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{ "a_id": [ "c9yhpc9", "c9ylt9v" ], "score": [ 26, 7 ], "text": [ " > Mainly I am confused that different waves bouncing off different surfaces and arriving at the receiver don't cause the information to become jumbled due to the inference, caused by superposition and such.\n\nThey do and this causes interference. With old radios it really mattered where exactly in the room they stood. Same with TVs and antennas for terrestrial TV.\n\n > How do EM waves carry information?\n\nAlone, they don't. It's the modulation of the wave that is carrying the information. You said you know AM and FM? Both have a \"guidance wave\" that you tune your reciever to (basically adjusting an electrical circuit to discard other frequencies and/or amplify the target frequency). The actual information is in systematic changes around the guidance wave. For that, your recieving circuit has to allow for a small gap around the guidance wave (called the band). If you pick up waves matching this band, they are either part of a (systematical) signal, or white noise.\n\nNow to get back to interference:\n\nThe following is similar for AM and FM with slight variations.\n\nIf you have a guidance wave bouncing of a reflector (wall, window, whatever) and striking the antenna of the reciever from 2 sides with the 2nd signal phase shifted you have 2 special and one general case.\n\n**special case constructive interference:**\n\nThe guidance wave is shifted by exactly 2pi. The recieved signal in the antenna will be higher. But information carried by the band will be fuzzied. The reflected wave carries information from (2*distance to the reflector)/c seconds ago. So if you modulate a pulse, the beginning and the end of the pulse will not be sharp but it will first fall to 50% and then to 0%.\n\n**special case destructive interference:**\n\nThe guidance wave is shifted by exactly pi. No signal is recieved.\n\n**general case:**\n\nThe guidance wave is shifted by values other than multiples of pi. Depending on the actual shift, you will get stronger or weaker signals than without a reflected wave. Also the beginnings and endings of signals will be fuzzied differently accordingly.\n\nUsually if you want to transmit information, you create a protocol of signals that are robust against fuzzied beginnings or endings. Don't forget that the reflected wave intensity decreases rapidly with distance of the reflector to the antenna, so you can discard reflections far off (as they have little/no impact).\n\nIt's easier to explain all of this with a sheet of paper and a pencil, so I encourage you to talk to your teacher/professor for a short private session. I am sure everything will be much clearer then.", "There is no way this topic can be covered like you're 5 years old.\n\nBut giving it my best shot. I'm going to assume you know some basics of waves etc.\n\nImagine holding a receiver (a phone, computer, etc), and on the other side of the room image a transmitter (router, mini-cell tower, etc). Now this room is a perfect isolated environment, no reflections or shadows.\nElectromagnetic waves (shortened to EM waves) which represent binary data will have exactly one path from the transmitter to the receiver. This is what we call the *ideal* case. It's ideal because there is no interference from other reflections, there's no shadows from bending around objects, it's perfect. In this case, the data will travel to from transmitter to receiver perfectly.\n\nThe next best case is when we add a floor to our room. We've now introduced a second path for the data to travel. This is the two path model (or [two ray model](_URL_1_)). This means there are two different rays that can reach from the transmitter to the receiver. In the diagram, the Red Ray is a *direct* ray, also called the Line of Sight component (LOS); while the blue ray is a reflected version of that signal.\n\nHere's when it becomes tricky. The data when reflected will be *shifted*. I'm assuming you know about destructive and constructive interference from waves. The exact same principle applies here. The reflected wave will be constructive, or destructive to the LOS component.\n\n\n***HOWEVER***\n\nBecause the data took a **longer** path to travel to the receiver (you can do the trig yourself if you don't believe me), it will arrive **after** the LOS component. This means we can't just add up the interference at the receiver and hope for the best; because the delayed signal is now going to be interfering with a different data signal!\n\nTo simplify this. Let's assume we're traveling from New York to Los Angeles, but it's not just me and you. It's me, you, and our friend Tom (I hope your name isn't Tom). You and I are both carried duplicates of the same research that we need to deliver to a secret lab in LA to stop Godzilla from ripping apart Asia. Tom is travelling to LA with similar information, but it's covering the missile required; while our data is covering the payload required.\n\nI take an airplane directly to LA, while for some reason your flight has a detour, and you end up having a connecting flight in Boston for some odd reason. We both leave LA at the exact same time, but Tom's left a couple hours after. You and I arrive at different times, but that's okay because we have the same data, I can give the labs in LA my data, and we're all good! However, because you've taken so long on your connection, and Delta has fucked up somehow, you and Tom arrive in LA at the same time. You're both in such a rush that upon entering the labs, you guys run into each other and both of your research goes flying EVERYWHERE. Paper is stuck to the vents, USB keys are crushed from the confusion, Tom breaks his glasses; Godzilla has won the war.\n\nSee how you started out carrying the same data as I did, left at the same time as I did, but somehow messed up Tom's data who left hours after we did?\n\nThis is called Intersymbol Interference. Or ISI. It was given this name because if you assume that you, me and Tom are all symbols, then we've interfered with each other, within ourselves.\n\nNow, how to combat ISI is a dirty and complicated method that takes 2 years of calculus to even understand the math. But I'll try to extend my air travel analogy.\n\nOkay! Let's assume the guys in New York are smart, and they know that you and Tom are clumsy fools and are going to ruin the whole thing if you're near each other. They know I'm great at travelling, so I'll never have an issue, but they always send out two copies of the data at the same time because they're always skeptical something is bad is going to happen.\n\nSo these big-wigs sending the three of us down to LA know they have to schedule flights so that even if you Delta airlines screws you over, you'll *never* have a chance of bumping into Tom. The way they'd book all of our flights would be to the [Nyquist Criterion](_URL_0_). (It's a little off because we're not dealing with ISI in that sense, but it's similar enough that I'm gonna fudge it (anyone who knows why this is wrong; you don't have to tell me, I know).)\n\nMore commonly something called a \"matched filter\" or an \"adaptive filter\" is used. I have no idea how I'd make an analogy for these, so I just left them alone.\n\nThe other technique used is called OFDM, or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. It's used in Wifi, 4G (the standard), WiMAX, HSPA+, and many other schemes.\n\nThis entire topic is covered in a low level at the end of an undergraduate degree; and is an area of research from people with graduate degrees.\n\nI tried hard, I'm sorry if I failed hard. Don't burn me alive if some of the stuff is inaccurate, I tried my best to make it easily understandable." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_ISI_criterion", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/2-Ray_Ground_Reflection_Model_1.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cfbl7sx" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "The same way as the same 26 letters can make up many millions of different words." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dk76kv8", "dk7fvy2" ], "score": [ 3, 5 ], "text": [ "The same way that you have a fight or flight response even though no one taught you it, it's coded into their DNA ", "We think and act using our nervous system. This includes the brain, spine, and the nerves that reach throughout the body. The nervous system is a living computer. You give it information (input) and it is processed and then an response is created (output).\n\nHumans have become the dominant creature on Earth because we are very good at creating new processes. When you learn how to multiply two numbers together you are creating new programming in your brain. The programming improves as you use it.\n\nBut there are also programs which are already written. Some in the brain and others in the nerves and spine. The brain is not involved when you touch something hot with your hand. The nerves themselves process the heat (input) and create a response (output) in that case jerking your arm away. This is called a reflex response.\n\nThere are also built in programs in your brain. Such as the program which controls blinking your eyes. Your autonomous (automatic) brain is better at this than you are. You blink faster when you do it automatically, and much slower when you think about it.\n\nInstinct is the popular term for all of the reflex and autonomous programs in an animal taken together. A sort of pre-made set of instructions. This is why bees don't need to be taught how to use their sting." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dn5wfg0", "dn5wfqq", "dn5wj4a", "dn5wsx5", "dn64zqr", "dn68yfd" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2, 7, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because, in the event of an actual nuclear war, you only get a few minutes to make that decision.\n\nAlso, technically, the Secretary of Defense (or whoever is still alive in the line of succession) has to verify that the order really came from the President. So that's... one check, sorta.", "In case some country launches nuclear attacks against the USA, the president is supposed to be able to launch a nuclear counterattack before the USA gets hit. To do this, he must be able to quickly respond without going through the tedious process of asking congress. Declaring war on another country doesn't require the same level of responsiveness.", "The military doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) is intended to dissuade a nuclear attack on the US by ensuring that any attacking foreign country would have nukes launched back at them immediately. Thus they'd be dissuaded from launching in the first place, because they'd be signing their own death warrant. But that only works if someone can launch a counterattack in the few minutes of relative safety while the incoming nukes are still in flight. If the president had to get congressional approval, Washington DC would be destroyed before that was possible.", "There isn't time to consult Congress. He has to act immediately. So everything is handled within the Executive branch.\n\nThat said, there is a check & balance: as you can see [here](_URL_0_) military members are sworn to the Constitution, not to the President. If those under the President believe he is not acting rationally, they can take it as an unlawful order and refuse the orders. There's nothing the White House can do if the Joint Chiefs of Staff are refusing to listen to the president. Trump would have to find sympathetic military officers in the Joint Chiefs of Staff willing to insubordinate their supervisors. \n\nIf Trump got hammered and said \"let's nuke Russia\", that's why there would be no nuclear launch. The military would be the first to know Russia's military posture, as they provide that information to the White House, and the generals would know that Congress and the US public have their back. The president would likely get removed from office... it's not clear in the Constitution how this would happen, but the sharpest legal minds are on Capitol Hill, and with the meltdown that would come from an incident like that, there would be a very huge and probably unprecedented reaction.", "The more historical answer to your question is that the idea of the power to declare war being a check on the President was developed before we had standing armies and the ability to begin hostilities within minutes or hours. \n\nThe president is similarly free to order cruise missile strikes or strike team assaults without direct congressional approval, in large part because Congress has already implicitly approved by creating those forces for the commander in chief in the first place. ", "The war powers act gives the president authority to act unilaterally for 60 days. After that if congress has not passed an Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF) he has 30 days to wrap it up and bring our military home." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c28oup9", "c28ovqw" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "I believe it is because we have gotten rid of their government, and there will be civil war and unrest if we leave. The US feels responsible to oversee the re-building of the country's organization.", "The last combat troops [left Iraq a year ago](_URL_0_).\n\nWhat remains is also being pulled out.\n\nIt is a big job and takes awhile nor do we want to pull out in one go and leave a power vacuum so the withdrawal is done in measured stages.\n\nWe are well on our way to being out though.\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/19/iraq-last-combat-troops-leave" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dt86xpu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I think they talk fast because they want to bring excitement and a sense of urgency to the auction. This gets your adrenaline going and makes you impulsively bid." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgk00kw" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "In the most well known case, [both were charged](_URL_0_) with the hope that the courts could figure it out." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/identical-twins-both-charged-rape-2192119" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dlw7lqo" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Proteins denature at high temperatures which means their shape changes to the point where they can no longer do their purpose but they still exist as molecules which can be used for nutrition" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddm2uvu" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "_URL_0_\n\nTl;dr- more blades restricts airflow, lowering the amount of energy you can extract, among other structural issues." ] }

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[ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1v1mbk/why_do_modern_wind_turbines_only_have_three_long/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cie8wmk", "cie90et", "cieahrw", "ciei6w0", "cieuzdl" ], "score": [ 15, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's good for cable companies. ", "This would be the other side:\n\nIt's not big business v. people, it's one big business v. another big business. If netflix has to pay for a fastlane, then they might end up charging a bit more, but Comcast might end up charging a bit less---or giving you better service---because they are now able to charge Netflix more. Right now, they can't charge Netflix anything, and so either pass the cost on to the consumer in their internet bill, or just eat the loss. \n\nTo put yourself in the ISP's shoes, imagine that you owned \n\nOf course, there are counterarguments to that, both economic (the ISPs are monopolies and so will take the extra profits without much consumer benefit, even if it's good for the shareholders) and moral (the internet is freer without fast lanes), but that's the general idea. \n", "There is no real benefit to the majority of Americans, and indeed the rest of the world (we keep forgetting about those guys) in the internet fast lane plan. The reason it is such a big deal is because the big businesses have relatively large amounts of control in the government.", "So you are watching netflix, and suddenly it starts buffering. You are now an unhappy customer of netflix, and they want to fix this. \n\nNetflix calls up comcast and asks if they will lay more fibers so that comcast customers can get a better netflix experience. \n\nComcast doesnt want to pay millions of dollars for more fibers, so they come up with this brilliant plan. \n\n\nThe existing fibers can be used by anyone, but you get slow speeds. You then pay for every fiber cable you use. Want to use google instead of bing? You now have to pay an extra 10$ a month toget reasonable speeds to bing. Consumers dont want this because they dont want to go broke paying extra for each website they use. ", "In the USA and in Canada, it used to be that there were cable content providers (and way back each \"channel\" was run by a different company). There were also cable and internet providers separate from the content providers. They just took what was available, and fed it to your house.\n\nThanks to mergers and acquisitions over the years, all the different content providers (for television at least) have merged together and they also merged with the cable service companies. Now they are producing the content AND feeding it to your house. This turns into a big conflict of interest, because of course they would rather you buy only the content that they produce.\n\nSo now you have Comcast preferring to only feed you NBC and Universal content (though they would be willing to also feed you Time Warner content since they are a cooperative cartel), but exclude content from any new emerging content providers such as Netflix. This is what is killing the neutrality of the internet (and of cable television).\n\nSo even if you legislate Net Neutrality, there's still a risk that the cable service providers will sneakily throttle content from other companies. Yes they are not supposed to peek at the data that goes back and forth, but they don't have to. They know what data they are providing themselves, so all they have to do is throttle everything else. There was already a huge previous outrage when they tried to throttle torrents, but now they are trying to do it legally by simply changing the law, because they've slowly worked their way in a position to do so, through lobbying, and through the appointment of industry insiders to the government positions that regulate such behaviour.\n\nI think the only real solution, that should have been done much earlier on, is to separate the content providers from the service providers. That way, nobody would be allowed to push their own product." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c92o2lb", "c92omz3", "c92ounu" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 6 ], "text": [ "The first thing that would happen is that the U.S. would raise the yield on their treasury bonds, in order to entice investors to buy. After all, people will accept more risk for a higher yield. This is generally what governments do when they don't have enough buyers for their debt.\n\nBut if governments won't buy at any price, only individuals (both domestic and foreign) are left. And if *they* won't buy either, the U.S. would not be able to engage in deficit spending. We would need a balanced federal budget every year, and we would probably have to inflate our currency a lot to cover our international debts to other countries.", "The majority of Treasuries are held by private individuals or corporations, or by the U.S. government itself. As far as I am aware, foreign governments to not hold a significant share of the debt, but foreign central banks account for a large chunk. If those central banks decided no longer to buy U.S. Treasuries, then:\n\n- Demand for the bonds would fall.\n- Prices would fall (interest rates would rise)\n- Other investors would buy more bonds at the higher interest rates, but not enough to offset the rise in rates.\n- The Federal Reserve, if it thought that rates had risen too much, would sell bonds to lower the rates.\n- Life would go on, but it would cost the U.S. more to finance its debt. Depending on how much more, this may cause medium-term sustainability issues that might oblige it to cut deficits, which would hamper the ongoing economic recovery.\n\nOf course, a scenario in which foreign central banks outright refuse to buy U.S. Treasuries would be one in which other things had changed as well.", "Foreign Governments don't use Treasuries as a form of investment, the yield is so low on them that they often don't even beat inflation resulting in a small real loos for those holding them.\n\nThere are a couple of reasons why a sovereign (or institutional investor) would still choose to hold UST's;\n\n* They are considered the most stable (both in yield and risk) of any sovereign issued securities throughout the world and as such are frequently used as a safe harbor when the market is turbulent, this is why US borrowing costs actually drop in a recession. Individual retirement funds throughout the world convert from stock holdings to UST's as retirement approaches for this reason too, having a stable base becomes more important then yield.\n* There is a guaranteed secondary market. US monetary policy relies nearly entirely on the trade of UST's in the secondary market to accomplish its aims and as such there is always someone who wants to buy UST's if you no longer want to hold on to them. Fed demand this year is likely going to be in the $1.2t range.\n* With two standard floating currencies a trade imbalance between two countries results in the value of the country with the higher trade output increasing. Japan (and to a lesser extent China) purchase UST's to artificially inflate the value of the USD and thus make it cheaper for them to import. As their economies are heavily based on trade with the US this is not a situation which will change.\n* As the USD is the primary world reserve currency and UST's are treated as cash like assets you can use them in trade. Particularly with large trade deals it can be significantly cheaper to trade UST's then it is cash.\n* Banks are permitted to hold UST's as a large part of their Tier 1 capital (even outside the US). Using a number of leverage strategies this allows them to use significantly less then $1 of capital to secure $1 of their capital requirements which in turn means more to invest and lend, which leads to higher revenues and profits. As such its extremely desirable for them to hold UST's over other securities. This is one of the reasons the QE programs use UST's instead of just capital.\n\nTL;DR: It never would happen." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "evlfdsv", "evlfgmb", "evlkcbe", "evmejk3" ], "score": [ 5, 7, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "It's trying to form a clot so that no more gets out of you so you don't die. It doesn't know it's on the floor and it's a little too late for that, because blood cells don't have brains.", "The platelets in the blood are reacting to the chemical cascade of not being exposed to suppressive chemicals in the body. The default setting is that if they are exposed to collagen or air they begin to clot. Pretty nice fail safe", "There are small items in blood called platelets which combine with Fibrin which sticks together normally to create a clot to aid the skin in starting to heal a wound - _URL_0_", "Imagine blood is a bunch of people running through a hallway, then someone opens a door (you get cut) and people start going through that door, but they're not supposed to. So some other specialized security people in that hallway make their way to the door and link arms in front of it to keep people from exiting through that door. That's how platelets produce clots that become scabs.\n\nWhen blood congeals outside the body, like if it's just puddled on a surface. All the platelets activate and start holding all the blood cells together essentially trying to form a giant clot." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/6taZMcj8co0" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d9zatve", "d9zbe47" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "\"More free\" trade means lower tariffs. Low tariffs mean that goods can be created in the cheapest way possible and then moved to the place where the most value is added.\n\nFor a real-world example, it makes no sense for Americans to make shoes. The cost of making them in China and then shipping them to the US is cheaper than an American making them.\n\nSimilarly, this is a negative when the cheaper production costs are due to low regulation. If China is cheaper *because* of long hours, minimal rights, poor working conditions, slavery, environmental damage etc, then those factors should be taken into account. \n\nIf all trade agreements were dissolved and replaced with a 0% import tax, the natural result would be an international race-to-the-bottom for workers rights. That's why trade agreements also contain regulations on quality, environment and working conditions.", "So the question here isn't 'when is free trade good', but 'who is free trade good for'?\n\nImagine two towns, town A and town B. These two towns are both in the same state, and have unlimited free trade and free movement with one another. They share some warehouses, and the companies in them have strong trade ties.\n\nWho benefits from ending free trade between these towns? Consider these scenarios:\n\nTwo fast food burger companies operate in the state, one headquartered in town A and one in town B. If both burgers are about as good as each other, neither benefits from a trade barrier. They lose out on a lot of customers, but gain exclusive access to a lot of customers. If one burger is terrible though, that burger company benefits, because they may go from having a 10% market share in both towns to having a 100% market share in just one. In that case, the burger shop owner won out, but the people suffer.\n\nTown B has a forest and a vibrant lumber industry, and Town A is out on the plains. Town B has a competitive advantage in lumber sales. If there was a trade barrier set up between those two places that blocked the sale of lumber, then any tree farms in Town A will be able to charge a lot more, because what they make is suddenly much less scarce. Most people in Town A can no longer buy wood, and are suffering, but the people who owned the tree farm are now rich.\n\nYou can see that advantages that allow you to produce higher quality and/or cheaper goods are rewarded by free trade, and in all cases the people who are buying goods and services benefit. There is a special case to consider though, one that's been giving modern politicians and activists pause.\n\nWhat if Town A was a healthy democracy: a union town with a $15 an hour minimum wage, good environmental regulations, and great work safety. What if Town B was only developing it's economy, and had a $5 minimum wage and minimal environmental regulations?\n\nA company in Town B could produce the exact same product as one in Town A at a much lower price. All unskilled labor becomes like lumber in our example above - something that one town produces cheaply, and the other one at great cost. The businesses of Town A would suffer, losing market share. Their cost of business is higher, and their ethics and affluence are a competitive disadvantage. Whenever you wanted to go and buy goods, it would be cheaper to buy them from a Town B manufacturer than a Town A one. Town B suddenly has a lot more demand for labor, and the value of that labor goes up. Things get better there. But they still aren't subject to Town A's regulations or minimum wages.\n\nTherefore, the paradox of free trade. Free trade makes everyone richer, because we can all afford to buy more and better things. But free trade forces us to either race to the bottom on wages and regulation, impose our laws on another country, or establish a welfare state capable of keeping up quality of life for the now-unemployed tree farmers of our city. That's why, in the 21st century, you see Austerity movements pushing to deregulate and reduce benefits, you see populist movements looking to end trade with countries that don't live up to first world standards, and socialist movements calling for better welfare, public housing, or even a minimum income." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxb2qsj", "cxb2tev" ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text": [ "Medium and large businesses buy Watson computing capabilities... It's fairly expensive and meant for business intelligence number crunching... Not really meant for personal consumers.", "IBM stock, in the short term. IBM did a similar thing with the chess playing computer Deep Blue. When Deep Blue beat the greatest chess player in the world, IBMs stock soared.\n\nIn the long term, they want the public ready to try all kinds of Watson powered services. If they can get people hyped about the computer diagnosing their cancer, it preempts a backlash." ] }

