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Pavithree

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eli5_0_19710

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{ "a_id": [ "cpuv6zy", "cpuymjk" ], "score": [ 9, 4 ], "text": [ "[This](_URL_0_) may be the best explanation I've seen.\n\nBasically, the TPP is the Trans Pacific Partnership. It's a big agreement between a bunch of countries that's supposed to make rules about how they behave towards one another, mostly with regards to exchanging goods, services, and intellectual property. The TPP is the newest of these kinds of agreements.\n\nA lot of people are upset with the way this agreement is being written. No one who isn't writing it has been allowed to look at it, except for some parts that have been leaked by various sources. This means that there is almost no outside review, and the people who will be effected by the agreement haven't been able to voice their opinions. This can be dangerous for a lot of reasons, like agreeing to rules that aren't actually good for the countries, just the businesses. ", "Twitch Plays Pokemon?\n\n It's a social-media phenomenon started less than a year ago. Twitch is a site that streams videogames. Twitch Plays Pokemon started a new game in which the players could display their input through the chat (up, down, start, left, right, select, a, b, etc) and a robot would pick one of those commands and put them into the game: Basically everyone in the chat is the player in such situation. \n\nAs it gained popularity, the developer/streamer included new functions such as \"Democracy\" which is kind of a \"slow mode\": The chat would place their input, and the robot would decide which input to use based on how many times it has been called for. So in places where the character is supossed to go down, players could spam \"down\" in chat to have it 100% move down, although the game is slowed down significantly. \"Anarchy\" is what you would call the classic mode." ] }

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[ [ "http://economixcomix.com/home/tpp/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3qapjz", "c3qb0ri", "c3qc7kq", "c3qcbht", "c3qcjn1", "c3qcvxq", "c3qcxbn", "c3qd6ar", "c3qdjs9", "c3qdulg", "c3qeyp5", "c3qfjzj", "c3qiypg" ], "score": [ 36, 9, 7, 3, 5, 3, 6, 21, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Here is the trick you need to master: When you are looking at the image, pretend you are looking at something twice as far away. It would help if you have a wall or something behind your monitor... try to focus on that wall. Without looking down at your monitor, try to notice that everything on your monitor is now doubled (because you are focusing on the wall behind your monitor).\n\nEventually, with concentration, you should be able to look down at your monitor and keep everything doubled. With Reddit in front of you, it will be very difficult, because your brain will want to focus on the monitor to resolve the text, but if you can do that with the candy image, your brain should be slightly more accepting.\n\nNow, once you can get the double image going with the candy, there is one more step you need to do. This is also difficult. See the single green candy about a quarter of the way down the image that is repeated several times? When you have the double image going, try to line up one green candy with the one beside it. You have to make sure your eyes are perfectly level, so if one appears a bit above the other, tilt your head to correct it. \n\nIf you can get two green candies to line up exactly overtop each other, hold your vision there and the 3D image should eventually appear to you.\n\nThis candy magic eye uses **divergent** 3D. Some people find it easier to use **convergent** 3D.\n\n[On my website here](_URL_0_), if you scroll down to the comments section, I have an example of two convergent 3D images. These are pretty easy to get. The way you do convergent 3D is to hold your finger out in front of the monitor, just below the two images. Slowly move your finger towards your face, focusing on your finger, until the two images in the background merge into one (they should be blurry at this point, because you are focusing on your finger). \n\nOnce they have merged, hold your vision steady, and then slowly try to get your eyes to focus on the merged image. If you can do it, you should see a 3D image of my old car.\n\nIf you can master convergent 3D, then scroll up and try the divergent 3D images. These are much harder, because you have to focus on something behind your monitor, and since the images are so large, depending on your monitor you may have to scale them down so that you don't have to diverge your eyes past infinity.\n\nAnyway, this is getting way beyond ELY5, but I recommend practicing with those images. Once you are comfortable getting those, magic eye puzzles should be no problem.", "I wish I could use these. Having monocular vision sucks.", "It's a schooner", "You have to be able to control the \"doubling\" of images your eyes can do. When you look at an object far away, objects near you are doubled in your vision. For example, hold your finger up in front of you and look at an object far away. Your finger will appear doubled. Now, if you focus on your finger, the object far away will now be doubled. Being able to control this doubling at will is the key to seeing those magic eye images.\n\nIf you notice, magic eye images are always repeating patterns. What you have to do is \"double\" the image over itself. The effect is achieved when you double the image, and the repeating patterns overlap on each other, perfectly aligned.\n\nPeople will tell you to \"focus past the image\" or to \"cross your eyes\". The point of this is to create the doubling effect. The problem with these techniques is that your eyes lose focus of the image itself (that is, the image gets blurry). The trick is to be able to focus on it, so that the image is clear, but at the same time double the image. This takes practice and will come with time.\n", "My vision is pretty awful without glasses/contacts. However for some reason I have always been able to almost instantly see these. What a useless thing to be able to do. ", "Ever look through a chain link fence and it looked like the pattern was much closer? It's like that. The trick is letting your eyes drift slightly apart as if beyond the page, yet focus on the image.", "By the way, since no one has mentioned it yet (although it is mentioned on wildgurularry's site!), these 3D images you are referring to are called \"stereograms.\" Specifically, Magic Eye's are a subset of stereograms, called \"autostereograms.