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Pavithree

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{ "a_id": [ "cvjrgvd", "cvjrl59", "cvjuhqw", "cvjve5i" ], "score": [ 7, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because it's simpler system and there's less moving parts to break. A fixed gear doesn't have a derailleur nor the cable system for switch gears. The chain doesn't have enough slack to pop off the gear. ", "I have ridden almost my whole life. I took a break in between. The multi speed bikes ditch me more often than my fixie. It's just mechanically simpler. \n\nI get less problems with breaks, gear changes. The multi speed bikes chain comes loose then the pedal spins and destroys my shins. \n\nThe down side is that any time you hit a hill, you are toast on a fixie. But most major cities are on somewhat flat areas. San Fran being on obvious exception. \n\nJust my thoughts", "Because it's a fun way to tear around the city. And it looks and feels badass. That's about it. Everything else - simpler, low maintenance, etc - is just what to tell people who don't get it. ", "Former bike messenger (Washington DC, early 90s) here. The only guys I knew who ran fixies were total posers. You could always find them at the park, smoking a J, drinking a 40, or talking up a girl. You almost never saw them actually delivering a package.\n\nThe reality of being a bike messenger is that you are going to be riding a bike 8-10 hours a day, 5 days a week. You want a bike that offers you max speed, for the least amount of energy. Having gears means that you will get more runs in per day/make more money.\n\nAll the top messengers I knew ran road bikes. I never had (or heard of anyone) having a gear related failure. You were much more likely to get a flat, or just straight up hit by a car. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cesv9rl", "cesvld0", "cesvoe8", "ceswwsl", "cesyn5h" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I would it started as a way to avoid bugs or other animals on you when you sleep, then someone saw you could put things under you bed. It also could have been a decorative statement within society. ", "Your mattress needs ventilation. You sweat during the night and depending on how you sleep you breath onto your mattress. This way your mattress collects moisture that has to evaporate during the day if you don't want it to start to mold. An unobstructed airflow from below helps with this.", "You say it's more effort to have a mattress, but consider how easy it is for your bed to be right at around hip level. It is easy to climb into and easy to climb out of. Plus the edge is easy to sit on.", "I think it makes for better sex positions, but I'm quite a perv so .....", "Well guys, 10 different answers and no sources... again..." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "clobsfr", "clobvzi", "cloca7i", "clog70u", "cloiqoz", "clois3g", "clor2x4" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 6, 2, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I'm having a tooth out soon and I want to be sedated purely out of fear. I can barely make it through an exam. An extraction would terrify me so I need to be knocked out.\n\nWisdom teeth can be more tricky to pull out. Mine came up so the root was sticking out the side of my gum and they were huge teeth. I would not have wanted to be awake for that.\n\n", "Uh gurl, I do *not* want to be awake getting my wisdom teeth removed. I would not be able to handle that. Give me the full anesthesia please.", "It varies from patient to patient. But the general rule is to try and avoid exposure to general anesthesia for ~~unnecessary~~ procedures *that do not really need GA*. It is advised to remove wisdom teeth one at a time under local anesthesia (several weeks to months apart) instead of removing them all at once which requires the patient to go under general anesthesia. Unless there are some factors that suggest removing them all at once. Like 4 badly impacted wisdom teeth (quite unlikely).\n\nEDIT: phrasing.\n\nEDIT 2: When I mentioned/hinted that 4 wisdom teeth removal might require general anesthesia, I did not say that it cannot be done under a local one. It really depends on the patient, how badly the teeth are impacted (depth, angle; they have grades of impaction @dental diagnostic criteria) and dental centers preference (or school of thought). ", "I had mine removed on a valium drip, you're not out but you certainly don't remember a goddamned thing.", "General anaesthesia always carries a risk and depending where you are at it is either considered an acceptable risk or not.\n\nWhere I live, and I believe in europe in general only local anaesthesia is used. Because the fact of the matter is that while getting wisdom teeth removed is unpleasant, it is also bearable. I would consider the pain for a week afterwards a much nastier experience.\n\nThe jawline is not that hard to numb down completely. With my operations the applying of the anaesthesia was the worst part because the needle was big and the surgeon used five bottles of agent on different places. After that, I could just try to focus on my breathing and try to stay in my happy place.\n\nWhere I live general anaesthesia is only ever used in the greatest of need. Wisdom tooth removal is such a tiny thing that it would be completely unacceptable to knock people out for it. But they do premed you with sedatives if you ask for them in advance (good for people with anxiety)", "I just kinda wanted to ya know, get fucked up.", "It's not really general anesthesia, it's a large dose of valium. You're sedated to the point of oblivion, but still breathing on your own. It's not necessary, but people want it and oral surgeons are more than wiling to provide and charge for it. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d25f9iu" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "There are geometric shapes that have this property. Look at the surface of a sphere, for example. If you are a human walking on the Earth, you will never find the \"edge\" of the Earth, because there isn't one! However, there is only a finite amount of stuff on the Earth's surface.\n\nWe still don't know the exact geometry of the whole Universe, but it's at least mathematically possible to be on an edgeless but finite world. Who knows!" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fg9yqsf" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "When you are listening to your own voice as you talk the sound is bouncing around your skull and makes it sound deeper. So your \"real voice\" is the one you hear recorded." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c9vhti3", "c9vi08u", "c9vje9u" ], "score": [ 5, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "_URL_0_\n\nThe gravity of Earth is about 6 times stronger, which doesn't look it would make a huge difference.\n\nBut if you measure the energy difference, it takes about 19 times as much energy to escape the Earth.\n\nSo it takes a heck of a lot of fuel to take off from Earth. And all that fuel's gone by the time you take off from the moon, except for what you need to return to Earth with.", "It's a combination of the lower gravity and that what they needed to take off from the moon with was much smaller and as creep_nu pointed out, no atmosphere to deal with.\n\nThey left what they called [command/service module](_URL_2_) in orbit around the moon and what actually landed on the moon was the [lunar module](_URL_0_). \n\nAs you can see in the illustration it was built in two parts the descent stage (for landing) and the ascent stage (for taking off). And they left the descent stage behind when they went back up to the command/service module. The ascent stage. \n\nAccording to [this pdf from NASA](_URL_1_) the amount of fuel needed to get the ascent stage into orbit around the moon was a little over 5000 lbs and a enginge burn time of a little more than 7 minutes (pages 20 and 21 in the pdf).", "A big part of the reason the rocket is so big on Earth is one of the biggest problems in rocket science.\n\nIt takes a lot of fuel to lift a rocket into the sky, but fuel is heavy. The more fuel we have, the more fuel we need to lift it. So, to lift the fuel we need to get a space ship from Low Earth Orbit to the Moon, to the surface of the moon and back is many many times more fuel.\n\nBut, when you're on the return journey, you're not lugging around as much fuel (we already used most of it getting out of Earth's atmosphere), so we don't need to spend as much fuel getting everything else back to Earth. That, coupled with the Moon's lower gravity, and reduced air resistance, the return journey is much easier!" ] }

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[ [ "http://xkcd.com/681_large/" ], [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/LM_illustration_02.jpg/457px-LM_illustration_02.jpg", "http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/nasa-tnd-6846pt.1.pdf", "http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/ad004.gif" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dg159xw", "dg15e1x" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "This is why police officers now have body cams...\n\nThere is typically more than one officer on the scene when an arrest is made as well. The arresting officer has witnesses to the arrest. There is also the dash cam with audio, and possible video of the arrest.", "Miranda rights being read when you're arrested is more Hollywood than reality.\n\nThe only reason the police need to Mirandize you is if they're planning to use your testimony against you. If you get stopped with a kilo of cocaine on your front seat, they don't really need your testimony - they're going to arrest you and toss your cocaine into evidence.\n\nIf they *are* planning to use your testimony, normally that testimony will be obtained in an interview room with video cameras and microphones down at the police station. That's when they need to read you your rights." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dgnb15i", "dgnb1x6" ], "score": [ 9, 4 ], "text": [ "There isn't any one cause. Mute just means someone can't speak, no matter what the reason.\n\nKind of like a person who is blind may have been born with no eyes, or they may have lost their eyesight due to an accident, or they may have contracted a disease.\n\nSomeone who is mute may have a cognitive impairment that prevents them from being able to form words, or a physical impairment that makes it impossible to make sounds with their mouth, or any number of causes.\n", "Most common causes are damage to the vocal cords that make it physically impossible to make the sounds required to speak, and brain damage to part of the speech center. There is also some psychological reasons, for example extreme cases of social anxiety." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d31h9rn", "d31kc99", "d31kccl" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "How much the base unit of a currency system is worth is an entirely meaningless & arbitrary distinction *at a single point in time*. It's only by looking at how those exchange rates *change over time* that you get any information out of it.\n\nHaving a Pound worth 1.5 Dollars doesn't tell you anything interesting. If that rate goes to 1.25 or 1.75 next week, OTOH, you can tell that there's something going on.\n\nSimilarly, having the Japanese Yen worth 100 USD doesn't mean they've got a stronger currency, they're just using bigger numbers.", "Okay, so way back when, every currency was based on gold and/or silver. Then some countries decided the wanted to smooth out the booms and busts of the economy, and decided the easiest way of doing that is by controlling how much money is in the economy. Long story short, it worked and inflation is lower on average and less volatile. Today, currencies are based on the trust that a dollar is a dollar. Which works, because everybody agrees on that.\n\nToday, the change in the value of currency is based on differences in interest rates in countries. If interest rates are higher in one country than another, investors will invest in that country and the currency in that country will rise relative to the second country. That's how currencies change in value today. However, when currencies were based on gold and silver, that wasn't possible. That's how the general level of exchange rates were set. Today, they don't matter, their movement does, because they make goods cheaper or more expensive in different countries", "It's like deciding whether to cut a pizza in 8, 10, or 12 slices. So the U.S. is a large pizza cut into 12 slices and Britain is a medium pizza cut into 8 slices. Each individual slice might be larger on the British pizza, but all the slices together are more on the American pizza.\n\nThe percent in change in value over time is more important that the absolute numbers at a specific time. Each country can decide how much currency to issue, and that will impact its value. But is the size of the pizza growing or shrinking, vs. is it getting cut into more or fewer slices, is what's important.\n\nThe growing or shrinking is determined by supply and demand for the various currencies, which is heavily influenced on trade. If the U.S. had more demand for imports from Britain, then the Pound will strengthen relative to the dollar. If the opposite is true, then the Dollar will strengthen." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2nmp9d" ], "score": [ 10 ], "text": [ "One theory is a lack of domesticatable animals. CGP Grey has an excellent pair of videos about it if you'd like to learn more. I'll link them in just a second\n\nEDIT: _URL_0_\n_URL_1_" ] }

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[ [ "https://youtu.be/JEYh5WACqEk", "https://youtu.be/wOmjnioNulo" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cld083j", "cld08kl", "cld09ul", "cld2pld" ], "score": [ 2, 17, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Far too expensive in my opinion, it's far cheaper to just create a 3d model then pay an actor exorbitant amounts of money to flail around in front of a camera", "That's not really feasible for most game genres. You would have to have the actor take every step, every shot, and every roll possible in the entire game. Human time is far more expensive than computer time. You might be able to do it in something like a sports game where the field is uniform, but not in something like a first person shooter where you're moving around varied terrain. Eventually, we'll be able to put a real human face on the characters in game, but all the movement will still be done as a digital animation based off of motion capture and not an actual recording of the actor's movements.", "[They already exist](_URL_0_).\n\nMost of them take the form of some kind of choose-your-own-adventure game, like \"Star Trek: Borg\" or \"Darkstar\". You watch some video clips, then either a video happens that you have to click on, or a mini-game is transitioned to where you solve a puzzle to continue.\n\nThere are others like Phantasmagoria that are more point-and-click adventure like. The actor recorded a million little clips: walk here, walk there, pick up this, put down that. From that, they become your avatar who wonders around the world.\n\nFinally there's ones like the Wing Commander series, where the actual game is interspersed with cinematic story clips. Some of those clips are interactive conversations, while others change (drastically or subtlety) based on your actions in missions and previous conversations.", "You'd be better off just getting a good scan of the person. Ellen Page was scanned in and mocapped (and apparently there was some controversy over some nudity in a debug mode) with Beyond: Two Souls. Also related is the Vieviev project (Google it, it's NSFW but pretty interesting) where they're scanning women's bodies in and then manipulating it in the game. It's amazing to look at on the Oculus Rift. You could do mocap for some scenes but it'd be easier during most of the game to have an artist make the animations. " ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Interactive_movie_video_games" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cssik9u", "cssjruv", "cssl382", "cssl515", "csslpw3", "csso6dl" ], "score": [ 29, 5, 8, 4, 5, 18 ], "text": [ "Same reason why we were so scared of lightnings and made up fierce deities to explain their existence. We are scared of imposing things that we don't understand. Dogs are no different. ", "What if all if a sudden, you started hearing unexpected, screaming sounds? You have no idea what they are, you just start to heard terribke terribke noises, and you have no idea what they are or where they are coming from. Wouldn't that scare you? For all the dog knows, those could be anything!", "My dog has been lying in bed with my husband for the past five hours while he deals with ptsd flashbacks caused by fireworks. It is very dependent on the dog any the owner. If the owner is nervous and afraid the dog might be as well. ", "dogs have a heightened senses they can hear more than us , the sound that might be quiet for us would be loud for them .", "What we can hear at 20', a dog can hear @ 80'. That explosion we`re hearing may very well be 4X to a dog. Many vets will give out dog-tranquilizers this time of year. May wanna save them alotta stress next yr & get a perscrip.", "Not all dogs are afraid. We used to have to tie my grandpa's dog's leash to something or she would go up to the fireworks. She would put her nose an inch from a strand of firecrackers going off. She wasn't the brightest dog. She had a scar between her eyes because she ran into a parked car while chasing a ball." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "chrb6y2", "chrbuce", "chrecnd", "chrgqmf", "chrhm0o", "chro48o" ], "score": [ 42, 20, 14, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Basically they want withdrawal from the European Union, membership of which they say costs the UK £120bn per year.\n\nAlong with that they would remove EU fishing quotas, withdraw from the Common Agricultural Policy and enforce much tighter controls on immigration. \n\nBasically UKIP is seen as an isolationist and racist party, a magnet to all sorts of crazy and scary people, as well as leaning well to the right, being friends with all sorts of nasty parties in Europe.\n\nEdit: Here is a Guardian article, [10 good reasons not to vote UKIP](_URL_0_).", "* UKIP want to withdraw from the EU.\n\n* The 3 mainstream political parties (Labour, Conservative and Lib Dem) do not.\n\nDespite mainstream politics being, broadly speaking, in favour of remaining with the EU - the election results indicate that huge swathes of the country want out of the union.\n\nThis is controversial for a few reasons:\n\n* UKIP now has more MEPs than any other UK party. Remember - these are people who have no interest in the EU yet now have the most representation. They're replacing MEPs from mainstream parties who actually want to be MEP and who want (or *should* want) to develop the EU and the UKs' position within it. \n\n* It's also controversial because UKIP are widely regarded as a single-agenda party with few policies on anything else but withdrawing from the EU. This is important because we have a forthcoming general election and their popularity at the moment is expected to grow to the extent that they have a real possibility of winning seats in parliament for the first time. It's this bit, really, that is unprecedented and controversial. \n\n* Polls suggest that the majority of people either want to reform our position within the EU - or to be out entirely. Given that our ability to reform the EU and its policies relies heavily on our MEP representation in the EU the UKIP surge means reform is all the more difficult - pushing us further in the direction of *out*. ", "\"People say they're going to vote for UKIP as a protest vote. That's like shitting on your hotel bed to protest bad service, and then having to sleep in it\"\n\nStewart Lee sums it up nicely.", "The reason is simple to understand. The UKs three political parties are seen as not working in the best interests of the British people and are instead in the pocket of the international community of bankers. So in these cases libertarian parties tend to thrive.\n\nSo because they are a new political party who threaten patronage jobs of the established political order they are called everything from Xenophobic to Racist. Remember a lot of people in socialist countries like the UK. Have very high paying jobs they get because their friends get elected into office. I am not only talking about at the top of government but also at the local level as well. This is how the UKIP is called the racist party when the UK actually has a racist party called the BNP that is extremely popular with the white English lower classes.", "UKIP are a party in the UK who advocate leaving the EU. The other parties all disagree, and yet UKIP have won the most recent national (albeit for the European parliament) election. The victory is controversial because UKIP hold the opposite opinion to all the other major parties and yet have won the most votes.", "tl;dr Most of the UKIP voters have no idea why or what they were voting but something said immigration so they went with that\n\nHowever the UKIP wants to reverse all progress we're trying to make with green energy (For what stupid reason I don't know!) and pretty much destroy all the progress we're is making towards a better future.\n\nThey won't last long I'm sure." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/29/10-good-reasons-not-vote-ukip-nigel-farage-europe" ], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cgbiefe" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I think it's incredibly unlikely that there will be a second cold war, because there's nothing at stake here that either side is likely to launch nukes over. You have to understand that during the cold war, you had two ideologies competing over the basic structure of global economics and society. \n\nThat fight is not being renewed. Capitalism won a resounding victory. Russia is not trying to impose a new \"way of life\" on the world. Putin just saw a low-risk opportunity to grab some land, and create some nationalist pride within Russia that would distract from internal domestic problems and provide him with an approval boost. \n\nAlthough they don't want to admit it, Russia is not a superpower anymore. The country is rife with corruption, the economy is weak, and it's only managed to continue to project an image of power due to it's oil/gas production, which Europe continues to move away from.