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Piedade is a neighborhood in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro (city) |
he chuckles . |
it was the first intentionally-funny thing he had ever said . |
do you think they will kill him ? |
`` the harassment lawsuit from the howlers for magicking their field ... that was harder . |
`` no , no , no , no . '' |
adrian was making it out as if it was my fault that david came on to me and the article was released ! |
`` i 'm not sure how much of that you heard , but he '' - finn stabbed his finger at owen - `` actually wants to give that water elemental bitch a chance to explain herself . |
thats all . |
he had complete confidence in his ability to impress them with his identity as a mohawk-but if they were either too suspicious or too impressed , he would n't learn much . |
blood and smoke . |
lame , but it was the only way i could think of to protect myself from that awful duty . |
must move before nueve reaches the chopper . |
`` you can look now , '' the stylist said over my shoulder . |
once charlotte made peace with her own ghosts , there was still no guarantee he 'd want to settle down . |
i yelled , throwing my arms up , wondering if we might be dealing with a mentally ill dwarf at this point . |
`` here . '' |
pigeon asked . |
`` you 're not helping anything , princess , '' he said . |
i said , still trying to make a comparison between the two . |
`` i 'll work it out , '' monty insisted . |
any prisoners . |
`` told him to stay at the bakery , and watch things there . |
until then stay out of sight . |
and they 'd talked ; or rather tarquin had asked the questions , and teitu had talked , about tarchna , the city tarquin had heard so much about but never seen - about the temple on its hill , about the walls , the harbour town of gravisca , the potteries , the palaces , the laukum and the twelve great families of zilaths , the gardens and the december horse races and duck-hunting in the marshes , and the never ceasing music of the jewellers ' planishing hammers in the dark streets of the inner city . |
erin guessed she was lucky he had n't killed the woman . |
at his harsh tone , emma stared down at her quilt . |
`` what i want , right , '' i reply , `` i 'm sure you 're totally indifferent about it . '' |
also , i was so overwhelmed by my own problems that i was n't sure i could solve leona 's too . |
`` you heard me . '' |
* * * `` where is he going ? '' |
he grabbed my upper arms in a steely grip . |
he could feel the man 's dislike from across the room . |
theres not really much to tell , actually . |
thinking the next person who was locked into the room might need the key , i pulled it from the lock and returned it to its home in the sears tower . |
`` all right . |
`` hey , birdie . '' |
they perform their supporting roles with pravda-like efficiency . |
channing kissed his palm . |
his eyes were nearly mad with pain . |
they did n't happen often , but they were horrible when they did . |
`` right ? '' |
pulling myself straight , i extended my hand over the counter to her . |
'i know . |
lo heard the gate in the alley , and the cars engine turn off . |
there was no scientific way to explain how her personal aura could create a sense of well-being for others in her vicinity , either ; no logical reason why her force field helped him clarify and organize his thoughts . |
`` every guy in the school thinks that , too . '' |
watching them laugh and play immediately brought ryu a smile . |
his hands were still exposed and he was marked with a mild sunburn after only a second or so of exposure , causing him to step back and hide in the shade . |
she is a nice girl , but that seems a little too far-fetched . |
this stigler ... you friend ? |
down below and about half a mile ahead , a horse raced down the smooth expanse , a dozen surface demons chasing her . |
`` lie down . '' |
so do n't go into this thinking that you can change pax , and that his good qualities will overtake his bad . |
do you know why you 're here ? |
i smile at him reassuringly and point to his drink . |
do n't go making it all complicated . '' |
i 've had to hold you while you 've cried about her . |
`` i do n't believe i 've flinched once since you entered the room . '' |
the butler was standing very pale but very collected before us . |
can we begin discussing then ? |
The Carolina and Cumberland Gap Railway was a railroad in the Southeastern United States that existed in the late 19th century.
Charter
The line was chartered by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1882, but was not built until 1896.
Sale
It was acquired by the Southern Railway in June 1898.
See also
Atlantic and French Broad Valley Railroad
Belton, Williamston and Easley Railroad
Carolina, Cumberland Gap and Chicago Railway
Edgefield Branch Railroad
Edgefield, Trenton and Aiken Railroad
French Broad and Atlantic Railway
References
Defunct South Carolina railroads
Predecessors of the Southern Railway (U.S.)
Railway companies established in 1896
Railway companies disestablished in 1898
1898 mergers and acquisitions |
so many of our guys died because of that ! |
she released a pent-up breath . |
when she passed caden , she reminded him , `` do n't forget ... my angel needs her rest . '' |
'the car ... ' ' ... was involved . ' |
`` oh , that 's fine , '' smiled mary . |
i make a sudden decision : no more going to deering highlands . |
i recall the explanation from the nurse . |
get your head together . |
this dragged the others ' attention away from the ravens-except for the tall man , whom the ravens were still attacking . |
i continued reminding myself that i had to be strong this time-no getting tongue-tied or woozy-and demand what was mine . |
`` you deserve one , and you should take it . |
did n't know what would happen to anyone who tried to board it while they were gone . |
instant , amazing heat . |
it was a nice dream . |
`` they can join us . '' |
she would n't even have to see him again . |
and after our , uh , heated encounter before dinner , i know i 'm wearing him down on the sex issue . |
`` he 's mad as you please . '' |
Luís Filipe Tavares (born 25 August 1965) is Cape Verdean politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Communities & Minister of Defence of Cape Verde. He resigned from this position in April 2021 following allegations of corruption. He was decorated with "Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mérite" by the French President Nicolas Sarkosy.
