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<Graph> : <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIа, 1895 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIа, 1895 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIа, 1895 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIа, 1895 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIа, 1895 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIIIа, 1894 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIIIа, 1894 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIIIа, 1894 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIIIа, 1894 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIIIа, 1894 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XV, 1895 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XV, 1895 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XV, 1895 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XV, 1895 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XV, 1895 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVI, 1895 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVI, 1895 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVI, 1895 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVI, 1895 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVI, 1895 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIII, 1894 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIII, 1894 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIII, 1894 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIII, 1894 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIII, 1894 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVа, 1895 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVа, 1895 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVа, 1895 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVа, 1895 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVа, 1895 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIVа, 1895 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIVа, 1895 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIVа, 1895 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIVа, 1895 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIVа, 1895 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> editor <o> Fedor Petrushevsky <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> editor <o> Ivan Andreyevsky <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume V, 1891 <p> editor <o> Konstantin Arsenyev <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume Vа, 1892 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume Vа, 1892 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume Vа, 1892 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume Vа, 1892 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume Vа, 1892 <p> editor <o> Fedor Petrushevsky <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume Vа, 1892 <p> editor <o> Konstantin Arsenyev <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume Vа, 1892 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIII, 1892 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIII, 1892 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIII, 1892 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIII, 1892 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIII, 1892 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron </Graph> | <Text> :</Text> |
<Graph> : <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VII, 1892 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VII, 1892 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VII, 1892 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VII, 1892 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VII, 1892 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VI, 1892 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VI, 1892 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VI, 1892 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VI, 1892 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VI, 1892 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IVа, 1891 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IVа, 1891 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IVа, 1891 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IVа, 1891 <p> editor <o> Ivan Andreyevsky <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IVа, 1891 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IVа, 1891 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIIа, 1893 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIIа, 1893 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIIа, 1893 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIIа, 1893 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIIа, 1893 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIа, 1892 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIа, 1892 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIа, 1892 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIа, 1892 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIIа, 1892 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IV, 1891 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IV, 1891 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IV, 1891 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IV, 1891 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IV, 1891 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume IV, 1891 <p> editor <o> Ivan Andreyevsky <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIа, 1892 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIа, 1892 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIа, 1892 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIа, 1892 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume VIа, 1892 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIIа, 1903 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIIа, 1903 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIIа, 1903 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIIа, 1903 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIIа, 1903 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLIа, 1904 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLIа, 1904 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLIа, 1904 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLIа, 1904 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLIа, 1904 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIX, 1903 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIX, 1903 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIX, 1903 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIX, 1903 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIX, 1903 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary </Graph> | <Text> :</Text> |
<Graph> : <s> Category:Italian pronunciation <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Italian pronunciation <p> category combines topics <o> Italian <s> Category:Italian pronunciation <p> category combines topics <o> pronunciation <s> Vatican City <p> language used <o> Latin <s> Vatican City <p> enclave within <o> Rome <s> Vatican City <p> enclave within <o> Italy <s> Vatican City <p> continent <o> Europe <s> Vatican City <p> official language <o> Latin <s> Vatican City <p> capital <o> Vatican City <s> Vatican City <p> language used <o> Italian <s> Vatican City <p> shares border with <o> Italy <s> Vatican City <p> office held by head of state <o> pope <s> Vatican City <p> shares border with <o> European Union <s> Vatican City <p> official observer status in organisation <o> United Nations General Assembly <s> Vatican City <p> country <o> Vatican City <s> Vatican City <p> official language <o> French <s> Vatican City <p> different from <o> Vatican <s> Vatican City <p> present 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<p> has part(s) <o> T <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> C <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> R <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> D <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> I <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> E <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> H <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> L <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> O <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> N <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> M <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> P <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> Q <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> V <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) <o> S <s> Italian alphabet <p> instance of <o> Latin-script alphabet <s> Italian alphabet <p> different from <o> Italian orthography <s> Italian alphabet <p> has part(s) of the class <o> Latin-script letter <s> infinitive <p> different from <o> masdar <s> infinitive <p> instance of <o> grammatical mood <s> infinitive <p> subclass of <o> verb form <s> infinitive <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> infinitive <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Category:Italian-language films <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Italian-language films <p> category contains <o> film <s> Category:Italian-language films <p> category combines topics <o> Italian <s> Category:Italian-language films <p> category combines topics <o> film in this language <s> conditional <p> different from <o> optative <s> conditional <p> different from <o> subjunctive <s> conditional <p> instance of <o> grammatical mood </Graph> | <Text> :Vatican City , officially the Vatican City State , is a landlocked independent country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy. It became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law, which maintains the city-state's temporal power and governance, diplomatic, and spiritual independence.
With an area of 49 hectares and as of 2023 a population of about 764, it is the smallest state in the world both by area and by population. As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Pope, who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. After the Avignon Papacy the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere. The Vatican is also a metonym for the Holy See.
The Holy See dates back to early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which has approximately 1.329 billion baptised Catholics in the world as of 2018 in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. The independent state of Vatican City, on the other hand, came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States , which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.
Vatican City contains religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Apostolic Library, and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by donations from the faithful, by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs, fees for admission to museums, and sales of publications. Vatican City has no taxes, and items are duty-free.
The American Association for Italian Studies was founded in 1988. Its purpose is to encourage, support, and conduct research activities in Italian culture, including areas such as Italian language, art, music, history, literature, folklore, and popular culture, and well as its influence on other cultures.
Members of the Association are individuals either holding a Ph.D or Laurea in an area of Italian studies or an equivalent degree in Italian Studies; holding an academic position at the University or College level; enrolled in an advanced degree program in an area of Italian Studies above the master's degree Level.
The Association for the Study of Modern Italy was founded in 1982 by Christopher Seton-Watson, to bring together individuals and organisations from the UK and abroad with teaching, research, professional or general interests in modern Italy from all disciplinary angles.
Today, ASMI's membership is international and includes scholars and others from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds including history, political science, languages, geography, literature and anthropology.
The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy . The Greek alphabet was altered by the Etruscans, and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet.
The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet, and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, which are the same letters as the English alphabet.
Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system and is the
most widely adopted writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing the languages of Western and Central Europe, most of sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, as well as many languages in other parts of the world.
The script is either called Latin script or Roman script, in reference to its origin in ancient Rome . In the context of transliteration, the term "romanization" is often found. Unicode uses the term "Latin" as does the International Organization for Standardization .
Italian orthography uses 21 letters of the 26-letter Latin alphabet to write the Italian language. This article focuses on the writing of Standard Italian, based historically on the Florentine dialect, and not the other Italian dialects.
Written Italian is very regular and almost completely phonemic - having an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds . The main exceptions are that stress placement and vowel quality are not notated, <s> and <z> may be voiced or not, <i> and <u> may represent vowels or semivowels, and a silent <h> is used in a very few cases other than the digraphs <ch> and <gh> .
The base alphabet consists of 21 letters: five vowels and 16 consonants. The letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of the proper alphabet, and appear only in loanwords , foreign names, and in a handful of native words - such as the names Kalsa, Jesolo, Bettino Craxi, and Cybo, which all derive from regional languages. In addition, grave and acute accents may modify vowel letters; circumflex accent is much rarer and is found only in older texts.
Double consonants represent true geminates and are pronounced as such: anno "year", pronounced . The short-long length contrast is phonemic, e.g. ritto "upright" vs. rito "rite, ritual", carro "cart, wagon" vs. caro "dear, expensive".
Infinitive is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all languages. The name is derived from Late Latin infinitivus, a derivative of infinitus meaning "unlimited".
In traditional descriptions of English, the infinitive is the basic dictionary form of a verb when used non-finitely, with or without the particle to. Thus to go is an infinitive, as is go in a sentence like "I must go there" . The form without to is called the bare infinitive, and the form with to is called the full infinitive or to-infinitive.
In many other languages the infinitive is a distinct single word, often with a characteristic inflective ending, like cantar in Portuguese, morir in Spanish, manger in French, portare in Latin and Italian, lieben in German, chitat' in Russian, etc. However, some languages have no infinitive forms. Many Native American languages, Arabic, Asian languages such as Japanese, and some languages in Africa and Australia do not have direct equivalents to infinitives or verbal nouns. Instead, they use finite verb forms in ordinary clauses or various special constructions.
Being a verb, an infinitive may take objects and other complements and modifiers to form a verb phrase . Like other non-finite verb forms , infinitives do not generally have an expressed subject; thus an infinitive verb phrase also constitutes a complete non-finite clause, called an infinitive clause. Such phrases or clauses may play a variety of roles within sentences, often being nouns , and sometimes being adverbs or other types of modifier. Many verb forms known as infinitives differ from gerunds in that they do not inflect for case or occur in adpositional phrases. Instead, infinitives often originate in earlier inflectional forms of verbal nouns. Unlike finite verbs, infinitives are not usually inflected for tense, person, etc. either, although some degree of inflection sometimes occurs; for example Latin has distinct active and passive infinitives.
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<Graph> : <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLI, 1904 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLI, 1904 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLI, 1904 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLI, 1904 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLI, 1904 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIXа, 1903 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIXа, 1903 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIXа, 1903 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIXа, 1903 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIXа, 1903 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLа, 1904 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLа, 1904 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLа, 1904 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLа, 1904 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XLа, 1904 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XL, 1904 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XL, 1904 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XL, 1904 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XL, 1904 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XL, 1904 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIV, 1902 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIV, 1902 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIV, 1902 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIV, 1902 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIV, 1902 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVа, 1902 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVа, 1902 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVа, 1902 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVа, 1902 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVа, 1902 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXV, 1902 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXV, 1902 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXV, 1902 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXV, 1902 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXV, 1902 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVI, 1902 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVI, 1902 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVI, 1902 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVI, 1902 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVI, 1902 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIVа, 1902 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIVа, 1902 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIVа, 1902 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIVа, 1902 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIVа, 1902 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIа, 1903 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIа, 1903 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIа, 1903 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIа, 1903 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIIа, 1903 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary </Graph> | <Text> :</Text> |
<Graph> : <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIа, 1902 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIа, 1902 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIа, 1902 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIа, 1902 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIа, 1902 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIIIа, 1901 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIIIа, 1901 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIIIа, 1901 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIIIа, 1901 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXIIIа, 1901 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIII, 1903 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIII, 1903 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIII, 1903 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIII, 1903 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVIII, 1903 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVII, 1903 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVII, 1903 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVII, 1903 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVII, 1903 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXXVII, 1903 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> various authors <p> subclass of <o> collective <s> various authors <p> subclass of <o> group of humans <s> various authors <p> subclass of <o> author <s> various authors <p> instance of <o> term <s> various authors <p> said to be the same as <o> group of authors <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> instance of <o> human <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> place of birth <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Russian <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> country of citizenship <o> Russian Empire <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> writing language <o> Russian <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> place of death <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> occupation <o> writer <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> father <o> Konstantin Arsenyev <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> conflict <o> Russian Civil War <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> child <o> Mariya Arsenyeva <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> member of <o> Russian Academy of Sciences <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> described by source <o> New Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978) <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> occupation <o> lawyer <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> given name <o> Konstantin <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> child <o> Konstantin Arsenyev <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Konstantin Konstantinovich Arseniev <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> child <o> Boris Arsenyev <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> child <o> Yevgeny Arsenyev <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> patronym or matronym for this person <o> Konstantinovich <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> occupation <o> journalist <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> educated at <o> University of Bonn <s> Konstantin Arsenyev <p> educated at <o> Imperial School of Jurisprudence <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIа, 1896 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIа, 1896 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIа, 1896 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIа, 1896 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIа, 1896 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXIа, 1897 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXIа, 1897 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXIа, 1897 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXIа, 1897 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXIа, 1897 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXа, 1897 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXа, 1897 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXа, 1897 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXа, 1897 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXа, 1897 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVII, 1896 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVII, 1896 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVII, 1896 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVII, 1896 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVII, 1896 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation </Graph> | <Text> :The expression "various authors" is used to credit creative works which are the result of a collaboration. In English it is more common to describe the authors of such a compilation collectively, for example by saying for what occasion the texts were written or by naming one writer, for example the first one in the alphabet, and then adding et al.
It may be abbreviated as Vv.Aa., which is rarely used in English except by non-native speakers, who look for an exact equivalent to similar terms in Italian, Spanish, and some other languages. The expansion of the acronym is the Latin expression auctores varii.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Arsenyev was a Russian journalist, essayist, lawyer, historian and, in his later years, a liberal politician.
Having started out in Russky Vestnik in 1858-1861 with a series of articles on history, in 1859--1860 Arsenyev moved on to become the deputy editor of the newly born Zhurnal Ministerstva Yustitsiyi before joining in 1862 Otechestvennye Zapiski where he became known for his series of essays on the British constitution and was for a while a Foreign Review department editor. After a two decades' career of a respectable lawyer he retired and joined the staff of Severny Vestnik, the magazine to which he had been sporadically contributing since its inception in 1866. Numerous critical and analytical essays on, among others, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Gleb Uspensky and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, composed his 1888 book Critical Etudes on Russian Literature .
A long-standing member of the Russian Literary Fund chairmanship committee, in 1880s Arsenyev served several terms as its chairman. In 1891, with Fyodor Petrushevsky , he started editing the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Arsenyev was elected an honourable member of the Law Society at the Saint Petersburg University as well as of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society .
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<Graph> : <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXI, 1897 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXI, 1897 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXI, 1897 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXI, 1897 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXI, 1897 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIX, 1896 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIX, 1896 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIX, 1896 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIX, 1896 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIX, 1896 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIIа, 1896 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIIа, 1896 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIIа, 1896 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIIа, 1896 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIIIа, 1896 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXII, 1897 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXII, 1897 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXII, 1897 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXII, 1897 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XXII, 1897 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIII, 1896 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIII, 1896 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIII, 1896 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIII, 1896 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XVIII, 1896 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XX, 1897 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XX, 1897 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XX, 1897 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XX, 1897 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XX, 1897 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIXа, 1896 <p> publisher <o> Brockhaus–Efron <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIXа, 1896 <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIXа, 1896 <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIXа, 1896 <p> instance of <o> version, edition or translation <s> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. Volume XIXа, 1896 <p> part of <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> image <p> Wikidata property <o> image <s> image <p> has use <o> representation <s> image <p> subclass of <o> artificial object <s> image <p> subclass of <o> two-dimensional object <s> image <p> different from <o> company image <s> image <p> different from <o> Image <s> image <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Wikipedia images <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> author <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> commissioned by <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> characters <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> editor <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> genre <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> presenter <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> has edition or translation <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> instrumentation <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> main subject <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> original broadcaster <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> language of work or name <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> distribution format <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> title <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> full work available at URL <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> document file on Wikimedia Commons <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> production company <s> work <p> Wikidata property <o> notable work <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> narrator <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> Berlin cultural heritage ID <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> working title <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> Dialnet journal ID <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> art director <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> Austrian Textbook ID <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> OCLC work ID <s> work <p> part of <o> culture <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> removed feature <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> DPLA ID <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> introduced feature <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> number of parts of this work <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> Bekker Number <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> Galiciana work ID <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> subtitle <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> Cultural Objects Names Authority ID <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> copyright license <s> work <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Open Culture / GLAM Glossary <s> work <p> part of <o> art <s> work <p> category for eponymous categories <o> Category:Wikipedia categories named after works <s> work <p> part of <o> science <s> work <p> Wikidata property <o> fictional universe described in <s> work <p> Wikidata property <o> present in work <s> work <p> part of <o> collection <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> list of characters <s> work <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Works <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> BiblioNet publication ID <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> intended public <s> work <p> properties for this type <o> first line <s> work <p> has cause <o> exertion <s> work <p> subclass of <o> artificial object <s> work <p> said to be the same as <o> artificial object <s> art genre <p> has characteristic <o> tone (work) <s> art genre <p> subclass of <o> genre <s> art genre <p> different from <o> art group <s> art genre <p> different from <o> form of art <s> art genre <p> is metaclass for <o> work of art <s> art genre <p> different from <o> type of arts <s> art genre <p> instance of <o> metaclass <s> art genre <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Arts genres </Graph> | <Text> :An image is a visual representation. An image can be two-dimensional, such as a drawing, painting, or photograph, or three-dimensional, such as a carving or sculpture. Images may be displayed through other media, including projection on a surface, activation of electronic signals, or digital displays; they can also be reproduced through mechanical means, such as photography, printmaking or photocopying. Images can also be animated through digital or physical processes.
In the context of signal processing, an image is a distributed amplitude of color. In optics, the term "image" refers specifically to the reproduction of an object formed by light waves coming from the object.
A volatile image exists or is perceived only for a short period. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of a camera obscura, or a scene displayed on a cathode-ray tube. A fixed image, also called a hard copy, is one that has been recorded on a material object, such as paper or textile.
A mental image exists in an individual's mind as something one remembers or imagines. The subject of an image need not be real; it may be an abstract concept such as a graph or function, or an imaginary entity. For a mental image to be understood outside of an individual's mind, however, there must be a way of conveying that mental image through the words or visual productions of the subject.
Genre is any style or form of communication in any mode with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other forms of art or entertainment, based on some set of stylistic criteria Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand-alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed-upon or socially inferred conventions. Some genres may have rigid, strictly adhered-to guidelines, while others may show great flexibility.
Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature, as set out in Aristotle's Poetics. For Aristotle, poetry , prose, and performance each had specific design features that supported appropriate content of each genre. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, for example, and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best.
Genres proliferate and develop beyond Aristotle's classifications-- in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre has become a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictability through artistic expression. Given that art is often a response to a social state, in that people write, paint, sing, dance, and otherwise produce art about what they know about, the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings.
The term genre is much used in the history and criticism of visual art, but in art history has meanings that overlap rather confusingly. Genre painting is a term for paintings where the main subject features human figures to whom no specific identity attaches - in other words, figures are not portraits, characters from a story, or allegorical personifications. These are distinguished from staffage: incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting. Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings.
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<Graph> : <s> figurative art <p> subclass of <o> visual arts <s> figurative art <p> instance of <o> art genre <s> figurative art <p> subclass of <o> visual artwork <s> figurative art <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Figurative art <s> figurative art <p> opposite of <o> nonrepresentational art <s> Category:Portraits <p> category's main topic <o> portrait <s> Category:Portraits <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Portrait <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Portrait <p> category's main topic <o> portrait <s> portraitist <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Portrait artists <s> portraitist <p> instance of <o> profession <s> portraitist <p> subclass of <o> visual artist <s> portraitist <p> field of this occupation <o> portrait painting <s> Category:Wikipedia categories named after astronomers <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia meta category <s> Category:Wikipedia categories named after astronomers <p> category combines topics <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Wikipedia categories named after astronomers <p> category combines topics <o> astronomer <s> Category:Astronomers <p> category contains <o> human <s> Category:Astronomers <p> category's main topic <o> astronomer <s> Category:Astronomers <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> pseudoastronomer <p> subclass of <o> pseudoscientist <s> pseudoastronomer <p> opposite of <o> astronomer <s> pseudoastronomer <p> field of this occupation <o> pseudoastronomy <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> language of work or name <o> Russian <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> main subject <o> Russian <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> country of origin <o> Russian Empire <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> genre <o> encyclopedia <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> instance of <o> explanatory dictionary <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> instance of <o> dictionary of the Russian language <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> has edition or translation <o> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Third Edition <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> has edition or translation <o> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, First Edition <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> has edition or translation <o> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Second Edition <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> author <o> Vladimir Dal <s> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <p> genre <o> explanatory dictionary <s> list of works <p> related property <o> is a list of <s> list of works <p> related property <o> discography <s> list of works <p> related property <o> filmography <s> list of works <p> subproperty of <o> has list <s> list of works <p> related property <o> critical catalogue <s> list of works <p> property constraint <o> distinct-values constraint <s> list of works <p> property constraint <o> value-type constraint <s> list of works <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> list of works <p> property constraint <o> allowed-entity-types constraint <s> list of works <p> Wikidata property example <o> Franz Lehár <s> list of works <p> Wikidata property example <o> Leo Tolstoy <s> list of works <p> stability of property value <o> never changes <s> list of works <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> thematic catalog <s> list of works <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> catalogue of classical compositions <s> list of works <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> bibliography <s> list of works <p> inverse label item <o> lists works by <s> list of works <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> catalog of works <s> list of works <p> property constraint <o> single-value constraint <s> list of works <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property for items about people <s> occupation group according to ISCO-08 <p> instance of <o> job classification system <s> occupation group according to ISCO-08 <p> subclass of <o> occupation <s> occupation group according to ISCO-08 <p> facet of <o> International Standard Classification of Occupations </Graph> | <Text> :Figurative art, sometimes written as figurativism, describes artwork that is clearly derived from real object sources and so is, by definition, representational. The term is often in contrast to abstract art:
Painting and sculpture can therefore be divided into the categories of figurative, representational and abstract, although, strictly speaking, abstract art is derived from a figurative or other natural source. However, "abstract" is sometimes used as a synonym of non-representational art and non-objective art, i.e. art which has no derivation from figures or objects.
The formal elements, those aesthetic effects created by design, upon which figurative art is dependent, include line, shape, color, light and dark, mass, volume, texture, and perspective, although these elements of design could also play a role in creating other types of imagery--for instance abstract, or non-representational or non-objective two-dimensional artwork. The difference is that in figurative art these elements are deployed to create an impression or illusion of form and space, and, usually, to create emphasis in the narrative portrayed.
Figurative art is itself based upon a tacit understanding of abstracted shapes: the figure sculpture of Greek antiquity was not naturalistic, for its forms were idealized and geometric. Ernst Gombrich referred to the strictures of this schematic imagery, the adherence to that which was already known, rather than that which is seen, as the "Egyptian method", an allusion to the memory-based clarity of imagery in Egyptian art.
Eventually idealization gave way to observation, and a figurative art which balanced ideal geometry with greater realism was seen in Classical sculpture by 480 B.C. The Greeks referred to the reliance on visual observation as mimesis. Until the time of the Impressionists, figurative art was characterized by attempts to reconcile these opposing principles.
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expressions are predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, to most successfully engage the subject with the viewer.
Plastered human skulls were reconstructed human skulls that were made in the ancient Levant between 9000 and 6000 BC in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. They represent some of the oldest forms of art in the Middle East and demonstrate that the prehistoric population took great care in burying their ancestors below their homes. The skulls denote some of the earliest sculptural examples of portraiture in the history of art.
Most early representations that are clearly intended to show an individual are of rulers, and tend to follow idealizing artistic conventions, rather than the individual features of the subject's body, though when there is no other evidence as to the ruler's appearance the degree of idealization can be hard to assess. Nonetheless, many subjects, such as Akhenaten and some other Egyptian pharaohs, can be recognised by their distinctive features. The 28 surviving rather small statues of Gudea, ruler of Lagash in Sumer between c. 2144-2124 BC, show a consistent appearance with some individuality, although it is sometimes disputed that these count as portraits.
Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people who were not rulers are the Greco-Roman funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypt's Faiyum district. These are almost the only paintings from the classical world that have survived, apart from frescos, though many sculptures and portraits on coins have fared better. Although the appearance of the figures differs considerably, they are considerably idealized, and all show relatively young people, making it uncertain whether they were painted from life.
The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language , commonly known as Dal's Explanatory Dictionary , is a major explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. It contains about 220,000 words and 30,000 proverbs . It was collected, edited and published by academician Vladimir Ivanovich Dal , one of the most prominent Russian language lexicographers and folklore collectors of the 19th century.
Dal's Explanatory Dictionary of the Great Russian language was the only substantial dictionary printed repeatedly in the Soviet Union in compliance with the old rules of spelling and alphabet, which were repealed in 1918.
The author shows his specific understanding of the Russian language on the cover, using the old spelling Tolkovyi slovar' zhivago velikoruskago iazyka .
However, this is a unique spelling deviation from the standard grammar, on which Dal insisted. In his speeches at the Russian Geographical Society Dal opposes the "illiterate" distortion of words in vulgar parlance. However he distinguishes between these distortions and regional dialectical variations, which he collected meticulously over decades of travel from European Russia to Siberia.
Another principle on which Dal insisted rigorously was the rejection of transliterated/transcribed foreign-language roots as base words, in favour of Russian roots. However certain loanwords like "prospekt" ) were included.
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Oxford <p> has part(s) <o> University of Oxford Botanic Garden </Graph> | <Text> :The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.
The University of Oxford is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, four permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions. Each college is a self-governing institution within the university, controlling its own membership and having its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college. Traditionally, each of Oxford's constituent colleges is associated with another of the colleges in the University of Cambridge, with the only exceptional addition of Trinity College, Dublin. It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. Postgraduate teaching is provided in a predominantly centralised fashion.
Oxford operates the Ashmolean Museum, the world's oldest university museum; Oxford University Press, the largest university press in the world; and the largest academic library system nationwide. In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2023, the university had a total consolidated income of PS2.92 billion, of which PS789 million was from research grants and contracts.
Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 30 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world. As of October 2022, 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have matriculated, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals. Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes.
Elias Ashmole FRS was an English antiquary, politician, officer of arms, astrologer and student of alchemy. Ashmole supported the royalist side during the English Civil War, and at the restoration of Charles II he was rewarded with several lucrative offices.
Ashmole was an antiquary with a strong Baconian leaning towards the study of nature. His library reflected his intellectual outlook, including works on English history, law, numismatics, chorography, alchemy, astrology, astronomy and botany. Although he was one of the founding Fellows of the Royal Society, a key institution in the development of experimental science, his interests were antiquarian and mystical as well as scientific. He was an early freemason, although the extent of his involvement and commitment is unclear. Throughout his life he was an avid collector of curiosities and other artefacts. Many of these he acquired from the traveller, botanist and collector John Tradescant the Younger. Ashmole donated most of his collection, his antiquarian library and priceless manuscripts to the University of Oxford to create the Ashmolean Museum.
Ashmole was born on 23 May 1617 in Breadmarket Street, Lichfield, Staffordshire. His family had been prominent, but its fortunes had declined by the time of Ashmole's birth. His mother, Anne, was the daughter of a wealthy Coventry draper, Anthony Bowyer, and a relative of James Paget, a Baron of the Exchequer. His father, Simon Ashmole , was a saddler, who had served as a soldier in Ireland and Europe. Elias Ashmole attended Lichfield Grammar School and became a chorister at Lichfield Cathedral. In 1633, he went to live in London as mentor to Paget's sons, and in 1638, with James Paget's help, he qualified as a solicitor. He enjoyed a successful legal practice in London, and married Eleanor Mainwaring , a member of a declasse Cheshire aristocratic family, who died, while pregnant, only three years later on 6 December 1641. Still in his early twenties, Ashmole had taken the first steps towards status and wealth. He also became allied with Major-General Charles Worsley , brother-in-law of his sister, Mary Ashmole, who married John Booth, of Salford.
Ashmole supported the side of Charles I in the Civil War. At the outbreak of fighting in 1642, he left London for the house of his father-in-law, Peter Mainwaring of Smallwood, Cheshire. There he lived a retired life until 1644, when he was appointed King's Commissioner of Excise at Lichfield. Soon afterwards, at the suggestion of George Wharton, a leading astrologer with strong court connections, Ashmole was given a military post at Oxford, where he served as an ordnance officer for the King's forces. In his spare time, he studied mathematics and physics at his lodgings, Brasenose College. There he acquired a deep interest in astronomy, astrology and magic. In late 1645, he left Oxford to accept the position of Commissioner of Excise at Worcester. Ashmole was given the additional military post of captain in Lord Astley's Regiment of Foot, part of the Royalist Infantry, though as a mathematician, he was seconded to artillery positions. He seems never to have participated in any actual fighting.
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Before that, it was the location of Beaumont Palace, now noted by a plaque near the junction with Walton Street. Nikolaus Pevsner considered it "the finest street ensemble of Oxford."
Richard I of England and John, King of England who succeeded him , both sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively.
At the western end is Worcester College and the junction with Walton Street to the north and Worcester Street to the south. Halfway along to the north is St John Street. To the south is the Oxford Playhouse, designed by Sir Edward Maufe and built in 1938, where many University productions are held. To the north at the eastern end is the Ashmolean Museum. Opposite the eastern end is the Martyrs' Memorial. Here, Beaumont Street adjoins St Giles' to the north and Magdalen Street to the south. Oxford's foremost hotel, the Randolph, is on the corner with Magdalen Street, designed by William Wilkinson in the Victorian Gothic style and built in 1864. An extension was added in 1952 to the west, designed by J. Hopgood.
Oxfordshire is a ceremonial county in South East England. The county is bordered by Northamptonshire and Warwickshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the east, Berkshire to the south, and Wiltshire and Gloucestershire to the west. The city of Oxford is the largest settlement and county town.
The county is largely rural, with an area of 2,605 km2 and a population of 691,667. After Oxford , the largest settlements are Banbury and Abingdon-on-Thames . For local government purposes Oxfordshire is a non-metropolitan county with five districts. The part of the county south of the River Thames, largely corresponding to the Vale of White Horse district, was historically part of Berkshire.
The lowlands in the centre of the county are crossed by the River Thames and its tributaries, the valleys of which are separated by low hills. The south contains parts of the Berkshire Downs and Chiltern Hills, and the north-west includes part of the Cotswolds; all three regions are Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The county's highest point is White Horse Hill ), part of the Berkshire Downs.
Oxfordshire was recorded as a county in the early years of the 10th century and lies between the River Thames to the south, the Cotswolds to the west, the Chilterns to the east and the Midlands to the north, with spurs running south to Henley-on-Thames and north to Banbury.
Alexander John Sturgis is a British art historian and museum curator. He is the current Director of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. He was Director of the Holburne Museum in Bath from 2005 to September 2014.
Sturgis was born on 6 November 1963 in London, England. He was educated at Marlborough College, a private school in Marlborough, Wiltshire. He studied history at University College, University of Oxford from 1982 to 1985. He graduated Bachelor of Arts , which was later promoted to Master of Arts . He then undertook post-graduate study in art history at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. He completed his Doctor of Philosophy in 1990.
Sturgis worked at the National Gallery, an art museum in London, from 1991 to 2005. Beginning his career in the education department, he later served as exhibitions and programmes curator for six years, from 1999 to 2005. In 2005, he was appointed Director of the Holburne Museum in Bath. During his time at Holburne, he oversaw a renovation of the museum that included a PS13 million extension.
He moved to the City of Oxford for the beginning of the 2014/15 academic year to take up the appointment of Director of the University of Oxford's Ashmolean Museum on 1 October 2014. He is also a Supernumerary Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford.
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. It had a population of 162,100 at the 2021 census. It is 56 miles north-west of London, 64 miles south-east of Birmingham and 61 miles north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, information technology and science.
The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the Saxon period. Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the River Thames at its junction with the River Cherwell, the town grew in national importance during the early Norman period, and in the late 12th century became home to the fledgling University of Oxford. The city was besieged during The Anarchy in 1142.
The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation, emerging as the seat of a bishopric and a full-fledged city. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I and stood at the heart of national affairs.
The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century, with major printing and car-manufacturing industries. These declined, along with other British heavy industry, in the 1970s and 1980s, leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past.
