train
stringlengths 1
356k
|
---|
something held me back . '' |
with that thought in his mind , he smiled to her and handed her a drink . |
you 're an awful teacher , who has killed the desire within each of us to become physicists . |
smythe smiled gaily and accepted a sniffer of brandy from belverd . |
`` and i you , '' i shared . |
a tent village will be erected , as we do n't want anyone back in the commune itself until everything is examined . |
they found what some might call a preternatural silence . |
`` wrong ? '' |
even crueler than the adults , unfortunately . |
not even amalthea , her attentive eighteen-year-old sister , was immune from attack . |
sean and dec hung together behind me . |
not going to happen . |
slowing the pace just slightly , i explored his mouth with my tongue , taking laps , followed by little nips of his full bottom lip . |
`` help yourself . '' |
sleight of hand that you would n't believe . |
and , we think troy matthews might be involved . |
this is yours , dad , said johnny . |
Martha Bodunrin (born 1952) is a Nigerian politician. She was a member of the People's Democratic Party and the House of Representatives
Life
Bodunrin was born in 1952. She qualified as a teacher in 1971.
She joined the People's Democratic Party and was their candidate. In 2010 she was a member of the House of Representatives when massacres happened in the villages of around the city of Jos. Hundreds died when adults and children were killed. Bodunrin compared the violence to the Rwanda genocides.
In 2011 she was re-elected to the House of Representatives. Other women elected that year included Folake Olunloyo, Maimunat Adaji, Suleiman Oba Nimota, Betty Okogua-Apiafi, Rose Oko and Nkoyo Toyo.
The massacres attracted international attention and Bodunrin became an expert witness. Bodunrin has been involved in lobbying parliament to honour its 2000 agreement to the idea of an International Criminal Court who would have the authority to deal with crimes against humanity.
References
Women members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
1952 births
Living people |
the tattoo gun on the table had its own ink container , but sitting nearby were several smaller vials . |
but it was not anne denying it to him . |
she shrugged . |
chandelier earrings made of rubies and diamonds are paired with a diamond and ruby bracelet . |
Peter Haas may refer to:
Academics
Peter J. Haas (rabbi) (born 1948), American rabbi, professor at CWRU, and leader of Scholars for Peace in the Middle East
Peter M. Haas (born 1955), American political scientist
Peter J. Haas (computer scientist) (born 1956), American academic and operations researcher
Sportsmen
Pete Haas, American golfer who won the 1946 Monroe Invitational
Peter Haas, Australian rally car navigator in 1970 Australian Rally Championship
Peter Haas, Austrian canoeist whose team won gold medals at 1975 and 1977 Wildwater Canoeing World Championships
Peter Haas (athlete) (born 1955), Swiss Olympic sprinter
Others
Peter Haas (engraver) (1754–1804), German-Danish engraver
Peter E. Haas (1918–2005), American businessman, CEO of Levi Strauss
(born 1963), Dutch businessman, former chair of Media-Saturn-Holding GmbH and Ceconomy AG
Peter W. Haas (born 1964), Slovak art photographer
Peter Haas, German drummer, member of Mekong Delta from 1991 to 1998
Peter D. Haas, American diplomat |
james 's night-vision goggles lay on the floor . |
a little sliver of fear moved down my spine . |
it must . |
looking deeply into each others eyes , knowing they may never see each other again , they embraced . |
`` he beat up a couple people . '' |
screaming and twisting , she staggered backward and fell , crashing down onto one of the horrible tables , which collapsed in a mess of blood and splintering wood . |
`` i trust you with everything . |
it killed me a little that i hesitated before responding . |
q was a monster in human clothing-even he knew it , judging by his song choice . |
if you would attend mass , you would . |
`` let me call you back in a little while . |
bastian ran down the spiral ramp of the parking garage and skidded to a stop next to roku . |
um , i guess i study people , like youve taught me . |
he must 've glimpsed them with his gift . |
nathan saw that she did not appear suspicious . |
what i see happening is that some people are losing their humanity . |
mr spademan , hello . |
he picked a date from the bowl in the center of the table . |
`` yes . |
sye asked sleepily . |
`` of course we have n't . |
the one with a double knitted hem and holes in the ends of the sleeves that i could poke my thumbs through when it was cold but i did n't feel like wearing gloves ? |
a few minutes later and i was opening up a greasy sheet of newspaper , the luscious smell of salt and vinegar filled my nostrils . |
get that through your ditzy head . '' |
and let me answer for my boss as well ... um , if you did n't know his order already , he 'll have the- '' `` i 'll have the steak . |
the biggest , and i mean biggest , issue i seem to have right now is the large erection poking me ; settled right against my p**sy . |
and maybe she had been leaning toward the door , tantalized by the fact that she could hear the voices , could nearly make them out , but not quite . |