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[ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwh1INne97Q" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "chpemj8", "chpemn0" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "In the Nucleus of any human cell on your body. So blood, hair, skin. It can be pulled from any part of your body. \n\nEdit: Any cell your body produces contains your DNA in its nucleus, Which is the large ball in the center of the cell.", "In every cell, and in the socks under a teenage boy's bed" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "de4cn6y" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "There is no definite answer, but it's been suggested that the extra fat women store is priming their bodies for childbearing. Also explains why the extra fat is often stored around women's midsections, breasts, glutes and thighs. Women at some point in their lives may nourish a fetus and then a baby from their own reserves, so women have to stock energy in the form of fat in anticipation of future pregnancies (and must stock even more energy during the last two trimesters of pregnancy)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cowyxex" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Your brain is still active listening to and processing the noises. If it's chaotic enough, it may become white noise which your brain won't process and helps some people to relax. Semi-chaotic noises where you have a lot of distinct sounds such as with noisy children are the most draining. Loud but focused sounds such as at a concert allows your brain to focus on one thing and drown out the others." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cof4n3g", "cof4vaj", "cof5cqr", "cof5tow", "cof7noc" ], "score": [ 2, 11, 4, 7, 2 ], "text": [ "Colored pencils are usually much more expensive.", "Crayons are good for kids because they are bright, safe to eat, hard to poke your eye out with, and pretty cheap.\n\nColored pencils offer better control and a neater end product, but cost more, and are more dangerous.", " > Are colored pencils superior, and if so, why can't children use them too?\n\nThey are, for drawing.\n\nThey are also superior for poking your eye out. \n\nCrayons are safe, non-toxic, and low maintenance, and considering the drawing ability of most children, colored pencils are not going to add much.", "I think at some point artists move on to pastels, colored pencils, or markers because they can be more easily controlled to achieve a variety of desired effects. Crayons give you a very distinct, rough texture and you don't have much of an option for changing that by smudging or keeping a sharp point. For design use, crayon texture is easily identifyable and has come to represent childhood, so it is usually only used when that's what you are trying to express. \n\nThen again, maybe we should give crayons another chance. _URL_0_", "Cheap and fun for children, basically. They're sofa, maluable and they can't realy stab themselves or get poisoning from them." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "http://youtu.be/7SDIilorkec" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ct9c8nn", "ct9dsyf", "ct9g1fu", "ct9gaf6", "ct9hhln", "ct9hlq6", "ct9nvni" ], "score": [ 19, 91, 7, 677, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I'm not an expert, but I'll do my best.\nAs we grow, our brain learns patterns in our lives (we call them routines). In life, we take these routines for granted and tend not to think about them. We get confused we these routines are broken - when something changes. Our brain has to re-organize itself in a sense, figuring out how the routine has been changed and what we need to do different.\n\nEven in problem solving (for example if someone struggles with Maths) when people get confused about a problem, they are most likely used to being able to solve a problem much faster - someone who is slower at problem solving or is used to not being able to solve problems as fast will get confused.\n\nHope that's understandable, if not TL;DR - we get confused when something out of routine happens because we aren't used to it.", "AwwwAs humans our whole existence is based on understanding the reality we live in and not understanding this reality has been drilled into our heads as bad. Obviously it is bad not understanding a tiger is dangerous can lead to certain death in the wild, among other things, which is why society drills this into our heads.\n\nBeing confused is your brain not being able to understand the reality of the situation using the information available and previous knowledge. Having had understanding reality placed on such a high importance from a young age makes that a number one priority, and your brain has no idea what to do. There's no program designed in your brain to deal with the situation, and your brain experiences an error until new information is brought to you to help you understand reality and not be confused.\n\nTldr:being confused is the brains version of a 404 error ", "Think of your thoughts as water going down a slope, and when you have a coherent thought it is a nice clean stream, every now and then something comes up and the stream might split, your focus is split between two tasks, but things are in control. Sometimes something comes up that causes your stream to split into a thousand streams and you lose focus and concentration, you have no main thought that makes any sense, you are confused. Gradually the streams start coming together and you get a coherent stream (thought) again.", "Most thinking we do is based on maps of reality we build up in our heads that prepare our mind and body for expected events (e.g. Pavlov's dog). Confusion is when something happens to us that causes our minds to seriously reconsider whether the map it was using is valid, and, if not, which map is.\n The problem is, your current map was based on the best available information and now seems wrong - so your brain must toss through ALL the information it can to extrapolate the proper map to apply. This is overwhelming enough, but worse, it still has an investment in the map it was using so it becomes very difficult to be decisive because the brain is caught between two competing models of reality. ", "When you're confused, the pathways that your brain has formed for other problems or functions are of no use to your problem. Your brain can try to fix that by creating a new one, but would rather use what is there - something similar to what you need. Ideally, you'll go logically from one pathway to a slight variation that gives you the solution or explanation you need to the confusing problem - but this is not always the case. You might find yourself going back to close-but-not-quite-right explanations that don't help you again and again, until you remember or learn a piece of information that is key to creating a new understanding, rather than overviewing the same bits of similar information.", "Probably some form of memory retrieval interference. We use all kinds of cues (external environmental ones, as well as mental representations) to help us retrieve the memories and information that is appropriate to a given situation. However, most times those cues are associated with MANY different outcomes. E.g. when you walk into the parking lot you usually park at, finding your car depends not only on remembering where you parked today, but also on how well you can 'forget' or inhibit yourself from remembering where you parked 4 days ago). This interference between competing memories can often result in the kind of confusion you are taking about.", "We don't know, but since that doesn't make for a very satisfying sound bite, we create a lot of hand-waving explanations with abstract words like \"pathways\" and \"maps\" that do not necessarily bear any relationship to what is *actually* going on, which was your question.\n\nThe brain is an evolved structure. The way it works is very dissimilar to any designed system for problem-solving. It does not have clock lines or logic gates, and the connections between neurons are massively parallel.\n\nThe idea of a \"pathway\" implies some sort of linear system to convey signals between point A and point B. Nothing of the sort exists in the brain. Even the neurons between, say, the retina and the visual cortex, the subject of extensive study, branch so massively that to imply that they form a \"pathway\" is an absurd oversimplification.\n\nIn general, the brain accomplishes its task of maintaining homeostasis by means of positive and negative feedback, accomplished by the integration of stimulation and inhibition of the all-or-nothing coordinated discharge of ions through the cell mebrane called an action potential.\n\nIn response to an increased frequency of received action potentials across a synaptic cleft, the space between neurons where the electrical discharge of the action potential is converted to a chemical signal employing what we call a \"neurotransmitter\", some habituation normally occurs by down-regulation of the receptors for that neurotransmitter.\n\nBy this method, certain patterns of neural interaction become regularized. Confusion probably occurs when unaccustomed stimulation occurs outside of habituated neural relationships, and settles down once those have either dissipated or become regularized.\n\nBut that explanation is facile; it tells us nothing whatsoever about the overall mechanism that processes any particular stimulus, mostly because the massively parallel feedback structures of the brain are, so far, intractably complex. The problem space is huge, and it cannot be approached strictly by reductionism, because part of a complex interrelated system does not necessarily work the same in isolation as it does in situ." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dvu3rb6", "dvu7i3g", "dvui3rs" ], "score": [ 5, 3, 6 ], "text": [ "Probably because it's warm and soft - good for our survival, and may represent availability of food stuffs.", "Back when we were cave dwellers, fur kept us alive by being a good insulator of warmth. Through evolution, we're conditioned to like the feeling of fur because fur = warm and helps us survive the cold. ", "None of the answers sound like facts, but rather assumptions. The truth is that what you experience is individualized. You likely enjoy the lack of friction presented by well-groomed animals or a processed fur coat. Regardless, what you feel is not generalized. I know I dislike the feeling, and some others can't stand it. What you feel is your own enjoyment of it and thus your own answer will be best suited: why do YOU enjoy it? What about it is enjoyable to you?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "edjm9r1", "edjqy00", "edjvrz7" ], "score": [ 9, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "It is typically not any more illegal to threaten someone than to exclaim “fighting words.” Both can simply incite violence from the person(s) they’re directed towards. Responding to words with violence, however, is illegal. The exception to this general rule is if the threat is accompanied by some other factor that suggests that the person it’s directed towards is in danger of imminent physical harm. \n\nFor example if someone says: I’m going to shoot you. The words alone are not a sufficient threat for you to fight them from a legal standpoint. But if they threaten to shoot you and then reach into their coat pocket to pull something out, you’d be reasonable in defending yourself. ", "AFAIK, fighting words do not have to be threats at all. Insults can also be fighting words.\n\nIf the following happens:\n- You insult someone so badly that you can plausibly expect him to punch you.\n- He actually punches you.\n- You punch back, a fight ensues.\n\nThen you cannot simply claim \"self defense\". In the eyes of the law, you used \"fighting words\" and were therefore just as responsible for the fight as he was.", "Fighting words are words/phrases (or just language in general) that, when used around \"most people\", would cause some people in the room to be really, REALLY pissed off. It doesn't \\*necessarily\\* have to do with fighting. \n\nLegally, they are an exception to the First Amendment, or the right to free speech. Normally, you cannot be arrested for what you say or publish. Normally, you have a right to peacefully assemble in a public place and, for example, have a rally against the fur coat industry. \n\nFighting words is the difference between having a rally at the local park, and chanting \"FUR IS MURDER!\" into a megaphone, and chanting \" < Fur Coat CEO > IS A < Obscenity > < Slur > \". If you were arrested for the first one, you'd probably have a First Amendment challenge to whatever charges were brought. For the second, probably not. \n\nFighting words don't really legally enter into someone punching you, for example. I'm unsure why other answers are mentioning it. *Provocation* may decide who gets charges and who doesn't, depending on the state, but fighting words is a different concept entirely. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c93g5zf", "c93g8s2", "c93htxm", "c93iy9z", "c93ueyn" ], "score": [ 15, 5, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The reason people refer to our ancient ancestors as cave men is because they find evidence of this society in caves. Caves provided shelter for ancient men. Once communities were formed and tools were created to provide a means of constructing a home were implemented. These natural homes were neglected and abandoned. This allowed for the caves drawings and dwellings to go undisturbed for long periods of time. Very few cave men lived in caves, but the evidence of this period are commonly found there. This is why many people refer to our ancestors as cave men, when many of them didn't live in caves.", "I'm not a scientist, but I think that adrenalin has been present in animals since before even \"cave men\" were around. I bet even dinosaurs had \"fight or flight\" instincts and something similar to adrenalin ", "If you want an in depth answer I suggest swinging by /r/AskHistorians.", "They are usually depictions of Neanderthals, which were cousins of ours, but not ancestors. We possibly interbred with them at some point. Neanderthals had a more angular forehead and slightly more hunched stance. They were capable of building tools, and had rudimentary society (burial of the dead). Originally, we though Neanderthals were our ancestors, but this was found to be wrong, much like we once thought the Brontosaurus was a dinosaur that existed, but found it was to be an ad-hoc collection of bones from different dinosaurs. Study of pre-history history is filled with mistakes like these\n\n\nAdrenalin is a survival trait common to all mammals. Those that form better fight-or-flight responses (adrenalin based) live longer on average, gaining more opportunity to breed, so 'sort of, yes.' is the answer to the traits question.", "First, about the word cavemen itself. Stone Age peoples lived in many kinds of shelters in many different areas, from caves to [mammoth bone houses](_URL_11_) to [wood longhouses](_URL_7_) to [thatched wigwams](_URL_4_) to more temporary shelters like [tepees](_URL_9_). We associate early man with caves because caves preserve evidence of their habitation much better than anything else. Things like bones, rock art, artifacts, and especially organic material that can rot are a lot less likely to be washed away or moved by animals or people, less likely to be broken, less likely to decompose than they would be on the surface right outside of the cave.\n\nThis means that if there's an equal amount of stuff 50 feet inside a cave and 50 feet outside of the cave, after a few thousand years there will be more stuff inside the cave. What seems like a common situation all around the world is that there villages close to caves and the caves were a sacred area they would visit occasionally for rituals, like a church today.\n\nSecond, about how 'cavemen' looked. If you're talking about early species like Homo habilis, they were definitely more ape-like than we are in terms of things we can figure out from looking at the fossils. Specifically, Homo habilis had longer arms, more of a protruding face, and a smaller brain than we do. Everyone kind of assumes that they were hairy but I don't know of any evidence one way or another. If you're talking about actual Homo sapiens living in the Stone Age, they were physically and mentally very close to us. It's safe to assume that they if they let their hair grow out, it was because that was the style of their group, not because they were dumb cavemen.\n\nWe do know of a lot of early mummies that have qualities that don't fit the dumb caveman idea, the most famous being [Otzi the Iceman](_URL_8_), who had detailed tattoos and a lot of tools that would take skilled work to make. Speaking of tools, it might seem like a spear is a pretty simple tool to make, but [flintknapping](_URL_2_) a good tip for it is surprisingly hard. The tools people made, as well [as](_URL_0_) [the](_URL_10_) [art](_URL_5_) show pretty clearly that these aren't just some grunting idiots. \n\nThird, the idea of dumb hairy protohumans started out in the 1800s, when people first realized that some of the bones they found were from human ancestors. It was accepted by almost every scientist by the late 1800s that some early ancestor of man started out more-or-less as a monkey and that there was a series of evolutionary steps that changed that monkey to a man, that there was only one evolutionary path from monkey to man (aka no branches on the family tree) and that the further you were away from monkeys, the more evolved you are and therefore you're biologically better than everyone else. This was used to justify a lot of racist shit, but the point is that if you bought into that scientific framework, which most scientists did, you wouldn't believe that a human ancestor would be more hairy than the one that came right before it.\n\nYou can see this in the \"Progress of Man\" pictures that people first started making right about then. You know, they start with a monkey walking to the right, just to the right of that is an Australopithecine, to the right of that are various members of the genus Homo and on the far right is a good looking white guy with a spear or bow and arrow. [Here](_URL_1_) are [two examples](_URL_6_). Basically when people first started drawing early man, they way they thought about human evolution made it seem impossible for the guy second or third from the right to be more hairy than the guy all the way to the right.\n\nFinally just as a quick response to your last question about adrenaline and human evolution, people, just like any other animal, can evolve traits in response to environmental stimuli over many generations. Adrenaline is common to at least all mammals, as far as I know, but one example of human evolution within the species is how [populations that have lived at high elevations for a long time often have genes that reduce the effects of altitude sickness](_URL_3_)." ] }

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[ "http://imgur.com/YG1uHMI,UHyVBMi" ]

[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tassili.jpg", "http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-auffRdNDc64/UHs4npAZvII/AAAAAAAAQe4/Ay1RhDXzJxA/s1600/Marchofprogress-600x406.jpg", "http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/ancient/flint.htm", "http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02tibet.html", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigwam", "http://arthistoryresources.net/willendorf/", "http://www.artres.com/C.aspx?VP3=ViewBox_VPage&amp;IID=2UNTWAXOL9S5&amp;CT=Image&amp;IT=ZoomImage01_VForm", "http://nativeamericans.mrdonn.org/northwest/longhouses.html", "http://www.iceman.it/en/node/226", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi", "http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/06/south.africa.art.winnebago/index.html", "http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst205/readings/images/prehistoric/MammothBoneHouse.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cz58emw" ], "score": [ 17 ], "text": [ "They track both -- live viewing, same day viewing, next day, three day and so on. And yes, higher live ratings are best, but DVR ratings are important too, and some ads can still work with DVRs. Have you noticed that movie ads have the name of th film bannered across the top during the whole ad? That's so the name of the movie is visible during fast forwarding. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmgo940" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "LSD alters your reality. Hence, you will \"see\" sounds, such as music. You will \"smell\" sights, such as the blue of a rock. This doesn't sound realistic outside of tripping, but it is your reality on the drug.\n\nI used LSD in my youth, probably around a dozen times. It is essential that you not do it alone, and that you have a sober, non-tripping person there to guide the trip. Usually, this is to keep you safe, and to help you if you are having a bad trip.\n\nYou have very little control over your tripping. You do not know if you are going to have a good one, or a bad one. A bad one can be very bad, worse than a nightmare, and you are living it in real time. Some folks are permanently affected by a bad trip, but that is not that common. But it does happen.\n\nLet me combine a couple of factors of good trips I've had, then I will explain the bad trip that ended my LSD experiments. Keep in mind the average trip lasts three to four hours, sometimes longer. You have little to no control. Once you are in, you are IN until it's over. There is nothing that can stop your trip that I know of. Perhaps they can sedate you until it's over, but I do not know anyone who has done that.\n\nThe first time I had a good guide. I wanted to be outside so we walked. Two of us were tripping, one was clean/sober. As we walked, I could \"see\" music floating out of houses into the street and turning into exquisite little flowers on the telephone lines. As we walked there were dozens of these impossibly perfect little flowers floating about and landing everywhere. They were so beautiful I couldn't stop staring at them. (In reality, there is nothing there, this is your trip).\n\nAnother time I was camping, it was nighttime. After a very long time of being hypnotized by the campfire and it's utter perfection, and the song it was singing to just me, I reached out to touch it. My safe person immediately stopped this and redirected me away from the fire. We walked down to the river edge and I wanted to be in the river, to feel its silky coolness, to talk to fish (this is a trip, remember) and to know a river god. (It sounds silly outside of a trip). My safe person kept me in the shallow water and away from rocks and deeper water. I wanted to float in the water and feel the stars, so my safe person lay me in very shallow water and held my head while I communicated with stars.\n\nThe bad trip: I was at a party and took the acid. First,my safe person left and left me in the hands of someone I didn't know, just as the trip was starting, so I had anxiety. I'm in until the end of the trip, and now I have to trust a person I never met to keep me safe. Then the person started drinking and kind of abandoned me. I was left in the bathroom where I became enthralled with swirling toilet water (you never know what you will find fascinating) and watched the toilet flush endlessly (yes I was alone). Then someone started pounding on the door, wanting the restroom, and I got very anxious. Not wanting to see the person at the door, I wanted to unlock it and then climb out the window. Except the window was on the fifth floor. The person who came into the restroom stopped me from climbing out the window (see why a safe person is necessary?). They were kind and helped me to another person, a stranger who promised to help. The party was very loud and had a live band that had a very loud drummer. All of a sudden it was overload and the music became a hell of demon types and the voices of the party goers felt like shrieks of demons. Everything felt very dark and ugly. The cloth of the clothes I was wearing felt like gooey fire (makes no sense, but tripping does that) and I started tearing off my clothes. Yet another person help me get into a bathrobe and feel better. But by then I was scared. The room I was changing in felt like a prison and I felt I was never going to be released and it was a terrifying feeling (no logic, but tripping). I cried and cried. The person passed me again to someone who wanted to walk with me, but someone else stopped them from taking me outside in a bathrobe and not having a good trip. I tried to drink a cold drink (7up I think) and I couldn't figure out how to swallow and choked on it, causing me to vomit. I felt I was dying and started crying for help. No one is going to call 911 for a bad trip in the middle of a party. The voices kept screaming in demon tones, the music was excruciating and dark and thunderous, the smells were frying my brain, I couldn't find a safe person, I was vomiting and terribly thirsty, I was not dressed in my clothes and I had no idea (on my trip) where the hell I was. I did not have the ability to call for help any other way than to pathetically sit on the floor and grabbing people walking by and pleading. Occassionally someone would sit with me and try and talk me to a better space. Somewhere in there someone tried to kiss me and I felt like I was being eaten by a snake. It was a really awful couple of hours, tortuous.\n\nEventually I started to come down. Around dawn, the trip was completely over. I showered (in a strangers home, but I'm covered in vomit and sweat and spilled 7up), dressed in my own clothes and went home.\n\nNever again.\n\nI hope that answered some questions. I know there are others that can share their experiences. I hope they share the good AND the bad, because it can be really bad, even worse than what I described. If you are an anxious type person, that can affect your trip. The changes in your body from anxiety more easily send you towards a bad experience. You really need to be feeling pretty easy. You should not be drinking or mixing other drugs, even weed. Your safe person should have experience with tripping, so they recognize where you are in your trip.\n\nBe safe.\n\ntl;dr...there are good trips, there are bad trips. The good are very good, the bad are very bad. Be safe." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dl5ae7c" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "the only difference between those chips is the flavoring that goes on them. they all require the same production up to 2/3 of the way. only near the end when they put on the seasoning do things change. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d49kubo" ], "score": [ 21 ], "text": [ "You're catching confirmation bias on both ends.\n\nNobody cares about the teens who have tons of sex and never get pregnant, and nobody cares about the happy couple that wants a baby and gets one....\n\nIt's the *exceptions* that are notable. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dg3xy3j" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Imagine a universe with only the sun and earth in it; earth orbits the sun.