The Taylor Institution is the Oxford University library dedicated to the study of the languages of Europe. Its building also includes lecture rooms used by the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, University of Oxford. Since 1889, an Annual Lecture on a subject of Foreign Literature has been given at the Taylorian Institution.
The Taylor Institution was established in 1845, funded largely by a bequest from the estate of the notable architect Sir Robert Taylor . Modern European languages were not then taught at the University. Since the Bodleian Library lacked space, the Taylorian was initially used to house things as varied as Stubbs's lectures on English history and the Hope collection of butterflies.
The institution and its library are found in the east wing of a neo-classical building at the southern end of St Giles'. It was designed by Charles Cockerell to accommodate the institution and the University Galleries and opened in 1845. The building was extended to the north along St Giles' to designs by T.H. Hughes in 1931 and 1938.
The library serves, for the greater part, those studying for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, for the various Master's degrees, and for the DPhil at Oxford University. The collections include Modern European languages, among them French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese languages with a total of around five hundred thousand volumes. The Greek and Slavonic collections consist of European languages found further eastward, including the Greek, Slavic , Uralic, and Albanian languages.
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shares border with <o> Zuidplas <s> Rotterdam <p> instance of <o> human settlement <s> Rotterdam <p> head of government <o> Ahmed Aboutaleb <s> Rotterdam <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Nieuwe Waterweg </Graph> | <Text> :Rick Mather was an American-born architect working in England. Born in Portland, Oregon and awarded a B.arch. at the University of Oregon in 1961, he came to London in 1963 and worked at the architectural firm Lyons Israel Ellis for two years. He became a leading figure at the Architectural Association in the 1970s, and in 1973 founded his own practice, Rick Mather Architects.
Mather set up his own practice, Rick Mather Architects, in 1973. The partners at Rick Mather Architects Gavin Miller and Stuart Cade have since launched a new practice MICA, which will complete the remaining RMA projects, whilst simultaneously working on its own strategic masterplans, buildings and landscapes.
Mather was widely respected for his sensitive and carefully considered approach, and his innovation in low energy design. Rick's vision and insight, with its clear logic, and elegant articulation, is reflected in many award winning buildings, both in the UK and abroad. Characteristics of his buildings include extensive use of structural glass and natural lighting of interior spaces, respect for existing buildings, and sustainability.
Mather oversaw many significant buildings, including the Ashmolean Museum, Keble College, Dulwich Picture Gallery, together with the masterplan for London's Southbank Centre. His built projects include:
Charles Robert Cockerell RA was an English architect, archaeologist, and writer. He studied architecture under Robert Smirke. He went on an extended Grand Tour lasting seven years, mainly spent in Greece. He was involved in major archaeological discoveries while in Greece. On returning to London, he set up a successful architectural practice. Appointed Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts, he served in that position between 1839 and 1859. He wrote many articles and books on both archaeology and architecture. In 1848, he became the first recipient of the Royal Gold Medal.
Charles Robert Cockerell was born in London on 27 April 1788, the third of eleven children of Samuel Pepys Cockerell, educated at Westminster School from 1802, where he received an education in Latin and the Classics. From the age of sixteen, he trained in the architectural practice of his father, who held the post of surveyor to East India House, and several London estates. From 1809 to 1810 Cockerell became an assistant to Robert Smirke, helping in the rebuilding of Covent Garden Theatre .
On 14 April 1810 he set off on the Grand Tour. Due to the Napoleonic Wars much of Europe was closed to the British, so he headed for Cadiz, Malta and Constantinople ; from there he went to Troy, finally arriving in Athens, Greece by January 1811. In Constantinople he met John Foster who would accompany him on his tour. In April 1811 he was in Aegina where he helped excavate the Temple of Aphaea , finding fallen fragmentary pediment sculptures , which he discovered were originally painted. On 18 August 1811 he set out with three companions from Zakynthos on a tour of Morea, aiming for the temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia. The magnificent Bassae Frieze that Cockerell discovered at the temple was eventually excavated and sold to the British Museum. His tour continued visiting, Sparta, Argos, Tiryns, Mycenae, Epidaurus and Corinth returning to Athens. It was there that he met Frederick North, who persuaded Cockerell and Foster to accompany him to Egypt, setting off in late 1811, they travelled via Crete, where North abandoned the idea, so Cockerell and Foster decided to visit the Seven churches of Asia and visit Hellenistic sites along the way, the itinerary was: Smyrna, Pergamon, Sardis, Ephesus, Priene and Side. They arrived in Malta on 18 July 1812, where Cockerell was confined to bed for three weeks with a fever. By 28 August 1812 they were in Sicily, where they stayed several months studying the chief Greek temples, drawing a reconstruction of the Temple of the Olympian Zeus, Agrigento. From December 1813 to February 1814 he was in Syracuse, Sicily working on drawings for a projected book on Aegina, Phigalia and the Bassae Frieze, he left to return to Athens where he continued work on the book, only to fall ill again on 22 August, he was still ill on 10 November, when he wrote to his sister. On his recovery he continued his travels, in January 1814 he was in Ioannina, where he had an audience with Ali Pasha. Returning to Athens, before going on in May 1814 to Zakynthos to attend the sale of the Bassae Frieze. Back in Athens he met an old school friend John Spencer Stanhope and his brother, between August and October he was struck down by the fever again, but was well enough to attend a celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Salamis at Piraeus on 25 October. In December 1814 he returned to the Temple of Aphaea for a fortnight to check and correct his drawings. In a letter of 23 December 1814 he details his re-discovery of entasis, he enclosed a sketch for Robert Smirke of one of the Parthenon columns showing its outline.
Thanks to the abdication of Napoleon in April 1814, the Kingdom of Sicily and Rome were now open to the British, so on 15 January 1815 Cockerell left for Naples in the company of Jakob Linckh, they visited Pompeii and only reached Rome on 28 July. The circle he mixed with in Rome included: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Antonio Canova, Bertel Thorvaldsen, Peter von Cornelius, Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, Heinrich Maria von Hess, Ludwig Vogel, Johannes Riepenhausen, Franz Riepenhausen and the Knoering brothers. Writing to his father in August 1815 he said 'I should be out of my wits at the attention paid me here, I have an audience daily of savants, artists & amateurs who come and see my drawings; envoys and ambassadors beg to know when it will be convenient for me to show them some sketches; Prince Poniatowski and Prince Saxe-Gotha beg to be permitted to see them...'. Much of his time in Rome was spent on preparing his drawings for publication. Writing to his father on 28 December saying he had purchased copies of Domenico Fontana's Della transportatione dell'obelisco Vaticano e delle fabriche di Sisto V and Martino Ferraboschi's Architettura della basilica di S. Pietro in Vaticano. In 1816 Cockrell moved on to Florence. Cockerell was presented to Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and was awarded the diploma of Academician of the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno. While in Florence in early 1816 Cockerell produced a design for Wellington Palace for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, it would have been in the style of Greek Revival architecture on a scale to rival Blenheim Palace, though in the end nothing came of the proposal. In June he suffered another bout of ill health. From Florence Cockerell continued his tour visiting Pisa for a month, returning to Florence, he set out on 13 September for Bologna, Ferrara, then travelling by boat along the Po to Venice where he stayed three weeks. From Venice, Cockerell visited Andrea Palladio's buildings along the Brenta and at Vicenza, passing on to Mantua and the Palazzo del Te, Parma, Milan, Genoa and back to Rome from where he set off in March 1817 to return home via Paris.
The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam , colloquially known as the Stedelijk, is a museum for modern art, contemporary art, and design located in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
The 19th-century building was designed by Adriaan Willem Weissman and the 21st century wing with the current entrance was designed by Benthem Crouwel Architects. It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South, where it is close to the Van Gogh Museum, the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw.
The collection comprises modern and contemporary art and design from the early 20th century up to the 21st century. It features artists such as Vincent van Gogh, Wassily Kandinsky, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Karel Appel, Andy Warhol, Willem de Kooning, Marlene Dumas, Lucio Fontana, and Gilbert & George.
The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, opened on 14 September 1895 as an initiative of the local authority and private individuals. The Dutch Neo-Renaissance style museum building was designed by Dutch architect Adriaan Willem Weissman as part of a modernization project spearheaded by local citizens starting in 1850. The construction of the building was largely funded in 1890 by Sophia Adriana de Bruyn. Specifically, it was built under the Vereeniging tot het Vormen van een Verzameling van Hedendaagsche Kunst , which was founded in 1874, to house de Bruyn's collection of art and antiques that she donated to the city along with a considerable sum of money. The Van Eeghen family also contributed to the construction costs and donated paintings from the collection of Christiaan Pieter van Eeghen. The building was constructed between 1891 and 1895 at Paulus Potterstraat, a short walking distance from the Rijksmuseum. The museum's original collection included militaria of the Amsterdam militia, Asiatic art, and artifacts from the Museum of Chronometry and the Medical-Pharmaceutical Museum.
A conflagration is a large fire. Conflagrations often damage human life, animal life, health, and/or property. A conflagration can begin accidentally or be intentionally created . A very large fire can produce a firestorm, in which the central column of rising heated air induces strong inward winds, which supply oxygen to the fire. Conflagrations can cause casualties including deaths or injuries from burns, trauma due to collapse of structures and attempts to escape, and smoke inhalation.
Firefighting is the practice of extinguishing a conflagration, protecting life and property and minimizing damage and injury. One of the goals of fire prevention is to avoid conflagrations. When a conflagration is extinguished, there is often a fire investigation to determine the cause of the fire.
During a conflagration a significant movement of air and combustion products occurs. Hot gaseous products of combustion move upward, causing the influx of more dense cold air to the combustion zone. Sometimes, the influx is so intense that the fire grows into a firestorm.
The Netherlands , informally Holland, is a country located in northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium. The official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English, and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean territories.
Netherlands literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with 26% situated below sea level. Most of the areas below sea level, known as polders, are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century. In the Republican period, which began in 1588, the Netherlands entered a unique era of political, economic, and cultural greatness, ranked among the most powerful and influential in Europe and the world; this period is known as the Dutch Golden Age. During this time, its trading companies, the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, established colonies and trading posts all over the world.
With a population of 17.9 million people, all living within a total area of 41,850 km2 --of which the land area is 33,500 km2 --the Netherlands is the 16th most densely populated country, with a density of 535 people per square kilometre . Nevertheless, it is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil, mild climate, intensive agriculture, and inventiveness. The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and the nominal capital.
The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. The country has a tradition of pillarisation and a long record of social tolerance, having legalised prostitution and euthanasia, along with maintaining a liberal drug policy. The Netherlands allowed women's suffrage in 1919 and was the first country to legalise same-sex marriage in 2001. Its mixed-market advanced economy has the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. The Hague holds the seat of the States General, Cabinet and Supreme Court. The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest in Europe. Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands, and the fourth busiest in Europe. The Netherlands is a founding member of the European Union, Eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD, and WTO, as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts intergovernmental organisations and international courts, many of which are in The Hague.
Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the province of South Holland, part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta, via the "New Meuse" inland shipping channel, dug to connect to the Meuse at first and now to the Rhine.
Rotterdam's history goes back to 1270, when a dam was constructed in the Rotte. In 1340, Rotterdam was granted city rights by William IV, Count of Holland. The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 10th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country.
Rotterdam is known for its university, riverside setting, lively cultural life, maritime heritage and modern architecture. The near-complete destruction of the city centre in the World War II Rotterdam Blitz has resulted in a varied architectural landscape, including skyscrapers designed by architects such as Rem Koolhaas, Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel.
The Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe, including the highly industrialized Ruhr. The extensive distribution system including rail, roads, and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames "Gateway to Europe" and "Gateway to the World".
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George van Beuningen <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Dutch <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> country of citizenship <o> Kingdom of the Netherlands <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> father <o> Hendrik Adriaan van Beuningen <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> occupation <o> businessperson <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> occupation <o> art collector <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> occupation <o> philanthropist <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> given name <o> Daniël <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> employer <o> SHV Holdings <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> owner of <o> D. G. van Beuningen art collection <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> employer <o> Dutch Coal Trade Union <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> relative <o> Willem van Dedem <s> Daniël George van Beuningen <p> depicted by <o> Beteiligte Privatpersonen und Körperschaften am NS-Kulturgutraub </Graph> | <Text> :Museumpark is an urban park in Rotterdam, Netherlands, located between the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Westersingel, Westzeedijk and the complex of the Erasmus MC, a medical centre affiliated with the Erasmus University.
The park lies on the former land of the Hoboken family, who lived in the building that is since 1987 the Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam. The park was laid out in 1927 to the design of the architect Witteveen. On the south side of the pond in the park a monument for Gerrit Jongh, director of municipal works in Rotterdam. There are several artworks in the park, so it also serves as a sculpture garden.
Van der Steur studied engineering at the Technische Hogeschool Delft . After finalizing his studies in 1918 he worked for the Nederlandse Spoorwegen and later was an architect with Gemeentewerken Rotterdam . Like other architects in Dutch municipal and government service of that era, Van der Steur designed his buildings in the 1920s in a style similar to that of Willem Marinus Dudok and the Amsterdam School. In the early part of this period, he designed mainly schools, such as the Johan van Oldenbarnevelt HBS .
His work was not limited to Rotterdam. He also designed the main office of IJsselmij in Zwolle ; an office building for an insurance company , today the residence of the Yugoslavia Tribunaleight railway stations ; and one of the faculty buildings of his old school the Polytechnic University Delft .
Van der Steur was as an architect not only involved in the design of new buildings, but also in the restoration of some highly visible buildings in several cities, such as the City hall of Gouda, City hall of Middelburg and the Great or Saint Laurence Church of Rotterdam.
Van der Steur was born into a family of architects, whose members sometimes are confused in relevant literature. His grandfather Adrianus van der Steur was architect in Haarlem. His son and Ad's father, J.A.G. van der Steur was a professor and architect in Delft. Besides Ad, his brother A.J. van der Steur was architect and another brother J.A.G. van der Steur jr. was a civil engineer involved in the design of Stormvloedkering Hollandse IJssel in Krimpen aan den IJssel.
Bodon's father, K. Bodon, was a Hungarian interior architect. As a young man Alexander was first taught the trade of building furniture, and in 1924 began studying in Budapest. He moved to the Netherlands in 1929 to continue his studies, working with, among others, the architect Jan Wils. He later worked for architects Jan Buijs and Lursen, and for the agencies of Ben Merkelbach and Charles Karsten.
He received his first assignment in 1932, for the Schroder en Dupont bookstore on the Keizersgracht in Amsterdam.
Bodon had a studio in Amsterdam in 1934, together with Eva Besnyo and Carel Blazer , and was a member of the group De 8. From 1935 to 1940 he led the short-lived Nieuwe Kunstschool , a school for the arts whose students included Otto Treumann, Benno Premsela, and Violette Cornelius. Bodon taught at the school, and later served as its director.
He was established as an independent architect by 1945, and after 1954 was a partner in the architectural and engineering firm J.P. van Bruggen, G. Drexhage, J.J. Sterkenburg en Alexander Bodon. He is best known as the architect of the Amsterdam RAI . Other notable works include the Apollo Hotel in Amsterdam .
The Museum Card, also known as the Museumkaart in Dutch, is a personal card that grants free entry to approximately 400 museums in the Netherlands for one year. It is available for purchase at many of the larger participating museums or online, with a temporary card issued when purchased from the museum. While most museums offer free entry to Museum Card holders, some museums may charge an additional fee for special exhibitions, but not for general collections.
Buying the card online is only possible for Dutch residents with a Dutch IBAN and a registered Dutch address. Tourists or visitors from other countries who want to purchase the Museum Card can do so at participating museums, where a temporary card is issued, valid for 31 days or 5 visits.
The Museum Card, issued by the Dutch Museum Association, is intended to encourage repeat visits to museums and foster a stronger connection between museums and their patrons. The Museum Card Foundation is responsible for managing the card, coordinating the annual Museum Weekend event, and assisting with the promotion of affiliated museums. The revenue generated from the sale of the card contributes to the support of participating museums. Affiliated museums are recognized in the Dutch Museum Register and hold membership in the Dutch Museum Association.
The Museum Card is available to buy at many of the participating museums below. It was noteworthy that the main web page for the Museum Card was available in Dutch only and it did not provide any translation, however there are now currently translations into English and German.
Dirk Hannema was a controversial museum director and art collector. The Museum Boijmans flourished under his directorship, but he was also arrested and interned for eight months for his conduct during the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II. Further, his reputation was severely damaged when he inaccurately attributed various forgeries to the painter Johannes Vermeer, among others. However, a quarter century after his death, he was at least partially vindicated when Le Blute-Fin Mill, a painting he had championed as a van Gogh, was finally authenticated as being by the renowned painter.
Dirk Hannema was born in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, the son of Dirk Hannema and Hermine Elise de Stuers. When he was five, the family moved to the Netherlands. After graduating from high school and fulfilling his military service, he studied law at Leiden University between 1917 and 1919, and then art history at Utrecht University.
He did not graduate, accepting a position as assistant at the Museum Boijmans in Rotterdam. When F. Schmidt Degener was appointed director of the Rijksmuseum, Hannema took his place as director of the Museum Boijmans at the age of 26. Under his leadership, the museum made some notable acquisitions. He was also instrumental in the construction of a new building, built by architect A. van der Steur in close collaboration with Hannema. The building opened in 1935. That same year, Franz Koenigs loaned the museum his collection of drawings. In 1938, Hannema acquired Christ and the disciples at Emmaus or simply The Emmaus, a painting he attributed to Vermeer. Hannema was awarded an honorary doctorate by Utrecht University in 1939.
During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands for most of World War II, Hannema was pro-German. In 1940, he was involved in the sale of the art collection formed by Franz Koenigs to the Germans. The following year, he became a member of the Kultuurraad or "Culture Council", an advisory group of 23 pro-German "wise men" in the arts and sciences, and was put in charge of the country's museums in 1943 by Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart.
DG was born in Utrecht. He was the son of Hendrik Adriaan van Beuningen, and an English woman, Anna Lavenia Brain of Kelmscott. However, he made his reputation in Rotterdam where he focused on the economic transformation of the port of that city, which became one of the largest ports in the world in those days. He was a well known celebrity, not only in the city itself but also across the Netherlands and further afield.
His father was co-founder of the Steenkolen Handels Vereniging, which became important during the World War I supplying both the English and German armies with coal. Daniel was involved as a prominent member of the Dutch Coal Trade Union, an organisation which represented the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate in the Netherlands. He started shipping German coal to Rotterdam to compete with coal imported from England. This involved the choice of barges rather than railway wagons to ship coal and led to major advances in the mechanical handling of coal. Van Beuningen went on to lead a large number of companies in the port of Rotterdam, and after the war he owned most of these companies and became active in Rotterdam society. In 1937 he was one of the co-financial partners of the newly built Stadion Feijenoord, buying the ground where the stadium was built and was one of the founders for the Harbour Hospital in the city. During the World War II in 1941 he resigned. In 1954, several months before his death in Arlesheim, Switzerland the Van Beuningen family was forced to withdraw completely out of the SHV Holdings, as there was no placeable family member to become director.
Van Beuningen was a collector of art from the 15th and 16th century out of the northern and southern parts of the Netherlands. During his life he gave several of his collections away to the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen.
During his life he married three times. His first marriage was to Mies Schout Velthuys, but because of his hard work they hardly saw each other. She died in 1926 aged 43. A short second marriage to Odette Paule Fernande Ragoulleau ended in divorce. In 1938 he married for a third time to Bep Charlouis.
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museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <p> country <o> Netherlands <s> museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Rotterdam <s> museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <p> location <o> Museumpark <s> museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <p> instance of <o> sculpture garden <s> museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <p> part of <o> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <s> museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <p> has part(s) <o> Museumtuinbrug <s> museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <p> heritage designation <o> Rijksmonument <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> country <o> Netherlands <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> instance of <o> museum storage <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> instance of <o> storage building <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> architect <o> MVRDV <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> occupant <o> Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> location <o> Museumpark <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Rotterdam <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> located on street <o> Museumpark <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> structural engineer <o> Royal BAM Group <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> payment types accepted <o> VriendenLoterij VIP-KAART <s> Depot Boijmans van Beuningen <p> payment types accepted <o> Museumkaart <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> country <o> Netherlands <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> instance of <o> architectural ensemble <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> has part(s) <o> G.J. de Jongh Monument <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> has part(s) <o> Van der Steurgebouw <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> has part(s) <o> fencing pillar with blazon and lions <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> has part(s) <o> museum garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Rotterdam <s> Museum area Boymans Van Beuningen <p> heritage designation <o> Rijksmonument complex <s> registered museum <p> prerequisite <o> Museumnorm <s> registered museum <p> used by <o> Museumregister Nederland <s> registered museum <p> conferred by <o> Stichting Museumregister Nederland <s> registered museum <p> instance of <o> certificate <s> registered museum <p> instance of <o> certification mark </Graph> | <Text> :Hubert-Jan Henket is a Dutch architect. He is a specialist in the relations between old and new buildings, the redesign of buildings, renovation and restoration. He is the founder of DOCOMOMO international.
Henket graduated in 1969 cum laude in architecture from the Technische Hogeschool Delft where he was taught by Jaap Bakema and Aldo van Eyck. In 1969-1970 he was given a grant by the Finnish government to study urbanism at the Otaniemi university of Helsinki, Teknillinen korkeakoulu. He worked with the Finnish architect Reima Pietila. Between 1970 and 1974 he worked for Castle Park Dean Hook architects in London. Acting for this company, he was director of the Housing Renewal Unit in London from 1974 until 1976. In 1976 Henket started his own architectural practice in the Netherlands " Hubert-Jan Henket architecten". When he handed over the directorship of the office to Janneke Bierman in 2005, the name was changed to "Henket and partners architects" and in 2010 to "Bierman Henket architects". Since them, the practice has facilitated his architectural activities.
When he started working in London, Henket began teaching at The Bartlett School of Architecture of University College London. In 1976 he became "wetenschappelijk hoofdmedewerker" in renovation technique at the Technische Hogeschool Delft. From 1984 to 1998 he was professor in building technology at the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven , and from 1998 until in 2005 he held one of the chairs in architecture at Delft University of Technology.
In 1988 Henket and Wessel de Jonge founded Docomomo International, the working party for the documentation and conservation of buildings, neighborhoods and landscapes of the Modern Movement. The organization has 73 chapters worldwide. Henket is the honorary president of the organization. In 1999 the Dutch Broadcasting Corporation showed the documentary Hubert-Jan Henket, man van staal, hout en glas in the documentary series "Het Uur van de Wolf".
Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the province of South Holland, part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta, via the "New Meuse" inland shipping channel, dug to connect to the Meuse at first and now to the Rhine.
Rotterdam's history goes back to 1270, when a dam was constructed in the Rotte. In 1340, Rotterdam was granted city rights by William IV, Count of Holland. The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 10th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country.
Rotterdam is known for its university, riverside setting, lively cultural life, maritime heritage and modern architecture. The near-complete destruction of the city centre in the World War II Rotterdam Blitz has resulted in a varied architectural landscape, including skyscrapers designed by architects such as Rem Koolhaas, Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel.
The Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe, including the highly industrialized Ruhr. The extensive distribution system including rail, roads, and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames "Gateway to Europe" and "Gateway to the World".
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<p> shares border with <o> Carson <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Inglewood <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Huntington Park <s> Los Angeles <p> named after <o> Queen of Heaven <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Westmont <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Willowbrook <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Ladera Heights <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> South Pasadena <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Hidden Hills <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Monterey Park <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> Vernon <s> Los Angeles <p> shares border with <o> El Segundo <s> Valderas Museum <p> country <o> Spain <s> Valderas Museum <p> country of origin <o> United States of America <s> Valderas Museum <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Ronda <s> Valderas Museum <p> instance of <o> multiplayer map <s> Valderas Museum <p> instance of <o> fictional museum <s> Valderas Museum <p> media franchise <o> Call of Duty <s> Valderas Museum <p> based on <o> J. Paul Getty Museum <s> Valderas Museum <p> present in work <o> Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II <s> Valderas Museum <p> creator <o> Infinity Ward <s> Valderas Museum <p> takes place in fictional universe <o> Call of Duty universe </Graph> | <Text> :Museumpark is an urban park in Rotterdam, Netherlands, located between the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Westersingel, Westzeedijk and the complex of the Erasmus MC, a medical centre affiliated with the Erasmus University.
The park lies on the former land of the Hoboken family, who lived in the building that is since 1987 the Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam. The park was laid out in 1927 to the design of the architect Witteveen. On the south side of the pond in the park a monument for Gerrit Jongh, director of municipal works in Rotterdam. There are several artworks in the park, so it also serves as a sculpture garden.
A stichting is a Dutch legal entity with limited liability, but no members or share capital, that exists for a specific purpose. This form of entity makes it possible to separate functions of ownership and control. Its use has been pioneered successfully in recent years as a 'poison pill' style defence tactic in hostile takeover situations by Scott V Simpson, one of Europe's leading mergers and acquisitions lawyers.
A stichting is a legal person created through a legal act. This act is usually either a notarised deed that contains the articles of the foundation which must include the first appointed board. No government authority is involved in the creation or authorization of a foundation. It acquires full legal capacity through its sole creation. A foundation has no members and its purpose must be stated in its articles, using capital dedicated to such goal. The foundations are defined in the Dutch Civil Code , Boek 2 Art 285-304. It is not necessary in the Netherlands that a foundation serves a purpose of general interest, but its official goal cannot include making payments to anybody, except for charitable causes. A foundation is governed and represented by a board that is responsible for the foundation's administration. The board does not have a requirement for specific number of members.
Art. 2:289 of the Civil Code establishes that all foundations must be registered in the Register of Commerce or "Kamer van Koophandel". Commercial activities are allowed if they are within the purpose of the foundation and are taxed. Board members can be held liable for the foundation, civilly as well as criminally.
The Dutch Tax Service can declare an institution to be an "institution for general benefit" , with tax benefits. Often, but not necessarily, this is a foundation. Conversely, not every foundation qualifies.
Los Angeles , often referred to by its initials L.A., is the most populous city in the U.S. state of California. With roughly 3.9 million residents within the city limits as of 2020, Los Angeles is the second-most populous city in the United States, behind only New York City; it is also the commercial, financial and cultural center of Southern California. Los Angeles has a Mediterranean climate and an ethnically and culturally diverse population, and it is the principal city of a metropolitan area of 13.2 million people. Greater Los Angeles, which includes the Los Angeles and Riverside-San Bernardino metropolitan areas, is a sprawling metropolis of over 18 million residents.
The majority of the city proper lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending partly through the Santa Monica Mountains and north into the San Fernando Valley, with the city bordering the San Gabriel Valley to its east. It covers about 469 square miles , and is the county seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million residents as of 2022. It is the fourth-most visited city in the U.S. with over 2.7 million visitors as of 2022.
The area that became Los Angeles was originally inhabited by the indigenous Tongva people and later claimed by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor Felipe de Neve, on the village of Yaanga. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican-American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California.
Los Angeles has a diverse economy with a broad range of industries. Despite a post-COVID-19 pandemic exodus of entertainment production and talent, Los Angeles is still best known as the home of the Hollywood film industry, the world's largest by revenue; the city was an important site in the history of film. It also has one of the busiest container ports in the Americas. In 2018, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion, making it the city with the third-largest GDP in the world, after New York and Tokyo. Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympics in 1932 and 1984, and will also host in 2028. More recently, statewide droughts in California have strained both the city's and Los Angeles County's water security.
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system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and written forms, and may also be conveyed through sign languages. Human language is characterized by its cultural and historical diversity, with significant variations observed between cultures and across time. Human languages possess the properties of productivity and displacement, which enable the creation of an infinite number of sentences, and the ability to refer to objects, events, and ideas that are not immediately present in the discourse. The use of human language relies on social convention and is acquired through learning.
Estimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. Precise estimates depend on an arbitrary distinction established between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken, signed, or both; however, any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli - for example, writing, whistling, signing, or braille. In other words, human language is modality-independent, but written or signed language is the way to inscribe or encode the natural human speech or gestures.
Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings. Oral, manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.
The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Critical examinations of languages, such as philosophy of language, the relationships between language and thought, how words represent experience, etc., have been debated at least since Gorgias and Plato in ancient Greek civilization. Thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions, while others like Immanuel Kant have argued that languages originated from rational and logical thought. Twentieth century philosophers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language itself. Major figures in contemporary linguistics of these times include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
The caves near Pula , Lim bay, Sandalja, and Roumald's cave, house Stone Age archaeological remains. Less ancient Stone Age sites, from the period between 6000 and 2000 BC can also be found in the area. More than 400 locations are classified as Bronze Age items. Numerous findings including weapons, tools, and jewelry) which are from the earlier iron era around the beginning of common era.
The Istrian peninsula was known to Romans as the terra magica. Its name is derived from the Histri, an Illyrian tribe who as accounted by the geographer Strabo lived in the region. Romans described them as pirates who were hard to conquer due to the difficulty of navigating the territory. After two military campaigns, Roman legions finally subdued them in 177 BC.
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Istria was conquered by the Goths and then by the Byzantines. During Byzantine rule, it was shortly ruled by Avars. Istria was annexed by the Lombards in 751, by the Avars in 774, by the Franks during the reign of Charlemagne in 789, and successively controlled by various dukes, . Later it was run by the patriarchs of Aquileia.
In 1267 the Republic of Venice annexed the western and southern coast of the Istrian peninsula because of the strong presence of the autochthonous Italian community; during this period the region prospered. The major Istrian cities were reborn under Italian government; it was in this half millennium that they developed architecturally and culturally. The eastern half of Istria was administered by the Habsburgs, and was referred to as "Imperial Istria" with its capital at Pisino .
In linguistic typology, subject-verb-object is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third. Languages may be classified according to the dominant sequence of these elements in unmarked sentences . English is included in this group. An example is "Sam ate yogurt."
SVO is the second-most common order by number of known languages, after SOV. Together, SVO and SOV account for more than 87% of the world's languages.
The label SVO often includes ergative languages although they do not have nominative subjects.
Subject-verb-object languages almost always place relative clauses after the nouns which they modify and adverbial subordinators before the clause modified, with varieties of Chinese being notable exceptions.
Although some subject-verb-object languages in West Africa, the best known being Ewe, use postpositions in noun phrases, the vast majority of them, such as English, have prepositions. Most subject-verb-object languages place genitives after the noun, but a significant minority, including the postpositional SVO languages of West Africa, the Hmong-Mien languages, some Sino-Tibetan languages, and European languages like Swedish, Danish, Lithuanian and Latvian have prenominal genitives .
A pro-drop language is a language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omitted when they can be pragmatically or grammatically inferable. The precise conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate. The phenomenon of "pronoun-dropping" is part of the larger topic of zero or null anaphora. The connection between pro-drop languages and null anaphora relates to the fact that a dropped pronoun has referential properties, and so is crucially not a null dummy pronoun.
Pro-drop is a problem when translating to a non-pro-drop language such as English, which requires the pronoun to be added, especially noticeable in machine translation. It can also contribute to transfer errors in language learning.
