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{ "a_id": [ "enb0fqp" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I would say that either they had an original of the record in 60 FPS, which was not uploaded back then or recreated the \"missing\" frames by \"averaging\" of the frames before/after of some sort." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "due9gkl" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Heat is transferred in three ways\n\n1. Radiation - This is IR and other energy which is emitted from something warm\n\n2. Conduction - This is energy transferred between two objects that are physically touching\n\n3. Convection - This is the movement of energy through currents like hot air rising and cold air sinking or running a fan to even out the temperature\n\nWhen you talk about air being a better insulator than water you're talking about conduction of heat. Water is significantly denser so particles bump into each other and pass energy around much quicker than in air. We generally design insulation to have little air pockets so there isn't enough air to have significant heat transfer from convection.\n\nClouds trap heat by blocking radiation transfer. The warm Earth emits IR which on a clear day will continue out into space, but on an overcast day will bounce off the clouds and come back to Earth or be absorbed and warm the cloud. Since there is no mass to conduct heat to in space, the only way for the Earth to get rid of energy is to radiate it out into space so blocking that path results in the Earth staying warm." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "clocndm", "clocz1x", "clodww9", "clof1k3", "cloge0n", "clogsww", "cloi9nr", "clok23x", "cloknl6", "clol9dw", "clolhu0", "clome5s", "clonnx8", "clonse9", "clonv94", "cloofur", "clop4wc", "cloq39u", "cloqph5", "clozhgy", "clp2reu", "clp2usf", "clp7vxw", "clp89md" ], "score": [ 3, 2028, 136, 7, 3, 8, 168, 3, 10, 2, 33, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 9, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "1) Types of cereal may or may not be patentable.\n\n2) Patents expire after a few decades, allowing anyone to copy the idea without issue.", "You can't copyright a recipe for food and usually can't patent a food product. The specific form in which a recipe is presented can be copyrighted (the words and formatting), but as long as someone changes up the words they can use the same ingredients, measurements, and steps. Similarly, you can protect branding and food packaging, but not a food product. If someone figures out how to make a Twinkie and sells it with different packaging and branding, they're allowed to.\n\nMalt-O-Meal can get away with it because their packaging and branding is different. For example, they don't use Lucky the Leprechaun with their Marshmallow Mateys cereal (similar to Lucky Charms); they use a kangaroo instead. Also, I don't even think the recipe is exactly the same because their cereals definitely taste a little different. Th\n\nEdit: You can patent some food products, but they have to be non-obvious and novel. Most food products are obvious variations on old recipes (like with cereal). Examples of food products that have been patented include egg yolk substitutes and sealed crustless sandwiches.\n\nEdit 2: You can all go make your own sealed crustless sandwiches. Turns out the product was patented by Smuckers in 1999, but the patent was reexamined and rejected by the US Patent and Trademark Office in 2003. Smuckers' application to patent the process for making the sandwiches was also rejected.\n\nEdit 3: The process for making \"marbits\" (the marshmallows in Lucky Charms) is patented: _URL_0_. I don't know what process Malt-O-Meal uses, but as long as it's different they should be fine. The main point that you can't patent a recipe is still true for cereals in general.\n", "In short are basically three things in the world which can protect your product. \n\n* A patent\n* A trademark\n* Copyright\n\n\n\n**Copyrights** get a lot of press these days (due to piracy), you could literally boil it down to the right to copy a thing. applies to media like books and movies and allows the producers of that product to restrict others from using their material. Copyright also provides some protection from people making blatant rip offs of your work. Ie re-publishing Harry potter but just changing the names. Copyrights are long lived but do eventually expire, example many Popeye cartoons are now int he public domain and can be copied and shared freely as well as used in other sources. \n\n\n**Trademarks** are things like a logo or possibly an iconic character. the mcdonalds sign is trademarked. it means you can't use it for your own stuff (if it would be confused with the original product) these can be words and phrases too. Trademarks last forever, for good reason. brand recognition is valuable and as longas you are still using your name it makes sense that you should have protection. Trademark law also requires you to activly protect your trademark or you may loose it. \n\n\n**Patent** , these cover inventions and processes (and sadly software). basically for the most part you patent, *things* . then you can control who can manufacture that thing and sell a license to use that thing in other things. In your specific case Apple and Samsung have portfolios of patents covering all kinds of things. unfortunately they also get patents for trivial \"inventions\" like maybe swiping to unlock or something that is basic and easily copied but falls under a patent. \n\n\nYou can't patent a recipe however, you could patent a process for making a thing. for example the machine or process to make dried marshmallow bits. however you couldn't patent all marshmallow bits. However the cereal could have Trademarks and copyrights on it that's why the rip of brands will have weird but legally distinct names and their font and design will vary just enough to not infringe on the original brand's IP. \n\n", "I think Pringles were patented, but I think it was the machinery and manufacturing process that was patented rather then the Pringles themselves!", "I'm pretty sure you can't patent breakfast cereal.", "Recipes cannot be copyrighted, and patents are difficult to obtain for recipes, since they must be useful. non-obvious, and novel. The difficulty in proving that in a food recipe is documented pretty well [here](_URL_0_). Further, patents are usually only good for 20 years (cocoa puffs, have been around since 1958 for example).\n\nThere is some protection under trademark, but as long as the customer is not going to be confused by the brand, that's indefensible. Pretty much as long as you keep Tony the Tiger off your big-ass bag of frosted flakes, you'll be fine.\n\nFashion designers have the same issue - you can't patent or copyright a fashion design. Some manufacturers will plaster branding on their clothing so they get some protection under trademark law.\n\nI find both of these instances to be a great case for loosening and/or reducing the duration of copyright and patent protection. It can hardly be argued that the lack of protection hurts the fashion, cooking, and food industries. Cookbooks in particular are an indictment against lengthy copyright law, as it's a thriving part of the book industry, despite the fact that little of the meaningful content can be copyrighted. ", "Intellectual Property (IP) is divided into 4 types: Copyright (expressions of ideas - e.g. songs, artwork), Trademarks (names, symboles, or phrases - e.g. company name or product name), Patents (inventions and designs - e.g. the product you buy), and Trade Secrets (secret information - e.g. recipes, plans).\n\nThe issues you're discussing involve patents (things that Apple and Samsung are suing each other over) vs trade secrets (recipes of the cereal) and maybe a dash of trademarks for similar named things. The key is that unlike the other forms of IP, trade secrets have no legal protection. \n\nWith a patent you are essentially telling the public how to make or use your invention with the exchange of exclusive right to make, use, and sell that invention for a limited period of time (currently 20 years from the date of filing of the patent application [this is when people use the term \"Patent Pending\"]). With a trade secret, you aren't telling anyone anything so you get to keep it a secret for as long as you want but you don't get that legal protection.\n\nWith Malt-O-Meal they're not violating any laws by copying or reproducing a recipe as there is no legal protection on that matter (or recipe). Kellogg never filed for a patent on frosted flakes (they likely wouldn't get one either), they never registered a copyright (you can't copyright recipes), and trademarks are limited to names and symbols. Essentially they'd have very little to gain from disclosing the recipe to the public - hence trade secrets. But again that leaves them with no legal protection.\n\nPatents, as with Samsung and Apple have legal protection - again they require the disclosure of how to make and use the invention in exchange for timed exclusivity. This is what allows them to sue one another for copying their ideas (known as patent infringement).\n\n**TL;DR - recipes (trade secrets) and inventions (patents) are different types of IP, while patents have legal protection trade secrets do not.**", "Samsung and apple compete against each other for the top spot, the high shelves. But there are myriad other ultra low cost devices that blatantly rip off their designs without any shame or hesitation. \n\nSame basic thing with cereals. If Kelloggs saw General Mills put a box with similar packaging and contents as Fruit Loops (or whatever) they'd freak out, but since the only real emulatuon goes on in the malt-o-meal (ultra low cost) section, why should they care?", "Apple and Samsung aren't suing each other for making cell phones that taste the same.", "This is not related to food, but the same can be asked about cars. There are many brands of cars but they don't generally sue each other. \n", "There are a lot of answers here already (some accurate, others very much inaccurate), so this will probably get drowned out, but here it goes anyway. \n\n\nThe answer comes down to different types of protections. Apple and Samsung are largely fighting over patents. Patents are intended to protect new ideas by providing a broad, exclusive right to all products using that idea for a (relatively) short period of time. If you invent a product and get a patent, no one else can make or sell any other product covered by that patent without your permission.\n\n\nTrademarks, on the other hand, are intended to tell the public what company made the products and do not protect the products themselves (I'm avoiding trade dress here for the sake of ELI5 answer, but the purpose of trade dress is basically the same as for trademarks: to identify the source of products). Lucky Charms is a trademark and it tells people who buy a cereal with the name \"Lucky Charms\" on the box that it came from General Mills. If they like it they know that every time they buy a box of cereal with Lucky Charms on it they are getting the product from the same company. So long as Malt-O-Meal makes their products and packaging sufficiently different that the public isn't likely to be confused that the cereals came from the big-brand companies, they don't infringe on any trademarks.\n\n\nA couple of quick notes because I can't resist:\n- recipes can be copyrighted, but they don't provide very broad protection because they only stop someone from copying the written recipe, not from making the food that the recipe describes\n- food can also be patented and often is, but this is usually for a new composition of cheese-like products, artificial flavorings, etc. or processes to mass-produce food\n- trademarks and copyright are not mutually exclusive. A logo can both be a trademark that identify the source of a product and copyrighted as a creative design. In some cases they may even be patentable with a design patent.\n- trade secrets are the often used with food, such as Coca-Cola, because they are difficult to reverse engineer. Trade secret protection has pros and cons over patent protection, but usually they cover similar subject matter.\n\n\nsource: intellectual property attorney", "And similarly, what's with all these yogurt commercials doing blind tests and saying who the other brand's was now? Can't they sue or something?", "There is no reason for the lawsuits except for the willingness of Apple and Samsung to engage in legal battles because they are at war for market dominance and will take any and every opportunity to pursue them. They too could be like the cereal industry, but choose not to. ", "Because you can't patent the shape or color of a food.", "Along with some of the stuff that other people have said there is a little more I believe (I hadn't read all the other comments so spare me). This can also have something do with how generics are made. Basically a company can sell as much of a recipe to another company for money. They don't have to sell the entire recipe, but just chunks. That's one of the reasons why most generics and spin-off products are inferior, because the buying company has to fill in what they didn't get. Hope this adds to your answer.", "Not saying this is the case here,but a lot of name brand companies,often sell a slightly different formula of their product,which is then often sold under store brands.", "Most off-brand cereals you see in grocery stores are actually made in the same place as the name brand ones.", "Haha I remember being embarrassed when my mom got the giant bag as a kid. Now that I have to feed myself, well guess who is getting a grain sack sized bag of that blue kangaroo brand? In all seriousness it's because they aren't marketing it as the said product. It's just a food product. How can Pepsi and coke exist if the product is the same? The formula is different even though they taste exactly the same to me. :-/", "Apple and Samsung often absorb companies already holding patents for their \"inventions\" or manage to get vague patents signed off on after much revision.\n\nAs for their battles with each other, the vague patents thing...\n\nApple's D670,286 is a patent for—no shit—a rectangle with rounded corners. This to save the innovative shape of iPads.", "It is hard to hold a patent on food. I mean just because one company makes a taffy apple, does that mean that no other place can place caramel on an apple? ", "Malt-O-Meal has been around since 1919 and is not an off brand. It preceded most of them. Have some respect for GrandM-O-M.", "Most food formulas are so old that any patents or similar expired BEFORE the current war on public domain started in the late 1970s. \n\nNothing new about Corn Flakes Or Wheaties either, there hasn't been in my lifetime I'm 55!", "Part of it is you can't put a patent on a taste, only the recipe. So if someone can imitate that closely it's legal. Now in areas like a phone everything has been patented from the design to the technology so none of it can be copied without permission or infringing on patent laws.", "IIRC Many of those knock off foods are made in the same manufacturing plant as the real ones " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eu6dcff", "eu6h3h3", "eu6sdjr", "eu7kjly" ], "score": [ 16, 10, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "No government oversight or enforcement of false product claims. Assume all copy on products is a lie.", "They don't. They may claim 99.9% but not of all germs. If you look at the fine text it's usually one or two organisms only and usually the easiest organisms to kill. Plain soap, water and scrubbing may give the same result.\nAs being the better than others, like all marketing they claim or imply their product is the best but never compare it directly to a competitor so that way they can't be held to account as they can shift goal posts. The best example of that is hungry jacks (burger king for non Australians) with the slogan \"the burgers are better at hungry jacks\". Better then where? Macca's? We have more smoke flavour so we deem that as what was meant by better. Your drunk uncles burnt barbeque? We mean burgers you can buy at a shop. A gourmet burger shop? Well that's a different category of product.", "My favorite is when they add the “even kills the flu!!” When the influenza virus is one of the easiest microorganisms to kill...now if it said “kills bacterial endospores”...then I’m impressed", "The \"99.9%\" claim is a brilliant advertising loophole invented by a Belgian attorney named Jacques \nQuatrevingtdixneuf Virguleneuf in 1783 which allows companies to make absurd claims in their advertisements, while also allowing them to escape liability when the product isn't effective." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ds1pcip", "ds1r31s", "ds22i0k", "ds23smu", "ds26dkq", "ds27agz", "ds2ds32", "ds2hujn", "ds2rjx8", "ds2smhm", "ds2wuaj", "ds36sjy", "ds3cloc" ], "score": [ 657, 347, 4, 16, 2, 54, 3, 4, 98, 7, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Dominos. The force is transfered from the top brick down by the breaking bricks themselves.", "The first thing you need to know is that is is all a trick. They aren't breaking \"bricks\", they are breaking low quality, high sand content paving stones arranged in a specific way to give maximum leverage. Breaking a whole lot of these bricks does take some skill and practice, but just about anyone can break bricks after a few minutes of practice and instruction if they can overcome their fear of hurting themselves.\n\nAs for breaking those big stacks, they are simply knocking one brick into the next like dominos. As I said, it takes skill and practice to do these sorts of stunts. They are just like a skilled magician, they are doing something hard, but not as impossible as they make it out to be.", "So tldr as /kouhoutek said it's a trick. It consists of a moderate amount of power, some speed and a lot of careful selection and setup of materials.\n\nLonger version is that these blocks or bricks concrete with no reinforcement usually around 8inches by 16 inches in size with a thickness of around 1 inch. Usually they will stack (more on that in a min) a bunch of these, chop, punch or kick through them and then look super satisfied because they just proved their dedication by performing an incredible feat of human strength? right? wrong!\n\nFor starters lets look at their strike. If we turn to the exciting world of material science we can discover that when a non reinforced slab of concrete of around an inch in size is subjected to bending stresses (what happens when you hit it in the middle) it has extremely low strength. For a point of reference given the 8x16x1 measurements I would estimate around 130lbs of force required to break this block. Consider that is likely less than the individuals weight and heavy weight boxers can hit for over 1000lbs of force (often well over 3 times their weight) while striking horizontally (much harder to get weight behind strikes than vertically) it really isn't impressive, in fact the hardest part of this would be convincing the person striking of this fact so they hit it with full force without worrying about injury.\n\nNow i know what your thinking, well ok so one block isn't impressive but what about those dudes who do like 20? Again this is a glorified parlor trick. Note that they never break a single big 20 inch thick slab, instead they opt for 20x1inch slabs, why? well again we can turn to science, specifically how force is transferred between objects. When breaking objects in this domino style manner it actually only takes marginally more force to break subsequent blocks, to boost this a lot of people will add marbles or other separators between the slabs to make this force transfer even more efficient.\n\nThese stunts look impressive but they largely aren't, there is no mysticism or super secret sauce developed over 1000 years in some ghetto ass monastery that makes this stuff possible its a basic understanding of materials and the confidence to hit it as hard as you can. The rest of it is physical strength and weight you can put behind the blow. The training element is being able to put your full force behind the strike without worrying about injury (that can be a lot easier said than done and some people do train for a considerable amount of time before being confident enough to do it).", "One of the main factors in the bricks breaking is that there is a space in between each individual brick in the stack.This helps the force of the strike go through each brick in the stack more smoothly", "Energy passes through the upper bricks to the lower ones and breaks them. Bricks are pretty brittle.", "Ever seen Newtons Cradle? the swinging ball thingy. the ones in the middle don't move, the ones on the end do. all the force from the first is transferred to the last.", "We were running a TKD demo with a bunch of 6th+ Dan belts doing a sequence of brick breaks. Most of them were vertical breaks, but none of them were with hands. After everyone did their thing, I ran in to help clean up. They used 3 inch cinder pavers and pencils. The thing I couldn't get was that not only were most of the bricks broken, but the pencils were destroyed too. The bottom group of them were smooshed. Any pencil in the first 5 rows was either split down the middle or in a diagonal.\n\nMy best guess was that the bricks were falling over and causing the damage", "Concrete by itself can resist compression but is shit under tension.\n\nWhenever you try to bend (read apply a force) a material. Lets say apply a force downwards on a material, the top will be in compression. The middle neutral, and the bottom will be stretched (tension). This is where concrete will start cracking.\n\nAlso. The bricks are stacked to have gaps between each layer. The cleaved pieces will hit the next block under it and so on. A martial artists generally only needs to be able to break one block.\n\nTake my word with a grain of salt because ive never been taught to do shows because the only martial arts ive spent time with are silat, jiujitsu, and a bit of mma. Apparently they dont put block-breaking shows in their syllabus", "2nd degree black belt here. I have broken 5-6 bricks at a time for tournaments, belt exams, etc.\n\nIt is something of a novelty but it does take skill and practice. There is some research out there indicating that martial artists and boxers have higher bone density due to repeated striking in practice sessions, which causes micro-fractures in bones that heal over time, leading to stronger bones. I’ve also always used a handwrap (similar to what boxers wear under the glove) to stabilize the wrist.\n\nHowever, the technique is also important. I have a video of myself breaking 5 bricks. When slowed down, you can see a few things right away that help:\n\n1. Momentum - my vertical jump above the stack is pretty high. So there is a gravity assist.\n2. Torque - up until the moment of strike, someone standing off to the left could read the back of my shirt. That twisting motion creates additional force.\n3. The strike itself - we are taught to aim beyond the target. Mentally I’m aiming for the last brick.\n\nThe video doesn’t show the mental part obviously. The first time I broke a single brick it was easily one of the most stressful things I’d done. Hesitation can lead to novices pulling back / not doing the stuff I mentioned above, and failing (potentially causing injury).\n\nAt the end of the day it is flashy and cool. I don’t think you could pick a random person off the street and have them do it without injuring themselves. ", "At a kid's birthday party, they got to break boards. The best was the one broken before the kid even touched it. The guy in charge was bending the boards and breaking them with his hands.", "Wow finally something on Reddit I can answer about. I taught Tae Kwon Do for about 8 years so I'm far from a master but still pretty knowledgeable. As many other people have stated it is due to the martial artist transferring the energy of the strike through each board. This is why many times you will see them use spacers in between boards or cinder blocks, as it makes it much easier for them to break the first board and start the chain reaction.", "They put tiny \"bracers\" in between each brick or board which greatly reduces the structural integrity of the bricks/blocks/boards.