Life and education
Tavares was born in the city of Paraia. He obtained a bachelor’s degree in Geography from the University of Rouen, France and a diploma in Specialist in Local Development from the International Training Centre of the ILO, Turin, Italy before earning a master’s degree in Local Policies majoring in organization and development from the University of Rouen.
Career
He was a Councilor of the Municipality of Praia. He was appointed advisor to the Prime Minister of Cape Verde and later General Director of the Decentralization Office/General Directorate of Local Administration of the Government. He lectured at the Instituto Superior de Educação, the Instituto Nacional de Administração e Gestão and at the Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde where he was a General Administrator. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Communities before being deployed to the Ministry of Defence where he resigned over an allegation of corruption.
References
Living people
1965 births
Cape Verdean politicians
University of Rouen Normandy alumni |
the girl ordered in a low growl , and tried to squirm free . |
`` losers ? |
at first , it was soothing . |
and dont fucking forget it ! |
`` it is the truth , '' julie sobbed into the tissue . |
`` it 'll fit , '' i say . |
but the classy attire was poor camouflage for an iron will that had been forged in a strong fire . |
`` did you tell her vintage is in ? '' |
jeans are back in , too . |
past the bar area , the room opened up into three rows of large glass cubes with two seats bolted down in front of each . |
she 's luring you outside . '' |
The history of Thai money used as a medium of exchange and to settle accounts before the adoption of Thai baht coins and banknotes include novel designs and forms. For Thai people, money was considered as the symbol of civilization. Currency itself reflected faith in religion, culture, the customs and traditions of each era and also serve as a record of the development of Thailand.
History
The land which is now Thailand was once inhabited by various pre-historic communities. These groups of people left a heritage of social culture and ceremonies.
In the ancient days of Thai society, before money was created to serve as a medium of exchange, humans traded goods by bartering for products of similar value. However, many products differed in quality, and buyers and sellers differed in their assessments of value and in their requirements. To facilitate product sales, several mutually-agreed commodities came into use as mediums for exchange.
The Indo-China Peninsula or "Suvarnabhumi" which means 'golden peninsula', was the geographical area on which Thailand is presently situated. These ancient kingdoms were a prosperous homeland for a variety of diverse races and tribes. They were the regions that were later on known as the Funan Kingdom, Dvaravati Kingdom, Srivijaya Kingdom, and Sukhothai Kingdom. They used money as a medium of exchange which evolved into different forms of money. Thai money has the unique characteristics of the Thai nation with the Sukhothai Kingdom, using round shaped money made from silver which was known as "pod duang", and has been continued from that time down to the Ayudhya, Thonburi and the early Rattanakosin periods.
Funan Kingdom (1st–6th centuries AD)
Funan was the most important region of Indo–China and became highly successful in trade during the 1st through 6th centuries. The Funan Kingdom was influenced by India, through trading and religion. The coinage used during that period bears marks symbolizing the monarchy and the religion, these were mostly flat and round coins made from silver. These coins display, on one side, a half sun spreading rays between two rows of fish eggs. The opposite side carries, in a central position, the Sriwatsa design that represents Narayana in accordance with the Brahmin religion, with bandoh, a small Brahmin ceremonial drum, in one corner; and the swastika, a symbol that represents good luck, in the other. At the top of each coin the sign of the sun and the moon appear.
Dvaravati Kingdom (6th–11th centuries)
With the decline of the Funan Kingdom, several kingdoms declared their freedom and independence. They alternated as dominant powers in the area. They included the regions around the central Chao Phraya River basin such as Nakhon Pathom, Rajburi, Supanburi. They had become the important cities and formed themselves into the consolidated kingdom known as the Kingdom of Dvaravati in the 6th century AD. They also alternated at being the dominant power in the area and continued to follow the religious beliefs and administrative systems that had been adopted from India. They were also influenced by Khmer culture and beliefs. The Dvaravati Kingdom produced many types of coins as mediums of trade. They revealed, through the designs on the coins, symbols of monarchy and the power of the state, the beliefs of Buddhism, and the Bhramin religion.
Samples are coins inscribed with the large conch, the small conch, the rabbit on a lily leaf, and the goat, with a row of fish eggs decorating the outer edge. On the reverse side is the Sriwatsa symbol flanked by ankusha, with the sun and moon on the top and fish at the bottom. In addition, there are flat coins on one side. On some of these coins appeared the features of Buranaklod (water jar), the Dhama wheel and a cow. On the reverse side of the coins is ancient Sanskrit script.
Srivijaya Kingdom (8th–13th centuries)
Around the 8th century, the Srivijaya Kingdom was "the land of sea-faring traders". Therefore, the Malay Peninsula, especially the area of Chaiya and Nakhon Sri Thammaraj province prospered because they were vital ports on the trade route and also the central market of goods from Europe, the Middle East, India, and Cochin China (Vietnam). Merchant ships stopped to seek shelter from the southern monsoons of the Malaysian Peninsula. Eventually, these lands in the southern part down to Sumatra Island rose to power and banded together to form Srivijaya Kingdom. The people were Buddhists of the Mahayana sect, ruled by a king.
The two main types of money found originating from Srivijaya Kingdom were Dok Chan money and Namo money.
Silver and gold Dok Chan money is flat, round, and imprinted with a four-petal blossom on one side, with the other side imprinted with the ancient Sanskrit word wara.
Silver mixed with antimony Namo money is flat, round and small with one side bearing the ancient Sanskrit letter similar to Thai alphabet "น". On the other side, there are fold and gully marks.