An areal feature of some European languages is that pronoun dropping is not, or seldom, possible ; this is the case for English, French, German, and Emilian dialect, among others. In contrast, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Slavic languages, Finno-Ugric languages, Italian, Spanish exhibit frequent pro-drop features. Some languages, such as Hindi, Greek, and European Portuguese, exhibit pro-drop in any argument.
The term "pro-drop" stems from Noam Chomsky's "Lectures on Government and Binding" from 1981 as a cluster of properties of which "null subject" was one .
The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and perfect aspect that is used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is used particularly in the context of English grammar to refer to forms like "I have finished". The forms are present because they use the present tense of the auxiliary verb have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination with the past participle of the main verb.
Analogous forms are found in some other languages, and they may also be described as present perfect; they often have other names such as the German Perfekt, the French passe compose and the Italian passato prossimo. They may also have different ranges of usage: in all three of the languages just mentioned, the forms in question serve as a general past tense, at least for completed actions.
In English, completed actions in many contexts are referred to using the simple past verb form rather than the present perfect. English also has a present perfect continuous form, which combines present tense with both perfect aspect and continuous aspect: "I have been eating". The action is not necessarily complete; and the same is true of certain uses of the basic present perfect when the verb expresses a state or a habitual action: "I have lived here for five years."
In modern English, the auxiliary verb used to form the present perfect is always to have. A typical present perfect clause thus consists of the subject, the auxiliary have/has, and the past participle of main verb. Examples:
The pluperfect , usually called past perfect in English, is a type of verb form, generally treated as a grammatical tense in certain languages, relating to an action that occurred prior to an aforementioned time in the past. Examples in English are: "we had arrived"; "they had written".
The word derives from the Latin plus quam perfectum, "more than perfect". The word "perfect" in this sense means "completed"; it contrasts with the "imperfect", which denotes uncompleted actions or states.
In English grammar, the pluperfect is now usually called the past perfect, since it combines past tense with perfect aspect. English also has a past perfect progressive form: "had been writing".
The pluperfect is traditionally described as a tense; in modern linguistic terminology it may be said to combine tense with grammatical aspect; namely past tense and perfect aspect. It is used to refer to an occurrence that at a past time had already been started , .
The pluperfect , usually called past perfect in English, is a type of verb form, generally treated as a grammatical tense in certain languages, relating to an action that occurred prior to an aforementioned time in the past. Examples in English are: "we had arrived"; "they had written".
The word derives from the Latin plus quam perfectum, "more than perfect". The word "perfect" in this sense means "completed"; it contrasts with the "imperfect", which denotes uncompleted actions or states.
In English grammar, the pluperfect is now usually called the past perfect, since it combines past tense with perfect aspect. English also has a past perfect progressive form: "had been writing".
The pluperfect is traditionally described as a tense; in modern linguistic terminology it may be said to combine tense with grammatical aspect; namely past tense and perfect aspect. It is used to refer to an occurrence that at a past time had already been started , .
The present tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time. The present tense is used for actions which are happening now. In order to explain and understand present tense, it is useful to imagine time as a line on which the past tense, the present and the future tense are positioned. The term present tense is usually used in descriptions of specific languages to refer to a particular grammatical form or set of forms; these may have a variety of uses, not all of which will necessarily refer to present time. For example, in the English sentence "My train leaves tomorrow morning", the verb form leaves is said to be in the present tense, even though in this particular context it refers to an event in future time. Similarly, in the historical present, the present tense is used to narrate events that occurred in the past.
There are two common types of present tense form in most Indo-European languages: the present indicative and the present subjunctive . The present tense is mainly classified into four parts or subtenses.
The present indicative of most verbs in modern English has the same form as the infinitive, except for the third-person singular form, which takes the ending -s. The verb be has the forms am, is, are. For details, see English verbs. For the present subjunctive, see English subjunctive.
A number of multi-word constructions exist to express the combinations of present tense with the basic form of the present tense is called the simple present; there are also constructions known as the present progressive , the present perfect , and the present perfect progressive .
The generally accepted four branches of the Romance languages are Western Romance, Italo-Dalmatian, Sardinian and Eastern Romance. But there are other ways that the languages of Italo-Dalmatian can be classified in these branches:
The Venetian language is sometimes added to Italo-Dalmatian when excluded from Gallo-Italic, and then usually grouped with Istriot. However, Venetian is not grouped into the Italo-Dalmatian languages by Ethnologue and Glottolog, unlike Istriot.
Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City and western Istria . It used to have official status in Albania, Malta and Monaco, where it is still widely spoken, as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. The Italian language was initially and primarily based on Florentine: it has been then deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy while its received pronunciation is based on the accent of the Roman dialect; these are the reasons why Italian differs significantly from Tuscan and its Florentine variety.
Central Italian, or Latin-Umbrian-Marchegian and in Italian linguistics as "middle Italian dialects", is mainly spoken in the regions of: Lazio ; Umbria; central Marche; a small part of Abruzzo and Tuscany.
In linguistics, a gerund is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages; most often, but not exclusively, it is one that functions as a noun. The name is derived from Late Latin gerundium, meaning "which is to be carried out". In English, the gerund has the properties of both verb and noun, such as being modifiable by an adverb and being able to take a direct object. The term "-ing form" is often used in English to refer to the gerund specifically. Traditional grammar makes a distinction within -ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
The Latin gerund, in a restricted set of syntactic contexts, denotes the sense of the verb in isolation after certain prepositions, and in certain uses of the genitive, dative, and ablative cases. It is very rarely combined with dependent sentence elements such as object. To express such concepts, the construction with the adjectival gerundive is preferred. By contrast, the term gerund has been used in the grammatical description of other languages to label verbal nouns used in a wide range of syntactic contexts and with a full range of clause elements.
Thus, English grammar uses gerund to mean an -ing form used in non-finite clauses such as playing on computers. This is not a normal use for a Latin gerund. Moreover, the clause may function within a sentence as subject or object, which is impossible for a Latin gerund.
The objection to the term gerund in English grammar is that -ing forms are frequently used in ways that do not conform to the clear-cut three-way distinction made by traditional grammar into gerunds, participles and nouns.
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Paul Getty <s> Getty Villa <p> location <o> Pacific Palisades <s> Getty Villa <p> parent organization <o> J. Paul Getty Trust <s> Getty Villa <p> located on street <o> State Route 1 </Graph> | <Text> :Jean Paul Getty Sr. was an American-born British petroleum industrialist who founded the Getty Oil Company in 1942 and was the patriarch of the Getty family. A native of Minneapolis, he was the son of pioneer oilman George Getty. In 1957, Fortune magazine named him the wealthiest living American, while the 1966 Guinness Book of Records declared him the world's wealthiest private citizen, worth an estimated $1.2 billion . At the time of his death, he was worth more than $6 billion . A book published in 1996 ranked him as the 67th wealthiest American who ever lived .
Getty is considered to have been frugal, notably negotiating his grandson's kidnapping ransom in 1973. He had five children and divorced five times. Getty was an avid collector of art and antiquities. His collection formed the basis of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles; more than $661 million of his estate was left to the museum after his death. He established the J. Paul Getty Trust in 1953. The trust, which is the world's wealthiest art institution, operates the J. Paul Getty Museum Complexes: the Getty Center, the Getty Villa and the Getty Foundation, the Getty Research Institute, and the Getty Conservation Institute.
Getty was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Sarah Catherine McPherson and George Getty, who was an attorney in the insurance industry. His parents raised him as a Methodist; his father was a devout Christian Scientist, and both were strict teetotalers. He was of part Scottish descent. In 1903, when Getty was 10 years old, George Getty traveled to Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and bought the mineral rights for 1,100 acres of land. The Getty family subsequently moved to Bartlesville, where J. Paul Getty attended the Garfield School. Within a few years Getty had established wells on the land that were producing 100,000 barrels of crude oil a month.
As newly minted millionaires, the family moved to Los Angeles, but J. Paul Getty later returned to Oklahoma. At age 14, he attended Harvard Military School for a year, followed by Polytechnic High School, where he was given the nickname "Dictionary Getty" because of his love of reading. He became fluent in French, German and Italian, and conversational in Spanish, Greek, Arabic and Russian. A love of the classics led Getty to acquire reading proficiency in Ancient Greek and Latin.
Portrait of Madame Brunet is an oil painting on canvas by Edouard Manet, begun in 1861 and completed in 1863. Its subject is Caroline de Pene, the wife of the sculptor Eugene Cyrille Brunet. According to Duret she was not beautiful and - although Manet flattered her - she burst into tears when she first saw the painting. It originally depicted the sitter full-length, but by 1867 Manet had cut away the bottom section.
The tonality of the painting, with its emphasis on black, shows the influence of Spanish art, and Diego Velazquez in particular. Velazquez's Philip IV as a Hunter has been suggested as a likely inspiration for the landscape background.
When first exhibiting the work in 1867, Manet entitled it Portrait of Madame B.. At that exhibition Moreau-Nelaton referred to it as La Parisienne de 1862 . Tabarant stated its subject to be Madame Brunet, nee Penne, and called the painting La Femme au gant . In 1902, Theodore Duret retitled the work Jeune dame en 1860 .
The work was mocked by the popular press and refused by its subject, remaining in Manet's studio for a long time. It appears in the inventory of his works as number 14 with the title Woman with a Glove, Fashion of 1850, being retitled Young Woman of 1860 at the 1884 sale of his works. Just after the sale, Durand-Ruel sold it to Jacques-Emile Blanche, who sold on the painting around 1930 to the galerie Knoedler in Paris. It was then acquired by Mrs Charles S. Payson nee Joan Witney.
A Woman Preparing Bread and Butter for a Boy is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch. It is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Getty Center.
10. A WOMAN CUTTING BREAD AND BUTTER FOR A BOY, WHO IS SAYING GRACE. Sm. 54; deG. 48. In a room with a window at the back sits a woman, wearing a dark jacket and a blue skirt. She has a loaf of bread in her left hand, and is taking a piece of butter from a plate on a chair at her left. To her right stands a boy with folded hands, clasping his hat to his breast. The room is in subdued light. The open half-door of a passage with tiled floor beyond looks on the street; the ground before a house opposite is illumined by sunshine. Although the picture has not the brilliant effect so much esteemed, it is a very pleasing and satisfactory example.
Canvas on panel, 26 inches by 20 1/2 inches. Mentioned by Waagen, Supplement, p. 342. Sales. Amsterdam , April 16, 1750 . Jan Gildemeester Jansz, Amsterdam, June 11, 1800 . A. Meynts, Amsterdam, July 15, 1823 . In the collection of the Baron J. G. Verstolk van Soelen, The Hague, sold in 1846 as a whole to Thomas Baring, Humphrey Mildmay, and Lord Overstone. Sale. Humphrey Bingham Mildmay,; London, June 24, 1893, No. 30 . Now in the Drummond collection, Montreal.Richard Meier is an American abstract artist and architect, whose geometric designs make prominent use of the color white. A winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1984, Meier has designed several iconic buildings including the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, the Getty Center in Los Angeles, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, and San Jose City Hall. In 2018, some of Meier's employees accused him of sexual assault, which led to him resigning from his firm in 2021.
Meier was born to a Jewish family, the oldest of three sons of Carolyn and Jerome Meier, a wholesale wine and liquor salesman, in Newark, New Jersey. He grew up in nearby Maplewood, where he attended Columbia High School. He earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Cornell University in 1957.
In 1972, he was identified as one of The New York Five, a group of modernist architects: Meier, Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, and John Hejduk. Early in his career, Meier worked with artists such as painter Frank Stella and favored structures that were white and geometric.
Meier first gained recognition for his designs for various houses, for The Atheneum, a visitors center in New Harmony, Indiana , and for the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia .
The Getty Center, in Los Angeles, California, is a campus of the Getty Museum and other programs of the Getty Trust. The $1.3 billion center opened to the public on December 16, 1997, and is well known for its architecture, gardens, and views overlooking Los Angeles. The center sits atop a hill connected to a visitors' parking garage at the bottom of the hill by a three-car, cable-pulled hovertrain people mover.
Located in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, the center is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum and draws 1.8 million visitors annually. The center branch of the museum features pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and photographs from the 1830s through present day from all over the world. In addition, the museum's collection at the center includes outdoor sculpture displayed on terraces and in gardens and the large Central Garden designed by Robert Irwin. Among the artworks on display is the Vincent van Gogh painting Irises.
Designed by architect Richard Meier, the campus also houses the Getty Research Institute , the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, and the J. Paul Getty Trust. The center's design included special provisions to address concerns regarding earthquakes and fires.
Originally, the Getty Museum started in J. Paul Getty's house located in Pacific Palisades in 1954. He expanded the house with a museum wing. In the 1970s, Getty built a replica of an Italian villa on his home's land to better house his collection, which opened in 1974. After Getty's death in 1976, the entire property was turned over to the Getty Trust for museum purposes. However, the collection outgrew the site, which has since been renamed the Getty Villa, and management sought a location more accessible to Los Angeles. The purchase of the land upon which the center is located, a campus of 24 acres on a 110-acre site in the Santa Monica Mountains above Interstate 405, surrounded by 600 acres kept in a natural state, was announced in 1983. The top of the hill is 900 feet above sea level, high enough that on a clear day it is possible to see not only the Los Angeles skyline but also the San Bernardino Mountains, and San Gabriel Mountains to the east as well as the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The J. Paul Getty Trust is the world's wealthiest art institution, with an estimated endowment of US$7.7 billion in 2020. Based in Los Angeles, California, it operates the J. Paul Getty Museum, which has two locations--the Getty Center in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles and the Getty Villa in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles. Its other programs are the Getty Foundation, the Getty Research Institute, and the Getty Conservation Institute.
With an estimated 1.6 million visitors per year, the trust operates one of the most visited museums in the United States. The trust also provides grants and training to other museums and cultural institutions. The trust has a library, publications program and visiting scholar program. The trust's conservation program is dedicated to advancing conservation practice through the creation and delivery of knowledge. However, since 2008, the trust has scaled back the scope of its activities in response to financial challenges.
The J. Paul Getty Museum Trust was established by business tycoon J. Paul Getty in 1953. Getty had founded the Getty Oil Company in 1942, and Fortune magazine named him the richest living American in 1957. At his death, he was worth more than $2 billion. Getty died in 1976 and left the bulk of his estate, including nearly $660 million worth of stock in Getty Oil, to the J. Paul Getty Museum Trust. Legal conflicts over the will took years to resolve, but in 1982, the trust finally received Getty's full bequest. The trust began to add a number of new programs in 1982, and in February 1983, it petitioned the court to change its name to 'The J. Paul Getty Trust'.
In 1997, Barry Munitz was named the president and CEO of the trust. He began work in January 1998, succeeding Harold M. Williams, the first president of the Getty Trust, who oversaw construction of the $1 billion Getty Center designed by architect Richard Meier. With an endowment of $4.2 billion, in 2009 the Getty Trust was the wealthiest art institution in the world. Early in his tenure, Munitz reorganized the Getty Trust, closing two of the institution's six programs--the Getty Information Institute and the Getty Education Institute. To deal with long-run financial issues, he sought to cultivate relationships with donors and corporate partners. His leadership became increasingly controversial as the Getty Trust was embroiled in numerous controversies relating to the provenance of various antiquities in the Getty Museum's collections and Munitz' expense account. In the midst of an investigation by the California Attorney General, Munitz resigned in 2006 and was forced to "forgo his severance package of more than $2 million, and reimburse the Getty Trust for $250,000 after alleged improprieties including lavish expense account spending."
The Getty Villa is an educational center and art museum located at the easterly end of the Malibu coast in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. One of two campuses of the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Getty Villa is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD, including the Lansdowne Heracles and the Victorious Youth. The UCLA/Getty Master's Program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation is housed on this campus.
In 1954, oil tycoon J. Paul Getty opened a gallery adjacent to his home in Pacific Palisades. Quickly running out of room, he built a second museum, the Getty Villa, on the property down the hill from the original gallery. The villa design was inspired by the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum and incorporated additional details from several other ancient sites.
It was designed by architects Robert E. Langdon, Jr., and Ernest C. Wilson, Jr., in consultation with archeologist Norman Neuerburg. It opened in 1974, but was never visited by Getty, who died in 1976. Following his death, the museum inherited $661 million and began planning a much larger campus, the Getty Center, in nearby Brentwood. The museum overcame neighborhood opposition to its new campus plan by agreeing to limit the total size of the development on the Getty Center site. To meet the museum's total space needs, the museum decided to split between the two locations with the Getty Villa housing the Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities.
In 1993, the Getty Trust selected the Boston architects Rodolfo Machado and Jorge Silvetti to design a renovation of the Getty Villa and its campus. In 1997, portions of the museum's collection of Greek, Roman and Etruscan antiquities were moved to the Getty Center for display, and the Getty Villa was closed for renovation. The collection was restored during the renovation.
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Feynman <p> described by source <o> Den Store Danske Encyklopædi <s> Richard Feynman <p> influenced by <o> Paul Dirac <s> Richard Feynman <p> mother <o> Lucille Feynman <s> Richard Feynman <p> father <o> Melville Arthur Feynman <s> Richard Feynman <p> occupation <o> percussionist <s> Richard Feynman <p> member of <o> American Physical Society <s> Richard Feynman <p> cause of death <o> abdominal cancer <s> Richard Feynman <p> manner of death <o> natural causes <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> The Character of Physical Law <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> Feynman checkerboard <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> Bethe–Feynman formula <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> reverse sprinkler <s> Richard Feynman <p> member of <o> National Academy of Sciences <s> Richard Feynman <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978) <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Al Hibbs <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Laurie Brown <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> James M. Bardeen <s> Richard Feynman <p> occupation <o> science communicator <s> Richard Feynman <p> occupation <o> quantum physicist <s> Richard Feynman <p> place of birth <o> Far Rockaway <s> Richard Feynman <p> spouse <o> Arline Feynman <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> Cargo Cult Science <s> Richard Feynman <p> occupation <o> politician <s> Richard Feynman <p> occupation <o> physicist <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Sam M. Berman <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Michael Cohen <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Henry Hoyt Hilton <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Steven Kenneth Kauffmann <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Koichi Mano <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Howard Arthur Kabakow <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Carl Iddings <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Philip Moss Platzman <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Willard Henry Wells <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Elisha R. Huggins <s> Richard Feynman <p> doctoral student <o> Frank Edward Barnes <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> The Feynman Lectures on Physics <s> Richard Feynman <p> educated at <o> Massachusetts Institute of Technology <s> Richard Feynman <p> given name <o> Phillips <s> Richard Feynman <p> described by source <o> Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia <s> Richard Feynman <p> notable work <o> “Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!” <s> Richard Feynman <p> occupation <o> theoretical physicist <s> Richard Feynman <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Richard Feynman <s> Richard Feynman <p> child <o> Michelle Feynman <s> Richard Feynman <p> described by source <o> Obalky knih.cz <s> Richard Feynman <p> student of <o> Abram Bader <s> Richard Feynman <p> family name <o> Feynman <s> Richard Feynman <p> academic thesis <o> The principle of least action in quantum mechanics </Graph> | <Text> :Timothy Potts was educated at the University of Sydney and holds a DPhil in Near Eastern art and archaeology from the University of Oxford, where he was a research lecturer and British Academy Research Fellow in Near Eastern Archaeology and Art at Christ Church, Oxford . His research interests are Ancient Near Eastern art history, archaeology and history; museology; the classical tradition in western art.
Dr. Potts acted as co-director of the University of Sydney excavations at Pella, Jordan from 1982 to 1989. He worked at Lehman Brothers in New York from 1990 to 1994, after which he became director of the National Gallery of Victoria . In conjunction with his directorship at the National Gallery of Victoria, Timothy was an Adjunct Professor at La Trobe University, and a Professorial Fellow at the University of Melbourne. He was the Director of the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas from 1998 to 2007 and the Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England from 2007 to 2012.
In 2007, Duncan Robinson retired, Potts took over as the Fitzwilliam Museum's 12th Director. During his time at the Fitzwilliam , Potts served as Chairman of the Art Committee, with Mr Donald Hearn as Bursar, at Clare College, Cambridge Dr. Potts also directed studies in the History of Art for Clare College.
Between his academic and museum positions, Potts had a corporate career with Lehman Brothers where he was Senior Vice President of the Media and Communications Group, Investment Banking Department, from 1990 to 1994.
During Dr. Potts' tenure as director of the Kimbell Art Museum he added many pieces of art to the Kimbell's permanent collection: in sculpture, St John the Baptist by Michelozzo, Virgin and Child by Donatello, Relief Head of Christ attributed to Tullio Lombardo, Isabella d'Este by Gian Cristoforo Romano, Late Gothic Silver-Gilt Virgin and Child , and Modello for the Fountain of the Moor by Bernini; in paintings, The Judgment of Paris by Lucas Cranach the Elder, and A Dentist by Candlelight by Gerrit Dou; in antiquities, Head of an Athlete after Lysippos, and The Death of Pentheus by Douris; in Precolumbian art, 5th-century Maya Jade Belt Ornament, and Codex-Style Cup showing Scribal Training by the "Princeton Painter"; and in Asian art, Bamboo and Rocks by Tan Zhirui.
Diplomacy is the main instrument of foreign policy which represents the broader goals and strategies that guide a state's interactions with the rest of the world. International treaties, agreements, alliances, and other manifestations of international relations are usually the result of diplomatic negotiations and processes. Diplomats may also help shape a state by advising government officials.
Modern diplomatic methods, practices, and principles originated largely from 17th-century European custom. Beginning in the early 20th century, diplomacy became professionalized; the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, ratified by most of the world's sovereign states, provides a framework for diplomatic procedures, methods, and conduct. Most diplomacy is now conducted by accredited officials, such as envoys and ambassadors, through a dedicated foreign affairs office. Diplomats operate through diplomatic missions, most commonly consulates and embassies, and rely on a number of support staff; the term diplomat is thus sometimes applied broadly to diplomatic and consular personnel and foreign ministry officials.
The term diplomacy is derived from the 18th-century French term diplomate , based on the ancient Greek diploma, which roughly means "an object folded in two". This reflected the practice of sovereigns providing a folded document to confer some official privilege; prior to the invention of the envelope, folding a document served to protect the privacy of its content. The term was later applied to all official documents, such as those containing agreements between governments, and thus became identified with international relations. This established history has in recent years been criticized by scholars pointing out how the term originates in the political context of the French Revolution.
Some of the earliest known diplomatic records are the Amarna letters written between the pharaohs of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt and the Amurru rulers of Canaan during the 14th century BC. Peace treaties were concluded between the Mesopotamian city-states of Lagash and Umma around approximately 2100 BC. Following the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC during the nineteenth dynasty, the pharaoh of Egypt and the ruler of the Hittite Empire created one of the first known international peace treaties, which survives in stone tablet fragments, now generally called the Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty.
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus a central figure in the revolutionary reshaping of the scientific understanding of nature that modern physics accomplished in the first decades of the twentieth century. His mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time. His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein broadly synonymous with genius.
Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zurich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life. In 1903, he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia.
In 1933, while he was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi "war of extermination" against his fellow Jews, Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally viewed the idea of nuclear weapons with great dismay.
In 1905, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis , Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. These outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity--a theory which addressed the inability of classical mechanics to account satisfactorily for the behavior of the electromagnetic field--and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. The middle part of his career also saw him making important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that proved ultimately unsuccessful. Firstly, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice". Secondly, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism too. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.
Stephen William Hawking was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world.
Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of physicians. In October 1959, at the age of 17, he began his university education at University College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA degree in physics. In October 1962, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where, in March 1966, he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology.
In 1963, at age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, over decades, paralysed him. After the loss of his speech, he communicated through a speech-generating device initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle.
Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a major breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Richard Phillips Feynman was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichiro Tomonaga.
Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, he was ranked the seventh-greatest physicist of all time.
He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to the wider public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.
Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think?, and books written about him such as Tuva or Bust! by Ralph Leighton and the biography Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.
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It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together is called the "physical sciences".
History of physical science - history of the branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together called the "physical sciences". However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena . The four main branches of physical science are astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences, which include meteorology and geology.
Physics - branch of science that studies matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. Physics is one of the "fundamental sciences" because the other natural sciences deal with systems that seem to obey the laws of physics. According to physics, the physical laws of matter, energy and the fundamental forces of nature govern the interactions between particles and physical entities . Some of the basic pursuits of physics, which include some of the most prominent developments in modern science in the last millennium, include:
A frazione is a type of subdivision of a comune in Italy, often a small village or hamlet outside the main town. Most frazioni were created during the Fascist era as a way to consolidate territorial subdivisions in the country.
The term frazioni refers to the villages or hamlets that often make up a comune in rural Italian areas. Subdivision of a comune is optional; some comuni have no frazioni, but others have several dozen. The comune usually has the same name of the capoluogo, but not always, in which case it is called a comune sparso.
In practice, most frazioni are small villages or hamlets, occasionally just a clump of houses. Not every hamlet is classified as a frazione; those that are not are often referred to as localita, for example, in the telephone book. In some cases, frazioni are more populous than the capoluogo of the comune. Due to unusual circumstances or to the depopulation of the capoluogo, the town hall and its administrative functions can move to one of the frazioni: the comune still retains the name of the capoluogo.
Historically, many frazioni came into being during the Fascist era, when a major effort was made to consolidate and rationalize the territorial subdivisions of the country. Sometimes, a frazione represents a former comune that was believed to be no longer viable.
Stroke or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly.
Signs and symptoms of stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, dizziness, or loss of vision to one side. Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours, the stroke is a transient ischemic attack , also called a mini-stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of stroke can be permanent. Long-term complications may include pneumonia and loss of bladder control.
The biggest risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include high blood cholesterol, tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, a previous TIA, end-stage kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation. Ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain's membranes. Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured brain aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically based on a physical exam and supported by medical imaging such as a CT scan or MRI scan. A CT scan can rule out bleeding, but may not necessarily rule out ischemia, which early on typically does not show up on a CT scan. Other tests such as an electrocardiogram and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes. Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms.
Prevention includes decreasing risk factors, surgery to open up the arteries to the brain in those with problematic carotid narrowing, and warfarin in people with atrial fibrillation. Aspirin or statins may be recommended by physicians for prevention. Stroke or TIA often requires emergency care. Ischemic stroke, if detected within three to four-and-a-half hours, may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot. Some cases of hemorrhagic stroke benefit from surgery. Treatment to attempt recovery of lost function is called stroke rehabilitation, and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however, these are not available in much of the world.
Neurology , "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system.
A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, diagnose and treat neurological disorders. Neurologists diagnose and treat myriad neurologic conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, brain infections, autoimmune neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, brain injury, headache disorders like migraine, tumors of the brain and dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Neurologists may also have roles in clinical research, clinical trials, and basic or translational research. Neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery.
The academic discipline began between the 15th and 16th centuries with the work and research of many neurologists such as Thomas Willis, Robert Whytt, Matthew Baillie, Charles Bell, Moritz Heinrich Romberg, Duchenne de Boulogne, William A. Hammond, Jean-Martin Charcot, C. Miller Fisher and John Hughlings Jackson. Neo-Latin neurologia appeared in various texts from 1610 denoting an anatomical focus on the nerves , and was most notably used by Willis, who preferred Greek neurologia.
Many neurologists also have additional training or interest in one area of neurology, such as stroke, epilepsy, headache, neuromuscular disorders, sleep medicine, pain management, or movement disorders.
Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated. In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a minimum period of seven years after graduating from medical school.
In the United States, a neurosurgeon must generally complete four years of undergraduate education, four years of medical school, and seven years of residency . Most, but not all, residency programs have some component of basic science or clinical research. Neurosurgeons may pursue additional training in the form of a fellowship after residency, or, in some cases, as a senior resident in the form of an enfolded fellowship. These fellowships include pediatric neurosurgery, trauma/neurocritical care, functional and stereotactic surgery, surgical neuro-oncology, radiosurgery, neurovascular surgery, skull-base surgery, peripheral nerve and complex spinal surgery. Fellowships typically span one to two years. In the U.S., neurosurgery is a very small, highly competitive specialty, constituting only 0.5 percent of all physicians.
In the United Kingdom, students must gain entry into medical school. The MBBS qualification takes four to six years depending on the student's route. The newly qualified physician must then complete foundation training lasting two years; this is a paid training program in a hospital or clinical setting covering a range of medical specialties including surgery. Junior doctors then apply to enter the neurosurgical pathway. Unlike most other surgical specialties, it currently has its own independent training pathway which takes around eight years ; before being able to sit for consultant exams with sufficient amounts of experience and practice behind them. Neurosurgery remains consistently amongst the most competitive medical specialties in which to obtain entry.
Intracranial hemorrhage , also known as intracranial bleed, is bleeding within the skull. Subtypes are intracerebral bleeds , subarachnoid bleeds, epidural bleeds, and subdural bleeds.
Intracranial hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency because the buildup of blood within the skull can lead to increases in intracranial pressure, which can crush delicate brain tissue or limit its blood supply. Severe increases in intracranial pressure can cause brain herniation, in which parts of the brain are squeezed past structures in the skull.
Symptoms include severe headache, nausea/vomiting, seizures, dizziness or lightheadedness or vertigo, one-sided facial drooping, one-sided numbness, weakness, tingling, or paralysis, speech problems, blindness, deafness, memory issues, attention problems, balance problems, coordination problems and decreasing level of consciousness or complete loss of consciousness. Coma and persistent vegetative state can result from intracranial hemorrhage.
Brain stem hemorrhage may cause additional symptoms such as shortness of breath, dysphagia , chewing problems, abnormal heart rate, and irregular heartbeat. Brain stem hemorrhage can cause cardiac arrest.
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:Simvastatin, sold under the brand name Zocor among others, is a statin, a type of lipid-lowering medication. It is used along with exercise, diet, and weight loss to decrease elevated lipid levels. It is also used to decrease the risk of heart problems in those at high risk. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include constipation, headaches, and nausea. Serious side effects may include muscle breakdown, liver problems, and increased blood sugar levels. A lower dose may be needed in people with kidney problems. There is evidence of harm to the developing baby when taken during pregnancy and it should not be used by those who are breastfeeding. It is in the statin class of medications and works by decreasing the manufacture of cholesterol by the liver.
Simvastatin is made from the fungus Aspergillus terreus. It was patented by Merck in 1980, and came into medical use in 1992. Simvastatin is available as a generic medication, and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the sixteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 30 million prescriptions.
The primary uses of simvastatin are to treat dyslipidemia and to prevent atherosclerosis-related complications such as stroke and heart attacks in those who are at high risk. It is recommended to be used as an addition to a low-cholesterol diet.
Alteplase, sold under the brand name Activase among others, is a biosynthetic form of human tissue-type plasminogen activator . It is a thrombolytic medication used to treat acute ischemic stroke, acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction , pulmonary embolism associated with low blood pressure, and blocked central venous catheter. It is given by injection into a vein or artery. Alteplase is the same as the normal human plasminogen activator produced in vascular endothelial cells and is synthesized via recombinant DNA technology in Chinese hamster ovary cells . Alteplase causes the breakdown of a clot by inducing fibrinolysis.