\n\nIn this universe we first look at things from a perspective where the sun is stationary. Where the sun is now and where it was 8 minutes ago are the same place, so necessarily earth is orbiting both the location where the sun is and where the sun was 8 minutes ago.\n\nNow, still in that reference frame, we move the sun all at once. Gravity propagates at the speed of light (which is really the speed of information and light travels that speed, but that's another discussion), so it's not until 8 minutes later that the orbit of earth reacts. This suggests that Earth orbits where the sun was 8 minutes ago.\n\nHowever, we can also look at the original scenario from a reference frame where the sun is moving. Consider if the sun is moving perpendicular to earth't orbit (roughly \"north\", if earth weren't tilted on its axis). From this reference frame the sun was always \"south\" of the orbital plane 8 minutes ago. If earth orbited that point then it would constantly be pulled \"south,\" out of its orbital plane. This is just our first scenario viewed from a different reference frame so we already know that that doesn't happen. This suggests that earth orbits where the sun is now.\n\nThe resolution to this apparent disagreement is that they're both kind of correct: earth orbits where the sun was 8 minutes ago, but projected assuming that the sun continues at a constant velocity. Since the sun isn't accelerating this means that earth orbits where the sun is now *unless* something comes along and moves the sun somewhere else. The sun is very big and resists such movement so we don't see that." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ex3y7pa", "ex7iyh4" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "A lot of it is those simple physics equations/concepts you learned in high school, such as conservation of momentum. If you know where the crash started and stopped, and the mass of the car(s), you can calculate the initial velocity. Also, observations of other crashes or crash tests can give an idea of what types of crashes result in what type of damage at different speeds.", "Crash Analyst here, that's the title given to Police in British Columbia that deal with, among other things, determining speed after major collisions. \n\nNothing posted something far is wrong - except the amount of damage thing - they're all techniques that can get used. Pragmatically we determine speed in this order chronologically, but will ultimately use whichever provided the best quality evidence:\n\n- road marks if they can be attributed to the vehicle of interest; \n\n- jammed speedometers. Pretty common if you significantly damage your vehicle - even full digital ones!\n\n- the electronic data module in the vehicle. As a general rule with a ton of exceptions they're installed 2007 and onwards. For the first generation they capture only the speed at and about five seconds before air bag deployment. So there can be a lot of challenges if the air bag doesn't deploy or the vehicle keeps going;\n\n- CCTV. But this depends on pretty high frame rate and a replicable angle the vehicle was traveling. It is surprisingly complicated math, and in Canada, there's only actually a couple people qualified to do. \n\nThese are the big ticket ones with a few other less used options. Eye witnesses are not used here other than to provide background of driving conditions and perceptions of overall driving. \n\nAll this to say, well we have several potential measures available, we generally will calculate to a reasonable minimum speed and in some cases can provide a general speed range." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dj5t9hv", "dj5t9i2", "dj5t9mj", "dj5td7o", "dj5tg5s", "dj5xovk" ], "score": [ 8, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The TV setup has two BIG perks the internet doesn't.\n\n* It's a one-way connection.\n* The messages are being broadcast to no one in particular with little concern about privacy.\n\nYour internet is bi-directional AND intended to be a connection that's potentially private for just you. This results in a **TON** of extra overhead in routing data, encrypting it on a per-user basis, etc. \n\nFor wireless TV broadcasts, the antenna at the TV station has no ability to listen *at all*, and there's no system in place to distinguish unique users (like there is for cell phones). ", "With television, there's a whole frequency dedicated to a single one-way transmission that's received by a large number of people. If you had a dedicated frequency for your Internet connection, the video would be quite smooth. It would also be quite expensive and only a few hundred people could have Internet connections. The Internet has to have two-way communications between billions of devices, so there's no way we can have dedicated channels for each connection.\n\nAlternatively, you can get a better Internet connection- there's no stuttering on my 100Mbps symmetric connection. It's just kind of expensive to wire up rural areas for that.", "TV is sending the same signal out to everyone at the same time. It's like sitting in the middle of a concert with a loud PA system.\n\nInternet streaming is sent to each viewer independently, like having a musician come to your table personally.", "When you watch tv, you aren't interacting with it, you are just accepting a signal. On the internet, you need to be able to sent info back into the system (clicking links, typing , etc). Broadcast tv just sends out info w/o receiving anything back, so the technology and infrastructure can be much simpler. That's why people used to just put an antenna on top of their house and watch Jeopardy. ", " > Video on television plays very smoothly in real time, while the same video may buffer when using Internet. That must mean that television have better and faster network\n\nNope. TVs have a slower network but they're not on demand so there is no lag\n\nWhen you want to watch a YouTube video your computer asks for each chunk of it. When you watch cable your TV is just displaying stuff that's already coming down the pipe. Your cable box is receiving all TV channels at all times, it just selects which one it wants to show\n\nPumping everyone the same data is easy, they already built an hours long buffer that they're pumping down the pipe. Sending different data to different people is harder because you may not have it on hand and are trying to construct a buffer barely ahead of what you're using with no chance to build it up in advance", "I'll assume you refer to cable based tv rather than over the air broadcast television, though the explanation is similar in both cases. Cable based tv networks can and are used to relay internet traffic in some countries.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nThe difference between TV broadcast and your everyday use of the internet comes to bandwidth, or to put it in simple terms how much information can we send over a network. Keep in mind that this bandwidth is a limited resource. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nWhen you watch a channel on a cable tv you're watching the same channel That all other people are watching. The cable company transmits a \"broadcast\" by sending one packet over the network and ask all the relays to duplicate and send the same packet to all the connected clients. Basically outputting only one stream of data that is echoed around the network to all the home users.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nNow when you surf the web, you're actually requesting to get a unique channel. Apart from the fact that this request required a two way communication from the home to the cable company, answering this request required the cable company to send more data out.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nInstead of outputting only one \"broadcast\" data stream, now they need to serve a custom data stream and to route it over the network to each specific internet user. This means using more of the limited bandwidth of the network and upgrade the network infrastructure to allow said routing.\n\n & nbsp;\n\n**tl:dr**\n\nIt's possible but required the cable company to upgrade their network from a broadcast system (small amount of data send to everyone) to a route based system (lots of unique data streams routed over the network) that's now resembles the actual internet.\n\n & nbsp;\n\n**p.s.**\nFor a similar concept to what you're asking, you might be interested to read about the [outernet project](_URL_0_). Aiming at using satellites to transmit a small offline version of the internet all over the world. In practice it's more of a broadcast of offline version of wikipidia, for example, rather than the on-line experience you used to today.\n" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-g-outernet-explained-20140808-htmlstory.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dibxni8", "dibxtug", "dibynml" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Pretty much every plant out there has been tested to see what it does, what properties it has, etc.\n\nThen there are researchers out there working on diseases that find types of things that would be promising ways to fight it.\n\nThen often there's a 3rd group who try to match those up. Plant A does B. Disease C is combatted by things that do B. Hey, maybe plant A would be good at fighting disease C. \n\nSo they test it.\n\nNowadays plants, fungi etc aren't really the main things anymore. Now that we can synthesize chemicals directly, we don't need to find plants that can generate them, we can make them ourselves. So a lot of the study is in creating our own new chemicals. \n\n(I'm using chemicals in a general and not entirely explanatory sense here...but its eli5, and I think that gets you to a close enough understanding to be useful)", "As a general rule, someone takes all observation from years and even hundreds of years, and and finds something common there. Scientific background also helps. And also the method of trial and error. ", "A lot of them by accident. A lot of them by trial and error after noticing something about it. Once you realize, \"Hey, this plant can do something to animals that eat it\", you then begin to think \" What can it do for humans?\" Stuff like that." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fbzinj0" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Basically, it used to be the notes were A-B-C-D-E-F-G. Then once polyphony was discovered we started using writing harmony in parallel fifths. This creates a tritone between F and B, which the listeners of the time hated so much they called it the “devil’s interval.” To fix this problem, B was lowered to B-flat, only when it was paired with F though. As harmony got more advanced we started to use things like leading tones to non tonic notes, which leads to more specifically used accidentals. Eventually we stopped writing modal music and started writing around tonality, which involves moving around the circle of fifths, which means using accidentals.\n\nEdit: I have other musical explanations on here that might answer some of your other questions." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e51l7sd", "e51o9ld" ], "score": [ 10, 2 ], "text": [ "Brains easily perform many, many tasks hat are difficult for computer. Take that we know brains are optimized for pattern-finding. Consider intelligent life forms have to interact with a real 3-world and real time. Which means they can check their expectations. Testings a supposition is as simple as rotating an object while remembering the original pov. \n\nBabies don't have the ability to start with, but by the time they are of enough to talk everyone has extensive experience rotating real 3-d objects. \n\nComputers don;t live in a 3-d world, they use numbers to simulate one. They have limited learning and are not optimized for the task. Usually little to no ability to perceive or influence with the 3-d world. \n\nLiving things can do things like perform multiple parallel advanced multi-dimensional calculus involved in say, catching a ball.", " > Do we have any evidence that other animals are capable of object visualization and manipulation?\n\nThere is evidence that animals learn what an object is like by investigating it, and are then able to think of new uses for it. [See this study](_URL_0_). There was another study done on birds where two cups were placed on opposite sides of an enclosure, and one researcher would go to each cup. One researcher put a piece of food in one of the cups, but the bird could only look at one cup at once. If the bird saw a lid placed on one of the cups, it would only look at the cup without the lid, because it knew nothing could be placed in the cup with a lid on it. \n\nIt's not really clear what changes in the brain correspond to which cognitive abilities, but the way it works is very different from how we make smarter computers. For example, facial and image recognition software was plagued by hurdles no person (or other animal capable of recognizing human faces) would have. If the software was trained with front or 3/4 head shots of an actor, they would be completely unrecognizable from the side. The smallest amount of makeup would thwart computers as well. Progress has since been made. " ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171002105204.htm" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dtl2x1d" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "What about it? everyone payes taxes, and just like the police or fire department healthcare is publicly funded.\n\nThis means anyone can use it, and you get better deals on medication. \n\nUsually its not a full free medical expenses, but like normal insurance, necessities/emergencies are covered, while elective/cosmetic things aren't (with a gradient in between).\n\nThe vast majority of the civilized world uses this system." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpxpf1a", "cpxsil4" ], "score": [ 11, 3 ], "text": [ "The coca plant is concentrated in three Andean nations: Peru, Colombia and Bolivia. Coca generally grows on the eastern side of the range at mid to low altitude. The plant requires the combination of cool temperatures and direct, equatorial sunlight to flourish. \n\n\nPeru is currently the world's largest producer, overtaking Colombia again around 2010. Colombia's coca boom lasted from the early late 1999s - 2011, until the intense US involvement starting in 1999 (Plan Colombia) including huge eradication and anti-terrorism efforts that succeeded in reducing production in Colombia and pushing it southward again into Peru. ", "OP are you asking more about chocolate products or cocaine? " ] }

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[ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "dfmghfv", "dfmghvi", "dfmgj9f", "dfmgqfh" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "In the U.S. we have Trade schools, which specialize in teaching you a certain field of work i.e. Carpentry, welding, etc. \n\nI don't know if Vocational Schools in Europe are free, but our govt. would rather have all of us thousands of dollars in student loan debt. University costs have risen drastically in recent years so that adds more fuel to the fire.", "There are. Before I got my current job I was looking at both electrician and HVAC trade schools (pullig from my GI bill).\n\nThere are also welding, plumbing, and cosmotologist trade shool programs, off the top of my head.\n\nArchitecture and Engineering are Masters and Batchlors-level college degrees respectively in the US, as a prerequisite to certifying in that field. Many universities focus on these sorts of fields, such as Texas A & M.", "There are! Normally students go there after high school, but the high school I attended teamed up with one and you could go there half days during high school. They offered a few programs. ", "There are vocational education programs in several states in the US, but the programs vary from state to state.\n\nMost often, \"vo-tech\" is an optional program that one takes while also attending some classes within a high school. I would often see the \"vo-tech\" students start the day in the high school, take a bus to the class for vo-tech, and arrive back at the high school at the end of the day.\n\nSo, they *do* exist, but knowing that they exist is half the problem in making use of them. A lot of times, students that would most benefit from those types of programs simply don't have access to them in the public school system, and may only go to something similar as a short-term training program advertised on TV." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjpnhi4" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Usually, these machines are in front of a barricade. So, you pull up, press the button, get your ticket and drive through. So, you're thinking... walk up, press the button, get the ticket, the barricade goes up, and no car goes through, because you're already parked, right?\n\nMany of these garages have induction loops under the pavement next to the button so they can detect if a car is really there. It's the same technology that a traffic light uses to detect if there's a car at the intersection.\n\nAt one of these, if you went there and pushed the button, nothing would happen, because the magnets under the pavement would not detect a vehicle." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dnbmtmv", "dnboeyg" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "They can always force the issue by deciding which expenses to charge to athletic department, and which to charge to the university's general facilities budget.", "Very few Athletic programs operate in the black. When their revenue does not execeed their expenses, the University will make up the shortfall. How they fund this shortfall can come from a variety of sources, but the 1:1 ratio is indicative of an athletic department that is not profitable. The shortfall can be anywhere from a few million to tens of millions. \n\n [Athletic Department Shortfalls](_URL_0_)\n\nedit: Apologies for the scatter brained response. The link below goes to a NCAA website explaining athletic department budget shortfalls." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/athletics-departments-make-more-they-spend-still-minority" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cto9wuc", "ctoahpc" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Likely because the songs they are singing are familiar to them. The lyrics have repetition, melody, and specific and consistent pronunciation which makes certain things easy to memorize and repeat. ", "Same reason why people who stutter can sing easily: you copy someone else's way of singing, following the original singer's steps in everything, even your breathing pattern may change." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmd2l2m" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Fish, meat, poultry etc. are made of proteins. When protein is heated enough it \"denatures\", which changes the folding of the protein molecules - the meat becomes harder, changes color, and so on.\n\nExposing proteins to acid (lemon juice) also denatures proteins.\n\nSo that's why soaking scallops in lemon juice has a similar effect to cooking them." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ebloxg5", "eblpf4f", "eblpk8q", "eblppre", "eblq28o", "eblq7oj", "eblr21n", "ebltkgy" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 8, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Penetration, range, damage depending upon what you want the bullet to do you have different shapes of bullet and different calibres it also depends upon what weapon you are firing it from a pistol or a rifle for instance.\n\nSo going with your .45 which is a large heavy round and will pack a lot of damage even at a low velocity of a pistol. Rifles generally have a higher velocity to enable their bullets to go further, if you have a high velocity heavy round like a .45 in a rifle the recoil would be incredibly powerful, so only heavy machine guns like the .50 have ammunition that large and they are vehicle mounted or on a tripod. ", "Many factors such as length and weight (caliber is just diameter), powder load, abd jacket. \nCompare a .223 and a .22lr. A .223 goes in an M16, and despite being only .003 larger in diamter is more than twice as long. The shell casing for a .223 alone is larger than a .22lr. Heavier bullet and more powder.", "There's a lot of personal preference for handgun rounds, but for rifle rounds it is much more established\n\nBig bullets like the .308 Winchester and .30-06 will travel really far and will take out a person with a good hit without a question, they're really good for long range engagements, but most combat takes place at less than 300 meters so the range isn't helpful. Full sized rifle rounds are rather heavy, a .308 cartridge weighs 24.2 grams and a .30-06 cartridge weighs 26.8, that means a solider carrying 5 kg of ammo can carry 206 and 186 rounds respectively.\n\nIntermediate cartridges were pioneered with the 7.92x33 used in the StG44 and continue today with the 5.56x45 and 7.62x39. They're not great at super long ranges, they're not obscenely powerful, but they're good enough and light. A 5.56x45 round weighs 11.6 grams meaning that 5 kg of ammunition now lets you carry 431 rounds, more than twice as much as the full sized rifle rounds. That buys you a lot more time of suppressing fire or the same amount of time but significantly more mobility.\n\nReally big rounds like .50 BMG are extremely heavy and have ludicrous recoil making them poorly suited for anything that isn't a bipod mounted sniper rifle or a crew served machine gun, but it'll take out a car.\n\nRifle rounds have smaller bullets than pistol rounds, but significantly longer cartridges with way more gun powder. A .50 BMG round is 6x longer than a .45 ACP round, that's a hell of a lot more gunpowder pushing the bullet down the barrel getting it up to much much higher speeds.", "There are 3 big things to look for when looking at bullet effectiveness. Mass of the projectile(correlates to caliber), Speed of the projectile, And the composition of the projectile. \n\nBigger projectile means more mass which means more force when it actually hits something. It also means its harder to get that round up to speed meaning bigger rounds need a bigger powder load to truly be effective.\n\nNext is speed. The faster a bullet goes the harder its gonna hit, and the this depends on how much gunpowder you are putting behind a round. This means that you can have two rounds with the same caliber having different powder loads and vastly different power output. [To help visualize this](_URL_0_) these are some rounds. The round on the far right is 50 bmg, while the one labled 50AE is 50 action express aka the biggest round a Deagle can chamber. Both are technically 50 caliber rounds but obviously 50bmg is gonna have a fair bit more power behind it. \n\nFinally there is the actual composition of the projectile which while less impactful than the other two does change how the bullet behaves on penetration. Harder bullets penetrate harder surfaces better, while softer rounds will tend to mushroom and tumble when they hit a hard object. This tumbling is actually a feature and can drastically increase the damage a round will do to a soft target. \n\nSide note .22lr is small, but it does work if you let it. There was even a fully automatic gun similar to a tommy gun adopted by U.S police that shot .22lr. The idea was that it wouldn't penetrate walls or shoot through people, but you could absolutely still chew through whatever was in front of it. ", "The difference between .45 and 5.7mm is the velocity of the bullets after they leave the muzzle. .45 was designed in the early 1900s after US Army testing indicated that, when using solid metal jacketed bullets, small fast pistol cartridges tend to punch through the body and leave a small hole while heavy but slow rounds will stop inside the body and dump all their energy into the target's internal organs. It wasn't much of a concern that rife cartridges of the day (all around 30 caliber) would penetrate the body because they were so fast and powerful that even a fraction of their energy could incapacitate an enemy, but for pistol cartridges that had to be fired from the hand having some of the energy be \"wasted\" due to over penetration was seen as a problem. 5.7mm is a much newer cartridge, and was designed to be small and fast to allow police and military personnel to have a bullet that could be fired from a handgun and still penetrate body armor. To compensate for the possibility of punching through people, the designers took advantage of more modern bullet construction techniques which cause the projectile to either expand or tumble inside the body, causing them to dump all of their energy despite being very fast. Despite all of the above, both .45 and 5.7mm are both much less common pistol cartridges than 9mm, which strikes a much better balance than either at being small and fast enough to fit a large number of rounds in a magazine, while also being slow enough to reliably stop inside the target.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nTLDR; 5.7mm is really fast to beat Kevlar, but expensive and not as good at stopping unarmored threats. 45 ACP is a very old design and not good at fitting in a gun's magazine. 9mm Parabellum strikes a balance, and that's why everyone uses it.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nReally fast edit: Someone thought the Desert Eagle was necessary because people are willing to buy guns that shoot ridiculous bullets, and wherever there is a demand there is money to be made as the supply.", " > My question here is: why is the 5.7 so good, being so small?\n\nBecause it has a lot of gunpowder behind it so it goes *really fast*! That means it can shoot long distances at relatively flat trajectory and high accuracy, while retaining power and penetration.\n\n > My question here is: why so large, and how does this translate into effectiveness?\n\nBecause it is big and heavy it can go slower while still hitting really hard and making big holes.\n\n > So: Why so small?\n\nCaliber refers to how big around the tube the projectile fits down. It doesn't tell you how long and consequently heavy it is (although generally related), or how much gunpowder is in the cartridge behind it. A smaller diameter bullet which is longer and with more powder fired from a longer barrel can result in way more power hitting the target.\n\n > what's the advantage of a .45 over a 5.7mm, why would you ever design a .45 pistol round when perfectly acceptable power can be attained by a diameter of .308, and don't tell me that the size matters when we've got a 5.7mm round making the (heh) rounds?\n\nSize does matter for different applications and circumstances. Ultimately there is an ongoing debate even about what is best for a given circumstance. The main issue is just hitting the target as that is the biggest decider of effectiveness.\n\nHowever, suppose you are shooting at someone in street clothes from 7 meters. You might want a .45 pistol because you can get a heavier bullet and transfer more power into the target than the .308. But then what if they are wearing body armor? In that case maybe higher velocity and penetration would be better with a FN 5.7x28mm. But then maybe the 5.7mm will go right through and do less damage depending on where they are hit? Nobody really has a definitive answer which is best.\n\n > why did anyone think that the Desert Eagle was necessary?\n\nThat isn't really why firearms are designed in many cases. The Desert Eagle isn't exactly a practical firearm. Another example is the Taurus Judge Magnum, a revolver which exists because they could make it rather than filling a pressing need.", "A bullet with a larger diameter means there is more mass to your bullet. That generally means you have more \"stopping power\". Think of it this way: a .22 going *really fast* is going to punch a relatively tiny hole in you. That's going to hurt, but if the hole isn't in something important - or even if it is, depending on the organ - the hole might not be enough to make you stop doing whatever it is that you were shot to stop you from doing. A much larger 9mm or .45, even if it's going much slower than the .22, is going to make a much larger, messier hole that is more likely to make you stop doing anything, ever, regardless of where it hits you.