Sukhothai Kingdom (13th–15th centuries)
The Sukhothai Kingdom was founded after the joint efforts and armies of Poh Khun (King) Pah Muang and Poh Khun (King) Bang Klang Hao successfully dislodged the Khmer from holding on the administrative powers over the territories of Suvarnaphumi. Poh Khun Bang Klang Hao ascended the throne of the Sukhothai Kingdom under a new title and name: King Sri Intharathit.
The pinnacle of political and administrative power, and the development of the Sukhothai Kingdom, was reached during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng. This kingdom's territory was extended to cover the entire length of the Malaysian Peninsula. The initiation of the Thai alphabet and its inscription into stone. Besides, the people of Sukhothai made ceramics which were considered to be of high quality and known as sangkalok. Sangkalok was an important component of exports.
The medium of exchange used in this kingdom varied, but the type of money originated in Sukhothai was "pod duang" or "bullet money". It was in circulation for 600 years. It was round-shaped, with long, sharp and pointed tips of legs, and a large hole between the legs. It had marks to show the origin, as few as one and as many as seven marks have been found stamped into Sukhothai pod duang. The marks most often found are lion, elephant, conch, Dharma Wheel, lotus, rabbit and ratchawat (a pyramid of dots).
Additionally, it was found that Sukhothai used a hard mixture of many low value metals, such as tin, lead and zinc, to produce a shape resembling pod duang, but of larger size, they were called different names, such as "pod duang chin", ngern kub, ngern khub, or ngern kook. Cowrie shells or bia were also used as small change in the Sukhothai Kingdom.
Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)
The establishment of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya was in 1351 A.D. Due to the geographical location with the junction of four main rivers, namely, Chao Phraya, Noi, Lop Buri, and Pa Sak, Ayudhaya had become then the centre of commerce, communication, economics and administration.
The main Ayutthaya money remained pod duang as in the Sukhothai period, but with some modifications. The coins later became more compact, with shorter and wider apart legs, and with smaller and less deep notch marks. They also made the rice grains pattern instead. Pod Duang of the period bore only two marks. On the top was the chakra, which was the kingdom mark, and in the front was the reign marks, which varied in design, such as the Pum Khao Bin, Ratchawat, Elephant and Conch Shell marks.
Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)
After the fall of Ayudhya to the Burmese in 1767, King Taksin led the Thai army to push out and vanquish the Burmese. After liberation, King Taksin tried to put the country back in order, as Ayudhya had been sacked and burnt by the Burmese and was difficult to renovate in a short time. Therefore, King Taksin chose to establish his capital in Thonburi. Thonburi was close to the sea and suitable as a seaport for trading with foreign countries. It was a small city that was easy to take care of and defend. Later, he was enthroned as the king and the people passed a resolution to honor him as “King Taksin the Great”
The money that was used early in this reign was pod duang of Ayudhya and later King Taksin had pod duang produced for use in the economic system with similar characteristics as that of the later Ayudhya period but was stamped with the Chakra as the Kingdom mark. Regarding the Reign mark, it still remained controversial as to what symbol was used: "Trisula" or "Thavivudh".
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Following the Thonburi Kingdom, Rattanakosin was established as the new capital. The monetary system at the beginning of Rattanakosin Era was similar to Ayudhya monetary system consisting of pod duang but it was modified in order to exhibit the development of unique traits attributed to Thai people living in this era. Commemorating pod duang also came into being, which showed there was a shared interest in the importance of the events occurring in their time. Then, King Rama IV who had the royal intention to produce "flat coinage" for use. For the first time this became a period in which Thai money entered the international system.
Reign of King Rama I to King Rama III
In the Reign of King Rama I until King Rama III, pod duang was continued in use but with the reign mark changed. King Phra Buddha Yodfa Chulalok the Great (King Rama I) created pod duang with the Chakra representing the kingdom mark and the Bua Unalom and the royal emblem of King Rama I. The pod duang also had values: tumlung, baht, half baht, salung, fuang.
The money used in the reign of King Rama II continued to be pod duang which was similar to that of King Rama I's, but with the reign mark changed to the Garuda to represent the reign of King Rama II. It is assumed to have come from his former name "Chim Plee", the paradise home of Lord Garuda.
The money produced in the reign of King Rama III remained the pod duang carrying the Chakra-Prasat mark. The Prasat mark represents King Rama III's former name: "Tab" (Tee pratab), which was Phra Maha Prasat (royal palace). Additionally, it was found that pod duang was produced to commemorate some important occasions such as pod duang krut sio, pod duang chaleo, pod duang dok mai, and pod duang bai matum.
Reign of King Rama IV
The Thai monetary system changed significantly during the reign of King Rama IV. This period saw increasing trade between Thai and foreigners. During the early period of the reign, pod duang was still the main money, bearing the chakra as the kingdom mark and the Mongkut as the reign mark. The use of the Mongkut mark (crown) was the pre-ascension of his title and name "Crown Prince Mongkut".
Meantime, Thailand had a problem due to the inability of being able to produce sufficient pod duang and to meet demand as well as prevent widespread counterfeiting, King Rama IV had the paper money issued for use along with pod duang, being called "mai". Mai was produced from paper with simple printing and used together with pod duang, but this series of paper money was not popular with citizens.
In 1857, Queen Victoria sent a small manually-powered coin production machine as a royal gift. King Rama IV had the first coin production machine. This coin was called "Rien Bannakarn" (royal gift coins). But, finally, the cessation of use of this machine was ordered because only a small number of coins could be produced per day. They had a new steam-powered machine for the production of flat coinage. Later, King Rama IV ordered the construction of the Sitthikarn Mint in front of the Royal Treasury in the Grand Palace. The first series of coins produced by this machine was similar to the royal gift coins. They could be used alongside pod duang, as the production of pod duang had been discontinued.