Alteplase is indicated for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, acute massive pulmonary embolism, and blocked catheters. Similar to other thrombolytic drugs, alteplase is used to dissolve clots to restore tissue perfusion, but this can vary depending on the pathology. Generally, alteplase is delivered intravenously into the body. To treat blocked catheters, alteplase is administered directly into the catheter.
In adults diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke, thrombolytic treatment with alteplase is the standard of care. Administration of alteplase is associated with improved functional outcomes and reduced incidence of disability. Alteplase used in conjunction with mechanical thrombectomy is associated with better outcomes.
As of 2019, alteplase is the most commonly used medication to treat pulmonary embolism . Alteplase has a short infusion time of 2 hours and a half-life of 4-6 minutes. Alteplase has been approved by the FDA, and treatment can be done via systemic thrombolysis or catheter-directed thrombolysis.
This is a list of chemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of chemistry. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry.
Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is considered a national hero of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement, which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain.
He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the Philippine Revolution broke out; it was inspired by his writings. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually resulted in Philippine independence.
Rizal is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and has been recommended to be so honored by an officially empaneled National Heroes Committee. However, no law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. He wrote the novels Noli Me Tangere and El filibusterismo , which together are taken as a national epic, in addition to numerous poems and essays.
Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 to Francisco Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos in the town of Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm held by the Dominicans. Both their families had adopted the additional surnames of Rizal and Realonda in 1849 after Governor General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among the Filipinos for census purposes .
Ibn Sina , commonly known in the West as Avicenna , was the preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers. He is often described as the father of early modern medicine. His philosophy was of the Muslim Peripatetic school derived from Aristotelianism.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia which became a standard medical text at many medieval universities and remained in use as late as 1650. Besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings on astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, and works of poetry.
Avicenna wrote most of his philosophical and scientific works in Arabic, but also wrote several key works in Persian, while his poetic works were written in both languages. Of the 450 works he is believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.
Avicenna is a Latin corruption of the Arabic patronym Ibn Sina , meaning "Son of Sina". However, Avicenna was not the son but the great-great-grandson of a man named Sina. His formal Arabic name was Abu 'Ali al-Husayn bin 'Abdullah ibn al-Hasan bin 'Ali bin Sina al-Balkhi al-Bukhari .
Rene Descartes : 58 was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was central to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into analytic geometry. Descartes spent much of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army, later becoming a central intellectual of the Dutch Golden Age. Although he served a Protestant state and was later counted as a deist by critics, Descartes was Roman Catholic.
Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation. Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, an early modern treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic "as if no one had written on these matters before." His best known philosophical statement is "cogito, ergo sum" , found in Discourse on the Method and Principles of Philosophy . The statement has either been interpreted as a logical syllogism or as an intuitive thought.
Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The rise of early modern rationalism--as a systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history--exerted an influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes and Spinoza . It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz who have given the "Age of Reason" its name and place in history. Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed to science as well.
Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytic geometry--used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.
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Category:Renaissance Revival architecture <s> Category:Renaissance architecture <p> list related to category <o> list of Renaissance structures <s> Category:Renaissance architecture <p> category's main topic <o> Renaissance architecture <s> Category:Renaissance architecture <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> has use <o> navigation <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> properties for this type <o> template has topic <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> has use <o> hyperlink <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Navbox <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Navigation templates <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> Wikidata property <o> template populates category <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> described by source <o> Wikipedia:Navigation templates <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> has use <o> Wikimedia internal link <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> subclass of <o> Wikimedia template <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Navigational boxes <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> catalog <o> Wikimedia navboxes category <s> Wikimedia navigational template <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Navbox suite <s> Template:Infobox engineer <p> template has topic <o> engineer <s> Template:Infobox engineer <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia infobox template <s> engineer <p> said to be the same as <o> engineer <s> engineer <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia duplicated page </Graph> | <Text> :Multipotentiality is an educational and psychological term referring to the ability and preference of a person, particularly one of strong intellectual or artistic curiosity, to excel in two or more different fields.
It can also refer to an individual whose interests span multiple fields or areas, rather than being strong in just one. Such traits are called multipotentialities, while "multipotentialites" has been suggested as a name for those with this trait.
In 1972, R.H. Frederickson et al. defined a multipotentialed person as someone who, "when provided with appropriate environments, can select and develop a number of competencies to a high level."
On October 22, 2008, Douglas Hannay began a blog that lasted some eight years. His first blog referred to multipotentializing as excelling in multiple fields of energy. The blog was then copied in its entirety to Facebook on September 22, 2016, after viewing Emilie Wapnick's TED talk on being a multipotentialite during October 2015.
Philomathy is similar to, but distinguished from, philosophy in that -soph, the latter suffix, specifies "wisdom" or "knowledge", rather than the process of acquisition thereof. Philomath is not synonymous with polymath, as a polymath is someone who possesses great and detailed knowledge and facts from a variety of disciplines, while a philomath is someone who greatly enjoys learning and studying.
The shift in meaning for mathema is likely a result of the rapid categorization during the time of Plato and Aristotle of their mathemata in terms of education: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music , which the Greeks found to create a "natural grouping" of mathematical precepts.
In a philosophical dialogue, King James penned the character Philomathes to debate on arguments of whether the ancient religious concepts of witchcraft should be punished in a politically fueled Christian society. The arguments King James poses through the character Epistemon are based on concepts of theological reasoning regarding society's belief, as his opponent, Philomathes, takes a philosophical stance on society's legal aspects but seeks to obtain the knowledge of Epistemon. This philosophical approach signified a philomath seeking to obtain greater knowledge through epistemology. The dialogue was used by King James to educate society on various concepts including the history and etymology of the subjects debated.
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting, producing or extending an ideology, and by defending a system of values.
The term "man of letters" derives from the French term belletrist or homme de lettres but is not synonymous with "an academic". A "man of letters" was a literate man, able to read and write, and thus highly valued in the upper strata of society in a time when literacy was rare. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term Belletrist came to be applied to the literati: the French participants in--sometimes referred to as "citizens" of--the Republic of Letters, which evolved into the salon, a social institution, usually run by a hostess, meant for the edification, education, and cultural refinement of the participants.
In the late 19th century, when literacy was relatively common in European countries such as the United Kingdom, the "Man of Letters" denotation broadened to mean "specialized", a man who earned his living writing intellectually about literature: the essayist, the journalist, the critic, et al. Examples include Samuel Johnson, Walter Scott and Thomas Carlyle. In the 20th century, such an approach was gradually superseded by the academic method, and the term "Man of Letters" became disused, replaced by the generic term "intellectual", describing the intellectual person. The archaic term is the basis of the names of several academic institutions which call themselves Colleges of Letters and Science.
The earliest record of the English noun "intellectual" is found in the 19th century, where in 1813, Byron reports that 'I wish I may be well enough to listen to these intellectuals'.: 18 Over the course of the 19th century, other variants of the already established adjective 'intellectual' as a noun appeared in English and in French, where in the 1890s the noun formed from the adjective intellectuel appeared with higher frequency in the literature.: 20
Collini writes about this time that "mong this cluster of linguistic experiments there occurred ... the occasional usage of 'intellectuals' as a plural noun to refer, usually with a figurative or ironic intent, to a collection of people who might be identified in terms of their intellectual inclinations or pretensions.": 20
An architectural style is a classification of buildings based on a set of characteristics and features, including overall appearance, arrangement of the components, method of construction, building materials used, form, size, structural design, and regional character.
Architectural styles are frequently associated with a historical epoch , geographical location , or an earlier architectural style , and are influenced by the corresponding broader artistic style and the "general human condition". Heinrich Wolfflin even declared an analogy between a building and a costume: an "architectural style reflects the attitude and the movement of people in the period concerned.
The 21st century construction uses a multitude of styles that are sometimes lumped together as a "contemporary architecture" based on the common trait of extreme reliance on computer-aided architectural design .
The concept of architectural style is studied in the architectural history as one of the approaches that are used to organize the history of architecture . Style provides an additional relationship between otherwise disparate buildings, thus serving as a "protection against chaos".
Renaissance Revival architecture is a group of 19th-century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes. Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture 19th-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and Central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism; they also included styles that can be identified as Mannerist or Baroque. Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later 19th century: "Neo-Renaissance" might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called "Italianate", or when many French Baroque features are present .
The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe, particularly in France and Italy, has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture. A comparison between the breadth of its source material, such as the English Wollaton Hall, Italian Palazzo Pitti, the French Chateau de Chambord, and the Russian Palace of Facets--all deemed "Renaissance"--illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take.
The origin of Renaissance architecture is generally accredited to Filippo Brunelleschi .: 243 Brunelleschi and his contemporaries wished to bring greater "order" to architecture, resulting in strong symmetry and careful proportion. The movement grew from scientific observations of nature, in particular, human anatomy.
Neo-Renaissance architecture is formed by not only the original Italian architecture but by the form in which Renaissance architecture developed in France during the 16th century. During the early years of the 16th century, the French were involved in the Italian Wars, bringing back to France not just the Renaissance art treasures as their war booty, but also stylistic ideas. In the Loire valley a wave of chateau building was carried out using traditional French Gothic styles but with ornament in the forms of pediments, arcades, shallow pilasters and entablatures from the Italian Renaissance.
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Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium . The foundational qualifications of a licensed professional engineer typically include a four-year bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, a master's degree in an engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional practice and passage of engineering board examinations.
A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering problems. He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering science and knowledge, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing, and in the education of the engineer. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a routine mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgment and the ability to supervise the technical and administrative work of others. His/her education will have been such as to make him/her capable of closely and continuously following progress in his/her branch of engineering science by consulting newly published works on a worldwide basis, assimilating such information, and applying it independently. He/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. His/her education and training will have been such that he/she will have acquired a broad and general appreciation of the engineering sciences as well as thorough insight into the special features of his/her own branch. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice and assume responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his/her branch.
Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the engineering design process, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer's time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.
Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements and needs. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.
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of <o> person <s> Category:Inventors <p> category contains <o> human <s> Category:Inventors <p> list related to category <o> list of inventors <s> Category:Inventors <p> category's main topic <o> inventor <s> Category:Inventors <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> invention <p> has effect <o> invention <s> invention <p> practiced by <o> inventor <s> invention <p> subclass of <o> production <s> invention <p> instance of <o> type of process <s> invention <p> has characteristic <o> originality </Graph> | <Text> :The specialist degree is an academic degree conferred by a college or university. The degree is formatted differently worldwide and may be either a five-year program or a doctoral level graduate program that occurs after a master's degree but before a doctoral degree.
The Diploma of Specialist is a five-year higher-education diploma that was the only first higher-education diploma in the former Soviet Union and continues to be offered throughout the USSR successor states in parallel with the new bachelor's degree. In terms of the number of instructional hours it is typically, 35 to 42 classroom hours per week, 34 weeks of instruction plus 6 weeks of exams per academic year. Commonly referred to simply as "Diploma" , the Soviet/Russian-style Diploma of Specialist is believed to have originated in the engineering education in the Russian Empire. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the specialist degree called qualification of "specialist" "spetsialist" * kvalifikacija "specialist").
In the early 1990s the bakalavr and magistr were introduced in all countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States except Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. However, Diploma of Specialist is still conferred in Belarus, Russia and Tajikistan. The Diploma of Specialist was discontinued in the following countries: Kazakhstan , Ukraine , Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Moldova.
In the United States, the Specialist's degree is hierarchically above the master's degree and below the Doctorate. It was invented by colleges and schools of education as an alternative to obtaining a doctorate, and focuses on subjects pertinent to K-12 education - such as leadership and counseling, and educational psychology.
A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual cell, a multicellular organism, or a community of interacting populations. They usually specialize in a particular branch of biology and have a specific research focus .
Biologists who are involved in basic research have the aim of advancing knowledge about the natural world. They conduct their research using the scientific method, which is an empirical method for testing hypotheses. Their discoveries may have applications for some specific purpose such as in biotechnology, which has the goal of developing medically useful products for humans.
In modern times, most biologists have one or more academic degrees such as a bachelor's degree plus an advanced degree like a master's degree or a doctorate. Like other scientists, biologists can be found working in different sectors of the economy such as in academia, nonprofits, private industry, or government.
Francesco Redi, the founder of biology, is recognized to be one of the greatest biologists of all time. Robert Hooke, an English natural philosopher, coined the term cell, suggesting plant structure's resemblance to honeycomb cells.
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either as a stand-alone invention or as a significant improvement over the work of others, it can be patented. A patent, if granted, gives the inventor a proprietary interest in the patent over a specific period of time, which can be licensed for financial gain.
An inventor creates or discovers an invention. The word inventor comes from the Latin verb invenire, invent-, to find. Although inventing is closely associated with science and engineering, inventors are not necessarily engineers or scientists. Due to advances in artificial intelligence, the term "inventor" no longer exclusively applies to an occupation .
Some inventions can be patented. The system of patents was established to encourage inventors by granting limited-term, limited monopoly on inventions determined to be sufficiently novel, non-obvious, and useful. A patent legally protects the intellectual property rights of the inventor and legally recognizes that a claimed invention is actually an invention. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary by country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive.
Another meaning of invention is cultural invention, which is an innovative set of useful social behaviours adopted by people and passed on to others. The Institute for Social Inventions collected many such ideas in magazines and books. Invention is also an important component of artistic and design creativity. Inventions often extend the boundaries of human knowledge, experience or capability.
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<o> Europe <s> Bavaria <p> patron saint <o> Virgin Mary <s> Bavaria <p> language used <o> German <s> Bavaria <p> highest point <o> Zugspitze <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> Sytin Military Encyclopedia <s> Bavaria <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> New Year <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> All Saints' Day <s> Bavaria <p> located in time zone <o> Central European Time <s> Bavaria <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> open data portal <o> open bydata <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> Quebec <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> Feast of the Ascension <s> Bavaria <p> category for the view of the item <o> Category:Views of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> language used 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<o> Category:Films shot in Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Upper Franconia <s> Bavaria <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Upper Palatinate <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Bavaria <p> office held by head of government <o> Minister-President of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Bavaria <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Lower Franconia <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> São Paulo <s> Bavaria <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Lower Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Born in Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Upper Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Swabia <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> Karnataka <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> Good Friday <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> canton St. Gallen <s> Bavaria <p> part of <o> Southern Germany <s> Bavaria <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Middle Franconia <s> Bavaria <p> member of <o> IT Planning Council <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Thuringia <s> Bavaria <p> archives at <o> Bavarian Hauptstaatsarchiv <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Karlovy Vary Region <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> Easter Monday <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> Whit Monday <s> Bavaria <p> country <o> Germany <s> Bavaria <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Germany <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> Second Day of Christmas <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Saxony <s> Bavaria <p> public holiday <o> International Workers' Day <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> Guangdong <s> Bavaria <p> anthem <o> Bayernhymne <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Tyrol <s> Bavaria <p> legislative body <o> Landtag of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Vorarlberg <s> Bavaria <p> official language <o> Bavarian <s> Bavaria <p> instance of <o> federated state of Germany <s> Bavaria <p> official language <o> Standard High German <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Salzburg <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> Vlastenský slovník historický <s> Bavaria <p> described by source <o> Orthodox Theological Encyclopedia <s> Bavaria <p> executive body <o> Government of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> Georgia <s> Bavaria <p> highest judicial authority <o> Bavarian Constitutional Court <s> Bavaria <p> main regulatory text <o> Constitution of the Free State of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> Shandong <s> Bavaria <p> capital <o> Munich <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Plzeň Region <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> Western Cape <s> Bavaria <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> head of government <o> Markus Söder <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> Upper Austria <s> Bavaria <p> basic form of government <o> parliamentary republic <s> Bavaria <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .bayern <s> Bavaria <p> award received <o> BigBrotherAwards <s> Bavaria <p> twinned administrative body <o> Gauteng <s> Bavaria <p> flag <o> flag of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> follows <o> Kingdom of Bavaria <s> Bavaria <p> shares border with <o> South Bohemian Region <s> Bavaria <p> named after <o> Bajuwari <s> locations of the Bavarian State Painting Collections with works not on display <p> instance of <o> museum storage <s> locations of the Bavarian State Painting Collections with works not on display <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Staatsgalerie Ansbach <p> country <o> Germany <s> Staatsgalerie Ansbach <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Staatsgalerie Ansbach <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Staatsgalerie Ansbach <p> location <o> Residenz Ansbach <s> Staatsgalerie at Benediktiner-Abtei Ottobeuren <p> country <o> Germany <s> Staatsgalerie at Benediktiner-Abtei Ottobeuren <p> location <o> Ottobeuren Abbey <s> Staatsgalerie at Benediktiner-Abtei Ottobeuren <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Staatsgalerie at Benediktiner-Abtei Ottobeuren <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Staatsgalerie at Benediktiner-Abtei Ottobeuren <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Ottobeuren </Graph> | <Text> :The Neue Pinakothek is an art museum in Munich, Germany. Its focus is European Art of the 18th and 19th centuries, and it is one of the most important museums of art of the nineteenth century in the world.
The Neue Pinakothek was completed in 1859 and was intended to be the first museum in Europe for the exhibition of contemporary paintings. The established schools of European painting were displayed. On the ground floor 1ss6 plaster busts of contemporary celebrities were also displayed.
The building was redeveloped in the late 20th century. Designed by architect Alexander von Branc in the new style of Postmodernism, the building opened in 1981. It combines a concrete construction with a stone facade design.
Ludwig I of Bavaria began to collect contemporary art already as crown prince in 1809 and his collection was steadily enlarged. When the museum was founded, the separation to the old masters in the Alte Pinakothek was fixed with the period shortly before the turn of the 19th century, which has become a prototype for many galleries.
Designed by German architect Stephan Braunfels, the Pinakothek der Moderne was inaugurated in September 2002 after seven years of construction. The $120 million, 22,000-square-meter building took a decade to finish because of bureaucratic objections to design and cost, which were ultimately bridged by private initiative and financing. The rectilinear facade, dominated by white and grey concrete, is interrupted by large windows and high rise columns, the latter supporting the extensive canopied roof. Each of the four corners of the building, connected by a central domed rotunda, is dedicated to a special collection. The Museum is thus divided into Art , Architecture , Design and Works on Paper .
The first floor, containing the art collection, has ample natural light from above, augmented by computer-controlled lamps, designed to keep a consistent, nearly shadowless illumination against the gray floors and white walls.
Today, the Pinakothek unifies the "Sammlung Moderne Kunst" , the "Staatliche Graphische Sammlung" , the "Neue Sammlung" with the "Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universitat" , in one building and is deemed one of the most important and popular museums of modern art in Europe. The Danner Foundation opened in 2004 a new permanent exhibition area in the basement for the permanent loans from the Danner Jewelry Collection which presents contemporary works from over one hundred international goldsmiths.
Since 1945 the collection, previously exhibited in the Haus der Kunst, has grown quickly by purchase, as well as donations by individuals and several foundations. Various art movements of the 20th century are represented in the collection, including Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, New Objectivity, Bauhaus, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art and Minimal Art.
The Brandhorst Museum was opened in Munich on 21 May 2009. It displays about 200 exhibits from collection of modern art of the heirs of the Henkel trust Udo and Anette Brandhorst. In 2009 the Brandhorst Collection comprises more than 700 works.
Anette Brandhorst, the great-granddaughter of Henkel's founder, and her husband Udo Fritz-Hermann began collecting art in 1971. When Anette died of cancer in 1999, her husband Udo donated the collection to the state of Bavaria on the proviso that the state build it a fitting home. The construction costs of $67 million were funded by Bavaria.
The building with its long, two-storey, rectangular structure and multi-coloured facade composed of 36,000 vertical ceramic louvres in 23 different coloured glazes, was created by Sauerbruch Hutton architects and is located next to the Pinakothek der Moderne in the Kunstareal. The building has three exhibition areas which are connected by stairs. All galleries have white walls and wooden floorboards of Danish oak.
The museum displays a comprehensive selection of about 100 works of Andy Warhol and more than 60 works of Cy Twombly, making it the largest Twombly collection outside the US. The monumental series by Twombly, titled Lepanto, refers to a naval battle in 1571 between the Ottoman and Holy League forces. One of the museum's rooms, an irregular octagon, was created specifically to house the Lepanto cycle, a painting in 12 parts.
Bavaria , officially the Free State of Bavaria , is a state in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,550.19 km2 , it is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous German state behind North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large physical size its population density is below the German average. Major cities include Munich , Nuremberg, and Augsburg.
The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes, followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum. It became the Duchy of Bavaria in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became the independent Kingdom of Bavaria after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.
Bavaria has a distinct culture, largely because of its Catholic heritage and conservative traditions, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals and elements of Alpine symbolism. It also has the second-largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, giving it the status of a wealthy German region.
In the 530s, the Merovingian dynasty incorporated the kingdom of Thuringia after their defeat by the Franks. The Baiuvarii were Frankicised a century later. The Lex Thuringorum documents an upper class nobility of adalingi. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne.
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Tegernsee <p> architect <o> Sep Ruf <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> country <o> Germany <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> headquarters location <o> Lower Franconia <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Aschaffenburg <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> headquarters location <o> Bavaria <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> instance of <o> art collection <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> location <o> Schloss Johannisburg <s> Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> State Gallery Füssen <p> country <o> Germany <s> State Gallery Füssen <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> State Gallery Füssen <p> location <o> High Castle of Füssen <s> State Gallery Füssen <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Staatsgalerie Bamberg <p> country <o> Germany <s> Staatsgalerie Bamberg <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Bamberg <s> Staatsgalerie Bamberg <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Staatsgalerie Bamberg <p> location <o> New Residence, Bamberg <s> Staatsgalerie Bamberg <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Staatsgalerie Bamberg <p> open days <o> all days of the week <s> Staatsgalerie Moderne Kunst <p> country <o> Germany <s> Staatsgalerie Moderne Kunst <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg <s> Staatsgalerie Moderne Kunst <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+02:00 <s> Staatsgalerie Moderne Kunst <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+01:00 <s> Staatsgalerie Moderne Kunst <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Staatsgalerie Moderne Kunst <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Staatsgalerie Neuburg <p> country <o> Germany <s> Staatsgalerie Neuburg <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Staatsgalerie Neuburg <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Neuburg an der Donau <s> Staatsgalerie Neuburg <p> location <o> Schloss Neuburg (Bayern) <s> Staatsgalerie Neuburg <p> part of <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections </Graph> | <Text> :The Staatsgalerie Aschaffenburg is an art museum in Schloss Johannisburg in Aschaffenburg, Germany. With some 368 paintings, it is the largest of the galleries outside Munich making up the Bavarian State Painting Collections.
The origin and main part of the museum is the collection of Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, Elector of Mainz, who lived in Johannisburg from 1792 until his death in 1802. The focus lies on German and Netherlandic paintings, mainly genre paintings.
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Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> main subject <o> Pablo Picasso <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> published in <o> The New York Times <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> depicts <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> main subject <o> Nazi plunder <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> main subject <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> depicts <o> persecution of Jews in the Nazi era <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> author <o> Catherine Hickley <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. Bavaria Says No. <p> instance of <o> news article <s> Was This Picasso Lost Due to the Nazis? Heirs Say Yes. 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classification <o> 3 <s> Parma <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Parma <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> category for the interior of the item <o> Category:Interior of the Palazzo della Pilotta (Parma) <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> country <o> Italy <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> Wi-Fi access <o> no <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Parma <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> instance of <o> palace <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> uses <o> digital library <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> instance of <o> building complex <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> heritage designation <o> Italian national heritage <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> disabled accessibility <o> wheelchair accessible <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> owned by <o> Domaine public <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> architect <o> Francesco Paciotto <s> Palazzo della Pilotta <p> has part(s) <o> Galleria nazionale di Parma <s> Palazzo della 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citizenship <o> Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Spanish <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> relative <o> Infante Felipe Pedro of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> given name <o> Philippe <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> sibling <o> Mariana Victoria of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> place of death <o> Alessandria <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> sibling <o> María Antonia of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> sibling <o> Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> sibling <o> Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> award received <o> Order of the Holy Spirit <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> award received <o> Order of the Golden Fleece <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> family <o> House of Bourbon-Parma <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> position held <o> Duke of Parma <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> father <o> Philip V of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> child <o> Princess 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<s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> relative <o> Philip Louis of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> relative <o> Louis I of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> relative <o> Ferdinand VI of Spain <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> mother <o> Elisabeth Farnese <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> child <o> Ferdinando I, Duke of Parma <s> Filippo I, Duke of Parma <p> spouse <o> Louise Élisabeth of France </Graph> | <Text> :Parma is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto , cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 inhabitants, Parma is the second most populous city in Emilia-Romagna after Bologna, the region's capital. The city is home to the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name. The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente. Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma.
The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci wrote: "As a capital city it had to have a river. As a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry", with reference to the time when the city was capital of the independent Duchy of Parma.
Roman Republic 183-27 BC
Roman Empire 27 BC-285 AD
Western Roman Empire 285-476
Kingdom of Odoacer 476-493
Ostrogothic Kingdom 493-553
Eastern Roman Empire 553-568
Lombard Kingdom 568-773
Carolingian Empire 773-781
Regnum Italiae 781-1014
Holy Roman Empire 1014-1114
Free Commune 1114-1341
Duchy of Milan 1341-1513
Papal States 1513-1554
Duchy of Parma 1554-1808
First French Empire 1808-1814
Duchy of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla 1814-1848
Duchy of Parma 1851-1859
United Provinces of Central Italy 1859-1860
Kingdom of Italy 1861-1946
Italian Republic 1946-present
Parma was already a built-up area in the Bronze Age. In the current position of the city rose a terramare. The "terramare" were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form; constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age the first necropolis were constructed.
The Palazzo della Pilotta is a complex of edifices located between Piazzale della Pace and the Lungoparma in the historical centre of Parma, region of Emilia Romagna, Italy. Its name derives from the game of pelota played at one time by Spanish soldiers stationed in Parma.
Built around 1583, during the last years of reign of Duke Ottavio Farnese, it developed around the corridor which connected the keep to the Ducal Palace: the latter, begun in 1622 under Duke Ranuccio I, was never completed. the facade on the Piazza della Ghiaia is missing and the annexed Dominican church of St. Peter was demolished only in recent times.
The existing complex includes three courts: the Cortile di San Pietro Martire , Cortile del Guazzatoio and the Cortile della Racchetta. The Pilotta was to house a large hall, later turned into the Teatro Farnese, the stables and the grooms' residences, the Academy Hall and other rooms.
After the end of the Farnese family rule of Parma, much of the movable assets of the palace were removed by then Duke Charles I, later King of Spain, and taken to Naples in the 1730s. The Biblioteca Palatina was established here by 1769. Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain, was born here in 1692.
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<Graph> : <s> conservation library <p> instance of <o> type of library <s> conservation library <p> subclass of <o> library <s> private library <p> subclass of <o> library <s> private library <p> opposite of <o> public library <s> private library <p> subclass of <o> private property <s> private library <p> instance of <o> type of library <s> private library <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Personal libraries <s> private library <p> has characteristic <o> private <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Italian <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> instance of <o> human <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> place of birth <o> Milan <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Francesco Maria Richini <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> copyright status as a creator <o> copyrights on works have expired <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> artist files at <o> Frick Art Reference Library <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> family name <o> Richini <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject PCC Wikidata Pilot/Frick Art Reference Library <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> occupation <o> architect <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> country of citizenship <o> Duchy of Milan <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> place of death <o> Milan <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> child <o> Gian Domenico Richini <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> occupation <o> sculptor <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> given name <o> Francesco Maria <s> Francesco Maria Richini <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> instance of <o> human <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> place of birth <o> Milan <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> occupation <o> architect <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> place of death <o> Milan <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> given name <o> Giacomo <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> educated at <o> Brera Academy <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> notable work <o> San Bernardo Church <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> notable work <o> Monastero della Visitazione <s> Giacomo Moraglia <p> family name <o> Moraglia <s> Fabio Mangone <p> instance of <o> human <s> Fabio Mangone <p> place of death <o> Milan <s> Fabio Mangone <p> place of birth <o> Caravaggio <s> Fabio Mangone <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Fabio Mangone <p> occupation <o> architect <s> Fabio Mangone <p> given name <o> Fabio <s> Fabio Mangone <p> family name <o> Mangone <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> language of work or name <o> Russian <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> place of publication <o> Saint Petersburg <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> instance of <o> encyclopedic dictionary <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> publisher <o> Adolphe Pluchart <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume I, 1835 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Lexicon by Pluchart <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume VIII, 1837 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume IX, 1837 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume XIII, 1838 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume XVII, 1841 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume XII, 1838 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume XV, 1838 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume IV, 1835 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume XI, 1838 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume XVI, 1839 <s> Encyclopedic Lexicon <p> has part(s) <o> Encyclopedic Lexicon. 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Volume VII, 1836 <s> Italian Baroque architecture <p> country <o> Italy <s> Italian Baroque architecture <p> facet of <o> Italy <s> Italian Baroque architecture <p> instance of <o> architectural style of an area <s> Italian Baroque architecture <p> subclass of <o> baroque architecture <s> Italian Baroque architecture <p> subclass of <o> architecture of Italy <s> Italian Baroque architecture <p> subclass of <o> Italian Baroque art <s> Italian Baroque architecture <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Italian Baroque architecture <s> Category:Pinacoteca Ambrosiana <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Pinacoteca Ambrosiana <p> category's main topic <o> Biblioteca Ambrosiana <s> Polo Biblioteca Ambrosiana <p> country <o> Italy <s> Polo Biblioteca Ambrosiana <p> instance of <o> SBN hub <s> Polo Biblioteca Ambrosiana <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Lombardy <s> Polo Biblioteca Ambrosiana <p> has part(s) of the class <o> library <s> Polo Biblioteca Ambrosiana <p> software engine <o> ClavisNG <s> Polo Biblioteca Ambrosiana <p> member of <o> National Library Service of Italy <s> yes <p> said to be the same as <o> yes <s> yes <p> instance of <o> grammatical particle <s> yes <p> instance of <o> affirmative adverb <s> yes <p> instance of <o> linguistic unit <s> yes <p> said to be the same as <o> Sini <s> yes <p> opposite of <o> no </Graph> | <Text> :Private libraries are libraries that are privately owned and are usually intended for the use of a small number of people, or even a single person. As with public libraries, some people use bookplates - stamps, stickers or embossing - to show ownership of the items. Some people sell their private libraries to established institutions such as the Library of Congress, or, as is often the case, bequeath them after death. Much less often, a private library is maintained intact long after the death of the owner.
The earliest libraries belonged to temples or administration bodies, resembled modern archives, and were usually restricted to nobility, aristocracy, scholars, or theologians. Examples of the earliest known private libraries include one found in Ugarit and the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh , dating back to the 7th century BC.
Mesopotamia was home to a great number of private libraries, many with extensive collections of over 400 tablets. The nucleus of these private libraries were primarily texts which had been transcribed by the proprietors themselves from the time they acquired their education in the art of the scribe. As insignificant as these libraries may seem, they established the basis for the Library of Ashurbanipal collection.