\" [Wikipedia link for kicks!](_URL_1_)\n\nI learned how to see these properly as a preteen, and they have been one of my favorite, favorite things ever since. The first time I saw one I was in my neighbor's house, and they had one framed on the wall. My neighbor said to look at the picture, but not to focus on it, but instead focus on my reflection in the glass. To my amazement, the 3D image popped into focus!\n\nThis worked because of the nature of a reflected image. When you focus on a reflection, you're focusing on something that's twice the distance as you are from the glass. You are focusing on something farther away from the surface you are looking at-- which is exactly how a stereogram works!\n\nAfter seeing a stereogram for the first time, I immediately went out and purchased a couple Magic Eye books. Then, I rummaged in my mother's craftroom for a clear sheet of acrylic, and cut that down to a usable size. I would place the acrylic on the page, and peer into it until the 3D image came into focus. Acrylic is not the most reflective thing -- but I saw enough of a reflection that this totally worked. If you don't have acrylic, glass from a picture frame would work just as well (probably better!)\n\nI don't have to use the acrylic anymore, of course. I trained my eyes well enough that I go into stereogram-mode almost immediately (and almost involuntarily!)\n\nAnd as a closing remark: [Look, people make animated stereograms! I AM SO AMUSED](_URL_0_)", "TIL: seeing these is much, much easier when you're drunk. THanks reddit!\n\nEdit: Oops, this is ELI5. \"this is much, much easier when daddy's tired and emotional, dear.\"", "Just cross your eyes, and let them slowly uncross while staring at the picture.\n", "These things have always pissed me off. My parents used to own a poster shop in the 90's, and they had a lot of these magic eye posters. My little brother and dad would see the images almost right away, but I never could see the hidden image. And now that I'm 22, I still can't see a goddamn thing, even with all the explanations. Curse these pictures to hell I say.\n\n[I feel like the guy from Mallrats.](_URL_0_)", "For those trying to do it for the first time, [this one is quite simple](_URL_0_). The best way I find to do it is to have my laptop on my lap and look at the floor, about 1.5 metres away from my eyes, then draw my gaze onto the computer screen without changing focus.\n\n**Don't try** to see the image, just let your eyes refocus as they want, and eventually you'll experience an effect like when you refocus a camera lens (this is your eyes refocusing quickly). Now let your eyes sit with that focus for a few seconds, then have a scan around your focal point and try and see what the image is, if it hasn't already become obvious. Losing the image is common, so have a few goes and if still no luck, try a different image. As I said, the one linked above is a good starter as it's a simple one :)", "Nice, I remember having a book all about this phenomenon as a kid. I used to sometimes find patterns in textiles or in nature that work, too. It's just not always a picture of a giraffe or something that pops out. For instance, you can make a chain-link fence look \"3D\" in real life by using the same technique. ", "Now if you **really** think you've got the hang of it, try playing [Stereogram Tetris.](_URL_0_)\n[](/party \"Edited for ponies!\")" ] }

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[ "http://www.soon.org.uk/humor/candy.jpg" ]

[ [ "http://anttila.ca/michael/potw/archive.pl?2005-03-06" ], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArWY-Ck-CPc", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogram" ], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDoC8BhtUyo" ], [ "http://stereogrammes.org/d/911-3/magic+eye+flower.jpg" ], [], [ "http://3dimka.deviantart.com/art/3D-Stereogram-Tetris-36795242" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "flmkl5z", "flmn92f", "flk2f3r", "flk3orx", "flk9s5j", "flkac4j", "flkc901", "flkdrl9", "flkfk70", "flkg553", "flkglnw", "flkiie3", "flkklcs", "flkko89", "flkntz1", "flkw9to", "fll2z58", "fllfouk", "fllglzt", "fllngox" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 6, 950, 28, 4205, 6, 333, 9, 2, 6, 2, 3, 3, 14, 3, 5, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Ever pop a zit? That's like a tiny hill and the spring is inside it. Push down and toward the hill and something comes out the top. The earth is always moving like that and we can't see it.\n\nSome hills are not zits though. They are your nose. Dont pop your nose.", "Is it ever the case that a spring on a hillside near a large lake is fed by water from the lake being pushed underground up the hill by the intense pressure of the lake?", "Although not all are on top a mountain or something, but when mountains are formed by pressure pushing it up, \n\nIt does for perfect paths for water to follow up. \n\nThink of it like holding a balloon filled with water, when you squeeze an area,\n\nIt will disform and create a lump (mountain)\n\nIf you squeeze too much, the surface breaks and the water will come out.\n\nThen water follows the path down with least resistance, other sources of water (spring, rain, melt water,...) do the same, all converge towards the same depressions in the surface creating rivers.", "Springs are the result of the water table rising above the land surface. This can happen as aquifers fill over hundreds or thousands of years.\n\nThese aquifers typically form in cavities, or large holes, in the bedrock. These cavities are likely to exist/form in local depressions in the landscape. Therefore, they can form at higher elevations if the area is lower in elevation than the surrounding area.\n\nEdit: My apologies. A few people pointed out the second paragraph is misleading. I described an artesian aquifer, while aquifers come in many shapes and forms. Regardless, the point is that a spring is formed when water stored in aquifers underground flow onto the Earth’s surface.", "If there's enough land higher than the spring, rain soaking the ground can come out well up a hill.\n\nOtherwise, you get get [Artesian Aquifers](_URL_0_) while are pressurized from higher land, possibly some distance away. A well or passage into the aquifer can yield water, even at the top of a hill.\n\nMore commonly, this is an illusion - if you're at the bottom of a steep slope, observing a water coming down the slope from apparently the top, you may be completely unaware that there's a large, less steeply sloped upland area behind it, which collects water.", "Answer: \n\nThink of a rock mountain actually more like a sponge. A sponge seems like it fills with water perfectly evenly, but when you zoom in if you were to fill a sponge certain holes would fill faster than other ones. There are little pockets of water in the side of the mountains. Sometimes the entire mountain is full of water, but oftentimes there's just a little pocket where it collects before pressure or gravity causes it to flow down to the next little pocket. A spring is just tapping into one of those pockets.", "Springs generally don't originate at the top of hills. It's not impossible, but, it's not the most common place. Usually, if a spring is on the top of a hill, there are higher hills around it.