In this same year King Rama IV ordered the production of gold and silver coins of four baht value bearing the Monkut-Krung Siam mark as mementos of his 60th birthday.
Reign of King Rama V
The reign of King Rama V saw a significant development of the nation in almost every aspect including in monetary and financial system. In 1875, the king ordered a new mint built, including installation of a new machine with greater production capacity and efficiency. The new mint began producing silver coins with the royal portrait and the coat-of-arms design, the first time that the front side carried the profile of the ruling monarch. It became the operating format for later reigns. The king ordered the issuance of new tin Solos coins bearing on the obverse the Phra Kiew (the coronet), and in the reverse, the Elephant inside Chakra design. The Phra Kiew is also called "Chula Mongkut" as the royal emblem of King Rama V.
During his reign, his younger brother Prince Jayanta Mongkol was tasked with restructuring of the monetary system to realign Siam's monetary units along international lines, from the former 13 units, — Tos, Pit, Pad Duang, Chang, Tumlung, Baht, Salung, Fuang, Pai, Sik, Sio, Att and Solos. These had been based upon weight and made keeping accounts internationally difficult.
Pod Duang production had ceased in the reign of King Rama IV. King Rama V ordered the production of pod duang with the Chakra Phra Kiew mark as a memento in commemoration of the royal cremation of his youngest daughter, Princess Charoen Kamol Suksawat, and as a memento of the royal merit making ceremony dedicated to Somdej Phra Thep Sirin Tara Mataya, the princess mother.
Rama V later ordered coins from the Paris Mint production facility, coins bearing the royal portrait engraved by Henri-Auguste Patey, and Airapo, the three-headed white elephant. Rama V however died before an announcement for use could be made, so Rama VI ordered distribution of the coins during the cremation of his father. These coins are generally called Rien Nuad or "moustache coins".
Reigns of King Rama VI to VIII
During the reigns of King Rama VI to VIII, Siam faced economic crises due to the worldwide economic downturn caused by world wars and depressions.
During the early reign of King Rama VI, coins that had been produced during the reign of King Rama V continued to circulate. Rama VI ordered for the first time the production of baht coins with the portrait of the king on the obverse, with these first coins having on the reverse Airavata, the three-headed white elephant.
Rama VI inaugurated the Thai Banknotes Department under the Ministry of Finance with the Siamese Currency Notes Act, R.E. 121, promulgated on 24 June 1902. Banknote Series 1 were printed by Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited, England, with the company name centered on the bottom margin. The notes were printed on one side only and in many types of seven denominations of 1 baht, 5 baht, 10 baht, 20 baht, 50 baht (Overprinted on 1 baht Banknotes Series 50Z-59Z), 100 baht and 1000 ticals[sic] with both Arabic and Thai numerals. (Dual numeration continues, but tical was dropped from Series 2 on.)
Series 2 banknotes were first issued in 1925 during the reign of Rama VI and continuing into the reign of Rama VII dropped translation of baht and first added the legend,
Promise to pay (silver to) bearer on demand in (silver) currency of Siam; later changed in 1928 to be in line with The Currency Act, B.E. 2471 to This note is legal tender (lit. silver in payment of debt) according to law. The front has a guilloche design with twelve rays, and the back, depictions of the Royal Ploughing Ceremony, printed in six denominations: 1, 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1000 baht in two types printed by De La Rue.
Series 3 banknotes, first issued in 1934, were the first having a portrait of the king, appearing on the front with scenic designs as minor elements. The reverse depicts Phra Samut Chedi Temple with a statement of the penalty for counterfeit, also used for the first time. Series 3 continued until the reign of Rama VIII, printed by De La Rue in four denominations including 1, 5, 10 and 20 baht with the change of the royal portrait from King Rama VII to King Rama VIII in 1936.
Series 4 banknotes were first issued in 1938 by De La Rue with five denominations including 1–5–10–20 and 1,000 baht. The second type has been issued in 1940 with the change from (Government of Siam) to (Government of Thailand) due to the change of country name on 10 December 1939 which applied to four denominations including 1–5–10 and 1,000 baht.
To alleviate a scarcity of banknotes in the country during the Greater East Asia War, the Royal Thai Survey Department printed a special series of banknotes in four denominations, 1–10–20 and 100, like those of the 4th series. The phrase "the Royal Thai Survey" at the lower center of the front and back replaced that of Thomas De La Rue & Co., London.
Series 5 were printed by the Note Printing Works of Japan in seven denominations including 50 satang, 1 baht, 5 baht, 10 baht, 20 baht, 100 baht and 1000 baht starting in 1942.
Series 6 were by the Royal Thai Survey Department and the Naval Hydrographic Department in two denominations including 20 and 100 baht, each with two types.
A special war-time issue was printed in England, Indonesia, and by the Royal Thai Survey Department in four denominations including 50 satang (over-stamped on 10 baht banknotes printed from Java), 1 baht (both from Royal Thai Survey Department and invasion notes issued in England), 50 baht (overprinted on the 1 Strait dollar notes issued for four Malayu States by Royal Thai Survey Department) and 1000 baht issued by Royal Thai Survey Department.