\n\nWhile they do have a decently large and modern military, it's drastically outnumbered by the forces that NATO has available, and Russia is not really capable of projecting military power outside of their adjacent neighbors. If they didn't have a huge pile of nuclear weapons left over from the USSR days, they wouldn't really be scary at all to the western world. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbo1sd2", "cboc9z3" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Don't answer! It's a trap!", "They are non-profits. As to how the people make so much money? Salaries. \n\nNon-profit doesn't mean you can't have revenue, just no \"profit\" at the end of the year. \n\nSay you bring in 10 million dollars and building upkeep and operations costs 5 million. You have a profit of 5 million right? Wrong. You still need to pay the people who run the church, and there's 10 employees so let's give them Each a salary of 200,000. \n\nSo now you have 3 million profit, except the church could really use a new community center, oh that's another 3 million, and what do you know, we have 0 profit this year. \n\nNow you have a non-profit organization with the people working getting large sums of money. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "db0cht5", "db0d0vy" ], "score": [ 2, 8 ], "text": [ "Because logistics have vastly improved. Options for quick delivery are so cheap and common now that businesses which don't deliver in under a week are at a serious disadvantage. \n\nIn 1990 no one expected to place an order and receive a delivery the next day without using a personal courier. ", "A huge factor is that it took everyone 6-8 weeks, so consumers expected it to take 6-8 weeks, so there was no huge incentive to improve. \n\nLet's walk through the process - today, you place the order with a computer, which charges your card almost instantly, prints a ticket in a warehouse (or sends an e-mail to the store, at least), where a stock picker is given a computer-optimized route to take to collect multiple orders in the most efficient way possible. This is all in the first few minutes, potentially. \n\nWithin the hour, FedEx picks it up and using ridiculously complex algorithms, figures out how to get everything to the right place overnight. \n\nHow did this work in the past? You'd call in, and they would take a credit card, at best. If you mailed a money order, it would take another week. \n\nThe credit card form gets taken by a clerk, who charges it manually (which may create a backlog on busy days). Once confirmed, the clerk would fax (at best) it down to the warehouse, where another clerk would check some things manually... oh wait, it's 5 pm on a Friday. See you on Monday!\n\nThen a clerk would wander the warehouse, getting annoyed that someone would change it all around... no, wait, they've actually run out and no one reordered. Time to make this recursive and have the clerk place an order with another warehouse. \n\nThings take 6-8 weeks for delivery, so very little gets ordered this way, so the mail only gets sent out once a day, at 3 pm, so your order doesn't go out until the next day at 3, to a sorting centre where things get manually sorted and routed to what might be the best place... or maybe not. \n\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvafneb", "cvafyeo" ], "score": [ 2, 4 ], "text": [ "The median wage in the US has not grown in real (inflation adjusted) terms. Basically, yeah, exactly what you wrote.\n\nThe purchasing power of people in the middle and lower ends of the income spectrum has scarcely expanded in the last 25 years despite increases in productivity over the same period.", "\"Stagnant\" means \"remain still or the same\".\n\nWhen applied to wages, it means they've stayed nearly the same over time. This applies to nominal wages, what are actually paid in dollars. Inflation has no bearing-you can have stagnant wages in any inflation or deflation scenario.\n\n[Here's a nice chart for household income in the US](_URL_0_), giving both the Nominal (actual dollar amount) and Real (adjusted for inflation) figures from 2000-2014.\n\nNotice how the red (Nominal) line had a nice increase from 2000-2008 while the blue line stays relatively flat? That's ideal-increasing wages matched inflation and buying power stays roughly the same.\n\nNotice how the red line from 2008-2014 is relatively flat? That's stagnation-it's no longer growing and is hanging around the same value. See how the blue line has gone down? Since wages didn't keep up with inflation, effectively, people have less buying power than they did before. " ] }

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[ [], [ "https://thenextrecession.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/household-income-monthly-median-since-2000.gif" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3z7wzu" ], "score": [ 20 ], "text": [ "If that were to happen, people would lose confidence in the EU. It would appear to 'not work' and lose credibility. \n\nFurther, a lot of people have invested in Greece. Other people have given loans to Greece. Other countries have given loans to Greece. Greece leaving would lead to a lot of people losing a lot of money which has a cascading effect on other people.\n\nFurther, people inside Greece will panic and attempt to withdraw all their money for fear of it losing its value. That in turn will make the banks collapse and that can also have a very large impact on the economy.\n\nAll in all, the world financial market is complicated and delicate and it's not as simple as dropping a country. It was probably more beneficial to help bail Greece out. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dnfi7kw", "dnfnwpv", "dnfqsdr", "dnfrs36", "dnfsv3f", "dnfu6n5", "dnfus1w", "dnfv8xv", "dnfvmk0", "dnfvor7", "dnfvug4", "dnfxvdr", "dnfyug6", "dnfyxhs", "dng0l68", "dng2qgx", "dng2vhi", "dng33cj", "dng35a5", "dng41nx", "dng48eg", "dng4m3s", "dng4msa", "dng65j2", "dng80yh", "dng8esj", "dngcpy8", "dnglkmm", "dngv7uu", "dngvvpw", "dngvwcz" ], "score": [ 1774, 8, 3, 45, 7, 3, 244, 2521, 273, 17, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 6, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Toilet seat has a rim. Smaller surface area means it presses on your legs with higher force. So has higher tendency to slow down blood going into your legs. Regular chairs on the other hand are flat, have higher surface area, so less pressure, and less force pressing on your legs. So less tendency to slow blood flow.\nEdit: the comment below me corrected me. The higher force presses on the nerves, not blood flow. thank you.", "Also I think due to the angle you're getting more direct pressure onto your sciatic nerves ", "Because my arms are rested on my legs while I visit Reddit cutting blood flow to the lower legs making me paralyzed and my legs useless.", "Wouldn't the concave shape of the toilet seat cut more circulation off than say the convex shape of a proper chair?\n\nAs far as I can tell, most toilet seats including the one I sit on this very second, has a concave shape", "Do you reddit on the toilet (of course you do, don't bother answering). Your elbows are probably digging into the tops of your thighs and the hard seat rim into the bottom, and the combination is enough to reduce blood flow, causing your numbness. ", "I think leaning forward creates more pressure as well as the relatively thin surface your legs are supported by. I have crappy posture to begin with and I think it gets worse in there. \nI also spend too long sitting like that. \nI spent the first 30 seconds going, the last minute cleaning up and the other 20 minutes playing games on my phone in the one place in the house where nobody can come bother me. Except for the cat. That motherfucker follows me everywhere and bites my toes while I poop.", "same amount of weight, smaller surface area. you know how a bed of nails works? if all of your body was on one nail, that one nail would hold all of your weight and poke into you with all of your weight. (this has a name: normal force is the force that pushes you back when you push on something.) on a bed of nails, you're suspended on many, many nails, and even though theyre ALL sharp, each nail only holds a tiny fraction of your weight, so it pokes into you less.\n\n(also the reason snowshoes work. more surface area > each inch of snow is holding less of ur weight and is less likely to crumble.)\n\nso, all of ur body weight is on the seat of the toilet, so a larger fraction of ur weight is on each inch of rim, because there's less seat, so it's \"poking\" you more. where a normal chair has more even weight distribution. more force on each inch of ur body > more likely itll fall asleep.\n\n(ive also had my butt fall asleep after sitting on a chair for a looong time. it just takes longer.)", "The toilet seat puts pressure on the nerves leading to your legs by allowing your butt to sink into the giant hole in the middle. This puts the bottom of your femur (thigh) under a lot of pressure, when that area would normally not be because our butts are designed to carry fat to protect our sacrum (tailbone) and the nerves that go through it/ around it. What happens is essentially the same thing as if you were to lean on one arm for too long- it's not so much a blood flow issue, although that can contribute in a minor way, but rather the compression of nerves. \n\nWe discussed this in a class in my nursing program (I'm studying to be a registered nurse) because they make a pillow referred to as a \"donut.\" It's supposed to help older adults feel more comfortable in a hospital bed, (especially because they don't have butt fat anymore) but instead it has the same effect as sitting on the toilet for hours on end. Companies try to market it to prevent pressure ulcers on patient's rear ends, but it's actually bad for them. \n\nNow you know! \n\nEdit: wow guys! Thanks for all the upvotes, and your wonderful comments :) \n\nOther users have pointed out the actual muscles and nerves involved: the toilet seat puts pressure on the piriformis muscle, which then compresses the sciatic nerve. That nerve compression is what causes the unpleasant feeling. ", "Doc here, I know it's late but here's an actual explanation:\n\nThe feeling that you get is due to what we call neuropraxia, which is the mildest form of nerve injury. When you sit on a regular chair, your weight is distributed primarily on your ischial tuberosity(i.e. \"sit bones\") and other soft tissue meant for weight-bearing. When you sit on a toilet seat, the weight shifts to where it's putting your weight onto your sciatic nerves(the major nerve in your leg).\n\nThis compression of the nerve causes this mild, reversible nerve injury and is responsible for the \"falling asleep\" feeling you experience.", "Have you ever had someone sit on your lap and thought, \"wow, they have a boney butt!\" What you're feeling are the ischial tuberosities, the lowest part of a bone of the pelvis. When sitting on a flat surface (in this case a chair) these boney projections prop up the body away from the nerves that run from the spinal cord down into the legs (the sciatic nerves).\n\nBecause the ischial tuberosities of the pelvis are fairly centrally located, when sitting on a toilet seat they don't prop up the body - and as a result you compress the sciatic nerves. Nerves really don't like to be pinched, pulled, or compressed. I think everyone has \"hit their funny bone\" enough to understand this quite nicely.\n\nNote: the reason the answer to this question has nothing to do with blood flow is that the main blood supply to the lower limbs are from the femoral arteries, which are located on the front of the legs, not the back.", "Because your legs are way more inclined in the toilet (for you to dump easier), and you are literally sitting on a hole so the blood in the area that is in the border has a difficult time trying to reach your legs due to pressure.", "Since there is a wide opening in the middle of the toilet, there is less surface area forcibly touching your legs. Less surface area equates to more PSI: (pounds per square inch). A chair often will not meet the threshold required to interfere with blood circulation enough to induce this affect.\n\nTLDR: toilet seats are designed in a way that provides a higher concentration of pressure to the area of the body you're sitting on.", "Most folks lean forward, forearms on their upper legs on the toilet. This applies pressure to the femoral nerve which is a large nerve that serves the thigh, and muscles that move the knee. This pressure inhibits nerve signals from passing to these body parts, causing them to \"fall asleep.\" It's really a temporary deadening of the femoral nerve. ", "Actually, my legs fall asleep even when I sit on chairs and sofas too. As long as whatever you're sitting on reduces your body's circulation it can make your legs fall asleep.", "Not all toilets do it, I have found that more circular or toilets that sit with my knees at an exact 90 degrees allow my legs not to fall asleep. Where as more oblong toilets or ones that sit too low or too high don't allow the weight to sit evenly across thighs and feet. This cause more pressure on the under side of your thighs and nerves as well as blood supply there to be interupted.", "It happens really badly when you rest your elbows on your knees which puts pressure on your butt against the toilet seat, cutting off circulation ", "Because you've sat on the toilet too long. It's not good to do that; there's a reason why there's the saying \"shit or get off the pot\". I believe it could even cause hemorrhoids, or at the very least, make them worse.", "Toilet has less surface area. Your body weight is directed to the toilet seat usually around your legs and these points act like little tourniquetes. Your thighs have huge arteries that are easy to restrict flow to. Also a fun fact, many older people die on the toilet when pooping because they exert so much pressure it clamps down on their aortic artery, and when they release it causes a reaction with their vagus nerve that lowers blood pressure to a point that they can't recover in their old age, and die a poopy death. ", "The same reason being stabbed with a pencil will penetrate skin but being hammer punched with the same force doesn't. \n\nThe weight of the body is evenly spread out over a chair, but when on the toilet the weight of the body is concentrated on a smaller portion of the leg, which also has major blood vessels running where that pressure is applied.", "You don't notice it but you reposition and adjust on a regular chain frequently. On a toilet you don't really have that luxurie as your ass is inside of a hole. You can move your legs a bit but that's it. You have to move your butt from the hole to unpinch those nerves. Lots of people get distracted by their phone and don't even realize their legs are gone until they try to move them.\nYour legs will fall asleep in a regular chair if you keep them still long enough", "It’s because when you sit on a chair, your gluteal muscles (butt muscles) and the ischium (butt part) of the pelvis take most of the weight. When you sit on a toilet, your gluteal muscles and ischium are suspended by the basin of the toilet and most of the weight is beared by the semitendinosus and bicep femoris muscles (big parts of your hamstring).\n\nCoincidentally these hamstring muscles are right behind the sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body, and is solely responsible for almost all of the feeling and motor function of the leg. \n\nSo when you sit on the toilet, after a while, those muscles put pressure on that nerve and cause your legs to go numb.\n\nEDIT: spelling ", "I'm guessing it has to do with the fact that there is a hole for you ass in the toilet seat, for obvious reasons. This put more stress on the back of your thighs which blocks off blood flow. That's my logic anyway.\n\n", "When you're sitting in the toilet you're probably leaning forward with your elbows on your knees? That's pinching off the circulation to your legs at your hip crease. ", "When you torture someone in a military interrogation, the chair does not have a seat. This type of chair is used for military POW training also.", "Piggybacking to say: also why does my ass hurt/fall asleep after 1 hour of a flight across the US but feels fine after 6 hours on a computer chair ", "The rim at the edge of the toilet seat puts pressure on a nerve that runs along the back of your leg called the sciatic nerve.", "I called it Tetris legs, as I used play Tetris on the toilet for ages to escape the 3 women I grew up with, the only place I could get some peace 🤣", "I came across this as I'm taking a shit. My question of why do I have to stand in pain while holding myself up by the sink has been answered. ", "Your body circulates blood differently when actively trying to poop which causes this over time. If you only sit on the toilet your legs will not fall asleep", "Perhaps due to the femoral arteries being pressed on. One day you may try to get up and fall, slamming your temple against the corner of your sink and before you turn around to flush. So when they find you the shitter will be full and you lying in a puddle of blood next to a full comode with your pants around your ankles. Why such a vivid hypothetical, you may ask. Because it happened to my uncle so stop laughing", "Perhaps due to the femoral arteries being pressed on. One day you may try to get up and fall, slamming your temple against the corner of your sink and before you turn around to flush. So when they find you the shitter will be full and you lying in a puddle of blood next to a full comode with your pants around your ankles. Why such a vivid hypothetical, you may ask. Because it happened to my uncle so stop laughing" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkk0964" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The point of no return depends on a lot of circumstances. Most of the body can survive for quite some time and still recover. The limiting factor is the brain. Without oxygen the brain starts to get damaged. If the brain is too damaged then it does not help much that the body is fully working. This can take seconds to minutes or it can take hours. Kids can survive longer without brain damage, temperature is also a huge factor with cold water slowing down the process. So an elderly person who drowns in warm water might not make it even if rescued and given CPR within two minutes. However a young child who falls in an icy river and is found after three hours might make it given proper treatment." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dy0k8zg", "dy0n42f" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "You nerves are the \"wires\" your brain uses to send signals to your muscles to move. If your nerves are damaged and the signals can't get through, your muscles don't move and then atrophy.", "Great question! \n\nThe simple answer is that the body is a very complex machine that doesn't like to waste energy. If a muscle isn't doing any work, the body will divert its limited energy away from that muscle. Without energy to sustain the cells of the muscle, the muscle will shrink in size.\nIn the case of nerve damage, the muscles themselves are likely completely healthy, but they aren't receiving any directions on how to act so they lay dormant, not doing any work.\nThis energy/work-based concept is the same reason why muscles tend to atrophy when in a cast; because the muscles are physically restrained they aren't able to do any work. \n\n\nGetting a little more complex...\n\nYour nervous system has a number of \"tracks\" that control different functions. Descending tracks from your cerebral cortex (the ridges on the outside of your brain) are the primary control of your motor functions. The action of this \"corticospinal\" track is fine tuned by other parts of the CNS, producing smooth and coordinated movements.\n\nThe corticospinal track involves two nerves. The first travels from the cerebral cortex, down the spinal tract, until it reaches the level of the respective muscle--for your upper limbs this is at the cervical level (your neck), for your lower limbs the lumbar level (your lower back).\nThe first nerve--the upper motor neuron (UMN)--ends at this point, but communicates with a second neuron--the lower motor neuron (LMN)--which carries any message (either to relax or contract) directly to your muscle.\n\nDepending where the damage is (to either the UMN in the spinal cord, or the LMN running down your limbs), you can see different patterns of damage. \n\nLMN damage results in very rapid atrophy. The muscles themselves can detect that the nerve they communicate through is broken so they don't waste any time shutting down shop.\nUMN damage takes a longer time to result in atrophy. Since the muscle won't be able to function properly without the UMN, it will eventually shrink due to disuse, but because the LMN is still intact, for the most part, it won't shut down shop in hopes that orders eventually start coming down the pipe again." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ct1jdl8" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "IIRC it's caused by a small muscle in your inner ear known as the tensor tympani, which can be triggered when doing certain things such as yawning or clenching your jaw. Some people can do it on command, but the short version is that its a tiny muscle in your ear and the sound is it tensing up. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvf20uf", "cvf6oif" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The chief justice has a very different role from a cabinet member or Congressman. Most importantly, Supreme Court justices do not act democratically: they do their best to determine what the law *is*, while trying to stay away from determinations of whether that law is good or bad, and trying not to be swayed by popular opinion.\n\nOther elements of the position also make it difficult. A justice is expected to serve for life (or until retirement), while cabinet members and legislators switch roles frequently, so they are more natural choices. Additionally, the chief justice becoming president would leave a vacancy in the court that the new president would nominate a successor for, which could be undue interference.", "It is also worth noting that the Chief Justice is \"Chief\" because they were appointed to fill the previous chiefs seat. It is mostly just timing that makes you chief. The Chief is not necessarily the most senior member of the Supreme Court. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d9h7jl2", "d9h82se" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Most of it is covered with water. \n\nBut we actually have mapped the bottom of the ocean pretty well, as far as where the surface is and it's general formation. We just haven't sent probes down to get eyeballs on it; it's mostly been indirect measurements. \n\nSo we have great seafloor data, and actually the mapping of the seafloor helped us figure out plate tectonics. ", "After a couple hundred feet light no longer enters the ocean so the majority of life lives less than 200 feet (60 meters) from the surface. Life does exist lower, however there is significantly less stuff to see. \n\nThe deepest human divers can only go to about 1000 feet (300 meters) below the surface because of the water pressure. 