\n\nWater, even subterranean water, runs downhill. A spring is formed when more water collects in one place than can be percolated away through the underlying geology.", "So, water above ground tends to pool into ponds and lakes that are basically flat on the top. But water below ground (called an aquifer) is not like a lake. It's usually moving according to specific patterns. \n\nOne of those patterns is that the water on a hill tends to follow the shape of the surface. Kind of [like this](_URL_2_) (disregarding the interpolation lines). Sometimes a large rainfall can cause the aquifer to fill up and the top of the aquifer (the water table) will meet the surface of the hill and you get a spring! \n\nHowever, most hills aren't just lumps of one material. So you can get interesting things like [a perched water table ](_URL_1_). Which can lead to a spring. \n\nOne rule that water always follows, it that it prefers the path of least resistance. So if there is a channel that's easier to follow, it might even flow uphill! Like [in this image](_URL_0_), the water is filtering down into the rock (in this case granite) but suddenly there is a fault which causes there to be something like a pipe. All the pressure from the water being under the rock causes it to go spurting up through the crack. In the example image, the water went so deep and came up so fast it's a hotspring! (But not a geyser, you need different conditions for geysers). If it came up more slowly, the heat would be lost and it would be a regular spring. \n\nI apologize if this is closer to ELI15. But it's a very complex subject. I suppose the ELI5 would be \"when it rains, there's lots of water and it comes out at the surface\". \n\nIf you like this stuff, check out hydrogeology.", "Rock can be like a sponge, with holes in it that fill with water, but it can also be solid and fracture. Fracture lines or fault lines can go up/down from the top of a hill to a lower point underground where there is a lot of water. If that water is has limited space in the rock, but more water drains down into that space, then the pressure of being squeezed in a too-small space can push the water up the fractures and fault lines, because they are weak points in the rock. And then at the top, you have a spring pushing water up and out with surprising amounts of force and volume.", "Soak a sponge, and put it on a table. Put a plastic sheet over it. Soak a second sponge, and stack it over the plastic sheet. Then drip water onto the top sponge, until a drip leaks out the bottom and flows down the plastic sheet. That's a spring.", "A spring comes out of the side of a mountain or hill (not at the very top). Rain falls down the upper part of the mountain and seeps in to the ground. But then it hits solid rock or layers of clay, that stop the water from seeping lower. The water starts to pool inside the earth, filling up all the tiny, empty spaces in the soil and rock. The pooled water level inside the earth eventually rises so high that there is a spot where it actually breaks the surface, which is where the spring forms.\n\nNow, to get out, the water still has to pass through various layers of rock, soil, sand, and gravel. Sometimes the opening in the rock that allows the water out is only so big and only has so much capacity - so the water table inside the mountain just keeps on rising. The higher it goes above the opening, the more pressure there is, and the water will come out faster and at a higher volume, and a high water table also means that even drying dry spells, there is plenty of water still in the mountain to keep the spring flowing.", "Rocks are heavy, and push down on the things below them. Just like how as you go deeper underwater, you feel pressure on your ears, the same occurs here because of the weight of the material above it. \n\n\nThat weight is enough to push water out of any holes that open up between where the water is underground and the surface, which makes what you see.", "There is so much water in the ground that it's crazy. Springs are just where the land goes below the water table and it bubbles out. \n\nThe water comes from meteor strikes, volcanic eruptions, rainfall, glacial melt, etc. On top of all this geomorphological forces change the shape of the land and the water table over time, which moves where the rivers and streams are.", "Groundwater will follow the path of least resistance, like a river will on the surface. Underground, this means following cracks and other spaces that can lead well above the actual water table. Some of these springs may disappear and reappear depending on actual groundwater levels, or disappear entirely due to an opening some distance away that allows the release of pressure within the groundwater system.", "In hydrology there's two terms we're interested in here. Water Table, and Potentiometric Surface.\n\nThe water table is simply the depth that the top of the water sits at (e.g. 10m below surface). Groundwater is under pressure, sorta like if you filled a baggie with water and then put a bunch of books on top. The weight of all the rock and stuff above it pressurizes the water. The Potentiometric Surface is the height that the water would rise *if that pressure was removed in an area*, like if you poked a pinhole in your baggie of water while the books are on top, it would spray upward.\n\nAn Artesian spring, which is what you're describing, is simply a place where the Potentiometric Surface is **above** the ground surface. So when there's a weak spot like a well, or cracks in the Earth, the water bubbles up out of the ground until gravity and other forces pull it back down.\n\nAnother thing that can happen is when water seems to flow out the side of a hill. What's going on here is that under the water table beneath that hill there's a layer of impenetrable material that water can't pass through easily called a 'confining layer', or aquitard. The water can't go down anymore, so it goes off to the side, going downhill. When it hits the side of the hill, it still can't go down because of that aquitard, so it just dribbles out the side of the hill. You can see this if you look at a hillside and part way up there's suddenly a bunch of greenery with nothing above it. The plants took root there because there's lots of water percolating through the soil there.", "When it rains on top of your roof you get a substantial flow collected by your gutters and down through your water spout.