Series 7 was printed in haste by private printing companies under supervision from Bank of Thailand of barely satisfactory quality in four denominations including 1 baht, 5 baht, 10 baht and 50 baht
Reign of King Rama IX
In 1945, the government sought to renew its contract with Thomas De La Rue & Company Limited, England, but the company had been damaged during the war and was unable to accept orders. The US government was asked for assistance. The US assigned its Bureau of Engraving and Printing to prepare the printing plates and the Tudor Press Company to do the printing of the 8th series. The front portrayed King Rama VIII at a young age as main element, and the Phra Pathom Chedi as a minor element on every denomination. On the back of all five denominations was the constitution placed on a pedestal tray. The dimensions of low and middle denominations including 1 baht, 5 baht, and 10 baht were the same as the low denominations of MPCs while the dimensions of high denominations including 20 baht and 100 baht were the same dimensions as a US dollar (high denomination of MPC). These were issued in 1946 during the reign of King Rama IX. They had been ordered in the period of the King Rama VIII but had been shifted as Rama IX had already ascended the throne.
Series 9 printed by De La Rue in six denominations returned to the familiar colors of each type and denomination model from Series 4 of De La Rue and Series 4 of Royal Thai Survey with the exception of 100 baht which used red instead of the azure color from Series 4 of Royal Thai Survey, and it can be assumed that the colors of the 9th Series are the standard for current Thai banknotes.
The 100 baht banknotes of Series 9 were heavily counterfeited, so the multi-colored banknotes with the base color of red were needed. Series 10 consisted of only the 100 baht denomination printed by De La Rue, first issued in 1968.
Series 11 began with 5 and 10 baht notes issued in 1969, 20 baht notes in 1971, and 100 baht notes in 1972. Five hundred baht banknotes were printed for the first time in 1975 when the production process, designing, engraving, and issuance of notes, shifted to Thailand's own note printing works.
King Bhumibol Adulyadej ascended the throne on 9 June 1946. He ruled until his death on 13 October 2016, the longest reign of any Thai monarch. His era was one when society and the economy rapidly changed, accompanied by evolution of knowledge and technology in all areas, including that of coins, which have continuously been developed and modified in design and metal content in order to comply with the rapidly expanding economy, and to meet international standards.
In 1950, the first series of circulation coins was minted in aluminum bronze and copper in four denominations; 5, 10, 25 and 50 satang coins with the obverse design being King Bhumibol's portrait and the reverse design being the coat of arms that had been used during the reign of King Rama V.
In 1986, the changes had been generally partial and made on certain values of coins only, following a comprehensive major revision of coin production in denomination, composition, size, and pattern, they included and addition of 1 satang and 10 baht coins. The government then produced a series of eight coins: 10 baht, 5 baht, 1 baht, 50 satang, 25 satang, 10 satang, 5 satang, and 1 satang. In 2005, 2 baht coins were minted and made raised the number of circulation coin to 9 denominations. Only 25 satang up to 10 baht are used in circulation while the 1, 5 and 10 batang are minted to serve the accounting system.
During this reign, a large number of coins were issued. The first commemorative coin was minted in 1961 with the nickel 1 baht coin to mark the return of the king and queen from state visits abroad. It is the first coin featuring the portrait of a female royal family member.
Banknote Series 12 was The Great Series' in denominations of 10 baht notes in 1980 until the termination of 10 baht banknote issuing after 1995 to be replaced by 10 baht coins which has been issued since 1988, 20 baht notes in 1981 and 100 baht notes in 1978 with engravings of monuments for those monarchs entitled "The Great"."
In 1982, the first proof coin was minted to commemorate the bicentenary of Bangkok. The coins were presented to the king and royal family without being issued to the general public. It was not until Queen Sirikit's 50th anniversary on the 12 August 1982 that proof coins were released to the public.
Banknote Series 13 was to supposed issued to commemorate the Bicentennial Celebration of Bangkok in 1982, but a delay in the delivery of new printing machines along with heavy workload of the bank delayed the issuance of 50 baht notes until 1985, 500 baht notes in 1987 with engravings of monuments for the monarchs relating to Rattanakosin Celebration including King Prajadhipok and King Rama I."
The growing economy of Thailand caused demand for higher denominations. This caused the revival of 1000 baht notes in 1992 as a part of Series 14 banknotes along with the new notes in 100 baht denomination issued in 1994 and the new notes in 500 baht denomination issued in 1996."
21st century
Demands for anti-counterfeiting technology, along with the aim of the Thai government to draw public attention to the deeds of the monarchs of the Chakri Dynasty compelled the Bank of Thailand to issue the Series 15 Banknotes in five denominations: 20 baht in 2003, 50 baht in polymer sheets in 1997 before being replaced by the familiar paper notes (type 2) in 2004 due to the unpopularity of polymer notes, 100 baht in 2004 until the replacement with type 2 in 2005, 500 baht in 2001, and 1000 baht in 1999 until the replacement with type 2 in 2005."
2006: To celebrate the 60th year of the king's accession to the throne, the Treasury Department issued colored coins for the first time to mark "The First UNDP Human Development Lifetime Achievement Award" presented to the king by the United Nations. Apart from commemorative coins minted to mark special events and occasions, the Treasury Department also produces commemorative coins in cooperation with international organizations.
2012: Series 16 banknotes issued to glorify Thai kings of different periods from past to present
50 baht issued to commemorate the declaration of independence of King Naresuan.
2013: 20 baht Series 16 issued to commemorate King Ramkhamhaeng.
500 baht Series 16 issued to commemorate King Rama I.
100 baht Series 16 issued to commemorate King Taksin.
1000 baht Series 16 issued to commemorate King Chulalongkorn.
20, 50, 100 baht Series 17 to honour King Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun
Thai money and coins are regarded as national treasures as they reflect not only Thai history, but also the Thai culture and economy of each period.