`` jeff , why ca n't you admit you have feelings for ari ? |
names , characters , places , and incidents either are a product of the authors imagination or are used fictitiously . |
lottie and i fell asleep on the couch watching cartoons and i did n't wake up until the late afternoon . |
never in her life had she felt sexual hunger like this . |
`` i love to sing . |
i suddenly had an image of one of the soldiers we 'd just played poker with . |
and that was that . |
do i have to draw you a diagram ? |
although they 'd never really socialized when he was her client , they had spent significant time together . |
when it did n't come to me , i began to combine four-letter words on a blank sheet of paper . |
ty asked weakly . |
if only luke would be the man she knew he could be . |
`` what do you want , alex ? '' |
it would take more than his willpower and skill for a single loaf of bread or measure of wheat to reach the city . |
a weapon of war resulted , but to what army did this weapon belong ? |
could she be them all ? |
joes blood ran cold . |
he is one of your newest lovers . |
it 's impossible . '' |
`` it has been arranged , vel . '' |
a few steps later , she was in her own room . |
`` you are n't out of sight on my watch , '' vance announced in a tough guy therefore no discussion voice . |
`` mr. attracelli is very firm about the commitment , to the point of requiring a contract stating that you will remain on the team for one full year . |
then she immediately pretended she had n't seen him , though there was no way that could possibly be true . |
`` anyway , as you can imagine , mr bell is taking the matter very seriously . |
not exactly . |
danny knew he had pushed too hard to fast . |
winston crossed the room and opened a door that looked like it belonged on a refrigerator . |
expression pained , he stared at her . |
then , looking brand spanking new with their shaven faces and heads , and wearing real , outside-world clobber , they twirled so that i could get the full effect . |
for the first time that day , he allowed himself to relax , and was suddenly consumed by a wave of exhaustion . |
almost fallen out of love with her husband . |
In linguistics, apophony (also known as ablaut, (vowel) gradation, (vowel) mutation, alternation, internal modification, stem modification, stem alternation, replacive morphology, stem mutation, internal inflection etc.) is any alternation within a word that indicates grammatical information (often inflectional).
Description
Apophony is exemplified in English as the internal vowel alternations that produce such related words as
sng, sng, sng, sng
bnd, bnd
bld, bld
brd, brd
dm, dm
fd, fd
l, l
rse, rse, rsen
wve, wve
ft, ft
gse, gse
tth, tth
The difference in these vowels marks variously a difference in tense or aspect (e.g. sing/sang/sung), transitivity (rise/raise), part of speech (sing/song), or grammatical number (goose/geese).
That these sound alternations function grammatically can be seen as they are often equivalent to grammatical suffixes (an external modification). Compare the following:
The vowel alternation between i and a indicates a difference between present and past tense in the pair sing/sang. Here the past tense is indicated by the vowel a just as the past tense is indicated on the verb jump with the past tense suffix -ed. Likewise, the plural suffix -s on the word books has the same grammatical function as the presence of the vowel ee in the word geese (where ee alternates with oo in the pair goose/geese).
Consonants, too, can alternate in ways that are used grammatically. An example is the pattern in English of verb-noun pairs with related meanings but differing in voicing of a postvocalic consonant:
Most instances of apophony develop historically from changes due to phonological assimilation that are later grammaticalized (or morphologized) when the environment causing the assimilation is lost. Such is the case with English goose/geese and breath/breathe.
Types
Apophony may involve various types of alternations, including vowels, consonants, prosodic elements (such as tone, syllable length), and even smaller features, such as nasality (on vowels).
The sound alternations may be used inflectionally or derivationally. The particular function of a given alternation will depend on the language.
Vowel gradation
Apophony often involves vowels. Indo-European ablaut (English sing-sang) and Germanic umlaut (goose-geese), mentioned above, are well attested examples. Another example is from Dinka:
When it comes to plurals, a common vowel alteration in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (a Semitic language) is shifting the ɑ sound to e as shown in this table:
The vowel alternation may involve more than just a change in vowel quality. In Athabaskan languages, such as Navajo, verbs have series of stems where the vowel alternates (sometimes with an added suffix) indicating a different tense-aspect. Navajo vowel ablaut, depending on the verb, may be a change in vowel, vowel length, nasality, and/or tone. For example, the verb stem 'to handle an open container' has a total of 16 combinations of the 5 modes and 4 aspects, resulting in 7 different verb stem forms (i.e. , , , , , , ).