\n\nA hill is similar to roof roof except that the water flows over/through soil and rock instead of across your roof and discharges out springs instead of a water spout.\n\nThere is obviously more to it than just that, but that is an ELI5 version. \n\nFor those interested, water will also move more slowly through rock/soil which means your peak flows will be lower during rainfall relative to a roof, but they will continue for much longer. This is why springs can continue flowing days, months, or even years after the last major rainfall event. Some water will also be lost due to evapotransipiration or will migrate to depth.\n\nSource: Hydrogeologist, water flowing underground is my thing.", "They're connected to aquifers and when it rains the water is pushed up out of the cracks which bubble up to the surface of the planet to make room for more water from when it rains. \n\n\nAs rainwater falls and absorbs into the ground it is purified when it hits gravel in the ground down to microscopic size so by the time it gets into your well, you water is clean. Solid wastes are broken down by worms and other beneficial bacteria in the soil. \n\n\n If part of the aquifer is near the surface of a creek bed, the water comes out to feed the streams. It's a more shallow aquifer since it's close to the surface. It feels like a low pressure jet of water that bubbles. \n\n\nThe springs are cold because under the soil it gets cold really fast about 300 feet down it can be 50 degrees year round but the water will never freeze usually due to this above freezing temp all year round. \n\n\nSo if you see a spring fed creek and it's hot out, don't jump in right away or youll be shivering really quick. The water is so cold it's like a chilled soda almost. Trout and salmon love the deep parts of a stream where the water is clear fed from a spring. .", "Not springs, but many ponds on top of hills could be kettle ponds or kettle holes. These were formed by retreating glaciers. Big pieces of ice would be left behind and form a pothole, and then sometimes form a lake, pond and even other types of wetlands.", "I have a very good spring in a cow lot. It is at least a mile to a mountain. I'm 76 and it was here before me.", "Has to be rainfall. \n\nIt’s all about gravity and the path of least resistance. The rainfall dribbles down through porous layers until it gets to a less porous layer. It then pools up on the less porous layers and follows the path of least resistance to where the layer emerges from underground and... voila! A spring. \n\nIf it truly is at the top of a hill then there HAS to be a higher hill that is feeding it, cuz.... gravity. \n\nThis information on artesian aquifers shows the concept nicely. \n\n_URL_0_" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cr8spcz" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "It depends where in England you are.\n\nIn some places you have 3 levels, county, district and parish/town.\n\nSome places are unitary authorities which is like a county and district council rolled into one. There may or may not be parish/town councils too.\n\nSome places are metropolitan counties. In a metropolitan county there are multiple boroughs with their own councils, which collaborate with each other at the county level as joint boards.\n\nLondon is different. It also has boroughs each with a council, but they're also under the authority of the London Assembly.\n\nNote that a county council does not necessarily have authority over the entire county as there may have been unitary authorities carved out of it. Or in Berkshire's case, there's no county council at all, it's entirely unitary authorities." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ezpr8v1" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "Not quite. Snakes grow up to a certain age just like humans, but they do (appear to) continue to grow at a much slower pace afterwards. They have the same amount of vertebrae their whole lives, but that doesn't mean their vertebrae can't stretch and become longer over time.\n\nThey're snakes after all, you can't be that flexible with regular vertebrae." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddlatq5", "ddlbfiu", "ddlbj1s", "ddlf3je", "ddli3ov", "ddliim1", "ddlimxl", "ddlk3oc", "ddlk4in", "ddlkomx", "ddllq3t", "ddllt4l", "ddlm0rz", "ddlmqly", "ddlo7rw", "ddlphgt", "ddlpuho", "ddlr94a", "ddlrlvg", "ddltg4a", "ddltkxt", "ddlx8iq", "ddlxinb", "ddly9o2", "ddlz47y", "ddlzbuk" ], "score": [ 40, 5, 241, 19, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 6693, 11, 7, 44, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 13, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "In Taiwan, the dictionaries are organized by number of strokes in each word followed by the next number of strokes and so on. ", "There's a number of ways to do it, but it's generally done by radical. See:\n_URL_0_\n\nOther potential options include alphabetical by pinyin (mainland), or bopomofo (Taiwan) (which I'm not familiar with). I don't think I've ever seen those in printed Chinese-Chinese dictionaries though.", "Some dictionaries are organized by radicals. Most Chinese characters are made up of smaller characters called radicals. 好 being 女 and 子. Since 女 is on the left, you would search by that using the number of stroke. Once you find all the 女 entries, they're organized by number of extra strokes. So 女 is three strokes and 子 is also three strokes, so you can look it up that way. ", "Japanese has three written alphabets, of which two are phonetic with each symbol representing a combination of what English speakers would call a consonant and a vowel. With the Gojuon system, words are arranged by their phonetic sounds regardless of how the word is written. The order is the consonant + a i u e o, so a, i, u, e, o, ka, ki, ku, ke, ko, sa, is, su, se, so etc. There are also variations of smaller and larger sounds with the larger coming first.\n\nThere's also a poem called \"Iroha\" which uses every kana only once. In really old texts and official documents, this poem was used for the order when alphabetizing.", "In the front of the dictionary, there is a list of small symbols called radicals. You find your radical on the list (hopefully you were able to identify the radical part of the character). Next to that radical might be a page number. You go to the page for that radical. Then, there are a list of characters with that radical. The list of characters is grouped by stroke count, as in, how many extra strokes (of the brush) does it take to make the full character, not counting the strokes in the radical. Once you find it, it tells you the page number that the character is on.