References
External links
Thai Banknote Evolution
Currencies of Thailand
Thailand
Money |
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Leah Cathrine Williamson (born 29 March 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays for Women's Super League club Arsenal and captains the England women's national team. A versatile player, she plays in central defence or the midfield. She has spent her entire senior domestic career at Arsenal. She also represented Great Britain at the Olympics in 2021. Williamson captained England to their first UEFA European Championship victory, and the women's team's first international title, in 2022, for which she was named in the Team of the Tournament.
After being part of Arsenal's youth programme from the age of nine, Williamson debuted for the senior team as a teenager at the end of their 2014 Champions League campaign; she started for them in the League Cup final that year, in which she had individual success. With Arsenal, Williamson has won the League once and the FA Cup and League Cup twice each. She has captained Arsenal on various occasions and reached 200 appearances for them in December 2022.
Williamson represented England for all their age-group teams before making her senior debut in 2018, for 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying. She was used sparsely in her first years with England, then became a regular under manager Sarina Wiegman, who also made her permanent captain in 2022.
Early life
Leah Cathrine Williamson was born on 29 March 1997 in Milton Keynes and grew up in Newport Pagnell on the northern edge of the urban area, attending Portfields School for primary education and Ousedale School for secondary. She comes from a divided footballing family, with her brother and father fans of North London team Tottenham Hotspur, while she, her mother and grandmother are lifelong fans of Arsenal F.C. (Spurs' main rivals). Williamson's mother played football when she was younger, cutting her hair short so that she would look like a boy and be allowed to play. In 2006, she was selected as the mascot to the Arsenal men's team in a league cup match at the Hawthorns against West Bromwich Albion, despite being on holiday, her mother, drove her the 430 mile round trip from Bude to ensure her dream was fulfilled, she was rewarded with a photo with Arsenal's Theo Walcott.
After watching long jumper Greg Rutherford, who also comes from Milton Keynes, at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Williamson briefly considered switching her focus to athletics, a sport she had local experience in, inspired to become an Olympic athlete.
Club career
Rushden & Diamonds
Williamson joined Rushden & Diamonds Centre of Excellence at the age of 6. On that period, Williamson said, "My coach at the time left to go to Arsenal. I went across with her and had a couple of trials and luckily they took me on and I never looked back from there. So I owe it all to my coach from when I was 9."
Arsenal
Williamson joined Arsenal's Centre of Excellence in 2006 at the age of nine.
2014
Williamson made her senior team debut the day after her seventeenth birthday when she came on as an 81st-minute substitution for Rachel Yankey in Arsenal's 0–2 defeat to Birmingham City in the UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final. She made her FA WSL debut on 16 April against Notts County. She won her first major title, the 2014 FA Women's Cup with Arsenal on 1 June in the final against Everton, in which she came on as a 76th-minute substitute for Jade Bailey. On 13 July, Williamson netted her first professional goal for Arsenal in a 4–0 win away against Millwall Lionesses in the League Cup. On 4 September, she scored her first league goal against Chelsea. She made 12 appearances in the 2014 FA Women's Super League. Williamson played in the 2014 League Cup final against Manchester City which Arsenal lost 1–0. At the end of the 2014 season, she was named the League Cup Player of the Year, ahead of Jess Clarke from Notts County, Ji So-yun from Chelsea and Toni Duggan from Manchester City.
2015
On 8 January, Williamson won the England Women's Youth Player of the Year award. Before the start of the 2015 FA Women's Super League, on 31 March, Williamson signed her first professional contract with Arsenal. On 26 April, she was named the 2014–15 PFA Young Women's Player of the Year. Williamson scored her first goal of the season in a convincing 3–0 home victory over Watford in the League Cup on 23 July. Williamson was a key figure in the club's victorious League Cup campaign, after the quarter final win over holders Manchester City, who had beaten Arsenal in the final, Williamson said, "I think Arsenal as a football club have won a lot of trophies in the past and we wanted to keep winning silverware for the club. Even with the younger players in the squad we all thought we have got to win, the morale was certainly high before the game. Last year’s final was always in the back of our mind and we know how good a side City can be. After going 1–0 up it was all about defending which we managed to do and it was a great result for us. I think we can win the cup as we have won it three times but we have to keep on focusing on the next game."
2016
Williamson helped her team reach the final of the FA Cup of 2016, which Arsenal won by a 1–0 margin over Chelsea.
2017–18
Williamson was ever-present in the 2017–18 FA WSL Cup as Arsenal ended as Champions beating the defending champions, Manchester City in the final. Arsenal's league campaign was more disappointing with Arsenal missing out a top two finish and Champions League qualification for the sixth consecutive edition of the WSL. She started the season in midfield but switched to central defence with the arrival of new manager Joe Montemurro in December 2017. On her change of position, Williamson said, "I’m not sure in the long term and I never want to shut the door on either position, because I know I can do both. But I’m enjoying playing as a centre back with the way we play. Under Joe we want to play out from the back and that suits my qualities. At the minute I am enjoying playing at centre half, but I’m open minded about what the future holds." Towards the end of the season, Williamson reflected on the season since Montemurro took over, "I feel like since Joe came in we’re back on a journey again, we had lost that a little bit. Despite today, I feel like we’re building something. But pretty much every game we have played since around November has been a must win game and that takes its toll emotionally. In every single game we have known no less than a win will do, in the league and in the cups."
