wealth funds , pension funds , insurance companies , hedge funds , and banks . Insurance companies and pension funds have liabilities which essentially include fixed amounts payable on predetermined dates . They buy the bonds to match their liabilities , and may be compelled by law to do this . Most individuals who want to own bonds do so through bond funds . Still , in the U.S. , nearly 10 % of all bonds outstanding are held directly by households . </P> <P> The volatility of bonds ( especially short and medium dated bonds ) is lower than that of equities ( stocks ) . Thus , bonds are generally viewed as safer investments than stocks , but this perception is only partially correct . Bonds do suffer from less day - to - day volatility than stocks , and bonds ' interest payments are sometimes higher than the general level of dividend payments . Bonds are often liquid -- it is often fairly easy for an institution to sell a large quantity of bonds without affecting the price much , which may be more difficult for equities -- and the comparative certainty of a fixed interest payment twice a year and a fixed lump sum at maturity is attractive . Bondholders also enjoy a measure of legal protection : under the law of most countries , if a company goes bankrupt , its bondholders will often receive some money back ( the recovery amount ) , whereas the company 's equity stock often ends up valueless . However , bonds can also be risky but less risky than stocks : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fixed rate bonds are subject to interest rate risk , meaning that their market prices will decrease in value when the generally prevailing interest rates rise . Since the payments are fixed , a decrease in the market price of the bond means an increase in its yield . When the market interest rate rises , the market price of bonds will fall , reflecting investors ' ability to get a higher interest rate on their money elsewhere -- perhaps by purchasing a newly issued bond that already features the newly higher interest rate . This does not affect the interest payments to the bondholder , so long - term investors who want a specific amount at the maturity date do not need to worry about price swings in their bonds and do not suffer from interest rate risk . </Li> </Ul> <P> Bonds are also subject to various other risks such as call and prepayment risk , credit risk , reinvestment risk , liquidity risk , event risk , exchange rate risk , volatility risk , inflation risk , sovereign risk and yield curve risk . Again , some of these will only affect certain classes of investors . </P> <P> Price changes in a bond will immediately affect mutual funds that hold these bonds . If the value of the bonds in their trading portfolio falls , the value of the portfolio also falls . This can be damaging for professional investors such as banks , insurance companies , pension funds and asset managers ( irrespective of whether the value is immediately `` marked to market '' or not ) . If there is any chance a holder of individual bonds may need to sell their bonds and `` cash out '' , interest rate risk could become a real problem ( conversely , bonds ' market prices would increase if the prevailing interest rate were to drop , as it did from 2001 through 2003 . One way to quantify the interest rate risk on a bond is in terms of its duration . Efforts to control this risk are called immunization or hedging . </P> <Ul> <Li> Bond prices can become volatile depending on the credit rating of the issuer -- for instance if the credit rating agencies like Standard & Poor 's and Moody 's upgrade or downgrade the credit rating of the issuer . An unanticipated downgrade will cause the market price of the bond to fall . As with interest rate risk , this risk does not affect the bond 's interest payments ( provided the issuer does not actually default ) , but puts at risk the market price , which affects mutual funds holding these bonds , and holders of individual bonds who may have to sell them . </Li> <Li> A company 's bondholders may lose much or all their money if the company goes bankrupt . Under the laws of many countries ( including the United States and Canada ) , bondholders are in line to receive the proceeds of the sale of the assets of a liquidated company ahead of some other creditors . Bank lenders , deposit holders ( in the case of a deposit taking institution such as a bank ) and trade creditors may take precedence . </Li> </Ul> <P> There is no guarantee of how much money will remain to repay bondholders . As an example , after an accounting scandal and a Chapter 11 bankruptcy at the giant telecommunications company Worldcom , in 2004 its bondholders ended up being paid 35.7 cents on the dollar . In a bankruptcy involving reorganization or recapitalization , as opposed to liquidation , bondholders may end up having the value of their bonds reduced , often through an exchange for a smaller number of newly issued bonds . </P> <Ul> <Li> Some bonds are callable , meaning that even though the company has agreed to make payments plus interest towards the debt for a certain period of time , the company can choose to pay off the bond early . This creates reinvestment risk , meaning the investor is forced to find a new place for their money , and the investor might not be able to find as good a deal , especially because this usually happens when interest rates are falling . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bond indices ( edit ) </H3> See also : Bond market index <P> A number of bond indices exist for the purposes of managing portfolios and measuring performance , similar to the S&P 500 or Russell Indexes for stocks . The most common American benchmarks are the Barclays Capital Aggregate ( ex Lehman Aggregate ) , Citigroup BIG and Merrill Lynch Domestic Master . Most indices are parts of families of broader indices that can be used to measure global bond portfolios , or may be further subdivided by maturity or sector for managing specialized portfolios . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bond credit rating </Li> <Li> Bond fund </Li> <Li> Bond market </Li> <Li> Bond market index </Li> <Li> Collective action clause </Li> <Li> Debenture </Li> <Li> Deferred financing costs </Li> <Li> GDP - linked bond </Li> <Li> Government bond / Sovereign bonds </Li> <Li> Immunization ( finance ) </Li> <Li> Promissory note </Li> <Li> Short - rate model </Li> <Li> Penal bond </Li> <Li> Structured note </Li> </Ul> <P> Market specific </P> <Ul> <Li> Brady Bonds </Li> <Li> Build America Bonds </Li> <Li> Eurobond </Li> </Ul> <P> General </P> <Ul> <Li> Criticism of debt </Li> <Li> Fixed income </Li> <Li> List of accounting topics </Li> <Li> List of economics topics </Li> <Li> List of finance topics </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . pp. 197 , 507 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonds , accessed : 2012 - 06 - 08 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Absolute Priority , accessed : 2013 - 10 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` bond '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK Debt Management Office '' . Dmo.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Affordable Housing Finance '' . Housingfinance.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tap issue at Investopedia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dirty Price '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jenn , Sarah ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) . `` UBS Bank to Launch Cryptosecurites Also ? '' . NewsBTC . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tapscott , Don ; Tapscott , Alex ( May 2016 ) . The Blockchain Revolution : How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money , Business , and the World . pp. 72 , 83 , 101 , 127 . ISBN 978 - 0670069972 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , Rory ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Smart Money : Blockchains Are the Future of the Internet '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wigan , David ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Bitcoin technology will disrupt derivatives , says banker '' . IFR Asia . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eason , Yla ( June 6 , 1983 ) . `` Final Surge in Bearer Bonds '' New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quint , Michael ( August 14 , 1984 ) . `` Elements in Bearer Bond Issue '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin Shepherd . `` A Slice of the Pie '' . InvestingDaily.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ no byline ( July 18 , 1984 ) . `` Book Entry Bonds Popular '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dual currency bond , accessed 2012 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130209161432/http://www.cfo-insight.com/financing-liquidity/loans-and-bonds/enquest-cfo-swinney-on-issuing-first-industrial-retail-bond/ . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.hedgefundonline.com/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eurodollar deposit '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Memili , Ümit ( 2012 ) . Baklava Bonds : Sweet Margins in Turkey . Evaluating Turkish Corporate Bonds in Local Currency . p. 117 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ no byline ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Ninja loans may yet overtake samurais '' . The Standard . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=bulldog-bond&mhq5j=e2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Batten , Jonathan A. ; Peter G. Szilagyi ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Developing Foreign Bond Markets : The Arirang Bond Experience in Korea '' ( PDF ) . IIS Discussion Papers ( 138 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gwon , Yeong - seok ( 2006 - 05 - 24 ) . `` ' 김치 본드 ' 내달 처음 으로 선보인다 ( Announcement : first ' Kimchi Bonds ' next month ) '' . The Hankyoreh . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chung , Amber ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) . `` BNP Paribas mulls second bond issue on offshore market '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Areddy , James T. ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Chinese Markets Take New Step With Panda Bond '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , Peter ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Dim Sum Bonds ' on the Menu for Foreign Investors '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moura , Fabiola ( 2011 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Chile Expects More ' Huaso ' Bond Sales in Coming Months , Larrain Says '' . Bloomberg . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2003/06/16/daily13.html '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . External link in title = ( help ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bond certificates . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Bonds links at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> Estate planner victimized terminally ill , FBI </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bond market </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bond </Li> <Li> Debenture </Li> <Li> Fixed income </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types of bonds by issuer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agency bond </Li> <Li> Corporate bond <Ul> <Li> Senior debt </Li> <Li> Subordinated debt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Distressed debt </Li> <Li> Emerging market debt </Li> <Li> Government bond </Li> <Li> Municipal bond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types of bonds by payout </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accrual bond </Li> <Li> Auction rate security </Li> <Li> Callable bond </Li> <Li> Commercial paper </Li> <Li> Contingent convertible bond </Li> <Li> Convertible bond </Li> <Li> Exchangeable bond </Li> <Li> Extendible bond </Li> <Li> Fixed rate bond </Li> <Li> Floating rate note </Li> <Li> High - 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a bond that the issuer has the right to pay off before its maturity date