\n\nIt's equal parts Martial Arts and Magic Show.", "A little late to the party but I'm a world champion competition breaker (I can edit in proof later if anyone cares, I'm on mobile right now) and this is something I consider myself an expert on.\n\nThe main thing that allows us to break through concrete and wood stacks is energy (or chi/ki) projection, when I hit the top block on a stack I am trying to project my energy into the block on the bottom of the stack, breaking all of them. Think of it as a shockwave of force.\n\nThere are a few other factors that help with this. Something that was mentioned above and is very relevant is bone density, although I have always known it as body conditioning. What this is, is strengthening one's bones by hitting them repeatedly (not enough to cause serious harm) on a hard surface. This creates microfractures in the bone which will allow it to heal thicker and stronger. It also helps build a pain tolerance which is helpful if you miss the concrete and break yourself instead. For me personally, I put a piece of paper or a shirt or something on top of a slab of concrete (so I don't scrape my hand on the surface) and hit it at like 60% power for 5-10 minutes. I repeat this for each strike I am training to use. I also drink a shitload of milk, though I don't actually know if this helps. \n\nAnother aspect is precision. When you are training for competition breaking, especially divisions such as power breaking where you only get one strike, it is extremely important to use the most efficient striking method possible. This means not only hitting your stack in the exact center (not an easy feat to do when you are trying to hit something full blast) but also making contact with the blocks at the exact apex of your strike, for most people this is when the force of their strike passes over their center of balance. I could get much more in depth on this specifically if people want. \n\nSpeed vs power is also a factor, you have to know your body type. Someone with a lot of bulk behind their strikes might find they generate more power if they jump before a hit, while someone like me who is more lean might focus more on rooting oneself in the ground and generating force through speed. \n\nLastly, and this is something that can't exactly be quantified by scientific means, there is the overall energy or ki/chi generated by the breaker before competing. What I mean by this is that most breakers tend to work themselves into a heightened mental state when they are competing. It is difficult to describe, it's like an adrenaline rush combined with flow. When I break I kind of see the world in tunnel vision, the world around me becomes muted and I really only focus on my strikes and my stacks. When a breaker reaches this state it is very obvious, there have been many times where I could feel someone's energy before a break, like how one feels static electricity. For me personally I reach this state through meditation and breathing exercises, just ones designed to work me up instead of calm me down. Other breakers try to get \"ki'ed up\" as many call it by hitting pads (and sometimes people) or listening to music .\n\n\nI have a lot more to say on this and would be glad to answer any questions anybody has. Might not respond right away as I will be training until late tonight.\n\n\nEDIT: Here is some proof! _URL_0_\n_URL_1_\n\nThe video is a clip from the ESPN highlight reel of my routine. The actual thing had a lot more breaks in it with more materials than the ones shown (Including me kicking through a baseball bat) but the video is only available on Facebook and I don't know how to get it off of there since I wasn't the one who recorded the footage. If anyone wants to see more videos of competitive breaking I can link a bunch of myself and my fellow martial artists. \n " ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://imgur.com/a/gUA6r", "https://youtu.be/k_ZnKtpskrE" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3la3yb" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "They tell your PC to open up an application, then send that application some data.\n\nOther uses include: Starting a skype call to a number, Opening up mumble and connecting it to a server, opening up steam to download a game, and more.\n\nThey are very useful, and need more use!" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "caflkt1" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Fractional Reserve banking is not started from scratch in any of the economies. They simply plug it in to the system. So there is some extent of money already present in the system for the Fractional reserve banking to work.\n\n > where is the money used to pay interest over and above the principal coming from? \n\nThe system will collapse if everyone will pay off debt. There will be no money left. That is why central banks will print crazy amount of money to keep the cash flow going." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e2uczh7", "e2udtun" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because the air temperature is lower than you body temperature when it blows past your skin it's still taking heat away from the body.\nCausing the air to feel cool.", "As you exist in a location, your body warms the air around you, and basically makes a pocket of warmth. This pocket is close to your body temperature.\n\nWhile your core does need to be at ~98.6°, your exterior should be cooler, to allow the heat to leave through your skin.\n\n\"fast air\" or wind helps to move the pocket of heat you've generated away from your body. As long as the air temperature is cooler than the pocket of warmth you've made, you will feel the difference.\n\nIf the wind is **warmer**, however you would need to be sweaty, or otherwise moist, to feel the difference. As the sweat evaporates, it cools us. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbsboo3", "cbsbvhr", "cbsecgc", "cbsfoly", "cbsi10p", "cbsi5qv" ], "score": [ 33, 16, 10, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "It does and it doesnt, in THEORY it does, as you explained, eventually your numbers come up and you will always be up your initial stake. you reset and start again. \n\nThe problem comes in that casinos predict people doing this, they have max bets, so say if the max bet is £40 (for ease), you start with £10, you lose, up it to £20, bet the £20 you lose and go to £40 and lose, then you are actually down £70 and you cant go up any further. So in theory it works, but in practice it doesnt. I hope this helps. \n", "Two reasons:\n\n1) On roulette, you don't actually win 50% of the time. There are 38 numbers on a roulette wheel: 1-36, and then 0 and 00, which are both green (neither red nor black). The chance of winning a red or black bet is 18/38 (~47%). \n\nBut, you did say *\"In a game of 50/50 chance or near 50/50,\"*, so the second reason is important.\n\n2) How much money do you have? Is it more than the casino has? If not, eventually, you will get a run of bad luck, and get to a point where you can't afford to place a new bet at double the value of your last bet. For example, if you have $1000 to gamble with:\n\n10 losses = you have to bet $512, which you don't have, because you just lost (1 + 2 + 4 ... + 128 + 256) $511 of your original $1000. \n\nEach time you start a sequence of bets using this strategy, there is a 1 in ~1758 chance you hit a sequence that starts with 10 losses. No matter how much money you start with (unless it's more than the casino has), in the long run, you **will** have a run of bad luck that leaves you penniless.", "Works fine if you have an infinite budget and no limit. There's an argument much of the financial system is Martingale in drag.\n\nThose terms don't apply to you, though.", "It works just the same as any betting strategy in a game where you bet before knowing any information, like roulette, blackjack (assuming you always make the right play), etc.\n\n\nIt sounds nice, but it's no different than just betting random numbers. For example:\n\n\n1) Bet 1, lose (-1 overall)\n\n2) Bet 2, lose (-3)\n\n3) Bet 4, win (+1)\n\n\nThat's with the strategy. Here is another example without the strategy:\n\n\n1) Bet 2, lose (-2)\n\n2) Bet 4, win (+2)\n\n3) Bet 1, lose (+1)\n\n\nThe actual reason you are up 1 is that you happened, by chance, to win when you bet a larger amount. It wasn't caused by your betting patterns. And the only thing that really matters (long run) is you played 7 chips. In the long run, you will average the same result whether you bet 7 chips on one hand, 1 chip each on 7 hands, any combination. At the end of the day, you will probably have lost money.\n\nHowever, the reverse of this strategy (bet bigger when you win, that way you are playing with \"house money\") is pretty popular and is a good way to stick to your spending limit for the night.", "No matter what you do with respect to strategy, you can't beat math! When you use this strategy, you are simply **changing the distribution of win frequency and winnings amount**. When you win with this strategy, very often you put in a lot of your own cash for a small payout (several losses before a win). Think of using the strategy as a way to shift the percentages of the game in this manner...\n\n Normal Random betting ~50% chance to win equal payout (100% of bet)\n Martigale strategy ~95% chance to win small amounts (~5% of bet)\n\nSince the strategy requires you to DOUBLE your bet for each loss, and you don't have infinite money, every once in a while you will lose everything. **Don't get caught in the notion that \"10 blacks in a row is impossible!\".** The chance for that is about 0.01%, and it **will** happen. And when it happens, if don't have 1000x of your original bet on hand, you will lose everything all at once. Even if you had infinite money, table betting limits would break your system. Also, roulette is really a 48% chance to win I believe, so the longer you play, the more money you have to give them. It's a mathematical fact.\n \n**TLDR; Think of it as a SHIFT in probability, not a way to cheat the system.**", "Because if you keep applying the betting system eventually youll lose all of your money. Lets say you have 5,000 and are at the casino. You decide youll bet 50$ per game, and double if you lose. And we'll even give you 50 50 odds cause, fuck it.\n\n50 > 100 > 200 > 400 > 800 > 1600 > you dont have enough to double,1850, \n\nLosing 7 times in a row is pretty common, and you just lost 5 grand over a 50 dollar bet. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e9y9b59" ], "score": [ 14 ], "text": [ "Glucose is our staple energy source. If the body needs energy, glucose is broken down producing ATP and releasing CO2 and H20. If the body does not need energy, the glucose is built in to chains for easy storage in liver. These chain molecules are called glycogen. They are easily accessed and broken down to glucose whenever blood sugar levels decrease to provide the body with energy,\n\nDuring starvation, when there is no energy provided by food, the body has to break down it's 3 main energy stores - liver glycogen, body fat and muscle. Your body begins by breaking down the liver glycogen. Next is body fat and and if desperate - muscles. In terms of weight and total calorific content this comes to, for an exemplar 70kg male; about 0.2kg liver glycogen = ~800kcal, about 15kg triacylglycarides (TAGs = major component of body fat)= ~135,000kcal and 6kg muscle = ~24,000kcal. \n\nAs you can see, body fat is the major energy store of the body. Fat cells exist partly to be used as an energy store. However, the body will break down glycogen first always as its simpler and more direct. Breaking down body fat (TAGs) for use as energy requires two more complex processes; 1) beta-oxidation of fatty acids to the natural precursor for a specific stage in the same natural metabolic pathway as glucose, and 2) gluconeogenesis, producing glucose from glycerol ( a non-carb source!). \n\nMuscles are the last to be broken down, for obvious reasons - we need them. Muscle breakdown doesn't only affect things like leg and arm muscles, but also things like cardiac and diaphragm muscle, so it is really a last attempt for the body to survive by breaking these down. This would probably be around a couple weeks in to starvation and death would soon follow." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ct7bia7", "ct7bivu", "ct7jcj1" ], "score": [ 7, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Dark skin is caused by melanin. When the sun hits your skin it gets absorbed by melanin and not by your skin cells. This is a good thing because if your skin cells absorb the sun it can cause damage that can possibly lead to skin cancer.", "Darker skin has high concentrations of melanin which can help to protect against UV light and greatly decreases the chances of getting skin cancer. That's why people in places like Africa where they are constantly exposed to intense sunlight have darker skin.", "\"They\" didn't develop darker skin as humanity migrated from Africa into Europe, the protection that darker skin gave from the the sun became obsolete (of a fashion) over thousands of years this became the norm, especially in northern Europe" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "calvvr9" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "A photon is a little packet of energy in the form of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They fly around at the speed of light. When certain photons hit our eyes, they tell our brain that we're seeing something.\n\nThe energy of a photon depends on its frequency (or its wavelength). The lowest energy photons are radio waves, then microwaves, then infrared, then red light, then blue light, then ultraviolet, then x-ray, and finally gamma rays. Out of all of those, we con only see the small amount of light between infrared and ultraviolet." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e15auqc", "e15bb8r" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Until the 20th Century it was not common for people to wash their hands so often. But we have decided that we really don't like getting sick as much as older generations, or as cats do.", "Two main reasons:\n\n1. Poop isn't really a problem until it enters the body. But, cats don't do as much with their paws as we do with our hands - especially when it comes to eating and touching our faces, where bacteria have a better chance of getting in. Paws are more like feet than hands. How often do you wash your feet when you walk around barefoot? \n2. Your own poop isn't that dangerous to you. Other people's/animals' poop is way more dangerous because it contains bacteria you maybe haven't been exposed to before. Same goes for cats, but they aren't as social as we are and don't have as much risk of encountering strange poop. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dh0ls77" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Sometimes it is a defense mechanism. I've seen angry people use a general anger-filled disposition to hide insecurities and in doing so they become highly irrational. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e6ivyxk", "e6iw05l", "e6iw363", "e6iwboz", "e6iztha" ], "score": [ 7, 4, 62, 25, 10 ], "text": [ "The quick answer is that we're polluting the seas. And the land. And the air.\n\nBut yeah, it gets diluted. Usually to the point of not being harmful, at least not in the short run.", "I didn't mean to sound snide. Treatment plants handle the chemicals and human waste that are flushed and poured down drains . A big problem are the flushable wipes and feminine products that treatment plants are not well equipped to handle.", "Most of the harmful stuff is removed at a [wastewater treatment](_URL_0_) plant. Things like bleach and soap are fairly reactive, so they get filtered out pretty easily. Some other things (like motor oil or plastics) are more resilient, so they survive through treatment, though. Don't pour motor oil down the drain.\n\nEdit: Cunningham's Law strikes again.", "Every major city and factory has a Wastewater treatment plant they collect the wasted water from you home through pipes. \nAfter they collect the wasted water, there start complex filtration process that clear the water to specific conditions, that are regulated by the government. This water is not good for drinking but is ok for the plants, animals and most important for microorganisms. After natural circles of water in the nature it's comes to us like drinkable water again. ", "Microbeads, made of plastic, are apparently difficult to filter out and don’t break down. They are used in facial soaps and scrubs.\n\nAlso, apparently some pharmaceuticals don’t break down, and can cause problems.\n\nBleach, soap, washing powder all break down quickly." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dtf3jfx", "dtf8bwn", "dtfsd9p", "dtfwys6" ], "score": [ 38, 8, 5, 14 ], "text": [ "Anton LaVey basically made up a faith based on his Ideals. Taking the satan figure as a symbol of defiance from western religions.\n\nLavey did not believe in the existence of any god or gods, as such to him humans are animals that got smart, and should act in that way.\n\nHowever he put into place 2 separate codes of conduct. rules for acting. As well as ritual magics. so it's a bit of a mess before he set up to split his own church into regional competing sub churches.\n\nThere is a shit ton on this area", "Come to r/Satanism we are a great community. As long as you ask serious question you'll get great explanations.", "There are already good answers to this question but I thought I would add that LaVey satanism is more of a philosophy as they do not believe in an actual Satan and could be considered atheistic. There are many other types of satanism including theistic and fascist sects.", "I don't think your question is suitable for ELI5 because the book that defines LaVeyan Satanism is a bit too nuanced for a five year old. \n\nI read The Satanic Bible by Anton LaVey a couple of times and I'd like to try my best to summarize what I read because frankly some of the comments here do not appear to line up with the reality in any capacity. I welcome challenges to my assertions. \n\n- It is the only modern religion that was LGBT friendly from the very beginning. This is because LaVey defined it so that sexual enjoyment was a-ok as long as it was with consent and without harming other people or children. \n\n- You know God? In Satanism, God is You. Personal responsibility is both the shield and sword of your life. If you fail yourself, you fail your god. The major sin in Satanism (one of many, I won't list them all) is failing to preserve your own self. As an extension of that Satanism is notoriously anti-drug. After all, how can you be expected to be powerful and aware if your mind is clouded by illusions? \n\n- LaVey considered theistic offshoots of Satanism illegitimate and a cancer because their followers would essentially be sheep for an organized religion. Should I remember right this isn't actually stated in TSB but in some of his other writings. However, TSB does give some obvious clues as to why he would go on to say that. Satanism emphasizes being skeptical, slow to wisdom and receptive of new ideas. He also emphasizes that ideas often shift with the ages and encourages the reader not to get stuck in the mud of dogma.\n\n- Satanism, unlike the mainstream religions, does not recruit teenagers or children in any capacity except for LaVey's son (who asked to be included). This is to prevent bad press and to prevent the rampant child sexual abuse often seen in, say, the Abrahamic faiths. I don't even think the CoS holds a mass, though they might plan events with their own members. \n\n- Pleasure, unlike in the Abrahamic religions, is fine. The \"dogma\" around it in Satanism is to indulge but not obsess. \n\n- Unlike what that chaos meme guy said, Ritual Magics aren't about getting laid. They're about manifesting the same kind of wonder and mystery that captivated humanity's heart and imagination in previous faiths. Outside of that, they can serve as purging psychodrama as is the case with the Black Mass (a parody of Roman Catholic mass).\n\n- To my knowledge there's only one real symbol of the Church of Satan and that's the CoS' Symbol of Baphomet. It isn't required to be worn, it is just a representation of Satanism's powerful and iconoclastic nature. \n\n- Finally, Satanism is big on retaliating against one's enemies. Sometimes it's something simple like a curse (again, a form of psychodrama). Other times it's taken to be a literal thing like crushing a rival business or ruining a rival. Preservation of self and whatnot. \n\nThis is not in any way a comprenhensive, all-encompassing overview of LaVeyan Satanism. If you want to know more, don't settle for what other people have to say about it. LaVey was an intelligent, entertaining writer and the book is an interesting read. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d9ysxzd" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "No, sometimes a file is overwritten. So as long as the original file isn't saved as a backup, there's a chance that a 60gb game with a 12gb update will likely stay 60gb.\n\nIf a more efficient code is produced, you can get lower file sizes. Sometimes programs launch with really clunky code that works and is launched to meet a deadline while future versions have better streamlined code.\n\nHowever it's far far more likely for a product to have an increased filesize simply because you're adding to the program rather than removing.\n\nThe most common thing you'll see where a software update reduces filesize is if you install a game with HD textures, but don't have a very good video card, then go into your settings and tell it to use regular textures instead of HD textures. You'll get 2 or 3gb update and you'll go from 50gb down to 32gb." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ct2i6fu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Saw a comment before that said some woman is trying to sue him for $5 million for who knows fucking what. They said its his business side and not his personal side. So he is still super rich, at least from what I know so far" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cmgmyqb" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "It happened the other way around. Beyond that... let's talk about a few things about how the English Language developed. (This being ELI5, I'm oversimplifying a little bit because the *full* version is more complicated and, not being a specialist in the history of English, I don't even understand all of the details myself. But this covers the case you care about.)\n\nLanguages develop according to rules that apply in a mostly regular manner. One of the rules in the development of Old English to Middle English is that short vowels become long in one-syllable words. (\"Long\" here is literal; it means that it's pronounced for a longer period of time than if it were short. The modern English \"long\" and \"short\" vowels are totally different sounds that last the same amount of time, but they come from the literally long and short vowels of Middle English.) Another is that under certain circumstances the n sound disappears before consonants. Another is that, before n (and this happens before it goes away), long a becomes long o.\n\nThe Old English word for \"one\" is \"an.\" In a lot of situations where it was just being used as an indefinite article, people seem to have treated it like part of the next word, which means it wasn't a one-syllable word and the a didn't become long. Since it wasn't long, it didn't turn into an o, but the n still disappeared before most consonants. By habit, that got generalized to dropping it before all consonants, giving us the pattern we're used to.