2018–19
On 14 October 2018, Arsenal laid down a marker in their title challenge with a 5–0 thrashing of champions Chelsea, inflicting a first home defeat on the champions since July 2016. Joe Montemurro began utilizing Williamson on the right of a back three and after a 4–0 win at Bristol City on 28 October, in which Williamson assisted Jordan Nobbs for one of the goals, he commented positively on her performance. Arsenal won their first nine games and went into the match with Manchester City six points clear of their title rivals; however, they lost 2–0 amid an injury crisis. Two games later, on Williamson's 100th Arsenal appearance, a 2-1 defeat to Chelsea allowed Manchester City to move a point clear albeit having played one game more.
On 23 February, Arsenal attempted to defend their title in the FA WSL Continental Cup but Manchester City won 4–2 on penalties; nevertheless, Montemurro praised Williamson after the match. In the league, Arsenal won four games in a row, and after a 5–1 victory at Liverpool on 24 March, England manager Phil Neville indicated his confidence that Williamson would one day captain the national team. The team won another four games in a row to clinch the title with a 4–0 defeat of Brighton at the Falmer Stadium on 28 April. During the season, the most common passes exchanged were between Williamson and Lisa Evans at right wing back. Williamson took the most touches out of any Arsenal player, with 1,501, and completed the most passes in the opposition’s half (591). She also made thirty interceptions, more than any other player in the squad.
2020–21
On 13 September 2020, Williamson netted her first goal of the season in Arsenal's 9–1 victory over fellow London side West Ham United.
On 18 November, Williamson made her 150th appearance in all competitions for Arsenal against Tottenham Hotspur in the Continental Cup a game which Arsenal would draw 2–2 but go on to win 5–4 on penalties.
2021–22
On 16 June 2021, Arsenal announced that Williamson had signed a new one-year contract with the club until the end of the 2021–22 season.
Just seven months later, in January 2022, she agreed a prolonged contract with the club. Arsenal did not disclose the duration of the new commitment, but coach Jonas Eidevall stated that Leah Williamson is "a player for us to build Arsenal around".
2022–23
On 21 April, she announced her injury from two days prior was a ruptured ACL, ruling her out of the Champion’s League and the World Cup later that year.
International career
England
Youth
Williamson has represented England since 2010 at youth levels. As a midfielder, she was first called up to train with the under-15 team for a thirty-player camp in April 2010, and was retained for the new season in August 2010. She captained the England under-17 side in the 2014 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship (held in November and December 2013), where they eventually finished fourth; they lost on penalties in the third place play-off against Italy, with Williamson scoring one of England's three to Italy's four and being included in the team of the tournament. She was also part of the under-20 team to compete in the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Canada in August 2014. Williamson featured in the starting lineup in each England game, though they exited in the group stage without winning a match.
On 9 April 2015, Williamson scored a penalty for her team in a qualifying match against Norway for the 2015 UEFA under-19 championship, which had been ordered to be retaken five days after the original contest. In an unprecedented decision, UEFA had ordered the match to be restarted from the 96th minute.
Previously, on 4 April, Williamson's successful penalty for England was disallowed for player encroachment (by substitute Rosella Ayane, who had won the penalty and scored a goal in her brief cameo from the bench). The laws of the game state that in such a situation, the penalty should be retaken, but the German referee, Marija Kurtes instead awarded Norway a free kick. After protests from the England camp, the European governing body agreed that the match should be replayed from the time of the incident.
The players returned to finish the last two minutes of their match after each had played what was scheduled to be their last qualifying matches for the tournament. With the scores standing at 2–1 to Norway, Williamson equalised and, in doing so, booked her team's place in the tournament finals.
Senior
In November 2017, Williamson was called up to train with the senior England squad. She then travelled with the team to the 2018 SheBelieves Cup in the United States in March 2018, without being available for the squad, as part of the development pathway. On 8 June 2018, she made her debut for the senior team coming on for Walsh with six minutes left in their 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifier against Russia, which England won 3–1. She had her first senior start in September that year, in a 6–0 victory over Kazakhstan.
She was part of the England squad that won the 2019 SheBelieves Cup, playing in the final game, a 3–0 win over Japan, and was part of the squad that defeated Denmark 2–0 in one of their final friendly preparation matches for the World Cup. She was then selected for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, with Ian Wright announcing her selection in May 2019. On being selected, Williamson said that she had aimed to go to a World Cup after seeing the previous edition in Canada, considering herself lucky to be called up. She made her World Cup debut from the bench in the Round of 16 match against Cameroon on 23 June 2019. Then-manager Phil Neville felt he did not use Williamson as much as he could have during the qualifiers and World Cup, putting in more experienced defenders and considering Keira Walsh crucial to the defensive midfield instead.
Williamson scored her first England goal, an 86th-minute winner, in a 3–2 friendly win against the Czech Republic on 12 November 2019.
On 17 September 2021, Williamson was named England captain for the FIFA World Cup qualifier against North Macedonia at St Mary's Stadium, Southampton. On 5 April 2022, she was appointed permanent England captain; previous captain Steph Houghton had suggested Williamson was one of the players who could eventually take over as captain even before the 2019 World Cup. Williamson captained the England squad which won the UEFA Women's Euro 2022; she made the most ball recoveries in the competition and was named to the Team of the Tournament.
She was the 205th player to represent the England women's team, with this announced as her legacy number on 18 November 2022, the 50th anniversary of the team.
As European champions, England qualified to contest the first Women's Finalissima; on 6 April 2023, Williamson captained the Lionesses to another international title by defeating Brazil on penalties after 90 minutes.
On 19 April 2023, Williamson sustained an injury in Arsenal's 1-0 Women's Super League loss to Manchester United. The injury was later revealed to have been an anterior cruciate ligament, meaning she would miss the rest of the season and the 2023 Women's World Cup in Australia & New Zealand.