\n\nOn the other hand, a bigger bullet is heavier, which means you need more powder to move it. More powder means more recoil. Recoil makes it much harder to shoot more than once, because every time the gun moves off target you have to move it back onto target. Recoil hurts, too. It can be exhausting to handle recoil, so you fatigue quickly. If you miss or need to shoot a second target, the recoil makes it difficult to stay accurate.\n\nAnd, the more powder the heavier the gun has to be. A bigger explosion needs a stronger barrel to contain it so the gun doesn't explode. Yes, if you put a round with too much powder in the wrong gun, even if the diameter of the bullet fits, you can blow up your gun. A bigger gun has advantages - it dampens the recoil a bit. But that also makes it heavier to hold and heavier to carry.\n\nAs a compromise, generally speaking a bigger bullet is going to have (relatively) less powder and go slower than a smaller bullet (for handguns anyway). You put enough powder behind it to make it go, but not enough to make it go as fast as a smaller bullet. Slower bullets are less accurate at longer ranges. So a half decent shooter with a .22 handgun can reliably hit a target 30 to 50 feet away. A half decent shooter with a .45 can reliably hit a target 10 to 20 feet away. Most of the time if you're shooting at someone with a handgun, they're going to be pretty close so that may not be much of a concern. On the other hand, most people in the world when shot by *anything* are going to stop doing things, even if it's not a big bullet. You may also intentionally choose a small calibre so that you can stop them from doing things with a lower chance of killing them in the process.\n\nRifles are a bit different, as with a rifle you have more barrel to burn your powder and you can brace the gun against your shoulder, so you can add more powder behind your bullet. That means your bullet goes farther than a lighter bullet (going the same speed) because a heavier bullet is less affected by wind and air resistance, so it stays more accurate. That also means that if you increase the strength of your barrel, there's a lot more barrel so it gets heavier faster. And whether it's a handgun or a rifle, your bullets get pretty heavy pretty quickly. If you plan to be carrying around ammo for a while (like if you're in the military and out in the field) then having bigger rounds can be a burden.\n\nIf you're an organization (like the military), you have to consider cost. Big rounds are more expensive, and if you're ordering millions of them a couple bucks more per box adds up quickly. It would also be convenient if you could fire bullets from several different guns you plan to deploy, even if they don't work *well*. So if maybe a soldier runs out of rounds for his rifle, if he can put his pistol ammo in it...it may not be accurate, it may tear up the gun, but it's better than having nothing.\n\nAnd then you have a whole bunch of other factors like making your gun small enough to be hidden, but still big enough to knock someone down; or, making your rifle short enough to be portable or long enough to be accurate. Is your gun semiautomatic, so you expect to be able to shoot rapidly, so you want lower recoil? Is your gun fully automatic so you *really* want to minimize recoil? Is your gun mounted on a tripod or vehicle so recoil isn't a problem? Are you shooting at a person, a person wearing light armor, a lightly armored vehicle, or the engine block inside of that vehicle? How large is the person holding the gun? Are they a beefy 300lb Marine capable of handling the recoil of a .45, or a 110lb woman just wanting something for self-defense? Are you using this gun for fun a the range, or for competition shooting and you want something accurate and light enough to shoot for a long time? Or are you using a gun to take down drug cartels that are so high on PCP they don't notice they've been shot unless you put a significant hole in them?\n\nAll of those questions have been asked and rounds have been created for them, or old rounds repurposed for new guns. Compromises have been made between having a big gun with stopping power or a small gun with accuracy to make a medium gun somewhere in between. Which round you choose depends on what you're doing with your gun, and there's no perfect round capable of doing all of the things that guns are used to do.\n\nEDIT:\n > Desert Eagle was necessary?\n\nDeagles are about as \"necessary\" as those ridiculously lifted pickup trucks, and both say the same thing about the owner.", "The diameter of the bullet is only one factor for the mass of the projectile another is the length of the bullet that determine the mass. A bullet with the higher diameter looses energy faster then one with smaller diameter that have the same mass but is longer\n\n\nAnother is the speed of the bullet, that depend on may thing one primary is the amount of propellant. So a lot of propellant require a large cartridge. The cartage can be a lot wider then the bullet. The x28 is the length of the cartridge but it does not give information of the diameter\n\nA 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge that is the common assault rifle used in M-16, M-4, AR-18 have a bullet diameter of 5.70 mm (0.224 in). So the one of the smaller standard round the .22LR have the same diameter.\n\n\nSo look at images of the round and compare them when you know that the bullet have the same diameter.\n\nYou find that a\n\n.22LR have a total length of 25.4 mm andthe case diameter as the bullet. A typical speed for a 2.6g bullet is 370m/s and it has a energy of 178 J\n\n5.7 x 28mm have a total length of 40.5 mm and a case diameter of 7.95 mm. A typical speed for a 2.0g bullet is 716m/s and it has a energy of 540J\n\n5.56×45mm NATO have a total length of 47.4mm with a case diameter of 9.6 mm. A typical speed for a 4g bullet is 860m/s with a energy of 1800J\n\n9×19mm Parabellum have a total length pf 29.59mm and is the case diameter as the bullet. A typical speed for a 8g bullet is 373m/s with a energy of 560J\n\nThe 50 Action Express might have the same bullet diameter as the .50 BMG . The .50 BMG is 3.4 time longer and the case diameter is 1.5 times larger. The projectile have twice the mass and leave the barrel of a machine gun at twice the speed and 10 time the energy. So you the a\n\nSo you have a bullets with the same diameter and the energy that have a difference of x10. Bullets is a way to transfer energy to the target.\n\nThe main reason that pistol bulles have high diameter and short bullet is so you can place the magazine in the handle of the gun. When you have a length limit you need to increase the diameter . The range is good enough for the weapons.\n\n\n\nRifles have magazine that are outside the handel so you can have longer cartridges with smaller bullets that have a lot higher energy and range. Is is in may way a more efficent design then the pistol bullts except for size of cartridge.\n\nPistol calibers become common in sub-machine guns because the existed at the time and had low recoil so you can build a gun that deliver a lot of round in a short time from a large magazine. The range was not good but most combat in WWII was at close range so they become popular. Intermediate calibers like the 5.56×45mm NATO did not exist at the time and the common rifle calibers was even more powerful the the 7.62×51mm NATO. The intermediate caliber assault rifles used today have almost replace the sub-machine guns\n\n\nSo why the different calibers? .22LR is from 1887 and it is cheap, low recoil and lowe noise is it has remaind a common for recreational shooting, initial firearms training, small-game hunting, and pest control where it is good enough.\n\n5.56×45mm NATO is designed as a replacement for full power 7.62×51mm NATO. The cartridge weight is half and the recoil is less and the guns can be lighter. So you can carry more rounds and the weapon is easier to control but the range and penetration is less. The possitives was better the the negatives.\n\n\n 5.7 x 28mm is designed for the FN P90 personal defense weapon. Is a weapon relative small weapon for deference by vehicle crews, operators of crew-served weapons, support personnel. It smaller then a assault rifle so it is a lot easier carry for a solider who firing a weapon is not the primary task. It have shorter range and less power the a assault rifle but is is a better the pistol and pistol caliber sub machine guns. Later it have been used by special forces, and counter-terrorist groups where size and large magazine is a advantage and the lack of range is not a large problem. FN Five-seven exist because of the gun destined in a similar way.\n\n9×19mm Parabellum is from 1902 design for semi automatic pistols that start to appear on the market. It become one of the more popular and is still on the market as it is good enough.\n\n\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ce3rztr" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I don't know if I'll get downvoted for not appearing to land on the right side of the mainstream-medicine tracks.\n\nBefore doctors began using pharmaceuticals, they used herbs (plants). Just as we know that cinnamon and marijuana have specific positive effects on the body, the marshmallow root in the tea has a soothing effect on the throat (I think by reducing inflammation). We also now know that licorice has a supporting affect on the liver, which helps support the immune system. This is helpful as a sore throat is usually caused by an infection.\n\nYou can find some of the health attributes of the tea by looking at the list of ingredients and googling *health benefit* plus the name of the ingredient. I suspect most of the ingredients will be aimed at boosting the immune system, soothing the tissue and reducing inflammation.\n\nAs to a little more \"how\" from your question. There is the compound capsaicin from chili peppers - as well as clove oil itself - that can have a numbing effect on pain. (Just a couple more examples.) Of particular note is that inflammation can prevent healing, so reducing that will allow the body to heal." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f2n7wys", "f2nhir9", "f2p2i7o", "f2pz7tw" ], "score": [ 61, 13, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "First, a raw potato outside of the fridge absolutely will spoil, especially if the weather is warm and humid. There’s no feeling quite like clearing out the cabinet, looking for whatever’s making that horrible smell, and having your hand go *into* a rotten potato.\n\nIt takes less time for a cooked potato to spoil because cooking the potato turns starches into sugars, which are more hospitable to bacteria and fungi, and also often involves piercing the potato’s skin, which helps protect the potato from said bacteria and fungi.", "Also, the raw potato is still alive. There are biological processes going on inside the potato, immune response to Bactria is one of them.\nYou know they're alive because if you leave the potato too long, it will grow shoots.", "raw potatoes are alive, and have systems to fend off pathogens and fungi the same way that all living plants do. potatoes are a storage structure meant to endure long periods of storage for the potato plant, so they will persist in a cold area for a long time, only shrivelling gradually as the living cells gradually dehydrate.\n\nthe same is true of other roots - beets, carrots, parsnips, radishes and the like. if they are raw, they are unlikely to rot because they are evolved for long-term storage and stasis.\n\nwhen you boil any of these vegetables, you kill them. dead cells cannot defend against rot, so they rot.\n\nI hear you asking: what about fruit tho? and other vegetables? well, raw vegetables/fruits of all types will last longer than their cooked counterparts for the same reasons. still, they won’t last as long as root vegetables. stems/leaves like broccoli or spinach still last a bit, but they aren’t built for storage and stasis like root vegetables, so they wither and rot faster, lacking the same storage protection mechanisms as potatoes and also lacking their roots to nourish them. fruits are also high in sugars and their ripening speeds their disintegration. they did not evolve for long term stability.\n\nof course, with all of these, they will all eventually wither/rot/die. there is no permanent vegetable.", "ELI5 Why can you leave a chicken running around your house without it spoiling, but not one that’s been boiled?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dcui6if", "dcui7bp" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "It's usually drugs/intoxication, dementia, or running from the law for one reason or another. \n\n* [uninsured and drunk](_URL_5_)\n\n* [suspended license](_URL_1_)\n\n* [fuck-ton of drugs](_URL_4_)\n\n* [under the influence](_URL_3_)\n\n* [old person with suspended license (possible dementia)](_URL_0_)\n\n* [elderly man, may have \"suffered a medical condition\"](_URL_2_)", "Most of these people are drunk.\n\nOccasionally these people are otherwise incapable of making proper decisions. In this case, it might be senior drivers, who might be suffering from things from dementia. Rarely, it can be due to panic / shock. My brother lost two friends to a wrong-way driver; she had gotten into an accident about a mile back (not her fault), which had put her in such a state of shock that she sort of kept going on auto-pilot, not realising she had gotten turned about. It was night, so there weren't any cars on the road. The first one she met was the one she ran into. \n\nBut seriously, usually it's people driving under influence. " ] }

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[ [ "http://www.9news.com.au/national/2017/01/24/19/28/policewoman-pushing-for-change-after-father-was-killed-by-elderly-driver", "http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/88714061/dukes-a-hazard-speeding-driver-leads-police-on-45km-chase", "http://www.clickondetroit.com/traffic/police-wrong-way-driver-killed-2-on-ryan-road-in-sterling-heights", "http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20170122_Man_killed_by_alleged_drunk_driver_in_Bucks_County.html", "http://www.wbrc.com/story/34203282/cullman-pd-sees-man-driving-on-wrong-side-of-road-arrests-him-on-drug-charges", "http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/uninsured-driver-driving-down-wrong-side-of-road-found-to-be-five-times-over-legal-limit-35367758.html" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cl69ti5" ], "score": [ 10 ], "text": [ "It is a consequence of the intellectual property rights Marvel assigned to Fox. Essentially, Fox owns the exclusive movie rights to the X-Men and Fantstic Four Franchises, and this means the use of the names, likeness and story arcs of the heroes and villains for those franchises.\n\nBasically, the use of Quicksilver by both is a quirk of the particulars of the assignment - or in this case, lack thereof. Unfortunately, the particulars of the agreement are not generally public, but what can be inferred is that the contract, which presumably refers to core characters specifically, also includes a more general 'catch-all' clause for secondary and supporting characters associated with each franchise. \n\nQuicksilver is a rather peculiar case in that he is most prominently used in the comics as an Avenger, despite being Magneto's son and consequently appearing in the X-Men franchise numerous times. Despite being introduced in X-Men #4 (1964), he was an antagonist, not a team member, and became an regular roster Avenger in Avengers #16 (1965).\n\nTherefore, if the wording of the agreement is ambiguous, and Quicksilver is not mentioned specifically therein, Marvel studios could make a solid claim that he is an Avenger, and Fox could prove that they are entitled to use him due to the grounding of his origin story in the X-Men franchise and his numerous inclusions particularly in X-Factor. Both studios did make such claims and there were a number of meetings, resulting in a ['legally negotiated stand-off'](_URL_0_) between the two studios. They compromised, presumably because a legal battle over the rights would have cost a fortune and result in one or more of the following: (1) precluding the character from appearing in either movie; (2) delaying both films; and/or (3) resulting in a costly payout for whichever studio lost out if they both went ahead with their films pending a decision.\n\nThat is why Marvel may use his character in the Avengers, but is unable to make any reference to his parentage, or even refer to him as a 'mutant.' Because the studios made an expedient agreement to resolve the ambiguity of the contract.\n\n > Could this also be applied to other characters that Marvel sold to Fox/Sony?\n\nYes, in theory. But they would have to be secondary characters that have heavily-entrenched links to multiple franchises, that are not specifically named in rights assignments, and it would involve another set of heated negotiations. " ] }

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[ [ "http://splashpage.mtv.com/2013/05/24/quicksilver-marvel-fox-stand-off/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e3361u5", "e3394fk" ], "score": [ 10, 2 ], "text": [ "One megapixel is 1 million pixels. 1080p has just over 2 million pixels per frame. 4k has about 9 million pixels per frame.\n\nSo when you say 1080p, you could also say 2.07MP\n\n", "TL;DR-- 720 and 1080 (among others, such as 480) are exact frame size, defined by the exact pixel dimensions of the display. 4k is a small set of exact frame sizes (because reasons). Because we all have the same size TVs (in pixel sizes, not physical sizes) to display the same content, edge-to-edge (except with 480 which often bleeds slightly over the edge on old standard-def CRT TVs). Whereas megapixel is just a rough measurement of how much detail can be contained in a photograph. Photos are cropped and edited, or just fit to screen and/or zoomed, and the exact size of a screen or printer aren't all that important.\n\nNon-TL;DR below:\n\nBecause 480, 720, 1080, and 4k are precisely defined frame dimensions. 480 is actually 640x480 (standard definition DVD frame), 720 is 1280x720 pixels, 1080 is 1920x1080. \"4k\" is one of a few different frame dimensions, usually 3840x2160 or 4096x2160 (the latter is a more correct 4k).\n\n\"Megapixels\" is just a rough measurement of a number of dots (in millions) in the picture. 1 megapixel could be a 1000x1000 pixel square. Or it could be a 2000x500 rectangle. Or 500x2000. Or it could be something else. But it's a good measurement of how many dots and therefore how much information will be in your photo, even though you don't know the EXACT dimensions, necessarily.\n\nAlso, megapixel numbers are almost always approximations, not exact numbers. My phone has a 12 megapixel camera, shooting 3000x4000 pixels, so is actually exactly 12,000,000 pixels, or 12 megapixels. However, I just pulled a sample image shot by a Galaxy S9, which is also \"12 megapixel\" but the image size is 4032x3024, so 12,192,768 pixels." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dd227tz", "dd22dls", "dd267ek" ], "score": [ 7, 6, 3 ], "text": [ "They don't. Twins are usually born prematurely - the more twins, the earlier. The average pregnancy length for quintuplets is around 29 weeks, as opposed to the normal 40 weeks. Additionally, the last few weeks are when the fetus gains the most weight, so a fetus at week 29 only weighs about a third of what it will weigh in week 40, and twins generally weigh less than a normal fetus.", "They don't carry to term. One of the major risks of carrying multiple children is premature labour and birth. The mean gestation for triplets, for example, is just 31 weeks. (40 would be full-term). For quintuplets, it's 26 weeks. I believe the longest recorded quintuplets pregnancy was up to 35 weeks.\n\nThe babies are also generally born with very low birthweight, sometimes with disabilities, and it is not uncommon for them to die in childhood. ", "The higher the number of babies, the earlier they are born. The average is 4 fewer weeks of gestation for each additional baby, (i.e. twins are usually born around 36 weeks, triplets around 32, and so on). It's usually a pretty rough situation. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dnfqjfj" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Some numbing agents have toxic chemicals in them so using them on an open wound is a bad idea. Plus there's no way of knowing who is or is not allergic to said chemicals. As far as 3rd degree burns go, the nerves are usually killed from the burn anyway so there's no need for pain meds. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "davgdbd", "davgh9z", "davmy61", "davo3ow", "davvjbp" ], "score": [ 12, 2, 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Unemployment is an insurance system. Everyone pays an unemployment insurance premium (or their employers do, depending on the location, but it is part of your compensation). Then unemployment gets paid out of the fund of that unemployment insurance that you paid. It is an ante to the gamble that you are terminated wrongfully or without cause, and the payout is some percentage of your wages, as determined by what you paid in.\n\nThis means that you SHOULD find a job again if you can.\nThis means that taking it is NOT robbing the system.", "It is paid for by your previous employer and tax payers. \nIf you can get a job, do it. UEB is only allocated for 6 months. After that you are cut off. Only in extreme circumstances is it extended. \n\nSource: was on UEB for 18mths due to the financial crisis of 2008/2009. ", "When quoting rules, remember that systems vary depending o on your jurisdiction. Most countries/states have different rules.", "You pay for it, it is your right, Millionaires take unemployment , its important too use whatever you can to maximize your benefit.\n\n\nNow you also have to file for it, and the sooner the better", "You lose benefits if you reject a reasonable job offer or you stop searching. So while there is less pressure on you to find a job while on UI, you should still find a job fast. Also you only get in the range of half your previous pay, so it isn't like you get the same money for no work. The point of the program is to be a bridge for people who are living paycheck to paycheck so losing their job doesn't immediately ruin them." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "elmsy2z", "elmt2r8", "elngex5" ], "score": [ 8, 11, 2 ], "text": [ "A SIM card is used for identification of an account/authorization to allow the phone on the network. Emergency calls to 911 bypass that, the towers are configured to allow calls to 911 through from any phone capable of talking with them.", "The antenna isn't actually in the Sim card it's in your phone. No sim card, to your phone, just means you haven't paid for access to a phone network, it doesn't make the phone physically unable to dial into one. For emergency calls it will make an exception. It's also why you can make emergency calls if you have no reception on your network, because they can be dialed into **any** network, so as long as your withing coverage of a phone network, it doesn't mater if it's your own or not, you can always make an emergency call", "The sim contains no information that is required for the act of a phone call itself.\n\nThink of buying alcohol. You can technically buy alcohol when you are underage. You have every ability needed, to go into the shop, lifting up the bottle of alcohol, taking it to the cashier, you can move the cash to pay and you can walk out. But the cashier (ideally and legally) won't let it unless you have your ID verifying that you are allowed to.\n\nSim card is essentially that. A phone can do anything that is needed for a call, it's just that the cell network (the cashier) not letting you, since you can't verify that you are allowed to.\n\nIt's of course a little bit different, with different phone networks (at one shop you can make the purchase, in the other your ID is invalid) etc., but the general logic is the same." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "chvg5yw", "chvg820" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's called the [strong neuclear force](_URL_0_). Protons and neutrons aren't single particles, they're made up of smaller particles called quarks. The quarks are attracted to unlike charges, and quarks of protons and neutrons exchange gluons back and forth. This keeps the particles together in the nucleus.\n\nA gluon is like a photon: both carry some kind of force (strong nuclear or electromagnetic force).", "To actually give an answer, expounding on the other post, the strong nuclear force specifically is responsible for holding together the nucleus. It is very strong, but also incredibly short range. Neutrons and protons are close enough to feel this, but even the electrons surrounding them are much too far away. " ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Nuclear_Force" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ex38n0h", "ex3a6ss", "ex3hj78" ], "score": [ 41, 10, 5 ], "text": [ "For now, \"5G\" is more hype than reality with most areas and providers, and \"5GE\" doubly so. It's unlikely to have any impact, positive or negative, on your experience.\n\nAs for why your 4G data connection may be poor, the most likely reason is that the tower you're connected is overloaded. The \"bars\" shown on your screen represent the strength and clarity of the radio signal connecting your phone to the tower, not the speed of the data transfer through the tower. If too many other subscribers in your vicinity are downloading/streaming data from the same tower, the *tower's* connection to the Internet -- the backhaul -- may not be able to keep up with everyone, even though your connection *to the tower* is clear and strong.\n\nFor your purposes, the bars represent how likely it is that a text message, or voice call, will get through without being dropped. Calls and SMS messages are less demanding, and more highly prioritized, than data.\n\nSome of this is due to the fact that pretty much everyone has a 4G device by now. The odds of a 4G tower being congested are a lot higher now that everyone is using 4G.", "There are a few things to clear up here\n\nSignal strength is not equal to internet connection speed. The bars merely indicate how strong the signal is, not that a tower has time to serve you data. Think of full bars but limited data like a waiter in a crowded but quiet restaurant - you can hear him just fine, but he reallyyyy doesn't have time to bring you your drink\n\n4G ***LTE*** is still the best network connection you can have. A few months ago your phone would have shown LTE normally and 4G on slower towers. Now AT & T rebranded 4G LTE as 5GE. When you see 5GE it's exactly the same as when you'd see LTE a few months ago, absolutely nothing has changed but the label", "Honestly, install an adblocker extension or browser that natively supports ad (and tracker script) blocking. The decrease in data usage and speed increase in page loads is shocking. \n\nBut basically, nobody bothers to code their sites for efficiency anymore because 'they'll be on wifi anyway' or 'it works on the newest iphone fine.' Largely because nobody wants to pay what it costs for a proper developer to take their time and work towards efficiency." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbvl485" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "There was a very good ELI5 a few weeks ago, so you could try searching for it. One of the comments there had a link to this youtube video _URL_0_\nIt explores a few interpretations of the plot" ] }