While private libraries in ancient Egypt were not common, they did exist to some extent. One of the problems in identifying potential individual libraries is that it is often difficult to distinguish between a personal library and one associated with a temple. However, many personal libraries survived over time, and are perhaps more numerous than traditionally assumed. Several private tombs have exposed copious texts whose content is scholarly in nature. In addition, extensive clusters of papyrus scrolls have been unearthed in association with domiciliary arrangements, confirming that some type of library endured there. The Middle Kingdom Period offers the best clues to the presence of private libraries in ancient Egypt.
He was born in Milan, Italy, and trained under Lorenzo Binago. He was patronized by Cardinal Federico Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan. After a stint in Rome, he became capomastro under the main architect of the Cathedral of the city, Aurelio Trezzi, in 1605. He was elevated to the latter's position himself from 1631 to 1638.
Like his famous elder cousin, Carlo Borromeo, author of a guide to religious architecture, Federico Borromeo promulgated classical or antique models. In Richini he found a deviation to the Baroque, as exemplified by his churches of Santa Maria alla Porta and of San Giuseppe. This small church in central Milan has a highly decorated facade with volutes. The interior is two Bramante-inspired squares.
He also worked on the palazzos of Brera , Annoni , Litta , and Durini . He contributed to the design of the courtyard of the Ospedale Maggiore , in collaboration with Giovan Battista Messina, Fabio Mangone and Giovanni Battista Crespi. He also designed the concave facade for the Collegio Elvetico, and also for the Collegio Borromeo in Pavia and the Ducal Palace of the Certosa di Pavia . He helped in the construction of Sant'Alessandro in Zebedia in Milan. He designed the "Altar of Our Lady of the Assumption" in the Como Cathedral, a work that lasted several decades and was completed in 1686.
Active in Lombardy and in Ticino, Switzerland, Moraglia had studied architecture and design at Milan's Brera Academy under Giocondo Albertolli, Carlo Amati and Giuseppe Zanoja before being accredited by Milan's powerful planning committee, the Commissione di Ornato, becoming one of its members in 1841. A prolific architect during the Neoclassical period, he completed hundreds of projects and restored many buildings including hospitals, factories, churches, schools, theatres and residences.
In Milan, he designed the arch at the Porta Comasina and the customs offices and also restored Santa Maria della Visitazione. In Monza, he designed San Gerardo and the Archdiocesan Seminary while in Gorgonzola he built the bell tower at the church of Santi Gervasio e Protasio. In the Swiss canton of Ticiono, he was responsible for the Palazzo Governativo of Lugano , the Teatro Sociale in Bellinzona, and the Villa Ghisler and San Carlo's Church in Magadino. In 1854 he built the presbytery and reconstructed the facade of Saint Bartholomew in Brugherio. Perhaps the last of his many projects was the church in Monte Olimpino , north of .
He was assisted by Francesco Maria Richini and others in the rebuilding of the famous Biblioteca Ambrosiana, centering on the large classical enclosed courtyards of the Collegio Elvetico , commissioned by the cardinal Federico Borromeo. The two courtyards are surrounded by a double columns. The facade was completed by Richini. The sculpture on the facade is by Dionigi Bussola. He also worked on the completion of the church of San Sebastiano in Milan.
The Baroque architecture period began in the Italian period of the basilica with crossed dome and nave. One of the first Roman structures to break with the Mannerist conventions was the church of Church of Saint Susanna, designed by Carlo Maderno in 1596. The dynamic organisation of columns and pilasters, central massing, and the protrusion and condensed central decoration add complexity to the structure. Most Baroque buildings present domes. There is an emerging playfulness with the rules of classic design, still maintaining rigour.
The same emphasis on plasticity, continuity and dramatic effects is evident in the work of Pietro da Cortona, illustrated by Santi Luca e Martina and Santa Maria della Pace . Santa Maria della Pace, with its concave wings devised to simulate a theatrical set, fills a tiny piazza in front of it. Other Roman ensembles of the period are likewise suffused with theatricality, dominating the surrounding cityscape as a sort of theatrical environment.
Probably the best known example of such an approach is trapezoidal Saint Peter's Square, which has been praised as a masterpiece of Baroque architecture. The square is divided in two parts, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini on an unprecedented colossal scale to suit the space and evoke awe. Bernini's own favourite design was the polychromatic oval church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale , which, with its lofty altar and soaring dome, provides a concentrated sampling of the new architecture. His idea of the Baroque townhouse is typified by the Palazzo Barberini and Palazzo Chigi-Odescalchi , both in Rome.
Bernini's chief rival in the papal capital was Francesco Borromini, whose designs deviate from the regular compositions of the ancient world and Renaissance even more dramatically. Acclaimed by later generations as a revolutionary in architecture, Borromini condemned the anthropomorphic approach of the 16th century, choosing to base his designs on complicated geometric figures . Borromini's architectural space seems to expand and contract when needed, showing some affinity with the late style of Michelangelo. His iconic masterpiece is the church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, distinguished by a corrugated oval plan and complex convex-concave rhythms. A later work, Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza, displays the same antipathy to the flat surface and playful inventiveness, epitomized by a corkscrew lantern dome.
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unbelief <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> derivative work <o> Saint John the Baptist <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> main subject <o> John the Baptist <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> religion or worldview <o> Christianity <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> creator <o> Leonardo da Vinci <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> owned by <o> Everhard Jabach <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> derivative work <o> Saint Jean-Baptiste <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> location <o> Louvre Abu Dhabi <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> made from material <o> panel <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> made from material <o> oil paint <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> depicts <o> John the Baptist <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> owned by <o> Louis XIV of France <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> instance of <o> painting <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> movement <o> High Renaissance <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> collection <o> Department of Paintings of the Louvre <s> Saint John the Baptist <p> genre <o> religious art <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> creator <o> Leonardo da Vinci <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> depicts <o> Christ Child <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> depicts <o> Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> depicts <o> Virgin Mary <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> movement <o> Renaissance <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> movement <o> High Renaissance <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> instance of <o> painting <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> time period <o> High Renaissance <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> genre <o> religious art <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> depicts <o> lamb <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> main subject <o> Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> depicts <o> mother <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> copyright status <o> public domain <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> made from material <o> poplar panel <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> location <o> Room 710 <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> exhibition history <o> Saint Anne, Leonardo da Vinci’s ultimate masterpiece <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> exhibition history <o> Renaissance <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> collection <o> Department of Paintings of the Louvre <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> depicts <o> Saint Anne <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> owned by <o> Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> described by source <o> 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> made from material <o> oil paint <s> The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne <p> owned by <o> Francesco Melzi </Graph> | <Text> :There are currently 6,794,954 articles on the English Wikipedia, some of which have been selected as vital articles. They are organized into five levels of vitality. Level 1 contains the ten most vital articles, and each further level expands on the selection of the previous level, as follows:
This page serves as an index for the level 4 list. Because of its size, the list's articles have been categorized by topic into eleven sublists - please see the table below. Any modification to any of the sublists should only be made after discussion on this talk page. Please make sure items added to the level 4 list are also added to the Level 5 list once and only once.
The vital article lists are meant to guide the prioritization of improvements to vital articles and to monitor their quality. They are tailored to the English Wikipedia, unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have on Meta-Wiki. They are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles. For more on the history, process and purpose behind the vital article lists, please visit the FAQ page.
Amboise lies on the banks of the river Loire, 27 kilometres east of Tours. It is also about 18 kilometres away from the historic Chateau de Chenonceau, situated on the river Cher near the small village of Chenonceaux. Amboise station, on the north bank of the Loire, has rail connections to Orleans, Blois and Tours.
Chateau du Clos Luce was the residence of Leonardo da Vinci between 1516 and his death in 1519. Da Vinci died in the arms of King Francis I, and he was buried in a crypt near the Chateau d'Amboise. The house has lost some of its original parts, but it still stands today containing a museum of da Vinci's work and inventions, and overlooks the river Loire.
The Chateau at Amboise was home to Mary Stewart, Queen of Scots, for much of her early life, being raised there at the French court of Henry II. She arrived in France from Scotland in 1548, aged six, via the French king's favourite palace at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris, and remained in France until 1561, when she returned to her homeland--sailing up the Firth of Forth to Edinburgh on 15 August that year.
In 2019, the 500th anniversary of da Vinci's death, Amboise held many events celebrating the master's life and his work completed in the town. The number of visitors to Chateau du Clos Luce, for example, was estimated as 500,000 in 2019, a 30% increase over the typical annual number.
The Pinacoteca di Brera is the main public gallery for paintings in Milan, Italy. It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian paintings from the 13th to the 20th century, an outgrowth of the cultural program of the Brera Academy, which shares the site in the Palazzo Brera.
The Palazzo Brera owes its name to the Germanic braida, indicating a grassy opening in the city structure: compare the Bra of Verona. The convent on the site passed to the Jesuits , then underwent a radical rebuilding by Francesco Maria Richini . When the Jesuits were disbanded in 1773, the palazzo remained the seat of the astronomical Observatory and the Braidense National Library founded by the Jesuits. In 1774 the herbarium of the new botanical garden was added. The buildings were extended to designs by Giuseppe Piermarini, who was appointed professor in the Academy when it was formally founded in 1776, with Giuseppe Parini as dean. Piermarini taught at the Academy for 20 years, while he was controller of the city's urbanistic projects, like the public gardens and piazza Fontana .
For the better teaching of architecture, sculpture and the other arts, the Academy initiated by Parini was provided with a collection of casts after the Antique, an essential for inculcating a refined Neoclassicism in the students. Under Parini's successors, the abate Carlo Bianconi and artist Giuseppe Bossi , the Academy acquired the first paintings of its Pinacoteca during the reassignment of works of Italian art that characterized the Napoleonic era. Raphael's Sposalizio was the key painting of the early collection, and the Academy increased its cultural scope by taking on associates across the First French Empire: David, Pietro Benvenuti, Vincenzo Camuccini, Canova, Thorvaldsen and the archaeologist Ennio Quirino Visconti.
In 1805, under Bossi's direction, the series of annual exhibitions was initiated with a system of prizes, a counterpart of the Paris Salons, which served to identify Milan as the cultural capital for contemporary painting in Italy through the 19th century. The Academy's artistic committee, the Commissione di Ornato exercised a controlling influence on public monuments, a precursor of today's Sopraintendenze Delle Belle Arti.
Andrea del Verrocchio was an Italian sculptor, painter and goldsmith who was a master of an important workshop in Florence.
He apparently became known as Verrocchio after the surname of his master, a goldsmith. Few paintings are attributed to him with certainty, but important painters were trained at his workshop. His pupils included Leonardo da Vinci, Pietro Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi. His greatest importance was as a sculptor and his last work, the Equestrian statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, is generally accepted as his masterpiece.
Verrocchio was born in Florence in around 1435. His father, Michele di Francesco Cioni, initially worked as a tile and brick maker, then later as a tax collector. Verrocchio never married, and had to provide financial support for some members of his family. He was at first apprenticed to a goldsmith. It has been suggested that he was later apprenticed to Donatello, but there is no evidence of this and John Pope-Hennessy considered that it is contradicted by the style of his early works. It has been suggested that he was trained as a painter under Fra Filippo Lippi.
Little is known about his life. His main works are dated in his last twenty years and his advancement owed much to the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici and his son Piero. His workshop was in Florence where he was a member of the Guild of St Luke. Several great artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Lorenzo di Credi passed through his workshop as apprentices. Beyond this, artists like Domenico Ghirlandaio, Francesco Botticini, and Pietro Perugino were also involved and their early works can be hard to distinguish from works by Verrocchio. Giovanni Santi records that Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, and a young Filippino Lippi also visited or worked in Verrocchio's studio. Of the artist's pedagogy the Florentine poet Ugolino Verino wrote: "Whatever painters have that is good they drank from Verrocchio's spring".
John Argyropoulos was a lecturer, philosopher and humanist, one of the emigre Greek scholars who pioneered the revival of classical Greek learning in 15th century Italy.
He translated Greek philosophical and theological works into Latin besides producing rhetorical and theological works of his own. He was in Italy for the Council of Florence during 1439-1444, and returned to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople, teaching in Florence in 1456-1470 and in Rome in 1471-1487.
John Argyropoulos was born c. 1415 in Constantinople where he studied theology and philosophy. As a teacher in Constantinople, Argyropoulos had amongst his pupils the scholar Constantine Lascaris. He was an official in the service of one of the rulers of the Byzantine Morea and in 1439 was a member of the Byzantine delegation to the Council of Florence, when they accepted Catholicism and abjured Greek Orthodoxy.
When Constantinople fell in 1453, he left it for the still autonomous Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese and, in 1456, took refuge in Italy, where he worked as a teacher in the revival of Greek philosophy as head of the Greek department at Florence's Florentine Studium. In 1471, on the outbreak of the plague, he moved to Rome, where he continued to act as a teacher of Greek till his death. His students included Pietro de' Medici, Lorenzo de' Medici, Angelo Poliziano, Johann Reuchlin, Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples and, allegedly, Leonardo da Vinci, although no primary source verifies this claim.
Painting is a visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface . The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.
In art, the term "painting" describes both the act and the result of the action . The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf, and even whole objects.
Painting is an important form of visual art, bringing in elements such as drawing, composition, gesture, narration, and abstraction. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational , photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic , emotive or political in nature .
A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, to scenes from the life of Buddha .
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.
Historically, evidence of atheistic viewpoints can be traced back to classical antiquity and early Indian philosophy. In the Western world, atheism declined as Christianity gained prominence. The 16th century and the Age of Enlightenment marked the resurgence of atheistic thought in Europe. Atheism achieved a significant position in the 20th century with legislation protecting freedom of thought. According to 2003 estimates, there are at least 500 million atheists in the world.
Atheist organizations have defended the autonomy of science, secular ethics and secularism. Arguments for atheism range from philosophical to social and historical approaches. Rationales for not believing in deities include the lack of evidence, the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, the rejection of concepts that cannot be falsified, and the argument from nonbelief. Nonbelievers contend that atheism is a more parsimonious position than theism and that everyone is born without beliefs in deities; therefore, they argue that the burden of proof lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of gods but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.
Writers disagree on how best to define and classify atheism, contesting what supernatural entities are considered gods, whether atheism is a philosophical position in its own right or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection. However the norm is to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism.
John the Baptist was a Judaean preacher active in the area of the Jordan River in the early 1st century AD. He is also known as Saint John the Forerunner in Eastern Orthodoxy, John the Immerser in some Baptist Christian traditions, Saint John by certain Catholic churches, and Prophet Yahya in Islam. He is sometimes alternatively referred to as John the Baptiser.
John is mentioned by the Roman Jewish historian Josephus and he is revered as a major religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baha'i faith, the Druze faith, and Mandaeism, the latter in which he is considered to be the final and most vital prophet. He is considered to be a prophet of God by all of the aforementioned faiths, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian denominations. According to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself, and the Gospels portray John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus himself identifies John as "Elijah who is to come", which is a direct reference to the Book of Malachi , as confirmed by the angel who announced John's birth to his father, Zechariah. According to the Gospel of Luke, John and Jesus were relatives.
Some scholars maintain that John belonged to the Essenes, a semi-ascetic Jewish sect who expected a messiah and practised ritual baptism. John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his pre-messianic movement. Most biblical scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus's early followers had previously been followers of John. According to the New Testament, John was sentenced to death and subsequently beheaded by Herod Antipas around AD 30 after John rebuked him for divorcing his wife Phasaelis and then unlawfully wedding Herodias, the wife of his brother Herod Philip I. Josephus also mentions John in the Antiquities of the Jews and states that he was executed by order of Herod Antipas in the fortress at Machaerus.
Followers of John existed well into the 2nd century AD, and some proclaimed him to be the Messiah awaited by Jews. In modern times, the followers of John the Baptist are the Mandaeans, an ancient ethnoreligious group who believe that he is their greatest and final prophet. In the Roman martyrology, apart from Jesus and the Virgin Mary, John is the only saint whose birth and death are both commemorated.
The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne or Madonna and Child with Saint Anne is a subject in Christian art showing Saint Anne with her daughter, the Virgin Mary, and her grandson Jesus. This depiction has been popular in Germany and neighboring countries since the 14th century.
In the 13th century, Jacobus de Voragine incorporated apocryphal accounts from the Protoevangelium of James regarding the parents of the Blessed Virgin Mary in his Golden Legend. The cult of St. Anne spread rapidly and she became one of the most popular saints of the Latin Church. Saint Anne was recognized as the patroness of grandparents, women in labor, and of miners, Christ being compared to gold, and Mary to silver. Inscriptions on some medieval church bells indicate that Saint Anne was invoked for protection against thunderstorms.
The subject of Saint Anne and the Virgin and Child was a popular subject in both painting and sculpture. This was due in part to its universality "--the love and tension between generations and also between humanity and the divine." The Anna Selbdritt style, popular in northern Germany in the 1500s, demonstrates the medieval focus on the humanity of Jesus. St. Anne's motherhood of Mary was viewed as mirroring Mary motherhood of Jesus. In 1497, the German Benedictine abbot Johannes Trithemius, in his De purissima et immaculate conception virginis Marie et de festivitate sancta Annematris eius linked the Immaculate Conception of Mary to the devotion to her mother. While the matter of the Immaculate Conception remained a subject of debate between philosophers and theologians, the depiction of Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate was sometimes interpreted as a symbolic representation of the conception of Mary. Saint Anne was revered as the avia Christi , matriarch of the Holy Kinship and exemplary mother.
Fourteenth-century images of Saint Anne with the Virgin and Child were often modeled on the earlier seat of Wisdom motif. Mary was often shown as a much smaller figure than her mother. As devotion to St. Anne developed 14th century, sometimes a statue of the Madonna and Child was modified to include the additional figure of St. Anne. Anne's traditional colors are green and red, although often she is shown wearing the more sober colors of an older woman.
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academic archive <s> Accademia della Crusca <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Accademia della Crusca <s> Accademia della Crusca <p> different from <o> Della Cruscans </Graph> | <Text> :In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker , the addressee , and others . A language's set of pronouns is typically defined by grammatical person. First person includes the speaker , second person is the person or people spoken to , and third person includes all that are not listed above . It also frequently affects verbs and sometimes nouns or possessive relationships.
Some other languages use different classifying systems, especially in the plural pronouns. One frequently found difference not present in most Indo-European languages is a contrast between inclusive and exclusive "we": a distinction of first-person plural pronouns between including or excluding the addressee.
Many languages express person with different morphemes in order to distinguish degrees of formality and informality. A simple honorific system common among European languages is the T-V distinction. Some other languages have much more elaborate systems of formality that go well beyond the T-V distinction, and use many different pronouns and verb forms that express the speaker's relationship with the people they are addressing. Many Malayo-Polynesian languages, such as Javanese and Balinese, are well known for their complex systems of honorifics; Japanese, Korean, and Chinese also have similar systems to a lesser extent.
The grammar of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons. The extra categories may be termed fourth person, fifth person, etc. Such terms are not absolute but can refer, depending on context, to any of several phenomena.
In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker , the addressee , and others . A language's set of pronouns is typically defined by grammatical person. First person includes the speaker , second person is the person or people spoken to , and third person includes all that are not listed above . It also frequently affects verbs and sometimes nouns or possessive relationships.
Some other languages use different classifying systems, especially in the plural pronouns. One frequently found difference not present in most Indo-European languages is a contrast between inclusive and exclusive "we": a distinction of first-person plural pronouns between including or excluding the addressee.
Many languages express person with different morphemes in order to distinguish degrees of formality and informality. A simple honorific system common among European languages is the T-V distinction. Some other languages have much more elaborate systems of formality that go well beyond the T-V distinction, and use many different pronouns and verb forms that express the speaker's relationship with the people they are addressing. Many Malayo-Polynesian languages, such as Javanese and Balinese, are well known for their complex systems of honorifics; Japanese, Korean, and Chinese also have similar systems to a lesser extent.
The grammar of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons. The extra categories may be termed fourth person, fifth person, etc. Such terms are not absolute but can refer, depending on context, to any of several phenomena.
In linguistics, a participle is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. More narrowly, participle has been defined as "a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective, as in a laughing face".
"Participle" is a traditional grammatical term from Greek and Latin that is widely used for corresponding verb forms in European languages and analogous forms in Sanskrit and Arabic grammar. In particular, Greek and Latin participles are inflected for gender, number and case, but also conjugated for tense and voice and can take prepositional and adverbial modifiers.
Cross-linguistically, participles may have a range of functions apart from adjectival modification. In European and Indian languages, the past participle is used to form the passive voice. In English, participles are also associated with periphrastic verb forms and are widely used in adverbial clauses. In non-Indo-European languages, 'participle' has been applied to forms that are alternatively regarded as converbs , gerunds, gerundives, transgressives, and nominalised verbs in complement clauses. As a result, 'participles' have come to be associated with a broad variety of syntactic constructions.
The word participle comes from classical Latin participium, from particeps 'sharing, participation', because it shares certain properties of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The Latin grammatical term is a calque of the Greek grammatical term metokhe : metoche, 'participation, participle'.
A realis mood is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences. Most languages have a single realis mood called the indicative mood, although some languages have additional realis moods, for example to express different levels of certainty. By contrast, an irrealis mood is used to express something that is not known to be the case in reality.
An example of the contrast between realis and irrealis moods is seen in the English sentences "He works" and "It is necessary that he work". In the first sentence, works is a present indicative form of the verb, and is used to make a direct assertion about the real world. In the second sentence, work is in the subjunctive mood, which is an irrealis mood - here that he work does not necessarily express a fact about the real world , but refers to what would be a desirable state of affairs.
However, since mood is a grammatical category, referring to the form a verb takes rather than its meaning in a given instance, a given language may use realis forms for a number of purposes other than their principal one of making direct factual statements. For example, many languages use indicative verb forms to ask questions and in various other situations where the meaning is in fact of the irrealis type . The indicative might therefore be defined as the mood used in all instances where a given language does not specifically require the use of some other mood.
Distinctions between indicative and other moods such as the subjunctive were marked inflectionally to a greater extent in historical forms of the language than in Modern English. The following table shows the indicative suffixes used on regular verbs in Old English, Middle English and early and present-day Modern English.
The subjunctive is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of the irrealis moods, which refer to what is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with the indicative, a realis mood which principally indicates that something is a statement of fact.
Subjunctives occur most often, although not exclusively, in subordinate clauses, particularly that-clauses. Examples of the subjunctive in English are found in the sentences "I suggest that you be careful" and "It is important that she stay by your side."
The Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, had two closely related moods: the subjunctive and the optative. Many of its daughter languages combined or merged these moods.
In Indo-European, the subjunctive was formed by using the full ablaut grade of the root of the verb and appending the thematic vowel *-e- or *-o- to the root stem, with the full, primary set of personal inflections. The subjunctive was the Indo-European irrealis, used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations.
The Grisons or Graubunden , more formally the Canton of the Grisons or the Canton of Graubunden, is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It has eleven districts, and its capital is Chur. The German name of the canton, Graubunden, translates as the "Grey Leagues", referring to the canton's origin in three local alliances, the Three Leagues. The other native names also refer to the Grey League: Grischun in Sutsilvan, Grischun in the other forms of Romansh, and Grigioni in Italian. Rhaetia is the Latin name for the area. The Alpine ibex is the canton's heraldic symbol.
The largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland, it is also one of the three large southern Alpine cantons, along with Valais and Ticino. It is the most diverse canton in terms of natural and cultural geography, as it encompasses both sides of the Alps and several natural and cultural regions. The diversity of the canton is often compared to that of Switzerland as a whole and warrants it the name of "Little Switzerland". The Grisons is bordered by four cantons as well as Austria, Italy and Liechtenstein.
The state is the only trilingual canton of Switzerland. It is also the only one where Romansh, Switzerland's fourth national language, has official status. Romansh language and culture is an important part of local identity. In 2020 the canton had a population of 200,096. It is the least densely populated canton of Switzerland. The only sizable city in the canton is Chur, as the majority of the population lives in mountainous areas, including some of the most remote valleys of the country. One of the birthplaces of winter sports, the canton is a major tourist destination year-round, including a large number of Alpine resort towns, notably Davos and St. Moritz. The canton is also renowned for its extensive narrow-gauge railway network, operated by the Rhaetian Railway, and linking the capital with most valleys of the Grisons.
Formerly occupied by the Rhaeti, most of the lands of the canton became part of the Roman province called Raetia, which was established in 15 BC, with Curia, a settlement dating back to the Pfyn culture, as capital city. The area later became part of the lands of the diocese of Chur. The late middle ages saw the foundation of the League of God's House, the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions. In 1471 an alliance gave birth to the Three Leagues, and before the end of the 15th century, the latter became an ally of the Old Swiss Confederacy. In 1803 the Three Leagues finally became one of the cantons of the Confederation.
In grammar, the nominative case , subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries.
The English word nominative comes from Latin casus nominativus "case for naming", which was translated from Ancient Greek onomastike ptosis, onomastike ptosis "inflection for naming", from onomazo "call by name", from onoma "name". Dionysius Thrax in his The Art of Grammar refers to it as orthe or eutheia "straight", in contrast to the oblique or "bent" cases.
The reference form of certain parts of speech is normally in the nominative case, but that is often not a complete specification of the reference form, as the number and the gender may need to be specified. Thus, the reference or least marked form of an adjective might be the nominative masculine singular.
The parts of speech that are often declined and therefore may have a nominative case are nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals and participles. The nominative case often indicates the subject of a verb but sometimes does not indicate any particular relationship with the other parts of a sentence. In some languages, the nominative case is unmarked, and it may then be said to be marked by a null morpheme. Moreover, in most languages with a nominative case, the nominative form is the lemma; that is, it is the reference form used to cite a word, to list it as a dictionary entry etc.
The preterite or preterit is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past; in some languages, such as Spanish, French, and English, it is equivalent to the simple past tense. In general, it combines the perfective aspect with the past tense and may thus also be termed the perfective past. In grammars of particular languages the preterite is sometimes called the past historic, or the aorist.
When the term "preterite" is used in relation to specific languages, it may not correspond precisely to this definition. In English it can be used to refer to the simple past verb form, which sometimes expresses perfective aspect. The case of German is similar: the Prateritum is the simple past tense, which does not always imply perfective aspect, and is anyway often replaced by the Perfekt even in perfective past meanings.
In Latin, the perfect tense most commonly functions as the preterite, and refers to an action completed in the past. If the past action was not completed, one would use the imperfect. The perfect in Latin also functions in other circumstances as a present perfect.
In French, the preterite is known as le passe simple . It is a past tense that indicates an action taken once in the past that was completed at some point in the past . This is as opposed to the imperfect , used in expressing repeated, continual, or habitual past actions . In the spoken language, the compound tense known as le passe compose began to compete with it from the 12th century onwards, and has since replaced it almost entirely. French simple past is mostly used in a narrative way to tell stories and describe successive actions. Novelists use it commonly: it brings more suspense, as the sentence can be short without any temporal reference needed. In oral language, the simple past is rarely used except while telling a story; therefore, it would be atypical to hear it in a standard discussion.
In Romanian, the preterite is known as perfectul simplu . The preterite indicates a past accomplished action ; however, this tense is not frequent in the official language and not frequent in the standard speech . The general tendency is to use the compound past to express a past action that is perceived as completed at the moment of speaking.
The Accademia della Crusca , generally abbreviated as La Crusca, is a Florence-based society of scholars of Italian linguistics and philology. It is one of the most important research institutions of the Italian language, as well as the oldest linguistic academy in the world.
The Accademia was founded in Florence in 1583, and has since been characterized by its efforts to maintain the purity of the Italian language. Crusca, which means "bran" in Italian, helps convey the metaphor that its work is similar to winnowing, as also does its emblem depicting a sifter for straining out corrupt words and structures . The academy motto is "Il piu bel fior ne coglie" , a famous line by the Italian poet Francesco Petrarca. In 1612, the Accademia published the first edition of its dictionary, the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which has served as the model for similar works in French, Spanish, German and English.
The founders were originally called the brigata dei Crusconi and constituted a circle composed of poets, men of letters, and lawyers. The members usually assembled on pleasant and convivial occasions, during which cruscate--discourses in a merry and playful style, which have neither a beginning nor an end--were recited. The Crusconi used humour, satire, and irony to distance itself from the pedantry of the Accademia Fiorentina, protected by Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici, and to contrast itself with the severe and classic style of that body. This battle was fought without compromising the primary intention of the group, which was typically literary, and expounded in high-quality literary disputes.
The founders of the Accademia della Crusca are traditionally identified as Giovanni Battista Deti , Antonio Francesco Grazzini , Bernardo Canigiani , Bernardo Zanchini , Bastiano de' Rossi ; they were joined in October 1582 by Lionardo Salviati . Under his leadership, at the beginning of 1583, the Accademia took on a new form, directing itself to demonstrate and to conserve the beauty of the Florentine vulgar tongue, modelled upon the authors of the Trecento.
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Gallery <s> Category:Interior of the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Lancashire <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> England <s> Lancashire <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> Lancashire <p> different from <o> Lancashire <s> Lancashire <p> shares border with <o> Yorkshire <s> Lancashire <p> different from <o> Lancashire <s> Lancashire <p> said to be the same as <o> Lancashire <s> Lancashire <p> shares border with <o> Westmorland <s> Lancashire <p> shares border with <o> Cumberland <s> Lancashire <p> named after <o> Lancaster <s> Lancashire <p> part of <o> England <s> Lancashire <p> instance of <o> historic county of England <s> Lancashire <p> instance of <o> county palatine <s> Lancashire <p> shares border with <o> Cheshire <s> Lancashire <p> flag <o> flag of Lancashire <s> Lancashire <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> instance of <o> human <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> country of citizenship <o> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> occupation <o> architect <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> country of citizenship <o> Kingdom of Great Britain <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> given name <o> Cornelius <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> award received <o> Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> member of <o> Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects <s> Cornelius Sherlock <p> family name <o> Sherlock </Graph> | <Text> :Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, and a part of Antarctica.
The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century. Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The declaration and fight for independence was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861, culminating in the country's reorganization as a federation. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with several waves of European immigration, mainly Italians and Spaniards, influencing its culture and demography.
Following the death of President Juan Peron in 1974, his widow and vice president, Isabel Peron, ascended to the presidency, before being overthrown in 1976. The following military junta, which was supported by the United States, persecuted and murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism and civil unrest that lasted until the election of Raul Alfonsin as president in 1983.
Argentina is a regional power, and retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs. A major non-NATO ally of the United States, Argentina is a developing country with the second-highest HDI in Latin America after Chile. It maintains the second-largest economy in South America, and is a member of G-15 and G20. Argentina is also a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Mercosur, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero-American States.
Recoleta is a barrio or neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina, located in the northern part of the city, by the Rio de la Plata. The area is perhaps best known to be the home of the distinguished Recoleta Cemetery. It is a traditional upper-class and conservative neighborhood with some of the priciest real estate in the city, known for Paris-style townhouses, lavish former palaces and posh boutiques.
The Recoleta neighborhood is composed of the area limited by Montevideo and Uruguay Streets, Cordoba Avenue, Mario Bravo and Coronel Diaz Streets, Las Heras Avenue, Tagle Street, the F.G.B.M railway, Jeronimo Salguero Street, and by the Rio de La Plata or River Plate.