\n\nThis [online dictionary](_URL_1_) is much quicker and easier than the book version. Many people also use software where you write the character onto a pad and the computer looks it up for you.\n\nEDIT: [Here](_URL_0_) is a short and potato-quality (sorry) album of my dictionary.", "Iirc in most dictionaries for Chinese all words are first sorted by their pronunciation, pinyin or such. A word that sounds like bai would come before zhou. When there are words of the same pronunciation or pinyin, they would then be sorted in that section by their number of strokes or bihua, which in most of the times is less relevant as words filling up a pinyin seldom occupies more than a couple of pages.", "I've seen simplified Chinese dictionaries sorted in 2 ways, either by radicals followed by no of strokes, or by pin yin(phonetic alphabetical spelling) in alphabetical order. ", "Im a fan of [this article](_URL_0_) that explains Chinese characters in terms of English for answering the obvious follow up questions like what is a radical. ", "Because pronunciation may not be dictated by the character's form, my dictionary is organized two different ways. The entire book is organized by pinyin, and there is a table of contents for you to look words up if you can't remember how to write something you know how to pronounce. If you can't pronounce or don't know the meaning of a character you saw, after the table of contents, there is an index indexing all characters in the book by their radicals, which are brush strokes that many characters have in common. (e.g. the fire radical, 火, is in 炉, 炬, 烽, 燧, 爓, 炮, 燃, etc. There's also the mouth radical, 口, which is in 嘴, 吻, 喙, 吃, 啖, 喝 etc.) The radicals themselves are organized by the number of brushstrokes, meaning you'll find radicals like 厂 and 冫, which have two strokes each, before radicals like 血 and 雨 which have 6 and 8 respectively. Then within each radical category, the characters are also organized by the number of strokes. The characters that don't have a radical are organized in their own section after that, again organized by the number of brushstrokes. It takes a bit longer than an English dictionary, but it's organized quite well if you count the brushstrokes correctly.", "None of the answers are quite complete / accurate.\n\nChinese characters can be ordered in two main ways, by pronunciation and by radical. The sound of each character in Mandarin can be written out using Roman letters (a phonetic system called pinyin), which can be arranged alphabetically, A to Z. For example, the character 你 (you) is listed under \"ni\", and the character 她 (she) under \"ta\". Mandarin also has 4 tones, so for each sound such as \"ni\", there will be further ordering \"ni1\", \"ni2\", \"ni3\", and \"ni4\", where the number indicates tone. So 你 is actually under \"ni3\" and 她 under \"ta1\". This ordering is useful when you know how to say the character, but don't know/remember how exactly to write it.\n\nFor radical, things are slightly more complicated. Most Chinese characters can be split into a \"main\" part and... the other part. The main part, called the radical, often gives a general idea to the meaning of the character. If you know Chinese, you can easily pick out which part is the radical (it can be on the left, right, top, bottom, left-bottom, top-left, 3-side-surrounding, 4-side-surrounding, etc!). At the start of every dictionary is an index -- a list of all the radicals. Under each radical, you see a list of ALL the characters having that radical (there are very very many). Take your time to find the one you're looking for, and it tells you which page to go to for that character. This kind of ordering is useful when you know what the character looks like but not how it sounds.\n\n**Pros and cons**: the radical ordering works everywhere, as long as you can read the written characters; the pronunciation ordering only works in a particular spoken Chinese language. Since Mandarin is the largest spoken language (not in Hong Kong!), that's what dictionaries always use.\n\n**BONUS**. You may ask, how do you arrange all the characters under the same pronunciation (for example 思斯絲司私撕廝 or 顆科柯棵苛)? Or how do you arrange them under the same radical (確礦碳碼 or 開關問聞)? Heck, how do you arrange the radicals in the first place (亻宀忄口火馬鳥)? In this case, we use the number of strokes. Basically, it's the number of times you have to lift the tip of your pencil to write the character, according to a standard way of writing that everyone must learn in school. This save you some time, but there can still be dozens of characters with the same radical and the same number of strokes. Check out and play with the [radical-stroke index](_URL_0_)\n\n**BONUS2**. Your title is not entirely accurate. Chinese is a language family made up of a wide range of different regional languages that cannot understand each other when spoken. Mandarin is just the name of a spoken language. There is only ONE written language, so the same character can be pronounced differently but still understood by everyone. (Except Mainland China writes most characters a bit differently than Hong Kong and Taiwan. We won't get into that here.) Since dictionaries are about the written language, you should write \"Chinese\" instead of \"Mandarin\" in the title.\n\n**TL;DR** Chinese characters can be ordered in two different ways:\n(1) Romanised pronunciation - > tone number - > number of strokes\n(2) Number of strokes of radical - > radical - > number of remaining strokes", "just to add on to this discussion, in my school, we use electronic dictionaries for examinations, which have a database of words that can be found through typing how they sound like. I'm sure anyone that has learnt mandarin since young would have learnt something similar to the phonics, which is how you find it in the dictionary. sorry if this was confusing but i'm just trying to contribute :/", "Tibetan does have an alphabet but it does some funky things where letters can get attached to one another or pre-fixed or post-fixed. and vowels are affixed to the root letters as well. \n\ne.g. ག་ གྲ་ གྲི སྒྲི་ བསྒྲི་ བསྒྲིག་ བསྒྲིགས\nin all cases ག་ is the root letter but then a subscript, then a vowel, then a superscript are attached...so these would all be in the ག་ section of the dictionary. \n\nSo dictionaries use the Root Letter to group words and then they are ordered after that based on (i think) vowel, superscript, subscript, prefix - though I could be wrong. \n\nDigitized dictionaries make everything so much easier. \n\n", "The appearance of a character and its pronunciation has less correlation than other writing systems, so in Chinese the following two are both possible: knowing a character but not its pronunciation, and knowing a pronunciation and meaning but not knowing how to write it.