Public holidays in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Public holidays in the United States </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about all types of holidays observed in the United States . For other uses , see Public holidays in the United States ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( August 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Public holidays in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Public Federal Observance School Hallmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> Federal government State governments Local governments Private and public sector employers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> National </Td> </Tr> </Table> Independence Day fireworks <P> The schedule of public holidays in the United States is largely influenced by the schedule of federal holidays , but is controlled by private sector employers who employ 62 % of the total U.S. population with paid time off . A typical work week is generally 40 hours a week with a Saturday - Sunday weekend . Public holidays with paid time off is generally defined to occur on a day that is within the employee 's work week . When a holiday occurs on Saturday or Sunday , that holiday is shifted to either Friday or Monday . Most employers follow a holiday schedule similar to the federal holidays of the United States , with exceptions or additions . The federal holiday schedule mainly benefits employees of government and government regulated businesses . However , this sector only comprises 15 % of the working population . At the discretion of the employer , other non-federal holidays such as Christmas Eve and the Day after Thanksgiving are common additions to the list of paid holidays while Columbus Day and Veterans Day are common omissions . Besides paid holidays are festival and food holidays that also have wide acceptance based on sales of goods and services that are typically associated with that holiday . Halloween and Valentine 's Day are such examples of widely celebrated uncompensated holidays . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Overview </Li> <Li> 3 Holidays most commonly celebrated </Li> <Li> 4 Holidays observed with paid time off <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Holiday listing as paid time off </Li> <Li> 4.2 School holidays </Li> <Li> 4.3 Government sector holidays : Federal , state , and local government <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Federally regulated agencies : Banks and financial institutions </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Legal holidays by states and political divisions of the United States <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.1 Alabama <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.1. 1 Baldwin County , Alabama </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.1. 2 Mobile County , Alabama </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.1. 3 Perry County , Alabama </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.2 Alaska </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.3 American Samoa </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.4 Arizona </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.5 Arkansas </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.6 California <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.6. 1 California education holidays </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.6. 2 Berkeley , California </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.6. 3 San Francisco , California </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.6. 4 West Hollywood , California </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.7 Colorado </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.8 Connecticut </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.9 Delaware </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.10 District of Columbia </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.11 Florida <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.11. 1 Florida legal holidays </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.11. 2 Florida circuit courts </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.11. 3 Miami - Dade , Florida </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.12 Georgia </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.13 Guam </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.14 Hawaii </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.15 Idaho </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.16 Illinois <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.16. 1 Chicago , Illinois </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.17 Indiana </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.18 Iowa </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.19 Kansas </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.20 Kentucky </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.21 Louisiana <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.21. 1 Louisiana courts </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.21. 2 Baton Rouge , Louisiana </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.22 Maine </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.23 Maryland </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.24 Massachusetts <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.24. 1 Suffolk County , Massachusetts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.25 Michigan </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.26 Minnesota </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.27 Mississippi </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.28 Missouri </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.29 Montana </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.30 Nebraska </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.31 Nevada </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.32 New Hampshire </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.33 New Jersey </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.34 New Mexico </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.35 New York <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.35. 1 New York City Public Schools </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.36 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.37 North Dakota </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.39 Ohio </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.40 Oklahoma </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.41 Oregon </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.42 Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.43 Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.44 Rhode Island </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.45 South Carolina </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.46 South Dakota </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.47 Tennessee </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.48 Texas <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.48. 1 Texas partial staffing holidays </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.48. 2 Texas optional holidays </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.49 U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.50 Utah </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.51 Vermont </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.52 Virginia </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.53 Wake Island </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.54 Washington </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.55 West Virginia </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.56 Wisconsin <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 2.56. 1 Wisconsin Public School Observance Days </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.57 Wyoming </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.58 Federal holidays at the state level </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2.59 Legal holidays observed nationwide </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Holidays with religious , cultural or historical significance <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Confederate States of America </Li> <Li> 5.2 Drinking holidays </Li> <Li> 5.3 African American holidays </Li> <Li> 5.4 Christian holidays </Li> <Li> 5.5 Hindu holidays </Li> <Li> 5.6 Jewish holidays </Li> <Li> 5.7 Islamic holidays </Li> <Li> 5.8 Other religious , traditional , and informal holidays celebrated in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Other notable holidays </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Public holidays had their origins from established federal holidays that were enacted by Congress . They were typically observed on days that have significance for various sectors of American society and are observed at all levels of society including government , the private sector , and are typically derived from the history , religion and the cultures of the U.S. demographics and have changed over time . Observances of holidays are most commonly observed with paid time off , however , many holiday celebrations are done with festivities without time off . Some are observed with community work depending on the meaning of the holiday . They are however not mandated by any government , agencies , whether it be federal , state , or local governments . There are no national holidays on which all businesses are closed by law . Federal holidays are only established for certain federally chartered and regulated businesses ( such as federal banks ) , and for Washington , D.C. All other public holidays are created by the States ; most states also allow local jurisdictions ( cities , villages , etc . ) to establish their own local holidays . As a result , holidays have not historically been governed at the federal level and federal law does not govern business opening . Some states restrict some business activities on some holidays . Business closures are mandated on some holidays in some states for certain kinds of businesses by Blue Laws . For example , some businesses can not open on Thanksgiving Day in some New England states if the businesses operated on more than 5000 square feet of space . The most notable businesses to close on such occasions are car dealerships and establishments selling alcohol . </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of 2012 , there were eleven federal holidays in the United States , ten annual holidays and one quadrennial holiday ( Inauguration Day ) . Pursuant to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1968 ( effective 1971 ) , official holidays are observed on a Monday , except for New Year 's Day , Independence Day , Veterans Day , Thanksgiving , and Christmas . </P> Saint Patrick 's Day parade in Atlanta , 2012 Cinco de Mayo dancers greeted by U.S. President George W. Bush <P> While all current federal holidays have also been made public holidays in all 50 states for federal organizations , each state is not bound to observe the holidays on the same dates as the federal holidays . Many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the U.S. federal government . Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well , which are also not mandated by any government agency . A list of `` recommended diversity holidays '' recognizes many cultures that range from Christianity to Islam , as well as racial diversity where various ethnic holidays such as St. Patrick 's Day , Kwanzaa , Diwali , Mardi Gras , and Cinco de Mayo are celebrated by individuals in the workplace , as a matter of best practice . In light of recent race issues in the United States , many municipalities both at the city and state levels have begun celebrating Malcolm X Day and Rosa Parks Day in addition to Martin Luther King , Jr . Day to embrace the mostly disenfranchised African American community in the form of festivals and parades if not done as a legal public holiday . Illinois and Berkeley , California are two places where Malcolm X is honored with a legal holiday with offices closed whereas Missouri honored Rosa Parks on her birthday . Today , the United States is the 85th most ethnically diverse country in the world . While the popularity of each public holiday can not easily be measured , the holiday with the highest greeting card sales is Christmas . Major retail establishments such as malls , shopping centers and most retail stores close only on Thanksgiving and Christmas and some on Easter Sunday as well , but remain open on all other holidays ( early closing on Christmas Eve and New Year 's Eve , and sometimes on other major holidays ) . Virtually all companies observe and close on the major holidays ( New Year 's Day , Memorial Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , Thanksgiving , and Christmas ) . Some non-retail business close on the day after Thanksgiving , while some ( such as federal banks and post offices ) are not allowed to close on the day after Thanksgiving . Some smaller businesses normally open on Sunday will close on Easter Sunday , if it is their experience they will have very few customers that day . </P> <H2> Holidays most commonly celebrated ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> A jack - o ' - lantern , one of the symbols of Halloween <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Holiday </Th> <Th> % of Americans celebrating </Th> <Th> USD sales ( in billions ) </Th> <Th> Music symbolic of holiday </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> December 25 ( Fixed ) </Td> <Td> Christmas </Td> <Td> 92 % -- 96 % </Td> <Td> $630.5 </Td> <Td> Many Christmas carols and songs , including `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' , `` Silent Night '' , and `` Jingle Bells '' </Td> <Td> Christmas celebrations are evidenced by decorations which give off light and exchanging of gifts between family members and friends . Most popular based on greeting card sales . About 6.5 billion cards per year or $8 billion annual sales . Also known for having the second highest church attendance . Major symbols of this holiday are the Christmas tree and Christmas music . Christmas is the celebration of Jesus Christ 's birth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> November 22 -- 28 ( Floating Thursday ) </Td> <Td> Thanksgiving </Td> <Td> 87 % -- 90 % </Td> <Td> ( part of Christmas sales ) </Td> <Td> Traditional songs include `` We Gather Together '' , `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' , `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' </Td> <Td> One sixth of all turkeys eaten annually happens around Thanksgiving . Holiday accounts for 46 million turkeys , compared with 22 million consumed on Christmas and 19 million on Easter . Reduced turkey prices usually occur around Thanksgiving . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> May 8 -- 14 ( Floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Mother 's Day </Td> <Td> 84 % </Td> <Td> $19.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Known for having the strongest restaurant sales , even compared with Valentine 's Day . It is also known for high church attendance after Easter and Christmas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> March 22 -- April 25 ( Floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Easter </Td> <Td> 80 % -- 81 % </Td> <Td> $16.4 </Td> <Td> Many Christian hymns </Td> <Td> Highest church attendance happens on Easter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> July 4 ( Fixed ) </Td> <Td> Independence Day ( Fourth of July ) </Td> <Td> 78 % -- 79 % </Td> <Td> $68.0 ( Part of Back to School sales ) </Td> <Td> Many American patriotic songs , including `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , `` America the Beautiful '' , and `` Yankee Doodle '' </Td> <Td> Holiday is best known for fireworks and barbecues. 45 % of American celebrate the 4th of July with fireworks , accounting for about $675 million in fireworks sales . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> June 15 -- 21 ( Floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Father 's Day </Td> <Td> 75 % </Td> <Td> $12.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Holiday accounts for the highest sales of ties and neck wear annually , around $12.7 billion . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> October 31 ( Fixed ) </Td> <Td> Halloween </Td> <Td> 64 % -- 65 % </Td> <Td> $6.9 </Td> <Td> A few songs , including `` Monster Mash '' , `` Thriller ( song ) and `` This Is Halloween '' </Td> <Td> Halloween celebrations are evidenced by children knocking door to door asking for treats , and costumed adolescents playing tricks on various households . Most popular based on candy sales , amounting to $2.6 billion in 2015 . Sales of $6.9 billion in 2015 includes candy , costumes , and pumpkin sales , all of which are directly attributed to this holiday . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> February 14 ( Fixed ) </Td> <Td> Valentine 's Day </Td> <Td> 55 % </Td> <Td> $18.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Holiday accounts for 224 million roses grown for the holiday . 24 % of American adults purchased flowers for Valentine 's Day in 2015 . Holiday comes in second in terms of annual restaurant sales . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> March 17 ( Fixed ) </Td> <Td> Saint Patrick 's Day </Td> <Td> 51 % </Td> <Td> $4.4 </Td> <Td> Irish pub songs , such as `` The Wild Rover '' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> December 31 ( Fixed ) </Td> <Td> New Year 's Day ( New Year 's Eve ) </Td> <Td> 37 % -- 45 % </Td> <Td> ( Part of Christmas sales ) </Td> <Td> A few songs , including `` Auld Lang Syne '' </Td> <Td> Known for being the most drunk holiday . This is evidenced by the spike in sales around `` the holidays '' , which usually happens between Christmas Eve and New Year 's Eve . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Holidays observed with paid time off ( edit ) </H2> <P> The labor force in the United States comprises about 62 % ( as of 2014 ) of the general population . In the United States , 97 % of the private sector businesses determine what days this sector of the population gets paid time off , according to a study by the Society for Human Resource Management . The following holidays are observed by the majority of the U.S. businesses with paid time off : </P> The 1979 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Day and New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> Memorial Day </Li> <Li> Independence Day </Li> <Li> Labor Day </Li> <Li> Thanksgiving and the day after </Li> <Li> Christmas Eve and Christmas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Holiday listing as paid time off ( edit ) </H3> A barrel - shaped barbecue on a trailer at a block party in Kansas City . Pans on the top shelf hold hamburgers and hot dogs that were grilled earlier when the coals were hot . The lower grill is now being used to cook pork ribs and `` drunken chicken '' slow , typical on a worker 's paid holiday - see Barbecue in the United States . <P> This list of holidays is based off the official list of Federal Holidays by Year from the U.S. Government . The holidays however are at the discretion of employers whose statistics are measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Another list from the Society for Human Resource Management shows actual percentages of employers offering paid time off for each holiday . The term `` major holiday '' ( bolded ) coincides for those holidays that 90 % or more of employers offered paid time off . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> * Official name </Th> <Th> Percentage of Americans celebrating </Th> <Th> * * Percentage of businesses offering paid time off </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 ( fixed ) </Td> <Td> New Year 's Day </Td> <Td> 72 % </Td> <Td> 96 % </Td> <Td> Celebrates beginning of the Gregorian calendar year . Festivities include counting down to 12 : 00 midnight on the preceding night , New Year 's Eve , often with fireworks display and party . The ball drop at Times Square in New York City has become a national New Year 's festivity . Traditional end of Christmas and holiday season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) </Td> <Td> Birthday of Martin Luther King , Jr . </Td> <Td> 26 % </Td> <Td> 34 -- 38 % </Td> <Td> Honors Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , civil rights leader , who was actually born on January 15 , 1929 ; combined with other holidays in several states . Some cities and municipalities hold parades ; and more recently , the 1994 King Holiday and Service Act , which was passed to encourage Americans to transform the King Holiday into a day of citizen action volunteer service , has gained in popularity ( sometimes referred to as a National Day of Service ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 20 or 21 </Td> <Td> Inauguration Day </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0 % </Td> <Td> Celebrates the United States presidential inauguration , every 4 years . While this is a federal holiday , this is not a `` public holiday '' . Only Washington , D.C.. observes this day besides the federal government . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) </Td> <Td> Washington 's Birthday </Td> <Td> 52 % </Td> <Td> 34 -- 35 % </Td> <Td> Washington 's Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Congress . The Uniform Holidays Act , 1968 , shifted the date of the commemoration of Washington 's Birthday from February 22 to the third Monday in February ( between February 15 and 21 , meaning the observed holiday never falls on Washington 's actual birthday ) . Because of this , combined with the fact that President Lincoln 's birthday falls on February 12 , many people now refer to this holiday as `` Presidents ' Day '' and consider it a day honoring all American presidents . However , neither the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subsequent law changed the name of the holiday from Washington 's Birthday to Presidents ' Day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 25 -- 31 ( floating Monday ) </Td> <Td> Memorial Day </Td> <Td> 21 % </Td> <Td> 95 % </Td> <Td> Honors the nation 's war dead from the Civil War onwards ; marks the unofficial beginning of the summer season ( traditionally May 30 , shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 4 ( fixed ) </Td> <Td> Independence Day </Td> <Td> 79 % </Td> <Td> 97 % </Td> <Td> Celebrates the signing of the Declaration of Independence from British rule , also called the Fourth of July or simply `` The Fourth '' . Fireworks celebration are held in many cities throughout the nation . Boston , Massachusetts is famous for its `` Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular '' with music and fireworks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 1 -- 7 ( floating Monday ) </Td> <Td> Labor Day </Td> <Td> 53 % </Td> <Td> 95 % </Td> <Td> Celebrates the achievements of workers and the labor movement ; marks the unofficial end of the summer season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) </Td> <Td> Columbus Day </Td> <Td> 8 % </Td> <Td> 13 -- 16 % </Td> <Td> Honors Christopher Columbus , the first European to land in mainland Americas after Leif Erikson . In Berkeley , CA this day is observed as Indigenous People 's Day , in honor of the Native Americans who lived in the Americas long before Columbus `` discovered '' the area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 11 ( fixed ) </Td> <Td> Veterans Day </Td> <Td> 43 % </Td> <Td> 16 -- 21 % </Td> <Td> Honors all veterans of the United States armed forces . It is observed on November 11 to recall the end of World War I on that date in 1918 ( major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour ( GMT + 1 ) of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 when the Armistice with Germany went into effect ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 22 -- 28 ( floating Thursday ) </Td> <Td> Thanksgiving Day </Td> <Td> 87 % </Td> <Td> 97 % </Td> <Td> Traditionally celebrates the giving of thanks for the autumn harvest . Traditionally includes the sharing of a turkey dinner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 25 ( fixed ) </Td> <Td> Christmas </Td> <Td> 90 % -- 95 % </Td> <Td> 94 % </Td> <Td> The most widely celebrated holiday of the Christian year , Christmas is observed as a commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * List of Federal Holidays by Year from the U.S. Government ( see Office of Personnel Management ) </P> <P> * * Additional holidays referenced by the Society for Human Resource Management : Good Friday 26 % , Easter Monday 6 % , Yom Kippur 7 % , Day before Thanksgiving 3 -- 8 % , Day after Thanksgiving 69 -- 75 % , Day before Christmas Eve 33 % , Christmas Eve 78 -- 79 % , Day after Christmas 40 -- 64 % , Day before New Years Eve 25 -- 71 % depending if it falls on a weekend , New Years Eve 71 % , Passover 3 % , Hanukkah 1 % , Ramadan 1 % , Ash Wednesday 1 % , Diwali 1 % , Eid al - Adha 1 % , Vietnamese New Year < 1 % , Chinese New Year < 1 % </P> <H3> School holidays ( edit ) </H3> Main article : School holidays in the United States Fort Lauderdale Beach is a typical warm weather destination for students taking a spring break . <P> An academic year typically spans from early fall to early summer , with two or three months of summer vacation marking the end of year . K - 12 public schools generally observe local , state , and federal holidays , plus additional days off around Thanksgiving , the period from before Christmas until after New Year 's Day , a spring break ( usually a week in April ) and sometimes a winter break ( a week in February or March ) . Two or three days per year are sometimes devoted to professional development for teachers , and students have the day off . </P> <P> Most colleges and universities divide the school year into two semesters . The fall semester often begins the day after Labor Day in early September and runs until mid-December . The spring semester typically starts in the middle or end of January and runs until May . Winter and summer classes might be offered in January and May -- August . Major federal , state , and local holidays are often observed , including the day after and usually before Thanksgiving . Spring break is usually a week in March or early April , and in college party culture traditionally involves a warm - weather trip . </P> <P> Unscheduled weather - related cancellations and emergency cancellations can also affect school calendars . </P> <P> When taking summer school or summer camp schedules into account , the Independence Day holiday on July 4 is usually a scheduled holiday observance for which the summer program closes . </P> <H3> Government sector holidays : federal , State , and local government ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Federal holidays in the United States <P> The federal government sector labor force consisted of about 2,729,000 ( as of 2014 ) of the total labor force of 150,539,900 , which is about 1.8 % of the total labor force or about 1.1 % of the total population . In addition , state and local governments consist of another 19,134,000 bringing the U.S. total government sector employees to about 15 % of the total labor force . This sector of the population is entitled to paid time off designated as Federal holidays by Congress in Title V of the United States Code ( 5 U.S.C. § 6103 ) . Both federal and state government employees generally observe the same federal holidays . </P> Federally regulated agencies : banks and financial institutions ( edit ) <P> U.S. banks generally observe the federal holidays because of their reliance on the U.S. Federal Reserve for certain activities such as wire transfers and Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) transactions . For example , JP Morgan Chase observes all federal holidays except Columbus Day , while U.S. Bank observes all of them . </P> <P> The New York Stock Exchange also closely follows the federal holidays except for Columbus Day . However , the agency also has extra holidays on the day before Independence Day and Good Friday . </P> Legal holidays by States and political divisions of the United States ( edit ) <P> </P> See also : Category : State holidays in the United States and Category : Public holidays in territories of the United States <Dl> <Dd> Not to be confused with tax holidays </Dd> </Dl> <P> In general , most state governments observe the same holidays that the federal government observes . However , while that is true for most states , every state includes and omits holidays to fit the culture relevant to its population . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Holiday </Th> <Th> Number of U.S. states observed with government offices closed </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Year 's Day Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> These holidays are unanimously observed by the state governments of all 50 states . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin Luther King Jr . Day </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Signed into law in 1983 , but not observed by all states until 2000 , with Utah officially observing as a paid state holiday . Five states observe this day using alternate name `` Civil Rights Day '' or holiday is combined to also honor Robert E. Lee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington 's Birthday ( Presidents ' Day ) </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Alternatively observed separately as George Washington 's or Lincoln 's Birthday . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Columbus Day </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Fewer than half the states recognize Columbus Day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day after Thanksgiving </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Observed by Delaware , Florida , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Mexico , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Texas , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , and West Virginia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Good Friday </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Observed by Connecticut , Delaware , Guam , Hawaii , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , New Jersey , North Carolina , North Dakota , Puerto Rico , and Tennessee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christmas Eve </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Observed by Arkansas , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Michigan , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , Wisconsin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Election Day </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Observed by Delaware , Hawaii , Illinois , Indiana , Montana , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , and Rhode Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day after Christmas </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Observed by Kentucky , Michigan , North Carolina , South Carolina , Texas , and the US Virgin Islands . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lincoln 's Birthday </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Observed by Connecticut , Illinois , Missouri , New Jersey , and New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Year 's Eve </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Observed by Kentucky , Michigan , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Alabama ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : State of Alabama Legal Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Confederate Memorial Day observance in Alabama <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) -- this federal holiday is renamed `` Robert E. Lee / Martin Luther King Birthday '' </Li> <Li> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) -- this federal holiday is renamed `` George Washington / Thomas Jefferson Birthday '' </Li> <Li> April 22 -- 28 ( floating Monday ) -- Confederate Memorial Day </Li> <Li> June 1 -- 7 ( floating Monday ) -- Jefferson Davis ' birthday </Li> <Li> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) -- Renamed Columbus Day / Fraternal Day / American Indian Heritage Day </Li> </Ul> Baldwin County , Alabama ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> All Alabama state holidays </Li> <Li> February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) - Mardi Gras </Li> </Ul> Mobile County , Alabama ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> All Alabama state holidays </Li> <Li> February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) - Mardi Gras </Li> </Ul> Perry County , Alabama ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : Perry County , Alabama Calendar </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All Alabama state holidays </Li> <Li> November 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Obama Day </Li> </Ul> Alaska ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Alaska State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> March 25 -- 31 ( floating Monday ) - Seward 's Day </Li> <Li> October 18 - Alaska Day </Li> </Ul> American Samoa ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : American Samoa Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> April 17 - Flag Day </Li> <Li> December 26 - Family Day </Li> </Ul> Arizona ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Arizona State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - this federal holiday is renamed `` Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. / Civil Rights Day '' . </Li> <Li> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - this federal holiday is renamed `` Lincoln / Washington Presidents ' Day '' . </Li> </Ul> Arkansas ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Arkansas State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - this federal holiday is renamed `` George Washington 's Birthday and Daisy Gatson Bates Day '' . </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> </Ul> California ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : California Department of Human Resources - State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <P> The U.S. state of California has separate definitions of `` state holidays '' which are different from `` legal holidays '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> March 31 ( fixed ) - César Chávez Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> César Chávez Day poster California education holidays ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : California Education Code 37220 - 37223 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All California state holidays ( schools closed ) </Li> <Li> January 23 - Ed Roberts Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> January 30 - Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> February 6 - Ronald Reagan Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> February 12 - Lincoln 's Birthday ( schools closed ) </Li> <Li> February 15 - Susan B. Anthony Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> March 5 - death of Crispus Attucks ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> March 7 - birthday of Luther Burbank / Arbor Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> March 30 - Vietnamese Veterans Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> April 6 - California Poppy Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> April 21 - John Muir Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> May 8 -- 14 ( floating Wednesday ) - Day of the Teacher ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> May 22 - Harvey Milk Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> <Li> September 22 -- 28 ( floating Monday ) - Native American Day ( schools closed ) </Li> <Li> October 25 - Larry Itliong Day ( schools open , but with related instructions ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Lincoln 's Birthday ( February 12 ) was removed from California 's education holiday calendar in 2009 . </P> Berkeley , California ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : City of Berkeley : Holiday and Reduced Service Days Schedule </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All California holidays except Cesar Chavez Day </Li> <Li> February 12 ( fixed ) - Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> May 19 ( fixed ) - Malcolm X Day </Li> <Li> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Indigenous People 's Day </Li> </Ul> San Francisco , California ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : San Francisco City and County Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All California holidays except Cesar Chavez Day </Li> <Li> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Columbus Day ( added because the holiday was omitted by the California state government ) </Li> </Ul> West Hollywood , California ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : West Hollywood City Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Harvey Milk Day is observed in West Hollywood , California . <Ul> <Li> All California holidays except Cesar Chavez Day and the Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> May 22 ( fixed ) - Harvey Milk Day </Li> </Ul> Colorado ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Colorado State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> </Ul> Connecticut ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Connecticut Department of Administrative Services State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> February 12 - Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> </Ul> Delaware ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also State of Delaware - State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday and Columbus Day </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day ( in even - numbered years ) </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - day After Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> District of Columbia ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : District of Columbia Department of Human Resources Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 20 - Inauguration Day ( every 4 years ) </Li> <Li> April 16 - Emancipation Day </Li> </Ul> Florida ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Florida State Holidays Chapter 110 Section 117 </Dd> </Dl> <P> Florida 's laws separately defines `` paid holidays '' versus `` legal holidays '' , which does not have any obligation to include as `` paid holidays '' . </P> As of 2015 , multiple states observe Susan B. Anthony Day . Florida is the only state that actually observes the day as a legal holiday , though state offices remain open . Currently , no federal holiday honors a woman in the United States . <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday and Columbus Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> Florida legal holidays ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : ( 3 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Florida 's laws separate the definitions between paid versus legal holidays . The following list shows only the legal holidays that were not defined as `` paid holidays '' : </P> <Ul> <Li> All Florida state holidays </Li> <Li> January 18 - Martin Luther King Jr . </Li> <Li> February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) - Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras </Li> <Li> February 12 - Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> February 15 - Susan B. Anthony Day </Li> <Li> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - Washington 's Birthday ( reincluded because the holiday is not listed under the Florida government holidays ) </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> April 2 - Pascua Florida Day </Li> <Li> April 26 - Confederate Memorial Day </Li> <Li> June 3 - birthday of Jefferson Davis </Li> <Li> June 14 - Flag Day </Li> <Li> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - renamed holiday as Columbus and Farmers ' Day </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day </Li> </Ul> Florida circuit courts ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : Florida Circuit Court Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All Florida state holidays </Li> <Li> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - Presidents ' Day ( reincluded because the Florida state government omits this holiday ) </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> September 5 - October 5 ( floating date ) - Rosh Hashannah </Li> <Li> September 14 - October 14 ( floating date ) - Yom Kippur </Li> </Ul> Miami - Dade , Florida ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : Miami - Dade Government Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All Florida state holidays </Li> <Li> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - Presidents ' Day ( reincluded because the Florida state government excludes this date ) </Li> <Li> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Columbus Day ( reincluded because the Florida state government excludes this date ) </Li> </Ul> Georgia ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Georgia State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except President 's Day </Li> <Li> April 24 -- 30 ( floating Monday ) - Confederate Memorial Day </Li> <Li> December 24 - Washington 's Birthday observed . If December 24 is a Wednesday , then this holiday is observed on Friday December 26 . </Li> </Ul> Guam ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Guam Government Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Main article : Public holidays in Guam <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> March 7 - Guam History and Chamorro Heritage Day </Li> <Li> July 21 - Liberation Day </Li> <Li> November 2 - All Souls ' Day </Li> <Li> December 8 - Lady of Camarin Day </Li> </Ul> Hawaii ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Hawaii State Government Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> March 26 - Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Day </Li> <Li> June 11 - Kamehameha Day </Li> <Li> August 15 -- 21 ( floating Friday ) - Statehood Day </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day ( in even - numbered years ) </Li> </Ul> Idaho ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Idaho State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - this federal holiday is renamed `` Martin Luther King , Jr. - Idaho Human Rights Day '' </Li> </Ul> Illinois ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Illinois Department of Central Management Services State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Illinois is the first state to declare Malcolm X Day a holiday only in 2015 . Today , the holiday is only official in Berkeley , California since 1979 with city offices closed . <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> February 12 - Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day ( in even - numbered years ) </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> Chicago , Illinois ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : Chicago City Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All Illinois state holidays except the Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> March 1 -- 7 ( floating Monday ) - Pulaski Day </Li> </Ul> Indiana ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Indiana State Personnel State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> May 1 -- 7 ( floating Monday ) - Primary Election Day </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Monday ) - General Election Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Lincoln 's Birthday to occur on day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Washington 's Birthday to occur on Christmas Eve </Li> </Ul> Iowa ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Iowa Department of Administrative Services </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday and Columbus Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> Kansas ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : State of Kansas Employee Service Center </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday and Columbus Day </Li> </Ul> Kentucky ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : State Holidays Kentucky Personnel Cabinet </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday and Columbus Day </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday ( half holiday ) </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> <Li> December 31 - New Year 's Eve </Li> </Ul> Louisiana ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Louisiana State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Mardi Gras is celebrated in New Orleans . <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) - Mardi Gras </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day ( in even - numbered years ) </Li> </Ul> Louisiana courts ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : Louisiana Court Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All Louisiana state holidays </Li> <Li> November 1 - All Saints ' Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> <Li> December 31 - New Year 's Eve </Li> </Ul> Baton Rouge , Louisiana ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> All Louisiana state holidays </Li> <Li> January 20 - Inauguration Day ( every four years ) </Li> </Ul> Maine ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Maine Public Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> April 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - Patriots ' Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> Maryland ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Maryland State Employee Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Presidential Election Day ( every 4 years ) </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Native American Heritage Day </Li> </Ul> Massachusetts ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Massachusetts Legal Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> April 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - Patriots ' Day </Li> </Ul> Suffolk County , Massachusetts ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> All Massachusetts state holidays </Li> <Li> March 17 - Evacuation Day </Li> <Li> June 17 - Bunker Hill Day </Li> </Ul> Michigan ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Michigan State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - General Election Day ( even numbered years only ) </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve ( if Christmas Eve falls on Sunday as it does in 2017 , December 22 is the observed holiday ) </Li> <Li> December 31 - New Year 's Eve ( if New Year 's Eve falls on Sunday as it does in 2017 , December 29 is the observed holiday ) </Li> </Ul> Minnesota ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Minnesota Court Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> Mississippi ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Mississippi State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - this federal holiday is renamed `` Martin Luther King 's and Robert E. Lee 's Birthdays '' </Li> <Li> April 24 -- 30 ( floating Monday ) - Confederate Memorial Day </Li> <Li> May 25 -- 31 ( floating Monday ) - renamed National Memorial Day / Jefferson Davis Birthday </Li> <Li> November 11 - renamed Armistice Day ( Veterans Day ) </Li> </Ul> Missouri ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Missouri State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> February 12 - Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> May 8 - Truman Day </Li> </Ul> Montana ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Montana State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - General Election Day </Li> </Ul> Nebraska ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Nebraska Health and Human Services State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Arbor Day tree planting <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> April 24 -- 30 ( floating Friday ) - Arbor Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> Nevada ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Nevada State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day . </Li> <Li> October 25 -- 31 ( floating Friday ) - Nevada Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Family Day </Li> </Ul> New Hampshire ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : New Hampshire State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> New Hampshire is one of a few states which does not honor Martin Luther King , Jr . Day with its official national federal name . <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays ( offices remain open on Columbus Day ) </Li> <Li> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - this federal holiday is renamed Martin Luther King , Jr . Civil Rights Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - the day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> New Jersey ( edit ) <P> </P> Main article : State holidays in New Jersey <Dl> <Dd> See also : New Jersey State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day </Li> </Ul> New Mexico ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : New Mexico State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - holiday in lieu of Presidents ' Day </Li> </Ul> New York ( edit ) <P> </P> Main article : New York State government holidays <Dl> <Dd> See also : New York State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> February 12 - Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day </Li> </Ul> New York City Public Schools ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : New York City School Calendar </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All New York State holidays and most national school holidays </Li> <Li> January 21 - February 20 ( floating on full moon date ) - Lunar New Year </Li> <Li> February - Mid-Winter Recess ( includes Lincoln 's Birthday and Washington 's Birthday ) </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> April - Spring Recess </Li> <Li> July -- August - Summer vacation ( includes Independence Day ) </Li> <Li> September 5 - October 5 ( floating date ) - Rosh Hashannah </Li> <Li> September 14 - October 14 ( floating date ) - Yom Kippur </Li> <Li> December - Winter Recess ( includes Christmas and New Years Day ) </Li> <Li> Eid al - Fitr ( date can vary year - round ) - Schools are closed if the holiday falls within the academic year </Li> <Li> Eid al - Adha ( date can vary year - round ) - Schools are closed if the holiday falls within the academic year <Ul> <Li> For the 2016 - 2017 year , Eid al - Adha was observed September 12 , 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> North Carolina ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : North Carolina Human Resources State Employee Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday and Columbus Day , plus the following four state holidays : </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day After Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 22 -- 28 ( floating days ) - Christmas Eve and Day after Christmas ( three days sequentially ; adjusted if any falls on a weekend ) </Li> </Ul> North Dakota ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : North Dakota State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> </Ul> Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Northern Mariana Islands Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> March 24 - Commonwealth Covenant Day </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> November 4 - Citizenship Day </Li> <Li> December 9 - Constitution Day </Li> </Ul> Ohio ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Ohio State Employer Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> </Ul> Oklahoma ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Oklahoma State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 26 - Day after Christmas </Li> </Ul> Oregon ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Oregon Legal Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> </Ul> Pennsylvania ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Pennsylvania State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> </Ul> Flag Day is observed in Pennsylvania . Puerto Rico ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Puerto Rico Public Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Main article : Public holidays in Puerto Rico <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 6 - Three Kings Day / Epiphany </Li> <Li> January 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Eugenio María de Hostos Birthday </Li> <Li> March 22 - Emancipation Day </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> March 22 - April 25 ( floating Sunday using Computus ) - Easter </Li> <Li> April 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - José de Diego Birthday </Li> <Li> May 8 -- 14 ( floating Sunday ) - Mother 's Day </Li> <Li> June 15 -- 21 ( floating Sunday ) - Father 's Day </Li> <Li> July 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - Luis Muñoz Rivera Birthday </Li> <Li> July 25 - Constitution of Puerto Rico Day </Li> <Li> July 27 - José Celso Barbosa Birthday </Li> <Li> November 19 - Discovery of Puerto Rico Day </Li> </Ul> Rhode Island ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Rhode Island State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday </Li> <Li> August 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Victory Day </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day </Li> </Ul> South Carolina ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : South Carolina Holiday Leave </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> May 10 - Confederate Memorial Day </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> <Li> December 26 - Day after Christmas </Li> </Ul> South Dakota ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Schedule of Office Closures for State - recognized holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Native Americans Day </Li> </Ul> Tennessee ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Tennessee State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> </Ul> Texas ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Official Texas State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day . </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Friday after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> <Li> December 26 - Day after Christmas </Li> </Ul> Texas partial staffing holidays ( edit ) <P> Texas law designates that the state businesses be `` partially staffed '' on the following holidays . These holidays can be replaced with an optional holiday per the state employee 's choice , but will give up one of these in lieu of the optional holiday . </P> <Ul> <Li> January 19 - Confederate Heroes Day </Li> <Li> March 2 - Texas Independence Day </Li> <Li> April 21 - San Jacinto Day </Li> <Li> June 19 - Emancipation Day in Texas </Li> <Li> August 27 - Lyndon Baines Johnson Day </Li> </Ul> Texas optional holidays ( edit ) <P> Texas law allows a state employee to replace a partial staffing holiday with one of the following holidays . On these holidays , the state agency is generally required to stay open with minimum staff . </P> <Ul> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> March 31 - Cesar Chavez Day ( added in section 662.013 , was not one of the original `` optional holidays '' declared in 1999 ) </Li> <Li> September 5 - October 5 ( floating date ) - Rosh Hashanah </Li> <Li> September 14 - October 14 ( floating date ) - Yom Kippur </Li> </Ul> U.S. Virgin Islands ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : U.S. Virgin Islands Court Holidays </Dd> </Dl> Main article : Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 6 - Three Kings Day </Li> <Li> March 31 - Transfer Day </Li> <Li> March 19 - April 22 ( floating Thursday using Computus ) - Holy Thursday </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> March 23 - April 26 ( floating Monday using Computus ) - Easter Monday </Li> <Li> July 3 - Emancipation Day </Li> <Li> October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) - Columbus Day - Virgin Islands - Puerto Rico Friendship Day </Li> <Li> November 1 - D. Hamilton Jackson Day </Li> <Li> December 26 - Christmas Second Day </Li> </Ul> Utah ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Utah State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> July 24 - Pioneer Day </Li> </Ul> Vermont ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Vermont State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> <Li> March 1 -- 7 ( floating Tuesday ) - Town Meeting Day </Li> <Li> August 16 - Bennington Battle Day </Li> </Ul> Virginia ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Code of Virginia , legal holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 12 -- 18 ( floating Friday ) - Lee -- Jackson Day </Li> <Li> February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - The federal holiday Washington 's Birthday is recognized as `` George Washington Day '' . </Li> <Li> November 21 -- 27 ( floating Wednesday ) - day before Thanksgiving , commencing at noon </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> </Ul> Wake Island ( edit ) <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Martin Luther King Jr . Day </Li> <Li> All Friday holidays are celebrated on Saturday and all Monday holidays are celebrated on Tuesday to account for the time zone difference with the states . Weekday holidays such as Thanksgiving are celebrated as they fall . </Li> <Li> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) - Good Friday </Li> <Li> March 22 - April 25 ( floating Sunday using Computus ) - Easter ( listed to account for park closing , which normally opens Sundays ) </Li> <Li> April 13 -- 15 - Songkran Festival </Li> <Li> December 31 - New Year 's Eve </Li> </Ul> Washington ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Washington State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Columbus Day </Li> </Ul> West Virginia ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : West Virginia State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> June 20 - West Virginia Day </Li> <Li> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) - Election Day / Susan B. Anthony Day ( even numbered years only ) , </Li> <Li> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) - Day after Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve ( See note below ) </Li> <Li> December 31 - New Years Eve ( See note below ) </Li> <Li> Note : Christmas Eve and New Years Eve are half day holidays and are not shifted if they fall on Saturday or Sunday . </Li> </Ul> Wisconsin ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : State of Wisconsin Legal Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays except Washington 's Birthday and Columbus Day </Li> <Li> December 24 - Christmas Eve </Li> <Li> December 31 - New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> January 1 - New Years Day </Li> </Ul> Wisconsin public school observance days ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> See also : Wisconsin Public School Observance Days </Dd> </Dl> <P> Wisconsin 's public schools are obligated to observe the 21 days designated by Wisconsin Statute section 118.02 on the designated day unless the day falls on Saturday or Sunday , in which case would move the observance to either the preceding Friday or following Monday . The statutes require the public schools to include instruction relating to the holidays . In this list of holidays , all schools remain open . </P> <Ul> <Li> January 15 - Martin Luther King Jr . Day </Li> <Li> February 12 - Lincoln 's Birthday </Li> <Li> February 15 - Susan B. Anthony Day </Li> <Li> February 22 - Washington 's Birthday </Li> <Li> March 4 - Casimir Pulaski Day </Li> <Li> March 17 - `` The Great Hunger '' in Ireland </Li> <Li> April 9 - Prisoners of War Remembrance Day </Li> <Li> April 13 - American 's Creed Day </Li> <Li> April 19 - Patriots ' Day </Li> <Li> April 22 - Environmental Awareness Day </Li> <Li> April 29 - Arbor Day </Li> <Li> June 14 - Robert La Follette Sr. Day </Li> <Li> September 16 - Mildred Fish Harnack Day </Li> <Li> September 16 - Wisconsin Day </Li> <Li> September 17 - Constitution Day </Li> <Li> September 18 - POW - MIA Recognition Day </Li> <Li> September 23 - Bullying Awareness Day </Li> <Li> September 28 - Francis Willard Day </Li> <Li> October 9 - Leif Erikson Day </Li> <Li> October 12 - Columbus Day </Li> <Li> November 11 - Veterans Day </Li> </Ul> Wyoming ( edit ) <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Wyoming State Holidays </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> All federal holidays </Li> <Li> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) - renamed Martin Luther King , Jr . / Wyoming Equality Day </Li> </Ul> Federal holidays at the State level ( edit ) <P> While most federal holidays are observed at the state level , some of these holidays are observed with different names , are observed on different days , or completely not observed in some states of the United States . ^ a . For example , Martin Luther King , Jr . Day is known officially as Martin Luther King , Jr. / Civil Rights Day in Arizona , and New Hampshire , Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert E. Lee 's Birthdays in Arkansas , Birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. in Florida , and Maryland , Martin Luther King Jr . / Idaho Human Rights Day in Idaho , and Martin Luther King 's and Robert E. Lee 's Birthdays in Mississippi . ^ b . Washington 's Birthday is known officially as President 's Day in Alaska , California , Hawaii , Idaho , Maryland , Nebraska , New Hampshire , Tennessee , Washington , West Virginia , and Wyoming , Washington - Lincoln Day in Colorado ( CRS 24 - 11 - 101 ) , Ohio , Lincoln / Washington / Presidents ' Day in Arizona , George Washington 's Birthday and Daisy Gatson Bates Day in Arkansas , Presidents ' Day in Hawaii , Massachusetts , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Texas , and Vermont , Washington 's Birthday / President 's Day in Maine , Presidents Day in Michigan , Minnesota , Nevada , New Jersey , and Oregon , Lincoln 's and Washington 's Birthday in Montana , Washington and Lincoln Day in Utah , and George Washington Day in Virginia . ^ The day after Thanksgiving is observed in lieu of Columbus Day in Minnesota . ^ Columbus Day is listed as a state holiday in New Hampshire although state offices remain open . ^ President 's Day , Good Friday ( 11am - 3pm ) , Juneteenth Day ( June 19 ) , Columbus Day , Veteran 's Day , Partisan Primary Election Day , and General Election Day are listed as a state holiday in Wisconsin although state offices remain open . </P> Legal holidays observed nationwide ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> January 1 -- New Year 's Day </Li> <Li> May 25 -- 31 ( floating Monday ) -- Memorial Day <Ul> <Li> Known officially as National Memorial Day in Alabama , </Li> <Li> and Memorial Day / Decoration Day in Idaho . </Li> <Li> Observed with Jefferson Davis ' Birthday , and known officially as National Memorial Day / Jefferson Davis ' Birthday , in Mississippi . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> July 4 -- Independence Day </Li> <Li> September 1 -- 7 ( floating Monday ) -- Labor Day </Li> <Li> November 11 -- Veterans Day <Ul> <Li> Known officially as Armistice Day in Mississippi . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> November 22 -- 28 ( floating Thursday ) -- Thanksgiving </Li> <Li> December 25 -- Christmas </Li> </Ul> <H2> Holidays with religious , cultural or historical significance ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Religion in the United States and Separation of church and state in the United States Box of Valentine chocolates , typically sold around Valentine 's Day <P> The religious and cultural holidays in the United States is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices . However , the First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' and Article VI specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' As a result , various religious faiths have flourished , as well as perished , in the United States . A majority of Americans report that religion plays a `` very important '' role in their lives , a proportion unique among developed nations . </P> <P> The majority of Americans ( 73 -- 80 % ) identify themselves as Christians and about 15 -- 20 % have no religious affiliation . According to the American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) ( 2008 ) 76 % of the American adult population identified themselves as Christians , with 51 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant or unaffiliated , and 25 % professing Catholic beliefs . The same survey says that other religions ( including , for example , Islam , Judaism , Buddhism , and Hinduism ) collectively make up about 4 % of the adult population , another 15 % of the adult population claim no religious affiliation , and 5.2 % said they did not know , or they refused to reply . According to a 2012 survey by the Pew forum , 36 percent of Americans state that they attend services nearly every week or more . </P> <H3> Confederate States of America ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following memorialize the historic Confederate States of America from the American Civil War : </P> <Ul> <Li> Confederate Memorial Day is a public holiday observed by the U.S. states of Alabama , Florida , Kentucky , Mississippi , South Carolina , Louisiana and Texas and an unofficially observed holiday in some other states . It is often in late April to align with the final surrender of the last Confederate Army . Texas observes Confederate Heroes Day . </Li> <Li> Confederate History Month has been declared at least once in Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , Texas , and Virginia as well as by various cities , usually in April to augment Confederate Memorial Day . </Li> <Li> Robert E. Lee Day ( on or around Lee 's Jan. 19 birthday ) is observed in Alabama , Mississippi , and Florida . </Li> <Li> Arkansas combined the observance of Robert E. Lee Day with Martin Luther King , Jr . Day in 1985 . In 2017 , it passed a law removing Lee 's name from the January holiday and instead establishing a state memorial day on the second Saturday of October in honor of Lee . </Li> <Li> Lee -- Jackson Day is a holiday celebrated in Virginia for the birthdays of Robert E. Lee ( Jan 19 ) and Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( Jan 21 ) The original 1889 holiday celebrated Lee 's birthday until Jackson 's name was added to the holiday in 1904 . The holiday is currently observed on the Friday before Martin Luther King , Jr . Day . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Drinking holidays ( edit ) </H3> See also : Drinking culture Crowds on Vine Street at the Oktoberfest in Cincinnati <P> According to the National Institutes of Health , about 86 % of the U.S. population over 18 drinks alcohol recreationally or socially . In the United States , the holidays that are considered the most `` festive '' are generally regarded as some of the `` most drunken holidays . '' Celebrations usually revolve around barbecues and beer . Although many of these holiday lack any official status , these holidays are generally observed by the drinking culture for the fact that these holidays revolve around drinking . One measurement of the popularity of these holidays can be measured by the amount of alcohol purchased for the occasion . One particular survey names New Years Eve as the holiday for which the most alcohol is consumed based on sales . While many holidays are listed , some are generally notable for their drinking requirement while others are known for abstinence . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 1 -- 7 ( floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Super Bowl Sunday </Td> <Td> Usually served at a private party while watching the Super Bowl . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) </Td> <Td> Mardi Gras </Td> <Td> Any alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 17 </Td> <Td> St. Patrick 's Day </Td> <Td> Usually celebrated with green beer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 1 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Opening Day </Td> <Td> Ale or lager . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 5 </Td> <Td> Cinco de Mayo </Td> <Td> Usually celebrated with a Mexican alcohol like tequila or Margarita . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 4 </Td> <Td> Independence Day </Td> <Td> Typically served while eating hot dogs and hamburgers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 1 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Oktoberfest </Td> <Td> Usually German beer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 31 </Td> <Td> Halloween </Td> <Td> Usually served at Halloween parties . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 </Td> <Td> New Year 's Eve </Td> <Td> Traditionally with champagne and is considered the `` most drunk '' of all American holidays . More alcohol is consumed on this holiday than any other day . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> African American holidays ( edit ) </H3> Main article : African - American culture 2003 Kwanzaa celebration with its founder , Maulana Karenga , and others <P> African Americans make up about 12 % of the U.S. population . While some customs have come from abroad , many of the customs were developed inside the United States . Kwanzaa , for example , is a custom has greatly influenced American culture originating from the `` turbulent 60 's '' when race relations in the United States was at its lowest . Most of the newer holidays revolve around a particular civil rights activist and have recently gained attention from city and state level governments . At the federal level , only Martin Luther King , Jr. was honored . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 26 - January 1 </Td> <Td> Kwanzaa </Td> <Td> Kwanzaa is a week - long celebration held in the United States and in other nations of the Western African diaspora in the Americas . The celebration honors African heritage in African - American culture , and is observed from December 26 to January 1 , culminating in a feast and gift - giving . Kwanzaa has seven core principles ( Nguzo Saba ) . It was created by Maulana Karenga , and was first celebrated in 1966 -- 67 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) </Td> <Td> Martin Luther King , Jr . Day </Td> <Td> Martin Luther King , Jr . Day is the only American federal holiday marking the birthday of an African American . It is observed on the third Monday of January each year , which is around King 's birthday , January 15 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 1 -- 29 </Td> <Td> Black History Month </Td> <Td> Also known as the `` African American History Month '' which was set aside as an observance of important leaders of the African diaspora . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 4 or December 1 </Td> <Td> Rosa Parks Day </Td> <Td> Currently observed in the states of California , Missouri , and Ohio to honor the late civil rights leader Rosa Parks . Rosa Parks Day was created by the California State Legislature and first celebrated February 4 , 2000 . The holiday was first designated in the U.S. state of Ohio championed by Joyce Beatty , advocate who helped Ohio 's legislation pass to honor the late leader . In 2015 , Missouri has declared Rosa Parks Day a legal holiday . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 10 </Td> <Td> Harriet Tubman Day </Td> <Td> Commemorates anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman for her accomplishments . Occurs two days after International Women 's Day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 16 ( DC ) </Td> <Td> Emancipation Day </Td> <Td> Currently observed in Washington , D.C. , Mississippi , Texas ( as Juneteenth ) , Kentucky , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , in observance of the emancipation of slaves of African descent . It is also observed in other areas in regard to the abolition of serfdom or other forms of servitude . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 19 </Td> <Td> Malcolm X Day </Td> <Td> Currently observed in Berkeley , California , and Illinois , this holiday honors Malcolm X as a civil rights leader as a legal holiday with offices closed . Various municipalities such as Atlanta , Philadelphia , and Washington , D.C. have festivals commemorating the civil rights leader . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 19 </Td> <Td> Juneteenth </Td> <Td> Juneteenth is a holiday that commemorates the announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas in June 1865 , and more generally the emancipation of African - American slaves throughout the Confederate South . Celebrated on June 19 , the term is a portmanteau of June and nineteenth and is recognized as a state holiday or special day of observance in most states . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 8 -- 14 ( floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> African New Year </Td> <Td> Celebrated as the `` Odunde Festival '' as a one - day festival and mostly a street market catered to African - American interests and the African diaspora . It is derived from the tradition of the Yoruba people of Nigeria in celebration of the new year . It is centered at the intersection of Grays Ferry Avenue and South Street in the U.S. city of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Christian holidays ( edit ) </H3> A Stabat Mater depiction , 1868 Main article : Liturgical year <P> With 73 % of the U.S. population identifying themselves as Christian , many holidays from the liturgical calendar are observed by this segment of the population . With 94 % of businesses including federal , state , and local governments closing on Christmas , arguably the most significant holiday of the Christian religion , many stores are also closed on Christmas , but with a relatively small exception . For example , convenience stores operating on less than 5,000 square feet of space such as 7 - Eleven and CVS Pharmacy can remain open . A reference in A Christmas Story shows a Chinese restaurant being the only establishment open on Christmas . </P> <P> Some private businesses and certain other institutions are closed on Good Friday . The financial market and stock market is closed on Good Friday . Most retail stores remain open although some might close early . Public schools and most universities are closed on Good Friday , either as a holiday of its own , or part of spring break . The postal service operates , and banks regulated by the federal government do not close for Good Friday . </P> <P> Many companies , including banks , malls , shopping centers and most private retail stores that normally open on Sundays are closed on Easter . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 6 </Td> <Td> Epiphany </Td> <Td> Epiphany ( from Greek epiphaneia , `` manifestation '' ) , falls on the 12th day after Christmas . It commemorates the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles , as represented by the Magi , the baptism of Jesus , and the miracle of the wine at the marriage feast at Cana . One of the three major Christian festivals , along with Christmas and Easter . Epiphany originally marked the beginning of the carnival season preceding Lent , and the evening preceding it is known as Twelfth Night . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7 </Td> <Td> Orthodox Christmas </Td> <Td> January 7th is the Gregorian Calendar equivalent of December 25 on the Julian Calendar still observed by the Russian and other Eastern Orthodox Churches . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) </Td> <Td> Mardi Gras and Ash Wednesday </Td> <Td> A festive season ( Carnival ) leading up to Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras . Closes with Ash Wednesday ( 40 days before Easter , not counting Sundays ) , which starts the penitential season of Lent in the Western Christian calendar . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 14 </Td> <Td> Valentine 's Day </Td> <Td> St. Valentine 's Day , or simply Valentine 's Day is named after one or more early Christian martyrs named Saint Valentine , and was established by Pope Gelasius I in 496 AD . Modern traditional celebration of love and romance , including the exchange of cards , candy , flowers , and other gifts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 15 - April 18 ( floating Sunday using Computus ) </Td> <Td> Palm Sunday </Td> <Td> Celebration to commemorate the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 17 </Td> <Td> St. Patrick 's Day </Td> <Td> A holiday honoring Saint Patrick that celebrates Irish culture . Primary activity is simply the wearing of green clothing ( `` wearing o ' the green '' ) , although drinking beer dyed green is also popular . Big parades in some cities , such as in Chicago , where there is also a tradition of dyeing the Chicago River green . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) </Td> <Td> Good Friday </Td> <Td> Friday of Holy Week , when Western Christians commemorate the crucifixion and death of Jesus . Good Friday is a holiday in some individual counties and municipalities , as well as a state holiday in Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , New Jersey , North Carolina , North Dakota , Tennessee and Texas . State and local government offices and courts are closed , as well as state - chartered banks and in these jurisdictions . Federal banks and post offices that are located in buildings that close for Good Friday and Easter will also be closed . Good Friday is also a holiday in U.S. territories of Guam , U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico . Many public and private schools , colleges , universities and private - sector businesses ; and the New York Stock Exchange and financial markets are closed on Good Friday . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 22 - April 25 ( floating Sunday using Computus ) </Td> <Td> Easter </Td> <Td> Celebration of the resurrection of Jesus in most Western Christian churches . A minority of Protestant churches do not observe Easter . Eastern Orthodox ( including Western Rite ) , Oriental Orthodox and some Neo-Celtic churches observe Easter according to a different calendar , usually on a later Sunday ( thus they also observe Palm Sunday and Good Friday on different days than Western Christians ) . <P> Many Americans decorate hard - boiled eggs and give baskets of candy , fruit , toys and so on , especially to children ; but gifts of age - appropriate Easter baskets for the elderly , the infirm and the needy are increasingly popular . An annual Easter Egg Roll has been held at the White House South Lawn for young children on Easter Monday since President Hayes started the tradition in 1878 . Not a federal holiday due to the fact that it always falls on a Sunday , which is a non-working day for federal and state employees . Many companies that are normally open on Sunday close for Easter . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 31 </Td> <Td> Halloween </Td> <Td> Originally the end of the Celtic year , it now celebrates Eve of All Saint 's Day . Decorations include jack o'lanterns . Costume parties and candy such as candy corn are also part of the holiday . Kids go `` trick - or - treating '' to neighbors who give away candy . It is not generally observed by businesses , and is one of the most popular holidays in the U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 8 </Td> <Td> Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary </Td> <Td> Immaculate Conception is a dogma of the Catholic Church maintaining that the Virgin Mary was kept free of original sin from her moment of conception . Companies in some states will give day off to their employees . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 24 </Td> <Td> Christmas Eve </Td> <Td> Day before Christmas . Virtually every business closes early , though a few remain open 24 hours . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 25 </Td> <Td> Christmas </Td> <Td> Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ . It is a Federal Holiday . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Hindu holidays ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Hindu festivals Rangoli decorations , made using colored powder , are popular during Diwali . <P> According to some sources , the Hindu holidays of Diwali and Holi are commonly celebrated as a `` mainstream '' holiday throughout the United States , not only by Indian Americans or peoples of Indian descent . Many firms that hire a people from India will even go as far as observing the holidays with a celebration within the company or even approving it as a paid day off . Holi , the `` festival of colors '' has inspired a Broadway musical based on this festival . New York City Council has voted on a resolution that may make Diwali and Holi a legal holiday in Resolution 1863 - 2013 . As of August 2013 , the resolution has passed and the holidays are now officially legal holidays in New York City . CNN reported that the Diwali holiday is shown in American pop culture through an episode of The Office . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February or March ( depends on Hindu calendar ) </Td> <Td> Holi </Td> <Td> Holi ( English : / ˈhoʊliː / ) ( Sanskrit : होली ) is a spring festival also known as Festival of Colors , and sometimes Festival of Love . It is an ancient Hindu religious festival which has become popular with non-Hindus in many parts of South Asia , as well as people of other communities . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October or November ( depends on Hindu calendar ) </Td> <Td> Diwali </Td> <Td> Diwali ( English : / dɪˈwɑːliː / or English : / dɪˈvɑːliː / ) also called the Festival of lights ' `` , is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year . The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness , knowledge over ignorance , good over evil , and hope over despair . The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five - day period , but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest , new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartik . In the Gregorian calendar , Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Jewish holidays ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hebrew calendar A Hanukkah menorah <P> According to various sources , the three most commonly celebrated Jewish holidays are Rosh Hashanah , Yom Kippur and Hanukkah . Passover and Yom Kippur in addition to Rosh Hashannah and Hanukkah are recognized as an optional state level holiday in the U.S. state of Texas All Jewish holidays start the night before , as that is when the Jewish day begins . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 21 - April 24 ( floating date ) </Td> <Td> Passover פסח </Td> <Td> A seven - or eight - day festival in Judaism ( seven days in Israel , eight outside of Israel ) , commemorating the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt . For Karaite Jews , Passover is the holiest day of the year and is the festival that marks the beginning of the year . Some Christian groups celebrate Passover instead of Easter . In many regions with large Jewish communities , schools close for all or part of Passover . In some regions with large Jewish populations , schools may close . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 9 - June 12 ( floating date ) </Td> <Td> Shavuot שבועות </Td> <Td> A two - day ( one in Israel ) festival celebrating the receiving of the Torah at Sinai and the harvest season of the Land of Israel . Many people have the custom to eat dairy foods , specifically cheesecake . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 5 - October 5 ( floating date ) </Td> <Td> Rosh Hashanah ראש השנה </Td> <Td> Observed by Jewish people . Traditional beginning of the Jewish High Holidays . It also celebrates the beginning of a new year on the Hebrew calendar . In regions with large Jewish populations , schools and universities may close on Rosh Hashanah . It is a widely accepted custom to dip an apple in honey on the first night . Unlike other holidays where the Diaspora ( outside of Israel ) celebrate extra days , this holiday is observed for two days everywhere . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 14 - October 14 ( floating date ) </Td> <Td> Yom Kippur יום כיפור </Td> <Td> Observed by Jewish people . <P> This day marks the end of the Ten Days of Penitence that began with Rosh Hashanah . It is described in Leviticus as a `` Sabbath of rest , '' and synagogue services begin the preceding sundown , resume the following morning , and continue to sundown . Orthodox and many Conservative Jews fast on Yom Kippur . In regions with large Jewish populations , schools and universities may close on Yom Kippur . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 19 - October 19 ( floating date ) </Td> <Td> Sukkot סוכות </Td> <Td> A nine - day ( eight in Israel ) holiday celebrating the huts Jews lived in for forty year after the Exodus before getting to Israel . It also celebrates the cloud of glory that protected the Jews in the desert during the same period . Jews eat , and some sleep , in a special hut called a sukkah outside their home for the first seven days . Also , the ' four species ' or ' Arba Minim ' , ארבע מינים , the Lulav לולב or Palm Fran , the Etrog אתרוג or citron , the Aravot ערבות or willow branch , and the Hadasim הדסים , are shaken in the sukkah in the morning , as well as during prayers . The Seventh Day , known as Hoshanah Rabbah הושנה רבה is the last day of the season of repentance started on Rosh Hashanah , and has extra prayers in addition to the extra holiday prayers . The Eighth day is known as Shemini Atzeret שמיני עצרת and is to some degree considered a different holiday . The ninth day ( or part of the eighth in Israel ) is known as Simchat Torah שמחת תורה and celebrates he finishing of one cycle of reading the Torah or bible , and includes much joyous singing and dancing with the Torah scrolls during prayers . In many regions with large Jewish communities , schools close for all or part of Passover . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 28 - December 27 ( floating date ) </Td> <Td> Hanukkah חנוכה </Td> <Td> An eight - day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt of the 2nd century BC . Candelabras are lit , one candle on the first night and adding one candle per night . It is also a widely accepted custom to spin a top - like toy called a dreidel , and to give coins to the children . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 23 - March 26 ( floating date ) </Td> <Td> Purim פורים </Td> <Td> A one - day holiday , celebrated the Jews being saved from a plot by Haman , the second - in - command to Persian king , Achasverosh , or Xerxes , to exterminate every single Jew . It is generally celebrated by reading the Book of Esther in Synagogue the preceding night ( which , like all Jewish holidays , is actually part of the holiday ) and in the morning , giving charity , giving presents of food baskets to at least two friends , and having a celebratory feast . Unlike most other Jewish holidays ( other than Hannukah ) , work is allowed including using electricity , and other prohibited actions on Sabbath , and other holidays . The day before ( or the Thursday before , if Purim is on a Sunday ) is a fast day commemorating the fast of Esther before she met with King Achashverosh . In Jerusalem , Purim is celebrated the day after the rest of the world . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Islamic holidays ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Islamic holidays Mehndi is the application of henna as a temporary form of skin decoration , commonly applied during Eid al - Fitr in Indian subcontinent culture . <P> According to various sources , the major holidays of Ramadan , Eid al - Fitr , and Eid al - Adha have been recognized in the United States . Awareness of these holidays can be found in calendars published by major calendar manufacturers . According to Al - Jazeera , schools in the U.S. states of New York and Michigan ( mainly Dearborn ) may begin to close in observance of all Muslim holidays . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> depends on Islamic calendar ( in this year is on June and July ) </Td> <Td> Ramadan </Td> <Td> Ramadan ( Arabic : رمضان ‎ Ramaḍān , IPA : ( rɑmɑˈdʕɑːn ) ; Persian : رَمَضان ‎ Ramazān ; Urdu / Punjabi رَمْضان Ramzān ; Turkish : Ramazan ) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar ; Muslims worldwide observe this as a month of fasting . This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam . The month lasts 29 -- 30 days based on the visual sightings of the crescent moon , according to numerous biographical accounts compiled in the hadiths . The word Ramadan comes from the Arabic root ramiḍa or ar - ramaḍ , which means scorching heat or dryness . Fasting is fard ( `` obligatory '' ) for adult Muslims , except those who are ill , traveling , pregnant , breastfeeding , diabetic or going through menstrual bleeding . Fasting the month of Ramadan was made obligatory ( wājib ) during the month of Sha'aban , in the second year after the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> depends on Islamic calendar ( in this year is on 16 of July ) </Td> <Td> Eid al - Fitr </Td> <Td> Eid al - Fitr ( Arabic : عيد الفطر ‎ ʻĪd al - Fiṭr , IPA : ( ʕiːd al fitʕr ) , `` festival of breaking of the fast '' ) , also called Feast of Breaking the Fast , the Sugar Feast , Bayram ( Bajram ) , the Sweet Festival and the Lesser Eid , is an important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide that marks the end of Ramadan , the Islamic holy month of fasting ( sawm ) . The religious Eid is a single day and Muslims are not permitted to fast on that day . The holiday celebrates the conclusion of the 29 or 30 days of dawn - to - sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan . The day of Eid , therefore , falls on the first day of the month of Shawwal . This is a day when Muslims around the world show a common goal of unity . The date for the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities , so the exact day of celebration varies by locality . However , in most countries , it is generally celebrated on the same day as Saudi Arabia ( lunar calendar ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> depends on Islamic calendar ( in this year is on 24 of September ) </Td> <Td> Eid al - Adha </Td> <Td> Eid al - Adha ( Arabic : عيد الأضحى ‎ ʿīd al - aḍḥā ( ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdʕħæ ) meaning `` Festival of the sacrifice '' ) , also called the Feast of the Sacrifice , the Major Festival , the Greater Eid , Kurban Bayram ( Turkish : Kurban Bayramı ; Bosnian : kurban - bajram ) , Eid e Qurban ( Persian : عید قربان ‎ ) or Bakr'Eid ( Urdu : بکرا عید ‎ ) , is the second of two religious holidays celebrated by Muslims worldwide each year . It honors the willingness of Abraham ( Ibrahim ) to sacrifice his young first - born son Ishmael ( Ismail ) as an act of submission to God 's command , before God then intervened to provide Abraham with a lamb to sacrifice instead . In the lunar - based Islamic calendar , Eid al - Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al - Hijjah and lasts for four days . In the international Gregorian calendar , the dates vary from year to year , drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other religious , traditional , and informal holidays celebrated in the United States ( edit ) </H3> Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House <P> In addition to the federal / national holidays , many religious , ethnic , and other traditional holidays populate the calendar , as well as observances proclaimed by officials and lighter celebrations . These are rarely observed by businesses as holidays ( Except for Easter and most often also on Good Friday ) ; indeed , many are viewed as opportunities for commercial promotion . Because of this commercialization , some critics apply the deprecatory term Hallmark holiday to such days , after the Hallmark greeting card company . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 2 </Td> <Td> Groundhog Day </Td> <Td> The day on which folklore states that whether or not a local groundhog casts a shadow determines if the spring season will arrive early or on time . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> one day first week of February </Td> <Td> National Girls and Women in Sports Day </Td> <Td> A day of observance recognizing women 's contributions to sports and society . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 8 </Td> <Td> International Women 's Day </Td> <Td> A day set aside to honor women and their accomplishments in history . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 1 </Td> <Td> April Fools ' Day </Td> <Td> A day that people commonly play tricks or jokes on family , friends , and co-workers , especially in English - speaking nations . Sometimes called `` the Feast of All Fools '' as a play on the feast days of saints ; there is no evidence the holiday has any Christian religious origins . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 22 ( varies by location and observance ) </Td> <Td> Earth Day </Td> <Td> A celebration of environmentalism . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 24 -- 30 ( floating Friday ) </Td> <Td> Arbor Day </Td> <Td> A day for planting trees . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 1 </Td> <Td> May Day </Td> <Td> In most other countries , May 1 is International Workers ' Day , the equivalent of Labor Day , which commemorates the labor movement and the ultimate triumph of socialism over capitalism . This theme borrows from the pagan origins of May Day which emphasized the change in season and the triumph of the warm sun over the cold winter . The holiday is often celebrated with parades and protests for workers ' rights and other broad social issues . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 5 </Td> <Td> Cinco de Mayo </Td> <Td> Primarily a celebration of Mexican culture by Mexican - Americans living in the United States . Although this is the anniversary of the victory of the Mexican Army over the French at the Battle of Puebla in 1862 , Cinco de Mayo is far more important in the USA than in Mexico itself , often celebrated even by non-Mexican - Americans . Additionally , this `` holiday '' is often mistaken by Americans as being Mexican Independence Day , which is actually observed on September 16 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 8 -- 14 ( floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Mother 's Day </Td> <Td> Honors mothers and motherhood ( made a `` federal holiday '' by Presidential order , although most federal agencies are already closed on Sundays ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 1 -- 7 ( floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Children 's Day </Td> <Td> Proclaimed by President George W. Bush in 2001 to honor children . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 14 </Td> <Td> Flag Day </Td> <Td> Commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States , in 1777 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 27 </Td> <Td> Helen Keller Day </Td> <Td> Commemorates the achievements of Helen Keller and the blind . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 15 -- 21 ( floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Father 's Day </Td> <Td> Honors fathers and fatherhood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 26 </Td> <Td> Women 's Equality Day </Td> <Td> Celebrates the fight for , and progress towards , equality for women . Established by the United States Congress in 1971 to commemorate two anniversaries : Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ensuring Woman Suffrage in 1920 and a nationwide demonstration for equal rights , the Women 's Strike for Equality , in 1970 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 4 , 7 - 10 , 12 , 13 ( floating Sunday ) </Td> <Td> Grandparent 's Day </Td> <Td> Similar to Mother 's / Father 's Day but honoring grandparents and grandparenthood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 11 </Td> <Td> Patriot Day </Td> <Td> Commemorates the attacks on the World Trade Center ( New York City ) , The Pentagon ( Washington , D.C. ) , and United Airlines Flight 93 in 2001 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 17 </Td> <Td> Constitution / Citizenship Day </Td> <Td> Commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of the United States . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> Oktoberfest </Td> <Td> 16 - day folk festival drinking beer . Modeled after the original Oktoberfest from Munich , Germany . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 6 </Td> <Td> German - American Day </Td> <Td> Commemorates the date in 1683 when 13 German families from Krefeld near the Rhine landed in Philadelphia . These families subsequently founded in Germantown , Pennsylvania , the first German settlement in the original thirteen American colonies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 9 </Td> <Td> Leif Erikson Day </Td> <Td> Honors Leif Erikson , the Norse Viking explorer , who led the first Europeans to discover and set foot in the New World . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) </Td> <Td> Election Day or Democracy Day </Td> <Td> Observed by the federal and state governments in applicable years ; legal holiday in some states . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) </Td> <Td> Black Friday </Td> <Td> Traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season in the United States . `` Black Friday '' is not a holiday under that name , but California and some other states observe `` The Day After Thanksgiving '' as a holiday for state government employees . Virtually all schools , colleges , and universities are also closed , along with many non-retail private sector businesses . Federal government offices , post offices and federally chartered banks must open on Black Friday ( unless the President issues an executive order or proclamation allowing them to close ) . It is called `` Black Friday '' because it begins the sales period when most American retailers make their profits for the year . Contrary to popular belief , Black Friday is not the busiest sales day of the year ( that honor belongs to Christmas Eve , December 24 ) . Rather , it is the barometer by which retailers are able to gauge December sales and whether they will indeed end the year `` in the black '' ( instead of `` in the red '' ) . A busy Black Friday almost invariably indicates a busy shopping season , while poor sales on Black Friday usually herald a very slow season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 7 </Td> <Td> Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day </Td> <Td> Day to mourn the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7 , 1941 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 </Td> <Td> New Year 's Eve </Td> <Td> Final Day of the Gregorian year . Usually accompanied by much celebration , such as party and fireworks . Virtually every company and retail outlet closes early , except for stores that sell alcoholic beverages and party supplies . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other notable holidays ( edit ) </H2> United States Air Force Super Bowl party <Ul> <Li> 420 ( April 20th ; counterculture holiday in which participants meet and consume cannabis ) </Li> <Li> Black Friday ( busy shopping day where stores lower prices the Friday after Thanksgiving , traditionally the start of the Christmas shopping season ) </Li> <Li> Cricket World Cup is watched by a quarter of the world 's population . Its popularity in the United States has made many offices and shops close particularly where Indians and Pakistanis work . </Li> <Li> Cyber Monday ( the equivalent of Black Friday , except online , the Monday after Black Friday ) </Li> <Li> Free Comic Book Day ( an annual promotional effort started in 2002 to bring in new consumers to independent comic book stores , takes place the first Saturday in May ) </Li> <Li> Go Skateboarding Day ( June 21 ) </Li> <Li> International Talk Like a Pirate Day ( September 19 ) : a tongue - in - cheek holiday celebrating Pirate culture </Li> <Li> Oktoberfest ( celebrated most often in areas with contemporary or historic populations of German heritage ) </Li> <Li> Opening Day ( first week of April ; the beginning of the Major League Baseball season and an unofficial indication that summer is approaching ) </Li> <Li> Pi Day ( March 14 ) ( on March 14 for the beginning of pi , 3.14 ) </Li> <Li> Small Business Saturday ( day after Black Friday ; encourages holiday shoppers to patronize brick and mortar businesses that are small and local ) </Li> <Li> Spring break ( one week in late winter or early spring that schools are off ) </Li> <Li> State Patty 's Day ( the Penn State University alternative to St. Patrick 's Day due to the holiday falling on spring break ) </Li> <Li> Summer vacation ( summer months in which schools are off ) </Li> <Li> Super Bowl Sunday ( the first Sunday in February ; the day of the National Football League 's championship ; festivities generally including in - home parties and watching the game on television with beverages and snacks ) </Li> <Li> Super Tuesday ( political event , quadrennial ) </Li> <Li> Tax Day ( federal and state tax deadline , April 15 ; or if on weekend or holiday , next closest Monday or business day ) </Li> <Li> Tax Freedom Day ( day in which an average citizen is said to have worked enough to pay his or her taxes for the year ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Holidays portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> United States federal observances </Li> <Li> Holidays in Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Mexican fiestas in the United States </Li> <Li> Easter controversy </Li> <Li> Christmas controversy </Li> <Li> Hallmark holiday </Li> <Li> Tax holiday </Li> <Li> Work -- life balance in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Massachusetts , for example , forbids most retailers from opening on Thanksgiving and Christmas : Attorney General 's Office , `` Sunday and Holiday Openings '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Holidays '' . Opm.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uniform Monday Holiday Act </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 Diversity Holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks to be honored by Missouri on Feb 4th '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Illinois designates May 19 as Malcolm X Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Christmas may be on the cards , but is it the most popular American holiday ? '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hours '' . Mall of America . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Optional Time - Off Benefits You Can Give Your Employees BizFilings Toolkit '' . Toolkit.com. 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holiday Spending Totals in Billions , 2013 - 2014 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ever popular : 90 percent of all Americans celebrate Christmas '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lipka , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` Five Facts About Christmas in America '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . About nine - in - ten Americans ( 92 % ) and nearly all Christians ( 96 % ) say they celebrate Christmas , according to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newport , Frank ( 2008 ) . `` In the U.S. , Christmas Not Just for Christians '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Despite the fact that only a little more than 80 % of Americans identify with a Christian faith , 93 % of those interviewed in a recent USA Today / Gallup poll indicate that they celebrate Christmas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey M. ( 2005 ) . `` Christmas a Good Time for Most Americans '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . The Dec. 16 - 18 poll finds that 96 % of all U.S. adults celebrate Christmas , a percentage that has been consistent over the past decade . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day Church Attendance Third Highest After Easter , Christmas ; Father 's Day Last '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 13 percent Americans do n't plan to celebrate Thanksgiving '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gillespie , Mark ( 2000 ) . `` Americans Celebrate Thanksgiving With Special Regard for Families '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . More than nine out of 10 Americans will celebrate the holiday with family and friends . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Turkey Facts '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Turkey History & Trivia '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10 Grocery Sales You Did n't Know to Look for at Thanksgiving , Christmas '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Trends '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavingia , Christina ( 2016 ) . `` How Americans Celebrate Mother 's Day , in Five Charts '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Nearly 16 percent of adults surveyed by Prosper Insights & Analytics do n't expect to celebrate the holiday . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Restaurants expect strong Mother 's Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harper , Jennifer ( 2015 ) . `` 80 Percent of Americans Celebrate Easter -- and Spend $16.4 Billion on Peeps , Paas and Ham '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 80 percent of Americans will celebrate Easter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Are You Celebrating Easter This Year ? '' . Statista. 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . This year , 80.6 percent of respondents in the United States said they are planning to celebrate Easter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlson , Darren K. ( 2001 ) . `` Americans Celebrate the Fourth of July '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Nearly eight in 10 Americans ( 78 % ) say they will attend a picnic or barbecue , the most popular Fourth of July activity among those tested . Most Americans , 76 % , will celebrate with family . Other common activities include displaying an American flag ( 66 % ) and attending fireworks displays ( 63 % ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What America Spends on Fireworks for July 4 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCarthy , Niall ( 2015 ) . `` The Numbers Behind Father 's Day Spending in the U.S. '' Forbes . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 75.4 percent of Americans are planning to celebrate Father 's Day . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ties could be as popular a gift as ever this Father 's Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Amy ( 2015 ) . `` Halloween 2015 by the Numbers '' . CNN . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 64 : Percent of Americans who plan to celebrate Halloween this year . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Total Halloween Spending Set to Dip This Year '' . MarketingCharts. 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Almost two - thirds ( 64 % ) of American adults plan to celebrate Halloween or participate in Halloween activities this year , reports the NRF in a recent study . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCA predicts $2.6 B in Halloween candy sales '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halloween in the U.S. '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soergel , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Valentine 's Day Spending to Approach $19 Billion '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . More than half ( 54.9 percent ) of Americans at least 18 years old said they plan to celebrate Valentine 's Day this year , though the percentage of those who recognize the holiday drops off after the age of 44 , according to a survey conducted by the National Retail Federation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Valentine 's Day Floral Statistics '' . www.aboutflowers.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiernan , John S. ( 2016 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day 2016 by the Numbers '' . WalletHub . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 51.2 % of Americans plan to celebrate St. Patrick 's Day in 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rapoza , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . `` In Survey , Most Americans Not Celebrating New Year 's Eve '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 37 percent plan to stay up to welcome in 2013 while 23 percent say they will entertain at home . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mora , Edwin ( 2010 ) . `` Poll : Most Americans Wo n't Party or Go Out on New Year 's Eve , But They Will Say a Prayer '' . CNS News . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . The percentage of those who plan to pray ( 66 percent ) on New Year 's Eve is larger than the respective percentage of those who are going to drink ( 42 percent ) , attend a party ( 21 percent ) , and go out for dinner with friends or family ( 18 percent ) to celebrate the new year , the survey found . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johanson , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` New Years Eve by the Numbers '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 45 : The percent of American adults that say they will make a New Year 's resolution . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Happy St. Patrick 's Day : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holidays are peak time for alcohol sales '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Employment Situation Summary '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHRM : 2015 Holiday Schedules '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bummed About Having to Work on Columbus Day ? Read This '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Number of paid holidays unchanged '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 5 U.S. Code § 6103 - Holidays LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Survey : Most Americans not celebrating New Years Eve '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Traditions '' . Infoplease.com. 2004 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Making of the King holiday '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Department of Commerce : Federal , state , and local holidays '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` hhgregg Celebrates President 's Day with Deals Inspired by America 's First Ladies '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 5 U.S. Code § 6103 - Holidays LII / Legal Information Institute '' ... law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Memorial Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five Things Labor Unions Do To Celebrate Labor Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labor Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Should We Still Celebrate Columbus Day ? '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 43 percent will do something special to honor Veterans Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Christmas Strongly Religious for Half in U.S. Who Celebrate It '' . Gallup , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` List of Federal Holidays by Year from the U.S. '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Employment by major industry sector '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Honor Bank : Bank Holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JP Morgan Chase Bank Holidays '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Bank HR Employee Holidays '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidents ' Day or Washington 's Birthday -- Which States Observe Which Holiday '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Working on Columbus Day ? It depends on where you live '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` State holidays '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Official Texas State Holidays '' . State of Texas . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AL holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama - Inform.Alabama.Gov - State Calendar '' . alabama.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alaska State Holidays '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records ( 2010 - 12 - 30 ) . `` ASLAPR - Helpful Links - About Arizona '' . Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Holidays in Arkansas '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Department of Personnel Administration . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Abraham Lincoln lost his birthday holiday </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of the Governor of Colorado ( 2010 ) . `` Satellite '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Governor of Colorado . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connecticut Department of Banking ( 2011 ) . `` DOB : Year 2011 Legal Holidays in Connecticut '' . Connecticut Department of Banking . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Delaware Office of Management and Budget . `` State of Delaware - Human Resource Management - 2014 Holidays '' . Delaware Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ District of Columbia Department of Human Resources . `` Department of Human Resources : 2011 Holidays '' . District of Columbia Department of Human Resources . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Florida Legislature ( 2014 ) . `` The 2014 Florida Statutes '' . Official Internet Site of the Florida Legislature . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State of Georgia . `` georgia.gov - State Holidays '' . georgia.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Holidays of Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Idaho State Treasurer 's Office ( 2011 ) . `` Idaho State Treasurer 's Office '' . Idaho State Treasurer 's Office . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holidays in Illinois '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana State Personnel Department . `` SPD : State Holidays '' . Indiana State Personnel Department . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Iowa Legislature ( 2011 ) . `` Iowa Legislature - Advanced Search '' . The Iowa Legislature . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Department of Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holiday and Pay Calendar '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Louisiana state holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . ms.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 Calendar of Legal Holidays for State Employees in the Classified Service of the Executive Branch '' . New York State Civil Service . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://oshr.nc.gov/state-employee-resources/benefits/leave/holidays </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania 811 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wake Island Biosecurity Management Plan , U.S. Air Force , 611th Air Support Group and 611th Civil Engineer Squadron , October 2012 , Edition 3.0 , http://eaest.com/pdf/06Component_Plan_D_Biosecurity_Mngt_Plan.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain Anastasia Schmidt ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island '' . Joint Base Elmendorf - Richardson . 11th Air Force Public Affairs . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` State Service Holiday '' . State of Arizona . Arizona Department of Administration Human Resources Division . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Holidays for Calendar Year 2012 '' ( PDF ) . State of New Hampshire . New Hampshire Department of Administrative Services Division of Personnel . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` State Holiday Calendar '' . State of Arkansas . Arkansas Secretary of State . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 State Holidays '' . State of Florida . Florida Department of Management Services . 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` State Holidays for the Year 2012 '' . State of Maryland . Maryland Department of Budget and Management . June 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` State Holiday '' . State of Idaho . Idaho Secretary of State . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` State Holidays in Mississippi '' . Mississippi Secretary of State . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 State Holiday Calendar '' ( PDF ) . State of Alaska . Alaska Department of Administration Division of Finance . 6 June 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 State Holidays '' . State of California . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Holidays to be Observed by the Hawaii State Government '' ( PDF ) . State of Hawai'i . Hawaii Department of Human Resources Development . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . State of Nebraska . Nebraska Department of Administrative Services Personnel Division . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official State Holidays '' . State of Tennessee . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State holiday schedule '' . State of Washington . Washington State Department of Revenue , however contrary to this reference , Washington law RCW 1.16. 050 establishes usage as Presidents ' Day . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WV State Holidays '' . West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources Bureau for Public Health Health Statistics Center . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official State Holidays '' . State of Wyoming . Wyoming Secretary of State . 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Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diwali '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 6 things you should know about Diwali '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yudit Greenberg , Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions , Volume 1 , ISBN 978 - 1851099801 , page 212 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X - p. 874 `` Holi / ' həʊli :/ noun a Hindu spring festival ... '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebeling , Karin ( 2010 ) , Holi , an Indian Festival , and its Reflection in English Media ; Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse : Akten des 41 . Linguistischen Kolloquiums in Mannheim 2006 , 1 , 107 , ISBN 978 - 3631599174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X - p. 540 `` Diwali / dɪwɑːli / ( also Divali ) noun a Hindu festival with lights ... '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diwali Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diwali - Celebrating the triumph of goodness Hinduism Today ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vera , Zak ( February 2010 ) . Invisible River : Sir Richard 's Last Mission . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4389 - 0020 - 9 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . First Diwali day called Dhanteras or wealth worship . We perform Laskshmi - Puja in evening when clay diyas lighted to drive away shadows of evil spirits . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jewish Holidays '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rosh Hashanah '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holidays - Tablet Magazine -- Jewish News and Politics , Jewish Arts and Culture , Jewish Life and Religion '' . tabletmag.com . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Major Islamic Holidays '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eid al - Fitr '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eid al - Adha '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York Schools Could Get Muslim Holidays '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC - Religions . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan '' . Global Times . 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Muslim World Observes Ramadan '' . Power Text Solutions . 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Schools - Religions '' . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bukhari - Ibn - Ismail , AbdAllah - Muhammad . `` Sahih Bukhari - Book 031 ( The Book of Fasting ) , Hadith 124 '' . hadithcollection.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muslim - Ibn - Habaj , Abul - Hussain . `` Sahih Muslim - Book 006 ( The Book of Fasting ) , Hadith 2378 '' . hadithcollection.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muslim - Ibn - Habaj , Abul - Hussain . `` Sahih Muslim - Book 006 ( The Book of Fasting ) , Hadith 2391 '' . hadithcollection.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fasting ( Al Siyam ) - الصيام - Page 18 , el Bahay el Kholi , 1998 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elias , Jamal J. ( 1999 ) . Islam . Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 0415211654 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elias , Jamal J. ( 1999 ) . Islam . Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 0415211654 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diversity Calendar : Eid al - Adha Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , University of Kansas Medical Center </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Religion & Ethics -- Eid el Adha '' . 2009 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Children 's Day </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup links fans to home '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Department of Commerce Federal Holiday Calendar </Li> <Li> Text of Federal Holiday Legislation </Li> <Li> Bizarre American Holidays -- a comprehensive compilation of special recognition given both to months and individual days . Unfortunately , the origins of the commemorations are n't provided . </Li> <Li> Infoplease : State Holidays </Li> <Li> Federal Holidays : Evolution and Application , CRS Report for Congress , 98 - 301 GOV , updated February 8 , 1999 , by Stephen W. Stathis </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) </Li> <Li> Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) </Li> <Li> Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) </Li> <Li> Kansas Day ( KS ) </Li> <Li> Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) </Li> <Li> Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) </Li> <Li> Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January -- February </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl Sunday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February American Heart Month Black History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Valentine 's Day </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Georgia Day ( GA ) </Li> <Li> Groundhog Day </Li> <Li> Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) </Li> <Li> National Girls and Women in Sports Day </Li> <Li> National Freedom Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Primary Election Day ( WI ) </Li> <Li> Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) </Li> <Li> Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February -- March </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mardi Gras </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ash Wednesday ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Super Tuesday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Spring break ( week ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) </Li> <Li> Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) </Li> <Li> Holi ( NY , religious ) </Li> <Li> Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) </Li> <Li> Maryland Day ( MD ) </Li> <Li> National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Seward 's Day ( AK ) </Li> <Li> Texas Independence Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Town Meeting Day ( VT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March -- April </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easter ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Palm Sunday ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Passover ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) </Li> <Li> Easter Monday ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> April Confederate History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 420 Day </Li> <Li> April Fools ' Day </Li> <Li> Arbor Day </Li> <Li> Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) </Li> <Li> Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) </Li> <Li> Earth Day </Li> <Li> Emancipation Day ( DC ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) </Li> <Li> Pascua Florida ( FL ) </Li> <Li> Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) </Li> <Li> San Jacinto Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Siblings Day </Li> <Li> Walpurgis Night ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorial Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Mother 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Cinco de Mayo </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Law Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Loyalty Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> May Day </Li> <Li> Military Spouse Day </Li> <Li> National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Maritime Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Truman Day ( MO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Father 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) </Li> <Li> Carolina Day ( SC ) </Li> <Li> Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Helen Keller Day ( PA ) </Li> <Li> Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) </Li> <Li> Kamehameha Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) </Li> <Li> Senior Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> West Virginia Day ( WV ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) </Li> <Li> Parents ' Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Pioneer Day ( UT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July -- August </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Summer vacation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> August </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Family Day ( AZ ) </Li> <Li> Barack Obama Day ( IL ) </Li> <Li> Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> National Aviation Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Service Reduction Day ( MD ) </Li> <Li> Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) </Li> <Li> Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Labor Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> California Admission Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Constitution Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Constitution Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> Defenders Day ( MD ) </Li> <Li> Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Payroll Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Patriot Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oktoberfest </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Yom Kippur ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Columbus Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Halloween </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alaska Day ( AK ) </Li> <Li> Child Health Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> General Pulaski Memorial Day </Li> <Li> German - American Day </Li> <Li> Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) </Li> <Li> International Day of Non-Violence </Li> <Li> Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Missouri Day ( MO ) </Li> <Li> National School Lunch Week </Li> <Li> Native American Day ( SD ) </Li> <Li> Nevada Day ( NV ) </Li> <Li> Sweetest Day </Li> <Li> White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> October -- November </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diwali ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November Native American Indian Heritage Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Veterans Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Thanksgiving ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) </Li> <Li> Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Family Day ( NV ) </Li> <Li> Hanukkah ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) </Li> <Li> Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) </Li> <Li> Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christmas ( religious , federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alabama Day ( AL ) </Li> <Li> Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) </Li> <Li> Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) </Li> <Li> Festivus </Li> <Li> Hanukkah ( religious , week ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Day ( IN ) </Li> <Li> Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) </Li> <Li> National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Varies ( year round ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eid al - Adha ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Ramadan ( religious , month ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Legend : <P> ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . </P> See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Public holidays in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal district </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insular areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Life in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Economic issues <Ul> <Li> affluence </Li> <Li> eviction </Li> <Li> home - 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is president's day a bank holiday in the us