\n\nBut when you emphasized the fact that you really mean the numeral, that you're using it to talk about the fact that there is specifically one of whatever, it got seen as a standalone word. There's no consonant after it now, so the n never goes away, but it's also a one-syllable word, so the a becomes long (you even see it written that way in late Old English texts), then becomes an o, giving Middle English one (in Middle English a silent e was sometimes used to show that the preceding vowel was long; many silent e's in Modern English weren't silent yet in Middle English, though). The fact that it's pronounced like \"won\" instead of like \"own\" is a little bit of a surprise, though.\n\nScots, by the way, derives from dialects of Middle English that hadn't undergone the change of certain long a's to long o's. That's why in Scots they say \"ane\" instead, which is also a clue that would help us know that the Old English word had an a rather than an o. (In fact we don't even need the hint, since Old English is a written language and we've got plenty of stuff in it to check, but that kind of thing helps affirm the validity of the methods by which we figure this kind of thing out for non-written ancestor languages.)\n\nThere's another word you didn't expect to be related, by the way - the Old English word \"anlic\", a compound of that same \"an\" and \"lic,\" which is related to our word \"like\" but develops into the -ly suffix we use for adverbs, means something is somehow one-ish, which is to say that there's just one of it. In modern English, that becomes \"only\". (I assume the lengthening of the a, and hence it turning into a long o, is influenced by what was going on with \"one\" back when it was still obviously \"one\" with a suffix.)" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dh4nyja" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Biology PhD student here. In the interest in ELI5ness and not writing a wall of text no one wants to read, I'll write an overview and let you ask if you want to me elaborate more on how any particular part actually works.\n\n**Finding the gene:**\n\nYou sequence the genome of the organism (or part of it), at which point you can use known DNA sequence patterns to predict where the beginning and end of each gene is. As for identifying which gene does what so you know which gene you are interested in, there are loads of ways and a lot of research is basically just this process - I can elaborate on this if you want.\n\n**Moving the gene:**\n\nThere is a technology called the [polymerase chain reaction](_URL_0_) (PCR) that can replicate a single specific gene in a whole mess of DNA a trillion times, so that the entire sample is effectively just that one gene. So you either extract the DNA from the organism with the gene or, more commonly, extract its RNA (essentially its \"genes in use\") and use an enzyme to turn it into DNA, then use PCR on the sample to copy your gene of interest a trillion times. Now you have obtained your gene.\n\nThe next step is to put your gene in a plasmid vector, which is a little circle of DNA that has been specially designed for this purpose (plasmids occur naturally in bacteria, but we have extensively modified them to serve our purposes). You use enzymes called restriction enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences to cut open the vector and cut off the ends of your gene (in the PCR reaction, you can add restriction enzyme snip sites to the gene copies you make). A useful property of restriction enzymes is that the cuts they make stick back together, so if you cut the vector and cut the ends off your gene in the same test tube and then add an enzyme to heal the cuts, at a certain rate your gene will end up stuck in the vector, since its cuts matched those in the vector. Now you have your gene in a vector. We call this process \"cloning\" a gene, confusing all non-scientists who think of cloning as making identical animals.\n\nNow you want to put the gene into a different organism. If all you want is for the gene to be working inside the new cells, and you don't care about actually editing their genome, you can just put the vector with your gene inside them and you're done.\n\nIf you want to integrate the gene into the genome of another organism, it's more complicated. A disclaimer here is that I've never personally done this, so I am less familiar with it than the earlier techniques. But basically if this is your end goal, you design your vector to have long stretches of DNA on either side of where you put the gene in that match long stretches of DNA in the genome of the organism you are putting the gene in. If you do this, once you put the vector inside the new cells, at a low rate their genome will \"recombine\" with the matching parts of the vector, exchanging their DNA for the vector DNA and moving your gene into them. This recombination is a natural process that occurs with long stretches of matching DNA in all living things.\n\nA final note: you may notice that all the \"putting the gene in the organism\" stuff I described only really works for single cells. If you want to put the gene in the genome of a multicellular organism, you do what I described to a fertilized egg or very early embryo that will grow into the organism. If you want to modify lots of cells in a fully-grown multicellular organism, you usually use a virus. You put the vector inside the virus, and when the virus infects the organism's cells, it delivers the vector. This is pretty hard and most researchers just stick to single cells when moving genes around.\n\n*****\nOh look, it turned out to be a wall of text anyways! In any case, if there is anything you are confused about or any part of the process you want explained in more detail, please ask! I'd be happy to elaborate. This stuff is super important and forms the basis of a lot of modern biological research." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dcbrt3r" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Main reason is asymetric loading of elements and bad programming. \nIn detail: The main goal of a mobile page is to load as fast as possible. \n\nThere are certain methods to achieve this. The two most important (for your question) are: \n1) Load visible stuff first: \nThe first things that will be loaded are things you see when you open the web page. Everything \"below the fold\" (below the point where you need to scroll to see it) will be loaded at a later point. \n2) Load bigger elements later: \nBigger elements, such as images, will be loaded last. So your initial page is loaded fast, and the rest comes at a later point. \nNow to your problem with the layout changes: \nPoor programming causes this. Normally you would place blank placeholders for big elements like images. For example: If you, as a programmer, know, that there is an image that is 500x500 pixel, you will reserve this 500x500 spot with a blank white space. So when the image loads (after the initial loading of the page) you can fill this blank space with the image, without destroying the layout. \nOR you could use two different image qualities. Like one really low quality (and low filesize) one that loads when you open the page (in case the image is in your \"initial load view\") and when this initial load is over, you use your \"normal\" bigger size image to replace the old one. \nReally sorry, for a non native speaker its kinda hard to explain this :( I hope you get my point. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e6o280g", "e6o681i" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "To their own community of academics. But how far back are we talking? Ancient greece? Renaissance? Isaac Newton era?", "Originally, they wouldn't. Or at least they would rely on intuition, self-evidence, or consensus. And even then it was really only pertinent or interesting to themselves, or perhaps the local government who could exploit their mathematical and scientific reasoning.\n\nOne of the first attempts to rigorously \"prove\" mathematical concepts was Euclid in his *Elements.* And his overall strategy remains pretty solid even today. Basically you start with some fundamental truths and definitions; things that are overwhelming self-evident, cannot be broken down and derived from other truths, and are necessary to make the whole system work.\n\nFrom that, you rigorously, in a step-wise manner, start proving more complex things. Every step has to reference either a) one of your fundamental truths (axioms); or b) one of the other complex truths you've already proven.\n\nFor example, his first \"proofs\" is the construction of an equilateral triangle using only a straightedge and a compass (and then proving why it is an equilateral triangle, based upon previously established definitions). He then uses the construction of an equilateral triangle to show that you can \"copy\" lines of a given length from one place to another (given a point). And so forth." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbouiep" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "IMO it's because there isn't much room to expand on the core gameplay. Sure you can add more songs, but are you willing to spend another $50+ dollars on basically the same game? Not to mention that the equipment (guitar, drumset, etc.) can also rack up the price (some may say unnecessarily). Once everybody played Guitar Hero/Rockband, it lost the sense of novelty that first came with such gameplay." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "colc52s", "colc6gu" ], "score": [ 27, 8 ], "text": [ "The term calling \"Shotgun\" came from when stage coaches would transport money from bank to bank like in the old west movies. The person in the passenger seat would be holding a shotgun for defense against robbers.", "On stage coaches the man who sat next to the driver carried a shotgun to ward of robbers. This has been carried over to cars." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cp8qupt" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "It isn't just your router! every Wifi device is listening and broadcasting to everything! It is really chaotic at the signal level. There are several tricks wifi routers use to get around this\n\n1 collision avoidance - the devices actively try to avoid disturbing each other, and N routers (and high end N NICS) actively try to find better paths\n\n2 Channel switching - this is normally manual, but the further your channel is from your neighbors, the better. once you are 5 stations away, you are totally clear of their frequency. Because ther are only 11 channels, you can only have 3 routers be completely clear of each other.\n\n3 Frequency switching - N devices are dual band and can connect at 2.4 or 5ghz. In an automated setup (normally requering matching branded hardware) they may have routines for jumping up to 5ghz automagicaly when things get to crowded. 5ghz has other advantages as well, there is a lot more space because of the higher frequency, so more devices can be there. Plus, fewer devices are already there! most wifi devices and machines like microwaves cloud up the 2.4 band, but don't block the 5. So if you can, set everything to be 5.\n\n4 tagging data (SSID and IP info) and simply sifting through it all- most of what is broadcast isn't going to be a problem for a modern router to simply hear and discard. EVERY wifi device is doing this. It isn't just your and your neighbor's router, all of the PCs are sharing the frequency space too. So a modern router is actually designed to listen to several devices every moment, a good N router can do over 20 (roughly 3-5 per antenna.) However, to give you high speed bandwidth (streaming) it has to focus at least one antenna for that computer, the antenna rapidly and simutainusly litsens and broadcasts. If you have a 4 antenna router, and 2 people watching HDmovies and one gaming, your router will have a harder time dealing with anamolous data and frequency disturbances, it also wont be able to cater to new people, this is when you see your bars suddenly drop and come back (assuming no software problems.) The router has to drop you to check signal quality, or maybe a computer tried to register into the network, during which it had to drop the quality of your frequency for a few seconds to handshake that (it probably also took your friend longer to login to the router, simply because it is not able to pay as much attention to general broadcast while prioritizing registered user data.) But if an N router has a mostly free antenna, it can use that to do a lot of it's work automagicaly.\n\nThe simplist way to avoid those problems is to set a max number of wifi users that can login at any given time, and maybe even bandwidth quotas (cap the bandwidth on your mom's internet box.) But at the very least, don't have more than 1.5 people per antenna (on an N router) if gaming, or 4 per if general office use.\n\nIf there are lots of devices (routers and pcs) near you, then you may want to use your router as if you have 1 less antenna, this will guarantee quality. For lower end/base routers you should do this anyway, because, even if they are N routers, they generally have at least one antenna that is not worth it (fixed/omni direction with poor or no signal shaping routines/abilities) but normally 2 or more are just crap.\n\nMore expensive routers use smarter software, faster processors and more advanced antennas so they can rapidly handle all the traffic and collisions while still offering you a quality connection.\n\nMore expensive NICS do similarly, and can even start having advanced antennas like mechanics and high end beam shaping.\n\nIn all cases for N, they also figure out what works, and hold to a routine till it doesn't. So, keeping your router and computer in the same place is a good thing. They basically figure out that if they operate together in a certain way, a lot of the noise is gone/managable, and make a list of the best patterns between them. When you move any devices in your home (computer and ones that simply disrupt the frequency) they have to readjust. That said, I think modern routers have that adjustment period below 15minutes for most situations. Again, high quality hardware improves their smarts and capabilities in this. It is a required capability of N routers, and N NICS are designed to provide important signaling information to assist. High end NICS have active shaping capabilities as well. Oh, ths is also a high power process (processor and signalling,) so moving your labtop around while on wifi will increase battery usage." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d28gksh", "d28jzaw" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Reagan amnesty was a lawful compromise with Congress, tax cuts for so many immigrants. I am not familiar with any Bush amnesty so I decline to remark. Obama's executive amnesty otoh is a complete go around of Congress. Executive orders bear no legal weight, they are not law. They are directives to agencies of the executive branch. Once he leaves office, unless resigned by the next POTUS they become null and void. This is seen as an overstep by the executive branch into the legislative branch.", "NPR actually talked about this today. It isn't that Obama made an amnesty executive order, it is that it grants amnesty to such a large amount of people. So the courts aren't really deciding on if presidents are allowed to do this sort of thing, but to what scale they are allowed to go without congressional approval.\n\nBasically, you might be fine loaning a friend five dollars, but not five hundred." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpp8em2", "cppdzau", "cppghqp" ], "score": [ 19, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "When labor is short in supply, companies must increase wages to attract workers.\n\nYou can see this in (pre-oil-bust) Alberta, Canada. You can get paid $15/hr to be a Barista in Fort McMurray, while a few hundred kilometers away, in Calgary or Edmonton, they only make $10. Willing to do unskilled or trained-on-site physical labor? You could easily make $30/hr to start, which is unheard of in the bigger cities in Canada.\n\nThis would theoretically happen in a more widespread fashion if a nation nears full employment (less than 4% unemployment). As there are fewer and fewer potential candidates for each job, companies are willing to (or rather forced to) offer more money to try to lure workers.", "Supply and demand is essentially a race to the bottom if demand is low and supply is high. \n\nWith so many people trying to find full-time work in pretty much every field, it's not going to help wages any. The highest skilled people who will accept the lowest wage will be the ones hired. This lowers wages rather than increases them. \n\nSo, what causes companies to increase wages? Numerous things. The government can step in and put forth regulation, public pressure can make the choices of hiring low-paid workers cost money (See Walmart, and those raising wages alongside Walmart), having higher wages can be used as a competitive advantage against their competition to raise sales (similar to public pressure, but not quite), and/or fewer workers competing for more positions will create a \"workers market\" instead of an employers one. \n\nSo, why aren't companies raising wages? Well, the same reason you wouldn't pay $10 at a store for an identical good that costs $5 across the street: There's no need to and nobody wants to waste money. ", "It depends on the employer, but in general, you get a raise because they would rather keep you than pay to train someone else.\n\nHiring and training employees is expensive. Giving you an extra few cents per hour is cheaper" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpv11jf", "cpv1c0n", "cpv4cxo" ], "score": [ 5, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Executive orders (at least in theory) don't grant the executive branch more powers, they work within the powers already granted to the President by the Constitution or by Congress. The courts can overrule an EO if it's overstepped its bounds, and Congress can pass a law overruling an EO if it's based in powers they delegated to the executive.", "The President is the chief executive of the government. He decides how the laws of the country are to be enforced. He is expected to give instructions to underlings to accomplish this. The EO is how he does that. If congress thinks an EO is overstepping the authority of the office, they can, and do, take him to court over it.", "Presidents have a lot of leeway in how they enforce a law, 'executive order' is just a really official way of saying that the president told the people working for him that they are changing how they do things, it's not like a special action that needs ratification.\n\nBasically, it counts as constitutional if the judicial branch(it will go before the supreme court if it's controversial, usually) decide that they aren't going to stop him.\n\nIn terms of checks and balances, the Judicial branch's actual jobs are to settle disputes between citizens and to make sure the executive branch doesn't overstep or deny citizens due process.\n\nThe judicial can't make the executive go through with a new plan that Congress didn't approve (unless they are declaring a law unconstitutional with Judicial Review, but that's a separate issue), but it can always stop the executive or make tell the executive to do what they are doing in a different way. There are no checks that give executive power over the judicial, the judicial can give an order to the executive and the executive has no choice but to listen.\n\nIn countries with serparate branches but no constitution, the judicial branch spends most of it's time monitoring the executive and making sure it is not overstepping its bounds." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "chsws8x", "chswsjl" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "The grooves are cut into the face of the club to increase the grip between the ball and the face. The puts a controlled spin on the ball, which makes the ball travel in a predictable path.\n\nIf the ball does not have a controlled spin, it will move in a random path as spin is created and lost as the ball moves through the air - kind of how a knuckleball drifts randomly in baseball.", "The \"lines\" are officially called grooves. My understanding is that the grooves provide a type of \"grip\" on the golf ball to impart a desirable spin on the ball (determined by the golfer--right, left, a little, a lot). A flat face would probably make it more difficult to control the ball flight but I've never played with a flat face." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dn2bf2i" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Pediatric medication is weight-based, so for many medications, the dosage strength would have to be severely diluted to be usable for young children to avoid overdose. This is why certain drugs are good for certain age groups of children - the weight difference between an 11 yr old and a 5 yr old, for example.\n\nOther factors come into play as well. The structure of medication (liquid vs tablet vs capsule vs a crushed tablet/split capsule can affect how fast a drug works or how easily it can be ingested down tiny throats.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxrsqqk", "cxrvurl", "cxrw3ep" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I'm not a doctor, yet, but every time I have experienced something similar to this, and found that I have the option of \"scratching\" it as best I can or turning down the volume. I think that the itch is a response to inner ear damage, because every time I have turned down the volume the itch goes away on its own after a moment. \n\nThis may not be the case for you, hopefully, but try reducing the volume next time instead of scratching and see if that works. Call it an experiment that may save your hearing later on. ", "I'd say it's probably the sound waves traveling through your ears causing vibrations. Sound waves (unlike electromagnetic waves such as light) require a medium in order to travel. In this sense, they're closer to ocean waves than they are to visible light. Sound waves are basically displaced air particles similar to how ocean waves are displaced water particles. You can hear because the sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate which then causes the bones in your middle ear to move. The cochlea then converts this motion into electric impulses that your brain interprets as sound. \n\nDepending on how high the volume is, the sound waves might be causing tiny vibrations in your ear canal (but not close enough to interfere with the vibrations in your eardrum). Thus, you feel ticklish. ", "It's usually the earbud rubbing on the skin that does this since the skin in your ear canal isn't used to stuff touching it. Put a tiny bit of vaseline or something similar on the edges of the earbuds or on the rubber plugs and it goes away." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjqdezf", "cjqdflc", "cjqeooo" ], "score": [ 16, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "You use an when the beginning *sounds* like a vowel regardless of if it is one. European starts with a \"y\" sound which in this case counts as a consonant.\n\nEdit: another example you would say \"an hour\" because the h is silent.", "Europe starts with a \"Y\" sound, you go by the sound (not the letter) that comes after the a or an.", "Why is it that I feel weird for saying \"An European\" now?\n\nHave I been saying European wrong all along?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgfuwx2", "cgfvq7o" ], "score": [ 2, 7 ], "text": [ "If you could buy an entire truck-full of tomatoes and wheat, you could probably make pizzas for less. You'd have to make a lot of pizzas though to make it worthwhile.\n\nCosto/Sams Club/BJs work on this model, though it's not quite as extreme.", "Especially when talking about fresh ingredients, it's because there's a lot of waste.\n\nFrozen pizza has a huge shelf life, so if a store buys 100 of them, they're going to sell 100 of them. If a store buys 100 tomatoes, they're probably going to sell 60-70, and the rest will end up in the trash because they're not pretty enough, bruised or rotten. That instantly makes the good tomatoes 50% more expensive.