\n\nFor the pronunciation to character index, some dictionaries have that as an appendix. The harder problem is looking up a character based on appearance with no knowledge of its pronunciation.\n\nEvery Chinese character is written using one or more strokes, and the [stroke order](_URL_3_) is more or less predictable. Furthermore, most Chinese characters are composed of simpler characters. Some of the simpler characters are considered [\"radicals\"](_URL_1_), which you can think of as a \"meta character\". There is a fixed number of radicals. \n\n- First there is an index of radicals, sorted by ascending stroke count, since radicals themselves are also characters.\n- Then all characters are sorted first by radicals (in the same order as the index), then by the remaining stroke count.\n\nThere are irregularities that come with the radical system, so here are some examples:\n\n- 語 (\"language\") has a total of 14 strokes. Its radical 言 (\"speech\") happens to occur on the left-hand side. 言 has 7 strokes, so first you look up 7, and find arrive at the page where all 7-stroke radicals are. Once you locate 言, it tells you which page to start for all the 言-radical characters. Once you flip to that page, there are 14 - 7 = 7 strokes remaining, so you keep flipping forward until you get to the 言-7 section, and that is where you will find 語 as well as any other 17-stroke whose radical is 言.\n- 情 (\"emotion\") has a total of 11 strokes. Its radical 心 (\"heart\") also happens to occur on the left-hand side. The inconsistency is that in radical form, it is 3 strokes, but in isolated form, it is 4. A lot of radicals diverge between radical form and isolated form, e.g. 水 (\"water\") is the isolated form and the left-hand side of 河 (\"river\"), 氵 is the radical form. For the purpose of looking up the radical 心 itself, you use 4. But for the purpose of calculating the remaining stroke count, you use 3, so 11 - 3 = 8. The character 情 can be found in the 心-8 section.\n- 慶 (\"celebrate\") has a total of 15 strokes. Its radical 心 (\"heart\") is in the middle of the character. Not every character's radical is on the left-hand side! In this case the actual occurrence is in regular form, so 15 - 4 = 11, so 慶 is in the 心-11 section.\n- 花 (\"flower\") has a total of 8 strokes. Its radical 艸 (\"plant\", \"grass\") is on the top of the character, in the radical form of 艹 with 4 strokes. This is a double whammy! Not only is the radical not on the left, but the radical itself has two different forms just like 心 (\"heart\"). Where you would find 艸 is a more interesting question: some dictionaries say 艸 itself is 6 strokes, while some prefer saying 艹 is 4 strokes. They are the same radical in two different forms, so it's a matter of preference and standards. The character 花 can be found in the 艸-4 section.\n\nSo in summary:\n\n- The radical can reside anywhere in the character, but the most common locations are on the left or on the top. The right or the middle are less common, but it can happen.\n- A radical may have two different forms. One is the isolated form, when you write the radical as its own character. The other is in radical form, when you write the radical as part of another character. Depending on how common the isolated form is, one may look more alien than another. For example the isolated form 水 (\"water\") is just as common as its radical counterpart 氵, but you seldom see 艸 (\"plant\", \"grass\") other than in the context of radicals and the radical counterpart 艹 occurs much more frequently as part of other characters, e.g. 花 (\"flower\"), 草 (\"grass\"), 藝 (\"art\").\n- How many strokes a radical has is trickier if it has two forms. The Taiwanese Ministry of Education, for example, prefers the stroke count of the radical form.\n- How many strokes a character has is less contested, but can happen. This is due to disagreement between whether a stroke is [simple or compound](_URL_4_).\n\nGoing back to the two different problems whether you know the character's pronunciation: on a desktop computer it is very common to input a character's pronunciation and let the [IME](_URL_0_) automatically choose and / or let you select the right character. Other IMEs work by letting enter a series of radicals (e.g. [Cangjie](_URL_2_)) or straight up let you use a trackpad or touch surface to handwrite characters for recognition.", "Japanese is by stroke count. You can learn the order of the strokes over time and you can count them. However, its also done by their alphabet as well. That part is more complex than I can explain. ", "In my dictionary the 200 some radicals are listed in order by stroke count and the words containing those radicals are listed in order by the count of additional strokes. Looking up a word can be somewhat time consuming compared to using an alphabetic dictionary. If you know the pinyin form of the word, by all means try that first.\nBTW... not a native speaker of Chinese so, at first, I assumed that it was a slow process for me because of the lack of familiarity. I have since had the opportunity of watching educated native speakers use the dictionary and it looks like they are slow too.", "I live in China, but I'm not a mandarin speaker. I use a dictionary phone app. I sketch the character roughly into the app and select the character that 5 pops up. I see chinese folks using app dictionaries, too, but they type pinyin instead because they're already familiar with the characters. \n\nWhen I lived in Japan, before smartphones, I had a Japanese-English dictionary that was organized by pronunciation in furigana. Furigana are the small hiragana (Japanese syllabary) that float above the kanji ( chinese characters). It was very helpful for me since I couldn't read kanji, but I could read hiragana. ", "How long would it take a native English speaker to become proficient (understandable) in Chinese?", "One thing that I haven't seen anyone mention is that since smartphones came around using physical dictionaries is hardly ever necessary! The radical-stroke ordering is required when you don't know how to pronounce a character (trying to read something and don't know what it means.