1 gallons of water weighs about 8 pounds (8.35 lb, 3.79 kg) so by going that deep you are putting all of that water on top of your body, which is another reason why most life does not live that deep. \n\nIt is possible to go lower with a submarine, it just costs quite a bit of money. \n\nThe bottom of the ocean is about 36,000 feet. So the majority of the ocean hasn't been explored because it's expensive and there isn't much life beyond what has been explored. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccndz4u", "ccnecfu" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Nuclear weapons mostly work on the principle of fission. A heavy element (like Uranium 235, which contains 143 neutrons and 29 protons, and is unstable) is forced to lose some of it's subatomic particles and become different types of atoms.\n\nAtoms are made up of three types of subatomic particles, protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge/negligable) and electrons (negative charge but generally minescule and general have to equal protons in number). These three types of atoms are held together by one of the four Fundimental Forces of the universe: the Strong Atomic force. Because fission is ripping apart atoms, the energy of the Strong force is partially where the energy from nuclear fission comes from. As well as other forms of matter, such as gamma waves, which are deadly to humans.\n\nIn a simplistic way: Imagine you've got a big bag of potato chips (or crisps if you're UK/irish). That is a whole atom. You tear the bag open, and potato chips fly across the room, some shattering into smaller chips. The energy is the force required to split open the bag and results in the movement of the atoms, or chips, across a space with a lot of momentum (which translates to heat, light, and radiation in nuclear weapons).\n\nThis may help: _URL_0_ \n\nNote that Nuclear Fusion (creating new elements by forcing light elements together) is also used for nuclear weapons (hydrogen bomb) but they were not the nukes dropped in the only combat Nuclear Bombing (Hiroshima and Nagasaki).", "So I was in the Navy on a Trident nuclear missile submarine and worked in the Engine room (read: Reactor). When I first went through the Navy training this analogy is how the principle of fission was explained on the first day. Fission is how both a nuclear bomb and nuclear reactor work.\n\nThink of a floor covered with mousetraps (fissile/radioactive material) and on these mouse traps are ping pong balls (neutrons, protons). If you take a ping pong ball (a neutron) and through it onto a trap in the middle of a bunch of traps you get a chain reaction of ping pong balls (neutrons) flying everywhere. The rate and density that these ping pong balls fly everywhere is the energy and heat that is released.\n\nFor a nuclear bomb, the mousetraps are really dense and are all set off really quick. The radioactive material has really large atoms which means lots of binding energy that is released when broken (the bright flash and mushroom cloud)\n\nThe difference in a reactor like at a power plant is you have monkeys hanging off the ceiling (the control rods) and the mouse traps are not as dense or close together( the radioactive material isn't as concentrated). As fission occurs (mousetraps getting set off) some of the ping pong balls are caught by the monkeys controlling the chain reaction. Controls rods are made of a material that absorbs neutrons and remains stable i.e. fission doesn't occur.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7svqb0", "c7svs2a" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "That depends on how big their debts are, how much they really get paid, and what kind of lifestyle they are living in the meantime. For example, if Nic Cage owes some ridiculous amount of taxes, and gets paid a few million for a movie, he still has to pay taxes on that new income. Plus, if he's still spending millions every year on his home, car, parties, travel, etc. he may not have much left over to pay off debts. Finally, not all actors are paid the same amount - bigger stars who get people to go to a movie just because they're in it get paid a lot more than B-lists like Nic Cage.", "You seem to be underestimating how much debt some people can run up. Cage got up to something like $13M. And even if he earns several million dollars for a film, he still has to pay taxes, his agent, his ongoing expenses, etc. at the same time he's trying to pay off the debt. And interest on the debt (or IRS penalties) can also make the payback take more money than one might think. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c4ndygd", "c4ne1up", "c4ni580", "c4nit4g" ], "score": [ 16, 7, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "I would like to know this as well. During the day, I'm a happy go lucky, completely friendly guy. In the morning, however, I am the most angry, psychotic person you'd ever find. I don't like to talk, the mere action of people walking across the floor disrupts my attention, and I hate it when people touch me when I eat. ", "Are your dreams fun? Mine usually are. Having them interrupted to have to go to work and take care of other boring adult stuff feels sad. Often we express our sadness as anger because it's easier.", "If you're a teenager you should try and find an Australian documentary called Whatever. It's about youth - there is an episode on sleep. It may also help if you're in your young 20's. \nIf you have troubles finding the doc, I'll upload it or something for you. ", "I get upset when I'm woken up early because I have trouble falling asleep. It's like great, because you just HAD to know where the egg beater was, I'm now going to have to go through my day on 5 hours of sleep" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbdsigb" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Living bodies are all about effectiveness. Our bodies will not hold on to the instructions of how to get rid of something if it has not happened in a long time. The reason is there are special cells responsible for recognizing a previously documented intruder, we keep a few of them around after an infection as a memory cell, to more quickly recognize this same intruder. After a while though, these cells will die too. And if the infection returns then, it's relatively speaking, back to square one.\nThe reason this happens with flu shots is due to evolution, I believe. New strains of the virus appear, and the vaccines are our best guess as to which kind might be most likely in upcoming times, hence the need for new ones." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "chj7q5d", "chj7x5q" ], "score": [ 2, 12 ], "text": [ "Suicide is not a reflex. Though our body is designed for self-preservation, ultimately it is at the mercy of our conscious command. If someone really wants to kill himself, there is no neurological reaction that could stop him.", "The human mind is more complex than any single drive.\n\nYou're correct that self-preservation is a powerful instinct that we all have, but emotional or physical pain, the influence of drugs or alcohol, genetic variance, and psychological trauma or disorders can all be factors that can possibly compete against that instinct.\n\nThink of it like this, for the most part people commit suicide when there is *some* sort of stress or impairment of the subject going on. (Exceptions exist. People have committed suicide with no discernible motive or to make a political, philosophical, or religious statement.)\n\nWhen we are under stress or impaired, we tend to behave less rationally than we normally do. As an example, I will use depression. Depression can seem insurmountable, overwhelming, and it can impair our judgment.\n\nA person might not normally consider suicide, but if they suffer from depression they might reach a point where the hopeless feelings it brings on overwhelms their rational decision-making. At a certain point the drive to survive has less sway over the individual than the desire that the (emotional) suffering just stop.\n\nEmotional pain isn't \"just in your head.\" It's very real to those who suffer it. At a certain point a combination of emotional pain, lack of faith that relief is in the future, and emotional exhaustion from dealing with the pain can lead a person to feel that suicide makes sense.\n\nThey didn't \"lose\" the drive to survive so much as a combination of other factors resulted in a perfect storm capable of overwhelming that rational drive.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cta8530", "cta8ik0" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "When some people undergo severe psychological trauma, like rape victims or soldiers, they're left with something called PTSD. Sometimes, things that remind them of the traumatic event can give them a panic attack or other unpleasant things.\n\nIn some online communities, it's considered polite to warn people if you might be talking about sexual abuse/violence.\n\nOn Reddit, it's almost always used in a way that's meant to be condescending or insulting to those communities. The implication is that the communities are too sensitive to offending people and label everything as a \"trigger\".\n\nThey say it's a \"joke\". It really falls flat on that point - it's a no effort, content free bit of circlejerkery.", "Please search before posting.\n\n_URL_0_" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2qs3xa" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "it's a way to spend the huge amount of cash they have into something that seems productive and interesting and can make them more popular or well known. it's also a status symbol thing." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e1xcfyo", "e1xcolg", "e1xdenc", "e1xesdd", "e1xf5ox", "e1xfur8", "e1xgrx1", "e1xi1ar", "e1xkwym", "e1xmz3e", "e1xnu13" ], "score": [ 21, 914, 122, 12, 182, 31, 9, 19, 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Nobody wanted to break standards. The microUSB connector was standardized for phone chargers early on, when USB did not have a reversible connector. And is the inconvenience of using a one-way connector really that great. \n\n\nAlso, Apple's lightning connector has been on the market for a while, and is reversible.", "It's really a case of no-one having bothered to make one until recently.\n\nThere are some technical hangups like having to duplicate certain wires on both sides of the connector but that's more a design nuisance than a real technical problem.\n\nUSB has been notorious for issues with plugging it in wrong-side up since it's earliest days but the difficulty of creating and getting everyone to agree to use a standardized connector is such that no one bothered to try to fix it.\n\nApple may not have come up with the idea of a reversible connector but they made the idea of one popular with \"Lightning\" the standard connector for the iPhone et all. Apple has the philosophy of using proprietary connectors whenever they can get away with it, so they had the upside of being able to develop lightning without needing to pass it by any standards bodies first. In other words less red tape.\n\nUSB-C was released partly as an answer to it, and partly to meet European law that mandates that all cellphones use the same charging connector. A law that Apple lobbied strongly against.", "They had this ages ago. The connector was round, with a pin in the middle. This charging standard was great, but it only did charging. The whole USB thing came up to do data and charging at the same time.", "I'm not sure the USB standards group [entirely knew what they were doing](_URL_0_). USB-3.0 came out around the time when phones were switching to Micro-USB B. This was also before phones started to get decent capacities for internal storage.\n\nA few years passed, and phones needed faster data transfer, so USB-3.1 was developed. But the USB-3.x high speed connectors were weird and ungainly in the interests of backward compatibility. So manufacturers designed a new connector. And they saw that they could make the connector reversible, so they did.", "For a long time, they designed connectors purposely asymmetric so that people COULDN'T plug them in wrong. Look at DVI or VGA or old style parallel port. (The connections are parallelograms (EDIT: Trapezoids... I didn't pass 5 year old test of \"shapes in holes\". apparently) , not squares.)\n\nIt simply took people a while to figure out that \"hey, we can design smaller connections now and they're no need to have them be \"keyed\" like there was in the past.\"\n\nBasically, back in the day the state of technology dictated that we needed connectors that only plug in one way. And it takes a while for something so ingrained like that to go away. Also asymmetric connectors \"hold on\" better.", "To add on: not that long ago, connecting peripherals and hardware to computers was a crapshoot of different connectors and wires, and everything needed to be keyed correctly in their connections to work properly. As such, connectors were asymmetrical and differently sized to prevent damage if they were put in the wrong spot, which still happened frequently.\n\n\n When USB came out, it set a standard for connections, and allowed flexibility where there hadn't been much before. But, manufacturers know that if you make something idiot-proof, someone somewhere will build a better idiot, and to minimize the possibility of damage they kept them keyed a certain way.\n\n\nOr nobody could be bothered. One of those two.", "\"Phone chargers\"? Are you talking about USB connectors? And what about older chargers with round connectors that fit in more than just two ways? Or Apple's Lightning connector, that has been used for 6 years or something?", "Think of a USB connector as a digital freeway. You have two north-bound lanes and two south-bound lanes. If you were to \"disconnect\" the freeway and reconnect it, as long as the north-bound lanes match up with the north-bound lanes, and south-bound lanes also match with south-bound lanes, then the freeway works as expected.\n\nIf, after disconnecting the freeway, you flip one part of the freeway before reconnecting, north-bound lanes match up with south-bound lanes and everything becomes a mess.\n\nTo solve this problem, and allow all freeways to connect in any configuration, you need a special interchange. This special interchange is an add-on expense which manufacturers decided to skip when USB first came out.", "If you want to take a step back, phone chargers 15 or so years ago before the dawn of smart phones were proprietary, and may were actually reversible. Some were as simple as the old round plug into socket.\n\nAs phones became more prevalent and battery tech better where the need to exchange data where you would want to connect it to your pc, and \"hey, there is some voltage on here that we can use to send an effective charge the thing\" happened, they were somewhat contained by the standards of the time.\n\nHell even then it wasn't uncommon for you to have a dock that had AC power run separately, and then a USB or serial connection (early gen palm pilots and the like). Yes, you would plug your device into that dock, which was foolproof, but you weren't making and disconnecting the connections to your pc\\the wall a few times a day.\n\nUSB, while a standard way to connect stuff, still wasn't meant to be constantly plugged in and unplugged 20 times a day in its original design. \n\nSo in short, it didn't matter it took you 2 (ok, 3 tries) to get it to plug in right most of the time.\n\nSo when it DID become common for you to do that, you still had to maintain backwards compatibility with a ton of devices. Which meant that if you wanted to keep one end the same (the big end of the USB cable) that could plug into something you knew almost everyone had, the other end had to be able to handle the \"ok, i'm plugged in backwards, or i don't care which way i'm plugged in, part\".\n\nunfortunately that end was on the device you were most concerned with when it came to size and efficiency of the connection.\n\nWhich took some time for tech to get to a point where your phone is able to deal with that, the cables can deal with it, and it all can be done without compromising other capabilities of your device and at a good price point.\n\nReal ELI5: USB wasn't designed with that in mind, because you weren't constantly plugging and unplugging stuff originally. When it became common, it was too widely implemented to do it on on the easier side to do it, so you had to wait for tech to catch up on the other, harder, side to do it on.\n \n", "In the old days companies didn’t care about compatibility. Each company had its own proprietary charger, some even changing shape from one mode to the other.\n\nThe regulation of phone chargers to a common type paved the way to stop this carnage. The USB connector/standard was a natural choice. It was initially developed to allow real-time voice-over-data communications with “phantom” power delivery over the same cable - an idea that has been around since a very long time in audio systems. It provides enough power to power and charge many devices, unlike older standards that did not support this feature (100 mA up to 500 mA charging current with 5V DC voltage, which is suitable for directly charging many batter types without the need to extra circuits).\n\nThe catch was that USB connectors were polarized; they cannot be flipped. The reason back then was that DC connectors cannot be flipped or they will damage the circuits - it would literally fry them. Nowadays however, there are power circuits that could be added to automatically correct a flipped power connection without damaging the circuits. In the old days it was not much of a requirement really because the advent of the USB was a big advancement and revolutionary its own right. But now, after we have had enough experience with its advantages and limitations, it’s quite evolutionary to require that connection to be unpolarized.", "Follow up question(s) \n\nDoes a double sided charger cable / AC-USB charger block work any different when it's plugged in \"upside down\" ? " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "clg0obp", "clg5ypl" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Closer to true than to not true. If you put anything online, ever, it's very likely around somewhere. If the thing you posted was ever interesting to anyone, it's probably been copied and saved by someone. Naked pictures doubly so.", "It's as true as \"treat a gun as if it is always loaded\". Maybe you can get something removed from the internet, and maybe the gun jams when you pull the trigger. Point is it's better safe than sorry. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpbarmj", "cpbavre", "cpbbgps", "cpbdgqb", "cpbh0k5" ], "score": [ 8, 7, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "A lot of them originally came about during darker periods of US economic and political climates. They gave people something to distract them from the reality. A lot of truly great stories have taken the form of comic hero arches and many artists have created amazing pieces of work. \n\nThere are now people who either remember the original stories, grew up in the time when many of them became animated series (90's Batman Animated Series widely considered some of the best Batman screen time in history) or have discovered hero stories in the new trend of movie appearances. \n\nThe stories are good, they have high entertainment value and huge production values. People enjoy the stories. Can't fault them for that. ", "What you're seeing is what's called \"selection bias\"\n\nAmerica has 319 million people living here. You've seen, what, 20,000 people going absolutely gaga over superheros? Even if we call it 100,000, that's still about 0.0003% of the population. But it's a very *vocal* 0.0003%!\n\nThat said, I'd be extremely surprised if more than a small handful of them **genuinely** hero worship, rather than admire the tale being told (or even just are entertained by the story). I think a lot of what you're seeing is that comics, for a long time, were viewed as kind of nerdy and unpopular (despite their, well, popularity), but these days, it's easier than ever to find people who share your interests. As such, there's more acceptance of previously niche subgroups, and people don't feel the need to hide their interest as much -- at least online.\n\nAs for cosplay... it's a hobby. Nobody questions if you dress up as a superhero on Halloween, but do it at a con and suddenly everyone's flipping their shit? Again, aside from a few relatively isolated incidents, it's not like you're walking around and BAM, captain america walks by. Unless they're doing it for sweet youtube views, anyway... Unless they go to a con (or live near a convention center hosting a con), the average american is unlikely to see, in real life, someone dressed up as a superhero outside of halloween. And dressing up for cons isn't anything new. People dress up as anime characters, movie characters, TV characters, occasionally even book characters. It's not just limited to comics (though superheros tend to have simpler costumes -- if for no other reason than the artist doesn't want to constantly be drawing something horribly complex!)", "Comic books.\n\nMost american adults nowadays (say 30+y) grew up with those as their thing instead of PC/PS/xBox/whatever, so now with all those Marvel/DC movies/TV shows, it's like a dream becoming true for a lot of people. It's a resurgence of their past, people are nostalgic and tbh superheroes are just cool.", " > you have so many real heroes \n\nNone with super powers", "Better question: Why are you NOT?\n\nSeriously, I would say it's our mythology. America is the fabricated nation of the modern world and we have no mythos to fall back on of our own. We cling to the superhero as a form of supernatural deity all our own. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "csmdp0p" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "We measure it, quite simply. \n\nVelocity may be relative, but we can certainly measure it relative to a given reference, like our planet, our sun, or even our entire galaxy.\n\nIt may not be a simple measurement. Scientists may have to compensate for angles of movement changing perceived speed, or compensate for our own velocity when using a non-earth reference. All of this is doable, there's just some careful measurements and math involved." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dtwi2s0", "dtwiepv", "dtwj2o5" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "When it came out, it was mostly focused on books. The early web started seeing a lot of specialized sites, like _URL_1_ for pet stuff. One other problem with the early web is that there wasn't really a great way to pay for things in a secure way. You could put your info in, but that was potentially dangerous until SSL became a thing.\n\nThe site I remember being the place to go for everything at the time was eBay. \n\nThe difference with Amazon (as opposed to sites like _URL_0_) is that Walmart already had warehouses and shipping/distribution channels, but it's still based around its brick and mortar stores (they try to push in-store pickup). Amazon had to come up with a more modern business model to get things from the internet to peoples' doorsteps. Other sites around in the 90's didn't have a great way to do this. It's really this model that helped Amazon to become what it has.\n\nSo while they're doing this, you might as well sell anything, not just books.", "The same reason google became such a giant. They managed to engineer just the right system to be better than their competitors and then people quickly flocked to them. \n\nAmazon is crazy good at being able to quickly send virtually anything and everything right to your doorstep. ", "Amazon was successful in part because they didn't mind losing money. They were founded in 1994 but didn't turn a profit until 2001 and didn't consistently profit until 2015. This allowed them to offer low prices and gain market share as well as expand. Amazon loses a ton of money on free 2-day shipping for Prime, but it helps them build loyalty and puts pressure on their competition. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d6oyjkn", "d6p11ng" ], "score": [ 2, 5 ], "text": [ "Bipolar 1 disorder is exactly as you said, nor work me to being manic. If your mother is like me (everyone is different) then she probably constantly has thoughts racing through her head. The manic end of bipolar makes the brain fire on all cylinders all the time. Its hard to sum up with just a comment on Reddit . But some aspects of hypomania can auctually beneficial to some people as in my case", "Bipolar I and II are sort of on the way out as medical terms. Still legit, but the thought now is moving more along the lines of a \"spectrum\" and has support to change the diagnostic criteria. If we are talking differences between type I and type II, then its simple. Type I has \"full blown manic episodes\" where as type II has \"hypomanic episodes\" which are less intense. \n\n\nSo lets start by thinking of it as regular (unipolar) depression...You feel depressed for no reason. Sucks. Big time...Can't get out of bed, life has no meaning, nothing gives pleasure and so forth. Some common symptoms. \n\n\nNow add into that equation a regular mood swing in the opposite direction \"mania\" or \"hypomania\" It is different for everybody, just as depression is. However there are some symptoms that are somewhat common. Extreme bursts of energy, inability to sleep (actually can function without any sleep), spending sprees, intense interest in new activities but then quickly giving them up, high desire to be productive, cleaning the house, being very \"bubbly\" or social-able. Unpredictable or sometimes even dangerous behavior. Constant racing thoughts. People can REALLY get into trouble during manic episodes, more so that depression in many cases. People can do some CRAZY shit while in a full blown manic state. \n\n\nSo that's the very basics, but bipolar is actually quite complicated. Like I said everyone is different. There is also a 3rd state for some people called \"mixed state\" more commonly this is feeling depressed, life is worthless, no one likes you etc. BUT with the extra fun of being incredibly full of energy to think about just how shit life is and maybe you should do something about it. Drink that whole bottle of vodka, get into fights, or much much worse.\n\n\nIt is true people do have \"triggers\" this is also very different for everyone. Some examples are stress, illness, lack of sleep and jet lag. \n\n\nI have my bipolar (1) under pretty good control these days. My biggest trigger by far is jet lag. I do have to travel overseas often and I really do dread it sometimes. I cannot sleep on planes and then have to stay awake for another 12 hours or so on arrival. So I've been awake for something like 30+ hours. BOOM....full blown mania. I will do shit I never usually do. I don't feel AT ALL embarrassed at the time, but then a week, month whatever later when the mania is finally dying down I am so ashamed and feel awful. Thus the chance of swinging back into depression is high. \n\n\nThe mood swings can be \"controlled\" with the right medications but its not a cure. The mood swings can and will occur at some point, but hopefully less often, and less intense. The \"cycle\" of swings is a very complicated topic with much debate. Some people are \"ultra rapid cycling\" so they swing like during the same day, others every few days, others every few weeks, others every few months and so on. \n\n\nI am sorry this got a bit out of control but I hope that helps a little. Feel free to ask me anything specific. \n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ce2en7r" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Centers obviously play in the center or the middle down low. Forwards play up front or \"forward\" on the court, or at least they used to before the three point line made the game more perimeter oriented. Back in the day gaurds werent allowed to shoot. Their job was to gaurd the other team and gaurd the ball on offense when bringing it up the court. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d0jzyt1", "d0k2w8c" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "any organs and tissues in the body can recover after injury without intervention. Unfortunately, some cells of the central nervous system are so specialized that they cannot divide and create new cells. As a result, recovery from a brain or spinal cord injury is much more difficult.", "There are quite a few reasons why cells of the central nervous system can't regenerate. The main ones are that there are chemicals which inhibit growth (the major one is called nogo) and a lack of chemicals which promote growth. The whole architecture of the CNS is also not good for regrowth. \n\nThere are experiments going on at the moment where they knock out one of these inhibiting chemicals using anti-nogo . Doing this you can make the spine regrow a few millimetres. I think this is in phase 2 trials at the moment but it could have moved on.\n\nAnother option is take the cells which are an exception to the rule ( the nerve cells at the back of your nose needed to transfer information on smell called olfactory ensheathing cells) and transplant them into the spinal cord. They have done this with dogs injured in traffic accidents. Some of these dogs are now walking. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cksxq72", "ckt2t0q" ], "score": [ 9, 2 ], "text": [ "There was a recent study that determined musical tastes are mostly based on repetition, simply hearing a song multiple times makes you like it. This explains cultural trends in musical tastes.\n\nLikewise, food tastes are also based around repetition, once you know what to expect, you begin to like something.\n\nIt's the same reason kids like to watch the same cartoons repeatedly, they enjoy the anticipation of what's coming next, and the satisfaction of seeing what they knew was going to happen come true.\n\nBasically our brains like to know what's going to happen, so your brain rewards itself for correctly predicting what it expects a repeatedly eaten food to taste like.", "Kelley from Spokane, is this you?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dw913fj", "dw91fjd" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Calling something over- or underproduced is inherently subjective because people have different tastes and preferences. But a song being \"more\" produced generally refers to background strings/synths/voices etc being added on top of the core instruments and singing. The music producer takes the raw tracks from the band in the recording studio and adds the extras to flesh out the sound.\n\nFor a good example of how \"producing\" a song can change it, listen to the differences between the Beatles' Let it Be album, the original version (produced by Phil Spector) and the reissue \"Let it be... Naked\" with much of the production removed. I don't think the original is necessarily overproduced, but there is something to appreciate in the more raw, stripped down \"naked\" version.", "Is it something like the millennial whoop? _URL_0_" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqpntj7" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "objective is how big the lens you're looking thru. magnifcation is how much bigger than naked eye the object is" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e05zrj4", "e06h10q" ], "score": [ 11, 2 ], "text": [ "There's an aspect of tailoring food to a local regions taste but there's also sometimes a logistical or cost issue. For example it may be cheap to get an item like apples to any state in the U.S. however getting an apple to Norway may be more expensive as Norway isn't suited for growing apples (this is totally made up for an example). Instead of putting a full apple, maybe they put half an apple and fill it with something else such as elk which is plentiful in the area and can keep prices low.\n\nAlso sometimes there may be regulations involved, in the EU for example aspartame isn't really allowed and it's the key ingredient in diet sodas, so they have to replace it in the EU with something else.", "I've tasted many local fast foods on my travels and there are many reasons people change the recipes. I've been to the US and bought me a burger from some fast food joint along the highway. I couldn't eat it, because it way way to sweet for my taste. In fact it was horribly sweet. You couldn't sell that where I'm from, because we expect meat not to be cooked in a sauce that could be put on pastry.\n\nThen there is the environment factor. I.e. water tastes different in different places, because of the different minerals etc. in it. Some waters have a higher sodium count than others. So you reduce the salt in the recipe to have still tasty food.\n\nOr the ingrediences. Let's take floor for an example. The wheat used to make floor isn't the same in every country. Even in a country the sorts of wheat differ regionally. If you have the same sort of wheat, the soil where it was grown influences the taste.\n\nThere can't be a universal recipe because to many factors influence the taste.\n\nAlso ther are the local differences in taste, as mentioned above. I had some fast food in Hong Kong you couldn't sell to the masses in europe, because it was so hot, normal europeans couldn't handle it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkwv89j" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "They contain pieces of a gel material which has a very high heat capacity. That means if they've been sitting around at room temperature for a while, they have significant ability to absorb heat from you (your body is warmer) before they reach your temperature." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cae8sjk", "cae9s9t", "caebgeu", "caec9ng", "caeklw9" ], "score": [ 2, 15, 8, 13, 2 ], "text": [ "Monopoly and artificial shortages. DeBeers monopolized the diamond industry and stockpiled diamonds they mined. Combine that with good marketing and you create demand while you control the supply. High demand+low supply=Higher prices", "[Obligatory 1982 _Atlantic_ article about De Beers](_URL_0_)", "Nothing. Diamonds have value because we collectively decided, as a human species that diamonds are worth a lot. Diamonds are just carbon, and carbon is everywhere; You are made of carbon. It's completely valueless. ", "All these people are wrong Dean, they're only repeating what they've been told and don't know what's actually going on.\n\nYou're a big lad Dean, so I'll give it to you straight: diamonds are more expensive because they're more durable and more desired. What do those two words mean? \n\nDurable means tough. James Dean, a guy with a name similar to yours played tough guys, but tough in a different sense. Diamonds are incredibly hard and resistant to scratches and cannot be easily broken. Cubic Zirconia is not like that. You know those plastic pens you chew on in school? The clear ones that get all white and crunch on the corners when you chew on them? That's what Cubic Zirconia look like after a short while of being worn in jewelry. They are not tough. White sapphires (yeah, there's more than two white stones) are way tougher than CZs (what we call Cubic Zirconia), but still not as tough as diamonds. Diamonds are the toughest. :)\n\nAnd what's Desired? It means it's the most wanted. People like to use diamonds in jewelry and unlike CZs they also use them in industrial jobs. There are saws and grinders and other tools in big machines that use diamonds to cut things because diamonds are tough, just like we talked about. So basically, diamonds have two versions: industrial for big machines, and gem for jewelry like your mom wears. \n\nThis makes them more desirable because while they're not completely rare, they're not exactly common and they're hard to get to. CZ's can easily be made in labs, and have for decades. And while diamonds can now to (around the time of your Grandpa) be made in labs, they're still not perfect, and most of them turn out to be yellow. It wasn't until around the time of your Great-Great-Grandfather's time that diamonds were easily acquired in large quantities. In fact, scientists figure that it takes digging about 1,000 tons of earth to find one gem quality diamond. And it takes about 1,000 gem quality diamonds to find one that is one carat or larger. \n\nWhat's a carat you ask? Carats are a way to weigh diamonds. The bigger the diamond the more carats there are in it. No, not the kind you eat. :) A carat is about six millimeters across for a perfectly cut round brilliant diamond. Go get your ruler and check that out. That's about the size of a diamond that is one carat. Cool? Okay.\n\nSo while CZs can be used to make pretend rare diamonds, or to be used in cheap jewelry, they don't last as long, aren't as useful in big machines, and are harder to get to, and just aren't as nice as diamonds.", "I was just watching [this](_URL_0_) as I was browsing Reddit. Good timing." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/02/have-you-ever-tried-to-sell-a-diamond/304575/" ], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHupgR2RGk8" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "db7vvuv" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "This isn't true for all fighting games - for example, most hardcore Super Smash Bros. players use the GameCube controller, to the point where Nintendo had to release a special GameCube controller adapter for the WiiU in order to accommodate them when Smash 4 came out. This sort of thing isn't limited to fighting games either - a lot of pro Counter-Strike players also use weird settings that may actually put them at a competitive disadvantage. For example, many pro Counter-Strike players (particularly those that transitioned from 1.6) insist on using 4:3 aspect ratios on 16:9 monitors, even though it limits their field of view and puts them at a disadvantage compared to widescreen players.\n\nThe common denominator seems to be that pros don't like change. After all, they've always played Smash using the GameCube controller. They used to play Counter-Strike on square CRT monitors with 4:3 aspect ratios. I'll bet that pros who play fighting games with arcade sticks played with them growing up. Why change what works? After all, if they change their setup, they'll have to spend time adapting to it. In other words, they might play worse during the transition period. Why take that risk, especially with tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of dollars on the line?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ce0qsft", "ce0qyaw", "ce0t2xr" ], "score": [ 10, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "You could be mildly dehydrated. Or you might have orthostatic hypotension (a.k.a. postural hypotension), which occurs when blood rushes to your feet and away from your head as you stand up suddenly. (People with low blood pressure can be especially prone to this phenomenon.)", "Interesting. Does this happen often? And for how long? \nI have experienced blindness during migraine attacks which can sometimes happen just before I wake up, but it's not complete blindness - I am still receptive to light and shapes/colours.", "Loss of blood to your head, caused by sitting up too fast. AFAIK, you're literally \"blacking out\" and are basically one step below unconscious. It's something that happens due to low blood pressure, I believe. \n\nIt happens to me all the time, but to a lesser extent (tunnel vision instead of complete blindness). If you lean over, such that your head is closer to the level of your heart, it should quickly dissipate. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkd3jzb", "dkd3sit", "dkd4aq8", "dkd4htv" ], "score": [ 5, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because America depends on oil for more than just energy and fuel. Brobdingnagian amounts of money and power are involved with US oil companies, stocks, and even the economy itself in many other ways. Solar means a huge loss for the oil industry (\"Big Oil\") just as hemp threatened the paper industry many years ago, leading to the beginning of marijuana prohibition.\n\nA lot of countries are trying to move away from oil dependencies due to both dwindling supply, and the costs involved. But America at this point is far too dependent on it to fully adopt solar. ", "It's not failed, its not being stupid. US business are freaking smart and thought ahead and did seriously good business analysis on this... at least the ones that didn't fail trying to make solar panels. They were stupid.\n\nManufacturing solar panels is a bad business to be in. Demand is low, cost to build them is high, risk is high, and margins are dirt dirt low. This is not a great business to be in. US companies knew this.. but solar is still enticing, but not at the terrible margins manufacturing solar panels will do... so they found a way to make more money:\n\nEngineering and science behind solar panels. Thats where the real money is. Thats what those smart US businesses did. Manufacturing them is a crappy business, let someone else do that. Take the real money, the big margins, the business that any Tom, Dick, and Jian Yang can not in any way compete with or create in a rural area of China or India. Engineering and science behind these is killer money, and the US businesses knew that, and got into that business\n\ntl;dr: The solar manufacturing business sucks, the US knew and instead got into the better business of engineering and designing them instead of physically building them, you can farm that out to cheap manufactures.", "There is actually a very good reason the US is not the largest producer of solar panels. \n > 1. Solar panels have toxic byproducts. While a solar panel itself is pretty simple in terms of what you [need](_URL_2_), there is the issue of [toxic waste](_URL_3_) that is very expensive to transport and properly dispose of. And that is a massive increase to the overhead of a business. \n > 2. Solar panels aren't cheap to mount on a home. Even after tax credits, it's still going to cost a total of [$12,000 to $20,000](_URL_1_) on AVERAGE to outfit a home with solar panels. And that means solar panels have a very low profit margin. Not many people have 12k they're looking to drop on their home, especially when...\n > 3. Solar panels have massive efficiency [PR issues](_URL_0_). The best solar panels you can actually buy on the market right now have an efficiency of 22%. Yes I know that there are the new panels that have 43% efficiency but chances are they aren't commercially available at the moment and won't be for quite a while. But on average you are looking at 15% efficiency. That's actually fantastic, but try explaining that to someone after you tell them it'll cost 15k to put the panels up on their roof. \n > I hope these can help explain why exactly the US isn't number one in solar panel production. There are some other reasons I could cite but they are largely my own opinion and shouldn't be included in my official explanation.", "The American government doesn't manufacture things. That's up to private sector business, and manufacturing costs are generally high in America." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://dothemath.ucsd.edu/2011/09/dont-be-a-pv-efficiency-snob/", "http://www.businessinsider.com/solarcity-ceo-how-much-solar-energy-will-cost-in-5-years-2016-6", "http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Solar-Cell.html", "http://www.businessinsider.com/solar-panel-makers-grappling-with-waste-2013-2" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d0ay4vb" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Debt per capita doesn't matter very much--what matters is the debt as a percentage of GDP, the size of the economy. After all, wealthy countries can afford to pay more than poor countries even if they have a lower population. Nevertheless, Luxembourg's external debt as a percentage of GDP is also high. \n\nThis because \"external\" debt includes both public and private debt. Luxembourg has a very large financial sector which holds most of that debt. It's not *net* assets; all the debts those banks and corporations there hold is counted, but not the assets they have to counterbalance them. Luxembourg's *public* debt is only 18.4% of GDP (2012 measurement), which is very low compared to most Western countries.