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[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkVS5A5gfGs" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccp94mw" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "No, it hasn't left the Solar System. NASA isn't claiming that, just the media who like sensational headlines.\n\nThe Solar System is usually defined as everything that orbits the Sun. The Sun is the dominant gravitational object in a radius of about 2 light years. It will take Voyager tens of thousands of years to leave the Solar System. \n\nInstead Voyager has moved into interstellar space the first human made object to do so. Interstellar space is where the particles coming from the Sun are no longer able to hold back the stellar winds from the other stars in the galaxy. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dyrfikg", "dyrfqb2", "dyrfrm8", "dyrfswv", "dyrgav3", "dyrikvt", "dyrk5sv", "dyrkeb3", "dyrmmzg", "dyrmvxt", "dyrn7d6", "dyrnv1z", "dyro8at", "dyronpd", "dyrq933", "dyrqnzw", "dyrr23t", "dyrr8e8", "dyrrkx5", "dyrs0q0", "dyrs9lz", "dyrs9wc", "dyrsn2g", "dyrsoxl", "dyrtqbi", "dyrtv2v", "dyrya51", "dyrzvjb", "dys0x7h", "dys25i0", "dys5cnp", "dys5mpr", "dys5ura", "dys5v4s", "dys75m7", "dys7hgr", "dys98ya", "dys9mv9", "dys9nwu", "dys9x7p", "dysb3bf", "dyscmlf", "dysj40n", "dysjipu", "dysjxnp", "dysk4zq", "dysmhfd", "dysqhg2", "dyss7rm", "dyssvpv", "dysxor1", "dysxue8", "dysz35e", "dyt19ia", "dyt1bs1", "dyt30ay", "dyt43k6", "dyt4c94", "dyt4gcc", "dyt56ok", "dyt5qoi" ], "score": [ 7, 1220, 344, 5460, 163, 2, 20, 16743, 8, 3, 29, 7, 44, 146, 3, 39, 1274, 81, 104, 8, 12, 3, 13, 16, 131, 439, 2, 6, 2, 14, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Because there is a massive volcano under yellowstone that dwarfs thr ones on Hawaii. If it would erupt it would screw over the entire world with the dust and smoke from the eruption", "The volcano system in Hawaii is constantly able to relieve its pressure. Also, the stuff that is in those volcanoes matter. Explosive violent volcanoes have a lot of gases, and the magma is very thick . Hawaii's has thin basalt and not much in the way of gas under pressure(or at least explosive gas. The Sulfur dioxide is toxic, but not explosive)\n\nIt's also smaller than Yellowstone.", "Size and scale. The Yellowstone Caldera is what's known as a \"supervolcano.\" They have the potential to radically alter the Earth with just one violent, explosive eruption. The volcano is Hawaii isn't explosive. In fact, Kilauea has had a constant flow of magma and has since 1983.", "The Yellowstone super volcano is the world's largest caldera. The last eruption tossed 1,000 cubic kilometers of debris into the air.\n\nOver its life time, the Kilauea volcano has tossed less than 100 cubic meters of debris into the air in its largest of explosions.\n\nThe Yellowstone volcano is put in the highest category of volcanoes, ranked by their explosive potential. Only 40 such explosions are known to have occurred on Earth in the past 132 million years.\n\nExplosions like the most intense of those from the Kilauea volcano happen on average every 18 months.", "Hawaii is a normal volcano. It can cause a lot of local damage but will have very little global influence. Yellowstone is a Supervolcano. It is many many times larger than the volcanoes in Hawaii and when it erupts it will have global influence. A Supervolcano eruption has the ability to send the planet into the equivalent of nuclear winter and can even start an Ice age due to the volume of material it pumps into the atmosphere. ", "Two completely different scales. Hawaii was established on a volcanic ring of islands, this isn't their first rodeo, although the damage is alarming. Yellowstone is likely to kill literally everyone if it erupts entirely. ", "Basically the area of the Yellowstone caldera is 10 times that of the volcano on Hawaii and Yellowstone has been building up in strength for thousands of years whereas Hawaii regularly lets off steam, so when Yellowstone blows it is going to go BIG!!!\n\nHowever it won't destroy the Earth, it won't even destroy all life on Earth, it will cause a large number of deaths and the extinction of a number of animals, but life will go on. ", "Imagine you're filling water balloons.\n\nOne of them has a hole that lets out the water about as fast as you are filling it. You could stand there all day and be fine. That's how Kilauea erupts.\n\nThe other one is huge. It is also intact. Eventually, it will burst and soak you. That would be a Yellowstone eruption.\n\n\nObligatory edit:\nThanks /u/arcmokuro for my first gilding. I didn't expect the classic water balloon analogy to blow up like this.", "I think the book by Bill Bryson : 'A short history of nearly everything' sums up yellowstone nicely. From memory yellowstone is a super caldera system that erupts to roughly 600,000 years. All evidences after each eruption points to really bad conditions for life to get on by.\n\nThere's a link below for more info:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nPS By scientists projections we are are already overdue an eruption from yellowstone by 20k years.\n\nSleep tight \n", "Hawaii is in the ocean. Yellowstone is in the middle of the USA. \n\nYellowstone is also a SUPER Volcano with way way more destructive power than any of Hawaii's volcanos.", "There are 3 types of volcanos. Hawaii is a type that is similar to the ones in science fairs. Slow and gooey. Yellowstone is like the cork on a champagne bottle. When it blows it will create a large crater and shoot a lot of ash into the atmosphere. The crater it will create is about 60 miles wide. If you look at Google maps and look southwest of yellowstone you can see a valley that is about sixty miles wide. This is the hotspot moving east as the north american plate is moving west. The valley has been created by past eruptions.", "Can we not release some of that pressure by building a vent or something that slowly lets some of the magma out? Like puncture a tyre before it bursts due to excessive pressure", "Can we not do extremely carefully planned explosions to release pressure from Yellowstone?", "Yellowstone is like a guy who hasn't had a release in years. Kilauea is like a chronic masterbator. Except that Kilauea is a female...sorry Pele.", "Yellowstone is a super volcano, or caldera Hawaii has just average every day volcano, pkus it relieves pressure regularly.\n\nThats like comparing a pistol to a nuke, yes they are both weapons but not exactly comparable.\n\nWhen Yellowstone goes it will destoy life as we know it, the same as virtually every other caldera blast in earths history. It wont kill all humans in the initial blast, but the total blacking of the sun, and the ash and debris in the air could do away with a good portion of all species.", "I've played Horizon Zero Dawn. Obviously we've already stared project \"Firebreak\" and the public is just unaware of it. Yellowstone will be good for another 3664 years", "Sometimes it's hard to poop, and you have to push hard, and BOOM it comes out all at once. That's Yellowstone. Sometimes pooping is easy, and it comes out in a nice smooth flow. That's Hawaii. ", "so uh I don't want to give any one any ideas, but all these comments on the scale of Yellowstone got me thinking.... What if some one dropped a bomb on yellow stone? what would it take to set it off? Or in other words... How fragile is Yellowstone? ", "A major Yellowstone eruption would be very bad, for sure. Especially in the USA. However, it won't destroy the earth, or even human life. The thing has had three enormous eruptions in the past 2.1 million years, and several smaller ones as well. While they clearly caused local, even regional devastation, they didn't even cause notable mass extinctions. ", "Kilauea is a volcano, but a relatively tame one. It flows a lot but slowly and non-explosively. Now look at Mt. St. Helen's, which erupted in explosive fashion. It shot ash 15 miles into the air and deposited it across a dozen states. It's bad, but not civilization ending.\n\nNow Yellowstone is a super volcano. This is a class of volcano defined by having eruptions of the highest levels of explosivity. If Yellowstone erupted it would cover most of the U.S. in ash, and would shoot so much ash into the atmosphere that it would drastically affect the climate. The world would have a very difficult time if that happened.", "Hawaii is a hot spot. Not nearly enough pressure is going to be made to cause catastrophic damage. Yellowstone is a Caldera, a supervolcano. Basically a giant pot of magma that's kinda just hanging out waiting for judgement _URL_0_ covers states I believe, underground.", "Crap that magma has to travel through on it's way to the surface changes the chemical composition of it. Mantle rock is made up of stuff that's really liquid when it's melted. These are called Komatiite lavas. We don't have these kinds of lavas make it to the surface of the earth anymore. Ocean rock is a bit more viscous, but it's still very liquid. These are called basaltic/gabbroic lavas. This is the kind of lava we have in Hawaii. \n\nBeyond that you have intermediate and felsic lavas. These are formed when magmas move through continental rock and leech large silicon minerals from the surrounding rock. These gum up the magmas and make them very viscous. Because of the viscosity, these types of volcanic eruptions build up pressure and explode like Mount Saint Hellens or Eyjafjallajokull instead of spray liquid lava like Kilauea. \n\nYellowstone is a huge magma chamber that has been sitting, and leeching large chain silicates from the surrounding rocks for a very long time. If the pressure builds up enough to blow the whole caldera it's going to be comparable to a large meteorite strike.", "Hawaii is 2500 miles from San Francisco and it's all water. The volcano is unlikely to produce any mega tsunami that would devastate the entire pacific rim.\n\nYellowstone erupting will destroy a large chunk of several states and fuck up the climate of the entire planet.\n\nOne is a major disaster, the other is an extinction level event.", "Hawaii volcano small and not do much damage yellowstone volcano go boom and north America go boom as well", " > “In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey became puzzled about something: … he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. …\n\n > “By coincidence just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone, copies of which some thoughtful official passed on to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos he realized why he had failed to spot the [volcano]: virtually the whole park – 2.2 million acres – was [a volcano]. The explosion had left a crater more than forty miles across – much too huge to be perceived from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.\n\n > “Yellowstone, it turns out, is a supervolcano. It sits on top of an enormous hot spot, a reservoir of molten rock that rises from at least 125 miles down in the Earth. The heat from the hot spot is what powers all of Yellowstone’s vents, geysers, hot springs, and popping mud pots. … Imagine a pile of TNT about the size of Rhode Island and reaching eight miles into the sky, to about the height of the highest cirrus clouds, and you have some idea of what visitors to Yellowstone are shuffling around on top of. …\n\n > “Since its first known eruption 16.5 million years ago, [the Yellowstone volcano] has blown up about a hundred times, but the most recent three eruptions are the ones that get written about. The last eruption was a thousand times greater than that of Mount St. Helens; the one before that was 280 times bigger, and the one before was … at least twenty-five hundred times greater than St. Helens. …\n\n > “The Yellowstone eruption of two million years ago put out enough ash to bury New York State to a depth of sixty-seven feet or California to a depth of twenty. … All of this was hypothetically interesting until 1973, when … geologists did a survey and discovered that a large area of the park had developed an ominous bulge. … The geologists realized that only one thing could cause this – a restless magma chamber. Yellowstone wasn’t the site of an ancient supervolcano; it was the site of an active one. It was also at about this time that they were able to work out that the cycle of Yellowstone’s eruptions averaged one massive blow every 600,000 years. The last one, interestingly enough, was 630,000 years ago. Yellowstone, it appears, is due.”\n\na quote from [A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson](_URL_0_)\n\nif you like science but don't like to be overwhelmed, this book is for you.", "Volcanoes have an explosivity rating called the Volcanoes Explosivity Index or VEI. It ranks volcanoes on a scale of 0-8 for explosive power. Kilauea is a 0 on the index and Yellowstone is an 8. \n _URL_0_", "People think that the Yellowstone supervolcano will \"explode\" (have a massive eruption) because it has had three massive eruptions in the past. \n\n* One was 2.1 million years ago.\n* The second occurred 800,000 years later, 1.3 million years ago. \n* The third happened 636,000 years later, 664,000 years ago.\n\nAs such, given previous intervals, certainly enough time has passed where such an eruption could happen, although the odds of it happening are pretty low.\n\nThe scary factor comes from material published by scientists which have revealed that such an eruption is capable of burying states like Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Colorado in three feet of volcanic ash and blanketing the MidWest. The ash cloud from the eruption would spread for thousands of miles across the United States and would damage buildings, smother crops, and shut down power plants. It would be a very bad deal.\n\nAs such, it scares the crap out of people.\n", "Can confirm. Born and raised in HI and no one is worried because it's a shield volcano. hell, I been to the big island 3 times and I've seen it erupting all 3 times. Let's off pressure almost daily so no worries.", "The Hawaii hotspot has been erupting constantly for about 81 million years - the chain of islands and eroded islands associated with it go all the way to the Aleutian islands \n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe hotspot isn't generally explosive, they just throw out nice thick basaltic lavas, decade after decade. And when they do explode, there aren't many people around and the ash blows out to sea.\n\nYellowstone, has in the past, thrown out a lot of ash and in places from the last large eruption, it's 600 feet deep", "Imagine boiling water. It bubbles but doesn't splatter because water isn't viscous (sticky like honey).\n\nNow imagine boiling thick spaghetti sauce. It's so viscous that when a bubble pops spaghetti sauce goes everywhere.\n\nHawaii is like boiling a little bit of water. Yellowstone is like boiling a metric fuckton of spaghetti sauce. Imagine the splatter if it decides to splatter.\n\nIf you want more information look up the difference between lava types IE mafic vs. felsic and the difference between hot-spot volcanoes over oceanic crust vs. continental crust.", "There aren’t many super volcanoes that we know of in the world. Yellowstone is by far the largest though, and if/when it goes, it has the possibility to make humanity extinct. That’s why people worry about it. Imagine the continental divide being gone, most of North America destroyed as we know it, and not seeing the sun for years, therefore no growth. Nuclear winter conditions etc. ", "I'm actually learning about this. Hawaii's volcano has low silica content so it has fluid magma and lava. This means the duct magma comes from doesn't get clogged up often. Yellowstone is different. It has thick lava and magma, and the duct is very well clogged up. Yellowstone is completely blocked off so there is no escape for pressure and gas in the magma chamber below, and the monster has been growing under the volcano for many years. Hawaii, it releases pressure often so no large explosion. Yellowstone, devastating explosion.", "What? Hold on, what do you not understand? ", "Okay so using water balloons as an example. Hawaiian volcanos are like a little 4\" water balloon that when it hits you it busts, you get a little wet, but you will dry off and recover. \n\n\nYellowstone in equivalence is your entire state's water supply ready to drop right on your head.", "One of them [lets out a small stream of lava in the middle of the Pacific, enough to create a chain of small islands over millions of years.](_URL_0_)\n\nThe other [is in the middle of the continental United states and has regularly caused instant death an area the size of most states, and huge amounts of ash to cover a large chunk of the continent.](_URL_1_)", "Finally, my freshman year geology class is being put to use. So basically the volcano in Hawaii has a different type of magma than the Yellowstone volcano. The Hawaiian volcano has really run and thin magma while the Yellowstone one has super thick magma. The thicker the magma the more pressure can build up. The magma in the Hawaiian volcano is thin enough that the pressure can't build up enough to make an explosion or spew much debris fast enough or over enough area to be a real threat. Debris and the blast wave from volcanoes are much much much more dangerous than the lava flows. The magma in the Yellowstone volcano is thick enough that a ton of pressure can be built up, which, when released, causes a massive explolsion, spews a bunch of debris, and creates a huge blast wave. ", "Yellowstone: Eating everything on the menu at Taco Bell, taking a $100 bet on how long you can hold in the inevitable, massive fart.\nHawaii: A slow, oozing zit.", "Hawaii volcanos are shield volcanos sitting over a hotspot. The magma/lava tends to flow and ooze out. Yellowstone sits ontop a supervolcano, where the whole area can blow off", "Yellowstone is a super massive volcano. It would be a mountain but the last time it eruptedmillions of years ago it blew itself up so now it's just a depression in the earth. Hawaii is just a regular volcano that goes off pretty often. ", "It's simply size. Hawaiian volcanoes are less than a millionth the size of Yellowstone iirc.", "Hawaiin volcanoes are to blowing up a normal little water balloon and then letting the air out of the opening, as yellowstone is to blowing up a \"hot water bottle\" (search youtube) until it bursts.\nA little kid can blow up a water balloon. It takes someone with very strong lungs to blow up a hot water bottle and make it burst, if they arent careful the pressure build up could backfire and make their lungs explode.\n\nIt takes longer to blow up a hot water bottle, but when it goes... it really goes.", "Hawaii = that small pimple on your forehead that never seems to go away, always leaking its gross pus and scabbing up then repeat. \n\nYellowstone is a basketball sized cyst on your back that is made out of scar tissue and doesn't pop, ever. But when it does, it's gonna be nasty. ", "As I understand it, Hawaii is a slow leak. Not much in the way of pressure buildup because it’s constantly erupting. Even if that eruption is relatively small. But Yellowstone doesn’t erupt. Hasn’t for thousands of years. And all that pressure is building up. Also Yellowstone has a history of blowing up every few hundred thousand years so scientists think it’s going to inevitably do so again. ", "Hawaii's volcano(s) is in one spot and is nothing more than an island builder... (it's actually 5 volcanoes, 2 of which are dormant) and it takes thousands of years. The islands move northwest from tectonic plate movement, but the volcano *tube* stays in the same spot.\n\nSide note: The big island is the newest island... which is why it's still active. [There's actually a new island being formed right now](_URL_0_)\n\nHawaii is only a hot spot where some magma flows up in a crack between two plates in the Pacific Ocean. There is little pressure so there really isn't much to explode.\n\nYellowstone, on the other hand, is what is termed a *supervolcano.* It is also a hotspot, but it's bigger, hence, *super.* The only real difference in the two are that there is a pressure building at Yellowstone and it's really big. The idea is that where there to be an eruption, there would be massive amounts of debris and dust thrown into the air in addition to the intense earthquakes. The concern is that this would bring about an ice age of sorts due to the extra debris in the atmosphere.\n\nI wouldn't worry, though, as the human species will have expired long before this volcano is likely to erupt. The last eruptions were 630,000 ya, 1.3 Mya, and 2.1 Mya.", "Because the Yellowstone caldero\\-supervolcano would obliterate half of the United States, maybe???", "Wait Yellowstone can destroy the earth? \n", "Scale. Think of 4th of July. Hawaii is setting off Piccolo Pete fireworks all the time, all night. Pretty much only a risk if someone isnt paying attention and stumbles into it. Yellowstone has been cramming a dumpster full of gunpower muttering \"this gonna be gooood\". ", "Geology student here.\n\nBasically, two reasons:\n\n1) size; Yellowstone is MASSIVE. If you look at the area of the flood basalts that represent the hot spot's migration since birth, they are several magnitudes larger than the area of basalts created by the hot spot responsible for the Hawaiian islands.\n\n2) composition; The hot spot beneath yellowstone is causing basaltic composition magmas (like those in Hawaii) to intrude into continental crust, which is really the key difference here. As these magmas intrude the crust, they undergo a process called partial crystallization or \"fractionation,\" in which the higher temperature components of the melt seize and settle to the bottom. What's left is granitic composition magma. Granitic magmas erupt MUCH more violently than basaltic magmas because they have a higher viscosity due to enrichment in SiO2.\n\nThink more like Mt. St. Helens, but a hell of a lot bigger.", "How far would someone theoretically be able to hear the eruption from Yellowstone?", "See here for a map of the ash fall of a previous Yellowstone outburst _URL_0_ and compare this to the size of Hawaii. Yellowstone outburst are very big.", "Would an eruption of Yellowstone have the power to alter Earth's rotation within our solar system?", "Umm, maybe it's isolation from the rest of the world? Thousands of miles, the only thing we have to worry about is a bunch a brand new land we have to figure out what to do with. Other than Hawaii being blown up :(", "For comparison:\n\n* Last erruption of the Kilauea vulcano produced 0.0000001 cubic kilometers of debris.\n* Eyjafjallajökull in its last erruption that crippled air travel across europe produced 0.25 cubic kilometers of ash\n* Yellowstone in its last erruption produced 1000 cubic kilometers\n\nKilauea is smaller compared to Eyjafjallajökull than Eyjafjallajökull is compared to Yellowstone.\n\nIf you take about 4800 large computer screens and say that all the pixels on all those screens together represent the last Yellowstone erruption. Then about one full screen represents that Eyjafjallajökull erruption and one pixel one one screen represents the Kilauea erruption.", "Okay my question is how likely is Yellowstone to erupt... Next 10, 20 years?", "The Yellowstone Caldera is a massive volcano that is capable of erupting on a scale that would chage global climate for decades if not centuries. \n\nThe Kilauea Volcano is a regular volcano that people choose to live on. ", "If you shake up a bottle of coke and open it a little bit at a time, you don't get fizzy coke bubbles all over yourself.\nIf you shake it up and open it really fast then it goes everywhere and end up covered in yuck.\nYellowstone is also a bigger bottle of coke than the one in hawaii, and in real life the coke in a volcano is way yuckier than real Coca-Cola.", "Hawaii's small eruptions of 200 feet into the air are nothing compared to the possible 20 mile tall pillar of magma that could come from yellowstone if it erupted.", "Same reason people are less worried about a pack of fireworks than they are about a hydrogen bomb.", "Ok, second ELI5: how can we relieve Yellowstone's pressure buikdup?", "I see many people referencing the balloon anology but it isnt quite right and doesn't describe this type of volcanism the same as maybe Mound st . Helens. There are several major factors that differ in comparing another highly destructive volcano to yellowstone. The first is that other examples such as mt st . Helens are driven by plate convergence and subduction. Things like water are trapped with the subducting plate which reduces the melting point of those rocks, which then melt and rise forming the volcanic structures you see. Such structures as those can be describes with the balloon analogy as all of the material and pressure are focused to a single point and a pin, the top of the mountain breaking will lead to big events. In the case of yellowstone however, the driving mechanism is similar to that of hawaii being that it is in the middle of a plate with no subduction. Instead it is likely the result of a mantle plume/hot spot which causes hot material from the mantle to rise and once it reaches the near surface, spread over a large area forming flood basalts. Flood basalts are often what is described in the thousands of kilometers of radius range and what people often mistake as the giant peak of a volcano. It is more like of you put oil into the bottom of a jar filled with water, it would rise in a single thin column and then spread across the whole surface when it hits the top. In this way it is different from the balloon analogy as pressure does not build up constantly, dues to its large area heat is constantly being lost like a heat sync in a computer, and instead of a pin priking it, it is like laying a balloon over a bed of pins which instead of popping it will be able to support much more force applied on top. Yellowstone won't just explode, if it does it will likely only be near the center, the results wont be nearly as bad as people expect, and you shouldn't worry about it too much. \n\nTLDR: Yellowstone isn't like other volcanos or a balloon and it won't explode. It is actually more similar to Hawaii than everyone else here seems to suggest.\n\nSource: Am a geology major and had to do a presentation on mantle plumes after a lot of research.", "Scrolled down pretty far and didn't see this: Whether or not it destroys the Earth (humanity), Yellowstone is in the middle of the continental US. Obviously, even if Kilauea was the same scale as Yellowstone (it's not), similar, large eruptions at both would affect massively more people when it's in the middle of the US vs. a remote island." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/science/2009/jan/Understanding-Why-Yellowstones-Supervolcano-Is-So-Dangerous-.html" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "day.it" ], [], [], [], [ "https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/21.A_Short_History_of_Nearly_Everything" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" ], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" ], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.kauainaturetours.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Islands-of-Hawaii-vs-US.jpg", "https://www.ineffableisland.com/2013/10/next-yellowstone-super-volcano-eruption.html" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CA%BBihi_Seamount" ], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_Creek_Tuff" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fdigfny", "fdilqgn" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "After a person is first infected, HSV stays in the body. It travels to nerve cells near the spine and stays there until something triggers it to become active again. When this happens, the virus then travels along the nerves, back to where it first entered the body, and causes a new outbreak of sores and blisters.", "**Tl;dr**: HSV1 is largely localized to the site of infection, which is typically the mucous membrane/epithelium of the mouth. Since you don't get HSV infection at the back of the neck or nipple, it won't cause lesions there. VZV (which causes chicken pox), on the other hand, is able to disseminate throughout the body, which is why you get lesions everywhere. HPV mostly stays in deeper skin tissue, though different strains of HPV like to infect different types of tissue (i.e. skin, mouth, larynx, etc). From what I can find, HPV might contribute to papillomas in the eye but it seems like a controversial issue.