\n\nThe same happens at the wholesale stage because a truck may have been sitting in customs for too long, they weren't stored properly at some point, or the wholesaler bought too much and couldn't resell them in time.\n\nSo when you buy one tomato, you're also paying for the other two that the farmer, wholesaler or grocer had to throw away somewhere along the way." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d5ena4r", "d5end6q", "d5eqwg5", "d5eswwg", "d5evrew" ], "score": [ 5, 6, 24, 218, 8 ], "text": [ "I tried searching google but found nothing concrete. ", "In my personal experience, if I'm taking a break from a drug to let my tolerance build back up, i like to take at least a month off.", "I was a heavy drinker (about a pint of whiskey per night) for decades. I stopped drinking about 5 years ago but will still have a few on vacation or holidays. I can still drink the same amount I always did. Your mileage may vary.", "I ACTUALLY KNOW THE ANSWER!!! It will never go back down to that tolerance. Tolerance is built by your brain being conditioned to react to alcohol. The time varies from person to person to get close, but that could be 6 months to 5 years.\n\nSo let's say the first drink you ever had was in a bar, when you were wearing a blue shirt, standing with three friends, out of a shot glass, at 5pm.\n\nIf every single day for 30 days you have a drink the same exact way, by the 30 day mark you will have built up a significant tolerance. That's because all of those factors will alert your body that you're about to start drinking and your body starts acting as if it is about to start breaking down alcohol before you even start drinking to keep your body at homeostasis.\n\nNow obviously that's now how you drink because it won't be exactly the same every time so that would be a very strong association, but your body does know when it's about to drink because we are creatures of habit and largely drink in the same way every time. So when you're at the bar or a club where you normally drink, your body will start working toward eliminating the substance. When you're even thinking about it it will happen.\n\nNow let's say you stop drinking. You still go to the bar and with your friends and all the usual places and times you used to drink pass by. Your body will then start going through extinction where the conditions that used to alert your body that you're about to drink will no longer result in drinking and therefore you don't need to start working toward eliminating the drink from your system.\n\nAnd tl;dr finally, even if you stop drinking for 50 years after building up a high tolerance, your body will later react in the same way as it did before and start working toward eliminating the substance even before you drink it because of something called spontaneous recovery.\n\nThat's where a previously conditioned stimulus regains its conditioned response after extinction. **Edit: After those 50 years you do still have some tolerance but it will not be as strong as your tolerance the last time you drank.** This is because a body that has never drank has no idea how to handle alcohol, but a body that has drank obviously does and your body will begin to take the steps immediately instead of trying to figure out how to do it later.\n\nIf you want to simulate this effect, go drinking in a way that you don't normally drink. Drink spontaneously and your body will be surprised into drinking and the reaction will be delayed.\n\nThere's a lot of research on tolerance and heroin done with mice on the topic of classical conditioning. This explains why people overdose. When you do heroin at home 50 times, your body needs more and more every time because your body is breaking it down before it gets in your system. So when you do it the 51st time in a place you're not familiar with (a hotel room for example), you do that same large amount, but your body did not prepare for it to take in heroin so it doesn't get to fight off the drug before it gets injected.", "WARNING: If you're a chronic drinker, then you *need* to detox with doctor supervision or cut back slowly. Stopping drinking entirely after years or decades of chronic usage can gives you seizures, [wet brain](_URL_0_) and a host of extremely bad symptoms that could lead to death. Be careful." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://alcoholrehab.com/alcoholism/alcoholic-wet-brain/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dulat9f", "dulb5u3", "dum7ds0" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "So this is an interesting question. If I recall correctly from school, type O is what the earliest people had (postulated). Over time mutations have occurred leading to difference surface antigens like the A and B antigen. So while they are recessive, there are still many people with this. If two people who are both O get together and have a baby every single one of them will be type O. But is someone who is AO mates with a BO, they have a chance of creating a O as well. So you can see how they won't be totally phased out.", "O is recessive in its expression - but that does not mean its reproduction is negatively impacted. Many recessive traits are often associated with negative effects, but this isn't quite the case for the O blood type. \n\nThus, while - yes, O is recessive towards the other alleles, the prevalence of the O allele doesn't decline, and remains at the - I believe it was 80%? - thus meaning that O remains a fairly common blood type. ", "Think of it like paint: White paint is white up until you add even the smallest amount of any pigment. Now it's not white.\n\nO+ is 38%, O- is 7% of the population. That means ~~only 42%~~ 45% of the world doesn't have one of the mutations that give them type A or B blood.\n\nAs for why it hasn't declined, blood type doesn't alter your survivability. If having one blood type or another made you die younger, those people in the past would have been more likely to die without children.\n\nEdit: Idiot moment with math." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dxgcb3j" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "People generally say that in references to colds.A “cold” is a blanket term for any viral infection of the nose and throat. In the early stages of a cold, your body is fighting the cold directly and most of the symptoms are in your sinuses, nose, and throat. \n\nAfter a few days the virus is pretty much dead and the nose starts to feel better, but at that point so much mucus has drained down your throat that you start coughing to clear it out. So it feels like the cold has moved from your nose into your chest, when in reality the chest symptoms are your body cleaning up after the cold. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "copd2g3" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Because kids love to watch them being open and seeing what surprises are in them, even if they aren't getting the toy." ] }

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[ "https://www.youtube.com/user/SurpriseToys/videos?flow=grid&view=0&sort=p", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QG4n3-rKTs" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cgcjr2m", "cgck3r6" ], "score": [ 8, 6 ], "text": [ "Embezzlement is taking funds that you been entrusted with, and converting them to your own use. Theft is just taking property to which you are not entitled.\n\nSo, Janice is a teller at a bank. She's required to keep a drawer full of cash, count it, dispense it to customers as needed, etc. That money has been entrusted to her, so she's given access to it. If she were to take $20 from that drawer for herself, that'd be embezzlement. If she were to go into the McDonald's across the street and take $20 from their till while someone wasn't watching, that'd be theft.", "\"Theft,\" generally speaking, is the term used to refer to the category of property crimes that involve taking other people's stuff for your own use without their permission. Crimes like \"embezzlement,\" \"shoplifting,\" \"robbery,\" \"larceny,\" \"mugging,\" \"carjacking,\" etc. are all different *kinds* of theft and are distinguished by the facts of the crime.\n\nFor a property crime to be embezzlement, the defendant must have been entrusted with possession of the stolen property *before* the defendant decided to steal it. If the defendant did not have legitimate possession, then stealing it can't be embezzlement. It will be some other kind of property crime.\n\nOther theft crimes have different criteria. \"Robbery\" is usually defined as theft \"by force or fear,\" usually implying that the victim has to be present. \"Carjacking\" is basically robbery, only the property being stolen is a car or other vehicle. \"Shoplifting,\" sometimes also called \"retail theft,\" is stealing inventory from a store. \n\nThese distinctions are made because not all kinds of stealing are equally serious. Pocketing a candy bar from a convenience store is not as bad as robbing a bank at gunpoint, and neither is precisely the same as embezzling corporate funds. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dlh2d1d", "dlh5evb" ], "score": [ 4, 21 ], "text": [ "Because, logistically, it is easier for them to be on the same timezone as the rest of Europe.", "Because Nazis.\n\nThey used to be in the same time zone as the UK. But then when the Nazis took over France in WW2, they switched them to the same time zone as Germany.\n\nSpain wasn't directly involved in WW2, but were on fairly good terms with the Nazis so also switched to have a matching time zone to aid cooperation.\n\nFor both it turned out to be more convenient after the war was over so they stayed that way. Now they all work quite closely together, and people and goods cross the borders all the time, so it's easier to be in a single time zone." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjpyps7" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Red, green, and blue (RGB) are the primary colors for **light (i.e., additive color)**. In this case, \"black\" is the absence of any light, and \"white\" is 100% of all three colors.\n\nCyan, yellow, and magenta (CYM) are the primary colors for **pigment (i.e., substractive color)**. In this case, \"white\" is the absence of any pigment, and \"black\" is 100% of all three pigment colors. Each of these pigments get their color from absorbing one of the primary light colors, and reflecting the other two. Thus cyan is the mix of green and blue (absorbs red), yellow is the mix of red and green (absorbs blue), and magenta is the mix of red and blue (absorbs green).\n\nThe \"K\" in CYMK is \"black\". Printers will often add a separate reservoir of black ink for darker shades of color and for black & white printing.\n\n**EDIT:** Bolded some terms and added language for clarity." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvfoet5" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "[This article explains why.](_URL_0_) TL;DR \"Cute Aggression\" is the brains response that could be protective, or a way of venting extreme feelings of giddiness and happiness" ] }

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[ [ "http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cuteness-inspires-aggression/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "df5058e", "df512vk", "df519m2", "df55xbg", "df56xxa", "df57h1m", "df584yv", "df59ohn", "df5gg03", "df5m8hf", "df5n1ge", "df5sbb6", "df5y3mx", "df5yihh", "df607sv", "df62g2t", "df6n5k5" ], "score": [ 22, 6, 2665, 16, 6, 355, 56, 6, 4, 2, 13, 56, 27, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Water can seep through the ground and pool up in immense reservoirs exactly like oil does. All it takes is some favorable geography - a layer of rock that water can't get through, underneath ground that it can. The water seeps through over time and builds up on that rock layer forming a water table. The depth of this depends on location but in most places yes, if you drill deep enough you'll find water.", "We can also refill them and store more water in them if their geology is well understood via artificial recharge. ", "Technically yes. There are a few types of underground water supplies. The first is the water table. \n\nWhen it rains where does that water go? Well you do see most of it run down the sidewalks, and streets. Where does the rest go? Underground of course. It drains through cracks, and soft soil till it reaches the point of saturation. The bottom of that point is the water table. \nFor example this water table is at 75ft. You take a drill,or even shovels, and started digging a hole you will hit water (depending on the last good rain) anywhere from just below the surface of top soil to 75ft. Where you place the pump in that type of well will give you so much water. If you go into a drought that type of well goes dry rather quickly. \n\nThe second type of underground water supply is an aquifer. Aquifers are deep. My example will be the one near me in San Antonio Texas. Surrounding San Antonio you have rivers. Comal, Guadeloupe, San Antonio, etc. They start in the hills, and flow down to the sea. \nRivers are the blood vessels of the earth. What you see on the surface is just one vain. Underneath them in the cracks in the bedrock are the rest. \nAll that water from the rain that didn't soak into the ground runs off into the creeks that supply most of the river's water. As time goes on between rain storms the upper layer of soil drains the rest of the water tables into the river. Then the river supplies the underground aquifer.\nThe San Antonio aquifer is larger than the city itself by hundreds of square miles. Test wells drilled into it at several locations is how it is measured. Every night the local weatherman on the news will tell you what the level is. On average it is around 640 feet. \nThe water dept keeps an eye on that daily to make sure the population and agriculture have adequate allocations. If it gets low you have restrictions put in place. Like not watering your lawn on certain days. To extreme examples of limiting total number of gallons used per day.\n\nSorry if I put you to sleep. I know a five year old would be.", "In this part of the Netherlands, were I live, the water is just a couple of feet below our feet. In fact: the shed behind our house is slowly tilting because of the wet (marshlike) underground. So yes, water is beneath your feet, and in the Netherlands you can use a kids shovel to find it.", "Short answer, yes. \n\nIt's called an aquifer if there is enough water for economic value. Typically the top layer of water is freshwater, and below that is brackish water which can go down thousands of feet. There is hundreds of times more water beneath the ground than in all the surface water combined. When oil is pumped out of the ground it is emulsified with water, typically between 4:1 to 50:1 water:oil ratio. \n\nSource: m.s. in water resources management", "Hydrogeologist here.\n\nGenerally, groundwater is present in most places across the Earth's land surface. Unlike the picture in most people's heads of underground rivers and caves, the water is usually trapped in the tiny pore spaces (gaps) between rock particles, or in fractures and cracks in the rock.\n\nPart of my job is telling people where to drill wells to get the water they need. Most of the time, it is possible to get groundwater unless the rock is something extremely impermeable like a mudstone or claystone. Even these rocks can sometimes have fissures that may contain water.\n\nOne interesting relationship you can see on maps is the one between river networks and the potential for groundwater. On mudstone, drainage is terrible, leading to most water getting whisked off by rivers before it has the chance to make it to an aquifer. The density of the river network is far higher.\n\nOn a very permeable rock like the chalk here in the U.K., there are far fewer rivers - most of it soaks into the ground and ends up in the chalk aquifer before rivers can form. It's possible to drill wells in the chalk that yield millions of gallons of clean water a day.\n\nHere's a link to an old log of such a well dug in the chalk. It's made of several boreholes, a dug well and a connecting tunnel that they had to lower people down to dig:\n\n_URL_0_", "Wells work by accessing aquifers. Aquifers are not underground lakes, pockets of water, or underground streams. None of those actually exist. Instead, aquifers are usually made of loose or consolidated sand or gravel. There are small spaces (pores) between the grains, like in a box filled with marbles, and water fills these gaps. The pores are connected, which allows the water to flow to areas of lower pressure. Wells are basically holes in the ground, so water flows into them to fill that hole.\n\nHow deep you have to drill a well varies by aquifer. To give an idea of how much they can vary, u/Juanfartez said that the wells in San Antonio were about 640 feet deep, but in the town where I am in western Minnesota, the wells are usually about 80 feet, and the aquifer itself starts at about 20 feet below the surface. \n\nNot all places will have aquifers, because not all types of rock store water and allow it to flow. Clay, for example, stores water pretty well, but it doesn't allow it to flow. You can see this by squeezing a handful of wet clay. Igneous and metamorphic rocks like granite or marble only allow water to flow through fractures in the rock. So while they can be aquifers, they generally aren't very good because they can't hold much.", "I'm trying to diagnose a problem with my well, if anyone here has the knowledge to help, please pm. Thanks.", "Does this work in the deserts? I guess its just deeper there? Costs more to drill/dig? Limited amounts make oasis? ", "Yep. Groundwater depths vary. Some places have shallow groundwater at 3 feet deep, while others are over 50. \n\nPretty much everywhere that has consistent precipitation has groundwater.", "One of the issues about drilling wells is that it will actually destroy the land over time. One of the most notable studied cases is California state's San Joaquin Valley. The industrial farming there is using more water than can be replenished by natural rainfall. This has completely dried out their river for miles on end, one of the longest rivers in the country. It's also removed so much water from underneath the ground, that the actual ground elevation in some places has dropped hundreds of feet. Here's one older article that describes the effects of over-drilling into underground water in that area: _URL_0_", "[This is what happens when you don't call in a proper hydrologist before digging](_URL_0_).\n\nThe contractor ran away to Italy and the landowner is on the hook for the millions it's going to take to fix this.\n", "None of these are really eli5. So, have you ever been to the beach? When the waves go out, there's this smooth dark sand left behind. If you step on that you can see the water get squeezed out of the sand as you put pressure on that spot with your foot. Underground there's a lot of stuff that holds water just like the sand. If you reach the sand with a pump you can suck water out of it.", "Check out the great australian artesian basin. Thats an ancient coast now under ground. Super hot and has lots of pressure", "I often hear that well water Is safe to drink without filtering or chlorination. My question is how? It's not safe to drink strait rain water what makes a well any differant?", "Fun video to add that talks about wells.\n\n[Contamination of wells](_URL_0_)\n\n\n\n", "I live near Bangalore, India and help manage a 200 acre floriculture farm. A lot of farmers rely on groundwater and with monsoon rains failing for the last 8 years has led to borewell depths of 800-900 feet, in some cases, more than 1100 feet. Most are dry.\n\nThere have been instances of farms having to get water tankers every day to keep running.\n\nThe effects of over utilization and global warming are very real and already reaching dangerous levels of scarcity.\n\nThere already instances of riparian states having riots over the allocation of freshwater from the Cauvery river." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://scans.bgs.ac.uk/sobi_scans/boreholes/790558/images/14959295.html" ], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/03/29/california-drought-san-joaquin-valley-sinking-as-farmers-race-to-tap-aquifer/" ], [ "http://www.vancouversun.com/untamed+torrent+well+water+threatens+multi+million+dollar+vancouver+homes/11775190/story.html" ], [], [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/AtJyKiA1vcY" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ec29va8", "ec2b1sy", "ec2egrw", "ec2howq" ], "score": [ 7, 32, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "We do know. It's just that our society has rules that deviate from natural instincts. That's what you get taught.", "We don't really get taught about the mechanics of sex in our education/external source learning. But it's not a very difficult concept to figure out once you're ready for the moment.\n\nAnimals don't have to worry about things like consent, unwanted pregnancies causing a financial burden, or the long upbringing of a child due to the way they birth their young (more or less fully formed and able to do many things independently). We add a lot of that on from the complex social structure we have.\n\nOther animals with complex mating structures do have to learn what is and isn't acceptable about sex through group pressures (ex; a young male lion getting attacked by the male of the pride for trying to mate with one of that male's mates), and it isn't conclusively proven, as far as I know, that animals don't learn how mating works through seeing it happen to the adults in their herd.", "Well, for one thing, animals do it out in the open for all of the other animals to see. Humans don't do that.", "Animals know how and when to mate due to instinct-driven impulses in their brains that are triggered by pheromones released in estrus, or when the female indicates through hormonal and physical changes that she is ready to mate.\n\nHumans have pheromones as well but the human sense of smell isn't as strong as that of most other animals and thus hormonal changes are usually the easier way to tell when (regardless of financial or mental stability) it's time to mate." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2mksu4", "d2mkvum" ], "score": [ 5, 5 ], "text": [ "A lot of times when you get angry it's because you feel a psychological threat, like the threat of embarrassment or losing status somehow. Your body can go into 'fight or flight' mode, which increases your adrenaline and your blood pressure.\n\nSo, people that are real angry feel their heart pounding, they get flushed, they have a lot of energy - they feel almost as if \"their blood was boiling\".", "Technically, no. What happens when you get really angry is part of the \"fight or flight\" reaction we are all pre-programmed with. Part of the process, whether the reaction is from fear, or being scared or in this case, anger, is that you pupils dialate, heart rate increases, and your blood vessels open up as wide as possible to allow more blood flow. I am sure you have seen some get really red faced when they get angry right? All your blood vessels, including your tiny ones close to the skin (capillaries) open up. This is in case you need to sprint your ass off because you are being chased by a saber toothed tiger. The body reacts the same to stress regardless of what causes it. You will feel hot because you have more blood flow. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f1zetj4" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Your eyes when closed still allow some light which is coming through your eyelids. This gives it a reddish hue. When eyes are exposed to this color this much then they adjust which results in lack of red when you open your eyes." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eax6aov", "eax7jqv" ], "score": [ 45, 5 ], "text": [ "Yes. It's called a cell saver. The blood is suctioned out of the surgical field; washed, filtered, and centrifuged; then transfused back to the patient. It takes some time to set up, but it can save you using a few units of blood. ", "Yes, cell-saver can be used. It isn't a direct exchange though. You lose clotting factors after washing the blood. It also damages some red blood cells in the process. You end up transfusing blood back in that isn't as efficient as when it came to the machine. Not a huge deal, but it starts to be a problem if you really run into trouble. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eo3l69a", "eo3lifs", "eo3qbzc" ], "score": [ 68, 3, 11 ], "text": [ "First of all, your saliva is much more conductive than your skin.\n\nSecondly, 9 volts is times stronger than 1.5 volts.", "The technical answer:\nYour skin poses a much higer resistance than your saliva, which Is in fact slightly conductive.\nIf the resistance is higer than the flux in a given system then the current shall not pass.", "Think of electricity like water. Water has pressure and volume (how much water is coming it at one time. The bigger the pipe or hose, the more volume). Volts is electrical pressure.\n\nAA and AAA batteries are 1.5 volts. 9 volt batteries are, unsurprisingly, 9 volts. So they have a lot more pressure. \n\nLike water, electricity doesn't flow thru all things easily. You fingers have more resistance to the flow than your tongue AND the electricity has to flow further, which is harder.\n\nSo the 9 volt is like shooting a garden hose thru tissue paper and the AA is like trying to shoot a squirt gun thru the box the tissue came in." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dt12ly1", "dt1pzhl" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Super simplified laymans knowledge version: psych drugs affect various neurotransmitters in the brain (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, etc), these neurotransmitters are multipurpose and some regulate motor function in addition to mood. ", "The movement issue is specifically related to Dopamine. In Schizophrenia it is believed that dopamine transmission is over active in the pre-frontal cortex (a 'thinking' bit of the brain). In the basal ganglia (a 'movement' bit of the brain), Dopamine signals trigger start of movement.\n\nAn ideal anti-psychotic drug would reduce dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex but leave it alone in the basal ganglia. We don't have any ideal drugs, we have some OK ones. The old ones eg haloperidol block Dopamine more or less equally everywhere, and have a high rate of causing movement problems. The newer ones are a bit more selective, but not really selective enough, at least not for everyone. Movement problems are seen less commonly, however." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dw201sl" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Because most of us are not going to be in a situation where we need crazy outside the box imaginations. Most of us are going to have jobs where we’ll need the knowledge and competence in that particular field, and would only need a limited imagination to problem solve within the scope of our position. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdvuf8b" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The nullhypothesis is a statistical question. \n\nIt is the question you ask in order to disprove your hypothesis.\n\nIf you cannot disprove it with the data you collect, then the hypothesis must be correct.\n\n(Well, most likely correct.)\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "er50uxs", "er5193j", "er51ro5", "er59bha", "er59lfe", "er5atuj", "er5o5yg", "er5vxue" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's like buying a really nice warranty for your phone.\n\nIf your phone breaks, and you don't have the warranty, then you better hope you know how to fix it.\n\nBut, if you bought the nice warranty, then you get 24/7 support from the manufacturer who will answer any questions you have, will fly a guy over to your house to fix it for you, and will check on your phone regularly to make sure its working right.", "If a software vendor sells a company a *perpetual* license to their software, that means the customer (the company) has purchased one specific version of the software. It typically does not entitle the customer to bug fixes, updates, new features, nor does it entitle them to call the software vendor when they have a problem with the software. \n\nIf the company wants bug fixes, updates, support, etc., then they *also* buy a support & maintenance contract which allows them to get those things from the software vendor. New features are typically not included in support & maintenance; for that the customer has to buy the next version of the software. \n\nSome companies that purchase perpetual licenses *do* forego those support & maintenance contracts to save money. But, if they forego that and something goes wrong with the software (say, a critical bug), then the software vendor has them over the barrel, especially if the software is critical to the company's business. The software vendor can then charge the company oodles of money to fix the problem, since the company hasn't bought a support & maintenance contract. \n\nNot all enterprise software is sold that way. A lot of enterprise software is sold as a *subscription* license, which typically includes support, maintenance, *and* new features. The upfront cost is frequently less; the downside is if you stop paying the subscription you lose *all* access to the software, whereas with a perpetual license you have access to the version you bought for as long as you want (i.e. \"perpetually\"). \n\nThere are benefits and risks for the software vendor and for the customer with both approaches (perpetual or subscription), so companies and vendors choose a model that fits best for their needs.\n\nEDIT: Note, all of the above applies mostly to enterprise software, not consumer software. Business models for consumer software are similar, but there are differences.\n\nEDIT 2: Some corrections for clarity.", "It's a pretty broad term that basically means \"you'll help us do whatever weird thing we want your software to do\". That could be any number of bizarre and highly specific IT/software issues that companies have.\n\nHere's a piece of equipment that puts out analong signals to a dot matrix printer from 1973. Talk to it.\n\nWe started a field service office in Thailand and their database is in Thai. Talk to it.\n\nWe're upgrading all XP machines to Win10 and something broke and now the printers don't work with your software. Fix it.\n\nCan you add another field for dates before 1970?\n\nWe need Polish language support.\n\nCan this output data to an excel file every six hours?\n\nCan every user have a unique login?\n\nWe dropped this and now it needs the software installed again.\n\nRather than keep a team of software specialists on hand, companies prefer to outsource this kind of work to the people who know the software best and work with it all the time. You may go years between major changes so nobody on your team really remembers how to do it.", "At its most basic it involves having a telephone number that you can call when you are out of ideas and having access to updates and patches for the software.\n\nThis may not be much help in solving any issues you might have but sales people can be quite convincing and businesses like the idea of having someone they rely on and potentially sue if something stops working even if the actual text of the agreement says they really can't.", "Software is an increasingly complex system-of-systems. When you bought a microwave in the 1990s, it was controlled by a computer. You push buttons that are read by the computer's input circuits and the computer's output circuit turned on the microwave generator, inside light, LED display, and the rotating table motor. The people at the microwave oven company wrote the software for that computer, and it was immutable. It was literally unchangeable, blown fuses in a ROM chip. No software maintenance, and no Internet of Things.\n\nToday's microwave can scan the barcode on the frozen meal, go out onto the Internet to look up how to cook it (and tell the microwave company's data partners what you are eating so they can sell that data to marketing companies, that's who paid for this feature to be added to the microwave oven). For that to work, the software in the microwave has to be upgradeable/updateable. \n\nYou don't pay for that software maintenance, the marketing company does (you're not the customer, you're the product). That maintenance is needed, not because the microwave generator works differently, but because the Internet changes. You might get a new router, or your ISP might update the protocol services it provides. All these external changes mean the software in the microwave needs to change to adapt. If you forgo the maintenance changes, things stop working because all the people at all the other companies keep changing things.", "Programmer here building/supporting software. While most of our job is to expand the software with what our customer wants, the support and the maintenance part of the job are two slightly different things.\n\nPlenty of bespoke software that companies use can be very specific in its usage, and maybe not as idiot proof as things sold on app stores for the general public. So what that means for support is that when our customer fucks something up, be it imputing wrong data to not getting things done before automation kicks in, we can go in the database and manually change things that our software does not allow.\n\nFor maintenance, it is all about keeping all the different technologies we have used to build the software up to date. This would be keeping up with reported security threats that have been found in our code or in code that we use (like when using flash or html5). This is what I am actually doing at the moment at my job, since it the software had not been keep up to date before I joined, a security threat revealed in a framework we use, and now we need to go through the code and make sure that it is compatible and works with the latest version that does not have the security threat.", "All software has bugs. In addition quite often standards change and the existing software needs to be adapted to the changed standard.\n\nI worked maintenance on stock exchange software in Asia for quite a few years. We had 3 people working full time just adapting our software to changes the stock exchanges made to their software and to any bugs the customers found.", "I helped implement new software at a library, and the support/maintenance team was a huge help.\n\nBasically, the library bought a software and had a vision of what it would do. This vision was what the management understood from the sales person. None of them were IT people, so they were mistaken on a few things.\n\nSo the actual set-up of the software and tools was part of the support. We also had a company rep train us (the IT guys) so that we could train the staff. Then over the next couple of weeks we would ask questions of the support team, and they'd help us troubleshoot problems. A lot of it was \"Did you turn it off and on again?\" weird stuff, but you have to learn this at some point.\n\nThen about a year in the library buys some new bar-code scanners, and they don't work with our system. So we call the support team and ask them why. Turns out it didn't work because it was a barcode language that wasn't supported. So they forwarded it to the maintenance team who coded a solution, sent us a software patch to test out, and when it worked they forwarded that patch to all their clients.\n\nI can't say this is exactly how it works with all software companies. This has been my experience on a large number of occasions, though." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eklae8p", "eklpwfy" ], "score": [ 17, 5 ], "text": [ "We use really small tools!\n\n & #x200B;\n\nKeep in mind that eventhough DNA is very small, it is absolutely necessary for an organism to have a full access to it and to manipulate it with critical accuracy. A single mistake, and the whole cell can become cancerous! (it usually commits suicide before that happens, it's called apoptosis). To do so, cells have specialized \"tools\" (tool=protein) that can unzip/dupicate/fix DNA with an amazing precision.\n\nMost of these \"tools\" don't really EDIT your genome, since it remains untouched during the lifetime of most cells. But some organisms developped tools that can actually cut, add or delete bits of your DNA (most common examples: transposons which are basically parasitic genes, retroviruses/retrovirii/whatever you want to call them...). By using these tools in a clever way, we can edit the DNA of any living organism in any way we want.\n\nThere are limitations, but they keep being pushed back as we discover new tools. Have you heard of CRISPR-Cas9?", "In vivo (life) or in vitro (lab setting) because there are different tools for each? In vivo, like how others pointed out, we can use a bacteria's \"immune system\" (CRISPR-Cas9) to do it. In vitro we boil the DNA, cool it down, introduce an error via an error-prone, heat-resistant copying protein (e.g. TAQ polymerase) or RNA primer with an error, copy it, then cool it down. There are other methods as well but the these are either the most common or most talked about." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccmfbyh", "ccmjzyl", "ccmlngb" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "My answer has no scientific basis, and is pretty much just my own experience, but I think when we are concentrating on certain tasks (in this instance playing LoL) and we hear things that not only distract us, but also annoy us, it either makes us want to try even harder to tune them out and continue doing what we are doing, or stop doing our activity and either politely/cruelly ask/tell them to quiet down. Neither option being a win-win type of deal, especially if you know the person won't care what you say. Like a toddler that isn't even yours.\n\nSome people handle this better than others and have a better tolerance, but I think it's just human nature to not want to hear something unnecessary and annoying for a prolonged period of time.", "Mine is also from no scientific basis, but i am speaking from experience.\n\nLoud noise in general that isnt monotonous tends to anger people. This is especially true of mental patients (the real life kind, not the television kind). Quiet calms people, loud (and especially sudden) noise irritates people. Sometimes that irritation can go a bit further than that, especially if youre already 'looking' for a reason to get worked up. We all know the stereotype of the child screaming and the parent groaning. All it is is instead of groaning you get the flicker of an idea to shut it up manually.", "Look up *Hyperacusis*, it may explain things. I think I may have something of this nature to some degree because every day noises drive me unnaturally insane. Also look up a scholarly study called the *Pessimism of Noise*.\n\n\nI would add hyperlinks but my phone hates me at the moment.\n\n\nEDIT: [Got on my computer: Hyperacusis](_URL_0_) \n\n\nAnd the latter is called [On Noise](_URL_1_) by Arthur Schopenhauer and it is an essay, not a study. However it is interesting; he claims that the more intelligent people are, the less they tolerate noise.\n\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperacusis", "http://www.egs.edu/library/arthur-schopenhauer/articles/the-essays-of-arthur-schopenhauer-studies-in-pessimism/on-noise/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d00hyzk", "d00hzy1", "d00mgi6" ], "score": [ 45, 14, 7 ], "text": [ "There's no cure for influenza once you're sick. It's a self-limiting and mild infection that your immune system will fight off, all you have to do is keep your body working long enough for it to do so. That means sleep and fluids.", "You can take meds, but they largely tackle the symptoms of your immune system fighting the infection. Not the cold or flu itself.\n\nYour immune system will do a pretty good job but staying well hydrated so toxins can be readily flushed out will definitely help.\n\nIt's good all round health tip. If your urine isn't colourless, clear (not cloudy) and copious you should go get some water or juice. Having a ready supply of fluids for your kidneys to flush rubbish from your system is never a bad idea. ", "A fire truck needs more water when fighting a fire than when rescuing a kitten.\n\nOnce you've been infected there is little we can do except wait for the body's own immune system to build up an immunity.\n\nThis is a pretty resource intensive operation so you need to replace more fluid than normal." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f33xce8" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I’m not an expert, but my understanding is that sleep helps the body heal from a lot of different things, including this.\n\nThe 5-year-old version is that while asleep, your body can put all of its focus on maintenance instead of giving you energy to do stuff. This includes healing wounds and injuries. It would make sense that damage from muscle tension after sleeping on them funny would also be easier to heal while the body is fully focused on healing." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d8y47so", "d8y49jt", "d8y4b3d", "d8y4fdt", "d8y8h9k" ], "score": [ 3, 8, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "There aren't really any historical precedents and the closest contemporary examples (e.g. Somalia) sure don't look good.", "They can't... or at least... not on a scale that we would recognize as a country.\n\nA country without a government would just be a bunch of people living in a geographic area... with none of the connections, services, or bonds that would give them any real semblance of identity on an international scale.\n\nAs soon as you start creating institutions, to provide things like roads or police... you've created a government.", "Usually, they don't. Some other power asserts itself in the power vacuum, and/or the overall structure suffers serious and debilitating destruction. ", "No, because then it wouldn't be a country. It'd be an area where (possibly) people live. ", "A structure ballistically similar to a government emerges. A person or people are at the top, usually the people with the most guns, and ranks, levels and hierarchies trickle down all the way to the bottom.\n\n Somalia" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "da4j066", "da4ohpb", "da4putq" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I know YouTube stopped doing this as many people were not watching all the way through, so they now only pre-load in segments, say 30sec intervals. What may what happened to you is the player is incorrectly showing the buffer. ", "The reason for this is that it will pause to buffer any time that your estimated time to reach the end of the buffer of the video plus the rate at which it is loading intersects the rate at which you're watching the video.\n\nSay you have 10 minutes buffered of a 25 minute video and you're downloading the stream at 30 seconds of playback per minute. You'd reach the end of your buffer before you finish watching the video so buffering kicks in at that point. \n\nThis can seem random because internet connection speeds vary.", "It is like a food buffet. You get bits as you need them, since there is no guarantee you are going to want another plate after your current one. It would be wasteful for the buffet to give you a ton of food that you may not eat. It would also lower the quality of service for other people eating food there, as they would have to wait for the cooks to cook up a new big batch of food.\n\nJust like the buffet, buffering in this fashion saves bandwidth on your end (dont load the entire video if you dont want to watch the entire video) and reduces total network load on the server" ] }

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[ "http://imgur.com/a/v4Iyc" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "ebj95h2" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Songwriters often contract with a publishing company to market their songs for commercial purposes. That means they sell the rights to commercial use to the company, and the company pays them royalties (either a flat dee or a percentage every time the song is used). This is a benefit to the songwriter in many cases because they do not have the time or the expertise to promote their work commercially. So they focus on writing, and let the publisher do the selling.\n\nJohn Lennon and Paul McCartney actually formed their own publishing company, called Northern Songs. They sold shares in the company, and eventually another company called Associated TeleVision bought enough shares to affect a takeover. Lennon and McCartney then sold the rest of their shares, and entered new deals for Beatles songs after 1969.\n\nIn 1985 Associated TeleVision sold off it's music publishing business, and Michael Jackson bought the company's publishing rights to Beatles songs. That gave Jackson the right to market those songs for commercial use, which made him a substantial amount of money." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d6l65mw", "d6l9392", "d6lbw7c", "d6lgq15" ], "score": [ 5, 7, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Lack of time, mostly. When you've got a 40+ hour job, kids to raise and other obligations, it becomes much more difficult to devote time to seeking out new culture. Stuff that you're familiar with is comforting and easy and people would rather devote what little free time they have to stuff they know they like rather than potentially wasting it on something they might not.", "As we get older, we recognize a craze is just that--a craze. Why invest time and money in something that won't be around six months to a year from now?", "Maybe a little nostalga and what your exposed to during your impressionable teenage years. Im 45 and i still hear new music that i really like, but it doesnt seem as important to me as it did back in the day. Maybe its that entertainment is not my only form of escapism/enjoyment so i dont put as much emphasis on it.", "The crazes seem less distinct and more short lived, but then they cone back two years later in a different form.\n\nI mean, they're still selling updated version of the same toys they advertised when I was a kid" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cit9yoi" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I'll assume that we're trying for a Swedish style system because, hey, that's worked. I'm on mobile, so I won't pull sources unless you guys need them.\n\nOver there, they spend about 4% of their GNP on education and research, one of the highest rates in the world. This would amount to about 640 billion dollars in national education costs if we spent at 4%, which is 10 times the Department of Education's budget. The issue would become raising the extra 580 or so billion dollars annually to fund this. Some ways to accomplish this might be to raise taxes or to skim some money off of the military budget, but we're never going to get 580 billion from that.\n\nWhile this calculating certainly involved plenty of hand waving and assuming, it demonstrates the need to have a certain amount of payment from the students in a country as large as the US. The way that we should go about fixing the education issue isn't to go the opposite way the country is now, but to find some reasonable ways to calculate the costs per student. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7a3ck9", "d7a3ea8" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Having lived in the UK and Australia I can say that in these places at least this usually means that there is a speed camera stationed up ahead and the other driver is warning you.", "They're trying to say \"pay attention\" but they can't really do much to specify *what* it is. Maybe you need to turn your headlights on. Maybe there's a speed trap or an accident ahead.\n\nIt's not like sign language - there's no singular meaning to it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dn3twdq", "dn3u0e3", "dn3ul3h" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 10 ], "text": [ "No complex concept here. People cooked or baked every day, and ate the products soon so they didn't have a chance to rot. ", "Everything was made fresh.\n\nYou didn't store chicken breasts in a freezer, you had a chicken coop. If you wanted chicken for dinner you went outside, picked a chicken, snapped it's neck, and started preparing it to eat.", "A combination of fresh food and storage methods that didn't require cooling.\n\nSmoking, air drying, salt curing, pickling, fermenting, and canning can preserve foods in hot weather. Foods like cheese and some sausages are preserved by being covered in a layer of beneficial mold to prevent other bacteria that would cause spoilage.\n\nAnother common method was the use of a root cellar, a (usually) unfinished room dug into the earth and lined with shelves for keeping fruit and vegetables. They'd be quite a bit cooler than above ground. The house I grew up in was built in the late 19th century and had a root cellar that was consistently around 60 degrees regardless of how hot the summer was." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e80zioc", "e80zy70", "e8117mb", "e815z4m" ], "score": [ 4, 4, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Like any other companies's profits. It goes into bank account and used to pay for things later. \n\nMaybe later next year we build a new factory. Maybe we buy new machines. Maybe we get big bonus. \n\nOr maybe be put it into an investment account until we find a use for it.", "Some gets saved, called retained earnings. They might use this for later investment in the business, for acquisitions, and to keep a cushion for leaner years, etc. They also often pay out dividends to shareholders with at money.", "Some it goes to investors, in what's called dividends.\n\nSome of it goes to employees, in the form of bonuses.\n\nMost of it goes into operating accounts. When you hear Company A bought Company B for $zzzM, that's them spending that money. When you hear of a company building a new plant or putting new machines in a plant, that's them spending that money.", "All of the above, depending on the decisions of that company's board of directors.\n\nSome invest it all back into the company. Others pay dividends to shareholders. Others hold it in safe assets or cash for future usage. Or any combination of the above.\n\nThis does not in any way reduce the amount in consumer accounts." ] }