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2h1dyp", "c2h6cou", "c2h1dyp", "c2h6cou" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "There are usually firing pins in most guns. When you pull the trigger, there are internal actions that make the pin spring forward and hit the primer which sparks and ignites all the gunpowder causing the bullet to burst forward. ", "It depends a lot on the kind of gun. A single action repeater, or a revolver does a few different things when the trigger is pulled. First the hammer on the back of the gun will swing forward hitting a tiny cap at the back of the bullet. When this happens the gun powder goes through a reaction, changing from a solid to a gas very quickly. This causes the bullet to be pushed forward by an exceptionally large well directed force. Now the bullet itself as it goes down the barrel catches the rifling and spins. Spinning a bullet makes it cut the air better making it more likely to hit what you're shooting at. At the same time the revolving portion of the gun spins allowing a new round to be fired. (note I think this is out of order, the revolving part moves first then the hammer strikes). \n\nNow, that's the basic idea for a revolver. A semi-automatic pistol works a bit differently. Pistols differ from revolvers in a lot of ways. One of the important parts is the spring fed clip and the spring action at the top of the gun. With a semi automatic pistol two actions are completed when the trigger is pulled. First the round is struck. Then the slide will move back from the force of the explosion. That action causes a gap at the top of the pistol to eject the shell casing, the thing where the gun powder is stored. Then the new round slides up from the chamber. For every pull of the trigger this action takes place. It also cocks the hammer again with each firing.\n\nAutomatics are very much like semi automatics, but the action takes place until the trigger is released. \n\nThe principles vary when getting up into things like rifles.\n\nThe AK47 is a very basic rifle. When the trigger is pulled a bullet is fired. The gas is then caught at near the end of the barrel and directed back towards the casing pushing it back shell casing and causes it to be ejected. Most semi automatic rifles and full automatics use this system. \n\nNow another kind of machine gun is belt fed. These don't use the spring up action of the ak, or pistol, but instead feed a round from the side. I'm sketchy on how they work.", "There are usually firing pins in most guns. When you pull the trigger, there are internal actions that make the pin spring forward and hit the primer which sparks and ignites all the gunpowder causing the bullet to burst forward. ", "It depends a lot on the kind of gun. A single action repeater, or a revolver does a few different things when the trigger is pulled. First the hammer on the back of the gun will swing forward hitting a tiny cap at the back of the bullet. When this happens the gun powder goes through a reaction, changing from a solid to a gas very quickly. This causes the bullet to be pushed forward by an exceptionally large well directed force. Now the bullet itself as it goes down the barrel catches the rifling and spins. Spinning a bullet makes it cut the air better making it more likely to hit what you're shooting at. At the same time the revolving portion of the gun spins allowing a new round to be fired. (note I think this is out of order, the revolving part moves first then the hammer strikes). \n\nNow, that's the basic idea for a revolver. A semi-automatic pistol works a bit differently. Pistols differ from revolvers in a lot of ways. One of the important parts is the spring fed clip and the spring action at the top of the gun. With a semi automatic pistol two actions are completed when the trigger is pulled. First the round is struck. Then the slide will move back from the force of the explosion. That action causes a gap at the top of the pistol to eject the shell casing, the thing where the gun powder is stored. Then the new round slides up from the chamber. For every pull of the trigger this action takes place. It also cocks the hammer again with each firing.\n\nAutomatics are very much like semi automatics, but the action takes place until the trigger is released. \n\nThe principles vary when getting up into things like rifles.\n\nThe AK47 is a very basic rifle. When the trigger is pulled a bullet is fired. The gas is then caught at near the end of the barrel and directed back towards the casing pushing it back shell casing and causes it to be ejected. Most semi automatic rifles and full automatics use this system. \n\nNow another kind of machine gun is belt fed. These don't use the spring up action of the ak, or pistol, but instead feed a round from the side. I'm sketchy on how they work." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnd87ml", "cndaw9c", "cndcb7u", "cne194v" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "\nSome portion of the population seems be naturally disposed to seek out and believe in conspiracy theories and these people seem to be drawn to anti-establishment political groups, beliefs, and ideologies.\n\nIn the USA, there is a rather powerful cultural belief that the ownership of small arms is a necessary component to maintaining personal and civil liberty. Some take it farther, believing that tyrannical forces seek to take guns away so that people are less able to resist when their policies are implemented. This belief is a natural fit for conspiracists.\n\nCombine the two and it seems not terribly strange that people believe that tyrranical forces would manufacture school shootings in an effort to build enough support to take away guns as part of a strategy of making the population easier to control.", "\nThe Just World fallacy. People have a cognitive bias in favor of thinking the world is fairer than it is.\n\nIt's obviously not fair for children to die because some nutjob decided to massacre them. So if you think the world must be fair, then obviously the massacre didn't happen -- things like that simply don't occur in a fair world.\n\nOf course, if it didn't happen, then you still have to explain all the news coverage and political maneuvering that occurred after the fact.\n\nPostulating that the massacre was faked to give political justification to an anti-gun agenda lets you explain the media and politics, without requiring you to live in an unfair world where children can be killed *en masse* by a psycho.\n", "Not a truther or a conspiracy theorist, but when I heard the shot:kill ratio of the sandy hook shooting, I got chills. Something like 70 shots and 10 deaths in the theatre shooting, 30 shots and 10 deaths at Virginia tech, and the sandy hook shooting was 27 shots fired and 26 deaths with the 27th injured. The shooter was supposed to be a kid with no firearm experience. Everybody in the room I was in started freaking out when that stat was read.\n\nOh and something about how the Facebook relief page was posted the day before the shooting.", "It's more comforting to think there's a massive conspiracy rather than some lone nut decided to kill a bunch of people one day. At least with the government you can take it down and rebuild it in the image Rush Limbaugh (a lone nut) tells you it's supposed to be. How do you stop lone nuts? There's no effigies to burn, talking points to take create, quotes to take out of context, evidence to be fabricated." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddqu87s" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Bottom line: Ontology \"What is\". Phenomenology: \"What is experienced\". \n\nOften (pretty much always as far as we're concerned with our everyday lives) those two things seem to perfectly align. If however, you study many branches of science you rapidly learn that what is and what is experienced can be subtly, or even radically different. \n\nExample: Phenomenon: We experience three spatial and one temporal dimension. The ontology however is entirely debatable at this time, and ranges from fewer fundamental dimensions or many more than the ones we experience. \n\nSo phenomenology is the study is what's going on, and ontology would more broadly be the study of what's going on at a fundamental level (which provides the \"why\" for the phenomena)... basically. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cchmfo9", "cchmhbw" ], "score": [ 57, 28 ], "text": [ "That is so whoever is watching the execution will not be able to see the persons face. The eyes bulge, blood vessels become more prominent and is basically too gruesome to look at.", "Well, hanging wasn't the clean execution you see in most media. Most of the time it took anywhere between 2 to 10 freaking minutes for the person to die, and during all that time they would be frantically moving and gasping for air. They would make all sort of faces and what not. \nIt wasn't... A pretty thing to see. \n\nSo they covered their faces with a bag or a piece of cloth. It was easier that way. You weren't watching a person frantically gasping for air, you watched a sack of potatoes hanging from a rope.\n\nSame thing happened with (some) execution(s) by electric chair, but not with \"cleaner\" methods like the guillotine. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fem79va" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Placates the constant desire to feed. Also unless they're seriously distressed, the suck instinct overrides crying if something is in their mouth." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eks83yr" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "They seldom occur without any context. This gives you plenty of hints about what they might mean if you'd never heard the words before and had no context, it's be impossible to tell between CPU and scuba" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc7isgw" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "LCD screens use a chemical \"shutter\" effect to do their thing. When a current is run through them, the material crystalizes. When the electricity is turned back off, it returns to it's uncrystalley form.\n\nIn low temperatures, the material gets slower and \"goopier\" similar t a lot of substances that act thicker in low temperatures." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eajap54" ], "score": [ 15 ], "text": [ "The simplest answer is that there's more variety of spices in warm climates simply because there's more variety of plants in general. Plus, a lot of spices also have antimicrobial properties (which is why they're good for preserving food) and so it makes sense that these plants would evolve spices as a defense mechanism in warmer climates, where microbes grow more vigorously and pose more of a threat than they would at higher latitudes. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e1r3fv2", "e1r6h4m", "e1r73cr" ], "score": [ 10, 3, 5 ], "text": [ "to prevent strors from over inflating prices. They know how much thier product costs. if someone is selling it for more, the customer knows its not Arizona and does not have those hostle feelings. keeps everyone in check.", "Arizona does it because it's one of their core marketing points. They're trying to place pressure on retailers to sell it at that price.\n\nOther companies, like chips , do it for convenience. It's a lot easier for them to print a price on the bag than it is for the store to put a price tag on it & crush all the chips. A store can always mark other prices or buy unpriced merch.", "Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP): what the manufacturer *would like* a retailer to sell their product for. Retailer needn't abide by it which is why 99¢ Arizonas might sell for more and why most items sell for less. Ex.$100 shoes on sale for $79.99. Varies depending on deals struck between vendors and retailers. \n\nMinimum Advertised Price (MAP): the lowest price a retailer can *advertise* a product for as per its agreement with the manufacturer. Ex. Ad language like, \"At a price so low we can't even print it!\" Useful in keeping brick and mortars competitive with online sellers and helps maintain the integrity of brand image." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxmvh6g" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Because they are the items with the biggest margin. They might be still making money at 90% off.\nMy girlfriend used to work in a watch shop and could buy watches at cost - a watch that retailed for $200 cost her about $30." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqqohjc", "cqqqg9s" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "After the immunisation ( it can be by vaccine or naturally as a first infection for example ) there will be memory immune cells left in your body. So if the pathogen occurs again in your system, your body can eliminate it quickly. They do work differently.", "Some viruses take some time to incubate in your body before your immune system notices and starts producing antibodies. The vaccines in these cases are seen by your immune system immediately so they give your body a jump start on creating the antibodies." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cr6nnf3", "cr6ns6i", "cr6nsyr" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The color comes from the incorporation (or lack thereof) of the skins of the grapes. Red wine uses the red (or other dark colored) grapes and their skins. White wine uses a variety of grapes, sans skin. Rose (pink) wine uses a variety of grapes and a bit of skin.", "The primary difference is the type of grapes used. Red and rose wines also tend to include more skin/pulp (in comparison to white).\n\nDarker wines tend to have more 'body', while lighter wines are 'crisper'. I tend to think of this in terms of sounds - darker wines are low pitch while white wines are high pitch - but this probably isn't all that helpful.\n\nCustomarily, white wines are either for drinking independently or with subtly flavored meals like fish while red wines are better for meals because their flavor stands up better in competition with other bold flavors. So most of the time when you're having wine with dinner, it will be a red wine of some sort.", "Well i'm no expert but i've seen wine being made in France. And the difference between pink and red is mostly just the type of the grape being used. But The reason red/pink wine has it's colour is because the process of making the wine begins with dumping the grapes into a big container, heating it up, mixing in ingredients, cooling it down, and so on. So basically there are some sticks and stuff inside and most of all the skin of the grapes, which give the color to the wine. Now white wine is made differently. The juice from the grape is squeezed or whirled away and wine is then made from that. Of course the grapes are white for white wine and red for red wine. The methods differ though. At least where i live (Beaujolais region)\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "djiki4t", "djikk20", "djikpzi", "djikr06", "djil1nc", "djilqtw", "djinksk" ], "score": [ 4, 16, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It doesn't. The same electric flows out. The company just tracks how much flows out of the meter that should have renewable and buys that much from it's renewable source.", "It doesn't.\n\nElectricity on the grid is fungible, which means that it makes no difference in the application of it what the source is. Power on the electrical grid may come from multiple sources -- coal, gas, nuclear, hydro, solar, wind, and so on.\n\nWhat the power company is offering you is the ability to purchase renewable energy -- which really means that *they* purchase renewable energy in amounts adequate to meet the demands of all of the people who signed up for the program.", "It doesn't split it. Basically what they are saying is for every 1KW of electricity you use they will generate 1KW using Renewables sources.\n\nIn reality if you lived down the road from an oil, coal, gas, nuclear etc power station it would probably mostly come from that.", "They don't direct specific electricity to your apartment, but feed an amount equal to what you use into the system from renewable sources.", "I'm guessing here, because I can't see the details of the offer from the power company, but you are probably buying renewable credits. The power that comes into your house doesn't change. \n\nIn this case, the power company will generate their power from a mix of cheap fossil fuel and a more expensive renewable. A small group of people who agree to pay for renewable energy will make up the cost difference, so there is no overall price hike to the general population.\n\nIn this situation, the power coming into your house won't be any different that the power going into your neighborhood's. However, you get a warm fuzzy that you're helping the power company move away from fossil fuel. \n", "In the UK it doesn't, what is actually happening (or at least should be happening and whether it is is up for debate) is the power company in question sees that you are paying them and paying for renewable energy, this money then gets wired into a special account within the power company that says they can only buy renewable energy with this money. So the more people that buy renewable energy the more money the company has to move away from fossil fuels, at least in theory.", "This sounds like a marketing strategy. \n\"100% renewable energy\" could be the name of the program.\n\nthe electrical grid, depending on where you are, is a constant 60Hz (or 50Hz in some countries)and 480VAC three phase. it is stepped down for consumers to 120VAC single phase or Two phase service, think of it as a dam of water with multiple rivers flowing in and everyone has a dam that controls the flow to a waterfall. \nEach power producing location synchronizes to the grid and pushes out electricity into the larger waterway for power. why you turn on a light it turns on your hypothetical waterfall. \nSo no matter the production type (nuclear, hydro, wind, solar, natural gas, coal) the power gets synchronized to that same grid and the power you see at home is more of a percentage mix by the time it gets to an individuals house or apartment. \n\nThey do have \"solar sharing\" contracts which gives a discount to those who basically paid off the utility's loan for the solar panel for a fixed period of time as well. \n\nIn closing the only way for your house to be 100% solar is if they some how isolated your home or community from the grid (thus increasing instability to the local grid (bad idea for people with things like air conditioning and freezers). " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "duscr0f" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Well in the end it's all subjective anyway . However , music critics will generally tend to favour songs with clever lyricism , memorable melodies , excellent production (how good the album sounds from an audio standpoint) and it's relation to the band/artist them self . Sometimes you'll see bands that would normally be considered predictable in their sound release a new record that is completely different and fresh . Music critiques will either yay or nay the output of the artist based on this criteria." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d93n5lo", "d93nwmx", "d93p255" ], "score": [ 9, 5, 4 ], "text": [ "Uhh, multi socket boards have been around for ages...they don't need a physical connection between the two becuase they are connected via the FSB (front side bus) they are in tangled via software support and hardware support. The term SLI broad ATI crossfire is very similar....GPUs are connected via ribbon cable. ", "You can run multi-processor computers. It's just not supported by consumer-grade CPUs and motherboards because it's not all that useful. The CPU is very rarely the limiting factor in anything. Dual-socket motherboards do exist for the server-grade components if you're willing to spring the extra money on those. \n[Here's](_URL_0_) a $4400 dual-CPU machine from Dell, for example. ", "If you have multiple CPU cores, which you almost certainly do, you're sort of already doing 'SLI'. Each core acts like its own separate CPU." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ck4z65c", "ck4zuaz", "ck52i0j", "ck58zky" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 10, 3 ], "text": [ "Pretty sure it means the absence of sweetness ", "It's just a way to describe the taste, not the texture or actual properties of the drink\n\nHave you never had a drink that tasted \"dry\"?", "\"Dry\" is not a flavour, it's a mouthfeel. The word is used to describe astringency, which in wine and tea is caused by presence of tannins (which are found in the skin mostly). \n", "It refers to the amount of sugar in the drink. Wines are usually classified between either extra dry, dry, semi-sweet, sweet, and extra-sweet. A dry wine has very little sugar, as it has been converted to alcohol, a sweet wine is exactly that, sweet." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2t7p2f" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "the \"refractive index\" of air and of water is very different.\n\nSometimes if you can't see well underwater it's because the index of refraction is not optimal to focus the light on the back of your eyeball, but in some cases it's the opposite. I for example have -6 nearsightedness, but underwater it's drastically reduced and I can see much farther than I'd ever see with air around my eyes. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fcwfuaa" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It's from cooking.\n\nThe Maillard reaction changes the proteins in the outer layer of meat into that tasty bark goodness. Simple caramelisation of the limited sugars in the brisket probably has a similar effect but less significant effect." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cddadk1", "cddbphr" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "When the Yen was introduced in the 1870s, it had approximately the same value as the dollar. However, 140 years have had their affect on the comparative prices - it dropped a lot because Japan followed a silver currency standard and Western countries followed a gold standard, then around World War II Japan had some pretty massive inflation and was valued at about 360 Yen per dollar. Around the 70s-80s it gained value, and got up around the current 100 Yen per dollar.", "The numbers, independently, are meaningless. Think of a dollar. Is the number involved a 1 or a 100? In Korea, I don't think of 1000 won as 1000 units, I think of it as 1 unit. If it was 10,000 or 100,000 won for a soda, it wouldn't change that fact. Don't fixate on the number of zeros, just think of the buying power of that note.\n\nThe way that it happens is usually when a country goes from being a poor country to being a wealthy country. When the Korean won was established, Korea was very poor, and so people spent money in terms of single won. But the economy grew rapidly, and so inflation happened, and now 60 years later people spend money in terms of 1,000 won. That's all. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c3eiqy7", "c3ej8ws", "c3ekoht", "c3ekowv", "c3enz2k" ], "score": [ 20, 4, 8, 16, 3 ], "text": [ "God created the world, but sorta blew himself up to do it. therefore, God is in every part of nature. what is perfect and pure and beautiful is nature. and nature is God. if you want to get closer to God, then spend time in nature.\n\nKeats (a Transcendentalist): Beauty is truth, truth beauty. That is all ye know on earth and all ye need to know.