\n\n**The long version, because I think viruses are neat:**\n\nViruses have to get into your cells using one of many \"doors\" on the cell, and each virus has its own set of keys to enter through certain doors. Viruses will primarily infect the types of cells that they have the right keys for. This largely determines where symptoms like lesions will occur. It turns out HSV1 actually has a lot of keys and is therefore capable of infecting many different cell types; however, we typically see it restricted to epithelial (skin) cells and the nearby peripheral nerve cells. This is likely due to the body's defenses preventing further spread. In rare cases, such as a deficient immune system, HSV can spread to the central nervous system and infect neurons in the brain. This form of infection is, as you can imagine, real bad news.\n\nHSV1 is typically transmitted orally, so the first cells it sees are the epithelial cells in your mouth. The virus can infect these cells and, as you mentioned, it can use this entryway to also infect the nearby nerve cells (these are peripheral nerves, or the part of your nervous system that doesn't include your brain and spine). HSV1 is one of those viruses that has a latent aspect of its lifecycle, which means its not replicating and \"hides out\" in your cells; it likes to hide in those peripheral nerve cells. (This is one of the reasons why these viruses can infect their hosts for life - this latency stage makes it very difficult to even know that you're infected, much less do anything to get rid of the virus). Things like stress can wake the virus up and make it come out of hiding, which causes it to replicate again. Once its awake again, HSV1 moves back to the epithelial cells to replicate and causes the lesions typically associated with herpes. This is also why people with cold sores are the most contagious - the virus is active.\n\nThere's a great figure from a review that I used for most of this (Gregory Smith, \"Herpesvirus Transport to the Nervous System and back Again\". *Annu Rev Microbiol,* 2012. Figure 2 is the one I'm talking about).\n\nHPV infections occur deep in the skin tissue - the type of skin tissue that the virus will infect depends on the type of HPV. There are over 200 different types of HPV, and some are worse than others. (see Graham, [Clin Sci (Lond), 2017: \"The human papillomavirus replication cycle and its links to cancer progression: a comprehensive review\"](_URL_0_)). Some types prefer the skin in your mouth, or the skin around the genital area. HPV has the potential to cause cancer, and the type of cancer depends on what type of HPV it is and which tissue it has infected; for example, HPV-16 and HPV-18 are types of HPV that infect the cervix, and can therefore lead to cervical cancer (so get your vaccines and Pap smears, friends!). Apparently there has been some indication that HPV can infect the eye and lead to papillomas/tumors, but from what I can find, it sounds like the direct role of HPV here is controversial.\n\nAll in all, where viruses spread to and replicate depends on the keys they have, and how good the body's immune system is at keeping the virus from spreading to other places." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-lookup/doi/10.1042/CS20160786" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e35nqk2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Shampoo is a soft version of soap that leaves your hair nice and soft. That totally works for both, hair and body. \nThe other way round is not so good because soap gives you dry hair and also inflamed scalp after several uses.\nBut shampoo is also more expensive than classic soap, so you make a little saving by using each one for its purpose." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dgtcrnj", "dgtd1i4" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Ring bell, feed dog. Ring bell, feed dog. Ring bell, feed dog. \nRing bell, don't feed dog, dog salivates. Dog conditioned to salivate to sound of bell. Conclusion: dogs hungry for bells.", "If I remember correctly, there's the neutral stimulus, neutral response, conditioned stimulus, and condition response.\n\nThe neutral stimulus is something the dog is familiar with and likes, let's just use dog food as an example.\n\nThe neutral response is that the dog salivates in response to the food.\n\nFollowing this, you start to associate a new stimulus which the dog has never seen before, such as a bell. Each time you ring the bell, you also provide the neutral stimulus to the dog, the food.\n\nOver time, the dog comes to associate the bell with the food. This results in the dog salivating (the conditioned response) to the bell (the conditioned stimulus).\n\nSo it has progressed from salivating to the presentation of food, to salivating to the presentation of a bell because it has been conditioned to believe that food will shortly arrive.\n\nYou can eradicate this response by abusing the bell and not giving the food, but the response may pop up again in the future regardless." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cl74e2u" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "When you breathe, you take in O2 which is used by your tissues, a carbon atom is attached through metabolic processes, and you exhale CO2, which is heavier than O2. So every time you take a breath, you lose weight. Exercise increases your need for oxygen and your need to breathe, which results in more weight loss than not exercising." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "duzrmek", "dv0b3tt", "dv0hg4j" ], "score": [ 11, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Tires have three kinds of friction, decreasing as you go\n\nStatic friction - just sitting still, not rolling or moving.\n\nRolling friction - when the tire is rolling down the road. This is almost as strong as static friction\n\nSliding friction - when the tire is sliding rather than rolling, this is significantly less than rolling friction\n\nWhen the car begins to skid, you cannot control it because the sliding friction isn't enough to get the car back into line. Steering into the skid will hopefully get the front wheels rolling in sync with the car so rolling friction takes over and brings the back of the car in line and you're in control again. If you steer out of the skid then your tire is traveling sideways across the ground and has no way to start rolling in sync with the car and pull you out of the skid.", "I’m not sure if you’re asking the physics behind steering into a skid, or how to accomplish it, or how to recover. I’ll cover the how to, \n\nI believe that schools make things way too complicated. The way to get out of a skid, or spin is the same way you drive down the road. \n\nThe direction the car is pointing doesn’t matter. The goal is to have the tires pointed where you wish to go. Where “you wish to go” means exactly where you wish to go. The middle of the lane, as you would driving down the road. (If you’re outside the lane because of skid, the tires should be aimed to get back to the center as gradually as the road allows)\n\nYou also want the wheels to be rolling without and gas, or brake. You want to be freely rolling as if the car is in neutral. (Don’t take your hands off the wheel to put the car in neutral)\n\nThe majority of people make the mistake of hitting the brakes, and/or correcting too much. Instead of turning the wheel in the most gradual way towards the center of the lane they jerk the wheel way too far. This can be bad if the vehicle regains traction as you’ll spin the other way. \n\nBtw, you can see how to steer by watching guys drift cars as well. It’s conceptually the same. ", "I always hate this phrase as which direction is into is never clear. You want to point your tyres in the direction you want the car to go because that's how cars work. If the rear skids and the front begins pointing to the left of where you want to go, steer right to counteract. It's that simple" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f8tso4b" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "This is better in r/askuk." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2bd4sm", "d2bd5v2", "d2bdhf5" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 7 ], "text": [ "Primary evidence from people that went to their concerts and performances. Mozart was playing for royalty at like the age of 4. Surely someone recorded that, or wrote to their family about such an event", "Most of them are documented playing their piano works. Mozart for example was a child prodigy who wrote and played his work in international tours. ", "Little known fact, symphonies are quite difficult for a single person to play at one time. Legend has it that performers were given this task and played in unison with help from the composer. Hope this helps!" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2wnrem", "c2wo0n2", "c2wnrem", "c2wo0n2" ], "score": [ 4, 4, 4, 4 ], "text": [ "Who's going to arrest him? Serious question.\n\nHis police force, which is headed by a handpicked cadre of loyalists?\n\nHis military, which is headed by a handpicked cadre of loyalists?\n\nAnother country at *immense* cost of blood and treasure? (NK's standing army is one of the world's largest)\n\nWho's going to do it?", "Kim Jong-Il inherited a rigid power structure from his father, Kim Il-sung, the first supreme leader of North Korea. \n\nThe Cold War was a period of indirect conflict between super powerful nations. The so called First World were nations that were not Communist, and wanted very much for smaller countries not to be Communist. The so called Second World were nations that were not Communist that wanted very much for smaller countries to be Communist. The so called Third World were the smaller countries that the First and Second World were squabbling over.\n\nThe Cold War directly followed World War II. Forseeing the tension to come and trying to prevent conflict when possible, the super powers of the world decided to arbitrarily split up some countries into a Communist half and a no-Communist half. One of the more famous examples is Germany, but America also had a pretty strict policy of wanting at least half of countries to not be Communists in Asia. They managed to keep the southern half of Korea from being Communist. The failed to keep the southern half of Viet Nam from being Communist.\n\nDuring the Cold War, the super powers were so intent on the black and white distinction between whether or not a country was on their side that they decided it was okay to set up terrible brutal leaders in those countries. Kim Jong-Il's father, Kim Il-sung, was one of those power hungry leaders, backed strongly by the Communist Chinese government.\n\nAnd so North Korea is stuck in the backwards state it was left during the cold war. It's government is held together by the xenophobic militaristic structure it formed as a defense mechanism for staying Communist in the Cold War. It's just that their old Dear Leader died and left his even wackier son in charge of the mess.", "Who's going to arrest him? Serious question.\n\nHis police force, which is headed by a handpicked cadre of loyalists?\n\nHis military, which is headed by a handpicked cadre of loyalists?\n\nAnother country at *immense* cost of blood and treasure? (NK's standing army is one of the world's largest)\n\nWho's going to do it?", "Kim Jong-Il inherited a rigid power structure from his father, Kim Il-sung, the first supreme leader of North Korea. \n\nThe Cold War was a period of indirect conflict between super powerful nations. The so called First World were nations that were not Communist, and wanted very much for smaller countries not to be Communist. The so called Second World were nations that were not Communist that wanted very much for smaller countries to be Communist. The so called Third World were the smaller countries that the First and Second World were squabbling over.\n\nThe Cold War directly followed World War II. Forseeing the tension to come and trying to prevent conflict when possible, the super powers of the world decided to arbitrarily split up some countries into a Communist half and a no-Communist half. One of the more famous examples is Germany, but America also had a pretty strict policy of wanting at least half of countries to not be Communists in Asia. They managed to keep the southern half of Korea from being Communist. The failed to keep the southern half of Viet Nam from being Communist.\n\nDuring the Cold War, the super powers were so intent on the black and white distinction between whether or not a country was on their side that they decided it was okay to set up terrible brutal leaders in those countries. Kim Jong-Il's father, Kim Il-sung, was one of those power hungry leaders, backed strongly by the Communist Chinese government.\n\nAnd so North Korea is stuck in the backwards state it was left during the cold war. It's government is held together by the xenophobic militaristic structure it formed as a defense mechanism for staying Communist in the Cold War. It's just that their old Dear Leader died and left his even wackier son in charge of the mess." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cu6lszs", "cu6v6sw", "cu7irl1" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Its a bit of a tautology, but complex things are difficult to draw. Its not psychological, its mechanical. The hand has basically as many moving pieces as there are in the rest of the body on a macroscopic level. Ankle, knee, hip, spine (generally split into 4; groin, midsection, ribs, neck), shoulder, elbow, wrist. thumb first and second knuckles, index finger first, second, and third, middle finger 1-3, ring finger 1-3, pinky 1-3. Then keep in mind that those joints only open one direction, but the base ones can spread the fingers apart, too. And they have complex poses they can take, which is the real kicker. Drawing a hand laying flat is pretty much a box for the palm, a box divided into four for the fingers, and the thumb sticking off. But pose it and all those joints come into play.\n\n", "Another issue is that we have all seen so many hands, that bad proportion or impossible configuration is quite recognizable.", "From what I've gathered, people have trouble with hands because they are so expressive and mobile. You can draw the box and stick shapes (palm and fingers), but there are so many forms a hand can take and so many different angles/views-- a fist is a single form, but it is drawn differently depending on whether you're seeing it from below, above, straight-on, tilted to one side, etc. And, to make matters more complicated, the fingers are all different lengths (as are the lengths between joints) and can move independently. Keeping the proportions between the finger segments, as well as the proportions between entire fingers, can get difficult.\n\nI actually never had trouble with drawing hands. Other people in my classes would be amazed that I was capable of drawing them. Apparently I was a weirdo for it. I've always been baffled by the difficulty others have with hands. If I ever needed a reference on how to draw a hand, I'd contort my left hand (non-dominant) into the pose I needed and just draw that. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dheg7qw", "dhegay1", "dheh1vz", "dheocui" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Because flashy stuff looks cool. Not everyone is into colorful and rgb kinds of builds, some people have really basic looking cases and hardware. It's preference.", "If you want to build a white themed pc, you can definitely find parts that are that color too.\n\nHave you ever seen a hard drive? Yea - you won't be talking about flashy hardware then. (this probably isn't really what you meant about gamer specific hardware though)\n\nAnyway - the answers is - Gamer PC cases usually have a window in them, so you can actually see the inside. So, besides being functional, the pieces are intended to be decorative as well.", "It's the same thing as people who love cars. You love it, so you give it the best parts and make it look cool.\n\nPersonally, I went with a tower from Nanoxia that has no window. It's just this beautiful, sleek, solid black monolith purring next to me. ", "Not all of them are like that. \n\nSome gamers go for the performance without all the lights, spending their money on getting the maximum out of the video card, memory, processor, etc. \n\nThere's also a benefit to having a solid, well constructed computer case that functions well as a [faraday cage](_URL_0_) and doesn't have a big plastic side gap in its protection against interference." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c9f566m", "c9f574u", "c9f5lcs" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 10 ], "text": [ "It's not on the decline, rather everybody that would of gotten a facebook account already has. So it's registration is slowing and some people that were active have started losing interest. But there's very few viable competitors as of recent.", "It's just my opinion, but...\nThe internet is a fickle place and people get bored easily, there is too much choice out there, so people move on.\nIt's just kind of just like fashion really, unexplainable, I mean what happened to orange flares?", "Facebook used to be the one stop shop for social media. You posted your status, pictures, and videos on Facebook. But then the market for social media has been subdivided. Twitter came along and it was better for posting stupid statuses that no one cares about so less statuses got posted. Then Instagram came along and told you THIS is how you should share your pictures with your friends. Now Vine is getting bigger. The stupid little videos that would have been posted on Facebook are now on Vine. \n\nAt this point I mainly use Facebook for the group aspect now." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqogfub" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Using a super extreme example, the holocaust. Imagine if to this day the german government denied it. No closure for the families of the dead. No trust of the heads of state what so ever, from citizens and governments alike. Imagine the anger within Germany, imagine the anger felt by like minded individuals across the globe. It's impossible to explain this like your 5, it's a fairly heavy question - man." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckpgfgq" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Dogs being left in cars with the windows cracked can definitely reduce these effects, but is still not good whatsoever. Especially when the windows are shut, being left in a car (and especially a very hot one; the hotter the car, the worse it is for the dog) is incredibly dangerous for a dog. At first, the dog will begin panting and their blood vessels will dilate in an attempt to cool themselves down. Then, with vessels dilated, the heart works harder to keep the blood flow going. Blood starts to pool in organs (this can cause serious, sometimes irreversible organ damage) and blood pressure begins to drop. When their body reaches 109 degrees Fahrenheit (about 42.8 celsius), they often experience irreversible brain damage and seizures. Along with this, they can fall into a coma and, in a worst case scenario, die." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cac3p21" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Bovine tuberculosis is a real and very serious concern for dairy farmers. It's highly contagious, and if your cows catch it then it's illegal to sell their milk (as it's possible to pass on the disease to humans by drinking infected milk). This is financially devastating for the farmer, and usually bad news for the cows too, as they'll probably be put down as they're no longer economically worth keeping alive.\n\nAlong with cattle (and humans), many other mammals can contract and carry the bacteria that cause bovine TB. In particular there is strong evidence (although it's not 100% proven) that badgers in particular act as carriers of the disease and spread it from one milk herd to another. The reason badgers are particularly suspected of being the transmission animal is because they're highly susceptible to catching the disease and have quite a wide natural range.\n\nHowever many people (especially those who don't live in farming areas) consider badgers one of the best-loved symbols of the British countryside. They're unhappy about using a cull as a method to control the spread of the disease, arguing that (a) it's not totally proven badgers are one of the main transmission vectors for bovine TB, and (b) other methods of control are available, e.g. vaccinating the badgers." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnyuym6", "cnyv4eh" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "You don't need a compiler to run software. Compilers are translators, they take high level languages and translate the code into assembly and machine code. You can write a compiler directly in assembly or machine code to act as the translator. ", "Try using the search feature; I know for a fact I have answered this question at least once before.\n\nBut, because I'm a nice guy, here's a run down:\n\nCompilers take high level code and translate it into bytecode, or a series of 0's and 1's that can be directly interpreted as an instruction set for the processor. The \"first\" compiler was created in assembly language, which uses more human-readable shortcuts for processor op codes, which gets translated into bytecode. Someone had to manually assemble the bytecode or assembly for that compiler. Once this binary was manually built, then high level code could be compiled." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dagvc45" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It depends on the charger, the outlet and the battery in the device being charged.\n\nThe outlet cannot supply more than its maximum output, if its a wall socket thats likely a fair bit, USB socket often a fair bit less etc.\n\nThe charger itself will have maxium current it can handle.\n\nThe battery in the device will have a maxmium safe recharge rate, and even the charge controller in either the device or the charger will also limit the charge. Sometimes this isn't only based on maximum safe charge, but what will also give the longest life to the battery etc" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cktfb7j" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Air is pushed out of your lungs and into your mouth. Some of the air passes through your lips and escapes, which is why you can feel your breath when you whistle. Much of the air, however, is trapped by the inside of your lips. As the air is directed back into your mouth it creates vibration. This vibration is amplified by the walls of your mouth, which act as a resonating chamber for the air vibrations. The vibrations create pressure waves that create sound and escape through your lips. \n\nThe farther back your tongue is in your mouth, the larger the resonating chamber; and the longer it takes for the pressure waves to travel across the chamber, therefore lowering the hertz (waves per second) of the sound and creating lower pitches.\n\nEdit: also, the size of the mouth's aperture must be within a certain size to properly release the sound waves. Too small an opening and the pressure waves can't escape and make sound... Too big, and too much air escapes which displaces the sound waves." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dlzdb52", "dlzdp14", "dlzdshs" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Nominally, you pay taxes based on what you earn and your employer will take money out of each paycheck to cover your taxes. But there's all sorts of modifiers on how much you actually owe. For example, if you spend money towards your education, you don't have to pay tax on that money. If you donate money to charity, you don't have to pay tax on that money. If you have children who depend on you, you don't have to pays as much in taxes.\n\nYour W4 is used to modify how much money your employer withholds from each paycheck to send to the government. The more exemptions you claim, the less money they'll withhold. Next April, you'll gather all of your paperwork and figure out how much taxes you actually owed for the year. If your employer withheld more than you actually owed, the government sends you a check for the difference. If your employer withheld too little, you have to make up the difference. \n\nIt's generally better to be accurate on your W4. As great as getting a refund is, it would be better if you just kept that money in the first place and were earning interest on it. But you also don't want to claim too many exemptions and have to write the government a surprise four or five figure check next year.", "Your employer is going to withhold some of your pay to send to the IRS every time you're paid. They know how much you are going to make, but because there are many tax deductions and a few tax credits that can affect how much tax two people earning the same amount will owe, the exemptions allow the employee to more accurately withhold an amount closer to what you will end up owing. \n\nClaiming 0 exemptions means expect to take the standard deduction and no other income sources, so withhold an amount sufficient to cover the likely taxes. \n\nClaiming 1 means my taxable income is likely to be lower than my salary, please reduce the withholding by a small amount. The exemptions can continue to very high numbers, to account for rare cases where one's income is much higher than their taxable income. Some people enjoy minimizing their tax return/tax owed, and may estimate their tax and adjust their exemptions to suit their situation. \n\nThere's also a field for extra withholding to cover situations where a salary earner also earns income that isn't withheld, or makes an error earlier in the year, or other uncommon situations. \n\nBecause claiming too few exemptions results in a large refund check and too many can result in penalties, most people claim too few exemptions for their situation. \n\nThis is why the general advice is often for a first job to claim 0 exemptions, and then adjust after the first year's taxes are filed. If you want a more accurate guess. The IRS has a [calculator](_URL_0_) you can use to estimate the correct number of exemptions for your specific income and tax situation. Most tax filing software has exemption planning tools, as well. These often use the numbers from your newly prepared taxes, so can be easier to use than the IRS's. ", "I personally find it important not to loan the government my money interest free. I shoot for owing them on April 15th. That being said nothing is wrong with paying something throughout the year. \n\nTo answer your question I would not claim zero in your situation at least claim one. If you don't expect your annual income to go over $14k I would claim 3. If your a student claim exempt. It is important to save 15% of your income to pay any taxes and invest the rest in a retirement fund. If you start early you won't miss the income and you won't have piles of cash sitting around tempting you to spend.\n\nBuild an emergency fund and ignore it until the emergency like a why did I listen to that guy on the internet fund. Then invest the rest for the future." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.irs.gov/individuals/irs-withholding-calculator" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cqhe8wf", "cqhec2g", "cqhf90p" ], "score": [ 13, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "It's impossible to display the surface of a sphere on a 2D sheet of paper without distortion - the question is what kind of distortion and what you want to use the map for. People tend to like the Mercator projection (the standard rectangular one you see most often), and it preserves cardinal directions and has some other advantages. But it does make thing nearer the poles look much larger than they really are.", "Most likely what you are referring to is the size differerential displayed in what we refer to as the \"Mercator Projection\".\n\nThe Mercator version of the world map is a standard, stapled and universal map that while is not entirely size accurate, is location based accurate.\n\nFor most people, who will never get into any form of large scale surveying or a major land/border scandal or skirmish, its irrellevant. Size is easily indicated down at the bottom with the little (* - Not all countries show to exact scale and size)\n\nAnd you know what... thats perfectly ok.\n\nMost people growing up, they have a hard enough time learning about where Uganda really is. To say they dont know the exact size difference down to a few hundred square feet and are able to accurately summation the approximate size of each individual country; is useless and irrelevant to say the least.