American entry into World war I - wikipedia <H1> American entry into World war I </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . </P> <P> As U.S. president , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials , and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . </P> <P> In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . </P> <P> On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . </P> <P> U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Main issues <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Naval blockade <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 The strategy behind the blockade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Business considerations </Li> <Li> 1.3 Views of the elites </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Public opinion <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Parties </Li> <Li> 2.2 Workers , farmers , and African Americans </Li> <Li> 2.3 South </Li> <Li> 2.4 German Americans </Li> <Li> 2.5 Christian churches and pacifists </Li> <Li> 2.6 Jewish Americans </Li> <Li> 2.7 Irish - Americans </Li> <Li> 2.8 Pro-Allied immigrants </Li> <Li> 2.9 Popular pacifism </Li> <Li> 2.10 German agents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Preparedness movement <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Size of military </Li> <Li> 3.2 Navy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Decision for war <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Decision making </Li> <Li> 4.2 Zimmermann Telegram </Li> <Li> 4.3 Sinking of American merchant ships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Public opinion , moralism , and national interest </Li> <Li> 6 Declaration of war <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Germany </Li> <Li> 6.2 Austria - Hungary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 9 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Historiography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Primary sources </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Main issues ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I and Presidency of Woodrow Wilson <H3> Naval blockade ( edit ) </H3> <P> Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports , mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway . The wider sea approaches to Britain and France , their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for Germany to reciprocate . Instead , Germany used submarines to lie in wait for , and then sink , merchant ships heading for enemy ports . </P> <P> The United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of ships registered in neutral countries and protested strongly against American ships being intercepted or sunk : the British seized American ships for supposed violations , while the Germans sank them -- often without warning , in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats . After several violations , Germany stopped this practice but in early 1917 she decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , in the hope that this would starve out the British before the Americans could make any effective military retaliation . </P> The Strategy behind the blockade ( edit ) <P> The British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany . Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in direct conflict with the Allies ' war efforts . The strangulation came about very slowly , because Germany and its allies controlled extensive farmlands and raw materials . It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria - Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies . By 1918 , German cities were on the verge of starvation ; the front - line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies . </P> <P> Germany also considered a blockade . `` England wants to starve us '' , said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the man who built the German fleet and who remained a key advisor to the Kaiser Wilhelm II . `` We can play the same game . We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade '' . Unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface , Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain . He reasoned that since the island of Britain depended on imports of food , raw materials , and manufactured goods , scaring off a substantial number of the ships would effectively undercut its long - term ability to maintain an army on the Western Front . While Germany had only nine long - range U-boats at the start of the war , it had ample shipyard capacity to build the hundreds needed . However , the United States demanded that Germany respect the international agreements upon `` freedom of the seas '' , which protected neutral American ships on the high seas from seizure or sinking by either belligerent . Furthermore , Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war . The British frequently violated America 's neutral rights by seizing ships . Wilson 's top advisor , Colonel Edward M. House commented that , `` The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights , though they have done it in the most courteous way '' . When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality , the British backed down . </P> <P> German submarines torpedoed ships without warning , causing sailors and passengers to drown . Berlin explained that submarines were so vulnerable that they dared not surface near merchant ships that might be carrying guns and which were too small to rescue submarine crews . Britain armed most of its merchant ships with medium calibre guns that could sink a submarine , making above - water attacks too risky . In February 1915 , the United States warned Germany about misuse of submarines . On April 22 , the German Imperial Embassy warned U.S. citizens against boarding vessels to Britain , which would have to face German attack . On May 7 , Germany torpedoed the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania , sinking her . This act of aggression caused the loss of 1,198 civilian lives , including 128 Americans . The sinking of a large , unarmed passenger ship , combined with the previous stories of atrocities in Belgium , shocked Americans and turned public opinion hostile to Germany , although not yet to the point of war . Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face `` strict accountability '' if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships . Berlin acquiesced , ordering its submarines to avoid passenger ships . </P> <P> By January 1917 , however , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff decided that an unrestricted submarine blockade was the only way to achieve a decisive victory . They demanded that Kaiser Wilhelm order unrestricted submarine warfare be resumed . Germany knew this decision meant war with the United States , but they gambled that they could win before America 's potential strength could be mobilized . However , they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened . Finally , they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts . They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year . The civilian government in Berlin objected , but the Kaiser sided with his military . </P> <H3> Business considerations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The beginning of war in Europe coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 in America . Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917 . Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period . Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector . Between 1914 and 1917 , industrial production increased 32 % and GNP increased by almost 20 % . The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war . The capital build - up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long - run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918 . </P> <P> In 1913 , J.P. Morgan , Jr. took over the House of Morgan , an American - based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York , London , and Paris , after the death of his father , J. Pierpont Morgan . The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America 's entrance in 1917 . J.P. Morgan & Co. , the House of Morgan 's bank in New York , was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador , Sir Cecil Spring Rice . The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations . J.P. Morgan &Co . became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors . Morgan , Harjes , the House of Morgan 's French affiliated bank , controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt in American markets . Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight . France 's ability to borrow from other sources diminished , leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc . After the war , in 1918 , J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief . </P> <P> Because America was still a declared neutral state , the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914 . He told President Wilson that `` refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war . '' Wilson at first agreed , but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase . </P> <P> J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and , following negotiations with the Anglo - French Financial Commission , another joint loan to Britain and France in October 1915 , the latter amounting to US $500,000,000 . Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives , little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans , in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests . </P> <P> The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 . As war began in Europe , however , the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low - growth environment of the recession . Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad . Prior to American entrance into the War , these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad . After President Wilson issued his declaration of war , the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments . </P> <P> By the end of the war in 1918 , Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate , 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells , and 20.1 million rounds of artillery ammunition for Britain and France . Bethlehem Steel took advantage of the domestic armaments market and produced 60 % of the American weaponry and 40 % of the artillery shells used in the War . Even with price controls and a lower profit margin on manufactured goods , the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country . Bethlehem Steel became the primary arms supplier for the United States and other allied powers again in 1939 . </P> <H3> Views of the elites ( edit ) </H3> <P> Historians divide the views of American political and social leaders into four distinct groupings -- the camps were mostly informal : </P> <P> The first of these were the Non-Interventionists , a loosely affiliated and politically diverse anti-war movement which sought to keep the United States out of the war altogether . Members of this group tended to view the war as a clash between British imperialism and German militarism , both of which they regarded as equally corrupt . Others were pacifists , who objected on moral grounds . Prominent leaders included Democrats like former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Henry Ford and publisher William Randolph Hearst ; Republicans Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin and George W. Norris , Senator from Nebraska ; and Progressive Party activist Jane Addams . </P> <P> At the far - left end of the political spectrum the Socialists , led by their perennial candidate for President Eugene V. Debs and movement veterans like Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit , were staunch anti-militarists and opposed to any US intervention , branding the conflict as a `` capitalist war '' that American workers should avoid . However , after the US did join the war in April , 1917 a schism developed between the anti-war Party majority and a pro-war faction of Socialist writers , journalists and intellectuals led by John Spargo , William English Walling and E. Haldeman - Julius . This group founded the rival Social Democratic League of America to promote the war effort among their fellow Socialists . </P> <P> Next were the more moderate Liberal - Internationalists . This bipartisan group reluctantly supported a declaration of war against Germany with the postwar goal of establishing collective international security institutions designed to peacefully resolve future conflicts between nations and to promote liberal democratic values more broadly . This groups 's views were advocated by interest groups such as the League to Enforce Peace . Adherents included US President Woodrow Wilson , his influential advisor Edward M. House , former President William Howard Taft , famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell , Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch and Harvard University President Abbott Lawrence Lowell . </P> <P> Finally , there were the so - called Atlanticists . Ardently pro-Entente , they had strongly championed American intervention in the war since 1915 . Their primary political motivation was to both prepare the US for war with Germany and to forge an enduring military alliance with Great Britain . This group actively supported the Preparedness Movement and was strong among the Anglophile political establishment of the northeast , boasting such luminaries as former President Theodore Roosevelt , Major General Leonard Wood , prominent attorney and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate , former Secretary of War Henry Stimson , journalist Walter Lippman and Senators Henry Cabot Lodge , Sr. of Massachusetts and Elihu Root of New York . </P> <H2> Public opinion ( edit ) </H2> <P> A cosmopolitan group of upper and upper - middle class businessmen based in the largest cities took the lead in promoting military preparedness and in defining how far America could be pushed around before it would fight back . Many public figures hated war -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the most prominent , and he resigned when he thought Wilson had become too bellicose . Grassroots opposition to American entry came especially from German and Irish elements . </P> <H3> Parties ( edit ) </H3> <P> A surprising factor in the development of American public opinion was how little the political parties became involved . Wilson and the Democrats in 1916 campaigned on the slogan `` He kept us out of war ! '' , saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany . His position probably was critical in winning the Western states . Charles Evans Hughes , the GOP candidate , insisted on downplaying the war issue . </P> <P> The Socialist party talked peace . Socialist rhetoric declared the European conflict to be `` an imperialist war '' . It won 2 % of the 1916 vote for Eugene V. Debs , blamed the war on capitalism and pledged total opposition . `` A bayonet '' , its propaganda said , `` was a weapon with a worker at each end '' . When war began , however , about half the Socialists , typified by Congressman Meyer London , supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts . The rest , led by Debs , remained ideological and die - hard opponents . Many socialists came under investigation from the Espionage Act of 1917 and many suspected of treason were arrested , including Debs . This would only increase the Socialist 's anti-war groups in resentment toward the American government . </P> <H3> Workers , farmers , and African Americans ( edit ) </H3> <P> The working class was relatively quiet , and tended to divide along ethnic lines . At the beginning of the war , neither working men nor farmers took a large interest in the debates on war preparation . Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL labor movement , denounced the war in 1914 as `` unnatural , unjustified , and unholy '' , but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson 's limited preparedness program , against the objections of Socialist union activists . In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question . </P> <P> The war at first disrupted the cotton market ; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany , and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents . By 1916 , however , the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support . The cotton growers seem to have moved from neutrality to intervention at about the same pace as the rest of the nation . Midwestern farmers generally opposed the war , especially those of German and Scandinavian descent . The Midwest became the stronghold of isolationism ; other remote rural areas also saw no need for war . </P> <P> The African - American community did not take a strong position one way or the other . A month after congress declared war , W.E.B. Du Bois called on African - Americans to `` fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more '' . Once war began and black men were drafted , they worked to achieve equality . Many had hoped the community 's help in the war efforts abroad would earn civil rights at home . When such civil liberties were still not granted , many African - Americans grew tired of waiting for recognition of their rights as American citizens . </P> <H3> South ( edit ) </H3> <P> There was a strong antiwar element in the white South and border states . In rural Missouri for example , distrust of powerful Eastern influences focused on the risk that Wall Street would lead America into war . Across the South poor white farmers warned each other that `` a rich man 's war meant a poor man 's fight , '' and they wanted nothing of it . Congressman James Hay , Democrat of Virginia was the powerful chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs . He repeatedly blocked prewar efforts to modernize and enlarge the army . Preparedness was not needed because Americans were already safe , he insisted in January 1915 : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Isolated as we are , safe in our vastness , protected by a great navy , and possessed of an army sufficient for any emergency that may arise , we may disregard the lamentations and predictions of the militarists . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> German Americans ( edit ) </H3> <P> German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . As more nations were drawn into the conflict , however , the English - languages press increasingly supporting Britain , while the German - American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany 's position . Chicago 's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe . In 1916 , large crowds in Chicago 's Germania celebrated the Kaiser 's birthday , something they had not done before the war . German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality , but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States . By this point , they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . Once war started , they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936 , it was `` one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history . '' German - American Socialists in Milwaukee , Wisconsin actively campaigned against entry into the war . </P> <H3> Christian Churches and pacifists ( edit ) </H3> Come on in , America , the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf . <P> Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism , as did leaders of the woman 's movement . The Methodists and Quakers among others were vocal opponents of the war . President Wilson , who was a devout Presbyterian , would often frame the war in terms of good and evil in an appeal for religious support of the war . </P> <P> A concerted effort was made by pacifists including Jane Addams , Oswald Garrison Villard , David Starr Jordan , Henry Ford , Lillian Wald , and Carrie Chapman Catt . Their goal was to encourage Wilson 's efforts to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table . Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what he promised would be `` a war to end all wars '' . </P> <P> Once war was declared , the more liberal denominations , which had endorsed the Social Gospel , called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind . The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world . </P> <P> American Catholic bishops maintained a general silence toward the issue of intervention . Millions of Catholics lived in both warring camps , and Catholic Americans tended to split on ethnic lines in their opinions toward American involvement in the war . At the time , heavily Catholic towns and cities in the East and Midwest often contained multiple parishes , each serving a single ethnic group , such as Irish , German , Italian , Polish , or English . American Catholics of Irish and German descent opposed intervention most strongly . Pope Benedict XV made several attempts to negotiate a peace . All of his efforts were rebuffed by both the Allies and the Germans , and throughout the war the Vatican maintained a policy of strict neutrality . </P> <H3> Jewish Americans ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines , with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews inclined to Zionism , and the established German - American Jewish community largely opposed to it . In 1914 -- 1916 , there were few Jewish forces in favor of American entry into the war . Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests . New York City , with its well - organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews , was the center of antiwar activism . </P> <P> The different Jewish communities worked together during the war years to provide relief to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe . </P> <P> Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies . As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war , `` The pro-Germanism of America 's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia '' . The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism . The draft went smoothly in New York City , and left - wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel . </P> <H3> Irish - Americans ( edit ) </H3> <P> The most effective domestic opponents of the war were Irish - American Catholics . They had little interest in the continent , but were neutral about helping the United Kingdom because it had recently enacted the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , allowing Irish Home Rule . However , the Act was suspended until the war ended . John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) declared that Irish Volunteers should support America 's pro-Allied war efforts first ; his political opponents argued that it was not the time to support Britain in its attempt to `` strengthen and expand her empire '' . The attacks on the IPP and pro-Allied press showed a firm belief that a German victory would hasten the achievement of Irish independence . Yet rather than proposing intervention on behalf of the Germans , Irish American leaders and organizations focused on demanding American neutrality . But the increased contact between militant Irish nationalists and German agents in the United States only fueled concerns of where the primary loyalties of Irish Americans lay . Nevertheless , close to 1,000 Irish - born Americans died fighting with the U.S. armed forces in WWI . </P> <P> The Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916 was crushed within a week and its leaders executed by firing squad . The mainstream American press treated the uprising as foolish and misguided , and theorized it was largely inspired by the Germans . Overall public opinion remained faithfully pro-British . </P> <P> Irish - Americans dominated the Democratic party in many large cities so Wilson had to take account of their views . They did not prevent him from being hostile to Germany , but they did force him to keep his distance from Britain . Indeed , Irish - American pressure influenced the United States into not accepting Britain 's war aims as its own and define its own objectives , primarily self - determination . The Irish - American community thought they had Wilson 's promise to promote Irish independence in exchange for their support of his war policies , but after the war they were bitterly disappointed by his refusal to support them in 1919 . Wilson saw the Irish situation purely as an internal UK matter and did not perceive the dispute and the unrest in Ireland as comparable to the plight of the various nationalities in Europe as a fall - out from World War I . The progress of the Irish Race Conventions give a flavour of the differing and changing opinions during the war . </P> <H3> Pro-Allied immigrants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention . London - born Samuel Insull , Chicago 's leading industrialist , for example , enthusiastically provided money , propaganda , and means for volunteers to enter the British or Canadian armies . After the United States ' entry , Insull directed the Illinois State Council of Defense , with responsibility for organizing the state 's mobilization . </P> <P> Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States . Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands . Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment , and sought an independent Hungary , separate from the Austro - Hungarian Empire lobbied in favor of the war and allied themselves with the Atlanticist or Anglophile portion of the population . This community was largely pro-British and anti-German in sentiment . Albanian - Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war and were overwhelmingly pro-British and anti-German , as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire . Polish , Slovak , and Czech immigrants were enthusiastically pro-war and generally pro-British . </P> <H3> Popular pacifism ( edit ) </H3> The song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' was a hit in 1915 , selling 650,000 copies . Its expression of popular pacifist sentiment `` helped make the pacifist movement a hard , quantifiable political reality to be reckoned with . '' <P> Henry Ford supported the pacifist cause by sponsoring a large - scale private peace mission , with numerous activists and intellectuals aboard the `` Peace Ship ' ( the ocean liner Oscar II ) . Ford chartered the ship in 1915 and invited prominent peace activists to join him to meet with leaders on both sides in Europe . He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end to the war . The mission was widely mocked by the press , which wrote about the `` Ship of Fools . '' Infighting between the activists , mockery by the press contingent aboard , and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage . Four days after the ship arrived in neutral Norway , a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States ; he had demonstrated that independent small efforts accomplished nothing . </P> <H3> German agents ( edit ) </H3> <P> On July 24 , 1915 , the German embassy 's commercial attaché , Heinrich Albert , left his briefcase on a train in New York City , where an alert Secret Service agent , Frank Burke , snatched it up . Wilson let the newspapers publish the contents , which indicated a systematic effort by Berlin to subsidize friendly newspapers and block British purchases of war materials . Berlin 's top espionage agent , debonnaire Franz Rintelen von Kleist was spending millions to finance sabotage in Canada , stir up trouble between the United States and Mexico and to incite labor strikes . The British were engaged in propaganda too , though not illegal espionage . But they did not get caught . Germany took the blame as Americans grew ever more worried about the vulnerability of a free society to subversion . Indeed , one of the main fears Americans of all stations had in 1916 -- 1919 was that spies and saboteurs were everywhere . This sentiment played a major role in arousing fear of Germany , and suspicions regarding everyone of German descent who could not `` prove '' 100 % loyalty . </P> <H2> Preparedness movement ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : Preparedness Movement <P> By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians . That year , a strong `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . General Leonard Wood ( still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army ) , former president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind Preparedness , along with many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . Representative was Paul D. Cravath , one of New York 's foremost corporation lawyers . For Cravath , in his mid-fifties when the war began , the conflict served as an epiphany , sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career . Fiercely Anglophile , he strongly supported American intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo - American cooperation would be the guiding principle of postwar international organization . </P> The advertisement of The Battle Cry of Peace film <P> The Preparedness movement had a `` realistic '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defenses , they showed that America 's 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen , was outnumbered 20 to one by Germany 's army , which was drawn from a smaller population . Similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire ( the world 's most powerful military and economic power at the time ) , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military , in many cases significantly so . </P> <P> Reform to them meant UMT or `` universal military training '' . They proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and afterwards be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . </P> <P> Antimilitarists complained the plan would make America resemble Germany ( which required two years ' active duty ) . Advocates retorted that military `` service '' was an essential duty of citizenship , and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups . One spokesman promised that UMT would become `` a real melting pot , under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism '' . Furthermore , they promised , the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force . Hostility to military service was strong at the time , and the program failed to win approval . In World War II , when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service , he was defeated . </P> <P> Underscoring its commitment , the Preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps at Plattsburgh , New York , and other sites , where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . The Preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle - class leadership of most of small - town America . It had had little use for the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , localistic , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of American society . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted blacks on an equal footing . </P> <P> The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . </P> <P> In fact , neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . In addition , it was outnumbered and outgunned by the British , German , French , and Italian navies . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled by the British , Germans , French , Austro - Hungarians , Italians , and others in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas , heavy artillery , or tanks and was utterly unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the Lusitania in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not be achieved until World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . </P> <P> Wilson 's program for the Army touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserve and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement . They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( like J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( like Bethlehem Steel , which made armor , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament , reiterated Bryan . </P> <P> Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Armor plate ( and after 1918 , airplanes ) was an exception that has caused unremitting controversy for a century . After World War II , the arsenals and Navy yards were much less important than giant civilian aircraft and electronics firms , which became the second half of the `` military - industrial complex '' Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the president because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste '' . Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen , and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warmup for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness ( Garrison kept quiet , but felt Wilson was `` a man of high ideals but no principles '' ) . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserve , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . America would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) was used by the navalists to argue for the primacy of seapower ; they then took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armor plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . </P> <H3> Size of military ( edit ) </H3> <P> Americans felt an increasing need for a military that could command respect . As one editor put it , `` The best thing about a large army and a strong navy is that they make it so much easier to say just what we want to say in our diplomatic correspondence . '' Berlin thus far had backed down and apologized when Washington was angry , thus boosting American self - confidence . America 's rights and America 's honor increasingly came into focus . The slogan `` Peace '' gave way to `` Peace with Honor '' . The Army remained unpopular , however . A recruiter in Indianapolis noted that , `` The people here do not take the right attitude towards army life as a career , and if a man joins from here he often tries to go out on the quiet '' . The Preparedness movement used its easy access to the mass media to demonstrate that the War Department had no plans , no equipment , little training , no reserve , a laughable National Guard , and a wholly inadequate organization for war . Motion pictures like The Battle Cry of Peace ( 1915 ) depicted invasions of the American homeland that demanded action . </P> <H3> Navy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of the United States Navy § Preparing for war 1914 -- 1917 <P> The readiness and capability of the U.S. Navy was a matter of controversy . The press at the time reported that the only thing the military was ready for was an enemy fleet attempting to seize New York harbor -- at a time when the German battle fleet was penned up by the Royal Navy . The Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels was a journalist with pacifist leanings . He had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island an essential experience for would - be admirals . However , he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms , including no wine in the officers ' mess , no hazing at the Naval Academy , and more chaplains and YMCAs . Daniels , as a newspaperman , knew the value of publicity . In 1915 he set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Thomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists , engineers , and industrialists . It popularized technology , naval expansion , and military preparedness , and was well covered in the media . But according to Coletta he ignored the nation 's strategic needs , and disdaining the advice of its experts , Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice , chopped in half the General Board 's recommendations for new ships , reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired , and ignored the administrative chaos in his department . Bradley Fiske , one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history , in 1914 was Daniels ' top aide ; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war , but Daniels refused . Instead he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain , William Benson . Chosen for his compliance , Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany . Benson told Sims he `` would as soon fight the British as the Germans '' . Proposals to send observers to Europe were blocked , leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign . Admiral William Sims charged after the war that in April 1917 , only ten percent of the Navy 's warships were fully manned ; the rest lacked 43 % of their seamen . Light antisubmarine ships were few in number , as if Daniels had been unaware of the German submarine menace that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years . The Navy 's only warfighting plan , the `` Black Plan '' assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal . Daniels ' tenure would have been even less successful save for the energetic efforts of Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , who effectively ran the Department . His most recent biographer concludes that , `` it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight . '' </P> <H2> Decision for war ( edit ) </H2> `` Hurting Their Feelings '' : Political cartoon from November 9 , 1915 , shows the British lion and John Bull reading a newspaper about American war protests and crying , while American ships and cargo appear in the harbor behind them <P> By 1916 a new factor was emerging -- a sense of national self - interest and American nationalism . The unbelievable casualty figures in Europe were sobering -- two vast battles caused over one million casualties each . Clearly this war would be a decisive episode in the history of the world . Every American effort to find a peaceful solution was frustrated . </P> <H3> Decision making ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision - making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies . He cites the State Department 's demand that Germany 's submarines obey outdated , 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war . By doing so , the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department , leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time . One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships . Immediately prior to the war starting in 1914 , Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany , including the trans - Atlantic cable . The US Government permitted German embassies to use the US cable lines for `` proper '' diplomatic business . Germany argued that usage of the towers was necessary to allow efficient contact between the U.S. and Germany . Lansing responded by requiring both sides to give the U.S. Navy copies of the messages they sent over the towers . The French and British were still able to use the cables , forcing Germany to be the only belligerent required to provide the U.S. with their messages . This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up , shifting American support towards the Allies . </P> <H3> Zimmermann Telegram ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Zimmermann Telegram <P> Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 , and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic , it tried to line up new allies , especially Mexico . Arthur Zimmermann , the German foreign minister , sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16 , 1917 . Zimmerman invited Mexico ( knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession ) to join in a war against the United States . Germany promised to pay for Mexico 's costs and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848 . These territories included the present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado . British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration . The White House would release it to the press on March 1st . Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships , even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves . </P> <H3> Sinking of American merchant ships ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early 1917 Berlin forced the issue . Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war - zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war . Five American merchant ships went down in March . Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 . </P> <H2> Public opinion , moralism , and national interest ( edit ) </H2> <P> Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years ' time . In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality , seeing the war a dreadful mistake and were determined to stay out . By 1917 the same public felt just as strongly that going to war was both necessary and wise . Military leaders had little to say during this debate , and military considerations were seldom raised . The decisive questions dealt with morality and visions of the future . The prevailing attitude was that America possessed a superior moral position as the only great nation devoted to the principles of freedom and democracy . By staying aloof from the squabbles of reactionary empires , it could preserve those ideals -- sooner or later the rest of the world would come to appreciate and adopt them . In 1917 this very long - run program faced the severe danger that in the short run powerful forces adverse to democracy and freedom would triumph . Strong support for moralism came from religious leaders , women ( led by Jane Addams ) , and from public figures like long - time Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , the Secretary of State from 1913 to 1916 . The most important moralist of all was President Woodrow Wilson -- the man who dominated decision making so totally that the war has been labelled , from an American perspective , `` Wilson 's War '' . </P> <P> In 1917 Wilson won the support of most of the moralists by proclaiming `` a war to make the world safe for democracy . '' If they truly believed in their ideals , he explained , now was the time to fight . The question then became whether Americans would fight for what they deeply believed in , and the answer turned out to be a resounding `` Yes '' . </P> <P> Antiwar activists at the time and in the 1930s , alleged that beneath the veneer of moralism and idealism there must have been ulterior motives . Some suggested a conspiracy on the part of New York City bankers holding $3 billion of war loans to the Allies , or steel and chemical firms selling munitions to the Allies . The interpretation was popular among left - wing Progressives ( led by Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin ) and among the `` agrarian '' wing of the Democratic party -- including the chairman of the tax - writing Ways and Means Committee of the House . He strenuously opposed war , and when it came he rewrote the tax laws to make sure the rich paid the most . ( In the 1930s neutrality laws were passed to prevent financial entanglements from dragging the nation into a war . ) In 1915 , Bryan thought that Wilson 's pro-British sentiments had distorted his policies , so he became the first Secretary of State ever to resign in protest . </P> <P> However , historian Harold C. Syrett argues that business supported neutrality . Other historians state that the pro-war element was animated not by profit but by disgust with what Germany actually did , especially in Belgium , and the threat it represented to American ideals . Belgium kept the public 's sympathy as the Germans executed civilians , and English nurse Edith Cavell . American engineer Herbert Hoover led a private relief effort that won wide support . Compounding the Belgium atrocities were new weapons that Americans found repugnant , like poison gas and the aerial bombardment of innocent civilians as Zeppelins dropped bombs on London . Even anti-war spokesmen did not claim that Germany was innocent , and pro-German scripts were poorly received . </P> <P> Randolph Bourne criticized the moralist philosophy claiming it was a justification by American intellectual and power elites , like President Wilson , for going to war unnecessarily . He argues that the push for war started with the Preparedness movement , fueled by big business . While big business would not push much further than Preparedness , benefitting the most from neutrality , the movement would eventually evolve into a war - cry , led by war - hawk intellectuals under the guise of moralism . Bourne believes elites knew full well what going to war would entail and the price in American lives it would cost . If American elites could portray the United States ' role in the war as noble , they could convince the generally isolationist American public war would be acceptable . </P> <P> Above all , American attitudes towards Germany focused on the U-boats ( submarines ) , which sank the Lusitania in 1915 and other passenger ships `` without warning '' . That appeared to Americans as an unacceptable challenge to America 's rights as a neutral country , and as an unforgivable affront to humanity . After repeated diplomatic protests , Germany agreed to stop . But in 1917 the Germany military leadership decided that `` military necessity '' dictated the unrestricted use of their submarines . The Kaiser 's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference . </P> <H2> Declaration of war ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Germany ( edit ) </H3> <P> On April 2 , 1917 , Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire , stating , `` We have no selfish ends to serve '' . To make the conflict seem like a better idea , he painted the conflict idealistically , stating that the war would `` make the world safe for democracy '' and later that it would be a `` war to end war '' . The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war , Wilson proclaimed . The future of the world was being determined on the battlefield , and American national interest demanded a voice . Wilson 's definition of the situation won wide acclaim , and , indeed , has shaped America 's role in world and military affairs ever since . Wilson believed that if the Central Powers won , the consequences would be bad for the United States . Germany would have dominated the continent and perhaps would gain control of the seas as well . Latin America could well have fallen under Berlin 's control . The dream of spreading democracy , liberalism , and independence would have been shattered . On the other hand , if the Allies had won without help , there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests . They were already planning to use government subsidies , tariff walls , and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen . The solution was a third route , a `` peace without victory '' , according to Wilson . </P> <P> On April 6 , 1917 , Congress declared war . In the Senate , the resolution passed 82 to 6 , with Senators Harry Lane , William J. Stone , James Vardaman , Asle Gronna , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and George W. Norris voting against it . In the House , the declaration passed 373 to 50 , with Claude Kitchin , a senior Democrat , notably opposing it . Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin , who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II . Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest . </P> <H3> Austria - Hungary ( edit ) </H3> <P> The United States Senate , in a 74 to 0 vote , declared war on Austria - Hungary on December 7 , 1917 , citing Austria - Hungary 's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States , its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany . The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> World War I portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Causes of World War I </Li> <Li> Diplomatic history of World War I </Li> <Li> United States in World War I </Li> <Li> United States home front during World War I </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric W. Osborne , Britain 's economic blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 115 quote from Dec 1914 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , A history of the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) p. 191 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward House , The intimate papers of Colonel House : Vol 2 ( 1928 ) p. 73 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. ' Strict Accountability ' Warning to Germany , 10 February 1915 '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War , 1914 -- 18 ( 1997 ) p. 133 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 414 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krakow , Ira . `` World War I - The Most Unpopular War In Our History '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Horn , Martin ( Spring 2000 ) . `` A Private Bank at War : J.P. Morgan &Co. and France , 1914 -- 1918 '' . Business History Review . 1 . 74 : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116353 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` Industrial Output 1909 -- 1930 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . `` Productivity Trends in the United States '' . National Bureau of Economic Research : 1 -- 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2003 ) . Woodrow Wilson : The American Presidents Series : The 28th President , 1913 -- 1921 . Henry Holt . pp. 55 -- 56 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cuff , Robert D. ; Urofsky , Melvin I. ( Autumn 1970 ) . `` The Steel Industry and Price - Fixing during World War I '' . The Business History Review . 3 . 44 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 3112615 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metz , Lance E. ( November 2006 ) . `` Bethlehem Steel : The Rise and Fall of An Industrial Giant '' . Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Weinstein , `` Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party , 1917 -- 1918 . '' Political Science Quarterly 74 # 2 ( 1959 ) : 215 -- 239 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross A. Kennedy , The Will to Believe : Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( Kent State University Press , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Chatfield , For peace and justice : pacifism in America , 1914 -- 1941 ( 1973 ) ch 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicole Anderson Yanoso ( 2016 ) . The Irish and the American Presidency . Transaction Publishers . pp. 90 -- 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - American and World War I ( Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 ) , ch 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) pp. 341 -- 2 , 352 , 360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merlo J. Pusey , Charles Evans Hughes ( 1951 ) vol 1 , p. 356 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernard J. Brommel , `` The pacifist speechmaking of Eugene V. Debs . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 52.2 ( 1966 ) : 146 - 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , It did n't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States ( 2001 ) p. 184 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford UP . p. 203 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , `` World War I in Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 90 ( 1996 ) , 330 - 354 , 410 - 428 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwin Costrell , How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John C. Crighton , Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 1921 ( 1998 ) pp. 34 , 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCorkle , James L. , Jr. ( 1981 ) . `` Mississippi from Neutrality to War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 43 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 125 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era ( 1954 ) pp. 169 -- 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , The great silent majority : Missouri 's resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World War '' ( 1992 ) p. 170 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Ellis , `` America 's Black Press , 1914 -- 18 , '' History Today , Sept 1991 , Vol. 41 , Issue 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World Wars '' ( 1992 ) p. 171 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South During the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 quote , p. 386 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leslie V. Tischauser , The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 ( Garland , 1990 ) pp. 21 -- 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) pp. 200 -- 207 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carl Wittke , German - Americans and the World War ( with Special Emphasis on Ohio 's German - Language Press ) ( Columbus , Ohio , 1936 ) , p. 209 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Wisconsin Historical Society , `` World War I , at home and in the trenches '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John F. Piper , The American Churches in World War I ( 1985 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) p. 297 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patterson , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 '' . The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piper , John F. , Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` The American Churches in World War I '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII. 2.147 . JSTOR 1461171 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gamble , Richard M. ( 2003 ) . The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity , the Great War , and the Rise of the Messianic Nation . Wilmington : ISI Books . ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War ( 2003 ) , 61 -- 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Ann Irwin , and Ann Marie Wilson ; `` ' The Air is Becoming Full of War ' : Jewish San Francisco and World War I , '' Pacific Historical Review 74 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 331 - 66 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , `` Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief ( 1914 -- 1938 ) , '' American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 # 1 ( 1967 ) 52 -- 106 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , Jews , Wars , and Communism . Vol . I : The Attitude of American Jews to World War I , the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , and Communism ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( New York : KTAV , 1973 ) includes a great deal of undigested information . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph Rappaport , Jewish Immigrants and World War I : A Study of Yiddish Attitudes ( 1951 ) , p. 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry L. Feingold ( 2007 ) . `` Silent No More '' : Saving the Jews of Russia , the American Jewish Effort , 1967 -- 1989 . Syracuse UP . p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sterba , Good Americans ( 2003 ) , 68 -- 69 , 76 , 79 , 167 - 69 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` How Many Irish - Born Died in Service to the U.S. in WWI ? '' . Irish America . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 170 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leary , William M. , Jr. ( 1967 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 '' . Journal of American History . 54 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1900319 . JSTOR 1900319 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Billy . `` Woodrow Wilson '' . Ulstervirginia.com . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 ... Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 2004 ) . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon . Washington : Beard Books . pp. 162 -- 187 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 243 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Grady , Joseph ( 1967 ) . The Immigrants ' Influence on Wilson 's Peace Policies . Lexington : University of Kentucky Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Hungarian - Americans by Steven Béla Várdy ; Twayne Publishers , 1985 page 87 -- 99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War , ( 2003 ) p. 31 -- 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael T. Urbanski , `` Money , War , and Recruiting an Army : The Activities of Connecticut Polonia During World War I , '' Connecticut History ( 2007 ) 46 # 1 pp. 45 -- 69 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Albanian - American Odyssey : A Pilot Study of the Albanian Community of Boston , Massachusetts Front Cover Dennis L. Nagi AMS Press , Jan 1 , 1989 , pp. 33 -- 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark W. van Wienen ( 1997 ) . Partisans and Poets : The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War . Cambridge UP . p. 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The Peace Ship : Henry Ford 's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) p. 81 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Max Wallace , The American Axis ( New York , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2003 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for war : The campaign against American neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Link 3 : 556ff </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 51 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World War I facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about World War I '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Very few young men from wealthy or prominent families considered a career in the Army or Navy then or at any time in American history . The highest social background of cadets , exemplified by George Patton , West Point 1909 , and Lucius Clay , 1918 , was oldest son of a locally prominent family . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson , pp. 179ff </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 , '' p. 383 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paolo Coletta , American Secretaries of the Navy ( 1980 ) 2 : 526 - 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Theodore A. Thelander , `` Josephus Daniels and the Publicity Campaign for Naval and Industrial Preparedness before World War I , '' North Carolina Historical Review ( 1966 ) 43 # 3 pp. 316 -- 332 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee A. Craig ( 2013 ) . Josephus Daniels : His Life and Times . U. North Carolina Press . pp. 364 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2004 ) 34 # 1 pp. 62 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2011 ) pp. 378 -- 79 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Boghardt , The Zimmermann Telegram : Intelligence , Diplomacy , and America 's Entry into World War I ( 2012 ) Excerpt and text search , summarized in Thomas Boghardt 's The Zimmermann Telegram : Diplomacy , Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I ( 2003 ) online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . On January 31 , Ambassador Bernstorff presented ( ... ) Germany 's response to Wilson 's recent ' peace without victory ' plea ( ... ) : his nation was about to launch an unrestricted submarine campaign , thereby declaring total maritime war against all neutrals . After February 1 , the communique noted , German U-boats would sink without warning belligerent and neutral ships found in a designated zone comprising waters around Great Britain , France , and Italy , and in the eastern Mediterranean . The Admiralty made one minor exception : it would permit one American steamer a week to sail between New York and Falmouth ( ... ) . Initially Germany would grant a period of grace , during which its submarines would not harm neutral ships that either were en route to the war zone or had already arrived . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Several factors led to Wilson 's choice . Germany 's U-boat warfare was paramount . Had it not been for Berlin 's announcement of January 31 , the president probably would not have issued a call to arms . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke , Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) ch 10 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : May , Ernest R. ( 1966 ) . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knock , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syrett , Harold C. ( 1945 ) . `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898209 . JSTOR 1898209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert W. Cherny , A righteous cause : the life of William Jennings Bryan ( 1994 ) p. 144 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syrett , `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 , '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven : Yale U.P. ISBN 0 - 300 - 08975 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mid America . 41 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bourne , Randolph . `` The War and the Intellectuals . '' N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 133 - 46 . Print . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DISASTER BEARS OUT EMBASSY 'S WARNING ; German Advertisement Practically Foretold Lusitania 's Fate on Day She Sailed . AND IS REPEATED TODAY Passengers Also Said to Have Received Telegrams -- Shipping Men Heard of Threats . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Germany , U-Boats and the Lusitania </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Lusitania </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ for detailed coverage of the speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 383 -- 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simon Newton Dexter North ; et al. ( 1918 ) . The American Year Book : A Record of Events and Progress . Thomas Nelson & Sons . pp. 10 -- 11 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> After war was declared war bond posters demonized Germany <Ul> <Li> Ambrosius , Lloyd E. `` Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush : Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies , '' Diplomatic History , 30 ( June 2006 ) , 509 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Arnett , Alex Mathews . Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. 1937 . OCLC 1278853 Kitchen was an antiwar Democrat in the House </Li> <Li> Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition </Li> <Li> Brands , H.W. Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) OCLC 50431515 , full biography online edition </Li> <Li> Clements , Kendrick A. `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ) . pp. 62 +. online edition </Li> <Li> Clifford , J. Garry . Citizen Soldiers : The Plattsburgh Training Camp Movement , 1913 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Cooper , John Milton . The vanity of power : American isolationism and the First World War , 1914 - 1917 ( 1969 ) . </Li> <Li> Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson . A Biography ( 2009 ) , Major scholarly biography . </Li> <Li> Costrell , Edwin . How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1940 ) OCLC 475605726 </Li> <Li> Crighton , John C. Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( University of Missouri , 1947 ) OCLC 831309569 </Li> <Li> Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0955 - 8 OCLC 38842092 </Li> <Li> Cummins , Cedric Clisten . Indiana public opinion and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Davis , Allen F. American Heroine : The Life and Legend of Jane Addams . ( Oxford University Press , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 501694 - 7 OCLC 714527 </Li> <Li> Doenecke , Justus D. Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) 433 pages ; comprehensive history online ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 OCLC 682895305 </Li> <Li> Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography </Li> <Li> Early , Frances H. A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. ( Syracuse University Press , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2764 - 5 OCLC 36800616 </Li> <Li> Esposito , David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson : American War Aims in World War I. ( Praeger , 1996 ) 159pp online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 95493 - 5 OCLC 33244422 </Li> <Li> Finnegan , John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon : The Campaign for American Military Preparedness , 1914 -- 1917 . ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7376 - 0 OCLC 983933 </Li> <Li> Floyd , M. Ryan ( 2013 ) . Abandoning American Neutrality : Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War , August 1914 - December 1915 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33411 - 4 OCLC 836748335 </Li> <Li> Fordham , Benjamin O. `` Revisionism reconsidered : exports and American intervention in World War I . '' International Organization 61 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 277 - 310 . </Li> <Li> Gibbs , Christopher C. The Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I. 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 0683 - 2 OCLC 17676727 </Li> <Li> Grubbs , Frank L. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty : Gompers , the A.F. of L. , and the Pacifists , 1917 -- 1920 . 1968 . OCLC 640024383 </Li> <Li> Hannigan , Robert E. The Great War and American Foreign Policy , 1914 - 24 ( 2016 ) excerpt ; online at Questia </Li> <Li> Herman , Sondra . Eleven Against War : Studies in American Internationalist Thought , 1898 -- 1921 . 1969 . OCLC 23333 </Li> <Li> Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28850 - X OCLC 51922814 , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , online edition </Li> <Li> Hodgson , Godfrey . Woodrow Wilson 's Right Hand : The Life of Colonel Edward M. House . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09269 - 5 OCLC 61864854 335pp </Li> <Li> Kazal , Russell A. Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity. 2004 . 390 , pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05015 - 5 OCLC 52509620 German Americans in Philadelphia ponder the war . </Li> <Li> Kazin , Michael . War Against War : The American Fight for Peace , 1914 - 1918 ( 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . </Li> <Li> Keene , Jennifer D. `` Americans Respond : Perspectives on the Global War , 1914 - 1917 . '' Geschichte und Gesellschaft 40.2 ( 2014 ) : 266 - 286 . online </Li> <Li> Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 502729 - 9 OCLC 6085939 </Li> <Li> Kennedy , Ross A. `` Preparedness , '' in Ross A. Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013 . pp. 270 -- 86 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3737 - 2 OCLC 808244737 </Li> <Li> Kennedy , Ross A. Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1997 . </Li> <Li> Knock , Thomas J. To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507501 - 3 OCLC 25317305 </Li> <Li> Lemnitzer , Jan Martin . `` Woodrow Wilson 's Neutrality , the Freedom of the Seas , and the Myth of the ' Civil War Precedents ' . '' Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.4 ( 2016 ) : 615 - 638 . </Li> <Li> Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . 1972 . </Li> <Li> Link , Arthur S. Wilson : The Struggle for Neutrality : 1914 -- 1915 ( 1960 ) ; Wilson : Confusions and Crises : 1915 -- 1916 ( 1964 ) ; Wilson : Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace : 1916 -- 1917 ( 1965 ) all 3 volumes are online at ACLS e-books </Li> <Li> Link , Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist : A Look at His Major Foreign Policies Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1957 . online edition OCLC 475072 </Li> <Li> Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World , 1913 -- 1921 . 1982 . online edition </Li> <Li> Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson : Revolution , War , and Peace . Arlington Heights , IL : AHM Pub . Corp. , 1979 . online edition ISBN 0 - 88295 - 798 - 8 OCLC 5244770 </Li> <Li> Livermore , Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned : Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress , 1916 -- 1918 . 1966 . </Li> <Li> Luebke , Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I. Dekalb : Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 045 - 9 OCLC 865969 </Li> <Li> McCallum , Jack . Leonard Wood : Rough Rider , Surgeon , Architect of American Imperialism . New York : New York University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5699 - 7 OCLC 60402000 </Li> <Li> McDonald , Forrest . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study </Li> <Li> Nash , George H. Life of Herbert Hoover : The Humanitarian , 1914 -- 1917 ( Life of Herbert Hoover , Vol. 2 ) ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> O'Toole , Patricia . When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 OCLC 56921011 </Li> <Li> Perkins , Bradford . The Great Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1895 -- 1914 1968 . </Li> <Li> Peterson , H.C. Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1968 . </Li> <Li> Rothwell , V.H. British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy , 1914 -- 1918 . 1971 . </Li> <Li> Safford , Jeffrey J. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy , 1913 -- 1921 . 1978 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Daniel . The Great Departure : The United States and World War I , 1914 -- 1920 . 1965 . </Li> <Li> Sterba , Christopher M. Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants during the First World War . 2003 . 288 pp. online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 514754 - 5 OCLC 49576532 </Li> <Li> Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1985 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32425 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Tucker , Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War : Reconsidering America 's Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2629 - 2 </Li> <Li> Unger , Nancy C. Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X OCLC 42861557 </Li> <Li> Venzon , Anne Cipriano , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia New York : Garland Pub. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7055 - 0 OCLC 32013365 </Li> <Li> Ward , Robert D . `` The Origin and Activities of the National Security League , 1914 -- 1919 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 ( 1960 ) : 51 -- 65 . online at JSTOR </Li> <Li> Witcover , Jules . Sabotage at Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America . Chapel Hill , NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 912697 - 98 - 9 OCLC 18379558 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Historiography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography </Li> <Li> Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Primary sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Papers of Woodrow Wilson edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol , at major academic libraries . Annotated edition of all of WW 's letters , speeches and writings plus many letters written to him </Li> <Li> Wilson , Woodrow . Why We Are at War ( 1917 ) six war messages to Congress , Jan - April 1917 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Keene , Jennifer D. : United States of America , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Ford , Nancy Gentile : Civilian and Military Power ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Strauss , Lon : Social Conflict and Control , Protest and Repression ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Little , Branden : Making Sense of the War ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Miller , Alisa : Press / Journalism ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> Wells , Robert A. : Propaganda at Home ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . </Li> <Li> NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes </Li> <Li> President Wilson 's War Address </Li> <Li> Map of Europe at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com </Li> <Li> World War I : Declarations of War from Around the Globe - How America Entered the Great War </Li> <Li> Today in History : U.S. Enters World War I </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Woodrow Wilson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) </Li> <Li> 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) </Li> <Li> 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1913 inauguration <Ul> <Li> Suffrage Parade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1917 inauguration </Li> <Li> The New Freedom </Li> <Li> Clayton Antitrust Act </Li> <Li> Farm Loan Act </Li> <Li> Federal Employees ' Compensation Act </Li> <Li> Federal Reserve System <Ul> <Li> Federal Reserve Act </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Federal Income Tax amendment </Li> <Li> Federal Trade Commission Act <Ul> <Li> Federal Trade Commission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Revenue Act of 1913 </Li> <Li> Flag Day </Li> <Li> National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics </Li> <Li> Occupation of Haiti </Li> <Li> Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty </Li> <Li> Philippine Autonomy Act </Li> <Li> World War I <Ul> <Li> entry </Li> <Li> campaigns </Li> <Li> home front </Li> <Li> Committee on Public Information </Li> <Li> Espionage Act of 1917 </Li> <Li> Selective Service Act of 1917 </Li> <Li> Four Minute Men </Li> <Li> Sedition Act of 1918 </Li> <Li> National War Labor Board </Li> <Li> The Inquiry </Li> <Li> American Commission to Negotiate Peace </Li> <Li> Paris Peace Conference , 1919 </Li> <Li> Treaty of Versailles </Li> <Li> The Big Four </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fourteen Points </Li> <Li> League of Nations <Ul> <Li> charter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1919 Nobel Peace Prize </Li> <Li> Wilsonian Armenia </Li> <Li> Silent Sentinels </Li> <Li> Women 's Suffrage amendment </Li> <Li> Roosevelt desk </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> State of the Union Address 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Birthplace and Presidential Library <Ul> <Li> papers and manuscripts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Boyhood home in Georgia </Li> <Li> Boyhood home in South Carolina </Li> <Li> Princeton University president </Li> <Li> Summer White House ( Harlakenden </Li> <Li> Shadow Lawn ) </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson House </Li> <Li> Gravesite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Government </Li> <Li> When a Man Comes to Himself </Li> <Li> The New Freedom ( 1913 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 </Li> <Li> 1912 Democratic National Convention </Li> <Li> 1912 U.S. presidential election </Li> <Li> 1916 Democratic National Convention </Li> <Li> 1916 U.S. presidential election </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legacy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wilsonianism </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson Foundation </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs </Li> <Li> Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson Bridge </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation </Li> <Li> U.S. Postage stamps </Li> <Li> U.S. Currency </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Popular culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wilson ( 1944 film ) </Li> <Li> Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) </Li> <Li> Wilson ( 2013 book ) </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) </Li> <Li> Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) </Li> <Li> Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) </Li> <Li> Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> Jefferson Literary and Debating Society </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← William Howard Taft </Li> <Li> Warren G. 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Strategy of unbalanced growth - Wikipedia <H1> Strategy of unbalanced growth </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be incomprehensible or very hard to understand . In particular , it uses both very general statements which are not further clarified or contextualized , and technical jargon that is not explained . Please help by rewording it if the intended meaning can be determined . The talk page may have details . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Unbalanced growth is a natural path of economic development . Situations that countries are in at any one point in time reflect their previous investment decisions and development . Accordingly , at any point in time desirable investment programs that are not balanced investment packages may still advance welfare . Unbalanced investment can complement or correct existing imbalances . Once such an investment is made , a new imbalance is likely to appear , requiring further compensating investments . Therefore , growth need not take place in a balanced way . Supporters of the unbalanced growth doctrine include Albert O. Hirschman , Hans Singer , Paul Streeten , Marcus Fleming , Prof. Rostov and J. Sheehan . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Introduction </Li> <Li> 2 Complementarity </Li> <Li> 3 Induced investment </Li> <Li> 4 External economies </Li> <Li> 5 Social Overhead Capital </Li> <Li> 6 Development via capital imbalances </Li> <Li> 7 Backward and forward linkages </Li> <Li> 8 Linkages and last industries <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Disadvantages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Introduction ( edit ) </H2> <P> The theory is generally associated with Hirschman . He presented a complete theoretical formulation of the strategy . Underdeveloped countries display common characteristics : low levels of GNI per capita and slow GNI per capita growth , large income inequalities and widespread poverty , low levels of productivity , great dependence on agriculture , a backward industrial structure , a high proportion of consumption and low savings , high rates of population growth and dependency burdens , high unemployment and underemployment , technological backwardness and dualism ( existence of both traditional and modern sectors ) . In a less - developed country , these characteristics lead to scarce resources or inadequate infrastructure to exploit these resources . With a lack of investors and entrepreneurs , cash flows can not be directed into various sectors that influence balanced economic growth . </P> <P> Hirschman contends that deliberate unbalancing of the economy according to the strategy is the best method of development and if the economy is to be kept moving ahead , the task of development policy is to maintain tension , disproportions and disequilibrium . Balanced growth should not be the goal but rather the maintenance of existing imbalances , which can be seen from profit and losses . Therefore , the sequence that leads away from equilibrium is precisely an ideal pattern for development . Unequal development of various sectors often generates conditions for rapid development . More - developed industries provide undeveloped industries an incentive to grow . Hence , development of underdeveloped countries should be based on this strategy . </P> <P> The path of unbalanced growth is described by three phases : </P> <Ol> <Li> Complementary </Li> <Li> Induced investment </Li> <Li> External economies </Li> </Ol> <P> Singer believed that desirable investment programs always exist within a country that represent unbalanced investment to complement the existing imbalance . These investments create a new imbalance , requiring another balancing investment . One sector will always grow faster than another , so the need for unbalanced growth will continue as investments must complement existing imbalance . Hirschman states `` If the economy is to be kept moving ahead , the task of development policy is to maintain tensions , disproportions and disequilibrium '' . This situation exists for all societies , developed or underdeveloped . </P> <H2> Complementarity ( edit ) </H2> <P> Complementarity is a situation where increased production of one good or service builds up demand for the second good or service . When the second product is privately produced , this demand will lead to imports or higher domestic production of the second product , as it will be in the interests of the producers to do so . Otherwise , the increased demand takes the form of political pressure . This is the case for such public services such as law and order , education , water and electricity that can not reasonably be imported . </P> <H2> Induced investment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Complementarity allows investment in one industry or sector to encourage investment in others . This concept of induced investment is like a multiplier , because each investment triggers a series of subsequent events . Convergence occurs as the output of external economies diminishes at each step . Growth sequences tend to move towards convergence or divergence and the policy is usually concerned with preventing rapid convergence and promoting the possibility of divergence . </P> <H2> External economies ( edit ) </H2> <P> New projects often appropriate external economies created by preceding ventures and create external economies that may be utilized by subsequent ones . Sometimes the project undertaken creates external economies , causing private profit to fall short of what is socially desirable . The reverse is also possible . Some ventures have a larger input of external economies than the output . Therefore , Hirschman says , `` the projects that fall into this category must be net beneficiaries of external economies '' . </P> <H2> Social Overhead capital ( edit ) </H2> <P> Social Overhead Capital ( SOC ) is defined as basic services without which primary , secondary and tertiary productive activities can not function . In a narrow sense , Social Overhead Capital is defined to include transportation and electricity , while in a wider sense , it includes all public services , including law and order and education . Criteria for classifying an asset as Social Overhead Capital include : </P> <Ul> <Li> The services provided by the activity should facilitate a great variety of economic activities . </Li> <Li> The services provided should be subject to public control . </Li> <Li> The services can not be imported . </Li> <Li> The investment needed to provide services should be characterized by some unevenness as well as by high capital output ratio . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Development via capital imbalances ( edit ) </H2> <P> The strategy of unbalanced growth has been discussed within the frameworks of development through shortage of SOC and development through excess of SOC . </P> <P> In the first case , the country invests in direct productive activities ( DPA ) . Direct productive activity increases demand for SOC , inducing investment . In the second case , SOC expands , which reduces the cost of services , inducing investment in DPA . </P> <P> The cost of producing any unit of output of DPA is inversely proportional to SOC . The economy 's major objective is to attain increasing output of DPA . </P> <P> One of the paradoxes of development is that poor countries can not afford to be economical . According to Hirschman , resources are not scarce per se , but the ability to employ those resources may be lacking . To explain unbalanced growth , Hirschman assumes that the country invests in either DPA or SOC . Both paths set up incentives and an evaluation of their respective efficiency depends on the strengths of entrepreneurial motivations and the response to public pressure of the authorities responsible for SOC . </P> <P> The major characteristic of the two paths of development is that they yield excess dividends . SOC built ahead of demand creates this demand by making a country more attractive to DPA investors . DPA that outpaces SOC development , creates demand to expand SOC . Balanced growth of DPA and SOC is not achievable in underdeveloped countries , nor it is not a desirable policy , as it does not set up the incentives and the pressure that make for this dividend of induced investment decisions . </P> <H2> Backward and forward linkages ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hirschman introduces the concept of backward and forward linkages . A forward linkage is created when investment in a particular project encourages investment in subsequent stages of production . A backward linkage is created when a project encourages investment in facilities that enable the project to succeed . Normally , projects create both forward and backward linkages . Investment should be made in those projects that have the greatest total number of linkages . Projects with many linkages will vary from country to country ; knowledge about project linkages can be obtained through input and output studies . </P> <P> Most underdeveloped economies are primarily agrarian . Agriculture is typically at a primitive stage and hence possesses few linkages , as most output goes for consumption or exports . Therefore , it is said that underdeveloped countries are lacking in interdependence and linkages . </P> <P> An example of an industry that has excellent forward and backward linkages is the steel industry . Backward linkages include coal and iron ore mining . Forward linkages include items such as canned goods . While this industry has strong linkages , it is not a good leading sector . Any industry that has a high capital / output ratio and causes significant costs to other businesses has the potential to hurt the developing economy more than it helps it . A better leading sector would be the beer industry . </P> <H2> Linkages and last industries ( edit ) </H2> <P> The development of an economy using the unbalanced method depends on the linkages between sectors . Hirschman suggests that the best strategy is induced industrialization . This type of development will create more backward and forward linkages and should be the first step taken . </P> <P> Industries that transform semi-manufactured goods into goods needed by final demand are called `` last industries '' or `` enclave import industries '' . </P> <P> In underdeveloped countries , industrialization takes place through such industries , through plants that add final touches to unfinished imported products . Examples are metal fabricating industries , pharmaceutical laboratories and assembly and mixing plants . Such industries have many advantages , as they often require the smaller amounts of capital available in such economies and without having to rely on unreliable domestic producers . Therefore , underdeveloped countries set up such `` last industries '' first . These industries create long chains of backward linkages . Colombia , Brazil and Mexico are examples of countries that followed this path . </P> <P> Protection and subsidy of import - replacing industries should come , but at a later stage . The Last Industry Strategy has disadvantages . It can slow the creation of domestic production . Industrialists who have begun working with imports may not accept domestic alternative products that reduce demand for their output . Creating last industries first can create loyalty toward foreign products and distrust of domestic products and their quality . Banks may get used to extending credit for shorter , smaller capital requirements . </P> <H3> Disadvantages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Disadvantages of the last industry strategy include inhibition of domestic production as domestic demand grows . This is because industrialists who work with imported material will often be hostile to the establishment of domestic industries , because domestic goods are of lower quality , the number of domestic suppliers is small , downstream competition may intensify once inputs are available domestically and competitors may be able to locate closer to the upstream suppliers . </P> <P> Last / first may accustom domestic consumers to imported goods , making it harder for local producers to find customers . Further , financing may be easier for import - based business . </P> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hirschman , Albert O. ( 1958 ) . The Strategy of Economic Development . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 00559 - 8 </Li> <Li> Streeten , Paul ( 1959 ) Unbalanced Growth , Oxford Economic Papers New Series , Vol. 11 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1959 ) , pp. 167 -- 190 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hirschman , Albert O . `` The Strategy of Economic Development , '' in Agarwal , A.N. and Singh , S.P. ( eds ) , Accelerating Investment in Developing Economies ( London Oxford Press , 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Thirwall , A.P. Growth and Development : With special reference to developing economies ( London : Macmillian Press ltd ... , sixth edition . 1999 ) , pp237 -- 242 . </Li> <Li> Scitovsky , Tibor . Papers on welfare and Growth ( London George Allen and Unwin ltd ... 1965 ) Refer to 5th paper entitled `` Growth -- Balanced and Unbalanced '' . </Li> <Li> Nath , S.K. , `` Balanced Growth . '' in Livingstone ( ed ) , Economic Policy for Development ( Harmodworth , Middlesex : Penguin Books ltd. 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Han Singer , `` The Concept of Balanced Growth and Economic Development ; Theory and Facts , '' University of Texas Conference on Economic Development , April 1958 . </Li> <Li> Paul Streeten , `` Unbalanced Growth . '' Economic Integration , Sythoff , Leiden ( Netherlands ) , 1961 . Reprinted in A.N. Agarwala and S.P. Singh , ( eds . ) , Accelerating Investment in Developing Economies ( London : Oxford University Press , 1969 ) . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Development Economics : Partial Theories of Development </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dual - sector model </Li> <Li> Big push model </Li> <Li> Critical minimum effort theory </Li> <Li> Ragnar Nurkse 's balanced growth theory </Li> <Li> Strategy of unbalanced growth </Li> <Li> Social dualism </Li> <Li> Technological dualism </Li> <Li> Fei -- Ranis model of economic growth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy_of_unbalanced_growth&oldid=838124154 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Economic growth </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles that are incomprehensible </Li> <Li> Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking in - text citations </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 02 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who has given the theory of unbalanced economic growth