Another verb stem | 'to cut' has a different set of alternations and mode-aspect combinations, resulting in 3 different forms (i.e. , , ):
Prosodic apophony
Various prosodic elements, such as tone, syllable length, and stress, may be found in alternations. For example, Vietnamese has the following tone alternations which are used derivationally:
Albanian uses different vowel lengths to indicate number and grammatical gender on nouns:
English has alternating stress patterns that indicate whether related words are nouns (first syllable stressed) or verbs (second syllable stressed). This tends to be the case with words in English that came from Latin:
Prosodic alternations are sometimes analyzed as not as a type of apophony but rather as prosodic affixes, which are known, variously, as suprafixes, superfixes, or simulfixes.
Consonant apophony
Consonant alternation is commonly known as consonant mutation or consonant gradation. Bemba indicates causative verbs through alternation of the stem-final consonant. Here the alternation involves spirantization and palatalization:
Celtic languages are well known for their initial consonant mutations.
Indo-European linguistics
Indo-European ablaut
In Indo-European linguistics, ablaut is the vowel alternation that produces such related words as sing, sang, sung, and song. The difference in the vowels results from the alternation (in the Proto-Indo-European language) of the vowel e with the vowel o or with no vowel.
To cite a few other examples of Indo-European ablaut, English has a certain class of verbs, called strong verbs, in which the vowel changes to indicate a different grammatical tense-aspect.
As the examples above show, a change in the vowel of the verb stem creates a different verb form. Some of the verbs also have a suffix in the past participle form.
Umlaut
In Indo-European linguistics, umlaut is the vowel fronting that produces such related words as foot > feet or strong > strength. The difference in the vowels results from the influence of an , or (which in most cases has since been lost) at the end of the word causing the stem vowel to be pulled forward. Some weak verbs show umlaut in the present tense, with the past tense representing the original vowel: bought > buy (>). Hundreds of similar examples can be found in English, German, Dutch and other languages.
Germanic a-mutation is a process analogous to umlaut, but involving the influence of an or similar causing the stem vowel to move back in the mouth.
Ablaut versus umlaut
In Indo-European historical linguistics the terms ablaut and umlaut refer to different phenomena and are not interchangeable. Ablaut is a process that dates back to Proto-Indo-European times, occurs in all Indo-European languages, and refers to (phonologically) unpredictable vowel alternations of a specific nature. From an Indo-European perspective, it typically appears as a variation between o, e, and no vowel, although various sound changes result in different vowel alternations appearing in different daughter languages. Umlaut, meanwhile, is a process that is particular to the Germanic languages and refers to a variation between back vowels and front vowels that was originally phonologically predictable, and was caused by the presence of an or in the syllable following the modified vowel.
From a diachronic (historical) perspective, the distinction between ablaut and umlaut is very important, particularly in the Germanic languages, as it indicates where and how a specific vowel alternation originates. It is also important when taking a synchronic (descriptive) perspective on old Germanic languages such as Old English, as umlaut was still a very regular and productive process at the time. When taking a synchronic perspective on modern languages, however, both processes appear very similar. For example, the alternations seen in sing/sang/sung and foot/feet both appear to be morphologically conditioned (e.g. the alternation appears in the plural or past tense, but not the singular or present tense) and phonologically unpredictable.
By analogy, descriptive linguists discussing synchronic grammars sometimes employ the terms ablaut and umlaut, using ablaut to refer to morphological vowel alternation generally (which is unpredictable phonologically) and umlaut to refer to any type of regressive vowel harmony (which is phonologically predictable). Ambiguity can be avoided by using alternative terms (apophony, gradation, alternation, internal modification for ablaut; vowel harmony for umlaut) for the broader sense of the words.
Stem alternations and other morphological processes
Stem modifications (i.e. apophony) may co-occur with other morphological processes, such as affixation. An example of this is in the formation of plural nouns in German:
Here the singular/plural distinction is indicated through umlaut and additionally by a suffix -er in the plural form. English also displays similar forms with a -ren suffix in the plural and a -en suffix in the past participle forms along with the internal vowel alternation:
Chechen features this as well:
A more complicated example comes from Chickasaw where the positive/negative distinction in verbs displays vowel ablaut along with prefixation () and infixation ():
Transfixation
The nonconcatenative morphology of the Afroasiatic languages is sometimes described in terms of apophony. The alternation patterns in many of these languages is quite extensive involving vowels and consonant gemination (i.e. doubled consonants). The alternations below are of Modern Standard Arabic, based on the root 'write' (the symbol indicates gemination on the preceding consonant):
Other analyses of these languages consider the patterns not to be sound alternations, but rather discontinuous roots with discontinuous affixes, known as transfixes (sometimes considered simulfixes or suprafixes). Some theoretical perspectives call up the notion of morphological templates or morpheme "skeletons".