Great Britain
Williamson played for the Great Britain women's Olympic football team at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics (held in 2021). She was proud of her defensive work in the team's group games, and of being an Olympian, saying she had to close her eyes when the camera passed her during the anthem as she was tearing up. Williamson has said that a shift in her mentality came when GB were knocked out of the Olympics, not wanting to feel the same disappointment, "she recognised what she needed to do to fulfil her potential" in terms of the demands of international competition.
Style of play
Williamson has been likened to Italian defender Paolo Maldini by numerous news outlets due to her ability to regain possession for her team without having to tackle her opponent. In Euro 2022, she completed the championships having recovered the ball 56 times and having completed 472 passes, in both cases doing so more than any other player in the tournament. Another article describes Williamson as the "epitome of a modern-day ball-playing centre back", citing her ability to anticipate opponent's passes and also to predict her teammates' attacking runs so that she can play a precise forward pass among her strengths. She also has by far the highest rate of passes into the final third for a defender in the WSL since 2021, with a November 2022 Arsenal technical report saying that "she wrecks the curve" for this statistic due to the margin.
In popular culture
In Williamson's hometown, Newport Pagnell, a mural of her was completed in August 2022. The artwork was painted on a former garage by professional street artists. As part of the "Where Greatness Is Made" campaign, a plaque honouring Williamson was installed at Scot Sports & Social Club in Milton Keynes. She was one of the legends of football featured in Nike's "The Football Verse" ad spot for the (men's) 2022 FIFA World Cup. She guest wrote about the England men's football team at this tournament for The Athletic.
In 2022, she was one of the honourees of the British GQ Men of the Year Award. She appeared as a special guest on The Graham Norton Show on New Year's Eve 2022, his 30th series. In 2023 she appeared on CBeebies Bedtime Story reading Remarkably You by Pat Zietlow Miller.
Activism and charity work
Williamson frequently uses her platform for social justice, although she has said: "I’m uncomfortable with the way the word activism is used, because I think it’s just how normal people should behave.”
Williamson wore a Stonewall rainbow armband throughout the 2022 Euro in support of LGBTQ+ rights.
Because of controversies relating to the men's 2022 World Cup, Williamson said that while she would still "support the boys [she has not] got any interest in it as a fan really this year, which is sad."
The day after England triumphed at the 2022 Euros, the team wrote an open letter to Tory leadership candidates Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss requesting government support for girls to receive two hours a week of PE lessons and to support resources for girls’ football sessions in school. Williamson credited teammate Lotte Wubben-Moy with driving the success of the request.
In August 2023, Williamson travelled to Jordan and visited the largest Syrian refugee camp in the world in support of the Coaching for Life programme. Afterwards, she spoke about how the programme is empowering girls and transforming male attitudes to gender stereotypes.
Williamson was the first England women's footballer to address the United Nations when she appeared at the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) Summit in September 2023
As well as her involvement with Coaching for Life, Williamson is an ambassador for the Willow Foundation.
Writing
Williamson has co-authored two books to date:
Non-fiction
You Have the Power: Find Your Strength and Believe You Can (2023) - A positive guide for empowering young girls, written with sports journalist Suzanne Wrack.
Fiction
The Wonder Team and the Forgotten Footballers (2023) - A time-travel adventure for children aged 8-12, written with Williamson's cousin Jordan Glover; illustrations by Robin Boyden.
Personal life
Williamson was training to be an accountant but has reportedly put her studies on hold to focus on football.
She is close friends with former Arsenal teammate Alex Scott, and international teammate and Barcelona midfielder Keira Walsh. Williamson and Walsh went through all the junior ranks together and received their first senior call up on the same day in 2017; in 2019, Williamson commented that whenever England teams were announced "the first thing you do, you check for your name on the list and then you check for Keira's." Walsh also reflected that there was "nobody [she] would rather have shared this journey with".
Williamson has endometriosis, which made her anxious to play while menstruating, and has spoken about it to increase awareness of the disruptive condition and the need for more symptom-relieving measures.
Career statistics
Club
.
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 11 April 2023.
Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Williamson goal.
Honours
Arsenal
FA WSL: 2018–19
FA Women's Cup: 2013–14, 2015–16; runners-up: 2017–18, 2020–21
FA WSL Cup / FA Women's League Cup: 2015, 2017–18, 2022–23; runners-up: 2018–19, 2019–20
England
UEFA Women's Championship: 2022
Women's Finalissima: 2023
SheBelieves Cup: 2019
Arnold Clark Cup: 2022, 2023
Individual
UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2014
England Women's Youth Player of the Year: 2014
FA WSL Continental Cup Player of the Year: 2014
PFA Young Women's Player of the Year: 2015
FA WSL PFA Team of the Year: 2019–20, 2021–22
UEFA Women's Championship Team of the Tournament: 2022
England Women's Player of the Year: second 2021–22
IFFHS Women's World Team: 2022
FIFA FIFPRO Women's World 11: 2022
Freedom of the City of Milton Keynes (honoured 28 February 2023)
Freedom of the City of London (announced 1 August 2022)
Orders
Appointed Officer of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to association football.
References
External links
Leah Williamson at Arsenal Ladies
Leah Williamson at The Football Association
1997 births
Living people
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Arsenal W.F.C. players
England women's international footballers
England women's under-23 international footballers
English women's footballers
FA Women's National League players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Great Britain
People educated at Ousedale School
Footballers from Milton Keynes
UEFA Women's Championship-winning players
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 players
Women's association football defenders
Women's association football midfielders
Women's Super League players
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
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