Distilled beverage - wikipedia <H1> Distilled beverage </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Liquor '' redirects here . For sweetened and flavored alcoholic beverages , see Liqueur . For the novel series , see Liquor ( novel series ) . An old whiskey still A display of various distilled beverages in a supermarket Some single - drink distilled beverage bottles available in Germany <P> A distilled beverage , spirit , liquor , hard liquor or hard alcohol is an alcoholic beverage produced by distillation of liquid drinks made with grains , fruit , or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation . The distillation process purifies the liquid and removes diluting components like water , for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content ( commonly expressed as alcohol by volume , ABV ) . As distilled beverages contain significantly more alcohol , they are considered `` harder '' -- in North America , the term hard liquor is used to distinguish distilled beverages from undistilled ones . </P> <P> As examples , this term does not include beverages such as beer , wine , mead , sake , or cider , as they are fermented but not distilled . These all have a relatively low alcohol content , typically less than 15 % . Brandy is a spirit produced by the distillation of wine , and has an ABV of over 35 % . Other examples of distilled beverages include vodka , baijiu , gin , rum , tequila , mezcal , and whisky . ( Also see list of alcoholic drinks , and liquors by national origin . ) </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Nomenclature </Li> <Li> 2 Etymology </Li> <Li> 3 History of distillation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Precursors </Li> <Li> 3.2 True distillation </Li> <Li> 3.3 Government regulation </Li> <Li> 3.4 Microdistilling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Flammability </Li> <Li> 5 Serving </Li> <Li> 6 Alcohol consumption by country </Li> <Li> 7 Health effects <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Short - term effects </Li> <Li> 7.2 Long - term effects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Nomenclature ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20 % alcohol by volume ( ABV ) . </P> <P> Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings , such as Grand Marnier , Frangelico , and American schnapps , are known instead as liqueurs . </P> <P> Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30 % . Beer and wine , which are not distilled beverages , are limited to a maximum alcohol content of about 20 % ABV , as most yeasts can not reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is above this level ; as a consequence , fermentation ceases at that point . </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The origin of `` liquor '' and its close relative `` liquid '' was the Latin verb liquere , meaning `` to be fluid '' . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , an early use of the word in the English language , meaning simply `` a liquid '' , can be dated to 1225 . The first use the OED mentions of its meaning `` a liquid for drinking '' occurred in the 14th century . Its use as a term for `` an intoxicating alcoholic drink '' appeared in the 16th century . </P> <P> The term `` spirit '' in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy . These alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold . The vapor given off and collected during an alchemical process ( as with distillation of alcohol ) was called a spirit of the original material . </P> <H2> History of distillation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Distillation <H3> Precursors ( edit ) </H3> Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis , from the Byzantine Greek manuscript Parisinus graces . <P> Distillation was known in the ancient Indian subcontinent , evident from baked clay retorts and receivers found at Taxila and Charsadda in modern Pakistan , dating back to the early centuries of the Christian era . These `` Gandhara stills '' were only capable of producing very weak liquor , as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat . </P> <P> The Chinese may have independently developed the process in the early centuries after Christ , during the Eastern Han dynasty . Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias . Alchemists in Roman Egypt were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century . </P> <P> Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice . The freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use . </P> <H3> True distillation ( edit ) </H3> An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England , 1858 <P> The medieval Arabs used the distillation process extensively , and there is evidence that they distilled alcohol . Al - Kindi unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century . The process later spread to Italy , where later evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century . </P> <P> In China , archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties . A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong , Hebei , dating to the 12th century . In India , the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East , and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by the 14th century . </P> <P> Fractional distillation was developed by Taddeo Alderotti in the 13th century . The production method was written in code , suggesting that it was being kept secret . </P> <P> In 1437 , `` burned water '' ( brandy ) was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany . It was served in a tall , narrow glass called a Goderulffe . </P> <P> Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial , often invoking national pride , but they are plausible after the 12th century AD , when Irish whiskey and German brandy became available . These spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content ( about 40 % ABV ) than the alchemists ' pure distillations , and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs . Consumption of distilled beverages rose dramatically in Europe in and after the mid-14th century , when distilled liquors were commonly used as remedies for the Black Death . Around 1400 , methods to distill spirits from wheat , barley , and rye beers , a cheaper option than grapes , were discovered . Thus began the `` national '' drinks of Europe : jenever ( Belgium and the Netherlands ) , gin ( England ) , Schnaps ( Germany ) , grappa ( Italy ) , borovička ( Slovakia ) , horilka ( Ukraine ) , akvavit / snaps ( Scandinavia ) , vodka ( Poland and Russia ) , ouzo ( Greece ) , rakia ( the Balkans ) , and poitín ( Ireland ) . The actual names emerged only in the 16th century , but the drinks were well known prior to then . </P> <H3> Government regulation ( edit ) </H3> <P> It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries , including New Zealand and the Netherlands . </P> <P> In the United States , it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license . In some parts of the U.S. , it is also illegal to sell a still without a license . However , all states allow unlicensed individuals to make their own beer , and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine ( although making beer and wine is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions ) . </P> <H3> Microdistilling ( edit ) </H3> <P> Microdistilling ( also known as craft distilling ) began to re-emerge as a trend in the United States following the microbrewing and craft beer movement in the last decades of the 20th century . In contrast , large - scale distillation facilities were never as dominant in Scotland , so the tradition of small - scale distillation was never really lost in the Scotch whisky market . </P> <H2> Flammability ( edit ) </H2> These flaming cocktails illustrate that a distilled beverage will readily catch fire and burn . See also : Alcohol proof , Flash point , and Fire point <P> Liquor that contains 40 % ABV ( 80 US proof ) will catch fire if heated to about 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) and if an ignition source is applied to it . This temperature is called its flash point . The flash point of pure alcohol is 16.6 ° C ( 61.9 ° F ) , less than average room temperature . </P> <P> The flammability of distilled beverages is applied in the cooking technique Flambé . </P> <P> The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10 % ABV to 96 % ABV are : </P> <Ul> <Li> 10 % -- 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) -- ethanol - based water solution </Li> <Li> 12.5 % -- about 52 ° C ( 126 ° F ) -- wine </Li> <Li> 20 % -- 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) -- fortified wine </Li> <Li> 30 % -- 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) </Li> <Li> 40 % -- 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) -- typical vodka , whisky or brandy </Li> <Li> 50 % -- 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) -- strong whisky , bottled in bond whisky </Li> <Li> 60 % -- 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) -- normal tsikoudia ( called mesoraki or middle raki ) , barrel proof whisky </Li> <Li> 70 % -- 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) -- some absinthe , slivovitz </Li> <Li> 80 % -- 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) </Li> <Li> 90 % or more -- 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) -- neutral grain spirit </Li> </Ul> <H2> Serving ( edit ) </H2> See also : Bartending terminology A row of alcoholic beverages -- in this case , spirits -- in a bar <P> Distilled beverages can be served : </P> <Ul> <Li> Neat -- at room temperature without any additional ingredient ( s ) </Li> <Li> Up -- shaken or stirred with ice , strained , and served in a stemmed glass . </Li> <Li> Down -- shaken or stirred with ice , strained , and served in a rocks glass . </Li> <Li> On the rocks -- over ice cubes </Li> <Li> Blended or frozen -- blended with ice </Li> <Li> With a simple mixer , such as club soda , tonic water , juice , or cola </Li> <Li> As an ingredient of a cocktail </Li> <Li> As an ingredient of a shooter </Li> <Li> With water </Li> <Li> With water poured over sugar ( as with absinthe ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Alcohol consumption by country ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of countries by alcohol consumption <P> The World Health Organization measures and publishes alcohol consumption patterns in different countries . The WHO measures alcohol consumed by persons 15 years of age or older and reports it on the basis of liters of pure alcohol consumed per capita in a given year in a country . </P> <H2> Health effects ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Short - term effects ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Short - term effects of alcohol <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Distilled spirits contain ethyl alcohol , the same chemical that is present in beer and wine and as such , spirit consumption has short - term psychological and physiological effects on the user . Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person . The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk , the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place , the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription , over-the - counter or street drugs , among other factors . Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) of 0.03 % - 0.12 % typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria , increased self - confidence , and sociability , decreased anxiety , a flushed , red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination . A BAC of 0.09 % to 0.25 % causes lethargy , sedation , balance problems and blurred vision . A BAC from 0.18 % to 0.30 % causes profound confusion , impaired speech ( e.g. , slurred speech ) , staggering , dizziness and vomiting . A BAC from 0.25 % to 0.40 % causes stupor , unconsciousness , anterograde amnesia , vomiting , and respiratory depression ( potentially life - threatening ) . Death may occur due to inhalation of vomit ( pulmonary aspiration ) while unconscious . A BAC from 0.35 % to 0.80 % causes a coma ( unconsciousness ) , life - threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning . As with all alcoholic beverages , driving under the influence , operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident ; as such many countries have penalties for drunk driving . </P> <H3> Long - term effects ( edit ) </H3> See also : Long - term effects of alcohol consumption <P> The main active ingredient of distilled spirits is alcohol , and therefore , the health effects of alcohol apply to spirits . Drinking small quantities of alcohol ( less than one drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men ) is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease , stroke , diabetes mellitus , and early death . Drinking more than this amount ; however , increases the risk of heart disease , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , and stroke . The risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents . About 3.3 million deaths ( 5.9 % of all deaths ) are believed to be due to alcohol each year . </P> <P> Alcoholism , also known as `` alcohol use disorder '' , is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems . It was previously divided into two types : alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence . In a medical context , alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present : a person drinks large amounts over a long time period , has difficulty cutting down , acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time , alcohol is strongly desired , usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities , usage results in social problems , usage results in health problems , usage results in risky situations , withdrawal occurs when stopping , and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use . Alcoholism reduces a person 's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third - leading cause of early death in the United States . No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine . </P> <P> While lower quality evidence suggests a cardioprotective effect , no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke . Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism . The American Heart Association `` cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol . Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Liquor portal </Li> <Li> Drink portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Absinthe </Li> <Li> Akvavit </Li> <Li> Aguardiente </Li> <Li> Alcoholic beverage </Li> <Li> Arak </Li> <Li> Arrack </Li> <Li> Awamori </Li> <Li> Baijiu / Shōchū / Soju </Li> <Li> Brandy </Li> <Li> Borovička </Li> <Li> Cachaça </Li> <Li> Eau de vie </Li> <Li> Er guo tou </Li> <Li> Fenny </Li> <Li> Freeze distillation </Li> <Li> Gin ( and Jenever ) </Li> <Li> Horilka </Li> <Li> Liquor store </Li> <Li> List of beverages </Li> <Li> Mamajuana </Li> <Li> Mezcal </Li> <Li> Moonshine </Li> <Li> Neutral grain spirit </Li> <Li> Orujo </Li> <Li> Pálinka </Li> <Li> Pisco </Li> <Li> Poitín </Li> <Li> Rakı </Li> <Li> Rakia </Li> <Li> Rum </Li> <Li> Rượu đế </Li> <Li> Schnapps </Li> <Li> Slivovitz </Li> <Li> Vodka </Li> <Li> Whisky </Li> <Li> Tsikoudia </Li> <Li> Tsipouro </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` distilled spirit - alcoholic beverage '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E. Gildemeister and Fr . Hoffman , translated by Edward Kremers ( 1913 ) . The Volatile Oils. 1 . New York : Wiley . p. 203 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryan H. Bunch and Alexander Hellemans ( 2004 ) . The History of Science and Technology . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 22123 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcelin Berthelot Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs ( 3 vol. , Paris , 1887 -- 1888 , p. 161 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 55 , Pearson Education </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Haw , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . `` Wine , women and poison '' . Marco Polo in China . Routledge . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 27542 - 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . The earliest possible period seems to be the Eastern Han dynasty ... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , F. Sherwood ( 1945 ) . `` The Evolution of the Still '' . Annals of Science . 5 ( 3 ) : 186 . doi : 10.1080 / 00033794500201451 . ISSN 0003 - 3790 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ahmad Y. al - Hassan ( 2001 ) , Science and Technology in Islam : Technology and applied sciences , pages 65 - 69 , UNESCO </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hassan , Ahmad Y. `` Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources '' . History of Science and Technology in Islam . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Economist : `` Liquid fire - The Arabs discovered how to distil alcohol . They still do it best , say some '' December 18 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forbes , Robert James ( 1970 ) . A short history of the art of distillation : from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal . BRILL . pp. 57 , 89 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 00617 - 1 . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarton , George ( 1975 ) . Introduction to the history of science . R.E. Krieger Pub. Co. p. 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holmyard , Eric John ( 1990 ) . Alchemy . Courier Dover Publications . p. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com , see entry at Trinkglas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash Point and Fire Point '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Material Safety Data Sheet , Section 5 '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash points of ethanol - based water solutions '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert L. Wolke ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Combustible Combination '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walkart , C.G. ( 2002 ) . National Bartending Center Instruction Manual . Oceanside , California : Bartenders America , Inc. p. 104 . ASIN : B000F1U6HG . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ who.int </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , JH ; Bhatti , SK ; Bajwa , A ; DiNicolantonio , JJ ; Lavie , CJ ( March 2014 ) . `` Alcohol and cardiovascular health : the dose makes the poison ... or the remedy '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 89 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mayocp. 2013.11. 005 . PMID 24582196 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alcohol Facts and Statistics '' . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jill Littrell ( 2014 ) . Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I : An Empirically Based Clinician 's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism : volume Ii : Biological , Psychological , and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . p. 55 . ISBN 9781317783145 . The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasin , Deborah ( December 2003 ) . `` Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders '' . pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/ . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol Use Disorder : A Comparison Between DSM -- IV and DSM -- 5 '' . November 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schuckit , MA ( 27 November 2014 ) . `` Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium ( delirium tremens ) '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 371 ( 22 ) : 2109 -- 13 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1407298 . PMID 25427113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alcohol and Heart Health American Heart Association </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . `` General Information on Alcohol Use and Health '' . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Heart Association . `` Alcohol , Wine and Cardiovascular Disease '' . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blue , Anthony Dias ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book of Spirits : A Guide to Their History , Production , and Enjoyment . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054218 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Forbes , Robert ( 1997 ) . Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 00617 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Multhauf , Robert ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Chemistry . Gordon & Breach Science Publishers . ISBN 2 - 88124 - 594 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Distilled beverages . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> History and Taxonomy of Distilled Spirits </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alcoholic drinks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History and production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> History of alcohol </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of alcoholic beverages </Li> <Li> History of beer </Li> <Li> History of wine <Ul> <Li> History of Bordeaux wine </Li> <Li> History of Champagne </Li> <Li> History of Chianti </Li> <Li> History of French wine </Li> <Li> History of Portuguese wine </Li> <Li> History of Rioja wine </Li> <Li> History of Sherry </Li> <Li> History of South African wine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alcohol industry </Li> <Li> Brewing </Li> <Li> Distillation </Li> <Li> Drinking establishments </Li> <Li> Fermentation </Li> <Li> Winemaking </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alcoholic drinks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Fermented drink </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beer </Li> <Li> Cider </Li> <Li> Mead </Li> <Li> Rice wine </Li> <Li> Sake </Li> <Li> Wine </Li> <Li> Other fermented drinks </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distilled drink </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brandy </Li> <Li> Gin </Li> <Li> Liqueur </Li> <Li> Rum </Li> <Li> Tequila </Li> <Li> Vodka </Li> <Li> Whisky </Li> <Li> Other distilled drinks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fortified wine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madeira wine </Li> <Li> Marsala wine </Li> <Li> Port wine </Li> <Li> Sherry </Li> <Li> Vermouth </Li> <Li> Other fortified wines </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th 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where did the term spirits for alcohol come from

John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry - wikipedia <H1> John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> John Brown 's Raid on Harper 's Ferry </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of pre-Civil War conflicts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Harper 's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown 's `` Fort '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> October 16 -- 18 , 1859 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Harpers Ferry , ( West ) Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> U.S. victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Abolitionist Insurgents </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert E. Lee Israel Greene Jeb Stuart </Td> <Td> John Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 U.S. Marines Unknown number of Virginia Militia and Maryland Militia </Td> <Td> 8 white men 12 free black men 1 freed slave 1 fugitive slave </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Marines : 1 killed 1 wounded Virginia and Maryland Militia : Unknown </Td> <Td> 10 killed 7 captured 5 escaped </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Civilians : 6 killed 9 wounded </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> John Brown 's raid on Harper 's Ferry ( also known as John Brown 's raid or The raid on Harper 's Ferry ) was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry , Virginia . Brown 's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene . Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal . John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass , both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield , Massachusetts , to join him in his raid , but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined , as he believed Brown 's plan would fail . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Brown 's preparation </Li> <Li> 2 Advance knowledge of raid </Li> <Li> 3 The raid <Ul> <Li> 3.1 October 16 </Li> <Li> 3.2 October 17 </Li> <Li> 3.3 October 18 </Li> <Li> 3.4 October 19 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 5 Casualties <Ul> <Li> 5.1 John Brown 's raiders </Li> <Li> 5.2 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Liberated slaves </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 8.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Brown 's preparation ( edit ) </H2> <P> John Brown rented the Kennedy Farmhouse , with a small cabin nearby , 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north of Harpers Ferry near the community of Dargan in Washington County , Maryland , and took up residence under the name Isaac Smith . Brown came with a small group of men minimally trained for military action . His group included 18 men besides himself ( 13 white men , 5 black men ) . Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 breech - loading . 52 caliber Sharps carbines ( `` Beecher 's Bibles '' ) and 950 pikes ( obtained in late September from Charles Blair of Collinsville Axe Co. , Collinsville , CT ) , in preparation for the raid . The United States Armory was a huge complex of buildings that manufactured small arms for the U.S. Army ( 1801 -- 1861 ) , with an Arsenal ( storehouse ) that was thought to contain 100,000 muskets and rifles at the time . </P> An illustration of Brown trying to persuade abolitionist Frederick Douglass to join him in the raid on Harpers Ferry . Douglass refused . <P> Brown attempted to attract more black recruits . He tried recruiting Frederick Douglass as a liaison officer to the slaves in a meeting held in a quarry at Chambersburg , Pa . It was at this meeting that ex-slave `` Emperor '' Shields Green consented to join with John Brown on his attack on the United States Armory , Green stating to Douglass `` I believe I will go with the old man '' . Douglass declined , indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission . The plan was `` an attack on the federal government '' that `` would array the whole country against us ... You will never get out alive '' , he warned . </P> <P> The Kennedy Farmhouse served as `` barracks , arsenal , supply depot , mess hall , debate club , and home '' . It was very crowded and life there was tedious . Brown was worried about arousing neighbors ' suspicions . As a result , the raiders had to stay indoors during the daytime , without much to do but study , drill , argue politics , discuss religion , and play cards and checkers . Brown 's daughter - in - law Martha served as cook and housekeeper . His daughter Annie served as lookout . Brown wanted women at the farm , to prevent suspicions of a large all - male group . The raiders went outside at night to drill and get fresh air . Thunderstorms were welcome since they concealed noise from Brown 's neighbors . </P> <P> Brown did not plan to have a sudden raid and escape to the mountains . Rather , he intended to use those rifles and pikes he captured at the arsenal , in addition to those he brought along , to arm rebellious slaves with the aim of striking terror in the slaveholders in Virginia . He believed that on the first night of action , 200 - 500 black slaves would join his line . He ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him . He planned to send agents to nearby plantations , rallying the slaves . He planned to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time , expecting that as many volunteers , white and black , would join him as would form against him . He would move rapidly southward , sending out armed bands along the way . They would free more slaves , obtain food , horses and hostages , and destroy slaveholders ' morale . Brown planned to follow the Appalachian Mountains south into Tennessee and even Alabama , the heart of the South , making forays into the plains on either side . </P> <H2> Advance knowledge of raid ( edit ) </H2> John Brown in 1859 <P> Brown paid Hugh Forbes $600 to be his drillmaster . Forbes was an English mercenary who served Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy . Forbes ' Manual for the Patriotic Volunteer was found in Brown 's papers after the raid . Brown and Forbes argued over strategy and money . Forbes wanted more money so that his family in Europe could join him . Forbes sent threatening letters to Brown 's backers in an attempt to get money . Failing in this effort , Forbes traveled to Washington , DC , and met with U.S. Senators William H. Seward and Henry Wilson . He denounced Brown to Seward as a `` vicious man '' who needed to be restrained , but did not disclose any plans for the raid . Forbes partially exposed the plan to Senator Wilson and others . Wilson wrote to Samuel Gridley Howe , a Brown backer , advising him to get Brown 's backers to retrieve the weapons intended for use in Kansas . Brown 's backers told him that the weapons should not be used `` for other purposes , as rumor says they may be . '' In response to warnings , Brown had to return to Kansas to shore up support and discredit Forbes . Some historians believe that this trip cost Brown valuable time and momentum . </P> <P> Estimates are that at least eighty people knew about Brown 's planned raid in advance . Many others had reasons to believe that Brown was contemplating a move against the South . One of those who knew was David J. Gue of Springdale , Iowa . Gue was a Quaker who believed that Brown and his men would be killed . Gue , his brother , and another man decided to warn the government `` to protect Brown from the consequences of his own rashness . '' Gue sent an anonymous letter dated August 20 , 1859 to Secretary of War John B. Floyd . The letter said that `` old John Brown , ' late of Kansas , '' was planning to organize a slave uprising in the South . It said that Brown had a secret agent `` in an armory '' in Maryland . The letter said that Brown was stockpiling weapons at a secret location in Maryland . Gue warned that Brown planned to leave Maryland and enter Virginia at Harpers Ferry . Gue acknowledged that he was afraid to disclose his identity but asked Floyd not to ignore his warning `` on that account . '' He was hoping that Floyd would send soldiers to Harpers Ferry . He hoped that the extra security would motivate Brown to call off his plans . </P> <P> Even though President Buchanan offered a $250 reward for Brown , Floyd did not connect the John Brown of Gue 's letter to the John Brown of Pottawatomie , Kansas fame . He knew that Maryland did not have an armory ( Harpers Ferry is just across the river from Maryland ) . Floyd figured that the letter writer was a crank and forgot about it . He later said that `` a scheme of such wickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States . '' </P> <H2> The raid ( edit ) </H2> <H3> October 16 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> North American slave revolts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toussaint Louverture </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1526 San Miguel de Guadalupe ( Spanish Florida , Victorious ) </Li> <Li> c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga 's Revolt ( Veracruz , New Spain , Victorious ) </Li> <Li> 1712 New York Slave Revolt ( British Province of New York , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1730 First Maroon War ( British Jamaica , Victorious ) </Li> <Li> 1733 St. John Slave Revolt ( Danish Saint John , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1739 Stono Rebellion ( British Province of South Carolina , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1741 New York Conspiracy ( Province of New York , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1760 Tacky 's War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1787 Abaco Slave Revolt ( British Bahamas , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1791 Mina Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1795 Pointe Coupée Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1791 -- 1804 Haitian Revolution ( French Saint - Domingue , Victorious ) </Li> <Li> 1800 Gabriel 's Rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1803 Igbo Landing ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1805 Chatham Manor ( Virginia , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1811 German Coast Uprising ( Territory of Orleans , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1815 George Boxley ( Virginia , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1816 Bussa 's Rebellion ( British Barbados , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1822 Denmark Vesey ( South Carolina , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1831 Nat Turner 's rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1831 -- 1832 Baptist War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1839 Amistad , ship rebellion ( Off the Cuban coast , Victorious ) </Li> <Li> 1841 Creole case , ship rebellion ( Off the Southern U.S. coast , Victorious ) </Li> <Li> 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation ( Indian Territory , Suppressed ) </Li> <Li> 1859 John Brown 's Raid ( Virginia , Suppressed ) </Li> </Ul> This box : <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> edit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> A modern reproduction of the 1848 fire engine house that became known as John Brown 's Fort , c. 2007 <P> On Sunday night , October 16 , 1859 , Brown left four of his men behind as a rear - guard : his son , Owen Brown , Barclay Coppock , and Frank Meriam ; he led the rest into the town of Harpers Ferry , Virginia . Brown detached a party under John Cook Jr. to capture Colonel Lewis Washington , great - grandnephew of George Washington , at his nearby Beall - Air estate , some of his slaves , and two relics of George Washington : a sword allegedly presented to Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given by Marquis de Lafayette , which Brown considered talismans . The party carried out its mission and returned via the Allstadt House , where they took more hostages . Brown 's main party captured several watchmen and townspeople in Harpers Ferry . </P> <P> Brown 's men needed to capture the weapons and escape before word could be sent to Washington . The raid was going well for Brown 's men . They cut the telegraph wire and seized a Baltimore & Ohio train passing through . A free black man was the first casualty of the raid . Hayward Shepherd , an African - American baggage handler on the train , confronted the raiders ; they shot and killed him . For some reason , Brown let the train continue , and the conductor alerted the authorities down the line . Brown had been sure that he would win the support of local slaves in joining the rebellion , but a massive uprising did not occur , because word had not been spread about the uprising , so the slaves nearby did not know about it . Although the white townspeople soon began to fight back against the raiders , Brown 's men succeeded in capturing the armory that evening . </P> <H3> October 17 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Army workers discovered Brown 's men early on the morning of October 17 . Local militia , farmers and shopkeepers surrounded the armory . When a company of militia captured the bridge across the Potomac River , any route of escape for the raiders was cut off . During the day , four townspeople were killed , including the mayor . Realizing his escape was cut , Brown took nine of his captives and moved into the smaller engine house , which would come to be known as John Brown 's Fort . The raiders blocked entry of the windows and doors and traded sporadic gunfire with surrounding forces . At one point Brown sent out his son , Watson , and Aaron Dwight Stevens with a white flag , but Watson was mortally wounded and Stevens was shot and captured . The raid was rapidly failing . One of Brown 's men , William H. Leeman , panicked and made an attempt to flee by swimming across the Potomac River , but he was shot and fatally injured while doing so . During the intermittent shooting , Brown 's other son , Oliver , was also hit ; he died after a brief period . </P> <P> At around 3 : 00 p.m. a militia company led by Captain E.G. Alburtis arrived by train from Martinsburg , Virginia . Most of the militia members were Baltimore & Ohio Railroad employees . The militia forced the raiders inside the engine house . They broke into the guardroom and freed over two dozen prisoners . Eight militiamen were wounded . Alburtis said that he could have ended the raid with help from other citizens . </P> <P> By 3 : 30 that afternoon , President James Buchanan ordered a company of U.S. Marines ( the only government troops in the immediate area ) to march on Harpers Ferry under the command of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee , lieutenant colonel of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment. Lee had been on leave from his regiment , stationed in Texas , when he was hastily called to lead the detachment and had to command it while wearing his civilian clothes . </P> <H3> October 18 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lee first offered the role of attacking the engine house to the local militia units on the spot . Both militia commanders declined , and Lee turned to the Marines . On the morning of October 18 , Colonel Lee sent Lt. J.E.B. Stuart , serving as a volunteer aide - de-camp , under a white flag of truce to negotiate a surrender of John Brown and his followers . Colonel Lee informed Lt. Israel Greene that if Brown did not surrender , he was to direct the Marines in attacking the engine house . Stuart walked towards the front of the engine house where he told Brown that his men would be spared if they surrendered . Brown refused and as Stuart walked away , he signaled a `` thumbs down '' to Lt. Greene and his men standing nearby . </P> <P> Soon after , Greene led a detachment of Marines to attack the engine house . Marines equipped with sledgehammers tried to break through the door , but their efforts were unsuccessful . Greene found a wooden ladder , and he and about 10 Marines used it as a battering ram to force the front doors open . Greene was the first through the door and with the assistance of Lewis Washington , identified and singled out John Brown . Greene later recounted what events occurred next : </P> <P> Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon ( Brown 's ) head . He was moving as the blow fell , and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended , for he received a deep saber cut in the back of the neck . He fell senseless on his side , then rolled over on his back . He had in his hand a short Sharpe 's cavalry carbine . I think he had just fired as I reached Colonel Washington , for the Marine who followed me into the aperture made by the ladder received a bullet in the abdomen , from which he died in a few minutes . The shot might have been fired by someone else in the insurgent party , but I think it was from Brown . Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left breast . The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon , and , either not having a point or striking something hard in Brown 's accouterments , did not penetrate . The blade bent double . </P> <P> In three minutes , all of the raiders still alive were taken prisoner and the action was over . </P> <H3> October 19 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Robert E. Lee made a synopsis of the events that took place at Harpers Ferry . According to Lee 's notes , Lee believed John Brown was a madman , `` ... the plan ( raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal ) was the attempt of a fanatic or madman . '' Lee also believed that the blacks in the raid were forced by Brown . `` The blacks , whom he ( John Brown ) forced from their homes in this neighborhood , as far as I could learn , gave him no voluntary assistance . '' Lee attributed John Brown 's `` temporary success '' by creating panic and confusion and by `` magnifying '' the number of participants involved in the raid . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> See also : Virginia v. John Brown A contemporary newspaper illustration showing the interior of the engine house immediately before the door is broken down by U.S. Marines John Brown wrote his last prophecy on December 2 of 1859 . <P> Colonel Lee and John Stuart searched the surrounding country for fugitives who had participated in the attack . Few of Brown 's associates escaped , and among those who did , some were sheltered by abolitionists in the north , including William Still . Brown was taken to the court house in nearby Charles Town for trial . He was found guilty of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and was hanged on December 2 . ( This execution was witnessed by the actor John Wilkes Booth , who would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln . ) On the day of his execution , Brown wrote his last testament , which said , </P> <P> ' I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty , land : will never be purged away ; but with Blood . I had as I now think : vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed ; it might be done . ' </P> <P> Four other raiders were executed on December 16 and two more on March 16 , 1860 . In his last speech , at his trial , he said to the court : </P> <P> ' ... had I so interfered in behalf of the rich , the powerful , the intelligent , the so - called great , or in behalf of any of their friends , either father , mother , brother , sister , wife , or children , or any of that class , and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference , it would have been all right ; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment . ' </P> <P> Southerners had a mixed attitude towards their slaves . Many southern whites lived in fear of a slave insurrection . Paradoxically , whites claimed that slaves were well treated and content in bondage . After the raid southerners initially lived in fear of slave uprisings and invasion by armed abolitionists . The South 's reaction entered the second phase at around the time of Brown 's execution . Southerners were relieved that no slaves had volunteered to help Brown . Southerners felt vindicated in their claims that slaves were content . After Northerners had expressed admiration for Brown 's motives , with some treating him as a martyr , Southern opinion evolved into what James M. McPherson called `` unreasoning fury . '' </P> <P> The first Northern reaction among antislavery advocates to Brown 's Raid was one of baffled reproach . William Lloyd Garrison called the raid `` misguided , wild , and apparently insane . '' But through the trial and his execution , Brown was transformed into a martyr . Henry David Thoreau , in A Plea for Captain John Brown , said , `` I think that for once the Sharp 's rifles and the revolvers were employed in a righteous cause . The tools were in the hands of one who could use them , '' and said of Brown , `` He has a spark of divinity in him . '' Though `` Harper 's Ferry was insane , '' wrote the religious weekly the Independent , `` the controlling motive of his demonstration was sublime . '' To the South , Brown was a murderer who wanted to deprive them of their property . The North `` has sanctioned and applauded theft , murder , and treason , '' said De Bow 's Review . </P> <H2> Casualties ( edit ) </H2> <H3> John Brown 's raiders ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Events leading to the American Civil War <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Slavery </Li> <Li> Northwest Ordinance </Li> <Li> Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions </Li> <Li> Battle of Negro Fort </Li> <Li> Missouri Compromise </Li> <Li> Tariff of 1828 </Li> <Li> Nat Turner 's slave rebellion </Li> <Li> Nullification Crisis </Li> <Li> The Amistad </Li> <Li> Prigg v. Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Texas annexation </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Wilmot Proviso </Li> <Li> Manifest destiny </Li> <Li> Underground Railroad </Li> <Li> Nashville Convention </Li> <Li> Compromise of 1850 </Li> <Li> Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 </Li> <Li> Uncle Tom 's Cabin </Li> <Li> Kansas -- Nebraska Act </Li> <Li> Ostend Manifesto </Li> <Li> Bleeding Kansas </Li> <Li> Caning of Charles Sumner </Li> <Li> Dred Scott v. Sandford </Li> <Li> The Impending Crisis of the South </Li> <Li> Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry </Li> <Li> 1860 presidential election </Li> <Li> Crittenden Compromise </Li> <Li> Secession of Southern States </Li> <Li> Star of the West </Li> <Li> Corwin Amendment </Li> <Li> Battle of Fort Sumter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Killed </P> <Ul> <Li> John Henry Kagi ( Shot and killed while crossing a river . First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> Jeremiah G. Anderson ( At age 26 , was mortally wounded and killed by a Marine 's bayonet during the final assault on the engine house . Body claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver ; last resting place unknown . ) </Li> <Li> William Thompson ( First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> Dauphin Thompson ( Killed in the storming of the engine house . First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> Oliver Brown ( At age 21 , the youngest of John Brown 's three sons to participate in the action , he was mortally wounded on the 17th inside the engine house and died the next day . He was first buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; and reburied in 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> Watson Brown ( At age 24 , was mortally wounded outside the engine house while carrying a white flag to negotiate with the opposing militia ; he died two days later . As his body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver , Union troops burned the college in an attack during the Civil War . Brown was reburied in 1882 in a grave near his father 's in North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> Stewart Taylor . Uxbridge , Ontario , Canada ( First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> William Leeman ( Shot while trying to escape across the Potomac River . First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> Lewis Sheridan Leary ( A 24 - year - old free black , he was mortally wounded while trying to escape across the Shenandoah River . He was stationed in the rifle factory with Kagi . Alleged to be buried at John Brown gravesite at North Elba , New York . Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin , Ohio . ) </Li> <Li> Dangerfield Newby ( At about 35 , he was born into slavery , with a white father who was not his master . He was given permission to move to Ohio along with his mother and siblings , but when he tried to gain freedom for his wife and children , their master refused . This inspired Newby to join Brown 's raid . He was the first raider killed . ( His body was mutilated ; for example , his ears were cut off by someone in the crowd as souvenirs . ) First he was buried at Harpers Ferry ; reburied in 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Captured </P> <Ul> <Li> John Brown ( also wounded ) Tried , convicted and executed by hanging December 2 , 1859 , in nearby Charles Town . </Li> <Li> Aaron Dwight Stevens ( shot and captured October 18 . Hanged March 16 , 1860 in Charles Town . First buried at Eagleswood Mansion New Jersey ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> <Li> Edwin Coppock ( At age 24 , he shot and killed the mayor of Harpers Ferry , Fontaine Beckham , during the raid . He was later executed at Charles Town on December 16 , 1859 and was buried in Salem , Ohio . ) </Li> <Li> John Anthony Copeland , Jr . ( A 25 - year - old free black , he joined the raiders along with his uncle Lewis Leary . He was captured during the raid and executed on December 16 , 1859 , in Charles Town . The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver . The last resting place is unknown . Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin , Ohio . ) </Li> <Li> Shields Green ( At about age 23 , Green was an escaped slave from South Carolina ; captured in the engine house on October 18 , 1859 and hanged December 16 , 1859 in Charles Town . The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver . The last resting place is unknown . Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin , Ohio . ) </Li> <Li> John Edwin Cook ( Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured . Hanged December 16 , 1859 in Charles Town . Body sent to New York . ) </Li> <Li> Albert E. Hazlett ( Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured . Hanged March 16 , 1860 . Buried at Eagleswood Mansion in Perth Amboy , New Jersey ; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba , New York . ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Four raiders escaped and were captured about six months later . </P> <P> Escaped and never captured </P> <Ul> <Li> Barclay Coppock ( Died during US Civil War . ) </Li> <Li> Charles Plummer Tidd ( Died during US Civil War . ) </Li> <Li> Osborne Perry Anderson ( Served as a soldier in Union Army , and wrote a memoir about the raid . Died 1870 ) </Li> <Li> Owen Brown ( Served as an officer in Union Army . Died January 8 , 1889 . Pasadena , California ( Brown 's Mountain ) ) </Li> <Li> Francis Jackson Meriam ( Served in the army as a captain in the 3rd South Carolina Colored Infantry . ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Others ( edit ) </H3> <P> Civilians </P> <Ul> <Li> Shepherd Heyward ( Free African - American B&O baggage master ; killed . Buried in African - American Cemetery on Rt. 11 in Winchester , Va. , grave is unmarked ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Boerly ( Townsperson ; killed . ) </Li> <Li> George W. Turner ( Townsperson ; killed . ) </Li> <Li> Fontaine Beckham ( Town mayor ; killed . ) </Li> <Li> A slave belonging to Col. Washington was killed . </Li> <Li> A slave belonging to hostage John Allstad was killed . </Li> </Ul> <P> ( Some claim the two slaves voluntarily joined Brown 's raiders , others say Brown forced them to fight . Regardless , one was killed trying to escape across the Potomac River , the other was wounded and later died in the Charles Town jail . ) </P> <P> 9 other civilians were wounded . </P> <P> Marines </P> <Ul> <Li> Private Luke Quinn ( Killed during the storming of the engine house . ) Buried in Harpers Ferry Catholic Cemetery on Rte. 340 . </Li> <Li> Private Matthew Ruppert ( Shot in the face during the storming of the engine house ; survived . ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Liberated slaves ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mayor Beckham 's Will Book called for the liberation of Isaac Gilbert , his wife , and three children upon his death . When Edwin Coppock killed Beckham the five slaves were free . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry '' . History.com . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In many books the town is called `` Harper 's Ferry . '' For example , `` Col. Robert E. Lee 's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , October 19 , 1859 , '' ; Horace Greeley , The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America , 1860 -- 64 . Volume : 1 . ( 1866 ) , p. 279 ; French Ensor Chadwick , Causes of the Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 74 ; Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Lincoln ( 1950 ) vol 2 ch 3 ; James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( 1988 ) , p. 201 ; Stephen W. Sears , Landscape Turned Red : The Battle of Antietam ( 2003 ) p. 116 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffman , Colonel Jon T. , USMC : A Complete History , Marine Corps Association , Quantico , Virginia , ( 2002 ) , p. 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Marian ( 2004 ) . Harriet Tubman : Antislavery Activist ( New ed . ) . Chelsea House Publishers . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 8340 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Kennedy Farmhouse '' , John Brown website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Harpers Ferry Raid '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( 2003 ) p. 205 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , pp. 22 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Lincoln : Prelude to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1950 ) , vol. 4 , pp. 72 -- 73 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , p. 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , p. 248 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Park Service . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , p. 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , pp. 284 -- 85 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , p. 285 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ted McGee ( April 5 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination : Beall - Air '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on February 3 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frances D. Ruth ( July 1984 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination : Allstadt House and Ordinary '' ( pdf ) . National Park Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horton , James Oliver ; Lois E. Horton ( 2006 ) . Slavery and the Making of America . Oxford University Press USA . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0195304510 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History : Part One . p. 292 . ISBN 9781417908288 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emory M. Thomas , Robert E. Lee : A Biography ( 1995 ) pp. 180 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Israel Green , Eyewitness Account , University of Virginia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Col. Robert E. Lee , Report to the Adjutant General Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , University of Missouri Kansas City , Law School </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simmons , William J. , and Henry McNeal Turner . Men of Mark : Eminent , Progressive and Rising . GM Rowell & Company , 1887 . p. 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oates 1984 , p. 351 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horowitz 2011 , p. 212 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James M. McPherson . Battle Cry of Freedom . New York : Oxford University Press ( 1988 ) , pp. 207 -- 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norton Anthology of American Literature , Volume B. p. 2057 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , John Brown ( 2006 ) , p. 340 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Battle cry of freedom : the Civil War era ( 2003 ) p. 210 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` John Brown 's Men Disinterred '' . New York Times . August 29 , 1899 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Vincent Benet . John Brown 's Body . New York . Rinehart & Co. ( 1927 ) , p. 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates ( 1984 ) . To Purge this Land with Blood , p. 296 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Earle , Jonathan . John Brown 's Raid on Harpers Ferry : A Brief History with Documents ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Field , Ron . Avenging Angel ; John Brown 's Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 ( 2012 ) . Osprey Raid Series # 36 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 9781849087575 </Li> <Li> Fraser , George MacDonald . Flashman and the Angel of the Lord ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Lee , Robert E. `` Col. Robert E. Lee 's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , October 19 , 1859 '' online </Li> <Li> Horwitz , Tony . Midnight Rising : John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War ( 2011 ) Henry Holt and Company </Li> <Li> Mason , J.M. `` Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper 's Ferry Invasion , June 15 , 1860 '' online </Li> <Li> Nalty , Bernard C. The United States Marines at Harpers Ferry and in the Civil War ( 1959 ) History & Museums Division , United States Marine Corps . online </Li> <Li> National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid , Virginia Beach , VA : The Dunning Company Publishers ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Nevins , Allan . The Emergence of Lincoln : Prelude to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1950 ) , vol 4 of The Ordeal of the Union , esp ch 3 pp 70 -- 97 </Li> <Li> Oates , Stephen B. To Purge this Land with Blood : A Biography of John Brown ( 1984 ) . Amherst , MA : The University of Massachusetts Press . </Li> <Li> Potter , David M. The Impending Crisis : 1848 -- 1861 ( 1976 ) pp 356 -- 84 ; Pulitzer Prize winning history </Li> <Li> Reynolds , David S. John Brown , Abolitionist : The Man Who Killed Slavery , Sparked the Civil War , and Seeded Civil Rights ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Villard , Oswald Garrison . John Brown , 1800 -- 1859 : A Biography Fifty Years After ( 1910 ) 738 pages , full text online </Li> <Li> Thomas , Emory M. Robert E. Lee : A Biography ( 1995 ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Michael E. Ruane ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` 150 Years Later , John Brown 's Failed Slave Revolt Marches On '' . The Washington Post . </Li> <Li> John Brown -- 150 Years After Harpers Ferry by Terry Bisson , Monthly Review , October 2009 </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 39 ° 19 ′ 23 '' N 77 ° 43 ′ 49 '' W  /  39.32306 ° N 77.73028 ° W  / 39.32306 ; - 77.73028 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Harriet Tubman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Underground Railroad </Li> <Li> John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry </Li> <Li> Raid at Combahee Ferry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harriet Tubman Grave </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park <Ul> <Li> visitor center </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman Memorial Garden </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman National Historical Park </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park </Li> <Li> Salem Chapel National Historic Site </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Homages and memorials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Woman Called Moses </Li> <Li> SS Harriet Tubman </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman Memorial ( Boston ) </Li> <Li> The Quest for Freedom </Li> <Li> The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&oldid=838548002 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry </Li> <Li> Conflicts in 1859 </Li> <Li> Political violence in the United States </Li> <Li> 1859 in Virginia </Li> <Li> United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries </Li> <Li> Rebellions in the United States </Li> <Li> Slave rebellions in the United States </Li> <Li> Military raids </Li> <Li> Crimes in Virginia </Li> <Li> October 1859 events </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with inconsistent citation formats </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from September 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 19 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who led the soldiers in ending the raid on the harper's ferry arsenal

Disney 's Art of Animation resort - wikipedia <H1> Disney 's Art of Animation resort </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Disney 's Art of Animation Resort </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resort type </Th> <Td> Value resort </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> May 31 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme </Th> <Td> Walt Disney characters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Areas </Th> <Td> Cars Finding Nemo The Lion King The Little Mermaid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rooms </Th> <Td> 984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Suites </Th> <Td> 1,120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Green lodge </Th> <Td> yes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Disney 's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . It is located where construction on the unfinished half of Disney 's Pop Century Resort was started but later abandoned after the September 11 attacks . </P> <P> The resort is the first to be built in the complex in over seven years and the fifth to be placed in the value - priced category , along with Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort , the All - Star Music Resort , the All - Star Movies Resort , and Disney 's Pop Century Resort . Family suites opened on May 31 , 2012 , and standard rooms opened on September 15 , 2012 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> An incomplete Pop Century Legendary Years building can be seen across the Hourglass Lake . The Generation Gap Bridge would have connected both halves of the resort . <P> Originally , the land the Art of Animation Resort occupies was planned to be part of Disney 's Pop Century Resort as part of the `` Legendary Years '' section . Several buildings were constructed for these plans , some even to the point of adding decorative details . While one - half of Pop Century ( the `` Classic Years '' ) opened in 2003 , the other half was left abandoned following the tourism halt after the September 11 attacks on the United States . </P> <P> Disney started to prepare the land for the resort in January 2010 , and construction began in the summer of that year . At the time of this announcement on May 12 , 2010 , Disney did not say how much construction is expecting to cost , but it was mentioned that approximately 800 jobs would be produced . </P> <P> When the `` Legendary Years '' buildings were first being made , a bridge named the Generation Gap Bridge was constructed to connect both parts of Pop Century and made them accessible to each other . The bridge connects Pop Century to the Finding Nemo section of the Art of Animation Resort . </P> <H2> Theming ( edit ) </H2> <P> The resort is designed `` with families in mind . '' It features four of Disney 's popular character themes : Cars , Finding Nemo , The Lion King , and The Little Mermaid . Much like the other Disney Value Resorts , giant versions of various items are built around the hotel on each of the ten wings , such as a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) model of King Triton . In total , there are 1,984 rooms. of which 1,120 are family suites capable of housing up to six people , featuring living rooms and bedrooms . The remaining 864 sport the standard value layout . The resort has a total of ten buildings , as well as three themed pools . </P> <Ul> <Li> Finding Nemo : The Finding Nemo section of the resort is themed with the ocean setting featured in the film , with underwater plant and animal decorations throughout the buildings . This is the first area of the resort , which opened on May 31 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Cars : The Cars section of the resort is themed like the Cozy Cone Motel that has featured in the film . Resort buildings are themed with the movie 's characters , including Lightning McQueen , Sally , Mater , and Luigi and Guido . The second section of the resort opened on June 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> The Lion King : The Lion King section of the resort features a `` natural '' setting , such as that found in the wild . The third section of the resort opened its doors on August 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid : The Little Mermaid section of the resort is themed with 600 cutout objects on resort balconies. `` Under the Sea '' decorations are incorporated throughout the section . This section of the resort has exterior walkways , where the other sections have enclosed interior walkways between the rooms . ( This section uses a couple of buildings that were originally built for Pop Century 's `` Legendary Years '' section before construction halted , which left them unfinished for years . ) It opened on September 15 , 2012 , as the fourth and final section of the resort . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Dining and shopping ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Landscape of Flavors - a food court selling American cuisine and deli style market items . The Landscape of Flavors Food Court serves omelets , pancakes , French toast , pizza , pasta , sandwiches , salads , burgers , burritos , ice cream and bakery items . The food court seats 606 people . </Li> <Li> Pizza Delivery - pizza , sandwiches , salad , dessert and beverages are available in the evening for delivery to guest rooms . </Li> <Li> Ink & Paint Shop - gift shop that offers a range of items from Disney souvenirs to Disney 's Art of Animation themed clothing . The store also has grocery section that sells items including snacks , liquor , drinks , and sundries . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disney 's Art of Animation Resort . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> <P> Sign at the entrance to the Art of Animation Resort </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Exterior of Animation Hall , central hall of the resort </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Swimming pool within the Finding Nemo section of the resort </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` New Disney hotel : Disney to build 2,000 - room hotel dubbed Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . TheDailyDisney.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` More details on Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . TheDisneyBlog.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Unveiled `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First look at new Art of Animation Resort concept art and rooms shown at Destination D: Walt Disney World '' . Inside the Magic . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Art of Animation Photo Gallery at HanBan Photos </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Walt Disney World Resorts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Deluxe </Th> <Th> Moderate </Th> <Th> Value </Th> <Th> Deluxe Villa / Disney Vacation Club </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magic Kingdom Resort Area </Th> <Td> Disney 's Contemporary Resort Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort Disney 's Wilderness Lodge </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge Copper Creek Villas & Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Epcot Resort Area </Th> <Td> Disney 's Beach Club Resort Disney 's BoardWalk Inn Disney 's Yacht Club Resort Star Wars Hotel </Td> <Td> Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Disney 's Beach Club Villas Disney 's BoardWalk Villas Disney Riviera Resort </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Animal Kingdom Resort Area </Th> <Td> Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge </Td> <Td> Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort </Td> <Td> Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort Disney 's All - Star Music Resort Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort </Td> <Td> Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney Springs Resort Area </Th> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Disney 's Port Orleans Resort - French Quarter Disney 's Port Orleans Resort - Riverside </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Disney 's Old Key West Resort Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area </Th> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Disney 's Pop Century Resort </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Campsites and cabins </Th> <Td colspan="4"> Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residental </Th> <Td colspan="4"> Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Disney Resorts </Th> <Td colspan="4"> B Resort & Spa Best Western Buena Vista Palace Doubletree Four Seasons Hilton Holiday Inn Shades of Green Walt Disney World Dolphin Walt Disney World Swan Wyndham </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 28 ° 21 ′ 0.98 '' N 81 ° 32 ′ 54.59 '' W  /  28.3502722 ° N 81.5484972 ° W  / 28.3502722 ; - 81.5484972 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney%27s_Art_of_Animation_Resort&oldid=799926127 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney World </Li> <Li> Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort </Li> <Li> Hotel buildings completed in 2012 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 17 : 08 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when did disney art of animation resort open