\n\nHowever, the much simpler method now is to use a handwriting input method on a phone. This allows you to simply copy the character by hand (and you can do this roughly, the phone will show you some options and you can choose the matching one) and then it will give you the pronunciation/meaning. Much much faster than using a physical dictionary!", "Arabic is organized by the root of each word. Most words have a 3 letter root from which are stemmed dozens of other words such as كتب which means to write. If you add م to the beginning it means desk or office. If you add م to the beginning and ة to the end it becomes library or bookstore. And so on. There are dozens of words that can be made from the 3 letter root so from Arabic to English, words are organized by the root in order of the script.", "How does the complexity of a country's language influence their socio-economic development? Are countries with extremely complex languages that are possibly more difficult to type on computer keyboards more/less developed than 'simpler' languages?", "In B4: Mandarin is not a written language and what you are talking about is written Chinese/Hanzi.\n\n\nSource: didn't read entire thread, and maybe it was already mentioned.", "For one thing, there's is NOT a different character for every word in Mandarin. That's a misconception.", "I have an electronic Chinese dictionary which helps to identify chinese letters and also give a brief description of the letter. \n\nThanks to the wonderful creation of Pinyin, a romanization system for Chinese, we are able to use English letters to find Chinese words. \n\nMost terms in Chinese have 2 words. For example, Apple in Chinese is \"píng guŏ\". If I found the either of the two words, Im able to trace all the words that pair with it. ", "In Hindi (well, the Devanagari writing system) each character stands for a syllable. So क means \"ka\" rather than just \"k\" and ब means \"ba\" rather than just b. The syllabary is ordered according to how the sounds are made in the mouth (e.g. the tongue's placement from back to front in the mouth when producing that sound).", "My mum has two really old Chinese dictionaries that she had when she was in school and it's ordered by the number of strokes, followed by which way the strokes go when you write it. \n\nEnglish wasn't her first language so pin yin wouldn't have helped her. \n\n(Edit more info)", "I'm surprised no one has mentioned how indexes used to be done which is the 4 corner method. \n\n_URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" ], [], [], [ "http://imgur.com/a/Girht", "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Index:Chinese_radical" ], [], [], [ "http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/yingzi.htm" ], [], [ "http://unicode.org/charts/unihanrsindex.html" ], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangjie_input_method", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_order", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(CJKV_character)" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-Corner_Method" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dc3ivxo", "dc3iyfb", "dc3k6gk", "dc3vgyw" ], "score": [ 11, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The animal can play dead. I did a movie and the animal had to act like it was being killed, while fake guts and stuff were put on top of it. It was eaten by a zombie, btw. So. The animal doesn't actually get hurt. It acts...just like an actor.", "Pretty much the same way they show humans being harmed without CGI - practical special effects and acting! ", "You make a fake animal from fabric or what ever looks realistic. Cut your shots to be quick and most people won't be able to tell. It's one way.", "Special effects. They did exist before CGI.\n\nThe animal would be a dummy or a puppet or a real animal in makeup. Or they would shoot the scene differently, and pan away at the last second and let your imagination to the rest.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cx2hv25" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "When your laptop says it's out of battery it's not actually out of battery.\n\nWhen a lithium-ion battery reaches 0% it will no longer be able to hold a charge and will need to be replaced. To combat this anything that uses a lithium-ion battery will under report it's power level. So when your laptop says it's at 0% it's actually at 5%. \n\nIt's able to display the out of battery message because there is still technically power there that's meant to be used as a buffer from 0%." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdsmhh3" ], "score": [ 10 ], "text": [ "Each company has their own phone numbers to allocate. So in a given area code, AT & T might have (123) 444-1000 to (123) 444-9999, and Verizon might have (123) 445-0000 to (123) 445-7000. Each company then only needs to manage its own numbers.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckzf17n", "ckzf96z", "ckzg8t3", "ckzipqq", "ckzis6q", "ckzjh2d", "ckzkmzx", "ckzkqo5" ], "score": [ 12, 14, 5, 20, 5, 2, 2, 8 ], "text": [ "You pay extra for (in no particular order):\n\n1) prestigious faculty members (academe)\n\n2) amount of research done (scholastics)\n\n3) difficulty getting in (exclusivity)\n\n4) name brand\n\n5) facility\n\n... that's what I can think for now", "I didn't go to Yale, but I did go to a reasonably good private university after a few semesters at a community college.\n\nIn my experience, the quality of the instruction is hugely better at the private school. Professors actually seem to care about their students' progress, and they are (in general) just better at presenting the material in ways that the students can understand.\n\nI also noticed, even at my comparatively middle-brow university, that the caliber of the students was better. They catch on more quickly, have more interesting thought processes, and help each other rather than dragging each other down. Because the students are more engaged and quicker, the professors are more able to teach, and the classes go faster and cover more ground, more deeply.\n\nLet us not forget the administration, which is also leaps and bounds ahead in the private school. It's not just fill in the form and take a number, it's actually possible to get good, thoughtful answers from people. When I needed to talk to an advisor, it was easy and friendly to set up an appointment. When I emailed abstruse questions to the Registrar, I got thoughtful responses very quickly.