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[ "http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/filtered?sortBy=profits&first500" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "egqdi7z", "egqem3p", "egqf3g1", "egqmmya", "egqrq9y", "egrvsx0" ], "score": [ 2, 4, 2, 7, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "yeah hand sanitizer is a good stop gap if you're in a place you can't wash and just wanna disinfect, but you cant just use hand sanitizer and never wash your hands :(", "Yes, not clean. But also the dirt is not as dangerous anymore, just \"stuff that shouldn't really be on your hand\".", "It's good enough for most everyday purposes, because the germ corpses can't infect you since they're dead. \n\nAdvanced situations like surgeons have to scrub with soap and water to remove the dead germs, as if they get inside a body where they're not expected the body might fight them anyways", "What is your definition of \"clean\"? If dead bacteria are unclean, when why aren't dead skin cells?", "Sanitizing is different than cleaning. Sanitizing (hand sanitizer, Lysol spray) kills the germs/pathogens; cleaning (soap and water) removes dirt. Ideally, you do both (Lysol wipes). Hand sanitizer is best used if there is no physical dirt on your hands. Otherwise, wash them in the sink. ", "Being too clean is also disadvantageous.. No matter how much you disinfect your skin, germs will attach to it no matter what.. So it's better to have dead germs attached to it so there is no place for the alive one to attach to to your body. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dd7l3rf" ], "score": [ 31 ], "text": [ "Boats are designed to have their weight supported for the entirety of the keel length. \n\nIf you tried to launch long boat pointy bit first, you'd have a time when the front is in the water, the back is still on the dock and the middle is unsupported. This (potentially) kills the boat. \n\nAnd there's no real need to slow one down, since they're designed to withstand many assloads of force, at least in the directions they're designed to handle force. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxmq6xq", "cxmq9di", "cxmqbwj", "cxmqs85", "cxmroj4" ], "score": [ 4, 8, 4, 2, 9 ], "text": [ "Heat moves in 3 ways, convection, radiation and conduction.\n\nWarm air in the room, comes near the cold window, cools, and settles downwards towards the floor. Warm air comes in to replace the cold air that is settling at the floor. This creates a circular current of warm air coming to the window, cooling and circulating downwards. Convection\n\nA blanket will stop or slow that circular air flow. Off the top of my head I can't think how it would reduce heat loss through radiation or conduction. Hopefully someone else can explain that.", "Well, just as you said, the blanket will only delay the cold from getting inside. However, it is more helpful to think of it as delaying the heat from escaping. It is all about how quickly heat is able to travel through a medium. Take a piece of copper or steel and a piece of cork, and keep them in the same space for a while. Measure their temeratures to make sure they are exactly the same. Then touch them. The metal feels colder than the cork simply because it can absorb heat from your fingers more quickly. In the same way, the window will remove heat from your room more quickly than the blanket, even though theyre the same temperature.\n\nYour specific example also has alot to do with convection, but that is pretty much a whole other discussion...", "You are correct. Insulation only impedes the flow of heat. It is beneficial when you are trying to heat or cool your house. If it is cold outside, the insulation slows the transfer of heat from your house to the outside. Then you don't have to burn as much fuel to keep your house the same temperature, because less heat is escaping.\n\nIt works because insulation has a high thermal resistance (R-value). It basically slows down the heat trying to leave your house, forcing it to keep you warm. It works the same way in the summer, except now the heat is trying to get into your house, and the insulation doesn't let it get in as quickly.\n\nEdit: For a demonstration of R-value, put your hand next to a window (assuming it is cold out where you are). Windows have low R-values compared to insulation, so you can feel the colder air next to it. The air next to the wall will not be as cold because the R-value of the wall is higher (because the wall is insulated).", " > Why is it not cheaper in the long run to buy lots of good insulation (say 3x as much) in the hopes of saving on fuel required to restore the temperature to the desired level?\n\nIt *is* cheaper in the long run to have a properly thermally insulated house. In Germany, all newly built houses are required by law to have double-glass windows and good, modern thermal isolation built into the walls. \n\nThe other answers here explain how/why insulation works.\n\nBtw, if you'd completely turn off the heating in your house, eventually the inside *would* become just as cold as the outside, when we ignore small heating effects from the inhabitants, or things like solar heating through glass windows.", "It's not so much that it *takes longer* for heat to travel through the insulation (although it does). The useful thing is that less heat travels through the insulation *per unit time*.\n\nIntuitively, you can think of heat in the 18th-century way, like [an invisible fluid](_URL_2_) that leaks from place to place. Hot things contain more of this \"fluid\" and cold things contain less. If your house were perfectly insulated, like a thermos, you could just heat it up and turn off the furnace and it would stay warm indefinitely no matter how cold it is outside. If your house is really poorly insulated, you have the furnace on full blast but most of the heat escapes immediately, like trying to fill a wicker basket with water. Insulation slows the escaping heat to a trickle so the furnace only has to make up the loss.\n\n > Why is it not cheaper in the long run to buy lots of good insulation\n\nIt absolutely is cheaper in the long run! But insulating your house costs a bunch of money *today* and heating a drafty house costs a little money today and a little tomorrow and… it adds up to even more money after a while but you don't have to pay it all at once. Some people don't think about it and just do the expensive thing by default; other people would like to insulate better but simply don't have the cash *right now* to do it properly. (This is a general problem: being poor is expensive. [ELI5](_URL_1_), or [ELI25](_URL_0_).) Many local governments do have programs to help people get over this hump, though." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/01/it-is-expensive-to-be-poor/282979/", "http://wiki.lspace.org/mediawiki/index.php/Sam_Vimes_Theory_of_Economic_Injustice", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_theory" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "faytg73" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "How do you know when to go to the bathroom or shield your eyes from the sun with your hand?\n\nOkay it's not exactly the same, but we can all explain how it's because of chemical signals and hormones that indicate to the organism to change their behavior, but ultimately to really know what it's like to be a caterpillar is a subjective experience that they're not very open about, unfortunately. I'm meeting with the head of caterpillar state in my backyard again tomorrow, we tabled the topic at our last meeting but I'll try and raise it again." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvrsr9x" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "the smell (in general) is because of the molecules carried by the air like salt in the sea. That means that when you're smelling, let's say an orange, you absorb orange molecules that carries the smell. \n\nWhen air is stagnant, you get something like the dead Sea (to continue the metaphor) where because the water never changes, it becomes heavily charged with salt. Here the air is charged with odorant molecules because it's not moving. It's the same smell for a lot of cases because all rooms are quite similar, they all get dusty, they have walls, paint, etc... These dust particules and other objects and materials emit odorant molecules that mix in the stagnant air of the room giving its particular smell. \n\n\nI hope the answer satisfies you. \n\n\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckn79av", "ckn7gt5", "ckn7iux" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Yelp was accused of manipulating reviews, almost in a Mafia-like fashion. Business owners would get calls from Yelp asking if they wanted to purchase advertising (Yelp's main source of revenue). If they said no, some noticed their positive reviews disappear. No definitive statistics exist on this. But Yelp did go to trial and was acquitted. ", "There are pretty well-documented cases of Yelp asking businesses to pay a few hundred bucks a month for advertising, in return for which negative reviews would be removed or deemphasized:\n\n_URL_0_", "They have been accused of allowing businesses to pay to enhance their Yelp rating and ruining the reputation of businesses who refuse to pay.\n\nThis is based on a large body of anecdotal evidence (although there is not a lot of hard and clear evidence demonstrating how exactly they may be manipulating reviews).\n\nWhat is known for sure is that businesses often get contacted by Yelp and asked whether they would like to join Yelp's program (for a fee) which comes with a bunch of different benefits like advertising, more control over your business' Yelp page etc.\n\nAnecdotal reports suggest that businesses who refuse to pay the money and join may end up with bad reviews being highlighted and good reviews being hidden/buried under the bad reviews. These reports also suggest that businesses who do pay to join get their better reviews highlighted and their bad reviews hidden/buried.\n\nYelp has denied many times that this happens and instead claims that they have a sophisticated algorithm that takes into consideration many different factors when determining which reviews to highlight (by bringing them to the top of the main page) and which reviews to hide (which sometimes require you to click on subtle/hidden links to find). Yelp is, however, unable to explain how exactly the algorithm determines which reviews get higher priority and which get hidden from view.\n\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/yelp-and-the-business-of-extortion-20/Content?oid=1176635" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccm6uzx", "ccm6vmn", "ccmbeje" ], "score": [ 86, 5, 4 ], "text": [ "The Oort cloud isn't actually emitting any light, so there isn't anything for our telescopes to pick up on. Distant galaxies, on the other hand, are composed of countless stars as bright as or brighter than our own. Its the same reason you could see a lighthouse from miles away out at sea, but not your hand in front of your face in a dark room. ", "Galaxies are large, bright objects, meaning that they are relatively easy to pick up with telescopes, even at absurdly large distances. The stuff in our solar system isn't bright to start with, as it depends on reflected sunlight. And that gets dimmer as the distance from the sun increases. Once you get out into the oort cloud, you're talking about objects so dim that our largest scopes can't really see them at all. ", "Think of it like being in a field at night. You can see city lights off in the distance, but you can't see a tree 50 yards away." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdaeqfe", "cdaqw0e" ], "score": [ 13, 2 ], "text": [ "When there are major incidents, local emergency workers generally establish a command post-type place where things like fatalities are reported as soon as they're located. When they give the death toll, they give it based off the numbers that have been reported thus far.", "[Relevant SMBC that never fails to make me laugh.](_URL_0_)" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.smbc-comics.com/?id=2440" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c68eeed", "c68f84x" ], "score": [ 7, 4 ], "text": [ "The 12 particles and 4 forces of the Standard Model. It stops at the elemental particles like quarks, gluons, electrons, photons, neutrinos stuff like that", "Well it matters who you ask. Most will say that right now, and most likely for as far as we will know, it stops at the fundamental particles. But String Theorist will argue that actually all of those particles are made up of strings. The vibrations of these strings determine what kind of particle is \"made\". String Theory is a very thick subject, and also deals with the multiverse, extra dimensions, and gravitational seeping. \n\nPersonally I don't believe in String Theory, and I think that we do stop at the fundamental particles, and the base understanding of the universe (a single universe, 4 dimensions, etc.) But until we can find a way to prove or disprove String Theory (we can't) there will always be people who will disagree on this subject. \n\nSo the answer you question without bias, we simply do not know if there is anything beyond the scale of the fundamental particles. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c58i3zh", "c58kla7" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ " > I assume they don't have a voice box, otherwise they'd be able to talk, right?\n\nNot right. Pretty much all amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have a larynx (aka, \"voice box\").\n\nTo quote Wikipedia:\n\n > computer-modeling techniques have suggested that the species-specific human tongue allows the vocal tract (the airway above the larynx) to assume the shapes necessary to produce speech sounds that enhance the robustness of human speech. . . In contrast, though other species have low larynges their tongues remains anchored in their mouths and their vocal tracts cannot produce the range of speech sounds of humans.", "Animals can \"talk\" so to speak. Just not in any human language. They communicate through certain sounds as well as body language. Even you can tell the difference between barking and whining, and though we may not always know what dogs trying to say while barking, because it could mean many things, whining is a sound that they use to tell us or other animals that they're sad or hurt, and we recognize this because by instinct humans make a similar sound. So yeah, of they didn't have a voice box they wouldn't be able to make sounds period." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cr37m8i" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Somebody is paying them to. Since it's not you, suspicion would have to fall on the app producers, or the data sellers that benefit from the data extracted by the apps." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckdup95" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ " > So say it was completely possible to drill down to the exact center of the earth. How would gravity change from the surface of earth to the core?\n\nIf the Earth were the same density throughout, gravity would drop the further down you went, and would reach zero at the center. \n\nThis is because of something called the [shell theorem](_URL_0_), which states that a spherical shell of matter acts like a point mass from a distance, but has zero net gravitational pull at any point inside the shell. As you dive deeper into the Earth, the layers above you behave like the shells described in that theorem.\n\nIn reality, since the Earth does not have uniform density, and is actually denser closer to the center, what you'd actually see is a small *increase* in gravity for the first part of your trip, which would peak somewhere in the mantle, and then begin dropping, still reaching zero at the core (ignoring small variation caused by the Earth not being a perfect sphere).\n\n > If, again theoretically, we were able to drill to the exact center of the earth, what would happen when we reach it? Because gravity, from what I understand, is pulling everything towards a center of mass, then at the very center, wouldn't gravity be equally distributed from every single angle around you? So essentially, if you were at the center, would you float, suspended by gravity from all angles?\n\nYep.\n\n > If the core of the earth was hollow, essentially empty space, how would gravity react? As there is no actually \"center of mass\" of the planet any more, would an object in the core be \"sucked\" to the side of the hollow core?\n\nPer the Shell Theorem, there would be no net gravitational force on anything in that hollow space (i.e. you'd be weightless anywhere in the space, and would not be \"sucked\" to the side)." ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_theorem" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dyyubjc", "dyyuc8h" ], "score": [ 4, 5 ], "text": [ "Your subconscious continues the learning process while you do other stuff or sleep. Also your body and mind are now well rested and it makes it easier to do stuff.", "I just heard a really great interview with sleep expert Matthew Walker. He had a theory about this. The ELI5 version is basically that your brain \"practices\" what you learned while you sleep, which makes you better at whatever it is you are trying to do. This is one of the reasons why it's important to get at least seven hours of sleep a night.\n\nIf you want to hear more, check out the Joe Rogan Experience episode #1109. That's the interview I'm referring to." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cj94fe7", "cj94mod", "cj96t8w" ], "score": [ 13, 2, 8 ], "text": [ "I do it because I feel like it helps me focus. The music seems like a distraction, especially if it's loud.", "Depends how loud you have it I suppose...I usually play mine pretty loud in the car so I turn it down out of respect for the people living around where I'm headed.", "The same reason it's now illegal to use a mobile phone when driving. It's been [shown](_URL_0_) that we can't multi task as well as many of us think we can. Basically, our brain can't divide our attention 2 ways whilst retaining the same level of focus. It's much easier to focus on the visual side of driving when you don't have a constant audio stream to process at the same time." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://www.jhu.edu/news/audio-video/brain.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dx086rt", "dx1cji9" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "It's not technically bad, it's just dumb (no offense). All that will happen is the charger will generate heat from the current while slowly losing charge to the resistance of the cable used to plug it into itself. Longer cables will provide more resistance, though most cables for such a thing won't be terribly long.; but ultimately it'll just die. All the while degrading the battery.\n\nTo put it in super layman's it's a circular human centipede. Without a raw energy source it'll eventually run itself out and die.", "As /u/mrspacebear said, it's not bad, just pointless.\n\nThe charger will try to charge itself. But it's not smart enough to realise that it's discharging slightly faster than it's charging. All that happens is the battery will drain slowly, even though it thinks it's charging." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cu2n9pa", "cu2njqy", "cu2ojfq", "cu32ckq" ], "score": [ 9, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Average work week in the US is 47 hours a week. Full time is 40 hours. There is no required amount of vacation time in the US, the average number of days of paid vacation a year are 12 (this includes paid federal holidays), The average number of sick days a year are 10 and they are generally non-paid days off. \n\nIf you work hourly wages you will seldom get paid time off. So while you may get 12 days of vacation you can seldom afford to take more than one or two days off in a row because taking a week off means you don't get paid for one week of work that month. ", "It's a cultural thing. Work is considered an incredibly important part of life and in response to u/gamewolph, that idea has been around for a long time. It likely dates back to the US being largely agricultural for quite a while, the work attitudes of which stuck with those that moved into cities or got different jobs.\n\nThat and the government doesn't have nearly as much control over corporations or people, while union lobbying is huge even it has its limits. Besides, a lot of people would probably be pissed if they had that sort of limit on their work week a lot of Scandinavian countries do.", "This is more of a theory then anything I could back up with a citation. But it could be down to the fact that the governments in Europe are generally picking up the tab for citizens' health bills and unemployment benefits. So from the point of view of the government, they'd rather have two people working 35 hour weeks, than one person working a 70 hour week and trashing his mind or body in the process, and another person working 0 hours and getting unemployment benefit.\n\nSometimes we do see suggestions of further restricting the working week in order to \"spread out\" employment more.\n\nBusinesses would probably prefer there be no working hour restrictions at all, and they do seem to have more influence in the US than in Europe.", "Employment is generally \"at-will\" which means either the employee or employer can terminate employment at any time for (almost) any reason. So, you've got to be pretty compliant with your employer's demands or risk losing your job.\n\nWe have a low minimum wage; so, people earning minimum wage or close to it will often have multiple jobs just to make enough money to support themselves.\n\nIf you have a college degree, chances are your position is classified as \"salaried exempt\". An \"exempt\" position is exempt from laws requiring overtime pay. There's no maximum to how many hours your employer can demand you work, and, since they don't have to pay overtime, they will often overwork employees rather than hiring more staff.