Gymnosperm - wikipedia <H1> Gymnosperm </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Gymnosperms Temporal range : 370 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Devonian - Present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Various gymnosperms . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Scientific classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom : </Td> <Td> Plantae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subkingdom : </Td> <Td> Embryophyta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( unranked ) : </Td> <Td> Gymnospermae ( paraphyletic ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Divisions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Pinophyta ( or Coniferophyta ) - Conifers Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo Cycadophyta - Cycads Gnetophyta - Gnetum , Ephedra , Welwitschia </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Encephalartos sclavoi cone , about 30 cm long <P> The gymnosperms are a group of seed - producing plants that includes conifers , cycads , Ginkgo , and gnetophytes . The term `` gymnosperm '' comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος ( γυμνός gymnos , `` naked '' and σπέρμα sperma , `` seed '' ) , meaning `` naked seeds '' . The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds ( called ovules in their unfertilized state ) . The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants ( angiosperms ) , which are enclosed within an ovary . Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves , which are often modified to form cones , or solitary as in Yew , Torreya , Ginkgo . </P> <P> The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants . The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla . Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta , Ginkgophyta , Gnetophyta , and Pinophyta ( also known as Coniferophyta ) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct . </P> <P> By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers ( pines , cypresses , and relatives ) , followed by cycads , gnetophytes ( Gnetum , Ephedra and Welwitschia ) , and Ginkgo biloba ( a single living species ) . Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of mycorrhiza ( Pinus ) , while in some others ( Cycas ) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen - fixing cyanobacteria . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Classification </Li> <Li> 2 Diversity and origin </Li> <Li> 3 Uses </Li> <Li> 4 Life cycle </Li> <Li> 5 Genetics </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Spermatophyte <P> In early classification schemes , the gymnosperms ( Gymnospermae ) were regarded as a `` natural '' group . There is conflicting evidence on the question of whether the living gymnosperms form a clade . The fossil record of gymnosperms includes many distinctive taxa that do not belong to the four modern groups , including seed - bearing trees that have a somewhat fern - like vegetative morphology ( the so - called `` seed ferns '' or pteridosperms . ) When fossil gymnosperms such as Bennettitales , Caytonia and the glossopterids are considered , it is clear that angiosperms are nested within a larger gymnosperm clade , although which group of gymnosperms is their closest relative remains unclear . </P> <P> For the most recent classification on extant gymnosperms see Christenhusz et al. ( 2011 ) . There are 12 families , 83 known genera with a total of ca 1080 known species ( Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ) . </P> <P> Subclass Cycadidae </P> <Ul> <Li> Order Cycadales <Ul> <Li> Family Cycadaceae : Cycas </Li> <Li> Family Zamiaceae : Dioon , Bowenia , Macrozamia , Lepidozamia , Encephalartos , Stangeria , Ceratozamia , Microcycas , Zamia . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Subclass Ginkgoidae </P> <Ul> <Li> Order Ginkgoales <Ul> <Li> Family Ginkgoaceae : Ginkgo </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Subclass Gnetidae </P> <Ul> <Li> Order Welwitschiales <Ul> <Li> Family Welwitschiaceae : Welwitschia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Order Gnetales <Ul> <Li> Family Gnetaceae : Gnetum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Order Ephedrales <Ul> <Li> Family Ephedraceae : Ephedra </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Subclass Pinidae </P> <Ul> <Li> Order Pinales <Ul> <Li> Family Pinaceae : Cedrus , Pinus , Cathaya , Picea , Pseudotsuga , Larix , Pseudolarix , Tsuga , Nothotsuga , Keteleeria , Abies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Order Araucariales <Ul> <Li> Family Araucariaceae : Araucaria , Wollemia , Agathis </Li> <Li> Family Podocarpaceae : Phyllocladus , Lepidothamnus , Prumnopitys , Sundacarpus , Halocarpus , Parasitaxus , Lagarostrobos , Manoao , Saxegothaea , Microcachrys , Pherosphaera , Acmopyle , Dacrycarpus , Dacrydium , Falcatifolium , Retrophyllum , Nageia , Afrocarpus , Podocarpus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Order Cupressales <Ul> <Li> Family Sciadopityaceae : Sciadopitys </Li> <Li> Family Cupressaceae : Cunninghamia , Taiwania , Athrotaxis , Metasequoia , Sequoia , Sequoiadendron , Cryptomeria , Glyptostrobus , Taxodium , Papuacedrus , Austrocedrus , Libocedrus , Pilgerodendron , Widdringtonia , Diselma , Fitzroya , Callitris ( incl . Actinostrobus and Neocallitropsis ) , Thujopsis , Thuja , Fokienia , Chamaecyparis , Callitropsis , Cupressus , Juniperus , Xanthocyparis , Calocedrus , Tetraclinis , Platycladus , Microbiota </Li> <Li> Family Taxaceae : Austrotaxus , Pseudotaxus , Taxus , Cephalotaxus , Amentotaxus , Torreya </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Diversity and origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are more than 1000 extant or currently living species of gymnosperms in 88 plant genera belonging to 14 plant families . </P> <P> It is widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the late Carboniferous period , replacing the lycopsid rainforests of the tropical region . This appears to have been the result of a whole genome duplication event around 319 million years ago . Early characteristics of seed plants were evident in fossil progymnosperms of the late Devonian period around 383 million years ago . It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era , pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of scorpionflies that had specialized proboscis for feeding on pollination drops . The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms , long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar - feeding insects on angiosperms . Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by Kalligrammatid lacewings , a now - extinct genus with members which ( in an example of convergent evolution ) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later . </P> Zamia integrifolia , a cycad native to Florida <P> Conifers are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families , with a total of 65 - 70 genera and 600 - 630 species ( 696 accepted names ) . Conifers are woody plants and most are evergreens . The leaves of many conifers are long , thin and needle - like , other species , including most Cupressaceae and some Podocarpaceae , have flat , triangular scale - like leaves . Agathis in Araucariaceae and Nageia in Podocarpaceae have broad , flat strap - shaped leaves . </P> <P> Cycads are the next most abundant group of gymnosperms , with two or three families , 11 genera , and approximately 338 species . A majority of cycads are native to tropical climates and are most abundantly found in regions near the equator . The other extant groups are the 95 - 100 species of Gnetales and one species of Ginkgo . </P> <H2> Uses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gymnosperms have major economic uses . Pine , fir , spruce , and cedar are all examples of conifers that are used for lumber , paper production , and resin . Some other common uses for gymnosperms are soap , varnish , nail polish , food , gum , and perfumes . </P> <H2> Life cycle ( edit ) </H2> Example of gymnosperm lifecycle <P> Gymnosperms , like all vascular plants , have a sporophyte - dominant life cycle , which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells , while the gametophyte ( gamete - bearing phase ) is relatively short - lived . Two spore types , microspores and megaspores , are typically produced in pollen cones or ovulate cones , respectively . Gametophytes , as with all heterosporous plants , develop within the spore wall . Pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) mature from microspores , and ultimately produce sperm cells . Megagametophytes develop from megaspores and are retained within the ovule . Gymnosperms produce multiple archegonia , which produce the female gamete . During pollination , pollen grains are physically transferred between plants from the pollen cone to the ovule . Pollen is usually moved by wind or insects . Whole grains enter each ovule through a microscopic gap in the ovule coat ( integument ) called the micropyle . The pollen grains mature further inside the ovule and produce sperm cells . Two main modes of fertilization are found in gymnosperms . Cycads and Ginkgo have motile sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule , whereas conifers and gnetophytes have sperm with no flagella that are moved along a pollen tube to the egg . After syngamy ( joining of the sperm and egg cell ) , the zygote develops into an embryo ( young sporophyte ) . More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed . The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female gametophyte , which serves as a food supply , and the seed coat . </P> <H2> Genetics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first published sequenced genome for any gymnosperm was the genome of Picea abies in 2013 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Gymnosperms on The Plant List '' . Theplantlist.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Raven , P.H. ( 2013 ) . Biology of Plants . New York : W.H. Freeman and Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer ; Douglas E. Soltis ; Mark W. Chase ( 2004 ) . `` The plant tree of life : an overview and some points of view '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1437 -- 1445 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1437 . PMID 21652302 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens , P.F. `` Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Seed Plant Evolution '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Jason , and Richard M. Bateman. 2006 . Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed - plant phylogeny . Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133 : 119 - 168 ( abstract ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christenhusz , M.J.M. ; Reveal , J.L. ; Farjon , A. ; Gardner , M.F. ; Mill , R.R. ; Chase , M.W. ( 2011 ) . `` A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms '' ( PDF ) . Phytotaxa. 19 : 55 -- 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christenhusz , M.J.M. ; Byng , J.W. ( 2016 ) . `` The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase '' . Phytotaxa . Magnolia Press . 261 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 217 . doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 261.3. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sahney , S. ; Benton , M.J. & Falcon - Lang , H.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica '' ( PDF ) . Geology. 38 ( 12 ) : 1079 -- 1082 . Bibcode : 2010Geo ... 38.1079 S . doi : 10.1130 / G31182. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell and Reece ; Biology , Eighth edition </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jiao Y , Wickett NJ , Ayyampalayam S , Chanderbali AS , Landherr L , Ralph PE , Tomsho LP , Hu Y , Liang H , Soltis PS , Soltis DE , Clifton SW , Schlarbaum SE , Schuster SC , Ma H , Leebens - Mack J , Depamphilis CW ( 2011 ) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms . Nature </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ollerton , J. ; Coulthard , E. ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of Animal Pollination '' . Science . 326 ( 5954 ) : 808 -- 809 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1181154 . PMID 19892970 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ren , D ; Labandeira , CC ; Santiago - Blay , JA ; Rasnitsyn , A ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms : Eurasian , Long - Proboscid Scorpionflies '' . Science . 326 ( 5954 ) : 840 -- 847 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1178338 . PMC 2944650 . PMID 19892981 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labandeira , Conrad C. ; Yang , Qiang ; Santiago - Blay , Jorge A. ; Hotton , Carol L. ; Monteiro , Antónia ; Wang , Yong - Jie ; Goreva , Yulia ; Shih , ChungKun ; Siljeström , Sandra ; Rose , Tim R. ; Dilcher , David L. ; Ren , Dong . `` The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 283 ( 1824 ) : 20152893 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2015.2893 . PMC 4760178 . PMID 26842570 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catalogue of Life : 2007 Annual checklist - Conifer database Archived January 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Reece , `` Phylum Coniferophyta . '' Biology . 7th . 2005 . Print . P. 595 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walters , Dirk R Walters Bonnie By ( 1996 ) . Vascular plant taxonomy . Dubuque , Iowa : Kendall / Hunt Pub. Co. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7872 - 2108 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nystedt , B ; Street , NR ; Wetterbom , A ; et al. ( May 2013 ) . `` The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution '' . Nature . 497 : 579 -- 584 . doi : 10.1038 / nature12211 . PMID 23698360 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gymnosperm . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Gymnosperm Database </Li> <Li> Gymnosperms on the Tree of Life </Li> <Li> Albert Seward ( 1911 ) . `` Gymnosperms '' . 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for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Taxonomic rank </Li> <Li> International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) </Li> <Li> Plant taxonomy systems </Li> <Li> Cultivated plant taxonomy <Ul> <Li> Citrus taxonomy </Li> <Li> cultigen <Ul> <Li> cultivar </Li> <Li> Group </Li> <Li> grex </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Practice </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agronomy </Li> <Li> Floriculture </Li> <Li> Forestry </Li> <Li> Horticulture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Lists </Li> <Li> Related topics </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Botanical terms </Li> <Li> Botanists <Ul> <Li> by author abbreviation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Botanical expedition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Domain </Dt> <Dd> Archaea </Dd> <Dd> Bacteria </Dd> <Dd> Eukaryota </Dd> <Dt> ( Supergroup </Dt> <Dd> Plant </Dd> <Dd> Hacrobia </Dd> <Dd> Heterokont </Dd> <Dd> Alveolata </Dd> <Dd> Rhizaria </Dd> <Dd> Excavata </Dd> <Dd> Amoebozoa </Dd> <Dd> Opisthokonta <Dl> <Dd> Animal </Dd> <Dd> Fungi ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rhodophyta ( red algae ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cyanidiophyceae </Li> <Li> Porphyridiophyceae </Li> <Li> Compsopogonophyceae </Li> <Li> Stylonematophyceae </Li> <Li> Rhodellophyceae </Li> <Li> Bangiophyceae </Li> <Li> Florideophyceae </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glaucocystophyta ( glaucophytes ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glaucocystophyceae <Ul> <Li> Glaucocystis </Li> <Li> Cyanophora </Li> <Li> Gloeochaete </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Viridiplantae ( green algae & land plants ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chlorophyta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Palmophyllales </Li> <Li> Nephroselmidophyceae </Li> <Li> Prasinophyceae </Li> <Li> Pseudoscourfieldiales </Li> <Li> Pyramimonadophyceae </Li> <Li> Scourfieldiales </Li> <Li> Pedinophyceae </Li> <Li> Chlorodendrophyceae </Li> <Li> UTC clade <Ul> <Li> Ulvophyceae </Li> <Li> Trebouxiophyceae </Li> <Li> Chlorophyceae </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Streptophyta ( charophytes , & land plants ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Mesostigmatophyceae </Li> <Li> Chlorokybophyceae </Li> <Li> Klebsormidiophyceae </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phragmo - plastophyta </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Charophyceae </Li> <Li> Coleochaetophyceae </Li> <Li> Zygnematophyceae </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embryophyta ( land plants ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bryophytes ( non-vascular ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marchantiophyta </Li> <Li> Anthocerotophyta </Li> <Li> Bryophyta `` Moss '' </Li> <Li> † Horneophytopsida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tracheophyta ( vascular ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lycopodiophyta ( microphylls ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> † Zosterophyllopsida </Li> <Li> † Sawdoniales </Li> <Li> Isoetopsida </Li> <Li> Lycopodiopsida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Euphyllophyta ( megaphylls ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Moniliformopses ( ferns ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> † Cladoxylopsida </Li> <Li> † Stauropteridales </Li> <Li> † Zygopteridales </Li> <Li> Equisetopsida </Li> <Li> Psilotopsida </Li> <Li> Marattiopsida </Li> <Li> Filicopsida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spermatophyta ( seed plants ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> † Seed ferns </Li> <Li> Gymnosperms <Ul> <Li> Gnetopsida </Li> <Li> Pinopsida </Li> <Li> Cycadopsida </Li> <Li> Ginkgoopsida </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Angiosperms or flowering plants <Ul> <Li> Amborellales </Li> <Li> Nymphaeales </Li> <Li> Austrobaileyales </Li> <Li> Magnoliids </Li> <Li> Monocots </Li> <Li> Eudicots </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> † Trimerophytopsida </Li> <Li> † Progymnosperm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> † Rhyniopsida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> † = extinct . See also the list of plant orders . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nuts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> True , or botanical nuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acorn </Li> <Li> Beech <Ul> <Li> American beech </Li> <Li> European beech </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Breadnut </Li> <Li> Candlenut </Li> <Li> Chestnut <Ul> <Li> Sweet chestnut </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hazelnut <Ul> <Li> American hazel </Li> <Li> Beaked hazel </Li> <Li> European hazel </Li> <Li> Filbert </Li> <Li> Asian hazel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Johnstone River almond </Li> <Li> Kola nut </Li> <Li> Kurrajong </Li> <Li> Malabar chestnut </Li> <Li> Mongongo </Li> <Li> Palm nut </Li> <Li> Karuka <Ul> <Li> Planted karuka </Li> <Li> Wild karuka </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red bopple nut </Li> <Li> Yellow walnut </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drupes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Almond </Li> <Li> Australian cashew nut </Li> <Li> Betel nut </Li> <Li> Borneo tallow nut </Li> <Li> Breadfruit </Li> <Li> Cashew </Li> <Li> Chilean hazel </Li> <Li> Coconut </Li> <Li> Durian </Li> <Li> Gabon nut </Li> <Li> Hickory <Ul> <Li> Mockernut hickory </Li> <Li> Pecan </Li> <Li> Shagbark hickory </Li> <Li> Shellbark hickory </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Irvingia gabonensis </Li> <Li> Jack nut </Li> <Li> Panda oleosa </Li> <Li> Pekea nut </Li> <Li> Pili nut </Li> <Li> Pistachio </Li> <Li> Walnut <Ul> <Li> Black walnut </Li> <Li> Butternut </Li> <Li> English walnut </Li> <Li> Heartnut </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gymnosperms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cycad <Ul> <Li> Burrawang nut </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ginkgo nut </Li> <Li> Araucaria spp . <Ul> <Li> Bunya nut </Li> <Li> Monkey - puzzle nut </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pine nut <Ul> <Li> Chilgoza pine </Li> <Li> Colorado pinyon </Li> <Li> Korean pine </Li> <Li> Mexican pinyon </Li> <Li> Single - leaf pinyon </Li> <Li> Stone pine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angiosperms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brazil nut </Li> <Li> Macadamia <Ul> <Li> Macadamia nut </Li> <Li> Queensland macadamia nut </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paradise nut </Li> <Li> Peanut </Li> <Li> Peanut tree </Li> <Li> Soybean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Taxon identifiers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wd : Q133712 </Li> <Li> EoL : 28872220 </Li> <Li> ITIS : 846506 </Li> <Li> Tropicos : 43000115 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4129481 - 6 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00569301 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&oldid=820812101 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Gymnosperms </Li> <Li> Plant taxonomy </Li> <Li> Extant Late Devonian first appearances </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with ' species ' microformats </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikispecies </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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the seed of a gymnosperm seed is made in the

Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 8 ) - wikipedia <H1> Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 8 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 8 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Hawaii Five - 0 ( season 8 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Hawaii Five - 0 Season 8 Promotional Poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alex O'Loughlin </Li> <Li> Scott Caan </Li> <Li> Meaghan Rath </Li> <Li> Jorge Garcia </Li> <Li> Taylor Wily </Li> <Li> Dennis Chun </Li> <Li> Kimee Balmilero </Li> <Li> Chi McBride </Li> <Li> Beulah Koale </Li> <Li> Ian Anthony Dale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The eighth season of the CBS police procedural drama series Hawaii Five - 0 premiered on September 29 , 2017 for the 2017 -- 18 television season . The season is expected to contain 24 episodes . </P> <P> This is the first season not to feature Daniel Dae Kim , Grace Park , and Masi Oka . This is also the first season to feature Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale , who joined as new main cast members . In addition , longtime recurring cast members Dennis Chun , Kimee Balmilero , and Taylor Wily were promoted to series regulars , while other longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale joined as a series regular in the seventh episode . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring cast </Li> <Li> 1.3 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Daniel Dae Kim 's and Grace Park 's departure controversies </Li> <Li> 3.2 Cast changes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alex O'Loughlin as Lieutenant Commander Steven `` Steve '' McGarrett , United States Navy Reserve </Li> <Li> Scott Caan as Detective Sergeant Daniel `` Danny '' `` Danno '' Williams , Honolulu Police Department </Li> <Li> Meaghan Rath as Officer Tani Rey </Li> <Li> Jorge Garcia as Special Consultant Jerry Ortega </Li> <Li> Taylor Wily as Kamekona Tupuola </Li> <Li> Dennis Chun as Sergeant Duke Lukela , Honolulu Police Department </Li> <Li> Kimee Balmilero as Dr. Noelani Cunha </Li> <Li> Chi McBride as Captain Lou Grover , Honolulu Police Department </Li> <Li> Beulah Koale as Police Candidate , later Officer assigned to Five - 0 Task Force , Junior Reigns </Li> <Li> Ian Anthony Dale as Adam Noshimuri </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Paige Hurd as Samantha Grover </Li> <Li> Teilor Grubbs as Grace Williams </Li> <Li> Zach Sulzbach as Charlie Williams </Li> <Li> Shawn Mokuahi Garnett as Flippa Tupuola </Li> <Li> Chosen Jacobs as Will Grover </Li> <Li> Al Harrington as Mamo Kahike </Li> <Li> Shawn Anthony Thomsen as Pua Kai </Li> <Li> Claire Forlani as Alicia Brown </Li> <Li> Andrew Lawrence as Eric Russo </Li> <Li> Kunal Sharma as Koa Rey </Li> <Li> Kekoa Kekumano as Nahele Huikala </Li> <Li> Christine Ko as Jessie Nomura </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Joey Lawrence as Aaron Wright , brother of world - class hacker Ian Wright </Li> <Li> Randy Couture as Jason Duclair </Li> <Li> Bob McCracken as DEA Agent Chris Reid </Li> <Li> Casper Van Dien as Roger Niles </Li> <Li> Chris Vance as Harry Langford , former MI6 agent </Li> <Li> Steven Brand as John Walcott </Li> <Li> Derek Mio as Derek Okada </Li> <Li> Leonardo Nam as Harley Taylor </Li> <Li> Reggie Lee as Joey Kang </Li> <Li> Will Yun Lee as Sang Min </Li> <Li> Lili Simmons as Melissa Armstrong </Li> <Li> Erika Brown as adult Grace Williams </Li> <Li> Joey Defore as 20 year - old Charlie Williams </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 169 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A'ole e ' olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia '' `` Fire Will Never Say that It Has Had Enough '' </Td> <Td> Bryan Spicer </Td> <Td> Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim & Rob Hanning </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 801 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Five - 0 investigates a world class hacker ( Joey Lawrence ) , who turns out to be the brother of serial hacker Ian Wright , after the former hacks into the Hawaii State prison and releases serial murderer / arsonist Jason DuClair ( Randy Couture ) . DuClair soon leads the team on a manhunt that ends with a massive wildfire . With Kono and Chin on the mainland running their own respective task forces , McGarrett and Danny recruit lifeguard and former police candidate Tani Rey ( Meaghan Rath ) to join the task force to assist them but she is reluctant to do so . Meanwhile , McGarrett and Danny begin to invest in a restaurant . </P> Note : This is the first episode to feature Meaghan Rath , Taylor Wily , Dennis Chun and Kimee Balmilero as series regulars . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 170 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Na La ' Ilio '' `` Dog Days '' </Td> <Td> Tara Miele </Td> <Td> David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 803 </Td> <Td> 8.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> After a failed DEA drug bust Five - 0 teams up with them to solve the case . Also former Navy SEAL Junior Reigns ( Beulah Koale ) turns to McGarrett looking for a job . Steve initially turns him down however , after he insists Steve introduces him to Duke Lukela then informs Junior that to become a part of the task force he will need to join and finish the Police academy . </P> Note : This is the first episode to feature Beulah Koale as a series regular . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 171 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Kau pahi , ko'u kua . Kau pu , ko'u po'o '' `` Your Knife , My Back . My Gun , Your Head . '' </Td> <Td> Eagle Egilsson </Td> <Td> David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 802 </Td> <Td> 8.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Five - 0 with the help of former MI6 agent Harry Langford ( guest star Chris Vance ) investigate the murder of Jimmy Okada and 9 members of his crime family . After his son Derek sends men to take out John Walcott , Five - 0 discovers that Walcott was more than a piano teacher , and that he was out seeking revenge for the death of his son Aiden , who died in a hit and run that Okada was responsible for . Also , Danny and Steve try their best by making dinner for Langford and his date . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 172 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` E uhi wale no ' a'ole e nalo , he imu puhi '' `` No Matter How Much One Covers a Steaming Imu , The Smoke Will Rise '' </Td> <Td> Antonio Negret </Td> <Td> Rob Hanning </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 804 </Td> <Td> 8.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Five - 0 's confidential informant Toast is murdered during a phone call between him and McGarrett . Five - 0 turns to Aaron Wright ( Joey Lawrence ) for help , but when Tani is ambushed in the hotel room with Wright , the team realise that Wright is behind the leak of their confidential informants . Kamekona is abducted by Joey Kang and beaten for information about lost money that Kang lost before he was captured . On another hand , Junior is proving efficient at the shooting field at the HPD academy , but after McGarrett finds him at a building set up for homeless people , he decides Junior can live with him while finishing at the academy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 173 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Kama'oma'o , ka ' aina huli hana '' `` At Kama'oma'o , The Land of Activities '' </Td> <Td> Bronwen Hughes </Td> <Td> Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 805 </Td> <Td> 8.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> On Halloween , Five - 0 ; later with the help of Alicia Brown ( Claire Forlani ) investigate the death of Tyler Riggins who is found dead in his truck stranded on the old Pali Highway . They are able to connect the recent murder of Bryon Hansen with Riggins ' murder , and discover that the murders are heavily based on old Hawaiian folklore and that it is the killers pattern . They later discover that the killer is Marissa Walker who has been missing for 12 years , and see her killings as her active revenge towards her sister . After talking to Hannah Bell , her daughter Lucey is kidnapped by Walker . Five - 0 manage to rescue Lucey before Walker can finish recreating what happened to herself . In the meantime , on the mainland ; Grover speaks to a captive named Sebastian Wake , who reveals true information about Clay Maxwell murdering his wife before he is executed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 174 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua '' `` Unfolded by the Water Are the Faces of the Flowers '' </Td> <Td> Carlos Bernard </Td> <Td> Eric Guggenheim & Zoe Robyn </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 808 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> When a man with a multiple personality disorder including a child and a protective father takes on the identity of a Honolulu Police Department officer and commits a series of murders Five - 0 must do everything they can to find him . Also Steve 's friends hold an intervention and hire a stress evaluator to try and help McGarrett reduce his stress . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 175 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Kau Ka ' Onohi Ali'i I Luna '' `` The Royal Eyes Rest Above '' </Td> <Td> Bryan Spicer </Td> <Td> Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 807 </Td> <Td> 9.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> After picking up Adam ( Ian Anthony Dale ) up from the airport McGarrett receives a call from Junior about a bank robbery in progress . Adam , Junior , and Steve then enter the bank and learn that the criminals escaped through a tunneled out hole in the safe . Steve pursues them through the tunnel while Adam and Junior follow on the street . Following an unsuccessful pursuit they then question a suspect who is then killed by one of the bank robbers while in the Iolani Palace . McGarrett and Grover pursue the suspects and are able to apprehend them following a gunfight . Also Tani keeps her brother from being arrested in a drug bust while Adam is forced to return to an empty home without Kono . </P> Note : This is the first episode to feature Ian Anthony Dale as a series regular . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 176 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala , Mai Ho'okolo Aku '' `` The Trail Leads To A Diving Place ; Do Not Follow After '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Liz Alper & Ally Seibert </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 806 </Td> <Td> 8.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Five - 0 is asked to investigate the plane crash of a stunt plane , which took the life of the famous stunt pilot Jason Sachs . Despite being refused access to investigate evidence by the NTSB , the team discovers it was a cover up , and take the lead investigator Callahan into custody . It 's later revealed that the real Sachs died in a car crash 6 years ago , and that the one that died was actually Luke Nixon , who had been going in as an informant undercover in the Guillermo crime family . The team manages to rescue Nixon 's wife and her son who were taken hostage by members of the crime family . Also , when a stunt plane happens to crash with Steve in it taking over for Nixon , he successfully manages to land . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 177 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Make Me Kai '' `` Death at Sea '' </Td> <Td> Maja Vrvilo </Td> <Td> David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 809 </Td> <Td> 9.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Five - 0 investigates a woman who was found adrift from shore unconscious . McGarrett , Danny , Tani and Junior discover a yacht abandoned at sea and find 11 dead bodies , however , McGarrett suspects that these victims were killed with a deadly bioweapon and fears that he and his team are exposed . Meanwhile , Adam , Grover and Jerry have only 8 hours to track down the people responsible and find a antidote to save the team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 178 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` I Ka Wa Ma Mua , I Ka Wa Ma Hope '' `` The Future is in the Past '' </Td> <Td> Peter Weller </Td> <Td> Zoe Robyn </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 810 </Td> <Td> 8.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Following the events of the previous episode the team is recovering at the hospital in quarantine . The room is breached and Danny is shot . The team is unable to leave the room because an explosive is placed on the door . While Steve performs life saving operations on Danny the bomb squad breaches the room and Danny receives the treatment he needs . Also while unconscious Danny dreams of a future where Grace is marrying Will Grover , Charlie becomes a member of the Honolulu Police Department and is offered a job on Five - 0 by Tani , Adam and Kono have a child , and Tani is the new leader of the Five - 0 Task Force at the rank of Captain and is married to Junior . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 179 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa '' `` A Tall Tree Stands Above the Others '' </Td> <Td> Tara Miele </Td> <Td> Rob Hanning </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 811 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> On Christmas Eve , Danny tells Charlie a bedtime story about injured veterans helping Five - 0 after Steve witnesses the aftermath of a gang of robbers dressed as Santa Claus . Also Junior officially becomes a member of the Five - 0 Task Force . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 180 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Ka Hopu Nui ' Ana '' `` The Round Up '' </Td> <Td> Eagle Egilsson </Td> <Td> David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 812 </Td> <Td> 9.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> When a government task - force is set up in the state with a goal to reduce gang related violence a member of the task force is killed in a bombing . The Five - 0 Task Force teams up with the government task - force , HPD , and the National Guard to solve the murder . Also Steve asks Adam to head up a special division within the Five - 0 Task Force which focuses solely on organized crime which he accepts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 181 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` O Ka Mea Ua Hala , Ua Hala Ia '' `` What is Gone is Gone '' </Td> <Td> Roderick Davis </Td> <Td> Sean O'Reilly </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 813 </Td> <Td> 9.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> When Lou and his son come across a man attempting to commit suicide Grover attempts to talk to him down while the rest of the team investigates the case in an attempt to prove his innocence . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 182 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia '' `` The Children of Kalaihaohia '' </Td> <Td> Peter Weller </Td> <Td> Story by : Peter M. Lenkov Teleplay by : Eric Guggenheim </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 814 </Td> <Td> 9.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> After Steve and Danny 's restaurant is robbed , McGarrett and Danny enlist help from Pua Kai at the Honolulu police to track down their stolen tools . Meanwhile , Five - 0 investigates a diamond smuggler corpse stolen from a graveyard , they must track down his partner before the stolen diamonds are smuggled out of Hawaii . Also , Adam recruits is first member of his organized crime task force as a confidential informant at the same time helps Tani 's brother get a job in construction . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 183 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` He puko'a kani ' aina '' `` A Coral Reef Strengthens Out into Land '' </Td> <Td> Bryan Spicer </Td> <Td> David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 815 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for an eighth season , which premiered on September 29 , 2017 . Filming for the season began in July 2017 . </P> <H3> Daniel Dae Kim 's and Grace Park 's departure controversies ( edit ) </H3> <P> On June 30 , 2017 , ahead of the series 's eighth season , it was announced that series regulars Daniel Dae Kim and Grace Park would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS . Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co-stars Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan , but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios . CBS 's final offer to Kim and Park was 10 -- 15 % lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary . An update of their characters would be given in the first episode of the new season . </P> <H3> Cast changes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following Kim 's and Park 's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale who portrays Kono Kalakaua 's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season . It was also announced that Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale would join the series as new characters and new members of Five - 0 . </P> <P> On July 21 , 2017 , it was announced that recurring cast members Taylor Wily , Kimee Balmilero , and Dennis Chun would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> List of live and DVR ratings ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No </Th> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> 18 - 49 rating </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Weekly rank </Th> <Th> Live + 7 18 - 49 </Th> <Th> Live + 7 viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> A'ole e ' olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> <Td> # 22 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 11.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Na La ' Ilio </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 8.53 </Td> <Td> # 16 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 11.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kau pahi , ko'u kua . Kau pu , ko'u po'o </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 8.51 </Td> <Td> # 16 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 11.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E uhi wale no ' a'ole e nalo , he imu puhi </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 8.67 </Td> <Td> # 15 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 11.54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Kama'oma'o , ka ' aina huli hana </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 8.63 </Td> <Td> # 15 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 11.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> # 17 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 12.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Kau Ka ' Onohi Ali'i I Luna </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 9.17 </Td> <Td> # 16 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 11.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala , Mai Ho'okolo Aku </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 8.56 </Td> <Td> # 17 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 11.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Make Me Kai </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 9.07 </Td> <Td> # 9 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 11.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> I Ka Wa Ma Mua , I Ka Wa Ma Hope </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 8.48 </Td> <Td> # 13 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> <Td> # 15 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Ka Hopu Nui ' Ana </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 9.96 </Td> <Td> # 8 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 9.38 </Td> <Td> # 10 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 9.14 </Td> <Td> # 10 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> He puko'a kani'aina </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2018 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 Gives Kono 's Husband a Promotion , Adds Two in Cast Shake - Up '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - hawaii five - 0 on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Monday , November 6 '' . The Futon Critic . United State : Futon Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' rerun adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # HF815 ) `` He puko'a kani ' aina ( A Coral Reef Strengthens Out into Land ) '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon ' , ' 9 JKL ' & Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` Daniel Dae Kim , Grace Park Exit ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 shocker : Grace Park , Daniel Dae Kim exit ahead of season 8 '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' : Ian Anthony Dale Upped To Regular , Meaghan Rath & Beulah Koale Join Cast After Shake - Up '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaii actors Chun , Wily , Balmilero join main ' Five - 0 ' cast '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser. 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and NFL carry NBC to 18 - 49 victory in week 4 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Football reigns supreme in week 10 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Will & Grace ' and of course NFL carry NBC to the top : Week 11 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Football powers NBC and CBS to the top in week 12 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` NFL playoffs , Golden Globes carry NBC to No. 1 : Week 15 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` NFL playoffs boost CBS and FOX : Week 16 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes on IMDb </Li> <Li> List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes at TV.com </Li> <Li> List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes at The Futon Critic </Li> <Li> Hawaii Five - 0 at epguides.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hawaii Five - O and Hawaii Five - 0 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wo Fat </Li> <Li> Steve McGarrett </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 -- 80 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Ina Paha ( If Perhaps ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series,_season_8)&oldid=822336951 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 American television seasons </Li> <Li> 2018 American television seasons </Li> <Li> Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter </Li> <Li> Pages using div col with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 20 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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cast of hawaii five o season 8 episode 9

Subcutaneous injection - wikipedia <H1> Subcutaneous injection </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Subcut '' redirects here . For the song by Grand Mixer DXT featuring Bill Laswell , see Aftermathematics . Play media 3D animation of a subcutaneous injection <P> A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis , the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis , collectively referred to as the cutis . Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin , morphine , diacetylmorphine and goserelin . Subcutaneous , as opposed to intravenous , injection of recreational drugs is referred to as `` skin popping '' . Subcutaneous administration may be abbreviated as SC , SQ , sub-cu , sub-Q , SubQ , or subcut . Subcut is the preferred abbreviation for patient safety . </P> <P> Subcutaneous tissue has few blood vessels and so drugs injected here are for slow , sustained rates of absorption . It is slower than intramuscular injections but still faster than intradermal injections . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Injection sites </Li> <Li> 2 Equipment </Li> <Li> 3 Procedure </Li> <Li> 4 Subcutaneous insulin injections in diabetes mellitus </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Injection sites ( edit ) </H2> Subcutaneous injection sites <P> Sites include , </P> <Ul> <Li> The outer area of the upper arm . </Li> <Li> The abdomen , from the rib margin to the iliac crest and avoiding a 2 - inch circle around the navel . This has the fastest rate of absorption among the sites . </Li> <Li> The front of the thigh , midway to the outer side , 4 inches below the top of the thigh to 4 inches above the knee . This has a slower rate of absorption than the upper arm . </Li> <Li> The upper back . </Li> <Li> The upper area of the buttock , just behind the hip bone . This has the slowest rate of absorption among the sites . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Equipment ( edit ) </H2> <P> A 25 to 31 gauge thick , 3 / 8 '' to 1 '' long needle can be used . The size is determined by the amount of subcutaneous tissue present , which is based on patient build . The 3 / 8 '' and 5 / 8 '' needles are most commonly used . Usually , no more than 1 mL of solution is given , compared to intradermal injections , where no more than 0.5 mL is usually given . </P> <H2> Procedure ( edit ) </H2> <P> Subcutaneous injections are inserted at 45 to 90 degree angles , depending on amount of subcutaneous tissue present and length of needle - a shorter , 3 / 8 '' needle is usually inserted 90 degrees and a 5 / 8 '' needle is usually inserted at 45 degrees . Medication is administered slowly , about 10 seconds / milliliter . </P> <H2> Subcutaneous insulin injections in diabetes mellitus ( edit ) </H2> An insulin pump with a subcutaneous injection site . <P> A person with insulin - dependent ( either type 1 or type 2 ) diabetes mellitus typically injects insulin subcutaneously . </P> <P> The injection should be given under the skin , into the fat layer . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Intramuscular injection </Li> <Li> Intravenous injection </Li> <Li> Intradermal injection </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` subcutaneous injection '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ISMP 's List of Error - Prone Abbreviations , Symbols , and Dose Designations '' ( PDF ) . www.ismp.org. 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taylor , C.R. , Lillis , C. , LeMone , P. , Lynn , P. ( 2011 ) Fundamentals of nursing : The art and science of nursing care . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , page 749 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Insulin Administration '' . Diabetes Care . 25 ( suppl 1 ) : s112 -- s115 . January 2002 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 25.2007. s112 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Routes of administration , dosage forms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Digestive tract ( enteral ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Solids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pill </Li> <Li> Tablet </Li> <Li> Capsule </Li> <Li> Pastille </Li> <Li> Time release technology </Li> <Li> Osmotic delivery system ( OROS ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liquids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Decoction </Li> <Li> Elixir </Li> <Li> Electuary </Li> <Li> Emulsion </Li> <Li> Extended - release syrup </Li> <Li> Effervescent powder or tablet </Li> <Li> Herbal tea </Li> <Li> Hydrogel </Li> <Li> Molecular encapsulation </Li> <Li> Powder </Li> <Li> Softgel </Li> <Li> Solution </Li> <Li> Suspension </Li> <Li> Syrup </Li> <Li> Syrup Concentrate for dilution and / or addition of carbonated water </Li> <Li> Tincture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Buccal ( sublabial ) , sublingual </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Solids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Orally disintegrating tablet ( ODT ) </Li> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Lollipop </Li> <Li> Sublingual drops </Li> <Li> Lozenges </Li> <Li> Effervescent buccal tablet </Li> <Li> Chewing gum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liquids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mouthwash </Li> <Li> Toothpaste </Li> <Li> Ointment </Li> <Li> Oral spray </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Respiratory tract </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Solids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Smoking device </Li> <Li> Dry - powder inhaler ( DPI ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 0 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liquids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anaesthetic vaporizer </Li> <Li> Vaporizer </Li> <Li> Nebulizer </Li> <Li> Metered - dose inhaler ( MDI ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula </Li> <Li> Oxygen concentrator </Li> <Li> Anaesthetic machine </Li> <Li> Relative analgesia machine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ophthalmic , otologic , nasal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nasal spray </Li> <Li> Ear drops </Li> <Li> Eye drops </Li> <Li> Ointment </Li> <Li> Hydrogel </Li> <Li> Nanosphere suspension </Li> <Li> Insufflation </Li> <Li> Mucoadhesive microdisc ( microsphere tablet ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urogenital </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ointment </Li> <Li> Pessary ( vaginal suppository ) </Li> <Li> Vaginal ring </Li> <Li> Vaginal douche </Li> <Li> Intrauterine device ( IUD ) </Li> <Li> Extra-amniotic infusion </Li> <Li> Intravesical infusion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rectal ( enteral ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ointment </Li> <Li> Suppository </Li> <Li> Enema <Ul> <Li> Solution </Li> <Li> Hydrogel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Murphy drip </Li> <Li> Nutrient enema </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dermal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ointment </Li> <Li> Topical cream </Li> <Li> Topical gel </Li> <Li> Liniment </Li> <Li> Paste </Li> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> DMSO drug solution </Li> <Li> Electrophoretic dermal delivery system </Li> <Li> Hydrogel </Li> <Li> Liposomes </Li> <Li> Transfersome vesicles </Li> <Li> Cream </Li> <Li> Lotion </Li> <Li> Lip balm </Li> <Li> Medicated shampoo </Li> <Li> Dermal patch </Li> <Li> Transdermal patch </Li> <Li> Contact ( rubbed into break in the skin ) </Li> <Li> Transdermal spray </Li> <Li> Jet injector </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Injection , infusion ( into tissue / blood ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Skin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intradermal </Li> <Li> Subcutaneous </Li> <Li> Transdermal implant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intracavernous </Li> <Li> Intravitreal </Li> <Li> Intra-articular injection </Li> <Li> Transscleral </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central nervous system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intracerebral </Li> <Li> Intrathecal </Li> <Li> Epidural </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Circulatory , musculoskeletal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intravenous </Li> <Li> Intracardiac </Li> <Li> Intramuscular </Li> <Li> Intraosseous </Li> <Li> Intraperitoneal </Li> <Li> Nanocell injection </Li> <Li> Patient - Controlled Analgesia pump </Li> <Li> PIC line </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> <Li> Pharmacy portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subcutaneous_injection&oldid=827949994 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Dosage forms </Li> <Li> Routes of administration </Li> <Li> Injection ( medicine ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 18 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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where would a subcutaneous injection be made in the skin

Government revenue - Wikipedia <H1> Government revenue </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Public finance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Policies ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Agricultural </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Industrial </Li> <Li> Investment </Li> <Li> Social </Li> <Li> Trade </Li> <Li> Fiscal </Li> <Li> Monetary </Li> <Li> Policy mix </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fiscal policy ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Budget <Ul> <Li> policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Debt <Ul> <Li> external </Li> <Li> internal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deficit / surplus </Li> <Li> Finance ministry </Li> <Li> Fiscal union </Li> <Li> Revenue </Li> <Li> Spending <Ul> <Li> deficit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monetary policy ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bank reserves <Ul> <Li> requirements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Discount window </Li> <Li> Gold reserves </Li> <Li> Interest rate </Li> <Li> Monetary authority <Ul> <Li> central bank </Li> <Li> currency board </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Monetary base </Li> <Li> Monetary ( currency ) union </Li> <Li> Money supply </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trade policy ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Balance of trade </Li> <Li> Free trade </Li> <Li> Gains from trade </Li> <Li> Non-tariff barrier </Li> <Li> Protectionism </Li> <Li> Tariff </Li> <Li> Trade bloc </Li> <Li> Trade creation </Li> <Li> Trade diversion </Li> <Li> Trade / commerce ministry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Revenue </Li> <Li> Spending </Li> </Ul> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Non-tax revenue </Li> <Li> Tax revenue </Li> <Li> Discretionary spending </Li> <Li> Mandatory spending </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Optimum ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Balanced budget </Li> <Li> Economic growth </Li> <Li> Price stability </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reform ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Fiscal adjustment </Li> <Li> Monetary reform </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Government revenue is money received by a government . It is an important tool of the fiscal policy of the government and is the opposite factor of government spending . Revenues earned by the government are received from sources such as taxes levied on the incomes and wealth accumulation of individuals and corporations and on the goods and services produced , exports and imports , non-taxable sources such as government - owned corporations ' incomes , central bank revenue and capital receipts in the form of external loans and debts from international financial institutions . It is used to benefit the country . Governments use revenue to better develop the country , to fix roads , build homes , fix schools etc . The money that government collects pays for the services that is provided for the people . The sources of finance used by the central government are mainly taxes paid by the public . </P> <P> Seignorage is one of the ways a government can increase revenue , by deflating the value of its currency in exchange for surplus revenue , by saving money this way Governments can increase the price of goods too far . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Sources </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <P> Governments across the world earn `` public revenue '' from the following main sources : </P> <Ul> <Li> Tax revenue </Li> <Li> Non-tax revenue </Li> <Li> Capital receipts </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government budget </Li> <Li> Government budget by country </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Revenue '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This government - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This finance - related article is a stub . 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which of the following is the federal governments biggest source of tax revenue

Small intestine - wikipedia <H1> Small intestine </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Small Intestine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Diagram showing the small intestine and surrounding structures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System </Th> <Td> Digestive system </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artery </Th> <Td> Superior mesenteric artery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vein </Th> <Td> Hepatic portal vein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nerve </Th> <Td> Celiac ganglia , vagus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lymph </Th> <Td> Intestinal lymph trunk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Intestinum tenue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D007421 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A05. 6.01. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 7200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine , and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place . The small intestine has three distinct regions -- the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins . It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct , controlled by the sphincter of Oddi . The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food , using small finger - like protrusions called villi . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Size </Li> <Li> 1.2 Parts </Li> <Li> 1.3 Blood supply </Li> <Li> 1.4 Histology </Li> <Li> 1.5 Development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Function <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Digestion </Li> <Li> 2.2 Absorption </Li> <Li> 2.3 Immunological </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Gene and protein expression </Li> <Li> 4 Clinical significance </Li> <Li> 5 Other animals </Li> <Li> 6 Society and culture </Li> <Li> 7 Additional images </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Size ( edit ) </H3> <P> The length of the small intestine can vary greatly , from as short as 2.75 m ( 9.0 ft ) to as long as 10.49 m ( 34.4 ft ) . The average length in a living person is 3m - 5m . The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured . Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty . </P> <P> It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age , and 2.5 -- 3 cm ( 1 inch ) in diameter in adults . On abdominal X-rays , the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm . On CT scans , a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated . The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa , due to enlargement caused by folds , villi and microvilli , averages 30 square meters . </P> <H3> Parts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The small intestine is divided into three structural parts . </P> <Ul> <Li> The duodenum is a short structure ranging from 20 cm ( 7.9 inches ) to 25 cm ( 9.8 inches ) in length , and shaped like a `` C '' . It surrounds the head of the pancreas . It receives gastric chyme from the stomach , together with digestive juices from the pancreas ( digestive enzymes ) and the liver ( bile ) . The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles . The duodenum contains Brunner 's glands , which produce a mucus - rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate . These secretions , in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas , neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme . </Li> <Li> The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine , connecting the duodenum to the ileum . It is about 2.5 m long , and contains the plicae circulares , and villi that increase its surface area . Products of digestion ( sugars , amino acids , and fatty acids ) are absorbed into the bloodstream here . The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum . </Li> <Li> The ileum : The final section of the small intestine . It is about 3 m long , and contains villi similar to the jejunum . It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids , as well as any other remaining nutrients . The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction . </Li> </Ul> <P> The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery . The mesentery is part of the peritoneum . Arteries , veins , lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery . </P> <H3> Blood supply ( edit ) </H3> <P> The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery . These are both branches of the aorta . The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery . These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose . The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery . Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades , which may be several layers deep . Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves . </P> <H3> Histology ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gastrointestinal wall Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing the intestinal villi and crypts of Lieberkühn . <P> The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level , but there are some important differences . The parts of the intestine are as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Layer </Th> <Th> Duodenum </Th> <Th> Jejunum </Th> <Th> Ileum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serosa </Td> <Td> 1st part serosa , 2nd -- 4th adventitia </Td> <Td> Normal </Td> <Td> Normal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muscularis externa </Td> <Td> Longitudinal and circular layers , with Auerbach 's ( myenteric ) plexus in between </Td> <Td> Same as duodenum </Td> <Td> Same as duodenum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Submucosa </Td> <Td> Brunner 's glands and Meissner 's ( submucosal ) plexus </Td> <Td> No BG </Td> <Td> No BG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mucosa : muscularis mucosae </Td> <Td> Normal </Td> <Td> Normal </Td> <Td> Normal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mucosa : lamina propria </Td> <Td> No PP </Td> <Td> No PP </Td> <Td> Peyer 's patches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mucosa : intestinal epithelium </Td> <Td> Simple columnar . Contains goblet cells , Paneth cells </Td> <Td> Similar to duodenum </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> See also : Development of the digestive system <P> The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube . By the fifth week of embryological life , the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate , forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop . The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus . By week 10 , the loop retracts back into the abdomen . Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise , as viewed from the front of the embryo . It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen . This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter . </P> <H3> Digestion ( edit ) </H3> <P> The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place . Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct . Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin , which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients . Secretin , another hormone produced in the small intestine , causes additional effects on the pancreas , where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach . </P> <P> The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins , lipids ( fats ) and carbohydrates : </P> <Ul> <Li> Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption . Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine . Proteolytic enzymes , including trypsin and chymotrypsin , are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides . Carboxypeptidase , which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme , splits one amino acid at a time . Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products . </Li> <Li> Lipids ( fats ) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol . Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides . Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder . Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them , which aids access by pancreatic lipase . This occurs because the lipase is water - soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings . The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption . </Li> <Li> Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars , or monosaccharides ( e.g. , glucose ) . Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates ( notably starch ) into oligosaccharides . Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria . Brush border enzymes take over from there . The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase , which further break down oligosaccharides . Other brush border enzymes are maltase , sucrase and lactase . Lactase is absent in some adult humans and , for them , lactose , like most poly - saccharides , is not digested in the small intestine . Some carbohydrates , such as cellulose , are not digested at all , despite being made of multiple glucose units . This is because the cellulose is made out of beta - glucose , making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch , which consists of alpha - glucose . Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta - glucose - bonds , something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Absorption ( edit ) </H3> <P> Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport . The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed . The inner wall , or mucosa , of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue . Structurally , the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares , which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ . They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction . From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger - like pieces of tissue called villi ( Latin for `` shaggy hair '' ) . The individual epithelial cells also have finger - like projections known as microvilli . The functions of the plicae circulares , the villi , and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients , and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna . </P> <P> Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface . The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries ( amino acids and carbohydrates ) and lacteals ( lipids ) . The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body . The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine . </P> <P> Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum , with the following notable exceptions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Iron is absorbed in the duodenum . </Li> <Li> Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum . </Li> <Li> Water is absorbed by osmosis and lipids by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport </Li> <Li> Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Immunological ( edit ) </H3> <P> The small intestine supports the body 's immune system . The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host 's immune system . Peyer 's patches , located within the ileum of the small intestine , are an important part of the digestive tract 's local immune system . They are part of the lymphatic system , and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled , and subsequently presented to the immune system . </P> <H2> Gene and protein expression ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression <P> About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum . Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine . The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa , such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6 . Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum , for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> See also : Gastrointestinal disease <P> The small intestine is a complex organ , and as such , there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel . A few of them are listed below , some of which are common , with up to 10 % of people being affected at some time in their lives , while others are vanishingly rare . </P> <Ul> <Li> Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders <Ul> <Li> Paralytic ileus </Li> <Li> Volvulus </Li> <Li> Hernia </Li> <Li> Intussusception </Li> <Li> Adhesions </Li> <Li> Obstruction from external pressure </Li> <Li> Obstruction by masses in the lumen ( foreign bodies , bezoar , gallstones ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Infectious diseases <Ul> <Li> Giardiasis </Li> <Li> Ascariasis </Li> <Li> Tropical sprue </Li> <Li> Tape worm ( Diphyllobothrium latum , Taenia solium , Hymenolepsis nana ) </Li> <Li> Hookworm ( e.g. Necator americanus , Ancylostoma duodenale ) </Li> <Li> Nematodes ( e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides ) </Li> <Li> Other Protozoa ( e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum , Cyclospora , Microsporidia , Entamoeba histolytica ) </Li> <Li> Bacterial infections <Ul> <Li> Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli </Li> <Li> Salmonella enterica </Li> <Li> Campylobacter </Li> <Li> Shigella </Li> <Li> Yersinia </Li> <Li> Clostridium difficile ( antibiotic - associated colitis , Pseudomembranous colitis ) </Li> <Li> Mycobacterium ( Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis , disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) </Li> <Li> Whipple 's disease </Li> <Li> Vibrio ( cholera ) </Li> <Li> Enteric ( typhoid ) fever ( Salmonella enterica var . typhii ) and paratyphoid fever </Li> <Li> Bacillus cereus </Li> <Li> Clostridium perfringens ( gas gangrene ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Viral infections <Ul> <Li> Rotavirus </Li> <Li> Norovirus </Li> <Li> Astrovirus </Li> <Li> Adenovirus </Li> <Li> Calicivirus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Neoplasms ( cancers ) <Ul> <Li> Adenocarcinoma </Li> <Li> Carcinoid </Li> <Li> Gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST ) </Li> <Li> Lymphoma </Li> <Li> Sarcoma </Li> <Li> Leiomyoma </Li> <Li> Metastatic tumors , especially SCLC or melanoma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Developmental , congenital or genetic conditions <Ul> <Li> Duodenal ( intestinal ) atresia </Li> <Li> Hirschsprung 's disease </Li> <Li> Meckel 's diverticulum </Li> <Li> Pyloric stenosis </Li> <Li> Pancreas divisum </Li> <Li> Ectopic pancreas </Li> <Li> Enteric duplication cyst </Li> <Li> Situs inversus </Li> <Li> Cystic fibrosis </Li> <Li> Malrotation </Li> <Li> Persistent urachus </Li> <Li> Omphalocele </Li> <Li> Gastroschisis </Li> <Li> Disaccharidase ( lactase ) deficiencies </Li> <Li> Primary bile acid malabsorption </Li> <Li> Gardner syndrome </Li> <Li> Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome ( FAP ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Other conditions <Ul> <Li> Crohn 's disease , and the more general inflammatory bowel disease </Li> <Li> Typhlitis ( neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed </Li> <Li> Coeliac disease ( sprue or non-tropical sprue ) </Li> <Li> Mesenteric ischemia </Li> <Li> Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein </Li> <Li> Arteriovenous malformation </Li> <Li> Gastric dumping syndrome </Li> <Li> Irritable bowel syndrome </Li> <Li> Duodenal ( peptic ) ulcers </Li> <Li> Gastrointestinal perforation </Li> <Li> Hyperthyroidism </Li> <Li> Diverticulitis </Li> <Li> Radiation enterocolitis </Li> <Li> Mesenteric cysts </Li> <Li> Peritoneal Infection </Li> <Li> Sclerosing retroperitonitis </Li> <Li> Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth </Li> <Li> Endometriosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other animals ( edit ) </H2> <P> The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts , although its form and length vary enormously between species . In teleosts , it is relatively short , typically around one and a half times the length of the fish 's body . It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca , small pouch - like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food . There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts , with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu </P> <P> In tetrapods , the ileocaecal valve is always present , opening into the colon . The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts , but is especially so in herbivores , as well as in mammals and birds , which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles . The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates , but only in mammals do these develop into true villi . </P> <P> The boundaries between the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans , and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals , or are essentially arbitrary . </P> <P> There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish , such as sharks , sturgeons , and lungfish . Instead , the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine , connecting the stomach to the rectum . In this type of gut , the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion , sometimes for dozens of turns . This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine . The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods . </P> <P> In lampreys , the spiral valve is extremely small , possibly because their diet requires little digestion . Hagfish have no spiral valve at all , with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine , which is not subdivided into different regions . </P> <H2> Society and culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> In traditional Chinese medicine , the small intestine is a yang organ . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Small intestine in situ , greater omentum folded upwards . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum , seen from in front ( diagrammatic ) . The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum , seen from in front ( diagrammatic ) . The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium ( lesser omentum ) have been cut . The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum , seen from the side ( diagrammatic ) . From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Small intestine . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Large intestine </Li> <Li> Stomach </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ human body Britannica.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : DiBaise , John K. ; Parrish , Carol Rees ; Thompson , Jon S. ( 2016 ) . Short Bowel Syndrome : Practical Approach to Management . CRC Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781498720809 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ( 2014 ) . Principles of Anatomy & Physiology . USA : Wiley . p. 913 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 ... its length is about 3m in a living person and about 6.5 m in a cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone after death . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( 2016 ) . Gray 's Anatomy . UK : Elsevier . p. 1124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 5230 - 9 ... and has a mean length of 5 metres ( 3 - 8.5 metres ) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult ( Tietelbaum et al 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Debora Duro , Daniel Kamin ( 2007 ) . `` Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation '' . Colombia Médica. 38 ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ali Nawaz Khan ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Small - Bowel Obstruction Imaging '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern '' . radiologymasterclass.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gazelle , GS ; Goldberg , MA ; Wittenberg , J ; Halpern , EF ; Pinkney , L ; Mueller , PR ( 1994 ) . `` Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small - bowel obstruction from other causes of small - bowel dilatation '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 47 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 162.1. 8273687 . ISSN 0361 - 803X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helander , Herbert F ; Fändriks , Lars ( 2015 ) . `` Surface area of the digestive tract -- revisited '' . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 49 ( 6 ) : 681 -- 689 . doi : 10.3109 / 00365521.2014. 898326 . ISSN 0036 - 5521 . PMID 24694282 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . pp. 295 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; Bleyl , Steven B. ; Brauer , Philip R. ; Francis - West , Philippa H. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 237 . ISBN 9780443068119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silk DB ( 1974 ) . `` Progress report . Peptide absorption in man '' . Gut. 15 ( 6 ) : 494 -- 501 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 15.6. 494 . PMC 1413009 . PMID 4604970 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Intestinal immune cells play an unexpected role in immune surveillance of the bloodstream '' . Massachusetts General Hospital . 13 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canny , G.O. ; McCormick , B.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Bacteria in the Intestine , Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within ? '' . Infection and Immunity. 76 ( 8 ) : 3360 -- 3373 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 00187 - 08 . ISSN 0019 - 9567 . PMC 2493210 . PMID 18474643 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in small intestine - The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uhlén , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gremel , Gabriela ; Wanders , Alkwin ; Cedernaes , Jonathan ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ; Uhlén , Mathias ; Pontén , Fredrik ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The human gastrointestinal tract - specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody - based profiling '' . Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 57 . doi : 10.1007 / s00535 - 014 - 0958 - 7 . ISSN 0944 - 1174 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 349 -- 353 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter ( ed . ) , Roy ( 1997 ) . Medicine : a history of healing . ( S.l. ) : Diane Pub Co. p. 104 . ISBN 9780756751432 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sherwood , Lauralee ( 2006 ) . Fundamentals of physiology : a human perspective ( Third ed . ) . Florence , KY : Cengage Learning . p. 768 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46697 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Solomon et al. ( 2002 ) Biology Sixth Edition , Brooks - Cole / Thomson Learning ISBN 0 - 03 - 033503 - 5 </Li> <Li> Townsend et al. ( 2004 ) Sabiston Textbook of Surgery , Elsevier ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0409 - 9 </Li> <Li> Thomson A , Drozdowski L , Iordache C , Thomson B , Vermeire S , Clandinin M , Wild G ( 2003 ) . `` Small bowel review : Normal physiology , part 1 '' . Dig Dis Sci. 48 ( 8 ) : 1546 -- 64 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024719925058 . PMID 12924651 . </Li> <Li> Thomson A , Drozdowski L , Iordache C , Thomson B , Vermeire S , Clandinin M , Wild G ( 2003 ) . `` Small bowel review : Normal physiology , part 2 '' . Dig Dis Sci. 48 ( 8 ) : 1565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024724109128 . 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where are most nutrients absorbed in the human digestive tract