\n\nread Poe's \"Eureka\" and Thoreau.", "I hate myself for saying this, but \"Magnets - how do they work?\" is, at heart, a transcendentalist sentiment. There is wonder in the mundane world, if you take a moment to see it. \n\n", " > There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide.\n\n-Emerson\n\nAKA be your own person. You can never be anyone else, and trying to force it is futile.", "tl;dr: Appreciate beauty, live your life. ", "Key beliefs of the movement: God is in every soul, so external authority is unnecessary. There is another realm of knowledge that goes beyond (*transcends*) what we hear and see from secondary sources, such as books. Individualism and thinking for one's self are the most important values, because society and political groups corrupt pure thoughts. Pay close attention to beauty in the seemingly insignificant aspects of nature. There is a goodness in the natural world, and if we study it we can gain self-knowledge and understanding because we are all connected spiritually.\n\nTL;DR; Individualism, insight, and nature. Could possibly be compared to nature-loving libertarians." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "euzpr70", "euzrtrs", "ev00rrw" ], "score": [ 4, 12, 16 ], "text": [ "Cold and Flu aren't the same thing. A factoid I learned recently was quite interesting: there's about 200 different cold viruses that you catch repeatedly through your life, and you're immune for about three years after catching any one of them. 200 variants is plenty to keep catching them over and over again.", "1 virion is all it takes to make you ill.\nThere's a few factors at play in whether someone contracts a viral infection. Your immune response is obviously a big one. If you've encountered the virus before then you've already got the tools to deal with it again. Another interesting aspect is the fact that someone else's immune system can stop you getting ill. It's called Herd Immunity. Basically someone else's immune system beats the infection before it gets anywhere near you. Viruses are also obligate intracellular parasites. This means they need to get into a cell quickly or they \"die\". You might just get lucky that no virions made it up your nose in time. Hope this helps", "In terms of \"how much of a virus do you need\" - we don't really know, in most cases. Some viruses, such as influenza or adenoviruses, only require 10 particles to cause infection. It depends on how the virus infects (it is harder to get infect through the skin than it is to be taken in as someone breathes, for example). \n\nFor \"why does x person get infected over y person\" - it relies on a couple of different factors, all of which are different depending on the virus and the individual person being infected:\n\n1. If you've been exposed to the virus before, your body will have built up what is known as \"immunological memory\" - it has immune cells stored away from the last infection, which can prevent a second infection from building up (so effectively that you may not even know you have had a repeat infection!) \n2. How contagious the virus is. Some viruses are heavy, and when in the air, can't spread well, so don't infect many people. In contrast, the most contagious virus - measles - is an extremely light particle, and can float in a room for hours after it an infected individual has been there. The letter R is used to mark how many people an infected person will infect - for measles, every person infected will infect 17 others, on average. So if the virus is extremely contagious, a lot of people are likely to get it. If not, then only an unlucky few will.\n3. Personal immunity. Just like everyone has different DNA, we all have cells and receptors for things in the body to bind to. This is really diverse, even between family members. Some people have receptors for one virus or bacterium to bind to, but others do not. This is why, even between siblings and parents, some people get sick from a certain pathogen, but others don't. In essence, it can come down to luck.\n4. Health. A healthy individual may have a better functioning immune system, allowing a more rapid and effective assault on a viral infection. Others who are \"immunocompromised\" (such as AIDS sufferers) or more elderly don't have this same functionality, so cannot so easily get rid of an infection. This is why people so often get secondary illnesses in hospitals (as well as the fact that there are many sick people concentrated in a small area) - they are already unwell, and don't have the capacity to fight off further infection. \n5. Personal hygiene. One of the single biggest factors for preventing viral infection (which most effectively spreads through bodily fluids released from a cough/sneeze) is washing your hands. If someone with the flu touches the button to open the train door, then you touch that some button, and then your mouth/nose/eyes/opening... you see where this is going. \n\nWhen you think that a cough can release hundreds of thousands of these particles, and a sneeze millions, you can see how this could be common! But our immune system has a number of very effective techniques to prevent viruses from entry in the first place (the skin, mucous, chemicals in bodily fluids), and prevents a huge number of foreign pathogens infecting us every day." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eqtruv2", "eqvnkkx" ], "score": [ 6, 5 ], "text": [ "Well, for the catacombs at least it's actually the other way around. As a TL;DR At the end of the 1700's there were large sprawling networks of stone mines haphazardly placed under Paris that were threatening the structural integrity of the city, and at the same time the city was also facing a crises with graveyards literally overflowing. The Parisians of the time decided they could solve one issue with the other so they reinforced the mines and emptied the graveyards down below. Essentially they mined out the underground and filled it back in later with infrastructure.", "When an old city was left empty, because of a natural disaster or something, people forgot about it and didn’t go there anymore, because they didn’t have a system like google maps yet. Then, nature would take over. Plants would grow over it and fertilize the soil. Wind etc. would break down the walls and very slowly, a city becomes buried under layers of dirt, stones and plants. It is then invisible and people sometimes build on it without knowing it is there." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjtlt50" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I think /u/rudd_fuckers said it pretty well, but I'd also add that the advent of the DVR has a lot to do with it as well. Since everyone has a DVR if you have cable, then it makes sense to be able to fill up the DVR with loads of whatever you are interested in. That way, small children can get their fill of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse and Octonauts 24/7 on Disney Junior, while teens can watch Dog with a Blog marathons on the main Disney Channel.\n\nIt's ok though, because back when I was a kid we also used to have MTV play music videos and the SciFi channel (SyFy now) would do more than play cheap b-movies.\n\nThe quality of pay TV today is extremely low compared to how it was 10 or 20 years ago. That's one of the major reasons people are cutting the cord and watching things on sites like Netflix more often because they don't need to have a bunch of useless channels and prefer to watch shows on demand. Disney has a lot of their stuff on Netflix while Nickelodeon has a lot of their stuff on Amazon, so you can pretty easily cut the cord and still get programming from both." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cyx1t4k" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Any item that's imported into Canada is likely to be more expensive. It won't hit right away, since lots of things have been \"in the pipeline\" for a while in order to get to our shelves. You can already see it in the prices of perishable goods, like fresh food, and you'll see it more and more in other things like clothing or electronics.\n\nAnything manufactured in Canada, will likely not increase much in price, unless they use raw materials pursed from away. \n\nIt's not all bad news however. Anything made in Canada intended for sale somewhere else will become more profitable. So Canadian manufacturing jobs, or service jobs for foreign clients, will become booming. This will mean more employment for most Canadians. \n\nThere's also the tourist issue. Tourists, notably Americans, can come to Canada and it's less expensive for them. A $200 a night Canadian hotel room is not likely to increase in cost because of currency changes. To an American that $200 hotel room cost $200 USD when we were at parity, but today it only costs $140 USD. So it's cheaper to vacation in Canada, again this helps our economy and provides jobs. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "djo25nc", "djo3xtm", "djo9jg2", "djoho8s" ], "score": [ 9, 7, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Astrolabe and similar instruments have been around at least 1200 years. With charts and calibration calculating latitude is possible. Along with compasses, maps, wind maps, current maps, and telescopes navigation has been possible to high degree for a long time. ", "Finding the latitude (north/south) was the easier part of it. This is determined by the how high the sun gets at noon at any particular day. If you have a chart of the height of the sun on July 1 for various places, all you have to do is find that number on the chart.\n\nThe determination of longitude was difficult because you had to know the exact time to know how far east/west you were. It wasn't until the 1700s that the sextant was invented and mariners could tell how far east/west the had gone. One way around that was to get on the right latitude for Jamestown and follow it. Eventually you would run into it. This adds a few days to the voyage, because you cannot take advantage of the Great Circle route, but if you don't know the longitude, it is the safest course to follow.", "They found latitude using a sextant. They would mark the angle between the horizon and the North Star, and that would be their latitude. (Other stars can also be used to find latitude, but the calculation involved is more complicated) \n\nLongitude was next to impossible to calculate. There was a great deal of effort put into finding ways for a ship to find its longitude, including (side note warning) a board of longitude, set up in Britain to encourage inventors to tackle the problem and award prizes for solutions. The eventual solution was found around 1800, and involved using precise clocks to mark the time of sunrise and sunset. (Side note over) \n\nSince they couldn't find their longitude, early navigators would use dead reckoning and plan routes for their journeys to minimize this problem. Dead reckoning is essentially knowing where you are from where you've been. If you know you started in a certain place and traveled in a certain this direction for a certain amount of time, you can know where you are. Of course, this requires that navigators know the speed, direction, and time traveled precisely, means that it's prone to big errors. \n\nThe solution involves planning journeys in a way that minimizes the effects of these errors. Often that meant sailing to the latitude of the destination, then sailing due east or west until the destination was reached. If the speed isn't recorded accurately, the ship will land a few days sooner or later than planned, but will still reach it. This means that navigators aren't going in a straight line, and might not be taking advantage of the winds. But it got people from point A to point B, usually. ", "The sea captains and navigators of course. You need 3 pieces of information to navigate the open ocean. Your bearing, or compass reading (the direction you're sailing), your latitude and your longitude. \n\nCompass was easy and one of the first tools developed. Stick a permanent magnet through a cork and float it in a bowl. \n\nLatitude was also not that hard to figure out. A sextant could be used to take the angle of the sun at noon. When was noon in a time without watches? It was when the sun went up in the sky no further and then started to come down. By sighting along the sextent and watching for that up and down movement they could then take the angle the sun was at to tell how far north or south they were. \n\nLongitude was the hard one. In order for that to work you need a very accurate clock. We had grandfather clocks of course and other pendulum based clocks, but they didn't work on ships because of the rocking motion. It wasn't until the first flywheel clocks were invented that it was possible to take an accurate time keeping device on a long voyage. By comparing the local noon time to the noon time on the clock that was set prior to the voyage, they could tell how far east or west they had sailed. \n\n\nAlso, not all ships sailed the open ocean. It was possible to sail within sight of land with only short hops of open ocean. Following the UK, iceland, greenland, to nova scotia and the eastern US. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdgzzd0", "cdgzzww", "cdh0fxn" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's just like an argument about whether you should measure distance in centimetres or metres (or inches or feet if you're American). Neither is more correct, but one is often more convenient than the other.", "It is better for understanding a lot of things. Pi is used in lots of places, not just circles and angles, and in all of them, using 6.24... for the constant makes the equations more logical, and generally simpler.\n\nRadian angles is one such place, as it gets rid of an extra constant (2) that really shouldn't be there.", "Another aspect is that when we talk about circles or spheres in mathematics, it's almost always the radius that's important/interesting. Tau is derived from the radius (circumference divided by radius) while Pi is derived from the diameter (circumference divided by diameter). " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "coacyd4", "coaduhc" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "unless you are transferring stuff between computers within your home (which would use the access point locally but not use the internet) you don't need one that fast.", "In the event you want to do a device to device file transfer within your network, you'll achieve much faster transfer times; however, that's not the most important thing going on here. In order for your router to achieve the advertised speed on the box, you'd have to be connected under optimal conditions. \n\nThis means if your router is in a different room than where you're using your wireless device, you're not achieving the advertised speed. If you're in an apartment where there are lots of other networks around, you may encounter interference, which reduces speed. \n\nAlso, an 802.11b router is going to cap out at 11Mbps, which won't do you much good with your 20Mbps connection. And with B or G routers, even though G can achieve 54Mbps, you deal with a concept known as \"spread spectrum,\" which in short, means that the more devices connected to your router, the slower everyone's speed goes. So have 3 devices actively using the internet? You're likely not getting the full 20Mbps of your internet uplink.\n\nFurthermore, the 802.11AC standard is far more robust than B, G or even N. Even though 1300Mbps is a lot of bandwidth to work with, you're not always going to operate under ideal conditions. Even with AC's more robust connection, with multiple devices connected, each device is likely to see slightly reduced speeds. The biggest advantage of AC is that you'll still achieve your optimal internet connection speed (most likely) in situations where B, G and N won't provide that for you.\n\nTL;DR: The advertised speed of your router is only achieved under ideal conditions. Also, with multiple devices actively using the network, your overall speed with B, G and N are divided up, and you may not be able to get your internet at full speed. AC is much more robust, making it more likely to achieve the internet speeds you pay for." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dg9zise", "dg9zjhy" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "In general they aren't.\n\nThe particular goats you see are known as fainting goats. They have a neurological disorder that causes that strange behavior.\n\nSome people are amused by this, and specifically breed goats with the disorder.", "That's a particular genetic mutation which causes a form of temporary paralysis (in lots of animals, not just goats); it's not just tensing up, they're really falling right over. The reason you see this in goats a lot is because there is a breed (\"The Fainting Goat\") which has had this trait selected intentionally; most other animals with this trait would be culled. \n\nThis is the condition they have: _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotonia_congenita" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "enpx8ez", "enpxemn", "enq829g", "enqag4p", "enr32mg", "enr3a7u", "ensnr7z" ], "score": [ 5, 9, 39, 14, 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Basically html and JavaScript code that checks the resolution of your screen and other browser information to determine what device you are on. But on desktops they can emulate the mobile eviorment given the mobile link and you can also view the desktop version on a mobile if you say so on browser settings on some websites.", "First of all, it's not a matter of knowledge - your device tells the website whether it's a desktop or a phone (unless you specifically configured it to say otherwise). \n\nIt's a design choice by whoever made the website. Often it's because the desktop site came first and is considered the \"default\", while the mobile site was added later. So the site assumes that if you clicked a link to the mobile site, that's the site you meant to enter, whether you are actually on a mobile device or not.", "When you send a request for a website, you send information about your device and what exactly you are after in the headers of a request. There is a header called \"user-agent\" this basically defines what device you are on. Mine for example says \"Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 8.1.0; SM-T580) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.157 Safari/537.36\". Therefore websites know that my device is an android device, so they know to deliver the mobile version to my device.", "There was a time where smartphones became suddenly big, but most big sites didn’t have a mobile version. The first iPhone was shown browsing the New York Times webpage by Steve Jobs which was not optimized for mobiles at all. Companies paid a lot of money to get mobile versions out which coexisted with the default desktop version. These versions usually have a different source code and a different feature set, which to this day frustrates users, who can’t find important stuff because the mobile site doesn’t support or show it properly. If you visit the domain _URL_1_ you are redirected to _URL_0_ if browser shows a certain device identifier (for mobile devices). Sometimes they just check for the viewport width and height (e.g load the mobile size if the width is < 768px).\n\n Nowadays such an approach is heavily discouraged. You usually develop mobile first and the design is responsive so that it automatically expands to bigger viewports. The main advantage is that you have only one code for all devices and don’t need to do twice the work in case of updates. Because > 50% of site traffic comes from mobile devices nowadays, google expect websites to be mobile first and punishes sites in the page ranking who are not mobile friendly.", "There are 2 methods for making a website work across different devices. \n\nThe first involves the device (phone or desktop) telling the website what kind of device it is, and the website giving the user the specific version of the site that suits their device. The desktop and mobile versions are generally completely seperate codebases. This method was common when smartphones first became popular as it was a way for companies to give a mobile experience without having to redo their existing desktop website. These mobile sites often had domains like _URL_0_\n\nThe second method is called responsive design, and is overwhelmingly the standard approach today. It involves giving the same website to both phones and desktops, and letting the device decide on which styles to use based on a few factors but mostly screen size. \n\nTo answer your question, I mentioned that in the first method the website decides which version to give to the user based on what device it is. People (developers) tend to expect users to enter the site from the desktop URL (_URL_1_ or www._URL_1_) so do this check when the user hits this URL and redirect the phone traffic as necessary. Unfortunately the developers may not anticipate desktop users to land on the _URL_0_ version so don’t bother adding the ‘check’ to this version. \n\nIt really comes down to sloppy web development, but due to responsive design it’s becoming less of a problem.", "I did some basic HTML in my class this year and we basically set a certain width of the screen that is commonly used by phones (about 768px), and we design all the content to look good on that.\n\nAfter that's done, we'll change the content formatting around to look nice on a desktop view (anything above 768px) and maybe hide and add a new navigation bar. \n\nIt still depends on how the webpage is coded to detect what device you're on, but that's how I did it.\n\nEdit: saw latter half of the question. Sometimes there will be extra indicators in the link to specifically request the mobile version (like how YouTube has =en at the end of some links to indicate what language it should be showing in), but generally not the case for the width detection method.", "If you're making a website, you're working at a desktop computer, or maybe a laptop. You need to test both the desktop version and the mobile version. It's awkward if the site forces you onto the desktop version; you need to jump through some hoops to make the site think you're on a mobile browser.\n\nYou *could* give your website a \"development\" mode and a \"production\" mode. In production mode, it would redirect mobile to desktop, and in development mode it wouldn't. But that's extra work, so people don't do that." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cshutq9" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "There will always be a not in my backyard mentality, for various things. Not just for casinos, but for almost anything.