\n\nThere are no federal laws mandating any paid time off. Hourly employees generally get none. Salaried employees generally get some holidays, a week or two of vacation time, and occasionally a handful of sick time. I personally get 9 holidays, 13 days of vacation, and 5 sick days every year, which is fairly good. Sometimes you can negotiate for more vacation time when you get hired, but if you asked for the 4 or 5 weeks that is common in Europe, you'd be laughed out the door.\n\nThere is also a strong work culture in the US, where the company's needs often come before those of the individual. It is generally frowned on to take more than a couple consecutive vacation days, and you may not be permitted to take your vacation time if there's a lot of work that needs to be done. It's also often expected that you keep up with work emails during your vacation time and that you remain reachable at any moment by your superiors." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d1k3nn2", "d1kgjzl" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "[From youngest to oldest...](_URL_0_)\n\n0. **[Holocene/Anthropocene Extinction](_URL_4_):** Ongoing. By all accounts, humans are now in the midst of a [6th major extinction](_URL_2_). Only the culprit this time isn't an asteroid or a volcano, its human activities. We are causing rates of extinction to be much much higher than the expected background rates. For example, on average [1 species of mammal is expected to go extinct every million years](_URL_8_). We are currently experiencing rates that are 10x as high as this. The causes are almost always traced back to humans (over-hunting, pollution, habitat destruction...). I think it is very hard for us to conceptualize just how bad its getting, just how many species are at risk of extinction, how many ecosystems are on the brink of collapse. The signs are there, the evidence is mounting - we have time to change this around. We have a lot of positive examples of species and ecosystem recovery, and I think we need to see what we did right in those cases in order to live sustainably on this planet with the other species. **Cause:** Human Activity\n\n1. **[Cretaceous–Paleogene Extinction](_URL_5_):** 66 million years ago. About 17% of all families, 50% of all genera and 75% of all species became extinct In the seas all the ammonites disappeared and the percentage of sessile animals (those unable to move about) was reduced to about 33%. All *non-avian* dinosaurs became extinct during that time (avian dinosaurs survived). The boundary event was severe with a significant amount of variability in the rate of extinction between and among different clades. Mammals and birds, the latter descended from theropod dinosaurs, emerged as dominant large land animals. **Known Cause:** [Asteroid impact](_URL_6_) and aggravated by giant flood basalts called the [Deccan Traps](_URL_1_)\n\n2. **[Triassic–Jurassic Extinction](_URL_10_):** 201.3 Million years ago. About 23% of all families, 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and 55% of marine genera) and 70% to 75% of all species went extinct. Most non-dinosaurian archosaurs, most therapsids, and most of the large amphibians were eliminated, leaving dinosaurs with little terrestrial competition. Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to dominate aquatic environments, while non-archosaurian diapsids continued to dominate marine environments. The Temnospondyl lineage of large amphibians also survived until the Cretaceous in Australia (e.g., Koolasuchus). **Possible Causes:** Volcanoes, giant flood basalts, climate change \n\n3. **[Permian–Triassic Extinction](_URL_7_):** 252 million years ago. Earth's largest extinction killed 57% of all families, 83% of all genera and 90% to 96% of all species (53% of marine families, 84% of marine genera, about 96% of all marine species and an estimated 70% of land species, including insects). The highly successful marine arthropod, the trilobite became extinct. The evidence of plants is less clear, but new taxa became dominant after the extinction. The \"Great Dying\" had enormous evolutionary significance: on land, it ended the primacy of mammal-like reptiles. The recovery of vertebrates took 30 million years, but the vacant niches created the opportunity for archosaurs to become ascendant. In the seas, the percentage of animals that were sessile dropped from 67% to 50%. The whole late Permian was a difficult time for at least marine life, even before the \"Great Dying\". **Possible Causes:** Volcanoes, giant flood basalts, climate change, long term methane release\n\n4. **[Late Devonian Extinction:](_URL_9_)** 375–360 million years ago. At the end of the Frasnian Age in the later part(s) of the Devonian Period, a prolonged series of extinctions eliminated about 19% of all families, 50% of all genera and at least 70% of all species. This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 million years, and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period. **Possible Causes:** Volcanoes, asteroid\n\n5. **[Ordovician–Silurian Extinction:](_URL_11_)** 450–440 million years ago. Two events occurred that killed off 27% of all families, 57% of all genera and 60% to 70% of all species. Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that went extinct. **Possible Causes**: Continental drift causing global cooling.\n\n**More Information**\n\n* [More on possible causes and their exact mechanisms](_URL_3_).\n\n* Another thing that is worth understanding is that these extinction events did not just happen overnight...while the cause may have been sudden or dramatic (e.g. asteroid) the extinctions and effects lasted thousands to *millions* of years.\n\nEdit: spelling and clarity\n", "A great book on this if you want more info, \"The Sixth Extinctio: An Unnatural History\" _URL_0_. It covers the previous answers here in more detail, and goes into the history/discovery of the extinctions, and modern implications of human activity leading a sixth." ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event#Major_extinction_events", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Traps", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event#Causes", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian–Triassic_extinction_event", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_extinction_rate", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic–Jurassic_extinction_event", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician–Silurian_extinction_events" ], [ "https://www.amazon.com/dp/1250062187/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_awd_uEt.wbGAE8BQW" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "digca1k", "digcr3f", "diggtc8" ], "score": [ 4, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Oil is so cheap there that solar and wind aren't affordable in comparison.", "But they are:\n\n[Source 1](_URL_2_)\n\n[Source 2](_URL_1_)\n\n[Source 3](_URL_0_)", "Solar and wind are strictly local power sources. There isn't any feasible way to transport wind or solar energy to Saudi Arabia's main oil customers (US, Western Europe, China) and the countries immediately bordering SA do not have energy needs on the same level." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/saudi-arabia-oil-revenue-production-solar-power-shift-electricity-energy-opec-a7488626.html", "http://www.thenational.ae/business/energy/saudi-arabia-creates-unit-to-focus-on-renewable-energy", "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-20/saudis-kick-off-50-billion-renewable-energy-plan-to-cut-oil-use" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "du63n4x" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "People often look less flattering when faced front on. If you’re creating an artwork you most likely want it to look as aesthetically pleasant as possible. This would be much harder if the subject looked ugly. \n\nAlso when drawing or painting the (technical) purpose is to create depth. Facing front on would decrease the potential to display this depth and thus make it less realistic or 3 dimensional. \n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d6l4zzu" ], "score": [ 21 ], "text": [ "It's about temperature and solubility. Coffee is the same way, you're toeing a fine line with certain flavor compounds that come out at certain temps.\n\nFor instance, if you boil the water, once it's all mixed in with the tea leaves it'll sit at say 204F (95C), this is hot enough to get all of the good flavors out of black tea, but in mate will draw out bitter compounds, if you use water that hasn't boiled and it's steeping at 190F (87C) then it won't be hot enough to draw all of the desired compounds out of black tea, but will be perfect for mate because it won't draw out the bitter compounds." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfjqfjn" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "People go broke mainly because they don't understand that if you are not making money right now, you should not be spending it. They don't invest the money they make in something that will make them money and they spend large amounts of money because they have it right now. They don't think about the future. \n\n\nAlso, another big thing is that once people find out you have money, they all want to be your friend. People you haven't seen for years will suddenly show up. Your dad that you haven't talked to or seen for 20 years will knock on your door. Many people don't know how to say NO. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dh5gfsb", "dh5gsv7" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The ground our feet evolved to have an arch on wasn't really flat. Floors, sidewalks, and other manmade flat surfaces aren't really natural; they're just easier to sweep.\n\nFeet do best on paths with little rocks or gravel, grassy areas, sand, and other rough or uneven surfaces.", "It's not the flatness of shoes that damages your feet, it's the overall shape. Your toes actually need to splay out a bit as you put pressure on the front of your foot, but the majority of shoes are too narrow and cramp your toes together which prevents this. If your foot can't move, the muscles (including those around the arch) become weak. \n\nFlat feet are generally a result of weak foot muscles and can be corrected with exercises and better footwear" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dn63e8g", "dn63fdn", "dn63gkv", "dn63lc2" ], "score": [ 5, 5, 10, 8 ], "text": [ "The separation of church and state simply states that the government cannot support or suppress a specific religion. If you were to not allowed to pass a law that was in line with a religion you wouldn't be able to pass anything really.", "The Constitution guarantees that all Americans can freely practice their religion. It also states that the government will not favor one religion over another. That's all it has to say on the matter. \n\nIt does *not* prohibit American lawmakers from taking inspiration from their or their constituents' religious beliefs.", "Separation of church and state doesn't mean that people can't use their religious principles to create laws. It means that the government won't set up a state religion, and you are free to follow any religion you want.\n\nPeople are going to campaign for laws that fit what they feel is important. If the majority of people in your country is some flavour of religious, then there is a good chance their religion helps form what they find important. ", "The first thing to remember is that the US Constitution alone doesn't create the separation of church and state. The bill of rights ensures our religious freedom by ensuring that Congress \"make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.\"\n\nThe exact meaning of that phrase has been battled over for centuries, but the modern court precedent is that it does NOT prevent Congress from making a law based on religious ideas, but prevents those laws from unfairly favoring one religion over the others. \n\nRemember, the fear was that we'd create a \"Church of America\" that was as bad as the Church of England. After all, many common sense laws like murder or theft have roots in religion, like the Ten Commandments, so we'd never want to completely ban religion-related laws." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkrzbtv" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Because the word \"realm\" (the closest translation) is too general. Even German has multiple words for \"realm of a king\" vs \"realm of an emperor\" vs \"realm of someone else\".\n\nBy saying \"the Nazi realm\", what do we mean? Do we mean Germany and Austria, where the Nazis actually ruled directly? Do we mean those two AND all the surrounding countries they conquered, where they held control though puppets?\n\nWhereas if we say \"the Reich\", we know immediately what was meant. They themselves distinguished between \"Reich\" and \"occupied territories\"." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cunjahb", "cunl0ew", "cunozwz", "cunv7tb", "cupuyco" ], "score": [ 3, 52, 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Just for ref ... America experienced a crash not a recession. Their markets were artificially valued so high that the correction threaten to basically devalue the American dollar to the point of worthlessness.\n\nCanada is experiencing a shrinkage of GDP for 2 quarters (that's what a recession is). They happen naturally from time to time. The oil value going down isn't helping though given quite a bit of GDP at least out west is tied to it.", "I don't know about the average Canadian, but Alberta has been experiencing steady lay-offs since oil dropped, and all forecasts predict more. That said, it's not like the situation is going to affect the other parts of Canada any more than any other region of the world that relies on oil for every-day transportation, industrial, or household use, etc. It's not like any place within Canada outside of Alberta is any more or less oil-dependent than the rest of the world.\n\nThe difference between a Canadian recession and a US recession (or crash) is that the US economy is far more central and significant to the rest of the world. The sheer difference in size between the two economies means that any relationship is asymmetrical. If America slows down, the world including Canada slows down. If Canada slows down, no one really notices. Canada's economy was dependent on Alberta's oil. Canada needs to sell oil to be prosperous. Canada is competing with OPEC. Oil-importing countries (including the US) aren't concerned where their oil is coming from as long as they are paying the lowest price. If Canada isn't offering the lowest price, it sucks to be Canada.", "As an on-topic question, can someone please ELI5 what a recession is exactly? ", "The government officials and big banks that caused the financial collapse apologized for it.", "Not to sound insensitive but I honestly believed Canada's economy was based off maple syrup costs and their maple syrup reserves... \n\n_URL_0_" ] }

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[ "https://news.yahoo.com/canada-officially-recession-first-half-2015-131114485.html;_ylt=AwrC1ClGpOVVGS0A6AzQtDMD;_ylu=X3oDMTBybGY3bmpvBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMyBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--" ]

[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/09/why-does-canada-have-a-strategic-maple-syrup-reserve/261869/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ck9kdni" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "it's not just the cords. it's the shape of the voicebox. the throat. the teeth the cheek. and the muscle control" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d22n1sp", "d22pp5g", "d2378wx" ], "score": [ 3, 6, 5 ], "text": [ "Unless you've gained weight, it's because your body has gotten used to it. You're BAC isn't changing.", "The original guy who determined the blood alcohol scale (one of the first doctors who worked as a medical examiner in NYC in the early 20th C) developed it through animal testing, using dogs. He used it to find the minimum level at which the dogs became drunk. However, he did test it to see how tolerance affected drunkenness, and found (as you have noted) that dogs with higher tolerance would behave normally even at higher blood alcohol levels.\n\nSo, BAC is the same no matter how you behave, but becoming accustomed to drinking does affect how BAC makes you behave and affects your organs.\n\nIf you are interested, read The Poisoner's Handbook by Deborah Blum -- it's SUPER fascinating. There's also a good PBS documentary about it.", "You still have the same BAC. Your body just learned how to function better at a given BAC. *This is a bad thing.* The reason why more people don't die of alcohol poisoning every year is because long before most of us get a deadly level of alcohol in our blood we pass out or start throwing up (which generally causes us to stop drinking for the night). Keep it up and you'll eventually reach the point where you can have 0.35% blood alcohol and still be walking and talking and arguing with the hospital staff right up until your brain forgets how to tell your body to breathe and you die anyway even though the whole ER is working to save you. Not that I worked in hospitals for 19 years and saw this more than once, mind you. I gave up drinking after the second weekend." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f4r3kgp", "f4r3xca", "f4r63n1", "f4r6u58" ], "score": [ 2, 25, 2, 9 ], "text": [ "the bacteria can produce toxins which are not destroyed by heat from what I read earlier (I think my friend also mentioned this awhile back).", "1) Food poisoning is often caused by the toxins bacteria produce as waste. Heat does not destroy these toxins, so if they have already reached a level that is dangerous to humans cooking does not do any good to prevent illness. \n\n2) Contamination can occur after cooking has ended.", "Bacteria, much like humans, will eat and poop. It’s the bacterial poop that causes most of the problems associated with food poisoning and not the bacteria themselves. And while you can kill the bacteria and the parasites by boiling or baking them, if they were in your food long enough for their poop to build up, the food becomes toxic.", "1) Not all bacteria die in cooking (also depends on cooking type e.g. If it's pressure cooked or not) and they survive as a spore such as clostridium perfringens and bacillis cereus.\n\n2) some bacteria produce heat stable toxins that cause food poisoning regardless if the bacteria themselves are dead after. Such as staph aureus.\n\n3) some bacteria survive due to insufficient cooking such as salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.\n\n4) some contaminations happen after cooking. Such as when you cut the raw meat with a knife then use it to cut the cooked meat without proper washing or when kebab shops keep the shaved off meat in a dish for hours and hours out in the open getting splashed by contaminants.\n\nThat's all I can think of now, but I'm sure there are other mechanisms (also I only talked about bacteria here)" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dcqilvn", "dcqtm5v" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "when your guts are 'more empty' what they are filled with, instead of a semi-solid mass (food), is gas and liquid. This gurgles more noisily when your intestines engage in peristalsis, a coordinated movement of the muscles that line them, in order to stir up and progress their contents.", "Did you know there is a word for your tummy rumbles? A single one is called a borborygmus, and borborygmi in the plural form. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cq8h0ax", "cq8h0xt", "cq8h4ie", "cq8hbxh", "cq8hzju" ], "score": [ 13, 9, 2, 3, 7 ], "text": [ "Toyota builds good cars that last long enough to make it to the used market and get bought by these groups ", "Older model toyotas are just really tough. Drive out into rural areas almost anywhere (even developed countries like the US) and you'll find tons of them still in working order.", "Mainly like in instances of the super bowl by example. They make clothi NH for both teams for whatever one wins. Whichever team didn't win, their merchandise is sent to Africa and shite. And as @phcullen said, the end up in the used market", "They are not \"making old models and selling them\" there. Those are old trucks that have lasted long enough that they are sold by their original owners (and likely several others ) until they are eventually shipped over seas and sold. ", "Globally there are quite a few exporters who resell older but still serviceable vehicles to African countries. My mum literally got an e mail from a Nigerian who found her name card in her car. \n \nI'm not sure if he was a prince though. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d4e2zzc", "d4e3n4c", "d4egfs2" ], "score": [ 7, 43, 10 ], "text": [ "Wait wtf this is really a thing???", "_URL_0_\n\nExcellent article that gives more detail:\n\n* Everyone uses it, and want to keep to one brand, so someone in better times gets used to using Tide, all of a sudden can't afford it, either steals or buys it on the black market, rather than buying something cheap.\n\n* Since everyone uses it and sales volumes are huge, most stores weren't locking it up at all, and there are literally hundreds of bottles for the taking, so easy target for thieves. \n\n* It's all but untraceable once stolen. No serial numbers or databases like phones, car stereos, or TVs.\n", "Because when you're high you have a nearly 100% chance to forget that you ran out of laundry detergent. Drug dealers love it when you drop by with a few scoops or even a whole box.\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://nymag.com/news/features/tide-detergent-drugs-2013-1/#print" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dkp1kac", "dkp3ykh", "dkp59hp" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "From what I've heard gnats like to lay eggs in the eyes of animals. (Warm, wet, eggs stick easily) and that's why they do it. Could be wrong though.", "Selection bias. You see out of your eyes, so of course you're going to notice bugs near your eyes moreso than bugs, say, near your ankles.", "Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:\n\n1. [ELI5:Bugs in my eyes, ears. ](_URL_3_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do flies/small bugs seem to buzz around faces more than other body parts? ](_URL_0_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do flies or other insects fly specifically around your head? ](_URL_4_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do flies fly at my face? ](_URL_2_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do flys buzz around our heads? Surely they could be out looking for food or doing other shit. ](_URL_1_)\n" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ej1p7/eli5_why_do_fliessmall_bugs_seem_to_buzz_around/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/12ufo3/eli5_why_do_flys_buzz_around_our_heads_surely/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6b84w5/eli5_why_do_flies_fly_at_my_face/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bm90x/eli5bugs_in_my_eyes_ears/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3iz0e7/eli5_why_do_flies_or_other_insects_fly/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d2eq0uu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Because taste is a function of smell. It isnt the taste that transfers, it is the scent which you interpret as flavour. Strong smells are caused by particles in the air and they can adhere to other foods easily. For instance, put some strong soap next to some light flavoured food and you will have soapy tasting food. It is not the flavour of the soap, but the smell you are tasting." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctfbgnr", "ctfd859" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "There used to be malaria (plasmodium parasite) in the southeastern US states. In the 20th century the government worked to eradicate malaria by draining mosquito breeding sites, killing the larvae, using DDT on the walls of houses, providing people with mosquito nets etc. Malaria must be transmitted to the mosquito from a human host, and through their effort it was eventually eliminated.\n\ne: [There are the right type of mosquito \\(anopheles\\) for transmitting malaria still in the US](_URL_0_) ", "Fun additional fact: we do still massively kill mosquitoes because of their disease-carrying habits. Many cities have spray trucks, which are basically pickup trucks with a spray gun on the back that disperse a mosquito killing fog. I used to see them at night in Savannah, Ga. (a swampy, coastal area, very humid and hot). Officials say the chemicals sprayed are only dangerous to adult mosquitoes, and safe for people and pets, but I wouldn't chance it. " ] }