Gamete - wikipedia <H1> Gamete </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sex </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological terms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sexual dimorphism </Li> <Li> Sexual differentiation <Ul> <Li> Feminization </Li> <Li> Virilization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sex - determination system <Ul> <Li> XY </Li> <Li> X0 </Li> <Li> ZW </Li> <Li> Z0 </Li> <Li> Temperature - dependent </Li> <Li> Haplodiploidy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Heterogametic sex </Li> <Li> Homogametic sex </Li> <Li> Sex chromosome <Ul> <Li> X chromosome </Li> <Li> Y chromosome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Testis - determining factor </Li> <Li> Hermaphrodite <Ul> <Li> Sequential hermaphroditism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Intersex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sexual reproduction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evolution of sexual reproduction <Ul> <Li> Anisogamy </Li> <Li> Isogamy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Germ cell </Li> <Li> Meiosis </Li> <Li> Gametogenesis <Ul> <Li> Spermatogenesis </Li> <Li> Oogenesis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gamete <Ul> <Li> spermatozoon </Li> <Li> ovum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fertilization <Ul> <Li> External fertilization </Li> <Li> Internal fertilization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sexual selection </Li> <Li> Plant reproduction </Li> <Li> Fungal reproduction </Li> <Li> Sexual reproduction in animals <Ul> <Li> Sexual intercourse </Li> <Li> Copulation </Li> <Li> Human reproduction </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sexuality </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Plant sexuality </Li> <Li> Animal sexuality </Li> <Li> Human sexuality <Ul> <Li> Mechanics </Li> <Li> Differentiation </Li> <Li> Activity </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sex portal </Li> <Li> Biology portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A gamete ( from Ancient Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein `` to marry '' ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization ( conception ) in organisms that sexually reproduce . In species that produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes , and in which each individual produces only one type , a female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete -- called an ovum ( or egg ) -- and a male produces the smaller tadpole - like type -- called a sperm . In short a gamete is an egg ( female gamete ) or a sperm ( male gamete ) . This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy , the condition in which females and males produce gametes of different sizes ( this is the case in humans ; the human ovum has approximately 100,000 times the volume of a single human sperm cell ) . In contrast , isogamy is the state of gametes from both sexes being the same size and shape , and given arbitrary designators for mating type . The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel . Gametes carry half the genetic information of an individual , one ploidy of each type , and are created through meiosis . </P> <P> Oogenesis is the process of female gamete formation in animals . This process involves meiosis ( including meiotic recombination ) occurring in the diploid primary oocyte to produce the haploid ovum ( gamete ) . Spermatogenesis is the process of male gamete formation in animals . This process also involves meiosis ( including meiotic recombination ) occurring in the diploid primary spermatocyte to produce the haploid spermatozoon ( gamete ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Dissimilarity </Li> <Li> 2 Sex determination in humans and birds </Li> <Li> 3 Artificial gametes </Li> <Li> 4 Plants </Li> <Li> 5 Notes and references </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Dissimilarity ( edit ) </H2> <P> In contrast to a gamete , the diploid somatic cells of an individual contain one copy of the chromosome set from the sperm and one copy of the chromosome set from the egg cell ; that is , the cells of the offspring have genes expressing characteristics of both the father and the mother . A gamete 's chromosomes are not exact duplicates of either of the sets of chromosomes carried in the diploid chromosomes , and often undergo random mutations resulting in modified DNA ( and subsequently , new proteins and phenotypes ) . </P> <H2> Sex determination in humans and birds ( edit ) </H2> <P> In humans , a normal ovum can carry only an X chromosome ( of the X and Y chromosomes ) , whereas a sperm may carry either an X or a Y ( a non-normal ovum can end up carrying two or no X chromosomes , as a result of a irregularity at either of the two stages of meiosis , while a non-normal sperm cell can end up carrying either no sex - defining chromosomes , an XY pair , or XX pair as a result of the forementioned reason ) ; ergo the male sperm can play a role in determining the sex of any resulting zygote , if the zygote has two X chromosomes it may develop into a female , if it has an X and a Y chromosome , it may develop into a male . For birds , the female ovum determines the sex of the offspring , through the ZW sex - determination system . </P> <H2> Artificial gametes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Artificial gametes , also known as In vitro derived gametes ( IVD ) , stem cell - derived gametes ( SCDGs ) , and In vitro generated gametes ( IVG ) , are gametes derived from stem cells . Research shows that artificial gametes may be a reproductive technique for same - sex male couples , although a surrogate mother would still be required for the gestation period . Women who have passed menopause may be able to produce eggs and bear genetically related children with artificial gametes . Robert Sparrow wrote , in the Journal of Medical Ethics , that embryos derived from artificial gametes could be used to derive new gametes and this process could be repeated to create multiple human generations in the laboratory . This technique could be used to create cell lines for medical applications and for studying the heredity of genetic disorders . Additionally , this technique could be used for human enhancement by selectively breeding for a desired genome or by using recombinant DNA technology to create enhancements that have not arisen in nature . </P> <H2> Plants ( edit ) </H2> <P> Plants which reproduce sexually also have gametes . However , since plants have an alternation of diploid and haploid generations some differences exist . In flowering plants the flowers use meiosis to produce a haploid generation which produce gametes through mitosis . The female haploid is called the ovule and is produced by the ovary of the flower . When mature the haploid ovule produces the female gamete which are ready for fertilization . The male haploid is pollen and is produced by the anther , when pollen lands on a mature stigma of a flower it grows a pollen tube down into the flower . The haploid pollen then produces sperm by mitosis and releases them for fertilization . </P> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` gamete '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , A.M. 1893 . Vertebrate embryology : a text - book for students and practitioners . GP Putnam 's Sons . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yeung , C. , M. Anapolski , M. Depenbusch , M. Zitzmann , and T. Cooper . 2003 . `` Human sperm volume regulation . Response to physiological changes in osmolality , channel blockers and potential sperm osmolytes . '' Human Reproduction 18 : 1029 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jay Phelan ( 30 April 2009 ) . What Is Life ? : A Guide to Biology W / Prep - U . Macmillan . pp. 237 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 2318 - 8 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newson , AJ ; Smajdor , AC ( 2005 ) . `` Artificial gametes : new paths to parenthood ? '' . Journal of Medical Ethics. 31 : 184 -- 186 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 2003.004986 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sparrow , Robert ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` In vitro eugenics '' . Journal of Medical Ethics . doi : 10.1136 / medethics - 2012 - 101200 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Human physiology of sexual reproduction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Menstrual cycle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Menstruation </Li> <Li> Follicular phase </Li> <Li> Ovulation </Li> <Li> Luteal phase </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gametogenesis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium </Li> <Li> spermatocyte </Li> <Li> spermatid </Li> <Li> sperm ) </Li> <Li> Oogenesis ( oogonium </Li> <Li> oocyte </Li> <Li> ootid </Li> <Li> ovum ) </Li> <Li> Germ cell ( gonocyte </Li> <Li> gamete ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human sexual behavior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sexual arousal </Li> <Li> Sexual intercourse </Li> <Li> Masturbation </Li> <Li> Erection </Li> <Li> Orgasm </Li> <Li> Ejaculation </Li> <Li> Insemination </Li> <Li> Fertilisation / Fertility </Li> <Li> Implantation </Li> <Li> Pregnancy </Li> <Li> Postpartum period </Li> <Li> Mechanics of sex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life span </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization </Li> <Li> Virilization ) </Li> <Li> Puberty ( Gonadarche </Li> <Li> Pubarche </Li> <Li> Menarche </Li> <Li> Spermarche </Li> <Li> Adrenarche ) </Li> <Li> Maternal age / Paternal age </Li> <Li> Climacteric ( Menopause </Li> <Li> Late - onset hypogonadism ) </Li> <Li> Tanner scale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Egg </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ovum </Li> <Li> Oviposition </Li> <Li> Oviparity </Li> <Li> Ovoviviparity </Li> <Li> Vivipary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reproductive endocrinology and infertility </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis </Li> <Li> Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis </Li> <Li> Andrology </Li> <Li> Hormone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thelarche </Li> <Li> Breast development </Li> <Li> Lactation </Li> <Li> Breastfeeding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamete&oldid=836531769 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Classical genetics </Li> <Li> Germ cells </Li> <Li> Reproductive system </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Башҡортса </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 55 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 10 : 28 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

explain what will happen if a normal gamete like y fertilises gamete x

Battle of Lake Erie - wikipedia <H1> Battle of Lake Erie </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Battle of Lake Erie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the War of 1812 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell , painted 1865 , shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from Lawrence to Niagara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 10 September 1813 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Lake Erie , near Put - in - Bay , Ohio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Decisive American victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oliver Hazard Perry Jesse Elliot </Td> <Td> Robert Heriot Barclay Robert Finnis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 5 schooners </Li> <Li> 3 brigs </Li> <Li> 1 sloop </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 ships </Li> <Li> 1 brig </Li> <Li> 2 schooners </Li> <Li> 1 sloop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 27 killed </Li> <Li> 96 wounded </Li> <Li> 1 brig severely damaged </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 41 killed </Li> <Li> 93 wounded </Li> <Li> 306 captured </Li> <Li> entire squadron captured </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Detroit frontier </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tippecanoe </Li> <Li> Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) </Li> <Li> Brownstown </Li> <Li> Maguaga </Li> <Li> Fort Dearborn </Li> <Li> Detroit </Li> <Li> Fort Harrison </Li> <Li> Fort Wayne </Li> <Li> Wild Cat Creek </Li> <Li> Mississinewa </Li> <Li> Frenchtown </Li> <Li> Africa Point </Li> <Li> Fort Meigs </Li> <Li> Fort Stephenson </Li> <Li> Lake Erie </Li> <Li> Thames </Li> <Li> Longwoods </Li> <Li> Prairie du Chien </Li> <Li> Campbell Island </Li> <Li> Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) </Li> <Li> Lake Huron </Li> <Li> Malcolm 's Mills </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Naval campaigns of the War of 1812 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Atlantic Ocean <Ul> <Li> USS Essex vs HMS Alert </Li> <Li> USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere </Li> <Li> Capture of HMS Frolic </Li> <Li> USS United States vs HMS Macedonian </Li> <Li> USS Constitution vs HMS Java </Li> <Li> Sinking of HMS Peacock </Li> <Li> Rappahannock River </Li> <Li> Capture of USS Chesapeake </Li> <Li> Capture of HMS Dominica </Li> <Li> Capture of USS Argus </Li> <Li> Capture of HMS Boxer </Li> <Li> Capture of USS Frolic </Li> <Li> Capture of HMS Epervier </Li> <Li> Sinking of HMS Reindeer </Li> <Li> Sinking of HMS Avon </Li> <Li> Fayal </Li> <Li> Capture of USS President </Li> <Li> Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant </Li> <Li> Capture of HMS Penguin </Li> <Li> Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus </Li> </Ul> <P> East Coast </P> <Ul> <Li> Chesapeake Bay </Li> <Li> Alexandria </Li> <Li> Baltimore </Li> <Li> Hampden </Li> <Li> Fort Peter </Li> </Ul> <P> Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River </P> <Ul> <Li> Lake Ontario </Li> <Li> 1st Sacket 's Harbor </Li> <Li> York </Li> <Li> Fort George </Li> <Li> 2nd Sacket 's Harbor </Li> <Li> Lake Erie </Li> <Li> Fort Oswego </Li> <Li> Lake Huron </Li> <Li> Lake Champlain </Li> </Ul> <P> West Indies / Gulf Coast </P> <Ul> <Li> La Guaira </Li> <Li> 1st Fort Bowyer </Li> <Li> Action of 13 December 1814 </Li> <Li> Lake Borgne </Li> <Li> New Orleans </Li> <Li> Fort St. Philip </Li> <Li> 2nd Fort Bowyer </Li> </Ul> <P> Pacific Ocean </P> <Ul> <Li> James Island </Li> <Li> Charles Island </Li> <Li> Nuku Hiva </Li> <Li> Downes Expedition </Li> <Li> Porter Expedition </Li> <Li> Typee Valley </Li> <Li> Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) </Li> <Li> Seringapatam Mutiny </Li> <Li> Action of 9 May 1814 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Battle of Lake Erie , sometimes called the Battle of Put - in - Bay , was fought on 10 September 1813 , in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812 . Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy . This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war , which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh . It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1812 </Li> <Li> 1.2 1813 </Li> <Li> 1.3 Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Battle </Li> <Li> 3 Casualties </Li> <Li> 4 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 5 Reconstructions and memorials </Li> <Li> 6 Reasons for the American victory </Li> <Li> 7 Order of battle </Li> <Li> 8 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1812 ( edit ) </H3> <P> When the war broke out , the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie . They already had a small force of warships there : the sloop - of - war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter . The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war . These vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine , which was a military transport service and not a naval service . Nevertheless , the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels . The only American warship on Lake Erie , the brig Adams , was not ready for service at the start of the war , and when the American army of Brigadier General William Hull abandoned its invasion of Canada , Adams was pinned down in Detroit by the British batteries at Sandwich on the Canadian side of the Detroit River . The British Major - General Isaac Brock used his control of the lake to defeat Hull 's army at the Siege of Detroit , by cutting the American supply lines and rapidly transferring himself and some reinforcements to Amherstburg from where they launched a successful landing on the American side of the Detroit River . </P> <P> The British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered , renaming her Detroit . Together with the brig Caledonia , which had been commandeered from the Canadian North West Company , she was boarded and captured near Fort Erie on 9 October , by American sailors and soldiers led by Lieutenant Jesse Elliot . Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured . Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy . Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop - rigged Trippe , which had all been purchased by the United States Navy and were being converted into gunboats . While the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River , all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock . </P> <P> Late in 1812 , Paul Hamilton , the United States Secretary of the Navy had received long - time American lake mariner Daniel Dobbins , who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie . Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie , Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake . ( `` Presqu'isle '' is French for `` peninsula '' , literally `` almost an island '' ) . Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there , although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities . Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812 . He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813 where he approved Dobbins 's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel , but then returned to Lake Ontario where he afterwards concentrated his energies . </P> <H3> 1813 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 1813 , William Jones ( who had replaced Hamilton as the United States Secretary of the Navy ) ordered the construction of two brig - rigged corvettes at Presque Isle , and transferred shipwright Noah Brown there from Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario to take charge of construction . Other than their rig and crude construction ( such as using wooden pegs instead of nails because of shortages of the latter ) , the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet . The heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay , and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty . ( The Americans were fortunate in that some of their largest cannon had been dispatched shortly before raiding parties under Rear - Admiral George Cockburn destroyed a foundry at Frenchtown on the eastern seaboard . ) However , the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh , which was expanding as a manufacturing center , and smaller guns were borrowed from the Army . </P> <P> Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie , through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell , the Senior Senator from Rhode Island , supplanting Lieutenant Elliot . He arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March . Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle , he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey . After commanding the American schooners and gunboats at the Battle of Fort George , he then went to Black Rock where the American vessels had been released when the British abandoned Fort Erie at the end of May . Perry had them towed by draft oxen up the Niagara , an operation which took six days , and sailed with them along the shore to Presque Isle . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie . Another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely . Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the tedious journey to Amherstburg overland , arriving on 10 June . He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen . When he took command of his squadron , the crews of his vessels numbered only seven British seamen , 108 officers and men of the Provincial Marine ( whose quality Barclay disparaged ) , 54 men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 106 soldiers , effectively landsmen , from the 41st Foot . Nevertheless , he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost . He first reconnoitred Perry 's base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia , with batteries and redoubts . He then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie , hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock . The weather was hazy , and he missed them . </P> <P> During July and August , Barclay received two small vessels , the schooner Chippeway and the sloop Little Belt , which had been reconstructed at Chatham on the Thames River and attempted to complete the ship - rigged corvette HMS Detroit at Amherstburg . Because the Americans controlled Lake Ontario and occupied the Niagara Peninsula in early 1813 , supplies for Barclay had to be carried overland from York . The American victory earlier in the year at the Battle of York resulted in the guns ( 24 - pounder carronades ) intended for Detroit falling into American hands . Detroit had to be completed with a miscellany of guns from the fortifications of Amherstburg . Barclay claimed at his court martial that these guns lacked flintlock firing mechanisms and matches , and that they could be fired only by snapping flintlock pistols over powder piled in the vent holes . </P> <P> Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from Commodore James Lucas Yeo , commanding on Lake Ontario , but received very little . The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier , Major - General Henry Procter , was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors . He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced , and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Stephenson , which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors . </P> <H3> Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg ( edit ) </H3> <P> By mid-July , the American squadron was almost complete , although not yet fully manned ( Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty ) . The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 July to 29 July . The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth , with only 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) of water over it , which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships ( although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July ) , but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order . Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather . It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour , or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned . Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar . This was an exhausting task . The guns had to be removed from all the boats , and the largest of them had to be raised between `` camels '' ( barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast ) . When Barclay returned four days later , he found that Perry had nearly completed the task . Perry 's two largest brigs were not ready for action , but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of Detroit . </P> <P> Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle . Although Perry described some of them as `` wretched '' , at least 50 of them were experienced sailors drafted from USS Constitution , then undergoing a refit in Boston . Perry also had a few volunteers from the Pennsylvania militia . </P> <P> His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky , where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General William Henry Harrison 's Army of the Northwest . After twice appearing off Amherstburg , Perry established an anchorage at Put - in - Bay , Ohio . For the next five weeks , Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg . His sailors , Procter 's troops , and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies . After receiving a last - minute reinforcement of two naval officers , three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in Quebec under Lieutenant George Bignall , Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry . </P> <P> In the days preceding the battle , Perry told his friend , Purser Samuel Hambleton , that he wanted a signal flag , or battle flag , to signal to his fleet when to engage the enemy . Hambleton suggested using the dying words of Perry 's friend Captain James Lawrence of the frigate USS Chesapeake , `` Do n't Give up the Ship '' . Hambleton had the flag sewn by women of Erie , and presented it to Perry the day before the battle . The flag would become an icon in American naval history . </P> <H2> Battle ( edit ) </H2> Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September <P> On the morning of 10 September , the Americans saw Barclay 's vessels heading for them , and got under way from their anchorage at Put - in - Bay . The wind was light . Barclay initially held the weather gauge , but the wind shifted and allowed Perry to close and attack . Both squadrons were in line of battle , with their heaviest vessels near the centre of the line . Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs , his flagship Lawrence and Niagara , into carronade range quickly , but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and Lawrence was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in Detroit for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively . When Lawrence was finally within carronade range at 12 : 45 , her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped , her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot . </P> <P> Astern of Lawrence , Niagara , under Elliot , was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range . It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number , Queen Charlotte , and that Niagara was obstructed by Caledonia , but Elliot 's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years . Aboard Queen Charlotte , the British ship opposed to Niagara , the commander ( Robert Finnis ) and First Lieutenant were both killed . The next most senior officer , Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine , found that both Niagara and the American gunboats were far out of range , and passed the brig General Hunter to engage Lawrence at close range . </P> <P> Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance , Lawrence was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck . Four - fifths of Lawrence 's crew were killed or wounded . Both of the fleet 's surgeons were sick with lake fever , so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant , Usher Parsons . When the last gun on Lawrence became unusable , Perry decided to transfer his flag . He was rowed a half mile ( 1 km ) through heavy gunfire to Niagara while Lawrence was surrendered . ( It was later alleged that he left Lawrence after the surrender , but Perry had actually taken down only his personal pennant , in blue bearing the motto , `` Do n't give up the ship '' . ) </P> <P> When Lawrence surrendered , firing died away briefly . Detroit collided with Queen Charlotte , both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded . Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed , leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command . Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward . The British nevertheless expected Niagara to lead the American schooners away in retreat . Instead , once aboard Niagara , Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action , while he steered Niagara at Barclay 's damaged ships , helped by the strengthening wind . </P> <P> Niagara broke through the British line ahead of Detroit and Queen Charlotte and luffed up to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them , while Caledonia and the American gunboats fired from astern . Although the crews of Detroit and Queen Charlotte managed to untangle the two ships they could no longer offer any effective resistance . Both ships surrendered at about 3 : 00 pm . The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered . </P> <P> Although Perry won the battle on Niagara , he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid . </P> <H2> Casualties ( edit ) </H2> <P> The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded . The surviving crews , including the wounded , numbered 306 . Captain Barclay , who had previously lost his left arm in 1809 , lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered `` permanently motionless '' . The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded , of whom 2 later died . </P> <P> Of the vessels involved , the three most battered ( the American brig Lawrence and the British ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte ) were converted into hospital ships . A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted Detroit and Queen Charlotte , further shattering the already battered ships . Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie , Lawrence was restored to service for 1814 , but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Perry 's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison . Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope , Perry wrote : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Dear General : </P> <P> We have met the enemy and they are ours . Two ships , two brigs , one schooner and one sloop . </P> <P> Yours with great respect and esteem , O.H. Perry </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy , William Jones : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Brig Niagara , off the Western Sister , Head of Lake Erie , September 10 , 1813 , 4 P.M. </P> <P> Sir : - It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake . The British squadron , consisting of two ships , two brigs , one schooner and one sloop , have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict . </P> <P> I have the honor to be , Sir , very respectfully , your obedient servant , O.H. Perry </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up , Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg , which was captured without opposition on 27 September . Meanwhile , 1,000 mounted troops led by Richard Mentor Johnson moved by land to Detroit , which also was recaptured without fighting on or about the same day . The British army under Procter had made preparations to abandon its positions even before Procter knew the result of the battle . In spite of exhortations from Tecumseh , who led the confederation of Indian tribes allied to Britain , Procter had already abandoned Amherstburg and Detroit and began to retreat up the Thames River on 27 September . Lacking supplies , Tecumseh 's Indians had no option but to accompany him . Harrison caught up with Procter 's retreating force and defeated them on 5 October at the Battle of the Thames , where Tecumseh was killed , as was his second - in command and most experienced warrior , Wyandot Chief Roundhead . </P> <P> The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import . The Americans controlled Lake Erie for the remainder of the war . This accounted for much of the Americans ' successes on the Niagara peninsula in 1814 and also removed the threat of a British attack on Ohio , Pennsylvania , or Western New York . </P> <P> However , an expedition in 1814 to recover Mackinac Island on Lake Huron failed , and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes . ( Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock , where they were laid up , following the Battle of Buffalo at the end of 1813 , and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron . ) </P> <P> After the war , there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action , mostly fought at second hand in the press . On the British side , Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a court - martial but was too badly injured to see service again for several years . </P> <H2> Reconstructions and memorials ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1820 Lawrence and Niagara were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie , as they had `` went to rot . '' In 1875 , Lawrence was raised and moved to Philadelphia , where she was displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition . Later that year , the ship burned when the pavilion that housed it caught fire . Although Niagara was raised and restored in 1913 , she subsequently fell into disrepair . She was eventually disassembled , and portions of her were used in a reconstructed Niagara , which is now on view in Erie , Pennsylvania . </P> <P> The 352 - foot ( 107 m ) high Perry Monument within Perry 's Victory and International Peace Memorial now stands at Put - in - Bay , commemorating the men who fought in the battle . </P> <P> Another 101 - foot ( 31 m ) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie Pennsylvania . It stands next to Presque Isle Bay , where Niagara and Lawrence were built , stationed along with the rest of the American Squadron , and then scuttled after the war . </P> <H2> Reasons for the American victory ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as , `` Superior heavy metal '' . Perry 's leadership , particularly in the latter stages of the action , is also mentioned as a factor . The British historian C.S. Forester commented , `` ... it was as fortunate for the Americans that the Lawrence still possessed a boat that would float , as it was that Perry was not hit . '' </P> <P> On the British side , William Bell served as constructor and built Detroit , which was the best - built ship on the lake . However , Detroit was built slowly , in part due to Bell 's perfectionism , and indeed it was the only purpose - built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war . The guns intended for Detroit were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before . This building imbalance , given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame , was another important cause of the American victory ( although it might be argued that , even if Barclay had possessed more hulls , he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them ) . </P> <P> The court - martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the Captain , his officers and men had `` conducted themselves in the most gallant manner '' and found that the defeat was the result of American superiority , an insufficient number of able seamen and the early fall of superior officers in the action . </P> <H2> Order of battle ( edit ) </H2> <P> Listed in order of sailing : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Navy </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Rig </Th> <Th> Tonnage </Th> <Th> Crew </Th> <Th> Armament </Th> <Th> Commander </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Royal Navy </Td> <Td> Chippeway </Td> <Td> Schooner </Td> <Td> 70 tons </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1 × 9 - pounder long gun </Td> <Td> Master 's Mate J. Campbell </Td> <Td> captured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit </Td> <Td> Ship </Td> <Td> 490 tons </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> 1 × 18 - pounder ( on swivel ) 2 × 24 - pounder long guns 6 × 12 - pounder long guns 8 × 9 - pounder long guns 1 × 24 - pounder carronade 1 × 18 - pounder carronade </Td> <Td> Commander Robert Heriot Barclay </Td> <Td> captured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hunter </Td> <Td> Brig </Td> <Td> 180 tons </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 4 × 6 - pounder long guns 2 × 4 - pounder long guns 2 × 2 - pounder long guns 2 × 12 - pounder carronades </Td> <Td> Lieutenant George Bignall </Td> <Td> captured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Charlotte </Td> <Td> Ship </Td> <Td> 400 tons </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 1 × 12 - pounder long gun 2 × 9 - pounder long guns 12 × 24 - pounder carronades </Td> <Td> Commander Robert Finnis </Td> <Td> captured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady Prevost </Td> <Td> Schooner </Td> <Td> 230 tons </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 1 × 9 - pounder long gun 2 × 6 - pounder long guns 10 × 12 - pounder carronades </Td> <Td> Lieutenant Edward Buchan </Td> <Td> captured ( lost rudder ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Little Belt </Td> <Td> Sloop </Td> <Td> 90 tons </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1 × 12 - pounder long gun 2 × 6 - pounder long guns </Td> <Td> Lieutenant John F. Breman </Td> <Td> captured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 6 warships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,460 tons </Td> <Td> 450 </Td> <Td> 330 lb shot from long guns 474 lb shot from carronades </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Navy </Td> <Td> Scorpion </Td> <Td> Schooner </Td> <Td> 86 tons </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1 × 32 - pounder long gun 1 × 32 - pounder carronade </Td> <Td> Sailing Master Stephen Champlin </Td> <Td> Long gun dismounted ( overcharged ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ariel </Td> <Td> Schooner </Td> <Td> 112 tons </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 4 × 12 - pounder long guns </Td> <Td> Lieutenant John H. Packet </Td> <Td> One gun exploded ( overcharged ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lawrence </Td> <Td> Brig </Td> <Td> 480 tons </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 2 × 12 - pounder long guns 18 × 32 - pounder carronades </Td> <Td> Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry </Td> <Td> surrendered but recaptured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caledonia </Td> <Td> Brig </Td> <Td> 180 tons </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 2 × 24 - pounder long guns 1 × 32 - pounder carronade </Td> <Td> Lieutenant Daniel Turner </Td> <Td> captured from British 9 October 1812 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niagara </Td> <Td> Brig </Td> <Td> 480 tons </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 2 × 12 - pounder long guns 18 × 32 - pounder carronades </Td> <Td> Master Commandant Jesse Elliott </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somers </Td> <Td> Schooner </Td> <Td> 94 tons </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1 × 24 - pounder long gun 1 × 32 - pounder carronade </Td> <Td> Lieutenant A.H.M. Conklin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Porcupine </Td> <Td> Schooner </Td> <Td> 83 tons </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1 × 32 - pounder long gun </Td> <Td> Acting Master George Serrat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tigress </Td> <Td> Schooner </Td> <Td> 82 tons </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1 × 32 - pounder long gun </Td> <Td> Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trippe </Td> <Td> Sloop </Td> <Td> 60 tons </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1 × 24 - pounder long gun </Td> <Td> Lieutenant Thomas Holdup Stevens </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 9 warships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,657 tons </Td> <Td> 540 </Td> <Td> 288 lb shot from long guns 1,248 lb shot from carronades </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Perry 's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat . Hannibal Collins , a freed slave , is one of the oarsman . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The British order of battle was actually two ships , one brig , two schooners and one sloop . `` Perry 's message was inaccurate . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vessel tonnages , rig and armament taken from Roosevelt ( 2004 ) , pp. 144 - 145 . Vessels ' commanders from the same source , p. 146 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Copes 1994 , p. 63 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , pp. 260 -- 261 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliott to Hamiliton , Oct. 9th , 1812 in Dudley ( ed . ) , William S . The Naval War of 1812 : A Documentary History . 1 . pp. 327 -- 331 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elting 1995 , p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcomson 1998 , p. 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 137 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , p. 166 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 93 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie , 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.P. Stacey , Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , pp. 167 -- 168 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NapoleonSeries.org , `` Ironsides on the Lake '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , p. 170 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , p. 147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Archaic Medical Terms English List L . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Forester 2005 , p. 146 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie , 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Earnest A. Cruickshank , The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812 -- 1813 in Zaslow 1964 , p. 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , pp. 148 -- 149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Lossing ( 1869 ) . `` Field Book of the War of 1812 '' . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Altoff ( 1999 ) Note 129 , p. 97 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up The Ship , p. 355 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , p. 152 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William James The Naval History of Great Britain , from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793 , to the Accession of George IV . Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Altoff , Gerard T. ( 1999 ) . Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie . Put - in - Bay , OH : The Perry Group . ISBN 978 - 1887794039 . </Li> <Li> Copes , Jan M. ( Fall 1994 ) . `` The Perry Family : A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic '' . Newport History : Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society . Newport , RI : Newport Historical Society . 66 , Part 2 ( 227 ) : 49 -- 77 . </Li> <Li> `` The Dobbins Papers . '' Severance , Frank H. ed . Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 3 ( Buffalo , New York : Buffalo Historical Society , 1905 ) </Li> <Li> Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms : A military history of the War of 1812 . New York : Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Emerson , George D. ( Compiled by ) ( 1912 ) . The Perry 's Victory Centenary -- Report of The Perry 's Victory Centennial Commission , State of New York . Albany : J.B. Lyon Company . </Li> <Li> Forester , C.S. ( 2005 ) . The Age of Fighting Sail : The Story of the Naval War of 1812 . New English Library . ISBN 0 - 939218 - 06 - 2 . ; Forester was a famous novelist but this is his history book </Li> <Li> Hitsman , J. Mackay ; Donald E. Graves ( 1999 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 13 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Mahan , Alfred Thayer ( 1840 -- 1914 ) ( 1905 ) Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 ( 2 vols . ) ( Boston : Little Brown ) American Library Association . </Li> <Li> Malcomson , Robert ( 1998 ) . Lords of the Lake : The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812 -- 1814 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 08 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Miller , Arthur P. ; Miller , Marjorie L. ( 2000 ) . Pennsylvania Battlefields and Military Landmarks . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2876 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2004 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75419 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Skaggs , David ; Atloff , Gerard ( 1997 ) . A Signal Victory : The Lake Erie Campaign , 1812 -- 13 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 892 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Symonds , Craig ( 2005 ) . Decision at Sea . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517145 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Zaslow , Morris ( ed ) . ( 1964 ) . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto : Macmillan of Canada . ISBN 0 - 7705 - 1242 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Axelrod , Alen ; Phillips , Charles . The MacMillan Dictionary of Military Biography ( New York : MacMillan , 1998 . ) p. 343 . ) </Li> <Li> Bancroft , George , 1800 -- 1891 ; Dyer , Oliver , 1824 -- 1907 . ( 1891 ) History of the battle of Lake Erie : and miscellaneous papers ( New York : R. Bonner 's sons ) 292 pp. at American Library Association . </Li> <Li> Barnes , James , 1866 -- 1936 ( 1898 ) The hero of Erie ( Oliver Hazard Perry ) ( microform ) ( 1898 ) New York : D. Appleton and here for other formats . </Li> <Li> Burges , Tristam ( 1770 -- 1853 ) ( 1839 ) Battle of Lake Erie , with notices of Commodore Elliot 's conduct in that engagement ( Providence , Brown & Cady ) at Internet Archive . </Li> <Li> Conners , William James , 1857 -- ; Emerson , George Douglas . ( 1916 ) The Perrys victory centenary . Report of the Perry 's victory centennial commission , state of New York ( Albany , J.B. Lyon Company , Printers ) . </Li> <Li> Cooper , James Fenimore ( 1846 ) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Google Books and here for American Library Association . </Li> <Li> Jesse D. Elliot , Address of Com . Jesse D. Elliot , U.S.N. , Delivered in Washington County , Maryland , to His Early Companions at Their Request , on 24 November 1843 ( Philadelphia : G.B. Zeiber & co. , 1844 ) . </Li> <Li> Galbreath , Charles Burleigh ( 1858 - 1934 ) : The Battle of Lake Erie in Ballad and History , Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications : Volume 20 ( 1911 ) , pp. 415 -- 456 . </Li> <Li> Hickey , Donald R. ( 1990 ) The War of 1812 : The Forgotten Conflict Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06059 - 8 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06059 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Hickey , Donald R. ( 2006 ) Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of the War of 1812 . ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press ) ISBN 0 - 252 - 03179 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry , American Library Association . </Li> <Li> Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Mackenzie , Alexander Slidell , 1803 -- 1848 . ( 1915 ) Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry : famous American naval hero , victor of the battle of Lake Erie , his life and achievements ( Akron , Ohio : Superior Printing Co . ) </Li> <Li> Mackenzie , Alexander Slidell , 1803 -- 1848 ( 1840 ) The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry . ( New York , Harper ) Volume 1 , Volume 2 . </Li> <Li> Niles , John Milton ( Bedford , Mass. : Applewood Books , 1830 ) The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry . </Li> <Li> Reid , George . ( 1913 ) Perry at Erie : how Captain Dobbins , Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him . ( Erie , Pennsylvania : Journal publishing company ) . </Li> <Li> Skaggs , David Curtis . ( October 2006 ) Oliver Hazard Perry : honor , courage , and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , 302 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 792 - 3 ; ISBN 1 - 59114 - 792 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Skaggs , David Curtis . Perry Triumphant ( April 2009 Volume 23 , Number 2 ) Naval History Magazine United States Naval Institute . </Li> <Li> James T. White ( 1895 ) p. 288 . National Cyclopaedia of American Biography . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lake Erie . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> United States Navy portal </Li> <Li> Rhode Island portal </Li> <Li> Erie portal </Li> <Li> Ohio portal </Li> <Li> War of 1812 portal </Li> <Li> History of Canada portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Battle of Lake Erie </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Log of the Battle of Lake Erie '' by Sailing Master William Taylor </Li> <Li> US Brig Niagara </Li> <Li> Barclay 's court martial records and correspondence </Li> <Li> Battle of Lake Erie Historical Sources </Li> <Li> Animated history of the Battle of Lake Erie </Li> <Li> `` Erie , Lake , Battle of '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Conflicts of the War of 1812 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Battles of the War of 1812 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Washington , D.C. </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burning of Washington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Georgia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Fort Peter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Louisiana </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of New Orleans </Li> <Li> Siege of Fort St. Philip </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maryland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Baltimore </Li> <Li> Battle of Bladensburg </Li> <Li> Battle of Caulk 's Field </Li> <Li> Battle of North Point </Li> <Li> Battle of St. Michaels </Li> <Li> Raid on Havre de Grace </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Massachusetts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Hampden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New York </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Big Sandy Creek </Li> <Li> Battle of Buffalo 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what events occurred in the fighting at seas and near the great lakes

List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia <H1> List of Test cricket hat - tricks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . <P> In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . </P> <P> A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . </P> <P> Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . </P> <P> In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Test hat - tricks </Li> <Li> 2 By team </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References <Ul> <Li> 4.1 General </Li> <Li> 4.2 Specific </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Test hat - tricks ( edit ) </H2> Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . <Table> Key <Tr> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Th> Meaning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bowler </Th> <Td> The name of the bowler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> For </Th> <Td> The team for which the bowler was playing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Against </Th> <Td> The team against which the bowler was playing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inn . </Th> <Td> The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Test </Th> <Td> The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dismissals </Th> <Td> The three players dismissed by the bowler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> The venue where the hat - trick was achieved </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> The date on which the hat - trick was achieved </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ref . </Th> <Td> Reference </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> List of Test cricket hat - tricks <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Bowler </Th> <Th> For </Th> <Th> Against </Th> <Th> Inn . </Th> <Th> Test </Th> <Th> Dismissals </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 1 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vernon Royle ( b ) </Li> <Li> Francis MacKinnon ( b ) </Li> <Li> Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne </Td> <Td> 2 January 1879 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Bates , Billy Billy Bates </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Percy McDonnell ( b ) </Li> <Li> George Giffen ( c and b ) </Li> <Li> George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne </Td> <Td> 20 January 1883 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walter Giffen ( b ) </Li> <Li> Jack Blackham ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney </Td> <Td> 2 February 1892 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Lohmann , George George Lohmann </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frederick Cook ( b ) </Li> <Li> Bonnor Middleton ( b ) </Li> <Li> Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 14 February 1896 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clem Hill ( b ) </Li> <Li> Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) </Li> <Li> Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Headingley , Leeds </Td> <Td> 30 June 1899 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Th> Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) </Li> <Li> Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) </Li> <Li> Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne </Td> <Td> 4 January 1902 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Th> Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) </Li> <Li> Plum Warner ( c and b ) </Li> <Li> Dick Lilley ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne </Td> <Td> 8 March 1904 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Th> Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rolland Beaumont ( b ) </Li> <Li> Sid Pegler ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Tommy Ward ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Old Trafford , Manchester </Td> <Td> 28 May 1912 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Th> Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Herbie Taylor ( b ) </Li> <Li> Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) </Li> <Li> Tommy Ward ( c and b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Old Trafford , Manchester </Td> <Td> 28 May 1912 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Th> Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 4 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Lowry ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) </Li> <Li> Ted Badcock ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Lancaster Park , Christchurch </Td> <Td> 10 January 1930 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Th> Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) </Li> <Li> Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) </Li> <Li> Billy Wade ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Old Wanderers , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> 26 December 1938 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Th> Loader , Peter Peter Loader </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Goddard ( b ) </Li> <Li> Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) </Li> <Li> Roy Gilchrist ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Headingley , Leeds </Td> <Td> 25 July 1957 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Th> Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) </Li> <Li> Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Newlands , Cape Town </Td> <Td> 3 January 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Th> Hall , Wes Wes Hall </Th> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) </Li> <Li> Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore </Td> <Td> 29 March 1959 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Th> Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin </Th> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) </Li> <Li> Peter Walker ( b ) </Li> <Li> Fred Trueman ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Lord 's , London </Td> <Td> 24 June 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Th> Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs </Th> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ken Mackay ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) </Li> <Li> Frank Misson ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Adelaide Oval , Adelaide </Td> <Td> 30 January 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Th> Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick </Th> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) </Li> <Li> Wasim Raja ( c and b ) </Li> <Li> Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore </Td> <Td> 9 October 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Th> Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh </Th> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 1 & 2 </Td> <Td> 1 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) </Li> <Li> Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) </Li> <Li> Graeme Wood ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane </Td> <Td> 18 -- 20 November 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Th> Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> 1 & 2 </Td> <Td> 2 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) </Li> <Li> Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> WACA , Perth </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 December 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Th> Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) </Li> <Li> Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi </Td> <Td> 9 October 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Th> Warne , Shane Shane Warne </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) </Li> <Li> Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne </Td> <Td> 29 December 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Th> Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 / 6 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richie Richardson ( b ) </Li> <Li> Junior Murray ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Carl Hooper ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Old Trafford , Manchester </Td> <Td> 30 July 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Th> Gough , Darren Darren Gough </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) </Li> <Li> Stuart MacGill ( b ) </Li> <Li> Colin Miller ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney </Td> <Td> 2 January 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Th> Wasim Akram </Th> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 / 4 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) </Li> <Li> Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) </Li> <Li> Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore </Td> <Td> 6 March 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Th> Wasim Akram </Th> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 / 4 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) </Li> <Li> Chaminda Vaas ( b ) </Li> <Li> Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka </Td> <Td> 14 March 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Th> Nuwan Zoysa </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) </Li> <Li> Neil Johnson ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Harare Sports Club , Harare </Td> <Td> 26 November 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Th> Abdul Razzaq </Th> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) </Li> <Li> Rangana Herath ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Galle International Stadium , Galle </Td> <Td> 21 June 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Th> McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) </Li> <Li> Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) </Li> <Li> Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> WACA , Perth </Td> <Td> 1 December 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Th> Harbhajan Singh </Th> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Eden Gardens , Calcutta </Td> <Td> 11 March 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Th> Mohammad Sami </Th> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore </Td> <Td> 8 March 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Th> Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson </Th> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 1 & 2 </Td> <Td> 3 / 4 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brett Lee ( b ) </Li> <Li> Stuart MacGill ( b ) </Li> <Li> Justin Langer ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Kensington Oval , Bridgetown </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 May 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Th> Alok Kapali </Th> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) </Li> <Li> Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Umar Gul ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar </Td> <Td> 29 August 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Th> Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut </Th> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 2 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) </Li> <Li> Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Harare Sports Club , Harare </Td> <Td> 22 February 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Th> Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 / 4 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) </Li> <Li> Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Kensington Oval , Barbados </Td> <Td> 3 April 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Th> Franklin , James James Franklin </Th> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 2 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) </Li> <Li> Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) </Li> <Li> Tapash Baisya ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka </Td> <Td> 20 October 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Th> Irfan Pathan </Th> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) </Li> <Li> Younis Khan ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> National Stadium , Karachi </Td> <Td> 29 January 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Th> Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) </Li> <Li> Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) </Li> <Li> Jacob Oram ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Seddon Park , Hamilton </Td> <Td> 8 March 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Th> Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 5 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) </Li> <Li> Matt Prior ( b ) </Li> <Li> Stuart Broad ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane </Td> <Td> 25 November 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Th> Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 4 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) </Li> <Li> Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Praveen Kumar ( b ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire </Td> <Td> 30 July 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Th> Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi </Th> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 / 2 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Corey Anderson ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) </Li> <Li> Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong </Td> <Td> 13 October 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Th> Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 2 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) </Li> <Li> Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) </Li> <Li> Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Headingley , Leeds </Td> <Td> 20 June 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Th> Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath </Th> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 / 3 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) </Li> <Li> Peter Nevill ( lbw ) </Li> <Li> Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Galle International Stadium , Galle </Td> <Td> 5 August 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Th> Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 / 4 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) </Li> <Li> Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) </Li> <Li> Morné Morkel ( lbw ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> The Oval , London </Td> <Td> 31 July 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> By team ( edit ) </H2> <P> England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . </P> <Table> Test hat - tricks by team <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Hat - tricks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pakistan </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Indies </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bangladesh </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> India </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sri Lanka </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zimbabwe </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks </Li> <Li> List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> General ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Specific ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . 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who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket

Five Pillars of Islam - wikipedia <H1> Five Pillars of Islam </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Part of a series on Islam Aqidah </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Five Pillars of Islam ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Shahada </Li> <Li> Salah </Li> <Li> Sawm </Li> <Li> Zakat </Li> <Li> Hajj </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sunni ( show ) Six articles of belief <Ul> <Li> God </Li> <Li> Prophets </Li> <Li> Holy books </Li> <Li> Angels </Li> <Li> The Last Judgement </Li> <Li> Predestination </Li> </Ul> <P> Sunni theological traditions </P> <Ul> <Li> Ilm al - Kalam <Ul> <Li> Ash'ari </Li> <Li> Maturidi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sunni Murji'ah </Li> <Li> Traditionalist </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shi'a ( show ) Twelver <Ul> <Li> Principles <Ul> <Li> Tawhid </Li> <Li> Adalah </Li> <Li> Prophecy </Li> <Li> Imamah </Li> <Li> Qiyamah </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Practices <Ul> <Li> Salah </Li> <Li> Sawm </Li> <Li> Zakat </Li> <Li> Hajj </Li> <Li> Khums </Li> <Li> Jihad </Li> <Li> Commanding what is just </Li> <Li> Forbidding what is evil </Li> <Li> Tawalla </Li> <Li> Tabarra </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Seven pillars of Ismailism </P> <Ul> <Li> Walayah </Li> <Li> Tawhid </Li> <Li> Salah </Li> <Li> Zakat </Li> <Li> Sawm </Li> <Li> Hajj </Li> <Li> Jihad </Li> </Ul> <P> Other Shia concepts of Aqidah </P> <Ul> <Li> Imamate </Li> <Li> Batin </Li> <Li> Sixth Pillar of Islam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other schools of theology ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Khawarij </Li> <Li> Ibadi </Li> <Li> Murji'ah </Li> <Li> Qadariyah </Li> <Li> Muʿtazila </Li> <Li> Sufism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Including : Jahmi ; Karramiyya ; Alawites & Qizilbash Sevener - Qarmatians , Assassins & Druzes Ajardi , Azariqa , Bayhasiyya , Najdat & Sūfrī Nūkkārī ; Bahshamiyya & Ikhshîdiyya Alevism , Bektashi Order & Qalandariyya Islam portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Islam </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beliefs ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Oneness of God </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Prophets </Li> <Li> Revealed books </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Angels </Li> <Li> Predestination </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Day of Resurrection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Practices ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Profession of faith </Li> <Li> Prayer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Fasting </Li> <Li> Alms - giving </Li> <Li> Pilgrimage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texts and laws ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Quran </Li> <Li> Sunnah </Li> <Li> Hadith </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sharia ( law ) </Li> <Li> Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kalam ( dialectic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Muhammad </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ahl al - Bayt </Li> <Li> Sahabah </Li> <Li> Rashidun </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Imamate </Li> <Li> Caliphate </Li> <Li> Spread of Islam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Culture and society ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Calendar </Li> <Li> Festivals </Li> <Li> Academics </Li> <Li> Art </Li> <Li> Moral teachings </Li> <Li> Children </Li> <Li> Denominations </Li> <Li> Feminism </Li> <Li> Women </Li> <Li> Madrasa </Li> <Li> Mosque </Li> <Li> Philosophy </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Proselytizing </Li> <Li> Animals </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> <Li> Science </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economics </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> <Li> Social welfare </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Criticism of Islam </Li> <Li> Islam and other religions </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Islamism </Li> <Li> Islamophobia </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Glossary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Islam portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Five Pillars of Islam ( arkān al - Islām أركان الإسلام ; also arkān al - dīn أركان الدين `` pillars of the religion '' ) are five basic acts in Islam , considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life . They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel . </P> <P> The Shia , Ahmadiyya and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts , but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name ( see Ancillaries of the Faith , for the Twelvers , and Seven pillars of Ismailism ) . They make up Muslim life , prayer , concern for the needy , self - purification and the pilgrimage , if one is able . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Pillars of Sunni Islam <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Shahada : Faith </Li> <Li> 1.2 Salat : prayer </Li> <Li> 1.3 Zakāt : charity </Li> <Li> 1.4 Sawm : fasting </Li> <Li> 1.5 Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Pillars of Shia Islam <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Twelvers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Ismailis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Books and journals </Li> <Li> 5.2 Encyclopedias </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Pillars of Sunni Islam </H2> The Five Pillars of Islam An artwork depicting the 5 pillars <H3> Shahada : Faith </H3> <P> Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is God 's messenger . It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic : lā ʾilāha ʾillā - llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu - llāh ( لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله ) `` There is no god but God ( and ) Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam . </P> <H3> Salat : prayer </H3> Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying ( making salat ) at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan . <P> Salat ( ṣalāh ) is the Islamic prayer . Salat consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna ; the names are according to the prayer times : Fajr ( dawn ) , Dhuhr ( noon ) , ʿAṣr ( afternoon ) , Maghrib ( evening ) , and ʿIshāʾ ( night ) . The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise , Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point , Asr is the evening prayer before sunset , Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer . All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah . Muslims must wash before prayer ; this washing is called wudu ( `` purification '' ) . The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including ; bowing with hands on knees , standing , prostrating and sitting in a special position ( not on the heels , nor on the buttocks ) . A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere , such as in offices , universities , and fields . However , the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship . </P> <H3> Zakāt : charity </H3> <P> Zakāt or alms - giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth . The word zakāt can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve balance and encourages new growth . The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is essential to purification and growth . Zakāt is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so . It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating inequality . Zakāt consists of spending a portion of one 's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy , like debtors or travelers . A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity ( sadaqah ) , rather than to achieve additional divine reward . </P> <P> There are five principles that should be followed when giving the zakāt : </P> <Ol> <Li> The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zakāt . </Li> <Li> The zakāt must be paid on the day that it is due . </Li> <Li> After the offering , the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means . </Li> <Li> Payment must be in kind . This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay a portion of their income . If a person does not have much money , then they should compensate for it in different ways , such as good deeds and good behavior toward others . </Li> <Li> The zakāt must be distributed in the community from which it was taken . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sawm : fasting </H3> Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates ( like those offered by this date seller in Kuwait City ) , as was the recorded practice ( Sunnah ) of Muhammad . <P> Three types of fasting ( Siyam ) are recognized by the Quran : Ritual fasting , fasting as compensation for repentance ( both from sura Al - Baqara ) , and ascetic fasting ( from Al - Ahzab ) . </P> <P> Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan . Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month , and are to be especially mindful of other sins . Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty ( unless he / she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him / her from doing so ) . </P> <P> The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God , to express their gratitude to and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and to remind them of the needy . During Ramadan , Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence , anger , envy , greed , lust , profane language , gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better . In addition , all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided . </P> <P> Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory , but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic . These include pre-pubescent children , those with a medical condition such as diabetes , elderly people , and pregnant or breastfeeding women . Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women . Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to fast are those who are ill or traveling . Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward , although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance . </P> <H3> Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca </H3> <P> The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life . When the pilgrim is around 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) from Mecca , he / she must dress in Ihram clothing , which consists of two white sheets . Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca . After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca , he / she is known as a hajj / hajja ( one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca ) . The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf , touching the Black Stone termed Istilam , traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee , and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee . </P> <P> The pilgrim , or the haji , is honoured in the Muslim community . Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God , not a means to gain social standing . The believer should be self - aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage . This should lead to constant striving for self - improvement . A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah , and while not mandatory is strongly recommended . Also , they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms - giving feast . </P> <H2> Pillars of Shia Islam </H2> <H3> Twelvers </H3> <P> Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al - Din and ten Furu al - Din , i.e. , the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices . The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al - Din , equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars , are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam , and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above . They are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Tawhid ( Monotheism : belief in the Oneness of God ) </Li> <Li> Adl ( Divine Justice : belief in the Almighty 's justice ) </Li> <Li> Nubuwwah ( Prophethood ) </Li> <Li> Imamah ( Succession to the Muhammad ) </Li> <Li> Mi'ad ( The Day of Judgment and the Resurrection ) </Li> </Ol> <P> In addition to these Five Pillars , there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform , called the Ancillaries of the Faith ( Arabic : furūʿ al - dīn ) . </P> <Ol> <Li> Salah </Li> <Li> Sawm </Li> <Li> Zakat , similar to Sunni Islam , it applies to money , cattle , silver , gold , dates , raisins , wheat , and barley . </Li> <Li> Khums : an annual taxation of one - fifth ( 20 % ) of the gains that a year has been passed on without using . Khums is paid to the Imams ; indirectly to poor and needy people . </Li> <Li> Hajj </Li> <Li> Jihad </Li> <Li> Enjoining good </Li> <Li> Forbidding wrong </Li> <Li> Tawalla : expressing love towards Good . </Li> <Li> Tabarra : expressing disassociation and hatred towards Evil . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Ismailis </H3> Main article : Seven pillars of Ismailism <P> Isma'ilis have their own pillars , which are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Walayah `` Guardianship '' denotes love and devotion to God , the prophets , and the Ismaili Imams and their representatives </Li> <Li> Tawhid , `` Oneness of God '' . </Li> <Li> Salat : Unlike Sunni and Twelver Muslims , Nizari Ismailis reason that it is up to the current imām to designate the style and form of prayer . </Li> <Li> Zakat : with the exception of the Druze , all Ismaili madhhabs have practices resembling that of Sunni and Twelvers , with the addition of the characteristic Shia khums . </Li> <Li> Sawm : Nizaris and Musta'lis believe in both a metaphorical and literal meaning of fasting . </Li> <Li> Hajj : For Ismailis , this means visiting the imām or his representative and that this is the greatest and most spiritual of all pilgrimages . The Mustaali maintain also the practice of going to Mecca . The Druze interpret this completely metaphorically as `` fleeing from devils and oppressors '' and rarely go to Mecca . </Li> <Li> Jihad `` Struggle '' : `` the Greater Struggle '' and `` the Lesser Struggle '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Islamic theology </Li> <Li> Sixth Pillar of Islam </Li> <Li> Jewish principles of faith </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies . United Kingdom : Oxford University . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five Pillars '' . United Kingdom : Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . Canada : University of Calgary . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . United Kingdom : BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pillars of Islam , Oxford Islamic Studies Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hooker , Richard ( July 14 , 1999 ) . `` arkan ad - din the five pillars of religion '' . United States : Washington State University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . United States : Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hajj </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer , ' ' Islam ' ' , Info base Publishing , 2009 . Books.Google.fr. 2009 . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438117782 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ridgeon ( 2003 ) , p. 258 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zakat , Encyclopaedia of Islam Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zakat Alms - giving </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 183 -- 187 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 196 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quran 33 : 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fasting , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 144 - 145 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ talhaanjum_9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esposito ( 1998 ) , p. 90 , 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) , p. 211,213 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` For whom fasting is mandatory '' . USC - MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 184 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khan ( 2006 ) , p. 54 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Islam , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 145 - 147 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg ( 2000 ) , p. 237 -- 238 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldschmidt ( 2005 ) , p. 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See chapter on `` Islamic Beliefs ( the Pillars of Islam ) '' in Invitation to Islam by Sayed Moustafa Al - Qazwini . http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , John Evangelist . Walking shadows : Orson Welles , William Randolph Hearst , and Citizen Kane . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press / Popular Press , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims '' . Comprehensive Database Mstbsryn , missionaries and Rhyaftgan . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Isma'ilism '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <H3> Books and journals </H3> <Ul> <Li> Brockopp , Jonathan ; Tamara Sonn ; Jacob Neusner ( 2000 ) . Judaism and Islam in Practice : A Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21673 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Muhammad Hedayetullah ( 2006 ) . Dynamics of Islam : An Exposition . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55369 - 842 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Khan , Arshad ( 2006 ) . Islam 101 : Principles and Practice . Khan Consulting and Publishing , LLC . ISBN 0 - 9772838 - 3 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Kobeisy , Ahmed Nezar ( 2004 ) . Counseling American Muslims : Understanding the Faith and Helping the People . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32472 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Momen , Moojan ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Shi ` i Islam : The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi ` ism . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03531 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Levy , Reuben ( 1957 ) . The Social Structure of Islam . UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09182 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) . Islamic teachings : An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam . R. Campbell ( translator ) . Green Gold . ISBN 0 - 922817 - 00 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Arthur Goldschmidt Jr . & Lawrence Davidson ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Hoiberg , Dale ; Indu Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . Encyclopædia Britannica ( UK ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Ridgeon , Lloyd ( 2003 ) . Major World Religions ( 1st ed . ) . RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29796 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Encyclopedias </H3> <Ul> <Li> P.J. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . </Li> <Li> Salamone Frank , ed. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94180 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tenets of Islam </Li> <Li> Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online </Li> <Li> Pillars of Islam . A brief description of the Five Pillars of Islam . </Li> <Li> Five Pillars of Islam . Complete information about The Five Pillars of Islam . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Islam topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Outline of Islam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Beliefs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> God in Islam </Li> <Li> Tawhid </Li> <Li> Muhammad <Ul> <Li> In Islam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prophets of Islam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Five Pillars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shahada </Li> <Li> Salah </Li> <Li> Sawm </Li> <Li> Zakat </Li> <Li> Hajj </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Leaders </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of Muslim history </Li> <Li> Conquests </Li> <Li> Golden Age </Li> <Li> Historiography </Li> <Li> Sahaba </Li> <Li> Ahl al - Bayt </Li> <Li> Shi'a Imams </Li> <Li> Caliphates <Ul> <Li> Rashidun </Li> <Li> Umayyad </Li> <Li> Abbasid </Li> <Li> Córdoba </Li> <Li> Fatimid </Li> <Li> Almohad </Li> <Li> Sokoto </Li> <Li> Ottoman </Li> </Ul> </Li> 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Windows Defender - wikipedia <H1> Windows Defender </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Windows Defender Security Center . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Windows Defender <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A component of Microsoft Windows </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Windows Defender Antivirus , as appears in the Windows 10 Creators Update </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Antivirus software on Windows 8 and later ; formerly spyware removal software </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Included with </Th> <Td> Windows Vista and later , Windows Server 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also available for </Th> <Td> Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Support status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Same as the version of Windows with which it is integrated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Related components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Microsoft Security Essentials </Li> <Li> Windows Defender Security Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Windows Defender , officially called Windows Defender Antivirus in Windows 10 Creators Update , is an anti-malware component of Microsoft Windows.It was first released as a free antispyware program download for Windows XP , shipped with Windows Vista and Windows 7 and made into a full antivirus program replacing Microsoft Security Essentials as part of Windows 8 and later versions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Basic features </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Beta </Li> <Li> 2.2 General availability </Li> <Li> 2.3 Conversion to antivirus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Advanced features </Li> <Li> 4 Windows Vista - specific functionality </Li> <Li> 5 Windows Defender Offline </Li> <Li> 6 Mitigated security vulnerability </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Basic features ( edit ) </H2> <P> Before Windows 8 , Windows Defender protected against spyware . It included a number of real - time security agents that monitored several common areas of Windows for changes which might have been caused by spyware . It also included the ability to easily remove installed ActiveX software. Windows Defender featured integrated support for Microsoft SpyNet that allows users to report to Microsoft what they consider to be spyware , and what applications and device drivers they allow to be installed on their system . Protection against viruses was added in Windows 8 ; Windows Defender in Windows 8 resembles Microsoft Security Essentials ( MSE ) and uses the same virus definitions . </P> <P> In Windows 10 , Windows Defender settings are controlled by the Settings app , and the Settings button opens the Settings app . In the Windows 10 Anniversary Update , toast notifications appear to announce the results of a scan , even if no viruses are found . The same update introduced a new flat logo . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Beta ( edit ) </H3> Microsoft AntiSpyware Beta 1 ( Version 1.0. 701 ) <P> Windows Defender is based on GIANT AntiSpyware , which was originally developed by GIANT Company Software , Inc . The company 's acquisition was announced by Microsoft on December 16 , 2004 . While the original GIANT AntiSpyware supported older Windows versions , support for the Windows 9x line of operating systems was later dropped . </P> <P> The first beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware was released on January 6 , 2005 and was basically a repackaged GIANT AntiSpyware . More builds were released in 2005 , with the last Beta 1 refresh released on November 21 , 2005 . </P> <P> At the 2005 RSA Security conference , Chief Software Architect and co-founder of Microsoft , Bill Gates , announced that Windows Defender ( which was known as Microsoft AntiSpyware prior to November 4 , 2005 ) would be made available free of charge to all validly licensed Windows 2000 , Windows XP , and Windows Server 2003 users to help secure their systems against the increasing malware threat . </P> <P> Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) was released on February 13 , 2006 . It featured the program 's new name and a significant user interface redesign . The core engine was rewritten in C++ , unlike the original GIANT - developed one , which was written in Visual Basic . This improved the application 's performance . Also , since beta 2 , the program works as a Windows service , unlike earlier releases , which enables the application to protect the computer even when a user is not logged on . Beta 2 also requires Windows Genuine Advantage validation . However , Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) did not contain some of the tools found in Microsoft AntiSpyware ( Beta 1 ) ; Microsoft removed the System Inoculation , Secure Shredder and System Explorer tools found in MSAS ( Beta 1 ) as well as the Tracks Eraser tool , which allowed users to easily delete many different types of temporary files related to Internet Explorer 6 , including HTTP cookies , web cache , and Windows Media Player playback history . Microsoft later released German and Japanese versions of Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) . </P> <H3> General availability ( edit ) </H3> <P> On October 24 , 2006 , Microsoft released Windows Defender . It supports Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 ; however , unlike the betas , it does not run on Windows 2000 . </P> <H3> Conversion to antivirus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Windows Defender was released with Windows Vista and Windows 7 , serving as their built - in antispyware component . In Windows Vista and Windows 7 , Windows Defender was superseded by Microsoft Security Essentials , an antivirus product from Microsoft which provided protection against a wider range of malware . Upon installation , Microsoft Security Essentials disabled and replaced Windows Defender . In Windows 8 , Microsoft upgraded Windows Defender into an antivirus program very similar to Microsoft Security Essentials for Windows 7 and using the same virus definition updates . MSE itself does not run on Windows versions beyond 7 . In Windows 8 and Windows 10 , Windows Defender is on by default . It switches itself off upon installation of a third party anti-virus package . </P> <P> Starting with Windows 10 , Microsoft began to transfer the control of Windows Defender out of its native client . Initially , its `` Settings '' dialog box was replaced by dedicated page in the Settings app . In Windows 10 Creators Update , Windows Defender is renamed Windows Defender Antivirus to distinguish it from Windows Defender Security Center . The latter has become the default avenue to interface with Windows Defender . While there is no shortcut on the Start menu for Windows Defender 's native client , it can still run . </P> <H2> Advanced features ( edit ) </H2> Windows Defender successfully blocks the EICAR test file <Dl> <Dt> Real - time protection </Dt> <Dd> In the Windows Defender options , the user can configure real - time protection options . </Dd> <Dt> Browser integration </Dt> <Dd> Integration with Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge enables files to be scanned as they are downloaded to detect malicious software inadvertently downloaded . Although it does not integrate with non-Microsoft web browsers , Windows Defender scans for malicious downloaded files as part of its real - time protection . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Windows 10 's Anniversary Update introduced Limited Periodic Scanning , which optionally allows Windows Defender to scan a system periodically if another antivirus app is installed . It also introduced Block at First Sight , which uses machine learning to predict whether a file is malicious . </P> <H2> Windows Vista - specific functionality ( edit ) </H2> <P> Windows Defender had additional functionality in Windows Vista which was removed in subsequent versions of Windows . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Security agents </Dt> <Dd> Security agents monitor the computer for malicious activities . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Auto Start -- Monitors lists of programs that are allowed to automatically run when the user starts the computer </Li> <Li> System Configuration ( settings ) -- Monitors security - related settings in Windows </Li> <Li> Internet Explorer Add - ons -- Monitors programs that automatically run when the user starts Internet Explorer </Li> <Li> Internet Explorer Configurations ( settings ) -- Monitors browser security settings </Li> <Li> Internet Explorer Downloads -- Monitors files and programs that are designed to work with Internet Explorer </Li> <Li> Services and Drivers -- Monitors services and drivers as they interact with Windows and programs </Li> <Li> Application Execution -- Monitors when programs start and any operations they perform while running </Li> <Li> Application Registration -- Monitors tools and files in the operating system where programs can register to run at any time </Li> <Li> Windows Add - ons -- Monitors add - on programs for Windows </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Software Explorer </Dt> <Dd> The Advanced Tools section allows users to discover potential vulnerabilities with a series of Software Explorers . They provide views of startup programs , currently running software , network connected applications , and Winsock providers ( Winsock LSPs ) . In each Explorer , every element is rated as either `` Known '' , `` Unknown '' or `` Potentially Unwanted '' . The first and last categories carry a link to learn more about the particular item , and the second category invites users to submit the program to Microsoft SpyNet for analysis by community members . The Software Explorer feature has been removed from Windows Defender in Windows 7 . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Notification of startup programs that run as an administrator </Dt> <Dd> Windows Defender in Windows Vista automatically blocks all startup items that require administrator privileges to run ( this is considered suspicious behavior for a startup item ) . This automatic blocking is related to the User Account Control functionality in Windows Vista , and requires users to manually run each of these startup items each time they log in if they desire the item to run at startup . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> User interface </Dt> <Dd> In Windows Vista , it is possible to close the window and have the program run in the system tray while a scan is running . However , in Windows 7 , this functionality was removed and the window must remain open while a scan is running . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Windows Defender offline ( edit ) </H2> <P> Windows Defender Offline ( formerly known as Standalone System Sweeper Beta ) is a bootable standalone antimalware program that runs from a bootable disk and is designed to scan infected systems while their operating systems are offline . Since Windows 10 Anniversary Update , offline functionality is integrated into the regular Windows Defender program . </P> <H2> Mitigated Security vulnerability ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 5 May 2017 , Tavis Ormandy , a vulnerability researcher for Google , discovered a security vulnerability in the JavaScript analysis module ( NScript ) of Microsoft Antimalware Engine ( MsMpEngine ) that impacted Windows Defender , Microsoft Security Essentials and System Center Endpoint Protection . By 8 May 2017 , Microsoft had released a patch to all affected systems . Ars Technica commended Microsoft for its unprecedented patching speed and said that the disaster had been averted . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Security and safety features new to Windows Vista </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender '' . Download Center . Microsoft . 23 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` What is Windows Defender ? '' . Computer Hope . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shultz , Greg . `` Windows Defender : Past , present , and future '' . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How to Remove an Active - X Control in Windows '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thurrot , Paul ( 6 October 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Windows Anti-Spyware Preview : Paul Thurott 's SuperSite for Windows '' . SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Acquires Anti-Spyware Leader GIANT Company '' . PressPass . Microsoft . December 16 , 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gates Highlights Progress on Security , Outlines Next Steps for Continued Innovation '' . PressPass . Microsoft Corporation . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 14 February 2006 ) . `` Windows Defender Beta 2 Review : Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows '' . SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender : Startseite '' ( in German ) . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` マイクロソフト セキュリティ At Home '' ( in Japanese ) . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 24 October 2006 ) . `` Finally , Microsoft Ships Windows Defender '' . Windows IT Pro . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Microsoft Security Essentials Public Beta '' . Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hau , Kevin ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` Windows Defender and Microsoft Security Essentials '' . Microsoft Answers . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marius , Marius Oiaga ( 30 August 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Security Essentials 1.0 and 2.0 Disable Windows Defender '' . Softpedia . SoftNews NET SRL . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Windows 8 Consumer Preview : Set Up Windows 8 with the Web Installer </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Protect your PC '' . Support ( 12 ed . ) . Microsoft . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lich , Brian ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Windows Defender Antivirus in the Windows Defender Security Center app '' . docs.microsoft.com . Microsoft . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Quick Tip : Use the Old Windows Defender in Windows 10 Creators Update '' . Softpedia . SoftNews . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Wayne ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How to get the classic Windows Defender back on Windows 10 Creators Update '' . BetaNews . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://betanews.com/2016/11/18/windows-10-block-at-first-sight-protection-in-windows-defender/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Using Software Explorer in Windows Defender '' . Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Dennis ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Software Explorer keeps unneeded apps from auto - starting '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Windows 7 Annoyances '' . Supersite for Windows . Penton . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Error message when you start a Windows Vista - based computer : ' Windows has blocked some startup programs ' '' . Support . Microsoft . September 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Microsoft Standalone System Sweeper </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender Offline '' . Microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Help protect my PC with Windows Defender Offline '' Microsoft . Accessed 4 October 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Massive vulnerability in Windows Defender leaves most Windows PCs vulnerable '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Advisory 4022344 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . 8 May 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Microsoft Security Portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Microsoft security products </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> For Windows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Windows Firewall ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Baseline Security Analyzer ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Malicious Software Removal Tool ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Windows Defender ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Microsoft SmartScreen ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Microsoft Security Essentials ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Microsoft Safety Scanner ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> For Windows Server </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Exchange Online Protection ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> System Center Data Protection Manager ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Identity Manager ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MSAV ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Threat 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List of dates for Easter - wikipedia <H1> List of dates for Easter </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years ( 1998 -- 2038 in Gregorian dates ) <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Western </Th> <Th> Eastern </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 12 </Td> <Td> April 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 4 </Td> <Td> April 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 23 </Td> <Td> April 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2002 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 31 </Td> <Td> May 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2003 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 20 </Td> <Td> April 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 27 </Td> <Td> May 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 16 </Td> <Td> April 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 23 </Td> <Td> April 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 12 </Td> <Td> April 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 8 </Td> <Td> April 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 31 </Td> <Td> May 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 5 </Td> <Td> April 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 27 </Td> <Td> May 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2017 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 1 </Td> <Td> April 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2019 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 21 </Td> <Td> April 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 12 </Td> <Td> April 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2021 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 4 </Td> <Td> May 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2022 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 17 </Td> <Td> April 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2023 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 9 </Td> <Td> April 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2024 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 31 </Td> <Td> May 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2025 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2026 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 5 </Td> <Td> April 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2027 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 28 </Td> <Td> May 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2028 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2029 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 1 </Td> <Td> April 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2030 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 21 </Td> <Td> April 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2031 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2032 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 28 </Td> <Td> May 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2033 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 17 </Td> <Td> April 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2034 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2035 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> March 25 </Td> <Td> April 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2036 </Th> <Td colspan="1"> April 13 </Td> <Td> April 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2037 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2038 </Th> <Td colspan="2"> April 25 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is a list of dates for Easter . The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday , Good Friday , Holy Saturday , Maundy Thursday , the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur . Easter may occur on different dates in the Gregorian Calendar and the Julian Calendar . The accompanying table provides both sets of dates , for recent decades and forthcoming years -- see the computus article for more details on the calculation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Earliest Easter <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Western ( Gregorian ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Orthodox ( Julian ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Latest Easter <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Western ( Gregorian ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Orthodox ( Julian ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date </Li> <Li> 4 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter </Li> <Li> 5 Public holidays </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Earliest Easter ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Western ( Gregorian ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday , March 21 ( the equinox ) . Therefore , the following day , March 22 , was Easter . It will not fall as early again until 2285 , a span of 467 years . The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 ( March 23 ) occurred in 1845 , 1856 , 1913 and 2008 , and will occur again in 2160 -- a 11 , 57 , 95 and 152 - year gap , respectively . </P> <H3> Orthodox ( Julian ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are April 4 , 1915 and April 4 , 2010 ( Gregorian ) . Both dates are equivalent to March 22 in the Julian Calendar . </P> <H2> Latest Easter ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Western ( Gregorian ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday , April 25 . The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday , March 20 ; because it came before the vernal equinox , the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday , April 18 . Consequently , Easter was the following Sunday ( April 25 ) . Easter will not fall as late again until 2038 -- a span of 95 years . The second latest date for Easter , April 24 , occurred in 2011 . The latter occurred in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095 -- 152 and 84 years , respectively . However between years 5121 and 6482 , Easter will be no later than April 24 . </P> <H3> Orthodox ( Julian ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are May 8 , 1983 , and May 8 , 2078 ( Gregorian ) . Both dates are equivalent to April 25 in the Julian Calendar . Orthodox Easter has never fallen on Gregorian May 7 yet ; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar . </P> <H2> Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date ( edit ) </H2> <P> Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days , Easter 2014 fell on the same date . According to the Western ( Gregorian ) calendar , the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox ( March 20 ) fell on Monday , April 14 , 2014 . The following Sunday , April 20 , was , therefore , Easter Day . </P> <P> According to the Orthodox ( Julian ) calendar ( which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar ) , the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21 . However , in the Gregorian Calendar , this is April 3 . The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on ( Julian ) Tuesday , April 2 , 2014 ( Gregorian April 15 ) . The following Sunday , ( Julian ) April 7 , is , therefore , Easter Day ( Gregorian April 20 ) . </P> <H2> Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter ( edit ) </H2> <P> Both calendars ( Gregorian and Julian ) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25 on their calendars . However , because of the 13 - day difference , any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar . Conversely , any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar . </P> <P> Beginning March 14 , 2100 ( February 29 , 2100 , in the Julian Calendar ) , the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days . </P> <H2> Public holidays ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion with : details of Easter holidays in other countries ; this section currently only mentions those with a four - day weekend . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In Hungary , the United Kingdom except Scotland , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Germany , Switzerland and New Zealand , Easter comprises two public holidays , Good Friday and Easter Monday , making a four - day weekend . The moveable date of Easter sometimes brings it into conflict with other , fixed , public holidays . </P> <Ul> <Li> In the United Kingdom in 2000 and 2011 , the May Day bank holiday was one week after Easter Monday , causing there to be three consecutive weeks with a bank holiday . ( In Scotland this did not occur as Easter Monday is not a bank holiday . ) In 2011 , a bank holiday was declared on Friday 29 April for the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton ; consequently there were four bank holidays within three consecutive calendar weeks ( including two in one week ) , creating two consecutive four - day weekends ( Friday 22 -- Monday 25 April and Friday 29 April -- Monday 2 May ) , with a three - day working week in between ( Tuesday 26 -- Thursday 28 April ) . </Li> <Li> In Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 2008 , Saint Patrick 's Day ( Monday 17 March ) fell six days before Easter ( Sunday 23 March ) , creating a three - day week ( Tuesday 18 -- Thursday 20 March ) . This will next happen in 2035 , when Saint Patrick 's day falls on Saturday , so the public holiday is moved forward to the following Monday 19 March , again six days before Easter . <Ul> <Li> Note that in the Catholic liturgical calendar , saints ' feasts are not observed when they fall during Holy Week ; this caused Saint Patrick not to appear in the liturgical calendar for 2008 ; 17 March was simply celebrated as Holy Monday . In Ireland , the Church chose to celebrate Saint Patrick on Saturday 15 March instead . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> In Australia , ANZAC Day is a public holiday on 25 April . In 2000 and 2011 , this created a five - day weekend over Easter : in 2000 , Easter Monday fell on 24 April , with Easter Tuesday , 25 April , then being ANZAC Day ; in 2011 , ANZAC Day and Easter Monday coincided on Monday 25 April , which led to a substitute public holiday being declared for Tuesday 26 April . In 2003 and 2014 , ANZAC Day fell on Easter Friday , and in 2019 it will fall on Easter Thursday , and in 2038 it will fall on Easter Sunday ; the consequence is three - day working weeks immediately following the Easter weekend . </Li> </Ul> <P> Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States . In North Carolina , however , it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irish bishops move St. Patrick 's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week '' . Catholic News Agency . July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/australia/2011.php </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Easter Monday in the United States '' . TimeandDate.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> http://tlarsen2.tripod.com/thomaslarsen/easterdates.html -- has a much larger list of dates </Li> <Li> A chronology since Council Nicaea `` Date of Easter Sunday '' Father Kevin Michael Laughery , as observed by Western Christians since A.D. 326 ( last updated Tuesday , November 4 , 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Interactive calculator generates historical feast dates in Julian calendar prior to 1582 Gregorian reforms </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dates_for_Easter&oldid=835274731 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Easter date </Li> <Li> Christianity - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles to be expanded from April 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 17 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when is the next time easter falls on april 11th

Thunderstorm - wikipedia <H1> Thunderstorm </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Electrical storm '' redirects here . For other uses , see Electrical storm ( disambiguation ) . `` TSTM '' redirects here . For the musical ensemble , see Thirty Seconds to Mars . For other uses , see Thunderstorm ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Thunderstorm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A thunderstorm over Corfu . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sign </Th> <Td> A large cumulonimbus cloud with lightning and thunder . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Severe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cloud of origin </Th> <Td> Cumulonimbus . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of the nature series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weather </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calendar seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Winter </Li> <Li> Spring </Li> <Li> Summer </Li> <Li> Autumn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tropical seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dry season </Li> <Li> Wet season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cloud </Li> <Li> Cumulonimbus cloud </Li> <Li> Arcus cloud </Li> <Li> Downburst </Li> <Li> Microburst </Li> <Li> Heat burst </Li> <Li> Dust storm </Li> <Li> Simoom </Li> <Li> Haboob </Li> <Li> Monsoon </Li> <Li> Gale </Li> <Li> Sirocco </Li> <Li> Firestorm </Li> <Li> Lightning </Li> <Li> Supercell </Li> <Li> Thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Severe thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Thundersnow </Li> <Li> Storm surge </Li> <Li> Tornado </Li> <Li> Cyclone </Li> <Li> Mesocyclone </Li> <Li> Anticyclone </Li> <Li> Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) </Li> <Li> Extratropical cyclone </Li> <Li> European windstorm </Li> <Li> Atlantic Hurricane </Li> <Li> Typhoon </Li> <Li> Derecho </Li> <Li> Landspout </Li> <Li> Dust devil </Li> <Li> Fire whirl </Li> <Li> Waterspout </Li> <Li> Winter storm <Ul> <Li> Ice storm </Li> <Li> Blizzard </Li> <Li> Ground blizzard </Li> <Li> Snowsquall </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Precipitation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) </Li> <Li> Graupel </Li> <Li> Hail </Li> <Li> Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) </Li> <Li> Rain ( Freezing rain ) </Li> <Li> Cloudburst </Li> <Li> Snow <Ul> <Li> Rain and snow mixed </Li> <Li> Snow grains </Li> <Li> Snow roller </Li> <Li> Slush </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atmospheric river </Li> <Li> Atmospheric convection </Li> <Li> Air pollution </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Cloud </Li> <Li> Fog </Li> <Li> Cold wave </Li> <Li> Heat wave </Li> <Li> Jet stream </Li> <Li> Meteorology </Li> <Li> Severe weather </Li> <Li> Weather forecasting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weather portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> A typical thunderstorm over a field <P> A thunderstorm , also known as an electrical storm , lightning storm , or thundershower , is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth 's atmosphere , known as thunder . Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus . They are usually accompanied by strong winds , heavy rain , and sometimes snow , sleet , hail , or , in contrast , no precipitation at all . Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband , known as a squall line . Strong or severe thunderstorms , known as supercells , rotate as do cyclones . While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the troposphere that they occupy , vertical wind shear sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction . </P> Warm , moist updraft from a thunderstorm associated with a southward - moving frontal boundary -- taken from Texarkana , Texas looking north . <P> Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm , moist air , sometimes along a front . As the warm , moist air moves upward , it cools , condenses , and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) . As the rising air reaches its dew point temperature , water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice , reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell . Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth 's surface . As the droplets fall , they collide with other droplets and become larger . The falling droplets create a downdraft as it pulls cold air with it , and this cold air spreads out at the Earth 's surface , occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms . </P> <P> Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the mid-latitude , where warm , moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes . Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena . Thunderstorms , and the phenomena that occur along with them , pose great hazards . Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds , large hailstones , and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation . Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts . </P> <P> There are four types of thunderstorms : single - cell , multi-cell cluster , multi-cell lines , and supercells . Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and most severe . Mesoscale convective systems formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics can be responsible for the development of hurricanes . Dry thunderstorms , with no precipitation , can cause the outbreak of wildfires from the heat generated from the cloud - to - ground lightning that accompanies them . Several means are used to study thunderstorms : weather radar , weather stations , and video photography . Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century . Beyond the Earth 's atmosphere , thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and , probably , Venus . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Life cycle <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Cumulus stage </Li> <Li> 1.2 Mature stage </Li> <Li> 1.3 Dissipating stage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Classification <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Single - cell </Li> <Li> 2.2 Multi-cell clusters </Li> <Li> 2.3 Multicell lines </Li> <Li> 2.4 Supercells </Li> <Li> 2.5 Severe thunderstorms </Li> <Li> 2.6 Mesoscale convective systems </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Motion <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Back - building thunderstorm </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Hazards <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Cloud - to - ground lightning </Li> <Li> 4.2 Hail </Li> <Li> 4.3 Tornadoes and waterspouts </Li> <Li> 4.4 Flash flood </Li> <Li> 4.5 Downburst </Li> <Li> 4.6 Thunderstorm asthma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Safety precautions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Preparedness </Li> <Li> 5.2 Safety </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Frequent occurrences </Li> <Li> 7 Energy </Li> <Li> 8 Studies </Li> <Li> 9 Mythology and religion </Li> <Li> 10 Outside of Earth </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Life cycle ( edit ) </H2> Stages of a thunderstorm 's life . See also : Cloud <P> Warm air has a lower density than cool air , so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom ( this effect can be seen with a hot air balloon ) . Clouds form as relatively warmer air , carrying moisture , rises within cooler air . The moist air rises , and , as it does so , it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses . When the moisture condenses , it releases energy known as latent heat of vaporization , which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air continuing the cloud 's ascension . If enough instability is present in the atmosphere , this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning and thunder . Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds . Generally , thunderstorms require three conditions to form : </P> <Ol> <Li> Moisture </Li> <Li> An unstable airmass </Li> <Li> A lifting force ( heat ) </Li> </Ol> <P> All thunderstorms , regardless of type , go through three stages : the developing stage , the mature stage , and the dissipation stage . The average thunderstorm has a 24 km ( 15 mi ) diameter . Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere , each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes . </P> <H3> Cumulus stage ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage . During this stage , masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere . The trigger for this lift can be solar illumination , where the heating of the ground produces thermals , or where two winds converge forcing air upwards , or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation . The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude , which appear as cumulus clouds . As the water vapor condenses into liquid , latent heat is released , which warms the air , causing it to become less dense than the surrounding , drier air . The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection ( hence the term convective precipitation ) . This process creates a low - pressure zone within and beneath the forming thunderstorm . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the Earth 's atmosphere . </P> <H3> Mature stage ( edit ) </H3> Anvil - shaped thundercloud in the mature stage over Swifts Creek , Victoria <P> In the mature stage of a thunderstorm , the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther . Often this ' cap ' is the tropopause . The air is instead forced to spread out , giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape . The resulting cloud is called cumulonimbus incus . The water droplets coalesce into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles . As these fall , they melt to become rain . If the updraft is strong enough , the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as hail . While updrafts are still present , the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it , creating downdrafts as well . The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds . During this stage , considerable internal turbulence can occur within , which manifests as strong winds , severe lightning , and even tornadoes . </P> <P> Typically , if there is little wind shear , the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and ' rain itself out ' , but , if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction , the downdraft will be separated from the updraft , and the storm may become a supercell , where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours . </P> <H3> Dissipating stage ( edit ) </H3> A thunderstorm in an environment with no winds to shear the storm or blow the anvil in any one direction <P> In the dissipation stage , the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft . If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development , this stage occurs rather quickly , approximately 20 -- 30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm . The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm , hit the ground and spread out . This phenomenon is known as a downburst . The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm , the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate . Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions , which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm , moist air , and kills the thunderstorm 's further growth . The downdraft hitting the ground creates an outflow boundary . This can cause downbursts , a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through , as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs , resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft . The stronger the outflow boundary is , the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes . </P> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> Conditions favorable for thunderstorm types and complexes <P> There are four main types of thunderstorms : single - cell , multi-cell , squall line ( also called multi-cell line ) and supercell . Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere ( `` wind shear '' ) . Single - cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20 -- 30 minutes . </P> <P> Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters / lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear , normally greater than 25 knots ( 13 m / s ) in the lowest 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) of the troposphere , which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather . The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms , most commonly associated with large hail , high winds , and tornado formation . Precipitable water values of greater than 31.8 millimetres ( 1.25 in ) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes . Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres ( 1.45 in ) . Upstream values of CAPE of greater than 800 J / kg are usually required for the development of organized convection . </P> <H3> Single - cell ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Air - mass thunderstorm A single - cell thunderstorm over Wagga Wagga . <P> This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft . Also known as air - mass thunderstorms , these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales . They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a cold front from the sea during winter . Within a cluster of thunderstorms , the term `` cell '' refers to each separate principal updraft . Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation , as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development . Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability ; hence the term `` air mass thunderstorm '' . When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them , it is known as a pulse severe storm . Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space , making them difficult to forecast . Single - cell thunderstorms normally last 20 -- 30 minutes . </P> <H3> Multi-cell clusters ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Multicellular thunderstorm A group of thunderstorms over Brazil photographed by the Space Shuttle Challenger . <P> This is the most common type of thunderstorm development . Mature thunderstorms are found near the center of the cluster , while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side . Multicell storms form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more squall lines . While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes , the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time . They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries , such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure . These type of storms are stronger than the single - cell storm , yet much weaker than the supercell storm . Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate - sized hail , flash flooding , and weak tornadoes . </P> <H3> Multi-cell lines ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Squall line See also : List of derecho events <P> A squall line is an elongated line of severe thunderstorms that can form along or ahead of a cold front . In the early 20th century , the term was used as a synonym for cold front . The squall line contains heavy precipitation , hail , frequent lightning , strong straight line winds , and possibly tornadoes and waterspouts . Severe weather in the form of strong straight - line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a bow echo , within the portion of the line that bows out the most . Tornadoes can be found along waves within a line echo wave pattern , or LEWP , where mesoscale low pressure areas are present . Some bow echoes in the summer are called derechos , and move quite fast through large sections of territory . On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines , a wake low can form , which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy , which are sometimes associated with a heat burst . This kind of storm is also known as `` Wind of the Stony Lake '' ( Traditional Chinese : 石 湖 風 -- shi2 hu2 feng1 , Simplified Chinese : 石 湖 风 ) in southern China . </P> <H3> Supercells ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Supercell A supercell thunderstorm over Chaparral , New Mexico . The setting sun illuminates the top of a classic anvil - shaped thunderstorm cloud in eastern Nebraska , United States . <P> Supercell storms are large , usually severe , quasi-steady - state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ( `` wind shear '' ) , and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts ( i.e. , where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft ) with a strong , rotating updraft ( a `` mesocyclone '' ) . These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud ( or anvil ) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere , and supercell storms can be 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) wide . Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause severe weather . These storms can produce destructive tornadoes , sometimes F3 or higher , extremely large hailstones ( 10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter ) , straight - line winds in excess of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) , and flash floods . In fact , research has also shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm . Supercells are the strongest type of thunderstorm , even stronger than the most severe thunderstorms . </P> <H3> Severe thunderstorms ( edit ) </H3> <P> A thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour ( 58 mph ) , hail is 25 millimetres ( 1 in ) in diameter or larger , or if funnel clouds or tornadoes are reported . Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm , a tornado warning is issued in place of a severe thunderstorm warning . A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe , or will soon turn severe . In Canada , a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) in one hour , or 75 millimetres ( 3 in ) in three hours , is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms . Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell . However , multicell , supercell , and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather . </P> <H3> Mesoscale convective systems ( edit ) </H3> See also : Mesoscale convective system MCC moving through New England : August 2 , 2006 0600 UTC <P> A mesoscale convective system ( MCS ) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones , and normally persists for several hours or more . A mesoscale convective system 's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape , and include weather systems such as tropical cyclones , squall lines , lake - effect snow events , polar lows , and Mesoscale Convective Complexes ( MCCs ) , and they generally form near weather fronts . Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day . The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America , Europe , and Asia , with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours . </P> <P> Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon troughs , generally within the warm season between spring and fall . More intense systems form over land than over water . One exception is that of lake - effect snow bands , which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water , and occurs from fall through spring . Polar lows are a second special class of MCS . They form at high latitudes during the cold season . Once the parent MCS dies , later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex ( MCV ) . Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall . </P> <H2> Motion ( edit ) </H2> Thunderstorm line viewed in reflectivity ( dBZ ) on a plan position indicator radar display <P> The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture . Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth 's troposphere , the lowest 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) of the Earth 's atmosphere . Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth 's surface than stronger thunderstorms , as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall . Organized , long - lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical wind shear vector . If the gust front , or leading edge of the outflow boundary , races ahead of the thunderstorm , its motion will accelerate in tandem . This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation ( HP ) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation ( LP ) . When thunderstorms merge , which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other , the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell . The stronger the mean wind , the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion . On weather radar , storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan . </P> <H3> Back - building thunderstorm ( edit ) </H3> <P> A back - building thunderstorm , commonly referred to as a training thunderstorm , is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side ( usually the west or southwest side in the Northern Hemisphere ) , such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction . Though the storm often appears stationary on radar , or even moving upwind , this is an illusion . The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new , more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side , replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind . When this happens , catastrophic flooding is possible . In Rapid City , South Dakota , in 1972 , an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area , resulting in devastating flash flooding . A similar event occurred in Boscastle , England , on 16 August 2004 . </P> <H2> Hazards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each year , many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning . While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer , they can occur at just about any time of the year . </P> <H3> Cloud - to - ground lightning ( edit ) </H3> See also : Lightning strike and Wildfire A return stroke , cloud - to - ground lightning strike during a thunderstorm . <P> Cloud - to - ground lightning frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations . One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the wildfires they are capable of igniting . Under a regime of low precipitation ( LP ) thunderstorms , where little precipitation is present , rainfall can not prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat . Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs on occasion . In areas with a high frequency for cloud - to - ground lightning , like Florida , lightning causes several fatalities per year , most commonly to people working outside . </P> <P> Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning . Distilled water has a neutral pH of 7 . `` Clean '' or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2 , because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid , a weak acid ( pH 5.6 in distilled water ) , but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals . Nitric oxide present during thunderstorm phenomena , caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen , can result in the production of acid rain , if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation , thus creating acid rain . Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain other solid chemical compounds . In ecosystems , acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in soil , resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms . </P> <H3> Hail ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hail Hailstorm in Bogotá , Colombia . <P> Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm . Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration . Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards ( known as orographic lifting ) , thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely . One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India , which reported one of the highest hail - related death tolls on record in 1888 . China also experiences significant hailstorms . Across Europe , Croatia experiences frequent occurrences of hail . </P> <P> In North America , hail is most common in the area where Colorado , Nebraska , and Wyoming meet , known as `` Hail Alley . '' Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours , with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September . Cheyenne , Wyoming is North America 's most hail - prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season . In South America , areas prone to hail are cities like Bogotá , Colombia . </P> <P> Hail can cause serious damage , notably to automobiles , aircraft , skylights , glass - roofed structures , livestock , and most commonly , farmers ' crops . Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft . When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres ( 0.5 in ) in diameter , planes can be seriously damaged within seconds . The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft . Wheat , corn , soybeans , and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage . Hail is one of Canada 's most costly hazards . Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history . One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in Roopkund , Uttarakhand , India . The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in Aurora , Nebraska , United States . </P> <H3> Tornadoes and waterspouts ( edit ) </H3> In June 2007 , the town of Elie , Manitoba was struck by an F5 tornado . Main articles : Tornado and Waterspout <P> A tornado is a violent , rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud ( otherwise known as a thundercloud ) or , in rare cases , the base of a cumulus cloud . Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel , whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust . Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph ( 64 and 177 km / h ) , are approximately 75 metres ( 246 ft ) across , and travel several kilometers ( a few miles ) before dissipating . Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph ( 480 km / h ) , stretch more than 1,600 metres ( 1 mi ) across , and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres ( dozens of miles ) . </P> <P> The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused . An EF0 tornado , the weakest category , damages trees but not substantial structures . An EF5 tornado , the strongest category , rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers . The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes . Doppler radar data , photogrammetry , and ground swirl patterns ( cycloidal marks ) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating . </P> Formation of numerous waterspouts in the Great Lakes region . ( North America ) A flash flood caused by a severe thunderstorm <P> Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes , characterized by a spiraling funnel - shaped wind current that form over bodies of water , connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds . Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes , or more specifically , non-supercelled tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water . These spiralling columns of air are frequently developed within tropical areas close to the equator , but are less common within areas of high latitude . </P> <H3> Flash Flood ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Flash flood <P> Flash flooding is the process where a landscape , most notably an urban environment , is subjected to rapid floods . These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding and are frequently ( though not always ) associated with intense rainfall . Flash flooding can frequently occur in slow - moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it . Flash floods are most common in densely populated urban environments , where few plants and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water . Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure , such as bridges , and weakly constructed buildings . Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water . Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced . Soil erosion can occur as well , exposing risks of landslide phenomena . </P> <H3> Downburst ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Downburst Trees uprooted or displaced by the force of a downburst wind in northwest Monroe County , Wisconsin . <P> Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms . Downburst winds are generally very powerful , and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes , due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight - horizontal characteristic . Downburst winds can be hazardous to unstable , incomplete , or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings . Agricultural crops , and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged . Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash . Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds . Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it , due to their higher density . When these downdrafts reach the surface , they spread out and turn into the destructive straight - horizontal winds . </P> <H3> Thunderstorm asthma ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Thunderstorm asthma <P> Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm . During a thunderstorm , pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind . While larger pollen grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose , the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs , triggering the asthma attack . </P> <H2> Safety precautions ( edit ) </H2> See also : Emergency management and Tornado preparedness <P> Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully ; however , any thunderstorm can become severe , and all thunderstorms , by definition , present the danger of lightning . Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before , during , and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage . </P> <H3> Preparedness ( edit ) </H3> <P> Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm . Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness ( as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year ) . Preparing a family emergency plan , for example , can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and unexpectedly . Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees , which can be blown over in high winds , can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury . </P> <P> The National Weather Service ( NWS ) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Know the names of local counties , cities , and towns , as these are how warnings are described . </Li> <Li> Monitor forecasts and weather conditions and know whether thunderstorms are likely in the area . </Li> <Li> Be alert for natural signs of an approaching storm . </Li> <Li> Cancel or reschedule outdoor events ( to avoid being caught outdoors when a storm hits ) . </Li> <Li> Take action early so you have time to get to a safe place . </Li> <Li> Get inside a substantial building or hard - topped metal vehicle before threatening weather arrives . </Li> <Li> If you hear thunder , get to the safe place immediately . </Li> <Li> Avoid open areas like hilltops , fields , and beaches , and do n't be or be near the tallest objects in an area when thunderstorms are occurring . </Li> <Li> Do n't shelter under tall or isolated trees during thunderstorms . </Li> <Li> If in the woods , put as much distance between you and any trees during thunderstorms . </Li> <Li> If in a group , spread out so that you increase the chances for survivors who could come to the aid of any victims from a lightning strike . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Safety ( edit ) </H3> <P> While safety and preparedness often overlap , `` thunderstorm safety '' generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm . The American Red Cross recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Take action immediately upon hearing thunder . Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning . </Li> <Li> Avoid electrical appliances , including corded telephones . Cordless and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm . </Li> <Li> Close and stay away from windows and doors , as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind . </Li> <Li> Do not bathe or shower , as plumbing conducts electricity . </Li> <Li> If driving , safely exit the roadway , turn on hazard lights , and park . Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> The NWS stopped recommending the `` lightning crouch '' in 2008 as it does n't provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike . </P> <H2> Frequent occurrences ( edit ) </H2> See also : United States rainfall climatology A mild thunderstorm over Niagara Falls , Ontario . <P> Thunderstorms occur throughout the world , even in the polar regions , with the greatest frequency in tropical rainforest areas , where they may occur nearly daily . At any given time approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth . Kampala and Tororo in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth , a claim also made for Singapore and Bogor on the Indonesian island of Java . Other cities known for frequent storm activity include Darwin , Caracas , Manila and Mumbai . Thunderstorms are associated with the various monsoon seasons around the globe , and they populate the rainbands of tropical cyclones . In temperate regions , they are most frequent in spring and summer , although they can occur along or ahead of cold fronts at any time of year . They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water . Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures . </P> <P> Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the Southern states . These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes . Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the West Coast of the United States , but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas , particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California . In spring and summer , they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the Rocky Mountains as part of the North American Monsoon regime . In the Northeast , storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest , but with less frequency and severity . During the summer , air - mass thunderstorms are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida . </P> <H2> Energy ( edit ) </H2> See also : Sprite ( lightning ) , Upper - atmospheric lightning , and St. Elmo 's fire How thunderstorms launch particle beams into space <P> If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known , then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 5 × 10 kg of water vapor are lifted , and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 10 joules . This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone , and more energy than that released during the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima , Japan in 1945 . </P> <P> The Fermi Gamma - ray Burst Monitor results show that gamma rays and antimatter particles ( positrons ) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms . It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in terrestrial gamma - ray flashes ( TGF ) . TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning . The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays . About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide , but mostly go undetected . </P> <H2> Studies ( edit ) </H2> <P> In more contemporary times , thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity . Every spring , storm chasers head to the Great Plains of the United States and the Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping . Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms . More organized meteorological projects such as VORTEX2 use an array of sensors , such as the Doppler on Wheels , vehicles with mounted automated weather stations , weather balloons , and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather . Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud - to - ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres ( 820 ft ) of their point of origin . </P> <H2> Mythology and religion ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations . Greeks believed that they were battles waged by Zeus , who hurled lightning bolts forged by Hephaestus . Some American Indian tribes associated thunderstorms with the Thunderbird , who they believed was a servant of the Great Spirit . The Norse considered thunderstorms to occur when Thor went to fight Jötnar , with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer Mjölnir . Hinduism recognizes Indra as the god of rain and thunderstorms . Christian doctrine accepted the ideas of Aristotle 's original work , called Meteorologica , that winds were caused by exhalations from the Earth and that fierce storms were the work of God . These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century . </P> <P> Martin Luther was out walking when a thunderstorm began , causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk . </P> <H2> Outside of Earth ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thunderstorms , evidenced by flashes of lightning , on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice , suggesting that a similar mechanism may act as on Earth . ( Water is a polar molecule that can carry a charge , so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning . ) These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on the Earth . The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior . The clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing lightning ; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barber 's pole </Li> <Li> Continuous gusts </Li> <Li> Convective storm detection </Li> <Li> Hector ( cloud ) </Li> <Li> Severe thunderstorm warning and Severe thunderstorm watch </Li> <Li> Thundersnow </Li> <Li> Tornado warning </Li> <Li> Tornado watch </Li> <Li> Training ( meteorology ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weather Glossary -- T '' . National Weather Service . 21 April 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory ( September 1992 ) . `` tornadoes ... Nature 's Most Violent Storms '' . A PREPAREDNESS GUIDE . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Albert Irvin Frye ( 1913 ) . 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Bibcode : 2008TellA ... 60 ... 688R . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0870.2008. 00331. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , Roger ( 2006 - 04 - 04 ) . `` The Online Tornado FAQ '' . Storm Prediction Center . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Doppler On Wheels '' . Center for Severe Weather Research . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hallam Nebraska Tornado '' . Omaha / Valley , NE Weather Forecast Office . 2005 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dr. Terence Meaden ( 2004 ) . `` Wind Scales : Beaufort , T -- Scale , and Fujita 's Scale '' . Tornado and Storm Research Organisation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Storm Prediction Center . `` Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Waterspout '' . American Meteorological Society . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office , Burlington , Vermont ( 2009 - 02 - 03 ) . `` 15 January 2009 : Lake Champlain Sea Smoke , Steam Devils , and Waterspout : Chapters IV and V '' . Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Flash Flood '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Weather Service . `` Flood Products : What Do They Mean ? '' . NOAA . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Weather Service . `` Flash Flood '' . NOAA . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Weather Service Forecast Office Columbia , South Carolina ( 2009 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Downbursts ... '' National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suphioglu C. Thunderstorm Asthma Due to Grass Pollen . Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998 ; 116 : 253 -- 260 . doi : 10.1159 / 000023953 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , P.E. & Jonsson , H. Thunderstorm asthma . Curr Allergy Asthma Rep ( 2004 ) 4 : 409 . doi : 10.1007 / s11882 - 004 - 0092 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dabrera G , Murray V , Emberlin J , Ayres JG , Collier C , Clewlow Y , Sachon P. Thunderstorm asthma : an overview of the evidence base and implications for public health advice . QJM. 2013 Mar ; 106 ( 3 ) : 207 - 17 . doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / hcs234 . PMID 23275386 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Amato G , Vitale C , D'Amato M , Cecchi L , Liccardi G , Molino A , Vatrella A , Sanduzzi A , Maesano C , Annesi - Maesano I. Thunderstorm - related asthma : what happens and why . Clin Exp Allergy. 2016 Mar ; 46 ( 3 ) : 390 - 6 . doi : 10.1111 / cea. 12709 . PMID 26765082 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : American Red Cross . `` Thunderstorm Safety Checklist '' ( PDF ) . American Red Cross . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office . `` Thunderstorm '' . Severe Weather Preparedness Information . Albuquerque , NM : NOAA . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency . `` Thunderstorms and Lightning '' . Ready . US Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Federal Emergency Management Agency . `` What to Do Before a Thunderstorm '' . US Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NWS Lightning Safety Myths '' . Lightningsafety.noaa.gov. 2014 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NWS JetStream -- Lightning Frequently Asked Questions '' . Srh.noaa.gov. 2014 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You 're not safer crouching : Six things you did n't know about lightning '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Geographic Almanac of Geography , ISBN 0 - 7922 - 3877 - X , page 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How many thunderstorms occur each year ? '' . Thunderstorms . Sky Fire Productions . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Weather Service JetStream ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Hazards '' . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Roth . `` Unified Surface Analysis Manual '' ( PDF ) . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology ( 2001 - 06 - 07 ) . `` National Severe Local Storms Operations Plan -- Chapter 2 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Commerce . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garner , Rob ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Fermi Catches Antimatter - Hurling Storms '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fermi Spots Antimatter in Thunderstorms '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Moller ( 2003 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Storm Chase Ethics '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Florida Institute of Technology ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Scientists use high - energy particles from space to probe thunderstorms '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ VORTEX2 ( 2009 ) . `` What is VORTEX2 ? '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter P. Neilley & R.B. Bent ( 2009 ) . `` An Overview of the United States Precision Lightning Network ( USPLN ) '' . American Meteorological Society Fourth Conference on the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John D. Cox ( 2002 ) . Storm Watchers . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 38108 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther '' . Christian History . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elkins - Tanton , Linda T. ( 2006 ) . Jupiter and Saturn . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5196 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watanabe , Susan , ed . ( February 25 , 2006 ) . `` Surprising Jupiter : Busy Galileo spacecraft showed jovian system is full of surprises '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . `` Deep , Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather '' . Science . 287 ( 5455 ) : 946 -- 947 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 287.5455. 946b . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell , S.T. ; Zhang , T.L. ; Delva , M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler - mode waves in the ionosphere '' . Nature . 450 ( 7170 ) : 661 -- 662 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 661R . doi : 10.1038 / nature05930 . PMID 18046401 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Burgess , D.W. , R.J. Donaldson Jr. , and P.R. Desrochers , 1993 : Tornado detection and warning by radar . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction , and Hazards , Geophys . Monogr. , No. 79 , American Geophysical Union , 203 -- 221 . </Li> <Li> Corfidi , S.F. , 1998 : Forecasting MCS mode and motion . Preprints 19th Conf . on Severe Local Storms , American Meteorological Society , Minneapolis , Minnesota , pp. 626 -- 629 . </Li> <Li> Davies , J.M. , 2004 : Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells . Weather Forecast. , 19 , 714 -- 726 . </Li> <Li> Davies , J.M. , and R.H. Johns , 1993 : Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes . Part I : Helicity and mean shear magnitudes . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction , and Hazards ( C. Church et al. , Eds . ) , Geophysical Monograph 79 , American Geophysical Union , 573 -- 582 . </Li> <Li> David , C.L. 1973 : An objective of estimating the probability of severe thunderstorms . Preprint Eight conference of Severe Local Storms . Denver , Colorado , American Meteorological Society , 223 -- 225 . </Li> <Li> Doswell , C.A. , III , D.V. Baker , and C.A. Liles , 2002 : Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential : A case study . Weather Forecast. , 17 , 937 -- 954 . </Li> <Li> Doswell , C.A. , III , S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns ( 1993 ) : Tornado forecasting : A review . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction , and Hazards ( C. Church et al. , Eds ) , Geophys . Monogr . No. 79 , American Geophysical Union , 557 -- 571 . </Li> <Li> Johns , R.H. , J.M. Davies , and P.W. Leftwich , 1993 : Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes . Part II : Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters . The Tornado : Its Structure , Dynamics , Prediction and Hazards , Geophys . Mongr. , No. 79 , American Geophysical Union , 583 -- 590 . </Li> <Li> Evans , Jeffry S. , : Examination of Derecho Environments Using Proximity Soundings . NOAA.gov </Li> <Li> J.V. Iribarne and W.L. Godson , Atmospheric Thermodynamics , published by D. Reidel Publishing Company , Dordrecht , the Netherlands , 1973 </Li> <Li> M.K. Yau and R.R. Rogers , Short Course in Cloud Physics , Third Edition , published by Butterworth - Heinemann , January 1 , 1989 , EAN 9780750632157 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3215 - 1 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunderstorm . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anatomy of a thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology </Li> <Li> Air traffic control display at an airport of aircraft avoiding thunderstorm </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Meteorological data and variables </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adiabatic processes </Li> <Li> Advection </Li> <Li> Buoyancy </Li> <Li> Lapse rate </Li> <Li> Lightning </Li> <Li> Surface solar radiation </Li> <Li> Surface weather analysis </Li> <Li> Visibility </Li> <Li> Vorticity </Li> <Li> Wind </Li> <Li> Wind shear </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Condensation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cloud </Li> <Li> Cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN ) </Li> <Li> Fog </Li> <Li> Convective condensation level ( CCL ) </Li> <Li> Lifted condensation level ( LCL ) </Li> <Li> Precipitation </Li> <Li> Water vapor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Convection </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) </Li> <Li> Convective inhibition ( CIN ) </Li> <Li> Convective instability </Li> <Li> Convective momentum transport </Li> <Li> Convective temperature ( T ) </Li> <Li> Equilibrium level ( EL ) </Li> <Li> Free convective layer ( FCL ) </Li> <Li> Helicity </Li> <Li> K Index </Li> <Li> Level of free convection ( LFC ) </Li> <Li> Lifted index ( LI ) </Li> <Li> Maximum parcel level ( MPL ) </Li> <Li> Bulk Richardson number ( BRN ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temperature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dew point ( T ) </Li> <Li> Dew point depression </Li> <Li> Dry - bulb temperature </Li> <Li> Equivalent temperature ( T ) </Li> <Li> Forest fire weather index </Li> <Li> Haines Index </Li> <Li> Heat index </Li> <Li> Humidex </Li> <Li> Humidity </Li> <Li> Relative humidity ( RH ) </Li> <Li> Mixing ratio </Li> <Li> Potential temperature ( θ ) </Li> <Li> Equivalent potential temperature ( θ ) </Li> <Li> Sea surface temperature ( SST ) </Li> <Li> Thermodynamic temperature </Li> <Li> Vapor pressure </Li> <Li> Virtual temperature </Li> <Li> Wet - bulb temperature </Li> <Li> Wet - bulb potential temperature </Li> <Li> Wind chill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pressure </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atmospheric pressure </Li> <Li> Baroclinity </Li> <Li> Barotropicity </Li> <Li> Pressure gradient </Li> <Li> Pressure - gradient force ( PGF ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thunderstorm&oldid=821769562 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lightning </Li> <Li> Atmospheric electricity </Li> <Li> Weather hazards to aircraft </Li> <Li> Microscale meteorology </Li> <Li> Severe weather and convection </Li> <Li> Storm </Li> <Li> Weather hazards </Li> <Li> Rain </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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how far from the heavy rain of a thunder storm can lightning strike