\n\nThere is a concern that casinos can bring in some of the more undesirable elements, such as crime. I have never done research in that area, so I am not sure if it is a stereotype or if it is true. \n\nFrom a macro side, there is a concern over the false hope casinos and lotteries give people. For instance, I am on the board of a charity, and we work at bingos once a month as a fundraiser. Every time, you see people who cannot afford much spending a lot of time with the hope that they can win. If they saved and invested those dollars, they would be better off. This creates social problems, as the poor become poorer. Causing government expenditures to pay for things like social assistance and problem gambling assistance.\n\nAt the same time, in many areas, governments make a lot of money off of the casinos. Money that goes toward school, health care and roads.\n\nIt is not an easy to define issues, and I am not 100% sure on the effects. But what I can say is that it does not matter what the facts are, but what people perceive. There is the perception of it being an issue, and thus people oppose it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dg0np36", "dg0nxfi", "dg0orv3", "dg0vowc" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Arrows and Bullets have very different physics that drive their assault upon your body.\n\nArrows, once they enter tend to stay on a very straight trajectory, because the shaft of the arrow keeps it true as it penetrates your skin and goes into your body. The shaft also replaces the flesh it goes through, so it prevents alot of excess bleeding.\n\nA Bullet however, is designed to either expand on impact, or to shatter and cause as much intrinsic damage as it can, as well as it bounces around your body in some cases like a rubber ball launched against a wall.\n\nArrows were primarily designed for hunting, and were adapted for warfare.\n\nGuns were designed with the intention of winning wars and being as deadly as possible.", "Aside from blood loss which they both cause, hydrostaticshock and permanent wound cavity with bullets cause damage greater than the diameter of a bullet. \n\nPicture a car going 5mph through a puddle, then imagine a car going 100mph going through the same.", "Bullets have a lot more energy. Even a 9 mm pistol bullet has about 10 times the energy that an arrow from a powerful bow will have. Because bullets are often blunt, and are designed to expand or tumble when they hit the target, that energy spreads out causing damage over an area several times that of the bullet. By contrast an arrow has a sharp head so when it hits the target it cuts through and penetrates deep, making the best use of its relatively small energy but producing a 'narrower' injury.\n\nThat said, bows are lethal weapons. If a gunshot wound to a certain spot would kill you, an arrow wound to the same shot would probably also kill you.", "Its like the time on naruto when they did the chidori and rasengan on the water tanks. The chidori(arrow) stayed on a straight path and did damage to the area hit. The rasengan(bullet) damaged the nearby area" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "coblktg" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Actually, we can, but it's more complicated. Hearing and sight are detection of energy rather than matter (light or moving air), so we can produce it using electricity. We're not interested in light's particle characteristics here, only the fact that we can generate it from electricity. Touch, taste and smell are detection of physical objects. For touch it's obvious, but without some kind of hypnotism or brain electrode things, the only way to smell and taste is for certain molecules, physical objects, to bind to sensors (receptors) in your nose/tongue. These are often esters, thiols and aldehydes, though there are many more. We can simulate smell and taste by creating molecules with similar structure to those that are meant to bind to the receptors, or just synthesize the same molecules. This is how we have aspartame sweetener and synthetic (simulated) fruit flavouring. You don't really think of this because the simulated stuff is hidden from plain sight, only visible on an ingredient list, while you're always concentrating on the source of audio or visual simulation. Taking electricity to be free flow, it's easier to simulate audio and video because it comes from an infinite source, while smell and taste simulators require a set volume, being made of matter. Touch can't technically be simulated because it's so broad. Everything that touches you is a real touch, so you really can't create something that would be classified as a fake touch. You could simulate objects that you think you're touching, like an android vs a human, but that's about it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e9gn22u", "e9gsfas" ], "score": [ 13, 3 ], "text": [ "They don't *have* to, but it's easier on the props department if the huge wad of money that 100 people end up handling for the day wasn't actually made up of $10,000.\n\nIt's also easier to get a hold of for the film maker, with prop money being much cheaper than the real thing.\n\nSo, there is a lower risk of loss, overall, and if someone on set gets sticky fingers, there is less lost.", "It is cheaper than getting that volume of real money. \n\nIt is less likely to have someone steal it from the set. \n\nAnd if they have to destroy it in the scene it is not illegal (as damaging real currency often is.). " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eikiqx5" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "In my opinion there is no logic to. The time of the year will have more of an impact on your personality than the environment you were brought up in? Nah not for me.\n\nThe reason why you see inconsistencies is because it's not real. \n\nJust Google debunk astrology signs, there loads of experiments been done.\n\nIn my experience a lot of the people who say things like this tend to be a bit kooky and look at me mysterious and in tune with the universe.\n\nDon't get me wrong I'm a spiritual person and I do truly believe there is much more to our reality then it would ever let on but no it's not astrology.\n\nTest it yourself. Look at the traits of each then look at people born in those signs. How much matches up and how much will match with another random person? \n\nI think all astrology is good for is taking a rough guess as to when someone was born. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fbwrgrt", "fbwt3ec", "fbwwoib" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "They don't exactly. Reduction is one part, the other part is an electric motor has a flat torque curve across the RPMs unlike ICE", "The electric motor has full power at low rpm, and at any rpm.\n\nThe gas engine doesn't get full power until it gets a high rpm.\n\nAt low rpms, the gas engine is using less fuel than it does at higher rpm and generation less force because there are less explosions. And so it has less power at low rpms.\n\nThe electric motor doesn't have that issue. It's using the same amount of electricity basically all the time and building the same amount of power as well.", "They only create more torque under specific operating conditions. This is governed by the fundamental differences between piston driven engines (\"Otto cycle\" engines to be an academic pedant) and electric motors. For my comparison I am omitting the gear reduction, as this is the biggest driver in how much torque a motor can transmit to its final output shaft.\n\nThe Otto cycle generates and transmits power in discrete pulses as each cylinder fires in succession. This means that the inertia of the moving parts of the engine have to maintain its motion in between pulses for a teeny tiny amount of time, which consumes some of the energy the engine produced. The engine must also consume some of its own energy to compress the fuel/air mixture in each cycle of each cylinder. Every Otto cycle engine has a different \"torque curve\" representing how much torque it can produce at any given RPM value. Higher revs means less time between pulse, so more torque can be supplied by the engine, and the torque curve is different based on the design of the engine. Lots of work goes into designing these engines for specific performance parameters, since torque and power production depend on the size of the cylinders, the length of the stroke, valve timing, spark advance, etc. For two extreme references, a heavy diesel engine has lots of low end torque because the cylinders are large, meaning lots of dinosaur juice can be burned, and the stroke is very long, which increases the torque by providing a long \"lever arm\" to turn the crank shaft with. This breaks down at higher speed, since such geometry has high rotational inertia and can't rev very high. In contrast, a formula one engine has smaller cylinders with a very short stroke, so their optimum torque is at high speed, where they can rev extremely high (approx 15,000-20,000 rpm). \n\nElectric motors are much simpler, and don't require as much work to optimize their design for specific purposes. Their chief advantage is that you don't have to make the power at the same time that you are supplying torque. The power has already been made and is stored in the battery, so you can simply dump as much voltage as you want into the motor instantly. The torque of the motor is determined by the current running through it, and current is defined as voltage divided by resistance (V/R). Since the resistance is constant, the current can be increased or decreased by controlling the voltage supplied by the power source. Typically you can dump HEAPS of voltage into an electric motor (relative to its size) and thus it can produce high torque instantly. Once curious property of electric motors is that they are also generators. When they start spinning, they generate voltage that is the opposite polarity of the power supply, so as is spins faster, the net voltage across the motor decreases, and thus the current, and consequently the torque, is reduced, This means that the motor produces maximum torque at zero RPM, and minimum torque at its maximum RPM." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cg1nnxz", "cg1np2o", "cg1nprw", "cg1nu3m" ], "score": [ 8, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Radio waves move at the speed of light. Which is far faster then sound.", " > Assuming the vehicle is travelling away from the transmission the wave will never catch it. I know I'm wrong, but how?\n\nRadio waves are a form of light, and so travel at light speed. That is much faster than sound.\n\nHowever it is not instant and communication at vast distances cannot be real-time.", "Radiowaves travel at the speed of light.\n\n > I can't get how real-time radio chat is possible in, for example, a space vehicle or plane exceeding the speed of sound.\n\nThe speed of sound (1200 km/h) is tiny compared to the speed of light (300,000 km/s).\n\n > How did communications at epic space distances (think Apollo missions) work in real time?\n\nThe moon is, on average, 384,000 km away from Earth. This means that radiowaves take just over a second to travel between Earth and the Moon (or Earth and the Apollo spacecraft) - almost real time.\n\nSpace vehicles that are much further than that, for example the Mars probes or the the Voyager space probes are indeed a lot farther away, which is why we can't actually communicate with them in real time - the communications delay between Earth and Mars is between 3 and 21 minutes, and at its current distance, it takes the information sent by Voyager 1 probe over 17 hours to reach Earth.", "Radio waves propagate much, much faster than the speed of sound. They travel at the speed of light, so it's physically impossible for any physical object to move away from the source faster than the radio waves it emits.\n\nThere is a delay when communicating with objects across space due to the vast distances. When communicating between Earth and Mars, the delay can be as little as 4 minutes when it's closest to us and as much as 24 minutes when it's furthest from us. Between Earth and the moon, the delay is about 1.3 seconds. There's even a delay when talking between ground stations and satellites orbiting Earth, and these are taken into account." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dm85on6", "dm85skp" ], "score": [ 9, 8 ], "text": [ "A better question is: why are there drugs for every set of receptors? And that's because molecules can take so, so, so, so, *so* many shapes that for every receptor there are bound to be some molecules that lock on the receptors [a little bit](_URL_0_) and some that lock on to the receptors [very, very, very strongly](_URL_2_). And men find these, or make them, and they use them, and then they are drugs.\n\nThe receptors came about through evolution, or else through creation, if you prefer, because they were beneficial to organisms' survival; they were interacted with by endorphins and other chemicals that already exist in your head (this happens to include [the most profound psychedelic drug](_URL_1_) in small quantities).\n\nAnd those drugs that occur naturally, as in those many, many drugs found in plants and fungi, often occurred through evolution (or else through creation) because they were beneficial to the plants/fungi's survival - often by intoxicating animals who would consume the plant sufficiently to dissuade them from doing so. Men who make new psychoactive drugs generally don't make them weaker, but stronger - so this is a case where the natural drugs are indeed likely to be less harmful than the artificial ones.", "you have it backwards- random chemicals found in nature are drugs *because* they fit our receptors. Opium poppies don't have opiates in them on purpose, we purposefully grow opium poppies because we discovered *hey, this plant is full of chemicals that do stuff*.\n\nNicotine is present in tobacco because it's a poison, it kills many insects that would otherwise eat the plant. \n\nCannabis has THC in it either as an insecticide, a UV radiation buffer, or both, and we cultivate the plant because we discovered *hey this plant does something cool man*. \n\nPlants are filled with complex chemicals for all kinds of different reasons, and such a large quantity of chemicals leads to a few that *just so happen* to fit chemical receptors in our brains." ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol#Mechanism_of_action", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JWH-018#Pharmacology" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eyxeteq", "eyxf8p9", "eyxhske", "eyxwf28" ], "score": [ 3, 11, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Of course they could publish the information anyways but say good bye to any working relationship they had. When you tell something “off the record” it is usually providing background to a story and not the main point of a story, helping the journalist understand the reasoning behind something or what events led up to something for example.", "Nothing, but if they did that, neither that source nor any other source, current or potential, would ever trust them again. If you can't get sources, you can't get stories, and your career is over. It's like having a friend who is constantly spilling secrets and everyone knows they're doing that. Would you ever trust them with a secret of yours?", "Professional ethics and standards. If you agree to go off the record and then publish what you're told, the source will never speak to you again. They may tell others to do the same. You'll be seriously compromising your ability to do your job in the future.", "Politicians and media have a symbiotic relationship.\n\nThe politician can always lie later. Accuse the journalist of fabricating quotes, which could ruin that guy's career." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2clajb", "c2codms", "c2clajb", "c2codms" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "[Wiki on lupus](_URL_0_)\n[Webmd on lupus](_URL_1_)\n\nLupus (System Lupus Erythemoatosus, or SLE) is an autoimmune disease. It means that it's caused by your body's immune system attacking parts of the body itself. This causes inflammation, swelling, and pain. There are many autoimmune diseases like this -- Rheumatoid Arthritis is another one. They are treated by rheumatologists, and if your aunt has only a regular doctor, she should also go to see a specialist rheumatologist. ", "Your body makes factors, these factors are antibodies, the same antibodies that fight infections. Unfortunately, your body doesn't regulate them very well and they develop to affect your bodies tissues, in particular your tissues of your skin, kidneys, joints, and ligaments. On the whole, the syndrome is called lupus, it effects multiple organs. There are other joint diseases and there are other antibody diseases, what makes lupus unique is that it has several criteria (9 in particular rash, immunologic, hematologic, dermatologic) that comprises lupus. Not everyone gets all 9, not all people with 9 criteria have difficult lives, but on the basis of criteria (how doctors diagnose things) this is what people call lupus. ", "[Wiki on lupus](_URL_0_)\n[Webmd on lupus](_URL_1_)\n\nLupus (System Lupus Erythemoatosus, or SLE) is an autoimmune disease. It means that it's caused by your body's immune system attacking parts of the body itself. This causes inflammation, swelling, and pain. There are many autoimmune diseases like this -- Rheumatoid Arthritis is another one. They are treated by rheumatologists, and if your aunt has only a regular doctor, she should also go to see a specialist rheumatologist. ", "Your body makes factors, these factors are antibodies, the same antibodies that fight infections. Unfortunately, your body doesn't regulate them very well and they develop to affect your bodies tissues, in particular your tissues of your skin, kidneys, joints, and ligaments. On the whole, the syndrome is called lupus, it effects multiple organs. There are other joint diseases and there are other antibody diseases, what makes lupus unique is that it has several criteria (9 in particular rash, immunologic, hematologic, dermatologic) that comprises lupus. Not everyone gets all 9, not all people with 9 criteria have difficult lives, but on the basis of criteria (how doctors diagnose things) this is what people call lupus. " ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus", "http://lupus.webmd.com/default.htm" ], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus", "http://lupus.webmd.com/default.htm" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cksfp48", "cksu33x" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "They're fairly stealthy, have radar that is hard for other fighters to detect (meaning they can see and shoot without being seen in return), they can fly at supersonic speeds without using afterburner and thus burning through insane amounts of fuel, and they are incredibly maneuverable due to engine nozzles that can move to direct the thrust on an angle (thrust vectoring). They really do outclass pretty much everything that came before them. ", "the reason these are in the news this week is because the planes are being used in combat for the first time, after years and billions of dollars spent" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2e3kna", "c2e3kna" ], "score": [ 4, 4 ], "text": [ "First you need to understand a little bit about current and voltage. An electric *current* is the flow of electrons, moving from one place to another. A *voltage* is something that makes electrons want to flow; imagine, for example, that an electron is a ball, and when you have a hill, you have a voltage difference. When you let go of the ball at the top of the hill, it wants to roll down to the bottom. This is like a current flowing from somewhere with higher voltage to somewhere with lower voltage.\n\nThe simplest vacuum tube has two parts inside of it. One is called the *cathode* and it's heated up so that it's really hot (sometimes glowing orange.) The other part is called the *anode*, and it's not heated. Now let's say you have a voltage difference between the cathode and the anode, so that electrons want to move from the cathode to the anode. It turns out that hot metals in a vacuum are happy to release electrons, and the electrons can actually move through the vacuum from the hot cathode to the cold anode. But if the voltage is the other way around, so that electrons want to move from the anode to the cathode, the cold anode doesn't want to let the electrons go, so no electrons move. This simple vacuum tube is called a *diode*, and it is useful because it only lets current flow in one direction.\n\nAnother type of useful vacuum tube adds another part, called the *grid*. The grid is literally a grid of wire that is in between the anode and the cathode. Normally the grid doesn't do anything, and electrons still flow from the hot cathode to the cold anode. But, if the voltage on the grid is changed, it starts to block some of the electrons from getting through. This tube is called a *triode* and it lets us control the flow of electricity with electricity. (It's like a switch that can be turned on or off with an electric signal.) With this building block, you can start to implement digital logic, even building a computer (though computers built from vacuum tubes are gigantic, hot, and slow.)\n\nThe triode has another interesting thing about it: it only takes a small change in the voltage connected to the gate to control a lot of electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode. This is how we can build an amplifier, since a small signal connected to the gate can control the flow of a lot of current, enough to make sound from a speaker.", "First you need to understand a little bit about current and voltage. An electric *current* is the flow of electrons, moving from one place to another. A *voltage* is something that makes electrons want to flow; imagine, for example, that an electron is a ball, and when you have a hill, you have a voltage difference. When you let go of the ball at the top of the hill, it wants to roll down to the bottom. This is like a current flowing from somewhere with higher voltage to somewhere with lower voltage.\n\nThe simplest vacuum tube has two parts inside of it. One is called the *cathode* and it's heated up so that it's really hot (sometimes glowing orange.) The other part is called the *anode*, and it's not heated. Now let's say you have a voltage difference between the cathode and the anode, so that electrons want to move from the cathode to the anode. It turns out that hot metals in a vacuum are happy to release electrons, and the electrons can actually move through the vacuum from the hot cathode to the cold anode. But if the voltage is the other way around, so that electrons want to move from the anode to the cathode, the cold anode doesn't want to let the electrons go, so no electrons move. This simple vacuum tube is called a *diode*, and it is useful because it only lets current flow in one direction.