The name of the neighborhood comes from the monastery - the Recollect Convent - of the Recollect fathers, members of the Franciscan Order, which was established in the area at the beginning of the 18th century. They founded a monastery and a church dedicated to Nuestra Senora del Pilar with a cemetery attached. The Recoleta pathway is nearly the exact geographic center of the neighborhood, and one of its highest points in the city, which, at the end of the 19th century attracted wealthy families from the south of the city who sought to escape from the deadly yellow fever outbreak which began in 1871. From that time on, the Recoleta has been one of the most stylish and expensive neighborhoods in Buenos Aires, home to private family mansions, foreign embassies, and luxury hotels, including the Alvear Palace Hotel.
The historical center of the neighborhood is the Church of Nuestra Senora del Pilar, construction of which was completed in 1732. For that reason, the neighborhood was occasionally called El Pilar. The church was originally situated at the edge of the banks that sloped down to the Rio de la Plata and Manso Creek. The creek, also known as Tercero del Norte, currently flows through an underground pipe, and runs below present-day Pueyrredon Avenue. It formed a type of small delta, with channels along the current Austria and Tagle Streets, which flowed into the Rio de la Plata.
In 1968, Glusberg, along with Victor Grippo, Jacques Bedel, Luis Fernando Benedit and others, founded the Centro de Estudios de Arte y Comunicacion which was renamed Centro de Arte y Comunicacion in the following year. Glusberg acted as Director of Centro de Arte y Comunicacion from its inception until his death in early 2012.
In 1985 Glusberg founded the Buenos Aires International Biennial of Architecture.
In 1994 Glusberg was appointed Director of the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes MNBA in Buenos Aires, a title which he held until 2003. Glusberg is recognized for creating the Photography Department at MNBA in 1995 though the appointment of Sara Facio as Curator of Photography.
Glusberg participated in the international architecture symposium "Mensch und Raum" at the Vienna University of Technology in 1984, which received much international attention. Other participants included Justus Dahinden, Pierre Vago, Bruno Zevi, Dennis Sharp, Frei Otto, Paolo Soleri and Ionel Schein. He wrote and edited several books about architecture, design and art in Latin America. He was a professor at New York University, Ball State University, National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco and University of Veracruz.
Born in Buenos Aires, son of Maria Luisa Madero and Dr. Jose Maria Bustillo, he completed his secondary school studies at Otto Krause Technical School. He later entered the School of Architecture at the University of Buenos Aires, where he also excelled as a painter, earning a first prize at the 1912 National Salon of Painters for a self-portrait. He graduated with a degree in Architecture in 1914.
He obtained his first professional experience working on the design of estancias, the first of which was for Santiago Rocca in 1916. He married Blanca Ayerza in 1917, and the couple had eight children. Bustillo designed a country house for his own family, Estancia La Primavera, in 1918. Two years later he returned to Buenos Aires. After a visit to Paris, Bustillo undertook two major projects for Carlos Tornquist in Buenos Aires, by designing the family's house in 1923, and the Tornquist Bank in 1928.
From 1924 until 1937 he consolidated his career with a large number of works including commercial buildings, private houses and rental property. The Martinez de Hoz Building served as the Gran Hotel Argentino before its conversion into the Intelligence Secretariat. He undertook the remodel in 1931 of the interior of the Palais de Glace and in 1932 began the conversion of an old pumping station in Libertador Avenue, Buenos Aires, into the new headquarters for the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes. He was contracted by the governor of Misiones Province in 1935 on the design of the governor's residence, San Martin Square, the municipal park, the police station and the surroundings of the Jesuit ruins of San Ignacio.
In 1938 he began some of his most important works by winning the competition for the design of the Llao Llao Hotel in San Carlos de Bariloche, an important tourist centre. The building, made almost entirely of wood, was destroyed by fire soon after its completion in 1939 and a year later Bustillo built a new hotel out of reinforced concrete and stone. In the Nahuel Huapi National Park, he designed Inalco on the shores of Nahuel Huapi Lake in the heart of the 'Seven Lakes Route' northwest of Villa La Angostura, Neuquen, for Enrique Garcia Merou. He designed the headquarters of the National Bank in Buenos Aires in both its phases, the first completed in 1944 and the second in 1955. Bustillo also designed numerous landmark works in Mar del Plata during the 1940s, including the Grand Provincial Hotel, the Casino, the seaside esplanade joining each, and City Hall.
Lancashire is a ceremonial county in North West England. It is bordered by Cumbria to the north, North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire to the east, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The largest settlement is Blackpool, and the county town is the city of Preston.
The county has an area of 3,079 square kilometres and a population of 1,490,300. After Blackpool , the largest settlements are Blackburn and the city of Preston ; the city of Lancaster has a population of 52,655. For local government purposes, Lancashire comprises a non-metropolitan county, with twelve districts, and two unitary authority areas, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool. The county historically included northern Greater Manchester and Merseyside, the Furness and Cartmel peninsulas of Cumbria, and some of northern Cheshire, and excluded the eastern part of the Forest of Bowland.
The west of Lancashire contains flat coastal plains, which rise to the hills of the Pennines in the east. The county contains large parts of two national landscapes, Arnside and Silverdale and the Forest of Bowland, and other protected areas such as the Ribble and Alt Estuaries National nature reserve. The major rivers in the county are, from north to south, the Lune, the Wyre, and the Ribble, which all flow west into the Irish Sea. The highest point in Lancashire is either Gragareth or Green Hill, both approximately 628 m high and located in the far north-east of the county.
Lancashire was founded in the 12th century; in the Domesday Book of 1086 much of what would become the county is treated as part of Yorkshire and Cheshire. Until the Early Modern period the county was a comparatively poor backwater, although in 1351 it became a palatine, with a semi-independent judicial system. This changed during the Industrial Revolution, when the county rapidly industrialised; until 1974 it included both Liverpool, a major port, and Manchester, which with its surrounding towns dominated the manufacture of textiles. The Lancashire coalfield was also exploited, with many collieries opening. By 1971 Lancashire had a population of 5,118,405, which made it the most heavily populated county in the United Kingdom after Greater London. Sherlock is best known as one of the architects responsible for the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, one of the main buildings in the area around William Brown Street and a celebrated example of High Victorian Neoclassical buildings.
Cornelius Sherlock was born in Liverpool to Thomas and Anne Sherlock. He was apprenticed to the influential Liverpudlian architect Peter Ellis , who designed the Oriel Chambers. Sherlock lived in Canning Street and worked in initially at 22 King Street, before moving his offices to Manchester Buildings in Tithebarn Street. In 1867 he took up residence at Elm House in Childwall, where he remained for the rest of his life. Sherlock became a member of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire in 1850 and he was made a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1878.
In 1866, Sherlock was commissioned by the politician and brewing magnate Andrew Barclay Walker to build his Tudor Revival private residence, Gateacre Grange, on Rose Brow in Gateacre, Liverpool. Walker employed Sherlock again in 1874 in his project to build an art gallery for the City of Liverpool. Sherlock, along with co-architect H. H. Vale, were presented by Lord Sandon to the Duke of Edinburgh at the laying of the foundation stone in 1874. Sherlock and Vale collaborated on the Walker Art Gallery project until Vale's suicide in 1875. After this date, Vale's name no longer appeared on architectural documentation and Sherlock claimed credit for the entire design.
Sherlock's work for Sir James Picton on extending the William Brown Library followed the opening of the Walker Art Gallery, and the Picton Reading Room opened in 1879. Sherlock's design, modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, was critically acclaimed. His choice of a Classical rotunda surrounded by a colonnade of Corinthian columns is considered a graceful solution to turn the corner of the street, and together with the Walker gallery and the Brown library, the Picton forms part of a Neoclassical ensemble that was acclaimed by the public library advocate Thomas Greenwood as "without doubt the finest pile of buildings for this purpose in the whole United Kingdom and Ireland".
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Byzantine art <s> Museum of Late Antique and Byzantine Art <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Berlin-Mitte </Graph> | <Text> :Henry Hill Vale was a British architect who was active in North West England in the late 19th century. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, into a Warwickshire family, and studied under the Liverpudlian architect Henry Roberts.
In 1874, Vale was commissioned to assist the architect Cornelius Sherlock in the design of the Neoclassical Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. At the laying of the foundation stone in 1874, Vale and Sherlock were presented by Lord Sandon to the Duke of Edinburgh. Vale had previously worked for the gallery's benefactor, Sir Andrew Barclay Walker, on an unrealised project to build a church for his house at Gateacre in 1868. Walker commissioned work from Vale again in 1874, on a proposal for an ornate Gothic Revival-style Conservative Club building in Liverpool, also unrealised.
Vale was the architect for a number of other buildings in Liverpool, including residential villas in Sefton Park, an infants' school in West Derby, Earle & King linseed oil mill on Burlington Street, and a commercial block on the corner of Whitechapel and Richmond Street. Vale also designed a new banking building for the Liverpool Sailors' Home.
Vale reportedly suffered from chronic mental health problems and a form of psychological stress. On 26 August 1875, while at home with his wife and daughter, Vale took a dose of laudanum and drowned himself in a pond behind the family house. His suicide was attributed to "temporary insanity" caused by pressure of work.
In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural and/or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, Cadw in Wales, and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland. The classification schemes differ between England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland . The term has also been used in the Republic of Ireland, where buildings are protected under the Planning and Development Act 2000, although the statutory term in Ireland is "protected structure".
A listed building may not be demolished, extended, or altered without special permission from the local planning authority, which typically consults the relevant central government agency. In England and Wales, a national amenity society must be notified of any work to be done on a listed building which involves any element of demolition.
Exemption from secular listed building control is provided for some buildings in current use for worship, but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure. Owners of listed buildings are, in some circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, the owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques.
Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings, other structures such as bridges, monuments, sculptures, war memorials, milestones and mileposts, and the Abbey Road zebra crossing made famous by the Beatles, are also listed. Ancient, military, and uninhabited structures, such as Stonehenge, are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and are protected by separate legislation. Cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently "listed" on a non-statutory basis.
He followed his father into brewing. In 1879, on the death of his father, he gained control of the business and in 1890 he turned it into a public company, Walkers of Warrington. Several pubs in Liverpool and the northwest of England still carry the slogan "Walkers Warrington Ale" in their frosted glass.
He married Eliza, the eldest daughter of John Reid, of Limekilns, Fife. They had 6 sons and two daughters, including John Reid Walker and William Walker, 1st Baron Wavertree .
His youngest daughter Ethel Lisette married on 3 February 1897 the 9th. Earl of Kingston in 1897, and they took up residence in Kilronan Castle, Co. Roscommon. Sir Andrew later married Maude Okeover, the daughter of Haughton Charles Okeover; they had no children.
He built the Walker Art Gallery which is named after him and donated it to the City of Liverpool. For this, and other good works, he was knighted in 1877 and created Baronet Walker, of Gateacre, co. Lancaster in 1886.
Originally known as Shaw's Brow, a coaching road east from the city, it is named after William Brown, a local MP and philanthropist, who in 1860 donated land in the area for the building of a library and museum. This area gives its name as the William Brown Street conservation area.
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, North West England. It had a population of 486,100 at the 2021 census. The city is located on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, adjacent to the Irish Sea, and is approximately 178 miles from London. The wider Liverpool built-up area is the third largest in England and Wales outside London. Liverpool itself is the largest settlement in the Liverpool City Region, which is the fourth largest combined authority in the UK with a population of 1,551,722 in 2021. The city also forms part of a larger urban region of over 2 million people which extends in to the neighbouring counties of northeast Wales, Cheshire and Lancashire. The region shares political boundaries and significant economic connections.
Liverpool was established as a borough in 1207 in the county of Lancashire and became a significant town in the late seventeenth century, when the port at nearby Chester began to silt up. The Port of Liverpool became heavily involved in the Atlantic slave trade, with the first slave ship departing from the town in 1699. The port also imported much of the cotton required by the neighbouring Lancashire textile mills, and became a major departure point for English and Irish emigrants to North America. In the nineteenth century, Liverpool rose to global economic importance at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, and built the first intercity railway, the first non-combustible warehouse system, and a pioneering elevated electrical railway; it was granted city status in 1880. In common with many British cities, the city entered a period of decline in the mid-twentieth century after which it experienced significant regeneration when it was selected as the European Capital of Culture in 2008.
Liverpool's modern economy is diversified. The city has a significant influence on the knowledge sector, maritime industry, tourism, culture, hospitality, healthcare industry, life sciences, advanced manufacturing, the creative and digital sectors. The city contains the second-highest number of national museums, listed buildings, and listed parks in the UK after London. Its architecture means the city is often used as a filming location, and in 2022 it was one of top five cities in the UK most visited by overseas tourists. Liverpool is England's only UNESCO City of Music and has produced many notable musicians, including the Beatles. In sports, the city is the home of Premier League football teams Everton F.C. and Liverpool F.C. The Port of Liverpool was the fourth-largest in the UK in 2020, and numerous shipping and freight lines have headquarters and offices in the city.
Residents of Liverpool are often called "Scousers" in reference to scouse, a local stew made popular by sailors in the city; the name is also applied to the distinct Liverpool accent and dialect. The city has a culturally and ethnically diverse population, and historically attracted many immigrants from Ireland, Norway, and Wales. It is also home to the oldest black community in the UK, the oldest Chinese community in Europe and the first mosque in England, now restored.
Mitte is a central section of Berlin, Germany, in the eponymous borough of Mitte. Until 2001, it was itself an autonomous district.
Mitte proper comprises the historic center of Old Berlin, with the medieval churches of St. Nicholas and St. Mary, the Museum Island, city buildings , the Fernsehturm, and the Brandenburg Gate, along the central boulevard of Unter den Linden. For these reasons, Mitte is considered the "heart" of Berlin.
Mitte comprises the historic center of Berlin . Its history thus corresponds to the history of the entire city until the early 20th century, and with the Greater Berlin Act in 1920 it became the first district of the city. It was among the areas of the city most heavily damaged in World War II.
Following a territorial redeployment by the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom that reshaped the borders of West Berlin's British Sector in August 1945, the western part of Staaken became in effect as of 1 February 1951 an exclave of Mitte, then still a borough of East Berlin. This ended on 1 January 1961, when western Staaken was incorporated into then East German Falkensee, which had already been under its de facto administration since 1 June 1952.
The Staatliche Museen zu Berlin are a group of institutions in Berlin, Germany, comprising seventeen museums in five clusters; several research institutes; libraries; and supporting facilities. They are overseen by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation and funded by the German federal government in collaboration with Germany's federal states. The central complex on Museum Island was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1999. By 2007, the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin had grown into the largest complex of museums in Europe. The museum was originally founded by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia in 1823 as the Konigliche Museen .
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Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art artwork ID <p> Wikidata property example <o> The Three Graces <s> Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art artwork ID <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> Laurence Sickman <p> instance of <o> human <s> Laurence Sickman <p> country of citizenship <o> United States of America <s> Laurence Sickman <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> English <s> Laurence Sickman <p> educated at <o> Harvard University <s> Laurence Sickman <p> occupation <o> historian <s> Laurence Sickman <p> occupation <o> curator <s> Laurence Sickman <p> occupation <o> art historian <s> Laurence Sickman <p> member of <o> Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program <s> Laurence Sickman <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Laurence Sickman <p> given name <o> Laurence <s> Laurence Sickman <p> position held <o> museum director <s> Laurence Sickman <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject PCC Wikidata Pilot/Frick Art Reference Library <s> Laurence Sickman <p> family name <o> Sickman <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> country of citizenship <o> United States of America <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> instance of <o> human <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> place of birth <o> Fort Wayne <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> occupation <o> publisher <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> educated at <o> University of Notre Dame <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> family name <o> Nelson <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> given name <o> William <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> father <o> Isaac De Groff Nelson <s> William Rockhill Nelson <p> place of burial <o> Mount Washington Cemetery <s> Mary McAfee Atkins <p> instance of <o> human <s> Mary McAfee Atkins <p> country of citizenship <o> United States of America <s> Mary McAfee Atkins <p> given name <o> Mary <s> Mary McAfee Atkins <p> sex or gender <o> female </Graph> | <Text> :The Kansas City metropolitan area is a bi-state metropolitan area anchored by Kansas City, Missouri. Its 14 counties straddle the border between the U.S. states of Missouri and Kansas . With 8,472 square miles and a population of more than 2.2 million people, it is the second-largest metropolitan area centered in Missouri and is the largest metropolitan area in Kansas, though Wichita is the largest metropolitan area centered in Kansas. Alongside Kansas City, Missouri, these are the suburbs with populations above 100,000: Overland Park, Kansas; Kansas City, Kansas; Olathe, Kansas; Independence, Missouri; and Lee's Summit, Missouri.
Business enterprises and employers include Cerner Corporation , AT&T, BNSF Railway, GEICO, Asurion, T-Mobile , Black & Veatch, AMC Theatres, Citigroup, Garmin, Hallmark Cards, Waddell & Reed, H&R Block, General Motors, Honeywell, the Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant, The Kansas City Star, Bayer, Children's Mercy Hospital, Truman Medical Center-Hospital Hill, and Andrews McMeel Universal . Shopping centers include City Market, Crown Center, Country Club Plaza, Independence Center, Legends Outlets Kansas City, Oak Park Mall, Ward Parkway Center, and Zona Rosa.
Cultural attractions include the American Jazz Museum, the Kansas City Symphony, Kansas City Union Station, the National World War I Museum, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, the National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame, Negro Leagues Baseball Museum, Arabia Steamboat Museum, Uptown Theater, Midland Theatre, the Kansas City Zoo, Swope Park , Sandstone Amphitheater, the Kansas City Renaissance Festival, Worlds of Fun, Oceans of Fun, and several casinos. Major league sports franchises include the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs, the MLB's Kansas City Royals, and the MLS's Sporting Kansas City. The Kansas Speedway is owned by NASCAR.
Historic features include the confluence of the eastern endpoints of the California, Santa Fe, and Oregon Trails in Independence; the Harry S. Truman Historic District; and the neighborhoods of Westport, 18th and Vine, and Pendleton Heights. Historic cultural origins include KC styles of jazz, vaudeville theater, barbecue, and steak.
His work includes the 2022 Rubenstein Commons at the Institute for Advanced Study; the 2020 Campus expansion of the Museum of Fine Arts Houston including the Nancy and Rich Kinder Building and Glassell School of Art; the 2019 REACH expansion of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; the 2019 Hunters Point Library in Queens, New York; the 2007 Bloch Building addition to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri; and the 2009 Linked Hybrid mixed-use complex in Beijing, China.
Holl was born on December 9, 1947, and grew up in Bremerton and Manchester, Washington. He is the son of Myron Holl of Washington state and Helen Mae Holl of Alabama. He has described his father as "full blooded Norwegian". Holl received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Washington in 1971.
In 1998, Holl was awarded the prestigious Alvar Aalto Medal. In 2000, Holl was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In July 2001, Time named Holl America's Best Architect, for "buildings that satisfy the spirit as well as the eye." Other awards and distinctions include the best architectural design in New York for The Pace Collection showroom in 1986 from the American Institute of Architects, the New York American Institute of Architects Medal of Honor , the French Grande Medaille d'Or , the Smithsonian Institution's Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award in Architecture , Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects , the Arnold W. Brunner Prize in Architecture from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the 2008 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Arts category. In 2007, Steven Holl Architects received the AIA Institute Honor Award and the AIA New York Chapter Architecture Merit Award for Art Building West for the School of Art and Art History . The Higgins Hall Insertion at Pratt Institute and the New Residence at the Swiss Embassy both received the AIA New York Chapter Architecture Honor Award in 2007. In 2010, Herning Museum of Contemporary Art, was awarded the RIBA International Award. The Horizontal Skyscraper-Vanke Center received the 2011 AIA Institute National Honor Award, as well as the AIA NY Honor Award. In 2011, he was named a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council., and Holl was named the 2012 AIA Gold Medal winner. In 2014, Holl was awarded the Praemium Imperiale Prize for Architecture. In 2016, Holl was awarded The Daylight and Building Component Award by the VELUX Foundation.
In 2010, Holl founded 'T' Space, a multidisciplinary arts organization in Rhinebeck, New York. The core aim of 'T' Space is to create educational fusions of art, architecture, music, and poetry of the 21st century. The organization operates a summer exhibition series and an emerging architects summer residency in pursuit of their mission.
A native of Denver, Colorado, Sickman became interested in Japanese and Chinese art while in high school. In 1930, he earned a degree in the field at Harvard, where he also became fluent in Chinese. He traveled throughout China under the newly formed Harvard-Yenching Fellowship, purchasing Chinese paintings, sculpture and furniture for collection and study at the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of the Nelson-Atkins Museum. He traveled on a scholarship to China, where he met Langdon Warner, his former Harvard professor and one of the trustees of the Nelson museum, which was being established. Warner, who had been appointed to build a collection for the museum, initially tutored Sickman. Sickman was later given the responsibility of buying works on his own by means of a $11 million donation by Kansas City Star founder William Rockhill Nelson.
In 1931, Sickman joined the staff of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. In 1935, he became the curator of Oriental Art at the museum. His museum curatorial career was interrupted by military service in the Second World War.
Sickman's war service took him to Tokyo during the occupation of Japan where he served as one of the "Monuments Men" under General Douglas MacArthur's Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives section. Among those serving with Sickman in Tokyo were Sherman Lee and Patrick Lennox Tierney.
William Rockhill Nelson was an American real estate developer and co-founder of The Kansas City Star in Kansas City, Missouri. He donated his estate for the establishment of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.
Nelson was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. His father was publisher Isaac De Groff Nelson and his mother was Elizabeth Rockhill , the daughter of William R. Rockhill, an important farmer and politician in Fort Wayne, Indiana. For a short time, Isaac Nelson owned The Sentinel newspaper . But I.D.G. Nelson, as he was fondly known for many years in Fort Wayne, was much more renowned as a nursery owner. His own estate, "Elm Park", was considered "the showplace of Allen County."
Nelson, as a 15-year-old attended the University of Notre Dame at the time for two years which he described as "Botany Bay for bad boys." Notre Dame was reported to have asked that he not return.
He was admitted to the bar in 1862 and was a campaign manager for Democratic presidential nominee Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden told him: "While it is a great thing to lead armies, it is a greater thing to lead the minds of men."
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art is an art museum in Kansas City, Missouri, known for its encyclopedic collection of art from nearly every continent and culture, and especially for its extensive collection of Asian art.
On September 1, 2010, Julian Zugazagoitia became the museum's fifth Director. Zugazagoitia had previously served for seven years as the Director and CEO of El Museo del Barrio in New York City.
The museum was built on the grounds of Oak Hall, the home of Kansas City Star publisher William Rockhill Nelson . When he died in 1915, his will provided that upon the deaths of his wife and daughter, the proceeds of his entire estate would go to purchasing artwork for public enjoyment. This bequest was augmented by additional funds from the estates of Nelson's daughter, son-in-law and attorney.
In 1911, former schoolteacher Mary McAfee Atkins , widow of real estate speculator James Burris Atkins, bequeathed $300,000 to establish an art museum. Through sound management of the estate and a booming economy, this amount grew to $700,000 by 1927. Original plans called for two art museums based on the separate bequests . However, trustees of the two estates decided to combine the two bequests along with smaller bequests from others to make a single major art institution.
</Text> |
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Category:Minneapolis Institute of Arts <p> category's main topic <o> Minneapolis Institute of Art <s> Category:Religious art <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Religious art <p> category's main topic <o> religious art <s> religious work of art <p> manifestation of <o> religious art <s> religious work of art <p> different from <o> religious art <s> religious work of art <p> subclass of <o> work of art </Graph> | <Text> :Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in the state of Minnesota and the county seat of Hennepin County. As of the 2020 census the population was 429,954, making it the state's most populous city. Nicknamed the "City of Lakes", Minneapolis is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks, and waterfalls. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and flour milling capital of the world and has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. It occupies both banks of the Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota.
The site of Minneapolis was originally inhabited by Dakota people. European settlement was founded along Saint Anthony Falls--the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River--on land north of Fort Snelling. Its early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and the surrounding area are collectively known as the Twin Cities, a metropolitan area home to 3.69 million inhabitants.
Minneapolis has one of the most extensive public park systems in the U.S.; many of these parks are connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Biking and walking trails run through many parts of the city including the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Lake of the Isles, Bde Maka Ska, and Lake Harriet, and Minnehaha Falls. Minneapolis has cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Minneapolis is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, and the Target Corporation. The city's cultural offerings include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the First Avenue nightclub, and four professional sports teams. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.
Despite its well-regarded quality of life, Minneapolis faces a pressing challenge in the form of stark disparities among its residents--arguably the most critical issue confronting the city in the 21st century. Governed by a mayor-council system, Minneapolis has a political landscape dominated by the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party , with Jacob Frey serving as mayor since 2018.
Kenzo Tange was a Japanese architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for Architecture. He was one of the most significant architects of the 20th century, combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism, and designed major buildings on five continents. His career spanned the entire second half of the twentieth century, producing numerous distinctive buildings in Tokyo, other Japanese cities and cities around the world, as well as ambitious physical plans for Tokyo and its environments.
Tange was also an influential patron of the Metabolist movement. Influenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist Le Corbusier, Tange gained international recognition in 1949 when he won the competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. He was a member of CIAM in the 1950s.
Born on 4 September 1913 in Sakai, Japan, Tange spent his early life in the Chinese cities of Hankou and Shanghai; he and his family returned to Japan after learning of the death of one of his uncles. In contrast to the green lawns and red bricks in their Shanghai abode, the Tange family took up residence in a thatched roof farmhouse in Imabari on the island of Shikoku.
After finishing middle school, Tange moved to Hiroshima in 1930 to attend high school. It was here that he first encountered the works of Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier. His discovery of the drawings of the Palace of the Soviets in a foreign art journal convinced him to become an architect. Although he graduated from high school, Tange's poor results in mathematics and physics meant that he had to pass entrance exams to qualify for admission to the prestigious universities. He spent two years doing so and during that time, he read extensively about western philosophy. Tange also enrolled in the film division at Nihon University's art department to dodge Japan's drafting of young men to its military and seldom attended classes.
A nonprofit organization or non-profit organization, also known as a non-business entity, or nonprofit institution, and often referred to simply as a non-profit , is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, as opposed to an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a profit for its owners. A nonprofit is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization's purpose, not taken by private parties. An array of organizations are nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, business associations, churches, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be tax-exempt, and some may also qualify to receive tax-deductible contributions, but an entity may incorporate as a nonprofit entity without having tax-exempt status.
Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically, for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Supposedly, the more a nonprofit focus on their mission, the more public confidence they will gain. This will result in more money for the organization. The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public's confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are.
There is an important distinction in the US between non-profit and not-for-profit organizations ; while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example, is a club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. The names used and precise regulations vary from one jurisdiction to another.
According to the National Center for Charitable Statistics , there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the United States, including public charities, private foundations, and other nonprofit organizations. Private charitable contributions increased for the fourth consecutive year in 2017 , at an estimated $410.02 billion. Out of these contributions, religious organizations received 30.9%, education organizations received 14.3%, and human services organizations received 12.1%. Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over the age of 16 volunteered for a nonprofit.
Michael Graves was an American architect, designer, and educator, and principal of Michael Graves and Associates and Michael Graves Design Group. He was a member of The New York Five and the Memphis Group and a professor of architecture at Princeton University for nearly forty years. Following his own partial paralysis in 2003, Graves became an internationally recognized advocate of health care design.
Graves' global portfolio of architectural work ranged from the Ministry of Culture in The Hague, a post office for Celebration, Florida, a prominent expansion of the Denver Public Library to numerous commissions for Disney and the scaffolding design for the 2000 Washington Monument restoration. He was recognized for his influence on architectural movements, including New Urbanism, New Classicism, and postmodernism. His postmodern buildings include the Portland Building in Portland, Oregon and the Humana Building in Louisville, Kentucky.
For his architectural work, Graves received a fellowship of the American Institute of Architects as well as its highest award, the AIA Gold Medal . He was trustee of the American Academy in Rome and was the president of its Society of Fellows from 1980 to 1984. He received the American Prize for Architecture, the National Medal of Arts and the Driehaus Architecture Prize .
Graves produced both high end and mass consumer product designs for several companies, including Alessi in Italy and Target and J. C. Penney in the United States. The New York Times described Graves as "one of the most prominent and prolific American architects of the latter 20th century, who designed more than 350 buildings around the world but was perhaps best known for teakettle and pepper mill."
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Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements--although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine, sacredness, faith, and a supernatural being or beings.
Religious practices may include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration , sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, matrimonial and funerary services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, or public service. Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred texts, symbols, and holy places, that primarily aim to give life meaning. Religions may contain symbolic tales that may attempt to explain the origin of life, the universe, and other phenomena; some followers believe these to be true stories; others regard them as myth. Traditionally, both faith and reason have been considered sources of religious beliefs.
There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, though nearly all of them have regionally based, relatively small followings. Four religions--Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism--account for over 77% of the world's population, and 92% of the world either follows one of those four religions or identifies as nonreligious, meaning that the remaining 9,000+ faiths account for only 8% of the population combined. The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, atheists, and agnostics, although many in the demographic still have various religious beliefs.
Many world religions are also organized religions, most definitively including the Abrahamic religions Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, while others are arguably less so, in particular folk religions, indigenous religions, and some Eastern religions. A portion of the world's population are members of new religious movements. Scholars have indicated that global religiosity may be increasing due to religious countries having generally higher birth rates.
In historiography, periodization is the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified, and named blocks of time for the purpose of study or analysis. This is usually done in order to understand current and historical processes, and the causality that might have linked those events.
Periodizations can provide a convenient segmentation of time, wherein events within the period might consist of relatively similar characteristics. However, determining the precise beginning and ending of any 'period' is often arbitrary, since it has changed over time and over the course of history. Systems of periodization are more or less arbitrary, yet it provides a framework to help us understand them. Periodizing labels are continually challenged and redefined, but once established, period "brands" are so convenient that many are hard to change.
The practice of dividing history into ages or periods is as early as the development of writing, and can be traced to the Sumerian period. The Sumerian King List, dating to the second millennium BC--and for most parts it is not considered historically accurate--is "periodized" into dynastic regnal eras. The classical division into a Golden Age, Silver Age, Bronze Age, Heroic Age, and Iron Age goes back to Hesiod in the 8th - 7th century BC.
One Biblical periodization scheme commonly used in the Middle Ages was Saint Paul's theological division of history into three ages: the first before the age of Moses ; the second under Mosaic law ; the third in the age of Christ . But perhaps the most widely discussed periodization scheme of the Middle Ages was the Six Ages of the World, written by the early 5th century AD, where every age was a thousand years counting from Adam to the present, with the present time being the sixth and final age.
Philosophy is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its own methods and assumptions.
Historically, many of the individual sciences, such as physics and psychology, formed part of philosophy. However, they are considered separate academic disciplines in the modern sense of the term. Influential traditions in the history of philosophy include Western, Arabic-Persian, Indian, and Chinese philosophy. Western philosophy originated in Ancient Greece and covers a wide area of philosophical subfields. A central topic in Arabic-Persian philosophy is the relation between reason and revelation. Indian philosophy combines the spiritual problem of how to reach enlightenment with the exploration of the nature of reality and the ways of arriving at knowledge. Chinese philosophy focuses principally on practical issues in relation to right social conduct, government, and self-cultivation.