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[ [ "http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/images/graphs/map_950pxwide.gif" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccm37q7", "ccm37y7", "ccm39el", "ccm39pa", "ccm3bht", "ccm3bpd", "ccm3nld", "ccm3qwt", "ccm4fl5", "ccm4hze", "ccm4jja", "ccm4jje", "ccm4p4z", "ccm56fn", "ccm592t", "ccm5ckg", "ccm5i8d", "ccm5mqq", "ccm5yge", "ccm718q", "ccme6do" ], "score": [ 18, 2, 2, 61, 7, 23, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 14, 6, 3, 6, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "So they don't have to carry cash. ", "Because it is much harder to steal than cash", "It is easier to use a credit card than it is to pay something with cash, especially if you are buying something expensive.", "It makes more sense for rich people to have them. They can afford to hit all their payments. Credit cards aren't supposed to be for buying shit you can't afford.", "It's often quicker and they can buy things on the internet.\n\nAlso, credit cards often provide some sort of consumer protection that cash/checks/debit cards do not.\n\nCredit cards are more than just credit; it's an alternate means of paying for things.", "Aside from everyone's correct answer of it being easier than cash, high-limit cards also have rewards programs such as airline miles. Since they can afford it anyway and often pay off the debt without accruing interest, its basically airfare for the cost of the monthly fee. If you don't use it enough and reach the point where the monthly fee is less than the rewards you're getting, you're essentially losing money. ", "Building credit history. Every 5 and 10 years it basically gets wiped clean and yet it is important to have it to buy a lot of items and get loans. Rich people still need to take out loans, but they do it for a clear advantage. Try getting a larger loan without credit and you are screwed. However, credit cards build credit quickly. ", "Convenience, rewards and risk. Others have spoken about rewards and convenience already, so I won't repeat that. As to risk, if your debit card is compromised, you are out the money and may bounce checks until it's all fixed which can be extremely inconvenient to say the least. With a credit card you don't have that exposure, as the cc co. is fronting the money. If you have overdraft into savings, the debit card risk issue is magnified. \n\nedit: speling", "Credit cards aren't just for rich people. I'm living paycheque to paycheque but still have one. As long as you pay your bills on time you pay nothing extra and it's a great way to build your credit. Further more many credit cards come with perks.\n\nEvery dollar I spend on my credit card gets me a point that I can put towards a free trip to the theatre. Because of that I put EVERYTHING on my credit card, once pay day comes around my entire cheque goes to pay off my credit card. Not only do I have a good credit score, I also have 6 free movies saved up.\n\nedit: Also no annual or monthly fees, and with a credit limit of $5000 if an emergency every occurs I'll have the money available to cover it, even if it means having to pay interest if I can't pay it off on time.", "Regular use of a credit card helps establish credit worthiness enabling one to borrow large amounts of money in the future (like a mortgage). One can also get discounts / bonuses for using a card regularly (like 1-3% cash back for using it or obtain air miles). Sometimes people don't keep all of their money in a checking or savings account so having a credit card with a high limit allows you to not worry about how much you have in the bank. \nTldr - credit history, discounts, less stress.", "Here's the deal. If you buy something with some one else's money but pay it off before you have to pay interest. you can hang on to your money for 30 extra days earning one month of extra interest in your bank account.\nAlso many credit cards offer rewards and with large purchases this can be quite great", "There are a lot of reasons why a rich person would use a credit card over a debit card. Off the top of my head:\n\n1. Float: Rich people don't keep cash laying around in a checking account. Aside from a coffee can buried in your back yard it is the worst place for you to keep your money. You get rich by letting your capital appreciate in interest bearing accounts/securities. A credit card lets you buy things that you want and then delay payment until the end of the grace period, all the while letting your cash accumulate interest until the AMEX bill is due. \n\n2. Business Expenses: Most rich people inevitably will have to put a business expense on their personal card. If you have a good credit card this is actually a great thing. You put large business expenses (first-class airfare, 5 star hotel, expensive client dinner/drinks) on your personal card, and then submit them (not yourself, lol, but your executive assistant does) to get reimbursed by your company. If you put it on your debit card you are essentially loaning money to your company until they pay you back a week or two later. If you put it on your credit card then you get all the rewards points for yourself and you never have to dedicate any of the cash in your bank account to the expense. I know a lot of people who work this system quite well. If you travel for work you can rig the system so much that you almost never have to pay for personal travel ever again.\n\n3. Rewards: If you are rich and you travel then you can appreciate all of the perks and upgrades that come from using an exclusive rewards program on your credit card. Most rich people you see flying in first class or staying in luxury suites didn't pay for it themselves; rather, they got upgraded for free because they were a member of the AMEX Centurian Club or some other program...and with how common point #2 is, they probably used other people's money to build up all those points in the first place. Sometimes the best part about being rich is that the richer you get the less often people require you to use your own money to buy cool stuff. \n\n4. Prestige: Because there is something very satisfying about observing that snooty shop attendant rapidly change their behaviour the moment they catch a glimpse of the black card. ", "We are by no means what you would call rich but my wife and I have enough to live our lives. We use the AMEX for everything that we can and pay it off at the end of the month. Amex offers 1%,2%3% and 4% cash back on different purchases. At the the end of the year we get that money back to do with it what we please. Its like getting free money but it doesnt work if you carry a balance. Only if you pay it off every month. ", "Rich people tend to use credit cards for a few reasons. One reason is because some credit cards offer rewards, such as cash back, flight points and even concierge services.\nAnother reason is because not all rich people have all their money available to them at one time. Imagine if someone with a net worth of 2 million dollars has to make a purchase of 15k. There is a good chance well over half of that money is in stocks, bonds, or some other non-liquid asset. Another good amount is going to be in savings. So when they need that much money, instead of taking a traditional loan out, they can use a credit card and take a month to shuffle money around. This is true for many people, I believe. Also, there is a time value of money, and many rich people can take a month to let some of their money grow and not lose it right then and there.", "Appreciate the comments everyone. You have certainly given me deeper insight on the true purpose and proper usage of a credit. Also gives me a much grimmer view of credit card companies who pitch cards at people who obviously should not be using them{ like college students..}.", "Credit is about the borrowing of time. When you use a credit card, you are using funds that (at that time) do not belong to you. You in turn have made a promise to the creditor that you will repay said monies at a another point in time.\n\nNow, if someone had the means (money) to buy an item, why would they use credit? It all comes down to time -- and more importantly, what else could be accomplished during a span of time. \n\nLet's say I have 100$. I could go out and buy some whizbang product for 100$, thus leaving me with 0. Or, I could use a credit card, which - for that moment - meant I had both 100$ in my pocket and my new whizbang product. Now, if I do nothing with my 100$ and my bill comes do for credit - I pay my bill and have 0$ in my pocket. It's no different than buying it outright, I just pushed the time where I had 0$ in my pocket back let's say 30 days. This doesn't really do much for me in of itself, but does allow me to do other things with my 100$ (if I am wise) that could leave me in a better position 30 days later. \n\nNow in the context of \"rich\" people, having money sit idle (like my 100$ above) is a pretty big no no. Since credit numbers are usually fixed - the terms of when bills are due, the charges (interest rate) on things, etc - they are easy to account for when planning. So, if I know that I have 30 days to pay off the 100$ credit I used, I could - in theory - use my 100$ to make more money right now and 30 days later, have a balance > 0 in my pocket. If I invested 100$ in something with a return > 0$ (or, a return > the interest rate charged per month on my card balance) I would be making money rather than having a zero-sum game at the end of each turn. \n\nThe problem is (generally) folks aren't using credit cards correctly. They spend the 100$ in their pocket as well as buying the whizbang item. They then pay the credit card companies money every month, slowly paying off the whizbang. Much of our economy and viewpoint on credit revolves around this ideal now, which is sad.\n\n", "For the wealthy who pay off cards before accruing interest, it's essentially free money. Buy $10,000 worth of crap through the month, pay everything off before they charge interest, earn miles and cash back and any perks associated with a shiny American Express card without paying a penny more than the cost of what you purchased.m", "there are three potential benefits to owning a credit card:\n\n**1** up to one month interest-free loans\nyou get billed every thirty days and only if you don't pay off your card in full will you be charged interest on the balance you carry over. you can easily purchase an item and pay for it only i.e. twenty days later. this in return saves you from having to spend money you might not want to cash out (i.e. selling stocks) or are wishing to use otherwise until payment date. a loan from a bank costs money, a loan from the credit card company **can** be free — it can even pay you if you factor in the rate of inflation, meaning the item will cost less in a month than it does today simply because of the inflation rate devaluing money in the meantime. money from the checking card on the other hand is gone instantly.\n\n**2** not carrying cash means it's replaceable. your card gets stolen? you lost your wallet? with a credit card you can just get another. cash is gone forever. you can also dispute credit card charges, giving you another shot if you get i.e. ripped off.\n\n**3** certain cards have valuable extras\nmore upscale cards like certain amex offers come with access to concierges, carry insurance or hotel benefits. you could look up the individual benefits if you were so inclined but they can be worth actual money. you can earn a lot of miles and gain instant access to lounges with some cards. it's a simple cost-benefit analysis. the card costs me $500 but last year I spent $800 on those items? of course I get one. \n\ncheck out what this card offers:\n_URL_0_\n\n*The card, available for personal and business use, offers services such as a dedicated concierge and travel agent, complimentary, companion airline tickets on international flights on selected airlines with the purchase of a full-fare ticket, personal shoppers at retailers such as Gucci, Escada, and Saks Fifth Avenue, access to airport clubs, first-class flight upgrades, membership in Sony's Cierge personal shopping program and dozens of other elite club memberships.[2] Hotel benefits include one free night, when at least one paid night is booked during the same stay, in every Mandarin Oriental hotel worldwide once a year[2] (except for the New York City property),[7] and privileges at hotel chains like Ritz-Carlton, Leading Hotels of the World, and Amanresorts. All of the benefits mentioned above are for United States-issued cards. American Express Centurion Cards issued in other countries may include different benefits. The card has recently added new amenities, including access into the Gulfstream Aerospace Private Flyers Club, Virgin Atlantic Flying Club Gold, as well as US Airways Platinum Preferred and Delta SkyMiles Platinum Medallion status. In 2007, American Airlines Admirals Club access was added to the list of amenities.[8] As of 2010, the card provided unlimited access to all US Airways Clubs regardless which carrier the cardmember is traveling on (unlike Delta, and American)[citation needed]. The card also features complimentary enrollment in Hertz Rent-A-Car #1 Club Gold and the Avis Rent-A-Car President's Club.[9]\nThe titanium-crafted \"Centurion\" card was first issued as an upgrade for all plastic U.S. \"Centurion\" cards in the first half of 2006, with the titanium version being rolled out to certain other countries as well.\nSome Centurion customers have purchased Bentley automobiles using the card or made purchases exceeding €1 million. The card has no limit; the largest purchase supposedly ever made on it exceeded $52 million for a private jet by Victor Shvetsky.[2]*", "Simply, rewards. I generally run about 2k/mo through my main card, and can generally average at least 2% of that as cash back, its even more if I don't cash the points in and transfer them over to airline miles or hotel points. So, thats conservatively $40/mo of free money. If I transfer those points to my SW rapid rewards account, I can almost get a free one way ticket every month. \n\nI'm not rich, and I pay for all my purchases with credit cards. Credit cards aren't meant for buying things you cant afford, they're meant for buying everyday things while increasing purchasing power. I can spend someone else's money all month and leave mine sitting in the bank. If I have a bad week at work I don't have to scrape buy waiting to make it up. I can continue living as normal and have three weeks to get a nice fat over-time check thats bound to come. \n\nAlso, try disputing fraud charges on a debit card. The bank doesnt really give a shit because its not their money. Amex will jump through hoops if you call them with a dispute. \n\nTL;DR: Pay off your shit every month and get free money. ", "I'm by no means rich, but I manage my money pretty well. I have a credit card for the rewards and the great security features, which I imagine is nice for the rich as well. 1% to 5% cash back and theft protection/peace of mind. If I make a purchase and I have a problem with it (Macmall sold me a broken macbook pro and wouldn't take it back) the CC company will fight it for me. As long as I pay my bill in full each month I don't get hit with any interest charges and all. On top of all that both my visa and discover cars have cash back rewards programs. This period chase gives me 5% cash back on amazon purchases and select department stores. They'll either send me a check for the money (over $20) or I can put it towards my bill. Those would be my reasons to have a card even if I was rich. ", "Next ELI5: Why do credit cards give rewards, cash back, etc. instead of costing less in fees here and there?" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_Card" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dorsxb7", "dos4i63", "dos6e35", "dos6ox0", "dos6z8v", "dosdaou", "dosnz0w", "dosxz0t", "dot0ebm" ], "score": [ 358, 4, 24, 6, 3, 5, 4, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Way back when, television was an analog signal. More accurately, it was a *series* of analog signals that your 100%-analog color television could use to produce a picture. You have three signals for color (your TV only looked at one if it was black-and-white) and a \"timing\" signal that indicated when it should start drawing a new line. The \"vertical hold\" was a sometimes-manual synchronization to that signal.\n\n\"Scrambling\" was really just that. Some of the signals were inverted, some of them were switched. But, fundamentally, you couldn't *add* in junk or actually do significant *math* to obscure the signal, because televisions simply didn't have the ability to un-do that and produce a working picture for your paying consumer. Likewise, before relatively powerful integrated electronics became available, it wasn't economically feasible to give a customer a powerful computerized set-top box just to watch some television.\n\nSo your \"encryption\" was a scheme with only a few variables. Throw off the synchronization here, swap a color field here, and it would make the picture \"off\" enough to be unwatchable. But, likewise, once someone figured out your mechanism, they just had to create a relatively simply \"decoder\" to bring that signal back.\n\nTLDR: Analog encryption wasn't terribly complicated, but it was analog, so it required *hardware* as opposed to something digital, which might be more complex, but also could be done with a wider variety of hardware. Nowadays, everything is digital (because computing power, even for high-definition video, is so cheap) so analog encryption/decryption isn't a thing.", "On the scrabmblers in the town I used to live in. Pin 4 of the chip would be 0 Volts on unsxrambled channel and 5 Volts on scrambled channels. So pulling the chip from the socket and bending pin 4 straight would let you watch anything you wanted.", "I built a couple of those for friends and family. The vertical sync signal was missing, so this box would create its own. You then had to fine-tune it manually to get a stable picture on your TV.\n\nLater, with the DirecTV systems, people hacked the plug-in cards that came with the box. The programming hardware was technically illegal in the US, but was about $80USD from a Canadian company. A friend was part of a \"dark web\" hacker group, and every time DirecTV changed the codes, they would be hacked within hours. Reprogram your card and you had everything. One thing you had to remember was that your box couldn't be connected to the telephone line, else DirecTV could \"call\" your box to see what it was doing. That's how they did remote fixes and upgrades back then. DirecTV finally came out with a new box and card system that couldn't be reprogrammed with the previous gear, so that was the end of that.", "Everyone is talking about \"way back when\" and \"did\" but I have a cheater box rn? I have all of bell broadcasting for free...", "Boxes had EPROM chips. Cable companies sent EVERY SUBSCRIBER every channel that was available. Open box, dremel cut the epoxy chip that came with the box. Install $0.89 chip that you could buy hundreds of....", "For the digital age, things work somewhat differently. \n\nThe encryption itself usually isn't broken but some other part of the hardware might have a flaw that lets you access the key data, be it a season interface, an firmware dump or just insecure key distribution. Once you get ahold of a valid key, you can rather easily emulate most common cryptography systems (in the end it's just some protocol plus AES) either in hardware or nowadays more commonly in software. Nagravision2 had such a major flaw that any key change would lock out pirate decryption for a few hours tops. Most paytv networks will weigh the suspected amount of pirate decryption against the tremendous costs of implementing a newer encryption system (usually that requires at least a smartcard change, tough luck if they went cardless and now have to exchange all the boxes). As long as the illegal decryption process is complex enough to deterr the average teenager, requires expensive hardware or at least some sort of fancy setup, they'll let people get away with it. \n\nMore recently, cardsharing has been the typical way to go. Essentially, there's one valid and paid subscription in a cardreader connected to some sort of server (cable boxes, RasPis, full blown x86 servers, even internet routers like ddWRT boxes have been successfully used) and they handle the requests from the clients that connect via internet. Depending on the card in question, a dozen individual viewers is fairly easy to handle, using two or three cards can even result in as many viewers as your internet connection can handle (and that's a lot since only a few kbytes are sent and received every couple seconds). \n\nRecently though, providers have been switching to systems that pair the card with a particular box or have gone cardless alltogether - really annoying for people who simply want to use better hardware than the usually crappy provider boxes and do nothing illegal otherwise. ", "Rockwell Collins in Cedar Rapids Iowa had a big controversy wenden management discovered a clandestine line in the plant where cheater boxes were being made. An actual line, with people assigned to it, making professional cheater boxes by the 10s of thousands. Selling them in the 80s fit like 30-40 dollars. ", "Well, imagine tuning a radio...an old school radio with knobs. You either go up and down that AM or FM band and when you hit the sweet spot, the music is clear.\n\nNow try that using 3 different knobs, all on different frequencies and dial into that sweet spot. That's how they were able to mask the true signal before there were true methods of encryption. Once that \"sweet spot\" was figured out, it was just getting that info out to the public which wasn't as easy as it is today. It was more of a \"mouth to ear\" distribution system to keep it on the DL. But it's not dissimilar to modern techniques.", "The best were the K band satellite hacks. Modded boxes for the 8’ dishes that enabled thousands of channels on dozens of satellites.\n\nIt was like the selection available on the internet in the 1990s. Hundreds of channels of anything. The most fun we’re the news feeds - the remote camera feeds from the news stations. Watching the “Off broadcast” shenanigans of the feild reporter were fantastic. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctrw49w", "ctrwax5", "ctrwou5" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "And why does my beard stop at a certain length?!", "The cell which are producing hairs have a limited lifetime. So when the cell die, the hair stop growing and fall. This is true for any kind of hair.\n\nThe growing rate and the lifetime of the cell determined the max length of the hair.\n\nThe hair in our head are produced by super-longlived cell, so they can grow quite long (but not infinite lenght, the record is somthing like 3,3meters corresponding to around 330 month growing so around 27 years but the woman with those hair is around 50 and never cut her hair).\n\nThe hait in other place are procued by cell live shorter times and so have lower maximum length", "Further question, does taking Biaten actually help the hair grow past a terminal length? " ] }

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