\n\nAnother type of useful vacuum tube adds another part, called the *grid*. The grid is literally a grid of wire that is in between the anode and the cathode. Normally the grid doesn't do anything, and electrons still flow from the hot cathode to the cold anode. But, if the voltage on the grid is changed, it starts to block some of the electrons from getting through. This tube is called a *triode* and it lets us control the flow of electricity with electricity. (It's like a switch that can be turned on or off with an electric signal.) With this building block, you can start to implement digital logic, even building a computer (though computers built from vacuum tubes are gigantic, hot, and slow.)\n\nThe triode has another interesting thing about it: it only takes a small change in the voltage connected to the gate to control a lot of electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode. This is how we can build an amplifier, since a small signal connected to the gate can control the flow of a lot of current, enough to make sound from a speaker." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgpftol" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The company that supplies the fuel to the distributor makes all the money as well as the companies that produce the cigarettes and food items etc.\nThey survive so close together because everyone needs to go there all the time and if youre on opposite sides of the street you get people going one way and the other station gets people going the other. The price per gallon is generally 6-12 cents above cost and you drive around and see what other people are charging. Dude up the street is at 3.49 for 87 you go to 3.48 because fuck him." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dk3uoq8", "dk407ce" ], "score": [ 9, 2 ], "text": [ "Your body produces less. Blood cells are produced all the time as the cells die, and are carried around in fluid. Your body just uses less fluid (and makes less cells so the concentration stays the same) \n", "When your body experiences a long term deficiency in oxygen, it responds by produce more red blood cells. When it detects a surplus, it will let up.\n\nA red blood cell in your system lasts about 3-4 months before it dies and its replaced. Your weight seldom changes much over that duration, so there is plenty of time for your body to adjust its red blood cell production. Those extra red blood cells die and are not replaced." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c3a10ut", "c3a17ex", "c3a1f7k", "c3a1k5p", "c3a3ved", "c3a10ut", "c3a17ex", "c3a1f7k", "c3a1k5p", "c3a3ved" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "A combination of overfishing and dumping of toxic waste has made it very hard to earn a living by fishing the Gulf of Aden. So you have a bunch of Somalis with boats and no jobs, whose home country is in the middle of a civil war; it only makes sense that they would turn to piracy.\n\nIt can't be stopped because, until they actually attack someone, poor Somali pirates don't look different from any other poor Somalis in a boat.", "The Somali pirates are more of an economic problem than anything else. What they do is grab a ship hold it to ransom, collect the money and let it go. It is money that they want. They're not in it because they like killing and raping or anything like that. Killing their \"clients\" is bad business.\n\nThe ransom is priced such that it is still cheaper to send shipping through the gulf and to pay the ransom every now and then, than it is to sail a different course. The ransom is also priced such that it is much cheaper than trying to patrol and secure the whole gulf using warships and planes etc.\n\nBasically they are a pain in the ass, but a tolerable pain in the ass at that.\n\nNPR's Planet Money show did a good story on them a few years ago.\n", "Imagine you've got three or four cop cars, in an enormous city that among other things is home to ten thousand starving people and a whole bunch of unprotected delivery trucks.\n\nThe people who want to rob the delivery trucks know that there's only enough cops to catch a few of them, and the ones that don't are going to make a decent bundle of money.\n\n", "why can't it be stopped? you've got thousands of kilometers of waters to protect, hundreds of ships passing through, and the \"pirates\" can disguise in with local fishermen", "If you're an American,imagine California, and then some.\nOr, imagine Thailand; or Spain, or most of France. \n\nHow many people would it take to make that area safe? That, essentially, is why it can't be stopped.\n\nWhy do people do it? Well, in keeping with ELI5 traditions, you have two choices. Make your bed, or go outside and play, well, pirates. \n\nWhich choice would *you* make? \n\n ", "A combination of overfishing and dumping of toxic waste has made it very hard to earn a living by fishing the Gulf of Aden. So you have a bunch of Somalis with boats and no jobs, whose home country is in the middle of a civil war; it only makes sense that they would turn to piracy.\n\nIt can't be stopped because, until they actually attack someone, poor Somali pirates don't look different from any other poor Somalis in a boat.", "The Somali pirates are more of an economic problem than anything else. What they do is grab a ship hold it to ransom, collect the money and let it go. It is money that they want. They're not in it because they like killing and raping or anything like that. Killing their \"clients\" is bad business.\n\nThe ransom is priced such that it is still cheaper to send shipping through the gulf and to pay the ransom every now and then, than it is to sail a different course. The ransom is also priced such that it is much cheaper than trying to patrol and secure the whole gulf using warships and planes etc.\n\nBasically they are a pain in the ass, but a tolerable pain in the ass at that.\n\nNPR's Planet Money show did a good story on them a few years ago.\n", "Imagine you've got three or four cop cars, in an enormous city that among other things is home to ten thousand starving people and a whole bunch of unprotected delivery trucks.\n\nThe people who want to rob the delivery trucks know that there's only enough cops to catch a few of them, and the ones that don't are going to make a decent bundle of money.\n\n", "why can't it be stopped? you've got thousands of kilometers of waters to protect, hundreds of ships passing through, and the \"pirates\" can disguise in with local fishermen", "If you're an American,imagine California, and then some.\nOr, imagine Thailand; or Spain, or most of France. \n\nHow many people would it take to make that area safe? That, essentially, is why it can't be stopped.\n\nWhy do people do it? Well, in keeping with ELI5 traditions, you have two choices. Make your bed, or go outside and play, well, pirates. \n\nWhich choice would *you* make? \n\n " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "envz692", "enxis7l" ], "score": [ 17, 3 ], "text": [ "Because Easter is a fertility celebration -hence the eggs and bunnies (known for rampant shagging) - that was sabotaged by Christianity along with so many other 'pagan' religious events.", "[Eostre](_URL_0_) (also known as Ostara) was originally a proto-germanic goddess of spring and fertility. Eggs are a common symbol of birth and new life and hold a strong connotation to Eostre (as do easter bunnies for being very....very fertile). These celebrations took place during the same time as the Jewish celebration of Passover (commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt). Later on, Christians interpenetrated Passover as an allegory of the resurrection of Jesus, and co-opted the holiday for Christianity. This is why Easter is never a set date, but instead follows the Jewish lunar calendar - i.e. Easter is always the first Sunday after the full moon following the Spring equinox.\n\nAlso, everyone loves chocolate, so chocolate eggs > normal eggs." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfwiyj4", "cfwizgz", "cfwjs4c", "cfwv3t7" ], "score": [ 8, 4, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The chances of actually encountering an object in an asteroid field is astronomically (ha!) low. It isn't like you see in Star Wars. Objects can be separated by millions of miles. It just isn't that big of a concern, and most of the larger objects have been mapped. NASA estimates the chances of actually hitting an asteroid to be about 1 in a billion.\n\nSo far, we have not had to worry about navigating the Oort cloud.", "Space is really, really, REALLY big. Even the Oort cloud is incredibly sparse as far as matter is concerned. You don't really have to worry about hitting anything. The odds are literally astronomical.", "If the asteroid belt looked like the star wars model, it would be visible as a thick, solid bar of light across the sky, which would totally obscure the view of planets and stars beyond. As it is, all the dust and asteroids create a very faint fuzzy brightening of the sky known as the zodiacal light that is only just discernible with completely dark skies.", "If you were in the asteroid belt, on average, you might be able to see only one or two other asteroids...and they would likely be a few very large asteroids a long ways away.\n\nAnd if the asteroid belt is sparse, the Oort cloud is sparser still." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d1iluyj" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It's generally the trifecta of convenience, affordability, and taste. None of the three are particularly spectacular, but all are good. So it's an easy option for people who don't have a lot of time to cook." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7dadsm", "c7dbm08" ], "score": [ 11, 2 ], "text": [ "It varied from place to place, but was typically measure by the reign of the current king...\"in the 12th year of King Bob, such and such occurred\". During the Roman empire, this shifted to various prominent emperors.\n\nThen in 525, a monk named Dionysius was working out the dates of Easter, but didn't want to base it off the Roman date, because that particular emperor wasn't to fond of Christians. So he made a wild ass guess at the year Jesus was supposed to have been born, and used that.\n\nHis calendar got popular, spread, and became the basis for the modern calendar.", "What year was it when the calendar was reset?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cltexxa", "cltf20n", "cltf2mf", "cltf5gf", "cltfgxk", "cltfk4g", "cltflqs", "cltfnp9", "cltgjj2", "cltgum9", "cltidnt", "cltj0ul", "cltkeyy", "cltkv13", "cltl3ai", "cltlo4o", "cltmb7k", "cltn7k6", "clto8f4", "cltq3sh", "cltr6lg", "cltre5r", "cltvmwo", "cltxx42", "cltzgiv", "clu1kih", "clu5d9v", "clubb02" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 4, 4, 66, 2, 28, 666, 20, 45, 2, 3, 24, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I'd think it had something to do with people just throwing their family in mental health institutions for pretty much anything (bipolar disorder, ADD, autism, and even down syndrome) to avoid responsibility and embarrassment. Of course, this'd lead to more and more asylums.\nI'm busy, and I know there's a much better way to answer this.", "Probably because they renamed them to mental wards in hospitals", "We have become much better at our diagnoses and treatments for mental health, so a lot of conditions are better managed (or at least differently managed). Back in the era you're speaking of, pretty much anyone with a brain disorder was declared defective and thrown into what amounted to a prison.", "prescription medication changed mental health. ", "If you look at numbers, a lot of people with mental illnesses end up in prison instead. Especially those that would have ended up in an asylum do to the debilitating nature of their illness.", "Under Reagan, most of the mental hospitals were closed. There was supposed to be support for people to live in the community via Community Mental Health centers, but these were never well funded and the funding as been steadily cut. Most of the seriously mentally ill are in prison or living in the streets.", "So there have been huge steps forward in mental health, but also huge steps backwards. Before if someone had a mental issue the idea was to send them to a mental institution to get better. The only problem was that no one really understood the underlying causes of the diseases very well. Now to get sent to a mental institution a person has to either be a danger to themselves or to people around them due to mental illness. \n\nFunding has been another big issue. Government funding has all but stopped for things like mental hospitals, nursing homes, and other social welfare programs. Welfare itself has become such a political tagline that no one wants to talk about it. This leaves the burden of care on the patients family. Often times someone with a mental disorder has no one to take care of them because they have pushed away everyone in their life. People who suffer from diseases that are immediate and blunt like downs syndrome tend to be better off than someone with schizophrenia because the person with downs syndrome has a better support structure. Down's syndrome is manageable in most cases though. Most mental disorders go un-diagnosed and untreated. these people are not able to take care of themselves and often times end up homeless. Depending on the city the mentally ill percentage of the homeless population can be as high as 75%. \n\nThere is by no means a lesser amount of mentally ill people. While we do have better treatments for many mental illnesses that we didn't have even ten years ago, let alone 100, there is less widespread access to those treatments.", "If you are talking about the US, its because of a process called deinstitutionalisation. Starting in the 60s a combination of factors led to the closure of many mental institutions. Books like One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest and a series of scandals (such as the Kennedy lobotomy) turned the public against asylums. At the same time government funding of mental institutions was cut in half so as to cover the Social Security liability. Finally improvements of drugs meant that less people needed to be under constant care.\n\nThe effects of this can still be seen on the streets today. The biggest cause of the increase in homelessness from 60 years ago to today is the closure of mental institutions. The vast majority of homeless have some sort of mental illness, and would have been in an institution in the 1950s.\n\nEdit:\nbig typo", "We don't call them asylums anymore, for one. So that might be why you never hear about them. But also, we've stopped using mental hospitals to the same extent we used to. It used to be practically the first response to mental illness. \"Oh you're dealing with depression or paranoia? Let's send you off to an institution for 12 months.\" Nowadays there's a lot more steps you go through before doctors would even consider putting you in a locked facility. You go to therapy, you try medication, you alter your life situation to better manage your stressors. Locked mental facilities are something like the last resort, and basically used in emergencies, when you imminently are a danger to yourself or others. When you try to kill yourself or are thinking about doing it, they'll put you on the psychiatric ward of a normal hospital for a few days, and then release you when you're safe. Long-term care (for months or years) is the real last resort for people who just aren't responding to treatment at all and/or can't take care of themselves.\n\nAlso though, we've been shutting down facilities a lot due to funding cuts, so a lot of very ill people who probably are a danger to themselves or at least can't take care of themselves will end up on the streets. Also, a lot of the mentally ill, especially the ones who can't afford treatment, will end up in jail, sometimes even without committing a crime. ", "100 years ago a lot of people were locked up as being insane when they were really just inconvenient. Gay, promiscuous, radical, generally annoying. Locking people up for being inconvenient is much less popular these days.\n\nA lot of people with Down Syndrome or autism would have been committed, now most of those people live with their family, or in group homes. Group homes actually are asylums under some definitions, but no one calls them that.\n\nSyphilis was a big cause of insanity in days of old. Now almost no ones goes insane due to syphilis.\n\n", "In the last 50 years we have moved most of our mentally ill from mental institutions to prisons. It's a huge problem.", "Instead of treating individuals with their mental needs states and etc decided to lock them in prisons/jails. Asylums require too much funding and are considered a profit loss. Prisons/jails are profit gainers for county, state, and etc.", "I worked in an insane asylum in Massachusetts for nine years, ending this year. They are no longer called insane asylums, they are called Mental Health Hospitals.\nThe main reasons for the decrease in the mental patient population are better approaches towards treatment and most importantly the medications which are now available. \nDespite the controversy surrounding these psych meds, they can be very effective for some of the patients. \nThese facilities used to be warehouses where we simply kept those individuals who suffered from mental issues indefinitely. \nNow, almost all patients have a discharge plan and most succeed in moving on to group homes or their own apartments, or back to their families.\nAnd if they are unsuccessful in the new setting, they are readmitted, and the process starts again.\nIts not a perfect system, but its better than the alternative which would be to simply warehouse them forever.\nThe majority of our patients who are successful in living productive lives can only do so because of the meds that are now available. ", "Regan decided federal funding wasn't meant for the mentally ill. The drug war was a better idea, he left illness to be picked up by local charities.", "They do [still exist](_URL_0_). They're just not as common anymore due to the reasons mentioned by everyone else here.", "If you look up Pennhurst State Hospital, there was a huge exposé on this place called \"Suffer the Little Children\". It's a good representation of the reason these places were shut down.\n\nInteresting watch to say the least.", "Actually, they are called different things now. For Austin, we have names like \"Shoal Creek\" or Austin State Hospital....", "I see lots of American based posts but i'll give a small historical fact about Australia's asylum history.\n\nTL;DR Supposedly humane prisoner rehabilitation technique led to an abundance of mentally ill Australians 100+ years ago\n\nSo White Australia was founded as a prison colony(1788). Transportation of convicts ending i think 1880 or so. In initial years of the colonies prisoners were immediately put to work on farms and building the colonies. Once the colonies were more set( 1810's or so) up labour wasn't needed as much there was also a change in the theory of prisoner rehabilitation based around the Quakers in the US, bible reading silent meditation etc\n\nMany prisoners on arrival in Australia spent the first 18 months in a special type of prison, usually the violent criminals with very long sentences. Essentially solitary confinement. 1 prisoner to a room. 23 hours a day locked up, 1 hour a day in a slightly larger \"exercise yard on their own, always at night. On sundays prisoners were escorted into church one by one and put in cubicles so they could see the preacher but not the other prisoners. The preacher and all guards wore hoods when handling prisoners.\n\nSo new prisoners in aus spent 18 months and never talked to a soul or saw sunlight. After that they served there regular sentence as farm hands or other jobs. No wonder 20 years after this new policy was enacted each colony in Australia built their first insane asylum because there was an abundance of unstable people for some reason.", "Because they're not called insane asylums anymore\n", "I work in one now - but it's called a hospital.", "Government funding and the rise of for profit prisons. ", "They've been replaced by pharmaceutical companies.", "They're still around... they're called \"prisons\".", "What are you talking about? Churches are everywhere these days.\n\nBa-zing!", "Treating mental illness is not a priority in the United States--despite the tremendous social and financial cost of failing to treat. The Los Angeles County Jail is the largest mental health care facility in the United States.\n\n_URL_0_\n ", "We know how to treat mental illness a lot better now. Many people who would have been institutionalized 100 years ago can now live relatively normal lives within the community. People are now only admitted to mental institutions as a last resort if they are a danger to themselves or others, so although levels of mental illness have not decreased, fewer people are treated in inpatient settings for extended periods of time.", "uncle ronny shut them down and threw the nuts out on the street", "Because 100 years ago the insane were containable, but I guess sometime in the last 100 years someone just said \"fuck it we're all insane\" and now the world is an insane asylum." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atascadero_State_Hospital" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93581736" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d669rmv" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Your pineal gland pumps out melatonin, which makes your body relax and \"sleep.\"\n\nBasically, it pumps it out in cycles, which usually last about 3 hours (which makes PERFECT sense given your post) and it starts with light sleep, and when it fully kicks in you get deep sleep, and then as it fades again you get lighter sleep until your pineal gland pumps out more or doesn't. \n\nYour body has a HUGE number of hormones that contribute to a biological clock (goes back to the pineal gland partially) and it is based on vitamin d imput and many other factors involving sunlight and temperature. That's why sleeping cycles (as in what time you go to sleep and wake up as opposed to REM cycles) are so easy to get into and maintain if you go to sleep at the same time a few days in a row. It's also why people without a regular sleeping cycle are so much less energetic and healthy." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cp808zv" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The toilet rush is to expel the food digested hours ago not the current Taco Bell" ] }

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