\n\nDoes that mean we shouldnt try to educate people? No, of course we need to show people maps and say \"While this is the universal map that most countries are going to use; here are other maps that show the countries in a more accurate size and shape than they would normally.\"", "Satellite imaging has nothing to do with the knowledge that maps are distorted (projection keeping the area are used at least since 1600). It is impossible to make a flat map which is not distorted. When you are making a map for a big area, the only choice you have is what kind of distortion happens and where they are less important. You can choose to keep the shapes, the areas or put an emphasis on keeping distances. But if you keep the shapes, areas and distances are wrong, if you keep the true areas, shapes and distances are wrong, and if you try to have more correct distances, shapes and areas are wrong.\n\nSee [a list of projections](_URL_0_)." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cm5lm5b", "cm5lnva", "cm5ly3k" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Yes, the fact that the lifespans of dogs are not determine by some gene that goes \"this dog will die at age 20\".\n\nDeath results from a combination of genes going \"this dog is likely to have cancer\" \"this dog's skull will be this big and his brain will be this big\" \"this dog will develop fat like this\" \"this dog's bones will develop like this\" that all combine to determine the lifespan of a dog. Selective breeding has only made this worse as it causes genes to become more common in certain breeds due to the attempts at keeping a dog's breed \"pure\".\n\nThe longest living dog you can have, theoretically, is a mutt. A dog that is perfectly balanced so as to have minimal risk of developing any major health problems.", "You can't breed a longer life...it doesn't work like physical traits do, there isn't a part in a gene that dictates life span.", "Smaller dogs tend to live longer than larger dogs as well, and dogs in general have been bred to live longer the their ancestors the grey wolf, which had an average lifespan in the wild of around 5 to 6 years. In captivity in the current day a wolf can live to around 15 years, and small dogs life spans are around 15 many can reach ages much older. The advancement of medicine and people caring for their dogs more also increases their lifespan. A dog with regular checkups and proper diet and exercise will live longer than a dog that does not. Bluey an Australian Cattle Dog lived to 29 and is documented to being one of the oldest dogs to have existed and be recorded." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cswjnis" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The new York stock exchange is pretty much entirely computerized now, so the vast majority (82%) of the trading is done through computers from offices. \n\nA small selection are traded physically on the floor, auction style. This offers better prices to the investors, so it can be requested if needed." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckhcmmx", "ckhr8i2" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "It's not my teeth but my balls that I feel it. My balls get this weird shiver anytime I hear or see something painful ", "Perhaps it's \"pseudo-pain,\" meant to prevent animals from biting down on hard objects.\n\nThis assumes that the sound of garden-hoe-scraping-on-flat-rock is similar to tooth-destruction sounds from chewing a tiny pebble.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvzcpdw", "cvzcwko", "cvzdj1j" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Heat energy does radiate evenly, but hot (less dense) fluids rise. Without this we probably wouldn't have weather, and the oceans would not be nearly as active, and so life might not have even developed beyond deep-sea magma vents (where it is pressure, not buoyancy, agitating the water).", "The phenomena of expansion of hot gasses leading to elevation in a gravity field is such a fundamental thing that it is hard to conceive.\n\nWe can thing of welding in space where the gravity field will not be significant when in orbit. Expansion will occur but it will be a spherical expansion. You can watch the fire scenes in \"Gravity\" which they seemed to get right.\n\nHeating of a flammable in space will eventually result in ignition with possibly a flame wall pursuing an astronaut. \n\nWith reduced gravity a boiling teapot would probably still work until the gravity was almost zero. Giant bubbles might form and the liquid would jump very high, probably coming out of the spout. A baffle might help.\n\nSo I am pretty sure you can still weld in a space station. You would need a respirator pretty quick and it would make a mess of the air. Probably you would try to do a lot in a space suit and vacuum but that would be so clumsy you would try something else, probably do a lot of gluing.", "**TL;DR: We'd all die.**\n\nThere'd be no rain because warm moist air wouldn't flow upward into the sky and form clouds. So goodbye to all of our land-based plants and creatures that we didn't work hard to irrigate, and hello to super-hot baking temperatures anywhere on the surface of the earth, as well as ultra-polluted city air. \n\nOcean and air currents that transport warm air from the tropic regions to the winter regions would fail, meaning winters would be super super cold and summers at the equator would be super super hot. A lot of the world's water based nutrient cycles would similarly fail, meaning oceanic microscopic life that generates oxygen would lose its nourishment and reduce in population. \n\nSleeping for any length of time in an area without a breeze would cause us to be surrounded by a bubble of continuously heating air, leading to deydration if we don't wake up enough.\n\nEven a basic campfire wouldn't work properly - the air rising above it sucks in oxygen below it - so we couldn't properly cook food or keep warm in winter." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2tj3cp", "d2tj4ej", "d2tkj0x", "d2tm3dc", "d2tos7q", "d2tqy1i", "d2ttzy2", "d2twf8q", "d2tx2y8", "d2tynlo", "d2tyqew", "d2tyzlt" ], "score": [ 33, 567, 18, 54, 12, 3, 3, 2, 9, 2, 5, 4 ], "text": [ "Can't speak for all games but I know with Bethesda they use a system which approximates your character's exact position in the game engine based on where different parts of the body are. Ground textures have parameters that cause them to collide with objects, but they are usually only 1 unit thick in the game engine. So if something strange happens to the character model and the engine for some reason approximates it slightly below the ground layer, it will glitch below it and fall because gravity acts everywhere. Again, I only know this about Bethesda games, not all games.", "Games like first person shooters that have maps on them don't separate the world into solids, liquids and gasses like real physics does out here in non-cyberland. Out here, when we press on a solid, it kind of presses back. Even if we break through the top of that solid and press on what's underneath it, such as if we sand off the top inch of a thick table, it's still solid underneath and so we won't go through.\n\nGames don't do that. They don't have a solid object so much as a \"layer\" that you can't penetrate through, and they do their best to write the game's logic and test the map so that you can't possibly break through. But if you DID somehow manage to pass through that \"layer\" there's no solid stuff underneath like in a real table-top to stop you, so you keep falling because the game doesn't have logic for \"if you're in a solid object\". (In fact, a lot of earlier shooter games had really hilarious stuff happen if part of your body was on one side of this layer and the other part was on the other side. Characters would often go completely spastic when that happened.)\n\nThe more complex and numerous your world's shapes and characters are and the more ways they can possibly move, the harder it is to properly detect every single tiny little spot where you might break through that infinitely-thin layer and are suddenly in BizarroWorld. It's harder to keep all that math straight at corners, on steep slopes, or when dealing with physics events that cause your game character's body to move in unexpected ways, such as multiple simultaneous explosions or getting hit with something REALLY heavy like a jet airliner. \n\nSo once you're on the other side of that layer, the game calls its \"falling code\", and your character's downward velocity starts building up. The game would normally stop you when you contact the layer that's below you... except since you broke through already, there IS no layer below you, so in some games you'll fall forever.", "One simple example in 2d games with wall glitches: Pretend you, a 3x3 pixel player, have are right next to a wall that is 4 pixels thick. Whenever you move, you move 10 pixels tick. If collision is not detected correctly, the game will say \"Is the position that is 10 pixels from the player a wall?\" Well, if the wall is only 4 pixels thick, it won't cover that position, and so the game will let it pass and you will move through the wall. \n\nA way to avoid this is to check the entire path, however it is a bit slower. You can also check every 3rd pixel(since the player is 3x3).\n\nYou might also have issues with floating point numbers rounding to the wrong coordinate and not reporting a collision.\n\nI don't know too much about 3d collision detection, but there are probably other reasons to glitch through floors and walls.", "Just to add something on map-making years ago...\n\nwhen I played around with the old hammer editor for half life - you start with a void and add solids to the void to create your game space.\n\nOn the other hand Unreal Tournament (1999) started with an entirely solid mass that you subtracted from to make a game space.\n\nThese have 2 very different approaches and the latter was much more difficult to have leaks in them. I believe most games however use the half life \"void\" style of map making.", "It's down to a combination of two things; video game worlds' physics represent things as thin surfaces rather than as solids, and video games calculate collision by 'teleporting' everything forward a short way very rapidly rather than by moving objects continuously.\n\nThis leads to situations where an object can 'teleport' part way inside another object, particularly when either object is moving quickly or the objects are complex.\n\nOnce this situation has happened, it's often hard to fix it; normally the physics engine of the game will try to detect which side each object should be on, then pushing it out. But sometimes that causes further problems; maybe pushing it out pushes it into another object. This is why often problems happen in gnarly corners of the world.\n\nThere are all sorts of clever methods game developers use to lessen these problems (e.g. representing things as solid, taking fewer smaller steps, or calculating motion 'continuously'), but they tend to be too expensive to compute, so the problem isn't likely to go away any time soon!\n\n(I'm a game programmer of ~9 years, and this is a *big* simplification, but that's what I understand ELI5 is about... glad there's finally one I can contribute to!)", "When game makers build maps they usually start with a big empty map (no floor) and they start from scratch. It's hard to get every detail correct so there are often tiny spots where the maps are unfinished and allow a player to pass through. The game's engine doesn't recognize this unexpected behavior so it keeps applying \"gravity\" as it is supposed to. Eventually (depending on more map/engine stuff) you either reach a bottom or your character dies because of falling so far. It's also possible for the map/engine stuff to be so unprepared for this the game simply freezes because of a coding bug that is not handled properly.\n\nEdit: Maybe a good analogy would be like map makers building maps out of a deck of playing cards vs using gigantic sheets of paper. When using playing cards it's hard not to leave any holes for the player to slip through.", "I like on Kerbal Space Program when you fall through the terrain and fall all the way to the center of the planet. :D", "In world of warcraft - when the battle grounds patch came out - there was some hilarious things that happened along these lines.\n\nFor one reason or another - WSG has a huge discrepancy when the game reported back your location to the server. Basically, if you were a warrior and you used charge or intercept while your target ran diagonally...you would often times completely miss the target...now in WSG if you did this on a hill where you were at the top of the hill trying to intercept someone at the bottom of the hill...you would continue on through the floor and end up underneath the hillsbrad foothills and stuff...it was really funny.", "Game dev here, if you want to know the exact reason:\n\nDiscrete physics. Discrete physics means an object's change in position is calculated every frame (or often on an alternative 60fps timer) based on its velocity. If the velocity of an object is so high, that in a single frame, their position moves past another object, it will fail to detect a collision, and collision detection is what prevents game objects from going through each other.\n\nThere are alternatives to discrete physics, such as continuous physics, which allow it to simulate more physics steps in a given frame, but it's more resource intensive and thus avoided where possible in optimized games.", "To further expand on the_original_Retro's answer, boundaries in video games are not solid at all and are in fact a series of planes. These planes make up whats called 'collision meshes' and are usually separate pieces of invisible geometry called 'collision proxies' but in some cases, a technique called 'per-poly collisions' can be used and the collision mesh is made automatically using an objects geometry.\n\nDuring every frame (E.g. 60fps = 60 calculations per second) the computer calculates among a lot of other things:\n\n1.where an object (The character for instance) is at the moment.\n2. where an object will be by the end of the frame.\n3. If an object is in contact with another (The character walking in the floor).\n\nIf any part of the character is touching the any of the floors collision planes by the end of the frame then the computer will tell the character to stop moving in that direction. If however the character is moving fast enough to be on the other side of the floors collision plane and is completely clear of it by the end of the frame then computer will not recognize that the character has come into contact with the floor at all and will not tell the character to stop.\n\nThese calculations are happening for every plane of every objects collision mesh and at every single frame, and these are only a few of thousands of other calculations going on at the same time which can be very taxing on a computers processor. If all of these calculations start to overwhelm the processor it's forced to slow down, in turn lowering the frames per second and increasing the chances that an object will completely pass through another by the end of the frame. For this reason game developers try to reduce the amount collision planes and avoid using per-poly collisions which can result in either being stopped by an invisible 'corner' of a ball or being able to step slightly into another object.\n\n", "Explain like you're 5? Imagine you made a COD map out of a single sheet of paper. There could be nice high mounds and valleys and things like that but it's all just a shell. If for whatever reason you were playing pretend and accidentally poked through the shell, there would be nothing below there so your imaginary character would just fall through. That's pretty much what most \"solids\" are in most video game maps.", "The ground isn't ground in games. Think of it like a 1 atom thick piece of material suspended over nothing. Usually the only place that can actually contact anything in the game world on you characters body is the very bottom of your feet. This makes it easy to slip through as if even a sliver of your feet go through your whole body is going with it. This is why in a game like Minecraft that actually has ground you can dig into you can't fall through the map (unless you dig to the very bottom and then it's just like a normal game)" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ed0wowe", "ed0x6ne" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ " > \twouldn’t the mountains be “closer” to the sun?\n\nHow close features on Earth are to the sun is irrelevant to their temperature. Earth's orbit varies in distance from the sun by about 5 million kilometers, and this has nothing to do with the seasons.\n\nThe issue is that Earth's axis of rotation is tilted and this exposes the hemispheres to more or less direct sunlight at different parts of its orbit. If a hemisphere is more angled away from the sun it will get less energy input and be colder (winter). More direct exposure and it is summer. The closer to the poles the more extreme this change is, as nearer the equator the angle is much the same.\n\nMountains are colder due to altitude thinning the air, cooling it via expansion.", "Florida and the Keys as well as Hawaii are close to the equator where temperatures fluctuate by only a few degress because this area remains at a relative center. The Earth is tilted. When its winter in North America its summer in South America. What causes winter in North America is the Eart tilting away from the sun but because Florida is near the center its temperature doesnt change much (usually) during the year. [Seasons](_URL_0_)\n\n\nThe cause of snow in mountains is that their elevation is high where the air is cold causing rain to freeze. \n\n\nIm sure an actual scientist could explain this better and probably will later as my explanation is very rudimentary. " ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cr5f88z", "cr5f9e4", "cr5f9ut", "cr5fgjp" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It makes us feel cooler because that air/wind is taking away the heat. The same reason you blow on your soup it's to remove the hot air about it therefore allowing more of the hot soup to evaporate more thus cooling the liquid. ", "It's all about how heat is removed from your body. Your body is constantly radiating heat, and mediums like air and water conduct heat away from your body. When air is moving across your body, it is able to conduct away more heat. Water is a much better conductor than air, and that's why a 74º pool feels colder than a 74º room.", "In regards to moving air making us cooler, it's not. It's removing the air that's around our body that's slightly warmer because our bodies been dispensing heat into, and because we now have cooler air around our body we can dispense more heat quicker and thus feel cooler", "The air particles are cooler than your skin so when they touch your skin the absorb a bit of the heat. By blowing them around more come across your skin and whisk more of the heat away. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbhaluh" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Isn't \"learning\" simply your brain making new connections, from repeated exposure?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d3to4zy" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Those tests are done because those people and their lawyers are filing appeals, basically saying \"This case wasn't handled correctly the first time for X and Y reasons, please review it again.\"\n\nEspecially on Death Row, prisoners are given several opportunities for appeals, so that we can correct the situation if the initial ruling was wrong, or reaffirm if it was right. \n\nDNA testing is one of the most common ways that people are exonerated years after the fact, partly because it's still a relatively new science that wasn't used much before the mid-late 90's, before a lot of these people were tried and found guilty." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc729b8", "dc747z8", "dc7hmsl" ], "score": [ 41, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "At the moment its mainly for science. Not much commercial activity in space yet, outside of communication and observation satellites.\n\nThe main things that benefit from zero G are things to do with crystal formation, like alloys. Say you have a big pot of molten metal alloy. As it solidifies, some alloys form tiny crystals called dendrites. The way these dendrites overlap and intertwine determines the properties of the resulting alloy. In gravity dendrites are subjected to all kinds of convection currents, density fluctuations etc. As such, they grow in very irregular shapes and break before they grow too large. Therefore it is very hard to make an alloy that lives up to its theoretical properties. In space all these flows and currents are drastically reduced, or eliminated entirely. As such you get a much better alloy.\n\nSame thing for many other things relating to crystal formation. Zero G allows for bigger, purer crystals.\n\nIf we look a few decades into the future, there are many things that could benefit from a space environment (provided launch costs go down, or we use materials readily available in space). Zero-G means you don't need to worry about support. This allows for much more versatile manufacturing methods. For example, right now silicium wafers used for semiconductor manufacturing are 300mm in diameter. Any bigger than that and the wafer flexes too much. In space the wafer won't flex due to gravity, as such you could conceivably have wafers tens of meters in diameter. Space is also a fantastic vacuum, which would really benefit semiconductor manufacture.\n\nAnother cool thing about space is that liquid droplets will quickly form perfect spheres thanks to surface tension. This is pretty useful for several industrial processes.\n\nZero G also allows you to mix normally unmixable gasses/liquids. Oil and water don't mix on earth, because the oil floats on top of water. In space they'll form a great emulsion for long periods of time. This allows for chemistry that's difficult or impossible on earth.\n\nSpace is also a great place for dangerous processes. If some industrial accident leaks thousands of tonnes of neurotoxics into the environment its a terrible disaster on earth. In space nobody would give a shit, outside of lost profit.\n\nAll in all, space manufacture would be pretty useful. But only if launch costs come waaaaay down, or we start exploiting asteroids and set up a nearly independent industry in space.", "Also Space Veggies! _URL_0_\n\nA lot more research on this is needed certainly but the potential is there.", "I would tell my 6yo that zero-G lets materials/crystals form with out swirling around inside, and makes a more \"organized\" final product." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1949129/Giant-space-vegetables-could-feed-the-world.html" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c92ta7t" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The existence of the nucleus was discovered by noticing that when shooting very tiny positively charged things (positively charged things repel other positively charged things and attract negatively charged things) at a sheet of foil, most of the time they passed right through, like the foil was just empty space, but sometimes they bounced off of something. Since the positively charged bits sometimes bounced right back from where they came, it seemed they were repelled (like the south pole of a magnet repels another south pole) by something else positively charged. Since it did not happen often, it seemed the thing they bounced away from was very small. Thus, a positively charged nucleus. See: _URL_0_ for a grown-up explanation.\n\nEdit: to many words" ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93Marsden_experiment" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cztkuyd" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "As with all price wars, everyone loses.\n\nWhat happened was that the US developed new technology to allow for shale-oil manufacturing. This added a whole lot of new oil to the market. Other producers have been unwilling to decrease their production. These higher levels of production have decreased prices. There is a common misconception that Saudi Arabia increased production, but [this is not true](_URL_0_), with essentially all increases since 2010 coming from American firms.\n\nTraditional pumps are still operating at a profit, but it's not enough of a profit. Nations like Saudi Arabia and Russia who have relied on oil products to keep the government running are struggling, and both are involved in active armed conflicts that require all of their resources. As a result, they are being hurt the most by lower oil prices. It's important to note however that either would be hurt *even more* if they lowered production, as they would make even less money, when in fact they need more.\n\nThe US as a country is doing blissfully well as a result of low oil prices, however any new shale pumps would operate at a loss, so they are unlikely to be built. US Shale will decline over time as a result, but not immediately, and with no great harm to the nation. Shale has the highest production cost per barrel, so it will be the first out.\n\nThe net result is that everybody loses. US shale firms don't make money, US oil workers face an ever-shrinking job market, and foreign petrostates face total financial and military collapse from lack of revenue. Arguably, regular Americans win out - all of our enemies are petrostates and cheap gas is awesome. But that's not really a 'winner' in terms of the price war." ] }