Board of directors - wikipedia <H1> Board of directors </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Board Room '' and `` Board of Trustees '' redirect here . For other uses , see Board Room ( disambiguation ) and Board of Trustees ( disambiguation ) . A meeting of a board of directors of the Leipzig -- Dresden Railway Company in 1852 <P> A board of directors is a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization , which can be either a for - profit business , nonprofit organization , or a government agency . Such a board 's powers , duties , and responsibilities are determined by government regulations ( including the jurisdiction 's corporations law ) and the organization 's own constitution and bylaws . These authorities may specify the number of members of the board , how they are to be chosen , and how often they are to meet . </P> <P> In an organization with voting members , the board is accountable to , and might be subordinate to , the organization 's full membership , which usually vote for the members of the board . In a stock corporation , non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders and the board is the highest authority in the management of the corporation . The board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction . In corporations with dispersed ownership , the identification and nomination of directors ( that shareholders vote for or against ) are often done by the board itself , leading to a high degree of self - perpetuation . In a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership , the board is the supreme governing body of the institution ; its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Terminology </Li> <Li> 2 Roles </Li> <Li> 3 Directors <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Inside director </Li> <Li> 3.2 Outside director </Li> <Li> 3.3 Terminology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Process and structure <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Board meetings </Li> <Li> 4.2 Size </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Non-corporate boards <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Membership organizations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Corporations <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Governance </Li> <Li> 6.2 Two - tier system </Li> <Li> 6.3 History </Li> <Li> 6.4 Election and removal </Li> <Li> 6.5 Exercise of powers </Li> <Li> 6.6 Duties <Ul> <Li> 6.6. 1 `` Proper purpose '' </Li> <Li> 6.6. 2 `` Unfettered discretion '' </Li> <Li> 6.6. 3 `` Conflict of duty and interest '' <Ul> <Li> 6.6. 3.1 Transactions with the company </Li> <Li> 6.6. 3.2 Use of corporate property , opportunity , or information </Li> <Li> 6.6. 3.3 Competing with the company </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.6. 4 Common law duties of care and skill </Li> <Li> 6.6. 5 Remedies for breach of duty </Li> <Li> 6.6. 6 Current trends </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.7 United States <Ul> <Li> 6.7. 1 Sarbanes -- Oxley Act </Li> <Li> 6.7. 2 Size </Li> <Li> 6.7. 3 Committees </Li> <Li> 6.7. 4 Compensation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.8 Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 9.2 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Terminology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Other names include board of directors and advisors , board of governors , board of managers , board of regents , board of trustees , or board of visitors . It may also be called `` the executive board '' and is often simply referred to as `` the board '' . </P> <H2> Roles ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Business administration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Management of a business </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Accounting ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Management accounting </Li> <Li> Financial accounting </Li> <Li> Financial audit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Business entities ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Cooperative </Li> <Li> Corporation </Li> <Li> Limited liability company </Li> <Li> Partnership </Li> <Li> Sole proprietorship </Li> <Li> State - owned enterprise </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corporate governance ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Annual general meeting </Li> <Li> Board of directors </Li> <Li> Supervisory board </Li> <Li> Advisory board </Li> <Li> Audit committee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corporate law ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Commercial law </Li> <Li> Constitutional documents </Li> <Li> Contract </Li> <Li> Corporate crime </Li> <Li> Corporate liability </Li> <Li> Insolvency law </Li> <Li> International trade law </Li> <Li> Mergers and acquisitions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Economics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Commodity </Li> <Li> Public economics </Li> <Li> Labour economics </Li> <Li> Development economics </Li> <Li> International economics </Li> <Li> Mixed economy </Li> <Li> Planned economy </Li> <Li> Econometrics </Li> <Li> Environmental economics </Li> <Li> Open economy </Li> <Li> Market economy </Li> <Li> Knowledge economy </Li> <Li> Microeconomics </Li> <Li> Macroeconomics </Li> <Li> Economic development </Li> <Li> Economic statistics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finance ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Financial statement </Li> <Li> Insurance </Li> <Li> Factoring </Li> <Li> Cash conversion cycle </Li> <Li> Insider dealing </Li> <Li> Capital budgeting </Li> <Li> Commercial bank </Li> <Li> Derivative </Li> <Li> Financial statement analysis </Li> <Li> Financial risk </Li> <Li> Public finance </Li> <Li> Corporate finance </Li> <Li> Managerial finance </Li> <Li> International finance </Li> <Li> Liquidation </Li> <Li> Stock market </Li> <Li> Financial market </Li> <Li> Tax </Li> <Li> Financial institution </Li> <Li> Working capital </Li> <Li> Venture capital </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marketing ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Marketing </Li> <Li> Marketing research </Li> <Li> Public relations </Li> <Li> Sales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Types of management ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Asset </Li> <Li> Brand </Li> <Li> Business intelligence </Li> <Li> Business development </Li> <Li> Capacity </Li> <Li> Change <Ul> <Li> innovation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Commercial <Ul> <Li> marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Communications </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Conflict </Li> <Li> Content </Li> <Li> Customer relationship </Li> <Li> Distributed </Li> <Li> Earned value </Li> <Li> Electronic business </Li> <Li> Enterprise resource planning <Ul> <Li> management information system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Financial </Li> <Li> Human resource <Ul> <Li> development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Incident </Li> <Li> Integrated </Li> <Li> Knowledge </Li> <Li> Materials </Li> <Li> Network <Ul> <Li> administrator </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Office </Li> <Li> Operations <Ul> <Li> services </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Performance </Li> <Li> Power </Li> <Li> Problem </Li> <Li> Process </Li> <Li> Product life - cycle </Li> <Li> Product </Li> <Li> Project </Li> <Li> Quality </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Resource </Li> <Li> Risk <Ul> <Li> crisis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sales </Li> <Li> Security </Li> <Li> Service </Li> <Li> Strategic </Li> <Li> Supply chain </Li> <Li> Systems <Ul> <Li> administrator </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Talent </Li> <Li> Technology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organization ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Behavior </Li> <Li> Communication </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Conflict </Li> <Li> Development </Li> <Li> Engineering </Li> <Li> Hierarchy </Li> <Li> Patterns </Li> <Li> Space </Li> <Li> Structure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trade ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Business analysis </Li> <Li> Business ethics </Li> <Li> Business plan </Li> <Li> Business judgment rule </Li> <Li> Consumer behaviour </Li> <Li> Business operations </Li> <Li> International business </Li> <Li> Business model </Li> <Li> International trade </Li> <Li> Business process </Li> <Li> Business statistics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Business and economics portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Typical duties of boards of directors include : </P> <Ul> <Li> governing the organization by establishing broad policies and setting out strategic objectives ; </Li> <Li> selecting , appointing , supporting and reviewing the performance of the chief executive ( of which the titles vary from organization to organization ; the chief executive may be titled chief executive officer , president or executive director ) ; </Li> <Li> terminating the chief executive ; </Li> <Li> ensuring the availability of adequate financial resources ; </Li> <Li> approving annual budgets ; </Li> <Li> accounting to the stakeholders for the organization 's performance ; </Li> <Li> setting the salaries , compensation and benefits of senior management ; </Li> </Ul> <P> The legal responsibilities of boards and board members vary with the nature of the organization , and between jurisdictions . For companies with publicly trading stock , these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous and complex than for those of other types . </P> <P> Typically , the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman ( more usually now called the `` chair '' or `` chairperson '' ) , who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association . However , in membership organizations , the members elect the president of the organization and the president becomes the chair of the board , unless the bylaws say otherwise . </P> <H2> Directors ( edit ) </H2> <P> The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board . Several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization . </P> <H3> Inside director ( edit ) </H3> <P> An inside director is a director who is also an employee , officer , chief executive , major shareholder , or someone similarly connected to the organization . Inside directors represent the interests of the entity 's stakeholders , and often have special knowledge of its inner workings , its financial or market position , and so on . </P> <P> Typical inside directors are : </P> <Ul> <Li> A chief executive officer ( CEO ) who may also be chairman of the board </Li> <Li> Other executives of the organization , such as its chief financial officer ( CFO ) or executive vice president </Li> <Li> Large shareholders ( who may or may not also be employees or officers ) </Li> <Li> Representatives of other stakeholders such as labor unions , major lenders , or members of the community in which the organization is located </Li> </Ul> <P> An inside director who is employed as a manager or executive of the organization is sometimes referred to as an executive director ( not to be confused with the title executive director sometimes used for the CEO position in some organizations ) . Executive directors often have a specified area of responsibility in the organization , such as finance , marketing , human resources , or production . </P> <H3> Outside director ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Independent director <P> An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization , and does not represent any of its stakeholders . A typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry . Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way . </P> <P> Outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board . For example , for a company that only serves a domestic market , the presence of CEOs from global multinational corporations as outside directors can help to provide insights on export and import opportunities and international trade options . One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a watchful eye on the inside directors and on the way the organization is run . Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate `` insider dealing '' between insider directors , as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization . Outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors , or between shareholders and the board . They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective and present little risk of conflict of interest . On the other hand , they might lack familiarity with the specific issues connected to the organization 's governance and they might not know about the industry or sector in which the organization is operating . </P> <H3> Terminology ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Director -- a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization , such as an institution or business . </Li> <Li> Inside director -- a director who , in addition to serving on the board , has a meaningful connection to the organization </Li> <Li> Outside director -- a director who , other than serving on the board , has no meaningful connections to the organization </Li> <Li> Executive director -- an inside director who is also an executive with the organization . The term is also used , in a completely different sense , to refer to a CEO </Li> <Li> Non-executive director -- an inside director who is not an executive with the organization </Li> <Li> Shadow or de facto director -- an individual who is not a named director but who nevertheless directs or controls the organization </Li> <Li> Nominee director -- an individual who is appointed by a shareholder , creditor or interest group ( whether contractually or by resolution at a company meeting ) and who has a continuing loyalty to the appointor / s or other interest in the appointing company </Li> </Ul> <P> Individual directors often serve on more than one board . This practice results in an interlocking directorate , where a relatively small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities . This situation can have important corporate , social , economic , and legal consequences , and has been the subject of significant research . </P> <H2> Process and structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The process for running a board , sometimes called the board process , includes the selection of board members , the setting of clear board objectives , the dissemination of documents or board package to the board members , the collaborative creation of an agenda for the meeting , the creation and follow - up of assigned action items , and the assessment of the board process through standardized assessments of board members , owners , and CEOs . The science of this process has been slow to develop due to the secretive nature of the way most companies run their boards , however some standardization is beginning to develop . Some who are pushing for this standardization in the USA are the National Association of Corporate Directors , McKinsey Consulting and The Board Group . </P> <H3> Board meetings ( edit ) </H3> <P> A board of directors conducts its meetings according to the rules and procedures contained in its governing documents . These procedures may allow the board to conduct its business by conference call or other electronic means . They may also specify how a quorum is to be determined . </P> <P> Most organizations have adopted Robert 's Rules of Order as its guide to supplement its own rules . In this book , the rules for conducting board meetings may be less formal if there is no more than about a dozen board members present . An example of the informality is that motions are not required if it 's clear what is being discussed . </P> <H3> Size ( edit ) </H3> <P> Historically , nonprofit boards have not uncommonly had large boards with up to twenty - four members , but a modern trend is to have smaller boards as small as six or seven people . Studies suggest that after seven people , each additional person reduces the effectiveness of group - decision - making . </P> <H2> Non-corporate boards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The role and responsibilities of a board of directors vary depending on the nature and type of business entity and the laws applying to the entity ( see types of business entity ) . For example , the nature of the business entity may be one that is traded on a public market ( public company ) , not traded on a public market ( a private , limited or closely held company ) , owned by family members ( a family business ) , or exempt from income taxes ( a non-profit , not for profit , or tax - exempt entity ) . There are numerous types of business entities available throughout the world such as a corporation , limited liability company , cooperative , business trust , partnership , private limited company , and public limited company . </P> <P> Much of what has been written about boards of directors relates to boards of directors of business entities actively traded on public markets . More recently , however , material is becoming available for boards of private and closely held businesses including family businesses . </P> <P> A board - only organization is one whose board is self - appointed , rather than being accountable to a base of members through elections ; or in which the powers of the membership are extremely limited . </P> <H3> Membership organizations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In membership organizations , such as a society made up of members of a certain profession or one advocating a certain cause , a board of directors may have the responsibility of running the organization in between meetings of the membership , especially if the membership meets infrequently , such as only at an annual general meeting . The amount of powers and authority delegated to the board depend on the bylaws and rules of the particular organization . Some organizations place matters exclusively in the board 's control while in others , the general membership retains full power and the board can only make recommendations . </P> <P> The setup of a board of directors vary widely across organizations and may include provisions that are applicable to corporations , in which the `` shareholders '' are the members of the organization . A difference may be that the membership elects the officers of the organization , such as the president and the secretary , and the officers become members of the board in addition to the directors and retain those duties on the board . The directors may also be classified as officers in this situation . There may also be ex-officio members of the board , or persons who are members due to another position that they hold . These ex-officio members have all the same rights as the other board members . </P> <P> Members of the board may be removed before their term is complete . Details on how they can be removed are usually provided in the bylaws . If the bylaws do not contain such details , the section on disciplinary procedures in Robert 's Rules of Order may be used . </P> <H2> Corporations ( edit ) </H2> <P> In a publicly held company , directors are elected to represent and are legally obligated as fiduciaries to represent owners of the company -- the shareholders / stockholders . In this capacity they establish policies and make decisions on issues such as whether there is dividend and how much it is , stock options distributed to employees , and the hiring / firing and compensation of upper management . </P> <H3> Governance ( edit ) </H3> <P> Theoretically , the control of a company is divided between two bodies : the board of directors , and the shareholders in general meeting . In practice , the amount of power exercised by the board varies with the type of company . In small private companies , the directors and the shareholders are normally the same people , and thus there is no real division of power . In large public companies , the board tends to exercise more of a supervisory role , and individual responsibility and management tends to be delegated downward to individual professional executives ( such as a finance director or a marketing director ) who deal with particular areas of the company 's affairs . </P> <P> Another feature of boards of directors in large public companies is that the board tends to have more de facto power . Many shareholders grant proxies to the directors to vote their shares at general meetings and accept all recommendations of the board rather than try to get involved in management , since each shareholder 's power , as well as interest and information is so small . Larger institutional investors also grant the board proxies . The large number of shareholders also makes it hard for them to organize . However , there have been moves recently to try to increase shareholder activism among both institutional investors and individuals with small shareholdings . </P> <P> A contrasting view is that in large public companies it is upper management and not boards that wield practical power , because boards delegate nearly all of their power to the top executive employees , adopting their recommendations almost without fail . As a practical matter , executives even choose the directors , with shareholders normally following management recommendations and voting for them . </P> <P> In most cases , serving on a board is not a career unto itself . For major corporations , the board members are usually professionals or leaders in their field . In the case of outside directors , they are often senior leaders of other organizations . Nevertheless , board members often receive remunerations amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars per year since they often sit on the boards of several companies . Inside directors are usually not paid for sitting on a board , but the duty is instead considered part of their larger job description . Outside directors are usually paid for their services . These remunerations vary between corporations , but usually consist of a yearly or monthly salary , additional compensation for each meeting attended , stock options , and various other benefits . such as travel , hotel and meal expenses for the board meetings . Tiffany & Co. , for example , pays directors an annual retainer of $46,500 , an additional annual retainer of $2,500 if the director is also a chairperson of a committee , a per - meeting - attended fee of $2,000 for meetings attended in person , a $500 fee for each meeting attended via telephone , in addition to stock options and retirement benefits . </P> <H3> Two - tier system ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some European and Asian countries , there are two separate boards , an executive board for day - to - day business and a supervisory board ( elected by the shareholders and employees ) for supervising the executive board . In these countries , the CEO ( chief executive or managing director ) presides over the executive board and the chairman presides over the supervisory board , and these two roles will always be held by different people . This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board and allows for clear lines of authority . The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person . There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government , which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service . In the United States , the board of directors ( elected by the shareholders ) is often equivalent to the supervisory board , while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee ( operating committee or executive council ) , composed of the CEO and their direct reports ( other C - level officers , division / subsidiary heads ) . </P> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> The meeting room of the Heren XVII ( nl ) , the Dutch East India Company 's board of directors , in the Oost - Indisch Huis ( Amsterdam ) . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) is often considered by many to be an early pioneering model of the modern corporation . In 1610 , the company established its administrative center ( the VOC 's second headquarters ) in Batavia with a Governor - General in charge , as the company 's de facto chief executive . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The development of a separate board of directors to manage / govern / oversee a company has occurred incrementally and indefinitely over legal history . Until the end of the 19th century , it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of a company , and that the board of directors merely acted as an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting . </P> <P> However , by 1906 , the English Court of Appeal had made it clear in the decision of Automatic Self - Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame ( 1906 ) 2 Ch 34 that the division of powers between the board and the shareholders in general meaning depended on the construction of the articles of association and that , where the powers of management were vested in the board , the general meeting could not interfere with their lawful exercise . The articles were held to constitute a contract by which the members had agreed that `` the directors and the directors alone shall manage . '' </P> <P> The new approach did not secure immediate approval , but it was endorsed by the House of Lords in Quin & Axtens v Salmon ( 1909 ) AC 442 and has since received general acceptance . Under English law , successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that , unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles , the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them . </P> <P> The modern doctrine was expressed in John Shaw & Sons ( Salford ) Ltd v Shaw ( 1935 ) 2 KB 113 by Greer LJ as follows : </P> <P> A company is an entity distinct alike from its shareholders and its directors . Some of its powers may , according to its articles , be exercised by directors , certain other powers may be reserved for the shareholders in general meeting . If powers of management are vested in the directors , they and they alone can exercise these powers . The only way in which the general body of shareholders can control the exercise of powers by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles , or , if opportunity arises under the articles , by refusing to re-elect the directors of whose actions they disapprove . They can not themselves usurp the powers which by the articles are vested in the directors any more than the directors can usurp the powers vested by the articles in the general body of shareholders . </P> <P> It has been remarked that this development in the law was somewhat surprising at the time , as the relevant provisions in Table A ( as it was then ) seemed to contradict this approach rather than to endorse it . </P> <H3> Election and removal ( edit ) </H3> <P> In most legal systems , the appointment and removal of directors is voted upon by the shareholders in general meeting or through a proxy statement . For publicly traded companies in the U.S. , the directors which are available to vote on are largely selected by either the board as a whole or a nominating committee . Although in 2002 the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ required that nominating committees consist of independent directors as a condition of listing , nomination committees have historically received input from management in their selections even when the CEO does not have a position on the board . Shareholder nominations can only occur at the general meeting itself or through the prohibitively expensive process of mailing out ballots separately ; in May 2009 the SEC proposed a new rule allowing shareholders meeting certain criteria to add nominees to the proxy statement . In practice for publicly traded companies , the managers ( inside directors ) who are purportedly accountable to the board of directors have historically played a major role in selecting and nominating the directors who are voted on by the shareholders , in which case more `` gray outsider directors '' ( independent directors with conflicts of interest ) are nominated and elected . </P> <P> Directors may also leave office by resignation or death . In some legal systems , directors may also be removed by a resolution of the remaining directors ( in some countries they may only do so `` with cause '' ; in others the power is unrestricted ) . </P> <P> Some jurisdictions also permit the board of directors to appoint directors , either to fill a vacancy which arises on resignation or death , or as an addition to the existing directors. ( needs citation ) </P> <P> In practice , it can be quite difficult to remove a director by a resolution in general meeting . In many legal systems , the director has a right to receive special notice of any resolution to remove him or her ; the company must often supply a copy of the proposal to the director , who is usually entitled to be heard by the meeting . The director may require the company to circulate any representations that he wishes to make . Furthermore , the director 's contract of service will usually entitle him to compensation if he is removed , and may often include a generous `` golden parachute '' which also acts as a deterrent to removal . </P> <P> A recent study examines how corporate shareholders voted in director elections in the United States . It found that directors received fewer votes from shareholders when their companies performed poorly , had excess CEO compensation , or had poor shareholder protection . Also , directors received fewer votes when they did not regularly attend board meetings or received negative recommendations from a proxy advisory firm . The study also shows that companies often improve their corporate governance by removing poison pills or classified boards and by reducing excessive CEO pay after their directors receive low shareholder support . </P> <P> Board accountability to shareholders is a recurring issue . In 2010 , the New York Times noted that several directors who had overseen companies which had failed in the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 had found new positions as directors . The SEC sometimes imposes a ban ( a `` D&O bar '' ) on serving on a board as part of its fraud cases , and one of these was upheld in 2013 . </P> <H3> Exercise of powers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The exercise by the board of directors of its powers usually occurs in board meetings . Most legal systems require sufficient notice to be given to all directors of these meetings , and that a quorum must be present before any business may be conducted . Usually , a meeting which is held without notice having been given is still valid if all of the directors attend , but it has been held that a failure to give notice may negate resolutions passed at a meeting , because the persuasive oratory of a minority of directors might have persuaded the majority to change their minds and vote otherwise . </P> <P> In most common law countries , the powers of the board are vested in the board as a whole , and not in the individual directors . However , in instances an individual director may still bind the company by his acts by virtue of his ostensible authority ( see also : the rule in Turquand 's Case ) . </P> <H3> Duties ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Directors ' duties and Fiduciary duties <P> Because directors exercise control and management over the organization , but organizations are ( in theory ) run for the benefit of the shareholders , the law imposes strict duties on directors in relation to the exercise of their duties . The duties imposed on directors are fiduciary duties , similar to those that the law imposes on those in similar positions of trust : agents and trustees . </P> <P> The duties apply to each director separately , while the powers apply to the board jointly . Also , the duties are owed to the company itself , and not to any other entity . This does not mean that directors can never stand in a fiduciary relationship to the individual shareholders ; they may well have such a duty in certain circumstances . </P> `` Proper purpose '' ( edit ) <P> Directors must exercise their powers for a proper purpose . While in many instances an improper purpose is readily evident , such as a director looking to feather his or her own nest or divert an investment opportunity to a relative , such breaches usually involve a breach of the director 's duty to act in good faith . Greater difficulties arise where the director , while acting in good faith , is serving a purpose that is not regarded by the law as proper . </P> <P> The seminal authority in relation to what amounts to a proper purpose is the Supreme Court decision in Eclairs Group Ltd v JKX Oil & Gas plc ( 2015 ) UKSC 71 ( 2 December 2015 ) . The case concerned the powers of directors under the articles of association of the company to disenfranchise voting rights attached to shares for failure to properly comply with notice served on the shareholders . Prior to that case the leading authority was Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Ltd ( 1974 ) AC 821 . The case concerned the power of the directors to issue new shares . It was alleged that the directors had issued a large number of new shares purely to deprive a particular shareholder of his voting majority . An argument that the power to issue shares could only be properly exercised to raise new capital was rejected as too narrow , and it was held that it would be a proper exercise of the director 's powers to issue shares to a larger company to ensure the financial stability of the company , or as part of an agreement to exploit mineral rights owned by the company . If so , the mere fact that an incidental result ( even if it was a desired consequence ) was that a shareholder lost his majority , or a takeover bid was defeated , this would not itself make the share issue improper . But if the sole purpose was to destroy a voting majority , or block a takeover bid , that would be an improper purpose . </P> <P> Not all jurisdictions recognised the `` proper purpose '' duty as separate from the `` good faith '' duty however . </P> `` Unfettered discretion '' ( edit ) <P> Directors can not , without the consent of the company , fetter their discretion in relation to the exercise of their powers , and can not bind themselves to vote in a particular way at future board meetings . This is so even if there is no improper motive or purpose , and no personal advantage to the director . </P> <P> This does not mean , however , that the board can not agree to the company entering into a contract which binds the company to a certain course , even if certain actions in that course will require further board approval . The company remains bound , but the directors retain the discretion to vote against taking the future actions ( although that may involve a breach by the company of the contract that the board previously approved ) . </P> `` Conflict of duty and interest '' ( edit ) <P> As fiduciaries , the directors may not put themselves in a position where their interests and duties conflict with the duties that they owe to the company . The law takes the view that good faith must not only be done , but must be manifestly seen to be done , and zealously patrols the conduct of directors in this regard ; and will not allow directors to escape liability by asserting that his decision was in fact well founded . Traditionally , the law has divided conflicts of duty and interest into three sub-categories . </P> Transactions with the company ( edit ) <P> By definition , where a director enters into a transaction with a company , there is a conflict between the director 's interest ( to do well for himself out of the transaction ) and his duty to the company ( to ensure that the company gets as much as it can out of the transaction ) . This rule is so strictly enforced that , even where the conflict of interest or conflict of duty is purely hypothetical , the directors can be forced to disgorge all personal gains arising from it . In Aberdeen Ry v Blaikie ( 1854 ) 1 Macq HL 461 Lord Cranworth stated in his judgment that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` A corporate body can only act by agents , and it is , of course , the duty of those agents so to act as best to promote the interests of the corporation whose affairs they are conducting . Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal . And it is a rule of universal application that no one , having such duties to discharge , shall be allowed to enter into engagements in which he has , or can have , a personal interest conflicting or which possibly may conflict , with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect ... So strictly is this principle adhered to that no question is allowed to be raised as to the fairness or unfairness of the contract entered into ... '' ( emphasis added ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> However , in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify transactions which would otherwise fall foul of this principle . It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle can be overridden in the company 's constitution . </P> <P> In many countries , there is also a statutory duty to declare interests in relation to any transactions , and the director can be fined for failing to make disclosure . </P> Use of corporate property , opportunity , or information ( edit ) <P> Directors must not , without the informed consent of the company , use for their own profit the company 's assets , opportunities , or information . This prohibition is much less flexible than the prohibition against the transactions with the company , and attempts to circumvent it using provisions in the articles have met with limited success . </P> <P> In Regal ( Hastings ) Ltd v Gulliver ( 1942 ) All ER 378 the House of Lords , in upholding what was regarded as a wholly unmeritorious claim by the shareholders , held that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` ( i ) that what the directors did was so related to the affairs of the company that it can properly be said to have been done in the course of their management and in the utilisation of their opportunities and special knowledge as directors ; and ( ii ) that what they did resulted in profit to themselves . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> And accordingly , the directors were required to disgorge the profits that they made , and the shareholders received their windfall . </P> <P> The decision has been followed in several subsequent cases , and is now regarded as settled law . </P> Competing with the company ( edit ) <P> Directors can not compete directly with the company without a conflict of interest arising . Similarly , they should not act as directors of competing companies , as their duties to each company would then conflict with each other . </P> Common law duties of care and skill ( edit ) <P> Traditionally , the level of care and skill which has to be demonstrated by a director has been framed largely with reference to the non-executive director . In Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co ( 1925 ) Ch 407 , it was expressed in purely subjective terms , where the court held that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience . '' ( emphasis added ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> However , this decision was based firmly in the older notions ( see above ) that prevailed at the time as to the mode of corporate decision making , and effective control residing in the shareholders ; if they elected and put up with an incompetent decision maker , they should not have recourse to complain . </P> <P> However , a more modern approach has since developed , and in Dorchester Finance Co Ltd v Stebbing ( 1989 ) BCLC 498 the court held that the rule in Equitable Fire related only to skill , and not to diligence . With respect to diligence , what was required was : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` such care as an ordinary man might be expected to take on his own behalf . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> This was a dual subjective and objective test , and one deliberately pitched at a higher level . </P> <P> More recently , it has been suggested that both the tests of skill and diligence should be assessed objectively and subjectively ; in the United Kingdom , the statutory provisions relating to directors ' duties in the new Companies Act 2006 have been codified on this basis . </P> Remedies for breach of duty ( edit ) <P> In most jurisdictions , the law provides for a variety of remedies in the event of a breach by the directors of their duties : </P> <Ol> <Li> injunction or declaration </Li> <Li> damages or compensation </Li> <Li> restoration of the company 's property </Li> <Li> rescission of the relevant contract </Li> <Li> account of profits </Li> <Li> summary dismissal </Li> </Ol> Current trends ( edit ) <P> Historically , directors ' duties have been owed almost exclusively to the company and its members , and the board was expected to exercise its powers for the financial benefit of the company . However , more recently there have been attempts to `` soften '' the position , and provide for more scope for directors to act as good corporate citizens . For example , in the United Kingdom , the Companies Act 2006 requires directors of companies `` to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole '' and sets out the following six factors regarding a director 's duty to promote success : </P> <Ul> <Li> the likely consequences of any decision in the long term </Li> <Li> the interests of the company 's employees </Li> <Li> the need to foster the company 's business relationships with suppliers , customers and others </Li> <Li> the impact of the company 's operations on the community and the environment </Li> <Li> the desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct , and </Li> <Li> the need to act fairly as between members of a company </Li> </Ul> <P> This represents a considerable departure from the traditional notion that directors ' duties are owed only to the company . Previously in the United Kingdom , under the Companies Act 1985 , protections for non-member stakeholders were considerably more limited ( see for example , s. 309 which permitted directors to take into account the interests of employees but which could only be enforced by the shareholders and not by the employees themselves ) . The changes have therefore been the subject of some criticism . </P> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> Sarbanes -- Oxley Act ( edit ) <P> The Sarbanes -- Oxley Act of 2002 has introduced new standards of accountability on boards of U.S. companies or companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges . Under the Act , directors risk large fines and prison sentences in the case of accounting crimes . Internal control is now the direct responsibility of directors . The vast majority of companies covered by the Act have hired internal auditors to ensure that the company adheres to required standards of internal control . The internal auditors are required by law to report directly to an audit board , consisting of directors more than half of whom are outside directors , one of whom is a `` financial expert . '' </P> <P> The law requires companies listed on the major stock exchanges ( NYSE , NASDAQ ) to have a majority of independent directors -- directors who are not otherwise employed by the firm or in a business relationship with it . </P> Size ( edit ) <P> According to the Corporate Library 's study , the average size of publicly traded company 's board is 9.2 members , and most boards range from 3 to 31 members . According to Investopedia , some analysts think the ideal size is seven . State law may specify a minimum number of directors , maximum number of directors , and qualifications for directors ( e.g. whether board members must be individuals or may be business entities ) . </P> Committees ( edit ) <P> While a board may have several committees , two -- the compensation committee and audit committee -- are critical and must be made up of at least three independent directors and no inside directors . Other common committees in boards are nominating and governance . </P> Compensation ( edit ) <P> Directors of Fortune 500 companies received median pay of $234,000 in 2011 . Directorship is a part - time job . A recent National Association of Corporate Directors study found directors averaging just 4.3 hours a week on board work . Surveys indicate that about 20 % of nonprofit foundations pay their board members , and 2 % of American nonprofit organizations do . 80 % of nonprofit organizations require board members to personally contribute to the organization , as BoardSource recommends . This percentage has increased in recent years . </P> <H3> Criticism ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to John Gillespie , a former investment banker and co-author of a book critical of boards , `` Far too much of their time has been for check - the - box and cover - your - behind activities rather than real monitoring of executives and providing strategic advice on behalf of shareholders '' . At the same time , scholars have found that individual directors have a large effect on major corporate initiatives such as mergers and acquisitions and cross-border investments . </P> <P> The issue of gender representation on corporate boards of directors has been the subject of much criticism in recent years . Governments and corporations have responded with measures such as legislation mandating gender quotas and comply or explain systems to address the disproportionality of gender representation on corporate boards . A study of the French corporate elite has found that certain social classes are also disproportionately represented on boards , with those from the upper and , especially , upper - middle classes tending to dominate . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alternate director </Li> <Li> Celebrity board director </Li> <Li> Chairman </Li> <Li> Chief executive officer </Li> <Li> Corporate governance </Li> <Li> Corporate title </Li> <Li> Gender representation on corporate boards of directors </Li> <Li> Interlocking directorate </Li> <Li> Governing boards of colleges and universities in the United States </Li> <Li> Managing director </Li> <Li> Non-executive director </Li> <Li> Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world </Li> <Li> President ( corporate title ) </Li> <Li> Supervisory board ( in German : `` Aufsichtsrat '' ) </Li> <Li> Trustee </Li> <Li> Vorstand , German for `` management board '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , in the United Kingdom , see section 303 of the Companies Act 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom it is 28 days ' notice , see sections 303 ( 2 ) and 379 of the Companies Act 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see section 304 ( 1 ) of the Companies Act 1985 . A private company can not use a written resolution under section 381A -- a meeting must be held . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see sections 303 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of the Companies Act 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This division was rejected in British Columbia in Teck Corporation v Millar ( 1972 ) 33 DLR ( 3d ) 288 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Although as Gower points out , as well understood as the rule is , there is a paucity of authority on the point . But see Clark v Workman ( 1920 ) 1 Ir R 107 and Dawson International plc v Coats Paton plc 1989 SLT 655 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see section 317 of the Companies Act 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In summary , the facts were as follows : Company A owned a cinema , and the directors decided to acquire two other cinemas with a view to selling the entire undertaking as a going concern . They formed a new company ( `` Company B '' ) to take the leases of the two new cinemas . But the lessor insisted on various stipulations , one of which was that Company B had to have a paid up share capital of not less than £ 5,000 ( a substantial sum at the time ) . Company A was unable to subscribe for more than £ 2,000 in shares , so the directors arranged for the remaining 3,000 shares to be taken by themselves and their friends . Later , instead of selling the undertaking , they sold all of the shares in both companies and made a substantial profit . The shareholders of Company A sued asking that directors and their friends to disgorge the profits that they had made in connection with their 3,000 shares in Company B -- the very same shares which the shareholders in Company A had been asked to subscribe ( through Company A ) but refused to do so . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How are the directors selected ? '' . Commonwealth of Virginia , State Corporation Commission , Business FAQs . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 181 , Nonstock Corporations ( Sect . 181.0804 ) '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Statutes Database . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert 2011 , p. 481 - 483 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNamara , Carter . `` Overview of Roles and Responsibilities of Corporate Board of Directors '' . Free Management Library . Authenticity Consulting , LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Basic Role of the Board '' . Governance Basics . Institute on Governance ( Canada ) . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert 2011 , p. 484 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This section was developed from numerous definitions in USLegal.com , BusinessDictionary.com , Dictionary.com , The Free Dictionary by Farlex ( `` inside director '' ; `` executive director '' ; `` outside director '' ; `` nonexecutive director '' ) , Macmillan Dictionary , and Economics-dictionary.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Executive Director '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outside Director '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Executive Director '' . Business Dictionary . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Board Process Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 19 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Association of Parliamentarians > > FAQ '' ... the 11th edition of Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised is the current edition of the most widely used reference for meeting procedure and business rules in the English - speaking world . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 9 - 10,487 - 488 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert III , Henry M. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Da Capo Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82019 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : White , Cyrus . `` For Nonprofit Boards , Smaller is Better '' . perma.cc . The South Cabin Group LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See generally , Bowen , William G. , The board book : an insider 's guide for directors and trustees ( 2008 W.W. Norton & Co . ) ; Murray , Alan S. , Revolt in the boardroom : the new rules of power in corporate America ( 2007 Collins ) ; Charan , Ram , Boards that deliver : advancing corporate governance from compliance to competitive advantage ( 2005 Jossey - Bass ) ; Carver , John , Corporate boards that create value : governing company performance from the boardroom ( 2002 Jossey - Bass ) ; Harvard business review on corporate governance ( 2000 Harvard Business School Press ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See specifically Tutelman and Hause , The Balance Point : New Ways Business Owners Can Use Boards ( 2008 Famille Press ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 481 -- 483 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 572 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 2 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 20 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Titles Associated with Executive Compensation Archived 17 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Compensation Resources Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fees , CEO Evaluation , and Ownership Structure By Joshua Kennon , About.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steensgaard , Niels ( 1982 ) . `` The Dutch East India Company as an Institutional Innovation '' , in Maurice Aymard ( ed . ) , Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism / Capitalisme hollandais et capitalisme mondial ( Studies in Modern Capitalism / Etudes sur le capitalisme moderne ) , pp. 235 -- 257 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonker , Joost ; Gelderblom , Oscar ; de Jong , Abe ( 2013 ) . The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation : The Dutch East India Company VOC , 1602 -- 1623 . ( The Journal of Economic History / Volume 73 / Issue 04 / December 2013 , pp. 1050 -- 1076 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Von Nordenflycht , Andrew : The Great Expropriation : Interpreting the Innovation of `` Permanent Capital '' at the Dutch East India Company , in Origins of Shareholder Advocacy , edited by Jonathan GS Koppell ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 ) , pp. 89 -- 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Bryan ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gower , Principles of Company Law ( 6th ed . ) , citing Isle of Wight Rly Co v Tahourdin ( 1884 ) LR 25 Ch D 320 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Per Cozens - Hardy LJ at 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Gower , Principles of Company Law ( 6th ed . ) at 185 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shivdasani A , Yermack D. ( 1999 ) . CEO involvement in the selection of new board members : An empirical analysis . Journal of Finance . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chhaochharia V , Grinstein Y. ( 2007 ) . Corporate governance and firm value : The impact of the 2002 governance rules Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... The Journal of Finance . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SEC . ( May 2009 ) . SEC Votes to Propose Rule Amendments to Facilitate Rights of Shareholders to Nominate Directors . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cai , Jay ; Garner , Jacqueline ; Walkling , Ralph ( 2010 ) . `` Shareholder Access to the Boardroom : A Survey of Recent Evidence '' . Journal of Applied Finance . 20 ( 2 ) : 15 -- 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cai , J. ; Garner , J.L. ; Walkling , R.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Electing Directors '' . Journal of Finance . 64 ( 5 ) : 2387 -- 2419 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6261.2009. 01504. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig S , Lattman P. ( 2010 ) . Companies May Fail , but Directors Are in Demand . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SEC Wins D&O Bar Against Alleged Hedge Fund Scammer . Law360 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See for example Barber 's Case ( 1877 ) 5 Ch D 963 and Re Portuguese Consolidated Copper Mines ( 1889 ) 42 Ch D 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breckland Group Holdings Ltd v London and Suffolk Properties ( 1989 ) BCLC 100 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Percival v Wright ( 1902 ) Ch 421 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , if the board is authorised by the shareholders to negotiate with a takeover bidder . It has been held in New Zealand that `` depending upon all the surround circumstances and the nature of the responsibility which in a real and practical sense the director has assumed towards the shareholder , '' Coleman v Myers ( 1977 ) 2 NZLR 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Following Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd ( 1967 ) Ch 254 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Teck Corporation v Millar ( 1972 ) 33 DLR ( 3d ) 288 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Industrial Development Consultants v Cooley ( 1972 ) 1 WLR 443 ( corporate information ) , Canadian Aero Service v. O'Malley ( 1973 ) 40 DLR ( 3d ) 371 ( corporate opportunity ) and Boardman v Phipps ( 1967 ) 2 AC 46 ( corporate opportunity , which again , the company itself had declined to take up ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman v Theodore Goddard ( 1991 ) BCLC 1027 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Director 's duties </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Evaluating The Board Of Directors '' . investopedia.com. 29 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Corporate Governance by State '' . harborcompliance.com. 22 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Nonprofit Governance by State '' . harborcompliance.com. 27 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compensation Committee Structure , Function and Best Practices Richard E. Wood </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Company directors see pay skyrocket '' . USA Today . 26 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schambra , William A. ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Board Compensation : To Pay or Not to Pay ? '' . Philanthropy magazine . Philanthropy Roundtable . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BoardSource 2015 , p. 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cf . Internal Revenue Service ( 4 February 2008 ) , Governance and Related Topics - 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Organizations ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , Charities should generally not compensate persons for service on the board of directors except to reimburse direct expenses of such service ... Charities may pay reasonable compensation for services provided by officers and staff . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BoardSource 2015 , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BoardSource ( 12 October 2016 ) , Recommended governance practices ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , p. 4 , retrieved 2 May 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grant Thornton ( 7 November 2007 ) , National Board Governance Survey for Not - for - Profit Organizations 2007 ( PDF ) , Chicago , IL : Author , p. 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2008 , retrieved 2 May 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cf . http://leadingwithintent.org/past-reports/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cf . BoardSource ( 17 November 2010 ) , BoardSource nonprofit governance index 2010 ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , p. 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Money for Nothing : How the Failure of Corporate Boards is Ruining American Business and Costing Us Trillions </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rousseau , Peter ; Stroup , Caleb ( 2015 ) . `` Director Histories and the Pattern of Acquisitions '' . Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis . 50 ( 04 ) : 671 -- 698 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022109015000289 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stroup , Caleb ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` International Deal Experience and Cross-Border Acquisitions '' . Economic Inquiry . doi : 10.1111 / ecin. 12365 . SSRN 2037512 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senden , Linda ( December 2014 ) . `` The Multiplicity of Regulatory Responses to Remedy the Gender Imbalance on Company Boards '' . Utrecht Law Review . 10 ( 5 ) : 51 -- 66 . doi : 10.18352 / ulr. 300 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maclean , Mairi ; Harvey , Charles ; Kling , Gerhard ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Pathways to Power : Class , Hyper - Agency and the French Corporate Elite '' . Organization Studies . 35 ( 6 ) : 825 -- 855 . doi : 10.1177 / 0170840613509919 . ISSN 0170 - 8406 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> P. Blumberg , ' Reflections on Proposals for Corporate Reform Through Change in the Composition of the Board of Directors : `` Special Interest '' or `` Public '' Directors ' ( 1973 ) 53 Boston University Law Review 547 </Li> <Li> BoardSource ( January 2015 ) , Leading with intent : A national index of nonprofit board practices ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , retrieved 2 May 2017 </Li> <Li> KJ Hopt , ' The German Two - Tier Board : Experience , Theories , Reforms ' in KJ Hopt and others . ( eds ) , Comparative Corporate Governance : The State of the Art and Emerging Research ( Clarendon 1998 ) </Li> <Li> KJ Hopt and PC Leyens , ' Board Models in Europe -- Recent Developments of Internal Corporate Governance Structures in Germany , the United Kingdom , France , and Italy ' ( 2004 ) EGCI Working Paper </Li> <Li> Robert , Henry M. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82020 - 5 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Web site of the Board of a large U.S. university , illustrating a typical board 's composition , duties , concerns , etc . </Li> <Li> Guidance on director 's duties ( Lemon & Co ) </Li> <Li> National Association of Corporate Directors </Li> <Li> European Directors and Board Members Association </Li> <Li> Corporate Governance Board Leadership Training , Global Corporate Governance Forum </Li> <Li> BoardofDirectors.com.au - Australia 's leading Online Directorship Listing </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Corporate titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chief officers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative </Li> <Li> Analytics </Li> <Li> Audit </Li> <Li> Brand </Li> <Li> Business </Li> <Li> Channel </Li> <Li> Commercial </Li> <Li> Chief communications </Li> <Li> Compliance </Li> <Li> Content </Li> <Li> Creative </Li> <Li> Data </Li> <Li> Design </Li> <Li> Digital </Li> <Li> Diversity </Li> <Li> Executive ( CEO ) </Li> <Li> Experience </Li> <Li> Financial </Li> <Li> Human resources </Li> <Li> Information </Li> <Li> Information security </Li> <Li> Innovation </Li> <Li> Investment </Li> <Li> Knowledge </Li> <Li> Learning </Li> <Li> Legal </Li> <Li> Marketing </Li> <Li> Medical </Li> <Li> Networking </Li> <Li> Operating </Li> <Li> Privacy </Li> <Li> Procurement </Li> <Li> Product </Li> <Li> Quality </Li> <Li> Research </Li> <Li> Restructuring </Li> <Li> Revenue </Li> <Li> Risk </Li> <Li> Science </Li> <Li> Security </Li> <Li> Strategy </Li> <Li> Sustainability </Li> <Li> Technology </Li> <Li> Visionary </Li> <Li> Web </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senior executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chairman </Li> <Li> Chief managing director </Li> <Li> Creative director </Li> <Li> Development director </Li> <Li> General counsel </Li> <Li> Executive director </Li> <Li> Non-executive director </Li> <Li> President </Li> <Li> Vice president </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mid-level executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> General manager </Li> <Li> Divisional manager </Li> <Li> Regional manager </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First - level executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Departmental manager </Li> <Li> Manager </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Board of directors </Li> <Li> Corporate governance </Li> <Li> Executive pay </Li> <Li> Senior management </Li> <Li> Supervisory board </Li> <Li> Talent management </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_directors&oldid=836048392 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Corporate directors </Li> <Li> Business law </Li> <Li> Business terms </Li> <Li> Board of directors </Li> <Li> Corporate law </Li> <Li> Committees </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2016 </Li> <Li> United Kingdom - 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what does the board of directors consist of

Ossification center - wikipedia <H1> Ossification center </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ossification center </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> X-ray of ossification centers in a child . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> centrum ossificationis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dorlands / Elsevier </Th> <Td> 12227335 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A02. 0.00. 043 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 75436 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells , at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center , enlarge and arrange themselves in rows . </P> <P> The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity , so that the cells become further separated from each other . </P> <P> A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix , between the rows of cells , so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix , presenting a granular and opaque appearance . </P> <P> Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified , and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another . </P> <P> Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities , the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells ; the cells , in consequence , atrophy , leaving spaces called the primary areolæ . </P> <H2> Types of ossification centers ( edit ) </H2> Section of fetal bone of cat . ir . Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue . p . Fibrous layer of the periosteum . o . Layer of osteoblasts . im . Subperiosteal bony deposit . <P> There are two types of ossification centers -- primary and secondary . </P> <P> A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying . It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone . In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis / shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone . Most bones have only one primary center ( e.g. all long bones ) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa ( hip ) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers . </P> <P> A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared -- most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years . Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center . In long bones , the secondary centres appear in the epiphyses . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray and Spitzka ( 1910 ) , page 44 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gray , Henry ; Spitzka , Edward Anthony ( 1910 ) . Anatomy , descriptive and applied . the University of California : Lea & Febiger . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Development of bone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ossification </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Triradiate cartilage </Li> <Li> Limb development <Ul> <Li> Limb bud </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Apical ectodermal ridge </Li> <Li> Zone of polarizing activity </Li> <Li> Sclerotome </Li> <Li> Myotome </Li> <Li> Septum transversum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ossification_center&oldid=808049222 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Skeletal system </Li> <Li> Tissues ( biology ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage </Li> <Li> Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nederlands </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 15 : 42 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when do primary ossification centers appear in an embryo