Major branches of philosophy are epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epistemology studies what knowledge is and how to acquire it. Ethics investigates moral principles and what constitutes right conduct. Logic is the study of correct reasoning and explores how good arguments can be distinguished from bad ones. Metaphysics examines the most general features of reality, existence, objects, and properties. Other subfields are aesthetics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of history, and political philosophy. Within each branch, there are competing schools of philosophy that promote different principles, theories, or methods.
Philosophers use a great variety of methods to arrive at philosophical knowledge. They include conceptual analysis, reliance on common sense and intuitions, use of thought experiments, analysis of ordinary language, description of experience, and critical questioning. Philosophy is related to many other fields, including the sciences, mathematics, business, law, and journalism. It provides an interdisciplinary perspective and studies the scope and fundamental concepts of these fields. It also investigates their methods and ethical implications.
Thomas Aquinas OP was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily.
Thomas was a prominent proponent of natural theology and the father of a school of thought known as Thomism. He argued that God is the source of the light of natural reason and the light of faith. He embraced several ideas put forward by Aristotle and attempted to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy with the principles of Christianity. He has been described as "the most influential thinker of the medieval period" and "the greatest of the medieval philosopher-theologians". According to the English philosopher Anthony Kenny, Thomas was "one of the greatest philosophers of the Western world".
Thomas's best-known works are the unfinished Summa Theologica, or Summa Theologiae , the Disputed Questions on Truth and the Summa contra Gentiles . His commentaries on Christian Scripture and on Aristotle also form an important part of his body of work. He is also notable for his Eucharistic hymns, which form a part of the Church's liturgy.
As a Doctor of the Church, Thomas Aquinas is considered one of the Catholic Church's greatest theologians and philosophers. He is known in Catholic theology as the Doctor Angelicus , and the Doctor Communis . In 1999, John Paul II added a new title to these traditional ones: Doctor Humanitatis .
Canonized in 1931, he was known during his lifetime as Doctor universalis and Doctor expertus; late in his life the sobriquet Magnus was appended to his name. Scholars such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Soder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. The Catholic Church distinguishes him as one of the Doctors of the Church.
It seems likely that Albertus Magnus was born sometime before 1200, given well-attested evidence that he was aged over 80 on his death in 1280. Two later sources say that Albert was about 87 on his death, which has led 1193 to be commonly given as the date of Albert's birth, but this information does not have enough evidence to be confirmed. Albert was probably born in Lauingen , since he called himself 'Albert of Lauingen', but this might simply be a family name. Most probably his family was of ministerial class; his familiar connection with the Bollstadt noble family is almost certainly mere conjecture by 15th century hagiographers.
Albert was probably educated principally at the University of Padua, where he received instruction in Aristotle's writings. A late account by Rudolph de Novamagia refers to Albertus' encounter with the Blessed Virgin Mary, who convinced him to enter the Holy Orders. In 1223 , he became a member of the Dominican Order, and studied theology at Bologna and elsewhere. Selected to fill the position of lecturer at Cologne, Germany, where the Dominicans had a house, he taught for several years there, as well as in Regensburg, Freiburg, Strasbourg, and Hildesheim. During his first tenure as lecturer at Cologne, Albert wrote his Summa de bono after having a discussion with Philip the Chancellor concerning the transcendental properties of being. In 1245, Albert became master of theology under Guerric of Saint-Quentin, the first German Dominican to achieve this distinction. Following this turn of events, Albert was able to teach theology at the University of Paris as a full-time professor, holding the seat of the Chair of Theology at the College of St. James. During this time Thomas Aquinas began to study under Albertus.
Albert was the first to comment on virtually all of the writings of Aristotle, thus making them accessible to wider academic debate. The study of Aristotle brought him to study and comment on the teachings of Muslim academics, notably Avicenna and Averroes, and this would bring him into the heart of academic debate.
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Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and a dialogue did survive. The First Apology, his most well-known text, passionately defends the morality of the Christian life, and provides various ethical and philosophical arguments to convince the Roman emperor, Antoninus, to abandon the persecution of the Church. Further, he also indicates, as St. Augustine would later, regarding the "true religion" that predated Christianity, that the "seeds of Christianity" actually predated Christ's incarnation. This notion allows him to claim many historical Greek philosophers , in whose works he was well studied, as unknowing Christians.
Justin was martyred, along with some of his students, and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheran Churches, and in Anglicanism.
Justin Martyr was born around AD 90-100, into a Greek family, at Flavia Neapolis near the ancient biblical city of Shechem, in Samaria, Palestine. He knew little or no Hebrew and Aramaic, and had only a passing acquaintance with Judaism. His family may have been pagan, since he was uncircumcised, and defined himself as a Gentile. His grandfather, Bacchius, had a Greek name, while his father, Priscus, bore a Latin name, which has led to speculations that his ancestors may have settled in Neapolis soon after its establishment or that they were descended from a Roman "diplomatic" community that had been sent there.
In the opening of the Dialogue, Justin describes his early education, stating that his initial studies left him unsatisfied due to their failure to provide a belief system that would afford theological and metaphysical inspiration to their young pupil. He says he tried first the school of a Stoic philosopher, who was unable to explain God's being to him. He then attended a Peripatetic philosopher but was put off because the philosopher was too eager for his fee. Then he went to hear a Pythagorean philosopher who demanded that he first learn music, astronomy, and geometry, which he did not wish to do. Subsequently, he adopted Platonism after encountering a Platonist thinker who had recently settled in his city.
Catherine of Alexandria, also spelled Katherine is, according to tradition, a Christian saint and virgin, who was martyred in the early fourth century at the hands of the emperor Maxentius. According to her hagiography, she was both a princess and a noted scholar who became a Christian around the age of 14, converted hundreds of people to Christianity and was martyred around the age of eighteen. More than 1,100 years after Catherine's martyrdom, Joan of Arc identified her as one of the saints who appeared to and counselled her.
The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates her as a Great Martyr and celebrates her feast day on 24 or 25 November, depending on the regional tradition. In Catholicism, Catherine is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and she is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on 25 November. Her feast was removed from the General Roman Calendar in 1969, but restored in 2002 as an optional memorial.
Some modern scholars consider that the legend of Catherine was probably based on the life and murder of the virgin Saint Dorothea of Alexandria and the Greek philosopher Hypatia, with the reversed role of a Christian and Neo-Platonist in the case of the latter. On the other hand, the Catholic Encyclopedia states that "Although contemporary hagiographers look upon the authenticity of the various texts containing the legend of St. Catherine as more than doubtful, it is not therefore meant to cast even the shadow of a doubt around the existence of the saint".
According to the traditional narrative, Catherine was the daughter of Sabinella and Constus , the governor of Alexandria during the reign of the emperor Maximian . She was of Greek origin. From a young age she devoted herself to study. A vision of the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus persuaded her to become a Christian. When the persecutions began under the emperor Maxentius, she went to the emperor and rebuked him for his cruelty. The emperor summoned 50 of the best pagan philosophers and orators to dispute with her, hoping that they would refute her pro-Christian arguments, but Catherine won the debate. Several of her adversaries, conquered by her eloquence, declared themselves Christians and were at once put to death.
In philosophy, a point of view is a specific attitude or manner through which a person thinks about something. This figurative usage of the expression dates back to 1730.
In this meaning, the usage is synonymous with one of the meanings of the term perspective .
The concept of the "point of view" is highly multifunctional and ambiguous. Many things may be judged from certain personal, traditional or moral points of view . Our knowledge about reality is often relative to a certain point of view.
Vazquez Campos and Manuel Liz Gutierrez suggested to analyse the concept of "point of view" using two approaches: one based on the concept of "propositional attitudes", the other on the concepts of "location" and "access".
Margarita Vazquez Campos and Antonio Manuel Liz Gutierrez in their work, "The Notion of Point of View", give a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the concept. They point out that despite being crucial in many discourses, the notion has not been adequately analyzed, though some important works do exist. They mention that early classical Greek philosophers, starting from Parmenides and Heraclitus discussed the relation between "appearance" and reality, i.e., how our points of view are connected with reality. They specifically point out Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. They consider Wittgenstein's theory of "pictures" or "models" as an illustration of the relationship between points of view and reality.
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings . Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve a political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in newspapers and news magazines as political cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines.
Thus, the word "caricature" essentially means a "loaded portrait". Until the mid 19th century, it was commonly and mistakenly believed that the term shared the same root as the French 'charcuterie', likely owing to Parisian street artists using cured meats in their satirical portrayal of public figures.
In 18th century usage, 'caricature' was used for any image that made use of exaggerated or distorted features; thus both for comic portraits of specific people and for general social and political comic illustrations such as the satires of James Gillray, Thomas Rowlandson and many others. The title of the British Caricature Magazine exemplifies this usage. In modern usage, 'caricature' is used predominantly for a portrait of a recognizable individual , while the more recent term 'cartoon', popularised in the 19th century from its use in Punch magazine, is used for any other form of comic image, including political satire.
Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, who actively sought people with deformities to use as models. The point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait.
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Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki <s> Auckland Art Gallery building <p> heritage designation <o> Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic place listing <s> Auckland Art Gallery building <p> different from <o> Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki </Graph> | <Text> :A medal or medallion is a small portable artistic object, a thin disc, normally of metal, carrying a design, usually on both sides. They typically have a commemorative purpose of some kind, and many are presented as awards. They may be intended to be worn, suspended from clothing or jewellery in some way, although this has not always been the case. They may be struck like a coin by dies or die-cast in a mould.
A medal may be awarded to a person or organisation as a form of recognition for sporting, military, scientific, cultural, academic, or various other achievements. Military awards and decorations are more precise terms for certain types of state decoration. Medals may also be created for sale to commemorate particular individuals or events, or as works of artistic expression in their own right. In the past, medals commissioned for an individual, typically with their portrait, were often used as a form of diplomatic or personal gift, with no sense of being an award for the conduct of the recipient.
In the proper use of the term, medallions are larger, starting at perhaps four inches across, and are, as such, usually too large to be worn very comfortably, though in colloquial use, "medallion" is often used to refer to a medal used as the pendant of a necklace , or for other types of medals. Medallions may also be called "table medals" because they are too large to be worn and can only be displayed on a wall, table top, desk, or cabinet.
First attested in English in 1578, the word medal is derived from the Middle French medaille, itself from Italian medaglia, and ultimately from the post-classical Latin medalia, meaning a coin worth half a denarius. The word medallion has the same ultimate derivation, but this time through the Italian medaglione, meaning "large medal". There are two theories as for the etymology of the word medalia: the first being that the Latin medalia itself is derived from the adjective medialis meaning "medial" or "middle"; the second being that medaglia comes from the Vulgar Latin metallea , meaning "metal " and that from Latin metallum, which is the latinisation of the Greek metallon , "a mine".
The Castello Sforzesco is a medieval fortification located in Milan, Northern Italy. It was built in the 15th century by Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, on the remnants of a 14th-century fortification. Later renovated and enlarged, in the 16th and 17th centuries it was one of the largest citadels in Europe. Extensively rebuilt by Luca Beltrami in 1891-1905, it now houses several of the city's museums and art collections.
The original construction was ordered by Galeazzo II Visconti, a local nobleman, in 1358 - c. 1370; this castle was known as the Castello di Porta Giova , from the name of a gate in walls located nearby. It was built in the same area of the ancient Roman fortification of Castrum Portae Jovis, which served as castra pretoria when the city was the capital of the Roman Empire. It was enlarged by Galeazzo's successors, Gian Galeazzo, Giovanni Maria and Filippo Maria Visconti, until it became a square-plan castle with 200 m-long sides, four towers at the corners and up to 7-metre-thick walls. The castle was the main residence in the city of its Visconti lords, and was destroyed by the short-lived Golden Ambrosian Republic which ousted them in 1447.
In 1450, Francesco Sforza, once he had shattered the republicans, began reconstruction of the castle to turn it into his princely residence. In 1452 he hired the sculptor and architect Filarete to design and decorate the central tower, which is still known as the Torre del Filarete. After Francesco's death, the construction was continued by his son Galeazzo Maria, under the architect Benedetto Ferrini. The decoration was executed by local painters. In 1476, during the regency of Bona of Savoy, the tower bearing her name was built.
In 1494 Ludovico Sforza became lord of Milan, and called on numerous artists to decorate the castle. These include Leonardo da Vinci and Bramante, who painted frescoes in the Sala del Tesoro; the Sala della Balla was decorated with Francesco Sforza's deeds. Around 1498, Leonardo worked on the ceiling of the Sala delle Asse, painting decorations of vegetable motifs. In the following years, however, the castle was damaged by assaults from Italian, French and German troops; a bastion, known as tenaglia, was added, perhaps designed by Cesare Cesariano.
New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses--the North Island and the South Island --and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country by area and lies east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland.
The islands of New Zealand were the last large habitable land to be settled by humans. Between about 1280 and 1350, Polynesians began to settle in the islands and then subsequently developed a distinctive Maori culture. In 1642, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight and record New Zealand. In 1769 the British explorer Captain James Cook became the first European to set foot on and map New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which in its English version declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire. Subsequently, a series of conflicts between the colonial government and Maori tribes resulted in the alienation and confiscation of large amounts of Maori land. New Zealand became a dominion in 1907; it gained full statutory independence in 1947, retaining the monarch as head of state. Today, the majority of New Zealand's population of 5.25 million is of European descent; the indigenous Maori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealand's culture is mainly derived from Maori and early British settlers, with recent broadening of culture arising from increased immigration. The official languages are English, Maori, and New Zealand Sign Language, with the local dialect of English being dominant.
A developed country, it was the first to introduce a minimum wage, and the first to give women the right to vote. It ranks very highly in international measures of quality of life, human rights, and it has low levels of perceived corruption. It retains visible levels of inequality, having structural disparities between its Maori and European populations. New Zealand underwent major economic changes during the 1980s, which transformed it from a protectionist to a liberalised free-trade economy. The service sector dominates the national economy, followed by the industrial sector, and agriculture; international tourism is also a significant source of revenue.
Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, unicameral Parliament, while executive political power is exercised by the Government, led by the prime minister, currently Christopher Luxon. Charles III is the country's king and is represented by the governor-general, Cindy Kiro. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes. The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau ; the Cook Islands and Niue ; and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica.
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It has an urban population of about 1,478,800 . It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf, and which has a total population of 1,739,300 as of June 2023. It is the most populous city of New Zealand and the fifth largest city in Oceania. While Europeans continue to make up the plurality of Auckland's population, the city became multicultural and cosmopolitan in the late-20th century, with Asians accounting for 31% of the city's population in 2018. Auckland has the fourth largest foreign-born population in the world, with 39% of its residents born overseas. With its large population of Pasifika New Zealanders, the city is also home to the biggest ethnic Polynesian population in the world. The Maori-language name for Auckland is Tamaki Makaurau, meaning "Tamaki desired by many", in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography.
Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf to the east, the Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with 53 volcanic centres that make up the Auckland Volcanic Field. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water.
The Auckland isthmus was first settled c. 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land. The Maori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in New Zealand in 1840, William Hobson, then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, chose Auckland as its new capital. He named the area after George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. Maori-European conflict over land in the region led to war in the mid-19th century. In 1865, Auckland was replaced by Wellington as the capital, but continued to grow, initially because of its port and the logging and gold-mining activities in its hinterland, and later because of pastoral farming in the surrounding area, and manufacturing in the city itself. It has been the nation's largest city throughout most of its history. Today, Auckland's central business district is New Zealand's leading economic hub. It also has a thriving culture that has influenced others across the world, built on its dynamic arts scene and a richly multicultural history.
The University of Auckland, founded in 1883, is the largest university in New Zealand. The city's significant tourist attractions include national historic sites, festivals, performing arts, sports activities and a variety of cultural institutions, such as the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the Museum of Transport and Technology, and the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tamaki. Its architectural landmarks include the Harbour Bridge, the Town Hall, the Ferry Building and the Sky Tower, which is the second-tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere after Thamrin Nine. The city is served by Auckland Airport, which handles around 2 million international passengers a month. Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world, Auckland is one of the world's most liveable cities, ranking third in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey and at first place in a 2021 ranking of the Global Liveability Ranking by The Economist.
Sir George Grey, KCB was a British soldier, explorer, colonial administrator and writer. He served in a succession of governing positions: Governor of South Australia, twice Governor of New Zealand, Governor of Cape Colony, and the 11th premier of New Zealand. He played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand, and both the purchase and annexation of Maori land.
Grey was born in Lisbon, Portugal, just a few days after his father, Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey, was killed at the Battle of Badajoz in Spain. He was educated in England. After military service and two explorations in Western Australia , Grey became Governor of South Australia in 1841. He oversaw the colony during a difficult formative period. Despite being less hands-on than his predecessor George Gawler, his fiscally responsible measures ensured the colony was in good shape by the time he departed for New Zealand in 1845.
Grey was the most influential figure during the European settlement of New Zealand. Governor of New Zealand initially from 1845 to 1853, he was Governor during the initial stages of the New Zealand Wars. Learning Maori to fluency, he became a scholar of Maori culture, and wrote a study of Maori mythology and oral history. He developed a cordial relationship with the powerful rangatira Potatau Te Wherowhero of Tainui, in order to deter Ngapuhi from invading Auckland. He was knighted in 1848. In 1854, Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony in South Africa, where his resolution of hostilities between indigenous South Africans and European settlers was praised by both sides. After separating from his wife and developing a severe opium addiction, Grey was again appointed Governor of New Zealand in 1861, three years after Te Wherowhero, who had established himself the first Maori King in Grey's absence, had died. The Kiingitanga posed a significant challenge to the British push for sovereignty, and with his Ngapuhi absent from the movement, Grey found himself challenged on two sides. He struggled to reuse his skills in negotiation to maintain peace with Maori, and his relationship with Te Wherowhero's successor Tawhiao deeply soured. Turning on his former allies, Grey began an aggressive crackdown on Tainui and launched the Invasion of the Waikato in 1863, with 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops attacking 4,000 Maori and their families. Appointed in 1877, he served as Premier of New Zealand until 1879, where he remained a symbol of colonialism.
By political philosophy a Gladstonian liberal and Georgist, Grey eschewed the class system to be part of Auckland's new governance he helped to establish. Cyril Hamshere argues that Grey was a "great British proconsul", although he was also temperamental, demanding of associates, and lacking in some managerial abilities. For the wars of territorial expansion against Maori which he started, he remains a controversial and divisive figure in New Zealand.
John Harry Grainger was an Australian architect and civil engineer, who was also the father of musician Percy Grainger. He designed 14 bridges, notably Princes Bridge in Melbourne. As an architect, he designed half a dozen major public buildings, mainly in New Zealand, Perth, and Melbourne, notably the WA Supreme Court, while he was Principal Architect in the Architectural Division of the Public Works Department of Western Australia. He also designed some major commercial buildings in Melbourne such as Georges Store over his long career, between 1878 and 1915.
Grainger was born at 1 New Street, Westminster, Central London, into a Northumbrian family of builders, architects and engineers. His parents were John Grainger, a master tailor, and Mary Ann Grainger, nee Parsons. He grew up in Durham. Percy Grainger related that he was told "Grainger Street" in Newcastle-on-Tyne was so called because an uncle or other relative had built most of the houses in the street. John Grainger appears to have lived with an uncle while in England, but as his parents were not deceased--they are listed as still living in Westminster in the 1881 census--it is unclear why. Winifred Falconer, his companion later in life, wrote in an unpublished manuscript in the mid-1930s that he lived with an uncle who was an important influence on him during his childhood. The gentleman was a personal friend of the great theologian Cardinal Newman and the young Grainger "derived great pleasure as well as knowledge from listening to their discussions of the world's affairs". His uncle was also interested in music and took Grainger to his personal box at the opera. Percy believed that his father received much of his education at a monastery school in France at Yvetot .: p.2
Grainger started his engineering training when he was fifteen, in the office of William E. Wilson MICE of Dean's Yard, Westminster. Wilson was a well-connected consultant to contractors for railway and other big projects. Grainger also studied architecture under I. J. Eden & W. K. Green of Westminster. In the mid-1870s, while still in Wilson's employ, Grainger travelled throughout Europe, visiting Spain, Italy and France. An article in the Melbourne Age disclosed that Grainger learned how to construct iron bridges in London. " worked with Mr Wilson, the well-known engineer of the Metro. District Railways and with him, iron bridge making has been a special study".
In 1877, at the age of 22, Grainger travelled to Australia and took a position in the office of A. C. Mais, Engineer-in-Chief of the South Australian Public Works Department. He resigned in July 1878 after he had won a design competition for the Albert Bridge in Adelaide and was starting to get private work from a number of wealthy clients,: p.1 including Robert Barr Smith and Thomas Elder. Grainger became involved in the musical life of Adelaide, organised the first string quartet in Adelaide, and provided space in their house for the string quartet to rehearse. Percy Grainger ascribes some of his exposure to music early on in his father's love of music.
Charles Abraham D'Ebro was an Australian architect who designed many important buildings in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia during the late Victorian and early Edwardian periods. Many of these buildings are now preserved under heritage laws. From 1881 to 1885, he enjoyed a very productive partnership with John Grainger, the designer of the Princes Bridge, with whom he had emigrated to Adelaide in 1877.: p.2
D'Ebro was born 27 October 1850 at 10 Bury Street, Bloomsbury, London, the posthumous son of Charles D'Almandos D'Ebro, Baron and Chevalier, who died 16 August 1850, and Frances, the daughter of the artist Justin McArthy. She remarried 30 May 1853, becoming the second wife of Abraham Cooper , R.A. D'Ebro married Blanche Mary Tracy in 1891, and they had a daughter Ethel in 1892. He apparently committed suicide in Perth, Western Australia on 23 June 1920.
Zoology is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one of the primary branches of biology. The term is derived from Ancient Greek zoon, zoion , and logos, logos .
Although humans have always been interested in the natural history of the animals they saw around them, and used this knowledge to domesticate certain species, the formal study of zoology can be said to have originated with Aristotle. He viewed animals as living organisms, studied their structure and development, and considered their adaptations to their surroundings and the function of their parts. Modern zoology has its origins during the Renaissance and early modern period, with Carl Linnaeus, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel and many others.
The study of animals has largely moved on to deal with form and function, adaptations, relationships between groups, behaviour and ecology. Zoology has increasingly been subdivided into disciplines such as classification, physiology, biochemistry and evolution. With the discovery of the structure of DNA by Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953, the realm of molecular biology opened up, leading to advances in cell biology, developmental biology and molecular genetics.
The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Prehistoric people needed to study the animals and plants in their environment in order to exploit them and survive. There are cave paintings, engravings and sculptures in France dating back 15,000 years showing bison, horses and deer in carefully rendered detail. Similar images from other parts of the world illustrated mostly the animals hunted for food, but also the savage animals.
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a single clade.
Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described--of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animals' body lengths range from 8.5 mm to 33.6 m . They have complex ecologies and interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of animal behaviors is known as ethology.
Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom Bilateria, a highly proliferative clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. Extant bilaterians include the basal group Xenacoelomorpha, but the vast majority belong to two large superphyla: the protostomes, which include phyla such as arthropods, molluscs, flatworms, annelids and nematodes, etc.; and the deuterostomes, which include the three phyla echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates, the latter with the vertebrates being its most successful subphylum. Precambrian life forms interpreted as early complex animals were already present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Proterozoic, but fossils of primitive sponge and other speculative early animals have been dated to as early as the Tonian period. Nearly all modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, which began around 539 million years ago , and most classes during the Ordovician radiation 485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 Mya during the Cryogenian period.
Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae, which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa.
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<Graph> : <s> Category:Zoologists <p> category contains <o> human <s> Category:Zoologists <p> category's main topic <o> zoologist <s> Category:Zoologists <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> wildlife biologist <p> said to be the same as <o> zoologist <s> wildlife biologist <p> subclass of <o> biologist <s> wildlife biologist <p> instance of <o> occupation <s> wildlife biologist <p> instance of <o> profession <s> wildlife biologist <p> field of this occupation <o> wildlife biology <s> Category:Wikipedia categories named after sculptors <p> category combines topics <o> sculptor <s> Category:Wikipedia categories named after sculptors <p> category combines topics <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Wikipedia categories named after sculptors <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia meta category <s> Category:Wikipedia categories named after sculptors <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> sculpture <p> part of <o> art of sculpture <s> sculpture <p> part of <o> visual arts <s> sculpture <p> different from <o> art of sculpture <s> sculpture <p> properties for this type <o> Vanderkrogt.net Statues ID <s> sculpture <p> subclass of <o> plastic artwork <s> sculpture <p> subclass of <o> artificial physical object <s> sculpture <p> instance of <o> type of work of art <s> sculpture <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Sculptures <s> sculpture <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of sculpture <s> sculpture <p> described by source <o> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <s> sculpture <p> described by source <o> Diccionario del español de México <s> sculpture <p> fabrication method <o> sculpture technique <s> artisan <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject Craft <s> artisan <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wiki Loves Cultura Popular Brasil - People, knowledge and activities <s> artisan <p> instance of <o> profession <s> artisan <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> artisan <p> field of this occupation <o> craft <s> artisan <p> subclass of <o> creator <s> artisan <p> said to be the same as <o> skilled trade <s> artisan <p> said to be the same as <o> artstrader <s> artisan <p> subclass of <o> tradesperson <s> artisan <p> described by source <o> The Domestic Encyclopædia; Or, A Dictionary Of Facts, And Useful Knowledge <s> artisan <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Artisans <s> artisan <p> described by source <o> Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron <s> artisan <p> different from <o> handicrafter <s> visual artist <p> field of this occupation <o> visual arts <s> visual artist <p> product or material produced or service provided <o> visual arts <s> visual artist <p> subclass of <o> artist <s> visual artist <p> Wikidata property <o> creator <s> visual artist <p> field of this occupation <o> visual arts technique <s> visual artist <p> instance of <o> occupation group according to ISCO-08 <s> visual artist <p> instance of <o> artistic profession <s> visual artist <p> subclass of <o> creative and performing artist <s> visual artist <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Visual artists <s> Template:Infobox artist <p> template has topic <o> artist <s> Template:Infobox artist <p> subclass of <o> Template:Infobox person <s> Template:Infobox artist <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia infobox template <s> list of sculptors <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia list of persons by occupation <s> list of sculptors <p> is a list of <o> human <s> list of sculptors <p> has list <o> list of female sculptors <s> list of sculptors <p> category related to list <o> Category:Sculptors <s> Category:Sculptors <p> category contains <o> human <s> Category:Sculptors <p> category's main topic <o> sculptor <s> Category:Sculptors <p> category combines topics <o> sculptor <s> Category:Sculptors <p> category combines topics <o> person with this job, profession, occupation, or hobby <s> Category:Sculptors <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Sculptors <p> list related to category <o> list of sculptors <s> plastic artist <p> instance of <o> artistic profession <s> plastic artist <p> different from <o> plastic <s> plastic artist <p> field of this occupation <o> plastic arts <s> plastic artist <p> subclass of <o> visual artist <s> plastic artist <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Plastic artists </Graph> | <Text> :A wildlife biologist studies animals and their behavior along with the role each animal plays in its natural habitat. The duties of a wildlife biologist can include: developing and conducting experiments/studies on animals in their natural habitats, studying the characteristics of animals such as their interaction with different species, their reproductive and movement patterns, the dynamic within a population, and the transmission of diseases. Wildlife biologists can also play important roles in managing and monitoring population dynamics to preserve certain species and/or environments. They observe how animals interact with one another as well as how they interact with humans. Some wildlife biologists study the impacts of human interference on an ecosystem. Wildlife biologists can work with endangered species, advocate for preservation of wildlife, resolve issues pertaining to wildlife, and manage animal populations. Many Wildlife Biologists will eventually specialize into a particular area of study defined by ecosystem or species. Some of these fields include: Entomology, Ornithology, Marine Biology, or Limnology.
Educational requirements for wildlife biologists typically include tertiary education, such as a bachelor's degree in wildlife biology, zoology, wildlife ecology, or general biology. Many universities offer specialist degrees or courses in wildlife biology. Career progression into research or university-based roles will usually require relevant doctoral qualifications.
The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service says that a successful completion of a full 4-year course of study in an accredited college or university leading to a bachelor's or higher degree in biological science which includes at least 12 semester hours in subjects such as general zoology, invertebrate or vertebrate zoology, comparative anatomy, physiology, genetics, ecology, cellular biology, parasitology, entomology, or research courses in such subjects is required to be hired. It also is a requirement to have at least 9 hours in one of the specialized courses or plant science.
In the United States, the average pay for a wildlife biologist is $62,290 per year or $29.95 per hour. The top 10% of wildlife biologists can earn up to $99,700 a year. According to the US Department of Labor, employment of wildlife biologists and zoologists is predicted to increase by 8% between 2016 and 2026, which is similar to the projected rate of increase in other occupations. The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists was $64,650 in May 2021.
Categories about sculptors whose life and works are covered in numerous articles.
For articles about the work of other artists, see: Category:Works by artists. Before creating additional categories for sculptors, please see Wikipedia:Overcategorization.
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving and modelling , in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded or cast.
Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.
Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries, large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in Central and South America and Africa.
The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith. The revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelo's statue of David. Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished artworks.
An artisan is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand. These objects may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative art, sculpture, clothing, food items, household items, and tools and mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker. Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist.
The adjective "artisanal" is often used in describing hand-processing in contrast to an industrial process, such as in the phrase artisanal mining. Thus, "artisanal" is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to describe or imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food products, such as bread, beverages, cheese or textiles. Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories and other industrial areas.
During the Middle Ages, the term "artisan" was applied to those who made things or provided services. It did not apply to unskilled manual labourers. Artisans were divided into two distinct groups: those who operated their own businesses and those who did not. The former were called masters, while the latter were the journeymen and apprentices.
One misunderstanding many people have about this social group is that they picture them as "workers" in the modern sense: employed by someone. The most influential group among the artisans were the masters, the business owners. The owners enjoyed a higher social status in their communities, and often organised into guilds.
The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, comics, design, crafts, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines, such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile arts, also involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts, such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design, and decorative art.
Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art as well as applied or decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms. Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.
The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art as well as East Asian art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist and being the furthest removed from manual labour - in Chinese painting, the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes.
Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe, the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the artist led to the academy system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in the arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in most education systems.
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Alt text for the signature image. For example, for :File:Thomas Jefferson Signature.svg, the alt text might be |signature_alt= Th: Jefferson, spelling out the signature exactly as it appears in the image.Plastic art are art forms which involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by molding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. Less often the term may be used broadly for all the visual arts , as opposed to literature and music. Materials for use in the plastic arts, in the narrower definition, include those that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete, glass, or metal.
The term "plastic" has been used to mean certain synthetic organic resins ever since they were invented, but the term "plastic arts" long preceded them. The term should not be confused, either, with Piet Mondrian's concept of "Neoplasticism".