It would also be possible to analyze English in this way as well, where the alternation of goose/geese could be explained as a basic discontinuous root g-se that is filled out with an infix -oo- "(singular)" or -ee- "(plural)". Many would consider this type of analysis for English to be less desirable as this type of infixal morphology is not very prevalent throughout English and the morphemes -oo- and -ee- would be exceedingly rare.
Replacive morphemes
Another analytical perspective on sound alternations treats the phenomena not as merely alternation but rather a "replacive" morpheme that replaces part of a word. In this analysis, the alternation between goose/geese may be thought of as goose being the basic form where -ee- is a replacive morpheme that is substituted for oo.
goose → g-ee-se
This usage of the term morpheme (which is actually describing a replacement process, and not a true morpheme), however, is more in keeping with Item-and-Process models of morphology instead of Item-and-Arrangement models.
Ablaut-motivated compounding
Ablaut reduplication or ablaut-motivated compounding is a type of word formation of "expressives" (such as onomatopoeia or ideophones). Examples of these in English include:
criss-cross
shilly-shally
snip-snap
splish-splash
tic-tac-toe
tick-tock
ticky-tacky
wishy-washy
zig-zag
Generally, English ablaut-reduplications follow an I-A-O order (tic-tac-toe) or I-A order (snip-snap). This is a generalization and not a rule as exceptions to this order do exist (tick-tock).
Many Turkic languages have the vowel alternation pattern of "low vowel - high vowel" in their reduplicatives, e.g. Turkish .
Here the words are formed by a reduplication of a base and an alternation of the internal vowel.
Some examples in Japanese:
'rattle'
'rustle'
Some examples in Chinese:
(, 'babbling')
(, 'splashing')
See also
Alternation (linguistics)
Consonant mutation
Metaphony
Morphology (linguistics)
Nonconcatenative morphology
References for ablaut
References
Bibliography
Anderson, Stephen R. (1985). Inflectional morphology. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon (Vol. 3, pp. 150–201). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Especially section 1.3 "Stem modifications").
Asher, R. E. (Ed.). (1994). The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. .
Bauer, Laurie. (2004). A glossary of morphology. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Hamano, Shoko. (1998). The Sound-Symbolic System of Japanese. CSLI Publications,Stanford.
Haspelmath, Martin. (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold.
Kula, Nancy C. (2000). The phonology/morphology interface: Consonant mutations in Bemba. In H. de Hoop & T. van der Wouden (Eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 2000 (pp. 171–183). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1997). Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. .
Sapir, Edward. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
Spencer, Andrew; & Zwicky, Arnold M. (Eds.). (1998). The handbook of morphology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Young, Robert W., & Morgan, William Sr. (1987). The Navajo language: A grammar and colloquial dictionary (rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. .
Linguistic morphology |
`` anyway , latisha never showed up at the restaurant . |
to heck with him , i thought righteously . |
`` we can go on like this for days , if you 'd like . '' |
Shou may refer to:
Robin Shou (b. 1960), a Chinese American actor
The Chinese character shou (寿/壽) that means "longevity"
Shou, the Chinese god of longevity, one of the Sanxing
Shou County, a county in China
Shō (given name), a masculine Japanese given name
Shō (instrument), a Japanese instrument
Shō, a traditional Japanese unit of volume equal to 1.8L
Shou Ronpo, a character from Uchu Sentai Kyuranger
Shou Tatsumi (巽 ショウ), a characters from Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive |
carefully , i dripped out a little more halothane . |
being around them , i 'm starting to understand it even more . |
and today , i 'm feeling much better about my progress and the level of common decency to which i 'm capable of rising . |
`` i can call in on my way . '' |
no sooner were his eyes open and he wanted to know if i was okay . |
bones littered the floor of the dying lake , and the shore where we stood . |
the purse alone was over a thousand dollars . |
jake was a good person and would n't tolerate anyone mistreating one of his friends . |
thrilling . |
he wanted everyone on the hunting team to be totally comfortable in knowing they were dead . |
not that it mattered , because tara did n't taste a thing . |
she turns and leaves . |
chapter 8 spare copy they walked the marbled hall , trying to look calm . |