\n\nTL;DR: Everything about private schools is just of higher quality and done better.", "I wonder this myself. Did my bachelor's at a renowned private university, doing my post-bacc at a 'regular' college and am receiving the same -- if not better -- education. I also love my professors here just as much as I did there. It honestly baffles me; I wish my parents (one of whom is a student at this college) would've encouraged me to go city/ state instead.", "I studied physics at a reasonably high-ranked school, and I can tell you definitively that 90% of what I learned that actually stuck was from working with other students, not from lectures. The caliber of fellow students is hugely important in my opinion, and you simply get better students at better schools. I also contest your statement that the information taught is the same. With better professors and better students, more can be covered in the same amount of time, so subjects can be taught more completely and more thoroughly.", "Contrary to what you said, the information taught varies in both method and content. If you are a college student, I'm sure you've Google searched a term you didn't understand, only to be brought to a different university's website where the explanation was even more vague/unintelligible (or perhaps much better stated). The curriculum's vary as well, and the requirements and standards are higher at most private schools than community colleges. \n\nAs an Ivy League undergraduate, I can personally attest to the importance of being immersed in an environment where everybody wants to excel. Though this can breed unhealthy stress and competition (see the recent streak of suicides at Penn), it also provides motivation and inspiration. I am inspired by my classmates daily, and it never ceases to amaze me how incredibly accomplished they are. I can also attest to how humbling it is to be taught by the forefront of academic knowledge, where many of my professors are the premier authorities in their respective fields. \n\nThere have been many op-eds lately ridiculing the culture of Ivy League admissions and educations, and while many points hold truth, others are purely experiential and cannot be so easily captured from one perspective. I recommend you check them out but take them with a grain of salt\n\n", "I've taken physiology at both a top tier university, and also at community college (credit transfer SNAFU). I used the same textbook for both courses. There is a huge world of difference between the two. The material on the exams at the top-tier university is FAR more difficult than the material on the CC exams. I studied hard in my university physio course. I flew through the CC course effortlessly (and in fact, helped teach a few lectures in the course and oversee the final).\n\nOh, and one of my biology professors recently won the Nobel Prize. You don't study under Nobel laureates at CC.", "Schools aren't vending machines and education isn't just the downloading of information. The effectiveness of learning is highly dependent on how information is shared and what we do as we encounter it. \n\nI have taught at a community college, small liberal arts college and a large research university. Each have merits.\n\nAt a research university students have a far greater chance to be involved in the cutting edge of the field - sometimes even as lab assistants for top researchers. The premium that is offered is to be where new knowledge is being created - not just learning what others did a few years ago. The basics of the education are prerequisites to prepare students for this kind of thing.\n\nBoth SLACs and community colleges have undergraduate teaching as their main goal, so class sizes will be smaller and there will be far more direct student-instructor interaction than in most large university classes. However, there is still a big difference in my experience, and it is one that will translate across many levels of academia. \n\nIt's my job to design a class that the majority of students can succeed in. If the majority of my students can learn quickly I can cover more material and have students work with each other more. If I have students that learn more slowly or are less committed, I have to slow things down a lot and cover less. More advanced students get more bored and get less bang for the buck. Smarter students=more content learned. Less advanced students=more time taken to get those students started moving forward.\n\nTL:DR - It's never the same information. Not really.", "I attended one of the top universities in the world, and I think that the biggest benefit education-wise is the fact that you're surrounded by other brilliant, driven students all the time (monetarily, the name on the diploma may be worth more, as you'll get better job offers). There are a ton of benefits to this.\n\nSocially:\nMany people have had trouble fitting in at all of their previous schools, but are now around people like them, which can help shy/awkward people (like me) catch up on some social skills development that they fell behind on/lower stress levels.\n\nIn classes:\nDo you remember that kid in your high school class who sat in the back and slept through classes because he was bored, but still wrecked the curve on every test? I was that kid in high school, and so were most of my college classmates. When the lecturer doesn't have to repeat everything or do a bunch of examples, things move faster, and you can cover more material more in depth. Similarly, homework wasn't just doing problems that were similar to examples from class with different numbers; you had to understand the concepts and apply them to a problem that's not quite the same as anything you've ever seen before. \n\nOpportunities:\nThis isn't really related to the rest, but the fact that I (even as an undergraduate) had access to faculty doing cutting edge research (the student-faculty ratio was better than almost anywhere else) meant that I could get real experience doing actual science (we're talking designing and running my own experiments to get real data) much earlier than I'd have been able to do anywhere else. This was especially important for me, as it taught me that I absolutely did not want that to be my career, which is something I may not have otherwise discovered until a year or two into grad school (which I then decided not to do). I don't know much about non-sciency fields, but I imagine top schools in those fields have similarly useful opportunities that would be extremely difficult to get at a normal school. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dhsge60", "dhsgj0u" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "It's something visual to look at which can help keep audience viewership and have more people listen to their other music. For instance, the most popular video on YouTube, [Gangnam Style](_URL_0_), has 2.84 billion views. Assuming Psy (or the publishing company/whatever) is getting $1 per 1,000 views, that's $2.84 million dollars in ad revenue. Since the release of the song, the other songs he had on YouTube grew in popularity, thus, making him more money.\n\nCan it cut into album sales? Yes. Does it hurt? No.", "For musicians, most of the money comes from concert tickets, not albums. In fact, many studios think of albums as just ads for concerts. " ] }

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