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[ [ "https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/aei_perry_us_saudi_oil_production_062014.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d5jfjkm" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "We know quite a bit from records kept during the LIA and now from some paleo research. CO2 levels drop. During the LIA CO2 dropped to ~190ppm from ~280 previous. Arctic ice extended so far south that the north Atlantic was impassable at least some of the time. Desserts expanded and forests retreated. Agricultural production dropped leading to widespread famines. \n\nThe fact is that all life does better in warmer conditions. Plants grow faster and larger, leading to an expansion in animal populations, including human. Malthus made his famous claim during the LIA when agriculture was stymied. He was not aware of an imminent warming that would expand agriculture and allow for the huge human expansion we've seen. Global cooling would cause a decline in food output and so would cause a crash in our global population." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c4dbgot", "c4dbia0", "c4dbkmr", "c4devkc" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 12, 3 ], "text": [ "(More knowledgeable techies please correct me if I'm wrong) I believe it's because the router/modem has a small amount of memory to keep track of the signal it's getting and the settings of them. If you want a complete reset of signal, you need to not only unplug the network cables, but also the power so that the router's internal memory runs out of power long enough to \"forget\" what it knows about the corrupted/faulty connection and thus start fresh with a new connection when power is regained, rather than simply trying to connect to the old broken connection. Same concept as when you remove the batteries from a remote for too long and it forgets its programming.", "**ELI5**: Sometimes the router gets confused and needs a restart to figure things out again.\n\n**A bit more**: The router is plugged into modem (DSL or cable modem). A reboot of the router causes the router to request an IP address from the modem. Sometimes it's the modem that needs a reboot - rebooting it causes it to re-sync with its control servers at the Internet Service Provider (ISP).\n\nUsually its a bug in the software running on the router, or modem that causes it to lock-up, resetting it just clears the RAM and restarts the program. For further reading see: [memory leak](_URL_0_) \n", "\"The Internet\" (Your Router) is a tiny computer with a special operating system. \n\nJust like your desktop computer , sometimes there are circumstances the programmer didn't think about. For instance, they'll say \"after you received a packet, read to the end of it\". Rarely, a packet will have no end marker because it was damaged or transmitted wrong, so then it just keeps reading that packet.\n\nMaybe the next device its connected to changed its address and the address change routine doesn't work correctly, but the \"set address for the first time\" address works perfectly.\n\nThere are many tables like \"name/address\" pairs and such the router needs to store to get information places quickly, when they get full, it has to pick which are important and which aren't. If it is set up to pick badly, perhaps to erase the least used, the newest entry will be the least used and it'll delete it every packet adding huge amounts of time to every process.\n\nConsider this table, I'll have it only hold 3 addresses, but it might be able to hold more.\n\nSite | Address | Times Used\n----|---------|---------\n_URL_2_ | 10.1.12.6 | 900\n_URL_5_ | 65.55.206.203 | 1500\n_URL_0_ | 207.109.73.56 | 100\n\nNow, you want to add facebook to the list, but facebook uses two domains cdn._URL_1_ and _URL_1_. So, the table drops _URL_4_ to fit in _URL_1_ to get a table like this:\n\nSite | Address | Times Used\n----|---------|---------\n_URL_2_ | 10.1.12.6 | 900\n_URL_5_ | 65.55.206.203 | 1500\n_URL_1_ | 66.220.149.11 | 1\n\nThen it needs a single image from cdn._URL_1_, so it drops facebook\n\nSite | Address | Times Used\n----|---------|---------\n_URL_2_ | 10.1.12.6 | 900\n_URL_5_ | 65.55.206.203 | 1500\ncdn._URL_1_ | 12.34.56.7 | 1\n\nThe table alternates between dumping \"_URL_1_\" and \"cdn._URL_1_\" as it trys to fulfull the request losing several seconds per page item or eventually locking up.\n\nThis is an example, it's usually much more complicated than that, it's usually 5 or 6 properties like that combining at once to lock things up. \n\nRouters are also generally cooled very badly, and hot memory may make a mistake. If a router has a table in a \"linked list\" so that it can be as big as there is memory, it will look like this (notice 4 was the *old* address for _URL_9_ and isn't really in the list. It's an example of data that's not relevant to the table.):\n\nID | My Location | The IP | Next Data\n-----|-----|--------|------------\n1 | _URL_9_ | 10.5.3.1 | 2\n2 | _URL_7_ | 10.5.3.1 | 3\n3 | _URL_6_ | 10.5.3.1 | 5\n4 | _URL_9_ | 10.5.3.1 | 2\n5 | _URL_8_ | 10.5.3.1 | 0\n\nNow if you visit _URL_8_, the router will check if it knows the IP for _URL_8_. It is set to read address 1, then the address in [1.next]'s location until it finds _URL_8_ and so on, stopping at 0. This is *very* common in programming.\n\nBecause your router sucks and is hot, the memory has a bad write and gets instead:\n\nID | My Location | The IP | Next Data\n-----|-----|--------|------------\n1 | _URL_9_ | 10.5.3.1 | 2\n2 | _URL_7_ | 10.5.3.1 | 3\n3 | _URL_6_ | 10.5.3.1 | 4\n4 | _URL_9_ | 10.5.3.1 | 2\n5 | _URL_8_ | 10.5.3.1 | 0\n\nThat's just 1 bit of difference in line 3. 0000100 instead of 0000101. Now, the next time the \"do I know the IP\" function runs, the router checks row 1, row 2, row 3 [Which is wrong!], then goes mistakenly to row 4. Because row 4 is garbage, you end up back at row 2. After row 2 you end up in 3, then 4. \n\nThis cycle repeats forever. So you have to unplug it, which clears out memory.\n\nIt's just like your regular computer, (in fact there are operating systems like dd-wrt x86 to let you use your regular computer with more than one network card as your router).\n\n", "**ELI5:** Consumer routers are made by using nearly defective chips to keep cost down. These are the components that were deemed not worthy of higher-end networking equipment. They can fail when overwhelmed and turning the power off/on will reset them." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_leak" ], [ "foxnew.com", "facebook.com", "cnn.com", "cdn.facebook.com", "foxnews.com", "msn.com", "c.com", "b.com", "d.com", "a.com" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cy459kn", "cy45bhm", "cy46o49", "cy482q8", "cy48ef7" ], "score": [ 10, 9, 2, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Advertisers are hoping that the repetition will stick in your mind and make you remember their message. (I own a small business and have done this in the past.) \n\nEdit: Sometimes the station has time to fill and will duplicate the ad as a freebie to the advertiser too.", "You noticed -- see, it worked!!\n\n\"There's no such thing as bad publicity,\" or so they say, and running two 30-second ads one minute apart in a 2-minute ad break makes it FAR more likely -- even if you weren't particularly paying attention to what's playing -- that you'll notice the second one.\n\nThere's also no such thing as a mistake on the part of the broadcaster; EVERY single keystroke down in Master Control is scripted in advance.", "I can't speak to radio, but in TV, where unit rates are quite high, this is something most advertisers will avoid at all costs. They often have a separation guarantee built into their buys, such that if they're running more than one spot in a single show, the network has to leave at least x minutes between them. Though sometimes advertisers will relax these requirements, say if they need a lot of impressions within a very brief date range, and the network otherwise wouldn't have enough room for them. Other times, the network might just screw up and put units closer together than they should be, in which case they may have to provide bonus units to the advertiser later on as makegoods.", "If I can piggyback on this, what is happening when a TV commercial gets cutoff by another commercial?", "HeadOn. Apply directly to the forehead.\n\nHeadOn. Apply directly to the forehead.\n\nHeadOn. Apply directly to the forehead." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7jng0h", "d7jte72" ], "score": [ 68, 11 ], "text": [ "Clothing wrinkles when the fibers are creased. Usually this happens because of pressure, which causes folds in the fiber (think of crumpling a piece of paper).\n\nIroning/pressing works by using a mixture of heat and pressure to re-shape the fibers flat again. Heat is especially useful in re-shaping fibers.\n\nWhen you accidentally iron a crease into your clothes, you're using both heat and pressure to re-shape the fibers into that crease AND make sure the fibers hold that shape better.\n\nMoisture works to help loosen fibers so you can press them back into shape, which is why many irons come with a spritzer button and/or steam button. If you iron a crease into your clothes, spritzing it with water can help loosen the fibers you've just pressed so you can flatten them correctly.\n\nEDIT: Since some people seem to be confused by and/or unsatisfied with this: I explained how irons work *because that explains why pressed creases are harder to remove than everyday wrinkles.* A pressed crease (i.e. one created by ironing) is set using the mixture of heat and pressure. In fact, irons are designed not only to remove wrinkles, *but to press creases* - it is one of the main functions of an iron to create creases that stay in place and are hard to remove. Pressed creases are not impossible to remove (like /u/Fastpitcher and I said, spritzing the crease with water will loosen up the crease and allow you to press it flat again), but the combination of heat and pressure is exactly what makes it harder to remove than a normal wrinkle.", "When this happens to you, use the spray button on your iron and dampen the crease then iron it. It'll come right out." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cspw5en", "cspwbqe" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Well you can and it has been done. If a product was named after someone in order to promote the brand or becuase they where in the same industry. Then I would imagine you'd have issues. ", "_URL_0_\n\nI would guess that Tesla did not trademark his name. Likewise, there are Einstein Bros Bagles, Baby Einstein, Einstein Moving company, and others. (Einstein is a name many people share but some of these logos are clearly referencing Albert Einstein and not, say, Paul Einstein).\n\nThere's an Obama Meat Market in St Louis, although that is owned by a guy who's first name is Obama. I would guess Barack Obama has trademarked his name." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2011/02/11/trademark-of-sarah-palin/id=15274/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "degjphp", "degjyeq", "degjzfh", "deh4v94" ], "score": [ 6, 15, 7, 3 ], "text": [ "You clearly live in the USA. Electrical power in the USA is supplied as 60 cycles per second alternating current from three phase power lines. These lines are out of phase with each other by 120 degrees. That kind of power only gets delivered to industrial sites which require a lot of electrical power.\n\nSomewhere near your home is a transformer. There the voltage from the lines is stepped down to the 220 volts. This voltage is relative to the two power lines. Relative to a neutral line the voltages are only 110 volts. These two power lines come to your house along with the neutral and connect to your load center. \n\nYour high current devices, stove, clothes dryer, central AC, run on the 220 volts having those wires run to them through circuit breakers.\n\nOrdinary devices being powered from your wall sockets run on 110 volts, only one lead from the load box is run to them along with the neutral wire. It can be either one of the power lines. The load box is wired to keep the load roughly balanced between the two power leads.\n\nYou have 220 to your house but each leg is 110 to the neutral wire. The neutral and one hot wire run to your outlets.", "Most electronics dont run on that voltage but use an internal (or like laptops or phones in the chargers components) transformer to step it into the actual voltage required.\n\nFor the US the 110 is just what we decided to convene as the norm. For devices that require more (say an electric oven or range) they are wired into 2 different \"phases\" each receiving 110 so they add to 220. \n\nSo your power company energizes the lines at a high voltage/low amperage setting to travel miles on the poles.\n\nA local transformer changes that into a few phases of 110 volt supplies, regulated by your electrical panel. Each slot in your panel is from one of these phases, alternating each spot. A single breaker pulls from one phase and supplies those wires in your house with 110. A two pole breaker receives one from each phase and supplies 2 lines of 110 for a 220 total.\n\nYour standard receptacles supply your standard plug with 110, and an in line transformer (the larger block somewhere in your charging cable) turns this into what your device uses.\n\nDevices designed to operate in your region (presuming the US) will either be engineered to run on these standards, or have some transformer in them to go from the 110 ac to the devices preferred voltage. For your standard cellphone as an example turns 110 ac into a near single digit voltage at 1 or 2 amps.\n\nEdit for source:\n\nHandful of years as electrician, and many more of repairing my home electronics", "When electricity started, Edison was using 110V/220V DC at homes to light them. The voltage had to be at leas 110V to drive the lamps. When the war of currents ended, America stayed with the 110V but now AC and the rest of the world started using 220V since the higher the current the smaller electricity loses during delivery, thats why power lines are using thousands of volts to deliver electricity over bigger distances. 110V was needed to drive the lightbulbs, 220V came up because Edison was installing 3 cables +110V, 0V, -110V, so u could use 110 or 220 depending on the circuit. ", "It's actually 120/240 or 120/208 in 3 phase applications.. and peak voltage to ground is 171v cycling at 60 cycles/second 50 for the UK. Most electronics have built in transformers and bridge rectifiers. Transmission of power at these voltages is ineffectime that is why the power lines up top of the poles is usually 14.4kv then small transformer's on the poles for local distribution. It's just a standard that was developed like 277/480 in the USA and 347/600 in canada" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d6gn58m", "d6gnxa2" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Alternate title: \"Can someone ELI5 networking to me?\"\n\nMy glorious knowledge of networking, instilled in me through studying the first section of the official CCENT manual tells, me it works basically like this:\n\nLet's say you want to go to _URL_1_, by typing \"_URL_1_\" into your url bar (though the standardizing bodies prefer the acronym \"uri\")\n\n1. Your computer takes the data (specifically, this is called an HTML request) and \"encapsulates it\" (wraps the data in tags that tell the other devices it will encounter what the data is, where it's from, and where it's going), before sending it to your router\n\n2. DNS happens here, I think. See, your computer and router cannot send a message to \"_URL_2_\", it needs an IP address, but it cannot reasonably memorize every IP address/domain name. So, your computer sends a DNS request to a DNS server. There's a lot of DNS servers and they're scattered throughout the world with a table of domain names and what uri it aligns with. So, your router asks a DNS server \"give me the IP address for _URL_1_\", and the DNS server responds with \"8.8.8.8\". \n\n3. When your router gets the destination IP address it compares that IP address to the IP addresses on the network (your router maintains a table of IP addresses on the network). If the destination IP address is on the same network, the router forwards it directly to that device, else...\n\n4. Your router then compares the destination IP address to it's list of known IP addresses and sends it to the next router using a logical system called a router protocol. A router protocol is how routers learn about IP addresses from each other. Say I build a server in my apartment and create a website with the IP address 1.2.3.4. My router will send a message to all the routers it's connected to saying \"IP address 1.2.3.4 at router address Q\". Your router will eventually get this message, and probably multiple times. When your router does it will save \"ip address 1.2.3.4, router X\", where \"router x\" is where *it* got that message (let's call it Router1). So, when you want to send something to 1.2.3.4, your router will message Router1, who will (in turn) send the data to the router that Router1 learned 1.2.3.4 from, and so on until the message gets to my server.\n\n5. Your message will pass through routers until it reaches the server that matches up with _URL_0_ and the destination server picks apart your data and looks at it. There's an interesting (possible) discussion about the value of TCP and UDP, but that's a bit much for ELI5. 8.8.8.8 then looks at this message and responds, sending whatever bits of data back until it reaches you.\n\nNote that I completely left out any notion of the OSI layer, and that I left out most of the naming of the TCP/IP protocol stack. ", "Well, yes, the wires go pretty much everywhere.\n\nSo, what does the ISP provide you with. First and foremost, an IP address. This gives you the identity of being someone on the internet, each ISP is granted a certain range of IP addresses by a little non-profit organization known as the Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers, who is granted this ability by the United States since we invented the internet. Secondly, it gives you access to their cables that transfer data all over the internet. When a wire ends, it ends at another router, which, depending on the IP address, routes the traffic on. There is a nifty tool that can show how the signal travels known as a traceroute, you can even get visual ones to see how it crosses the planet. \n\nISPs connect to other ISPs over these cables that they lay out, they generally have deals with one another to connect each other to the internet. Sometimes, one ISP has to pay another, known as an internet transit, or sometimes they find it mutually beneficial just to join their networks. But either way, this just allows better signal to that computer, if an ISP doesn't like the deal with another ISP, then a 3rd ISP that is likely connected to both of them can likely act as a proxy between them, connecting them indirectly. This is the beauty of the internet, it is decentralized, though a direct connection would be more ideal.\n\nThe routing points are essentially traffic controllers, they check the IP, and they have a database of IP ranges, who owns them, and where the closest wire to it is, all being decided by a little something called routing protocol, though it isn't that good in many cases.\n\nISPs do however often control other ISPs, they gain leverage by increasing internet infrastructure. The more internet infrastructure an ISP controls, the more everyone else is their bitch. The top guys are known as Tier 1 Networks, which consist of about 20 or so companies that have found it beneficial to \"peer\" with each other, meaning they provide free internet traffic between one another. \n\nReally, the infrastructure behind the internet is astounding, and all built in the last 30 or so years." ] }

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[ [ "Google.com/8.8.8.8", "Google.com", "google.com" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d018l87" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "They build fake accounts and have them vote/like. The account credentials (login and password) are added to a script that logs in and then votes using each account. You forgot to include reddit in your list." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cj6esdt", "cj6eum6" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "Because rubber is rigid, only the part of the tire that has weight on it will be flattened ", "It depends on how large the puncture or tear is. If there is only a small hole it will take a certain amount of pressure inside the tire to push air out of that hole so air will come out until the pressure drops low enough to allow the hole to collapse closed. If the hole is larger and allows a free flow of air then the tire will deflate until the pressure inside the tire equals the pressure outside the tire, and then stop." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cf4ltmd", "cf4m6h8", "cf4mh11" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I'm going to assume the person is unprotected.\n\n100 kilometers is typically acknowledged to be the edge of space. If someone were to drop from this distance, they would be briefly hit by 360 degree air temperatures for about a minute due to the atmospheric compression. After that, they would reach the denser and colder stratosphere and would be frozen by below-freezing hurricane-force winds.\n\nI think it would be safe to say no.", "You might take a look at [this](_URL_0_) article from Randal Munroe, the author of xkcd. He ran some math about what would happen if you dropped a steak from the edge of space. Steaks and humans aren't quite the same [citation needed], but his analysis should at least give you a rough estimate.\n\nNotice how the steak gets up to Mach 2.5 when dropped from 100 km. It would take a significant amount of protection to handle even the wind from that speed, to say nothing of the heat produced as his body compresses the air in front of him (air that just can't get out of the way fast enough).\n\nMy money as an aerospace engineer is that no, he would not survive. Red Bull's Stratos Jump would seem to suggest otherwise, but that jump was \"only\" from 40 km and \"only\" reached Mach 1.25. ", "That depends on how he fell. If the astronaut has no lateral motion (e.g. was not in orbit) he could theoretically skydive from space (100 km or so) and return uninjured, provided his suit could withstand temperatures of 300°+F.\n\nIf he begins in orbit, which is where anyone called an astronaut will begin, he's toast. The standard orbit of the shuttle was about 24,000 MPH. It was only able to slow to about 17,000 MPH on reentry, and that still required the ceramic heat shields to prevent the craft from burning up. An astronaut in a normal pressure suit would be burned alive in relatively thin air.\n\nIf you want to go SciFi and uber extreme I suppose an adventurous astronaut could jump from the ISS with a rocket pack of sufficient size which would allow him to decrease his lateral motion from 17,100 MPH to 0 MPH before he hit the atmosphere." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://what-if.xkcd.com/28/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccb0wt1", "ccb102i", "ccb139k" ], "score": [ 11, 4, 11 ], "text": [ "Most songs on most albums won't ever become singles. Singles are released individually, distinct from the album. Originally they were released on 45 rpm vinyl records, with an A side (the single) and a B side song that accompanied it. Singles are also typically what gets played on the radio. Nowadays, you will occasionally see singles sold on individual CDs, but usually it's just a term for a song that has an accompanying music video, usually a few alternate editions (a clean version for radio, a dance mix to be played at clubs) and is intended for widespread use independent of an album.", "A single refers to a song released on its own.\n\nBack when we still only had physical media, a \"single\" would refer to the song that was released on it's own record. So, if Pink Floyd released Dark Side of the Moon, Money would be a single and you could go buy a 45 rpm record with just that song on it rather than the whole album if you just liked that one song. This followed suit as newer types of physical media evolved (Tapes, CDs). The other songs that didn't get this sort of distribution would be called \"album tracks\" or something similar.\n\nThese singles are also what would then receive radio distribution and airtime to promote the band/album. This is why the \"singles\" are generally the best known songs from any band. This is the part of it that persist today. \"Born This Way\" was the first single from Lady Ga Ga's last album because it was the song that was promoted to the radio stations even though in this day and age you could go and download any song individually off the album over in itunes. The nomenclature persists because the industry still generally works in the same way as far as promotion and charting goes but not in how buying goes (though as you would expect, singles still are the most likely to sell due to their exposure on TV/Radio/Etc)\n\nSingles are also generally the songs that got music videos made for them once they entered the fray (once again for promotional reasons).\n\nAlso, if you ever hear of \"B-sides\", this was the \"other side of the record.\" The single, in the days of vinyl, would have another song or two on the other side and often times these grew to be popular as well by virtue of being packaged with the popular \"A-side\" single.\n\nEdit: Typos.", "I'm assuming the 1991 in your name means that you're 22 years old. In that case, let's hop in the wayback machine (which is also a reference I'm guessing you don't get):\n\nBack before everything was digital, you had to actually go to a store and rifle through records and CD's and - yes - tapes. And they were pricey: a new album (on CD)from a well-known artist in 1995 was like $15 in *non-inflation-adjusted dollars.* And unless you already knew someone with the album, you couldn't really preview it. That made buying these things on blind faith a pretty risky proposition.\n\nBut the record companies are too smart to scare you away. So they identified the catchiest song or songs on the album, and released them as \"singles.\" That means that in the store you would find little mini-albums with one or two tracks on them (usually the one hit song and its remix/acoustic version/whatever). In the case of records, you actually got a cuter, tinier record (called a 45). These were, understandably, a fraction of the price of the full album.\n\nThe singles were what the record companies pushed to get you to buy the full album, and it's what the radio stations played to promote the band/album. Sometimes, the single had an earlier release date than the album itself.\n\nAs far as I know, the convention's still around, at least nominally. When you hear the word \"single,\" they're referring to tracks specifically promoted and marketed to get people to buy the full album. Hell, I think people still even buy CD's, so there may be actual, hard-copy singles floating along out there.\n\nEdit: Wow that sounded way sarcastic on the re-read. That was unintentional. Sorry, bro." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f8ahdsc" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "You can pickle any kind of cucumber, you just get different textural results. You can also eat them all raw, unpickled. They are the result of different cucumbers being pickled/fermented with different blends of flavors. \n\nI grew up eating what others refer to as pickling cucumbers. We never had the English cucumbers that you consider to be \"normal\"." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d26p6tf" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The money moves virtually from your (or your credit provider's) bank account to that of Amazon. For every dollar in bank accounts there's a dollar bill in the vault.* There's no need to transfer the real money, they just re-allocate it from one account to another. \n\n\n*This is an oversimplification. It is possible for a bank to have less physical money than they loan out which leads to there being more value in accounts than the bank has physical money. And when I say possible, I mean certain. That's the point of modern banks." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dllv7d2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "They are offering to sell the power distribution company power corresponding to the amount you use at a price you are agreeing to. The power distribution company provides the power you use, and passes along the cost from the power generating company (plus a small - regulated - fee that pays for poles and wires)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjs9cbp", "cjs9dzy", "cjs9z4o" ], "score": [ 3, 4, 5 ], "text": [ "Basically, from a networking perspective, there is no such thing as a _URL_0_, there are IP addresses. A domain server takes a human recognizable piece of addressing and translates it into a language that networking equipment can understand; most often an IP address. ", "IP addresses are like phone numbers, but you only remember the name.\n\nDNS servers translate a server name (\"_URL_0_\") to the matching IP address (\"192.41.209.139\"). ", " > it said DNS servers were like a phone book for the internet, which is what I thought IP addresses were\n\n* URL (_URL_2_) = name of who you want to call\n* DNS server = phone book\n* IP address = phone number\n\nIP addresses identify computers on the internet like phone numbers do in telephone networks. Each internet provider gets a large number of IP addresses from the [Internet Assigned Numbers Authority](_URL_0_). You get one of your provider's IP addresses when your computer/router establishes a connection to your provider. If you always get the same IP address or not depends on the provider. Just google [\"my ip address\"](_URL_1_) to find out your current IP address (don't share it with everyone).\n\nTo communicate with reddit's webserver your computer needs to know the webserver's IP address. To get it, it asks a DNS server to look up the IP address of \"_URL_2_\". For this to work, your computer has to know the IP address of at least one DNS server. Usually it automatically gets one from your provider, but you can also configure your operating system to use a specific DNS server." ] }

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[ [ "www.example.com" ], [ "www.reddit.com" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority", "https://www.google.de/search?q=my+ip+address", "www.reddit.com" ] ]