In contrast to the limiting of 'plastic arts' to sculpture and architecture by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling in 1807, the German critic August Wilhelm Schlegel applied the concept not only to visual arts, but also poetry.
operated with the antinomy of terms plastic/pictorial, mechanically/ organically, finite/ infinite, and closed/accomplished. Schlegel stated that the spirit of the entire antique culture and poetry was plastic and that the spirit of modern culture, however, was picturesque </Text> |
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Prokhorov <p> student <o> Pavel Pavlovich Pashinin <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> professorship <o> full professor <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> field of work <o> quantum electronics <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> employer <o> Laser Physics <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> award received <o> Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow" <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> doctoral student <o> Evgeny Velikhov <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> award received <o> State Prize of the Russian Federation <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> doctoral student <o> Radik Martirosyan <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> doctoral student <o> Nikolay Karlov <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> doctoral advisor <o> Vladimir Migulin <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> educated at <o> Faculty of Physics, State University of Saint Petersbourg <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> employer <o> SINP MSU <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> award received <o> Order of Cyril and Methodius <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> award received <o> Russian government prize for science and technology <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> award received <o> Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union Prize <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> doctoral advisor <o> Sergei Rytov <s> Alexander Prokhorov <p> sex or gender <o> male </Graph> | <Text> :Encyclopedia Americana is a general encyclopedia written in American English. It was the first general encyclopedia of any magnitude to be published in North America.: 31 With Collier's Encyclopedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana became one of the three major and large English-language general encyclopedias; the three were sometimes collectively called "the ABCs of encyclopedias".: 23 Following the acquisition of Grolier in 2000, the encyclopedia has been produced by Scholastic.
The encyclopedia has more than 45,000 articles, most of them more than 500 words and many running to considerable length . Americana is international in scope and is known for its detailed coverage of American and Canadian geography and history. Americana is also known for its strong coverage of biographies, as well as scientific and technical subjects. Written by 6,500 contributors, the Encyclopedia Americana includes over 9,000 bibliographies, 150,000 cross-references, 1,000+ tables, 1,200 maps, and almost 4,500 black-and-white line art and color images. It also has 680 fact boxes. Major articles are signed by their contributors, many being scholars pre-eminent in their field.
Long available as a 30-volume print set, the Encyclopedia Americana is now marketed as an online encyclopedia requiring a subscription. In March 2008, Scholastic said that print sales remained good but that the company was still deciding on the future of the print edition. The company's final print edition was released in 2006.
The online version of the Encyclopedia Americana, first introduced in 1996, continues to be updated and sold. This work, like the print set from which it is derived, is designed for high school and first-year college students along with public library users. It is available to libraries as one of the databases in the Scholastic GO! reference service , which also includes the Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, an encyclopedia for middle and high school students, The New Book of Knowledge, an encyclopedia for ages 7-14 and particularly grades 3-6, America the Beautiful, Lands and Peoples, Amazing Animals of the World, and The New Book of Popular Science.: 31 According to The New York Public Library, Scholastic GO! also includes the La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre, a Spanish-language general encyclopedia for students in middle through high school. However, the previously mentioned Scholastic blog does not show that. It is possible that La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre is only included in the Spanish version of Scholastic GO!, though the existense of that in itself is unsure due to the same New York Public Library link saying that the language of Scholastic GO! is English. Scholastic GO! is not available to individual subscribers.
In book publishing, an anthology is a collection of literary works chosen by the compiler; it may be a collection of plays, poems, short stories, songs, or related fiction/non-fiction excerpts by different authors.
In genre fiction, the term anthology typically categorizes collections of shorter works, such as short stories and short novels, by different authors, each featuring unrelated casts of characters and settings, and usually collected into a single volume for publication. Alternatively, it can also be a collection of selected writings by one author.
The word entered the English language in the 17th century, from the Greek word, anthologia , a reference to one of the earliest known anthologies, the Garland , the introduction to which compares each of its anthologized poets to a flower. That Garland by Meleagros of Gadara formed the kernel for what has become known as the Greek Anthology.
Florilegium, a Latin derivative for a collection of flowers, was used in medieval Europe for an anthology of Latin proverbs and textual excerpts. Shortly before anthology had entered the language, English had begun using florilegium as a word for such a collection.
Warner was born of Puritan descent in Plainfield, Massachusetts. From the ages of six to fourteen he lived in Charlemont, Massachusetts, the place and time revisited in his book Being a Boy . He then moved to Cazenovia, New York, and in 1851 graduated from Hamilton College in Clinton, New York.
He worked with a surveying party in Missouri and then studied law at the University of Pennsylvania. He moved to Chicago, where he practiced law from 1856 to 1860, when he relocated to Connecticut to become assistant editor of The Hartford Press. By 1861 he had become editor, a position he held until 1867, when the paper merged into The Hartford Courant and he became co-editor with Joseph R. Hawley.
Warner traveled widely, lectured frequently, and was actively interested in prison reform, city park supervision, and other movements for the public good. He was the first president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and, at the time of his death, was president of the American Social Science Association.
He first attracted attention with the reflective sketches in My Summer in a Garden . First published as a series in The Hartford Courant, these sketches were popular for their abounding and refined humor and mellow personal charm, their love of the outdoors, their suggestive comment on life and affairs, and their delicately finished style, qualities that suggested the work of Washington Irving. In 1873, the work Warner is known for today, the novel he wrote with Mark Twain, was published. Called The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, it gave that era of American history its name.
Jacob Campo Weyerman was a painter and writer during the period known as the Dutch Enlightenment. His work encompassed flower and fruit still life paintings, satirical magazines, plays, and biographies of painters. He usually signed his paintings with Campovivo.
As tradition holds, he was born in a military camp outside Charleroi, where his father fought in the Dutch army against the French. His mother was a very independent woman of Scottish descent, Elisabeth Sommeruell, who kept a market tent in Charleroi and eventually was able to afford a house in the center of Breda. There he was taught in the arts and on reaching his majority, traveled to London in 1704 and found work at the academy of Godfried Kneller.
He claims that he also studied oil painting with the Flemish flower painter Simon Hardime. He specialized in the painting of flowers and fruit. According to the almost contemporary artist biographer Arnold Houbraken, he was a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Compaviva, but this may be a mistake. Though Weyerman was known for his embellishments of the truth, he never boasted about the Italian bent. Houbraken may have confused him with Jakob Christoph Weyermann, a German painter active in Augsburg in the first half of the 17th century. In 1720 he returned to the Netherlands and started a periodical called Hermes.
He wote prose in a colorful style, and could flatter as easily as he offended his contemporaries. Jacob Campo Weyerman is not only interesting to modern readers for his literary qualities, but also as a source for historians on cultural life in the 18th century. Especially his magazines give a glimpse of daily life in Dutch taverns and coffee houses and the tourist attractions of his day.
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost 1,000 years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe more than three centuries after the fall of the ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, fashioning himself as Charlemagne's and the Carolingian Empire's successor, and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. From 962 until the twelfth century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals; this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-thirteenth century, but overextension of its power led to a partial collapse.
Scholars generally describe an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, and a gradual development of the imperial role. While the office of emperor had been reestablished, the exact term for his realm as the "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, although the emperor's theoretical legitimacy from the beginning rested on the concept of translatio imperii, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome. Nevertheless, in the Holy Roman Empire, the imperial office was traditionally elective by the mostly German prince-electors. In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered the first among equals of all Europe's Catholic monarchs.
A process of Imperial Reform in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries transformed the empire, creating a set of institutions which endured until its final demise in the nineteenth century. According to historian Thomas Brady Jr., the empire after the Imperial Reform was a political body of remarkable longevity and stability, and "resembled in some respects the monarchical polities of Europe's western tier, and in others the loosely integrated, elective polities of East Central Europe." The new corporate German Nation, instead of simply obeying the emperor, negotiated with him. On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation - the month before, by French emperor Napoleon - of the Confederation of the Rhine, a confederation of German client states loyal not to the Holy Roman emperor but to France.
Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov was an Australian-born Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the former Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.
Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia , to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna , Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist regime. As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School.
In 1923, after the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War, the family returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics. He was a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944. Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute, in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N. D. Papaleksi. His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere. At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union, in June 1941, he joined the Red Army. During World War II, Prokhorov fought in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the Medal For Courage in 1946. He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where, in 1946, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter".
In 1947, Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron. He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range. His results became the basis of his habilitation on "Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator", defended in 1951. By 1950, Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory. Around that time, he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations, and later on quantum electronics. The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three moments of inertia. The research was conducted both on experiment and theory. In 1954, Prokhorov became head of the laboratory. Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia. They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952, but not published until 1954-1955;
</Text> |
<Graph> : <s> present participle <p> instance of <o> grammatical tense <s> present participle <p> instance of <o> grammatical mood <s> present participle <p> subclass of <o> participle <s> present participle <p> facet of <o> conjugation <s> present participle <p> subclass of <o> present tense <s> past imperfect <p> instance of <o> verb form <s> past imperfect <p> instance of <o> grammatical tense <s> past imperfect <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> past imperfect <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> past imperfect <p> subclass of <o> imperfective <s> past imperfect <p> subclass of <o> imperfect <s> past imperfect <p> different from <o> imperfective <s> past imperfect <p> different from <o> Imperfect <s> Category:Italian language <p> category's main topic <o> Italian <s> Category:Italian language <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> present subjunctive <p> instance of <o> grammatical tense <s> present subjunctive <p> subclass of <o> subjunctive <s> present subjunctive <p> subclass of <o> present tense <s> present subjunctive <p> facet of <o> conjugation <s> past subjunctive <p> subclass of <o> subjunctive <s> past subjunctive <p> subclass of <o> past tense <s> past subjunctive <p> instance of <o> grammatical tense <s> past subjunctive <p> facet of <o> conjugation <s> conditional present <p> instance of <o> grammatical mood <s> conditional present <p> instance of <o> grammatical tense <s> conditional present <p> subclass of <o> conditional <s> conditional present <p> facet of <o> conjugation <s> conditional present <p> subclass of <o> present tense <s> syllabic language <p> subclass of <o> language <s> syllabic language <p> opposite of <o> stress-timed language <s> syllabic language <p> part of <o> rhythmic typology <s> syllabic language <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Syllabic language <s> syllabic language <p> instance of <o> type of language <s> syllabic language <p> has characteristic <o> syllable-timed <s> 1 safe <p> instance of <o> UNESCO language status <s> past participle <p> instance of <o> grammatical mood <s> past participle <p> instance of <o> grammatical tense <s> past participle <p> subclass of <o> verb form <s> past participle <p> subclass of <o> past tense <s> past participle <p> subclass of <o> participle <s> past participle <p> facet of <o> conjugation <s> past participle <p> different from <o> perfect participle <s> Southern European language <p> instance of <o> language group <s> Southern European language <p> subclass of <o> language <s> Southern European language <p> location <o> Southern Europe </Graph> | <Text> :In linguistics, a participle is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. More narrowly, participle has been defined as "a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective, as in a laughing face".
"Participle" is a traditional grammatical term from Greek and Latin that is widely used for corresponding verb forms in European languages and analogous forms in Sanskrit and Arabic grammar. In particular, Greek and Latin participles are inflected for gender, number and case, but also conjugated for tense and voice and can take prepositional and adverbial modifiers.
Cross-linguistically, participles may have a range of functions apart from adjectival modification. In European and Indian languages, the past participle is used to form the passive voice. In English, participles are also associated with periphrastic verb forms and are widely used in adverbial clauses. In non-Indo-European languages, 'participle' has been applied to forms that are alternatively regarded as converbs , gerunds, gerundives, transgressives, and nominalised verbs in complement clauses. As a result, 'participles' have come to be associated with a broad variety of syntactic constructions.
The word participle comes from classical Latin participium, from particeps 'sharing, participation', because it shares certain properties of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The Latin grammatical term is a calque of the Greek grammatical term metokhe : metoche, 'participation, participle'.
The subjunctive is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of the irrealis moods, which refer to what is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with the indicative, a realis mood which principally indicates that something is a statement of fact.
Subjunctives occur most often, although not exclusively, in subordinate clauses, particularly that-clauses. Examples of the subjunctive in English are found in the sentences "I suggest that you be careful" and "It is important that she stay by your side."
The Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, had two closely related moods: the subjunctive and the optative. Many of its daughter languages combined or merged these moods.
In Indo-European, the subjunctive was formed by using the full ablaut grade of the root of the verb and appending the thematic vowel *-e- or *-o- to the root stem, with the full, primary set of personal inflections. The subjunctive was the Indo-European irrealis, used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations.
The subjunctive is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of the irrealis moods, which refer to what is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with the indicative, a realis mood which principally indicates that something is a statement of fact.
Subjunctives occur most often, although not exclusively, in subordinate clauses, particularly that-clauses. Examples of the subjunctive in English are found in the sentences "I suggest that you be careful" and "It is important that she stay by your side."
The Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, had two closely related moods: the subjunctive and the optative. Many of its daughter languages combined or merged these moods.
In Indo-European, the subjunctive was formed by using the full ablaut grade of the root of the verb and appending the thematic vowel *-e- or *-o- to the root stem, with the full, primary set of personal inflections. The subjunctive was the Indo-European irrealis, used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations.
It may refer to a distinct verb form that expresses the conditional set of circumstances proper in the dependent clause or protasis , or which expresses the hypothetical state of affairs or uncertain event contingent to it in the independent clause or apodosis, or both . Some languages distinguish more than one conditional mood; the East African language Hadza, for example, has a potential conditional expressing possibility, and a veridical conditional expressing certainty. Other languages do not have a conditional mood at all. In some informal contexts, such as language teaching, it may be called the "conditional tense".
Some languages have verb forms called "conditional" although their use is not exclusive to conditional expression. Examples are the English and French conditionals , which are morphologically futures-in-the-past, and of which each has thus been referred to as a "so-called conditional" in modern and contemporary linguistics . The English would construction may also be used for past habitual action .
This article describes the formation of the conditional forms of verbs in certain languages. For fuller details of the construction of conditional sentences, see Conditional sentence .
English does not have an inflective conditional mood, except inasmuch as the modal verbs could, might, should and would may in some contexts be regarded as conditional forms of can, may, shall and will respectively. What is called the English conditional mood is formed periphrastically using the modal verb would in combination with the bare infinitive of the following verb.
In linguistics, a participle is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. More narrowly, participle has been defined as "a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective, as in a laughing face".
"Participle" is a traditional grammatical term from Greek and Latin that is widely used for corresponding verb forms in European languages and analogous forms in Sanskrit and Arabic grammar. In particular, Greek and Latin participles are inflected for gender, number and case, but also conjugated for tense and voice and can take prepositional and adverbial modifiers.
Cross-linguistically, participles may have a range of functions apart from adjectival modification. In European and Indian languages, the past participle is used to form the passive voice. In English, participles are also associated with periphrastic verb forms and are widely used in adverbial clauses. In non-Indo-European languages, 'participle' has been applied to forms that are alternatively regarded as converbs , gerunds, gerundives, transgressives, and nominalised verbs in complement clauses. As a result, 'participles' have come to be associated with a broad variety of syntactic constructions.
The word participle comes from classical Latin participium, from particeps 'sharing, participation', because it shares certain properties of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The Latin grammatical term is a calque of the Greek grammatical term metokhe : metoche, 'participation, participle'.
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<o> design <s> design <p> subclass of <o> activity <s> design <p> uses <o> design thinking <s> design <p> has use <o> entrepreneurship <s> design <p> uses <o> design method <s> design <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> design <p> instance of <o> academic discipline <s> design <p> has effect <o> specification <s> design <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Design <s> design <p> has effect <o> design <s> design <p> has characteristic <o> design pattern <s> design <p> uses <o> ideation <s> design <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Design <s> design <p> studied in <o> design research <s> design <p> studied in <o> design studies <s> design <p> practiced by <o> designer <s> design <p> practiced by <o> designer (artist) <s> design <p> instance of <o> type of process <s> design <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Design <s> design <p> instance of <o> system lifecycle phase <s> design <p> subclass of <o> planned process <s> design <p> part of <o> built environment and design studies <s> design <p> has use <o> artistic creation <s> design <p> uses <o> design process <s> industrial design <p> instance of <o> academic degree <s> industrial design <p> notable work <o> Luminator Bernocchi <s> industrial design <p> notable work <o> Lierna Chair <s> industrial design <p> subclass of <o> design <s> industrial design <p> instance of <o> type of arts <s> industrial design <p> instance of <o> academic discipline <s> industrial design <p> said to be the same as <o> industrial arts <s> industrial design <p> practiced by <o> designer <s> industrial design <p> subclass of <o> economic activity <s> industrial design <p> practiced by <o> industrial designer <s> industrial design <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject Applied arts/Industrial design <s> industrial design <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Industrial design <s> Category:Designers <p> category contains <o> human <s> Category:Designers <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Designers <p> category's main topic <o> designer </Graph> | <Text> :The Great Russian Encyclopedia is a universal Russian encyclopedia, completed in 36 volumes, published between 2004 and 2017 by Great Russian Encyclopedia, JSC . A successor to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it was released under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences after President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree No. 1156 in 2002. The complete edition was released by 2017.
The first, introductory volume, released in 2004, was dedicated to Russia. Thirty-five volumes were released between 2005 and 2017, covering the range from "A" to "Iaia" . The RAS plans to publish an updated version every five years, although it may not be issued in print after the first edition.
Sergey S. Averintsev,
Eugene N. Avrorin,
Sergei I. Adian,
Yuri P. Altukhov,
Zhores I. Alferov,
Boris V. Anan'ich,
Alexander F. Andreev,
Leo N. Andreev,
Dmitry V. Anosov,
Vladimir I. Arnold,
Sergey N. Bagaev,
Nikolai Bahvalov,
Oleg A. Bogatikov,
Alexander A. Boyarchuk,
Evgeny Velikhov,
Vladimir A. Vinogradov,
Andrei I. Vorobyov,
Eric M. Galimov,
Andrey V. Gaponov-Grekhov,
Mikhail L. Gasparov,
Vitaly L. Ginzburg,
Georgy S. Golitsyn,
Andrei A. Gonchar,
Anatoly I. Grigoriev,
Abdusalam A. Guseinov,
Mikhail I. Davydov,
Anatoly P. Derevyanko,
Nikolai L. Dobretsov,
Yuri I. Zhuravlev,
Nicholas S. Zefirov,
Yuri A. Zolotov,
Viktor P. Ivannikov,
Vadim T. Ivanov,
Sergei G. Inge-Vechtomov,
Alexander S. Isaev,
Victor A. Kabanov,
Eugene N. Kablov,
Sergei P. Karpov,
Lev L. Kiselev,
Alex E. Kontorovich,
Vladimir M. Kotlyakov,
Oleg N. Krokhin,
Edward P. Kruglyakov,
Alexander B. Kudelin,
Oleg Y. Kutafin,
Nikolai P. Laverov,
Viktor P. Legostaev,
Nikolai P. Liakishev,
Valery L. Makarov,
Alexander M. Matveenko,
Gennady A. Mesyats,
Alexander D. Nekipelov,
Alexei V. Nikolaev,
Sergey P. Novikov,
Yuri S. Osipov,
Dmitry S. Pavlov,
Alexey N. Parshin,
Nikolai A. Plate,
Nikolai N. Ponomarev-Steppe,
Yuri V. Prokhorov,
Alexei Y. Rozanov,
Valery A. Rubakov,
Alexander Y. Rumyantsev,
Dmitry V. Rundkvist,
Gennady I. Savin,
Victor A. Sadovnichii,
Alexander N. Skrinsky,
Alexander S. Spirin,
Yuri S. Stepanov,
Vyacheslav S. Stepin,
Michael L. Titarenko,
Valery A. Tishkov,
Yuri D. Tretyakov,
Kliment N. Trubetskoy,
Oleg H. Favorsky,
Ludvig D. Faddeev,
Vladimir Ye. Fortov,
Konstantin V. Frolov,
Yuri I. Chernov,
Gorimir G. Chernii,
Alexander O. Chubarian,
Vitaly D. Shafranov,
Sergey V. Shestakov,
Dmitry V. Shirkov.
In 2022, an electronic version, Great Russian Encyclopedia was launched at bigenc.ru, described as a Russian government alternative to Wikipedia. Some assumed that this will be associated with blocking Wikipedia or competing with it, however Russian officials disavowed this claim.
Anatomy 'dissection') is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine.
Anatomy is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving as new discoveries are made. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans, which allow for more detailed and accurate visualizations of the body's structures.
The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic parts. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy. Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology, and also in the study of cells.
The history of anatomy is characterized by a progressive understanding of the functions of the organs and structures of the human body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcasses and cadavers to 20th-century medical imaging techniques, including X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging.
A design is a concept of or proposal for an object, a process, or a system. Design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, though it is sometimes used to refer to the nature of something - its design. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan may also be considered to be a design . A design is expected to have a purpose within a certain context, usually has to satisfy certain goals and constraints, and to take into account aesthetic, functional, economic, environmental or socio-political considerations. Typical examples of designs include architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns and less tangible artefacts such as business process models.
People who produce designs are called designers. The term 'designer' generally refers to someone who works professionally in one of the various design areas. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice , but it can also designate others such as architects and engineers . A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, using design thinking and possibly design methods. The process of creating a design can be brief or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.
Designing is also a widespread activity outside of the professions, done by more people than just those formally recognised as designers. In his influential book The Sciences of the Artificial the interdisciplinary scientist Herbert A. Simon proposed that "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones". And according to the design researcher Nigel Cross "Everyone can - and does - design", and "Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural cognitive function".
Study of the history of design is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes 'designing'. Many design historians, such as John Heskett, start with the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production. Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistorical times. Originally situated within art history, the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research. Early influential design historians include German-British art historian Nikolaus Pevsner and Swiss historian and architecture critic Sigfried Giedion.
Industrial design is a process of design applied to physical products that are to be manufactured by mass production. It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in advance of the manufacture or production of the product. Industrial manufacture consists of pre-determined, standardized and repeated, often automated, acts of replication, while craft-based design is a process or approach in which the form of the product is determined personally by the product's creator largely concurrent with the act of its production.
All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can vary. It can be conducted by an individual or a team, and such a team could include people with varied expertise . It can emphasize intuitive creativity or calculated scientific decision-making, and often emphasizes a mix of both. It can be influenced by factors as varied as materials, production processes, business strategy, and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes. Industrial design, as an applied art, most often focuses on a combination of aesthetics and user-focused considerations, but also often provides solutions for problems of form, function, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales.
For several millennia before the onset of industrialization, design, technical expertise, and manufacturing was often done by individual crafts people, who determined the form of a product at the point of its creation, according to their own manual skill, the requirements of their clients, experience accumulated through their own experimentation, and knowledge passed on to them through training or apprenticeship.
The division of labour that underlies the practice of industrial design did have precedents in the pre-industrial era. The growth of trade in the medieval period led to the emergence of large workshops in cities such as Florence, Venice, Nuremberg, and Bruges, where groups of more specialized craftsmen made objects with common forms through the repetitive duplication of models which defined by their shared training and technique. Competitive pressures in the early 16th century led to the emergence in Italy and Germany of pattern books: collections of engravings illustrating decorative forms and motifs which could be applied to a wide range of products, and whose creation took place in advance of their application. The use of drawing to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by architects and shipwrights during the Italian Renaissance.
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d'Aragon <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> given name <o> Jofré <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> given name <o> Gioffre <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> place of death <o> Squillace <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> place of burial <o> Squillace <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> father <o> Alexander VI <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> mother <o> Vannozza dei Cattanei <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> family <o> House of Borgia <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> spouse <o> Sancha of Aragon <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Gioffre Borgia <p> noble title <o> Prince of Squillace </Graph> | <Text> :Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a puncture in the skin.
Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination. Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10-15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties . The stopping or controlling of bleeding is called hemostasis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery.
The pattern of injury, evaluation and treatment will vary with the mechanism of the injury. Blunt trauma causes injury via a shock effect; delivering energy over an area. Wounds are often not straight and unbroken skin may hide significant injury. Penetrating trauma follows the course of the injurious device. As the energy is applied in a more focused fashion, it requires less energy to cause significant injury. Any body organ, including bone and brain, can be injured and bleed. Bleeding may not be readily apparent; internal organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen may bleed into the abdominal cavity. The only apparent signs may come with blood loss. Bleeding from a bodily orifice, such as the rectum, nose, or ears may signal internal bleeding, but cannot be relied upon. Bleeding from a medical procedure also falls into this category.
"Medical bleeding" denotes hemorrhage as a result of an underlying medical condition . Blood can escape from blood vessels as a result of 3 basic patterns of injury:
The underlying scientific basis for blood clotting and hemostasis is discussed in detail in the articles, coagulation, hemostasis and related articles. The discussion here is limited to the common practical aspects of blood clot formation which manifest as bleeding.
A homicide requires only a volitional act or an omission that causes the death of another, and thus a homicide may result from accidental, reckless, or negligent acts even if there is no intent to cause harm. Homicides can be divided into many overlapping legal categories, such as murder, manslaughter, justifiable homicide, assassination, killing in war , euthanasia, and capital punishment, depending on the circumstances of the death. These different types of homicides are often treated very differently in human societies; some are considered crimes, while others are permitted or even ordered by the legal system.
Criminal homicide takes many forms including accidental killing or murder. Criminal homicide is divided into two broad categories, murder and manslaughter, based upon the state of mind and intent of the person who commits the homicide.
A report issued by the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime in July 2019 documented that nearly 464,000 people around the world were killed in homicides in 2017, a number significantly in excess of the 89,000 killed in armed conflicts during the same period.
Murder is the most serious crime that can be charged following a homicide. In many jurisdictions, murder may be punished by life in prison or even capital punishment. Although categories of murder can vary by jurisdiction, murder charges fall under two broad categories:
Louise Borgia was a French noblewoman. She was the daughter of Cesare Borgia, Duke of Valentinois, who died when she was almost seven years old. She was also Dame de Chalus, a title she inherited from her mother Charlotte of Albret. She was a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic.
Louise was born on 17 May 1500. She was Cesare Borgia's only child with his wife, Charlotte of Albret. Her paternal grandparents were Pope Alexander VI of the House of Borgia and Vannozza dei Cattanei, and her maternal grandparents were Alain I of Albret, Lord of Albret, and Francoise of Chatillon-Limoges. She had at least eleven illegitimate half-siblings from her father's relationships with other women.
Her father had left her mother soon after their marriage in 1499 as a kind of unofficial hostage in France to ensure that Borgia stayed loyal to french interests. In February 1500, Borgia learned that Charlotte was pregnant with his child which was greeted with joy by her paternal grandfather who offered to pay several thousand ducats to France if his sons pregnant wife should be brought to Rome. However Charlotte did not want to make the long journey while she was pregnant.
Their daughter was named Louise in honor of Louis XII. Louises grandfather wrote to Cesare and asked him to come to France, to visit his wife and see his child. Borgias reply was that he "cared little for returning to France."
Pope Alexander VI was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent Borgia family in Xativa in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon , Rodrigo studied law at the University of Bologna. He was ordained deacon and made a cardinal in 1456 after the election of his uncle as Pope Callixtus III, and a year later he became vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church. He proceeded to serve in the Curia under the next four popes, acquiring significant influence and wealth in the process. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected pope, taking the name Alexander VI.
Alexander's papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World following the finds of Christopher Columbus in 1492. During the second Italian war, Alexander VI supported his son Cesare Borgia as a condottiero for the French king. The scope of his foreign policy was to gain the most advantageous terms for his family.
Alexander is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. As a result, his Italianized Valencian surname, Borgia, became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate.
Rodrigo de Borja was born in 1 January 1431, in the town of Xativa near Valencia, one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon, in what is now Spain. He was named for his paternal grandfather, Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet. His parents were Jofre Llancol i Escriva and his Aragonese wife and distant cousin Isabel de Borja y Cavanilles , daughter of Juan Domingo de Borja y Doncel. He had a younger brother, Pedro. His family name is written Llancol in Valencian and Lanzol in Castillian. Rodrigo adopted his mother's family name of Borja in 1455 following the elevation to the papacy of maternal uncle Alonso de Borja as Calixtus III. His cousin and Calixtus's nephew Luis de Mila y de Borja became a cardinal.
The word generalissimo , an Italian term, is the absolute superlative of generale thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals". The superlative suffix -issimo itself derives from Latin -issimus, meaning "utmost, to the highest grade". Similar cognates in other languages include generalisimo in Spanish, generalissimo in Portuguese, generalissime in French, and generalissimus in Latin.
Historically this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state, usually only subordinate to the sovereign. The military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 was the first imperial generalissimo . Other usage of the rank has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers and if a senior military officer becomes the head of state or head of government of a nation like Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China, and Francisco Franco in Spain.
The rank generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank. In fact the grade was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which did not need the approval of Stalin. The rank of generalissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy.
In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with military officers who took dictatorial power in their countries, especially due to the Spanish leader Francisco Franco having this rank. As such, it is used in literature depicting fictional Latin American dictatorial regimes, for example Father Hilary's Holiday by Bruce Marshall.
Lucrezia Borgia was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. She reigned as the governor of Spoleto, a position usually held by cardinals, in her own right.
Her family arranged several marriages for her that advanced their own political position including Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro and Gradara, Count of Cotignola; Alfonso of Aragon, Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno; and Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and tradition has it that Lucrezia's brother Cesare Borgia may have had him murdered after his political value waned.
Lucrezia Borgia was born on 18 April 1480 at Subiaco, near Rome. Her mother was Vannozza dei Cattanei, one of the mistresses of Lucrezia's father, Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia . During her early life, Lucrezia Borgia's education was entrusted to Adriana Orsini de Milan, a close confidant of her father. Her education would primarily take place in the Piazza Pizzo de Merlo, a building adjacent to her father's residence. Unlike most educated women of her time, for whom convents were the primary source for knowledge, her education came from within the sphere of intellectuals in the court and close relatives, and it included a solid grounding in the Humanities, which the Catholic Church was reviving at the time. She was a thoroughly accomplished princess, fluent in Spanish, Catalan, Italian, and French, which prepared her for advantageous marriage to any European monarch or prince, and literate in both Latin and Greek. She would also become proficient in the lute, poetry, and oration. The biggest testament to her intelligence is her ability in administration, as later on in life she took care of Vatican City correspondence and governance of Ferrara.
On 26 February 1491, a matrimonial arrangement was drawn up between Lucrezia and the Lord of Val D'Ayora, in the kingdom of Valencia, Don Cherubino Joan de Centelles, which was annulled less than two months later in favour of a new contract engaging Lucrezia to Don Gaspare Aversa, count of Procida. When Rodrigo became Pope Alexander VI, he sought to be allied with powerful princely families and founding dynasties of Italy. He therefore called off Lucrezia's previous engagements and arranged for her to marry Giovanni Sforza, a member of the House of Sforza who was Lord of Pesaro and titled Count of Catignola. Giovanni was an illegitimate son of Costanzo I Sforza and a Sforza of the second rank. He married Lucrezia on 12 June 1493 in Rome.
Born in 1442, most likely in Mantua, Vannozza moved to Rome where she was landlady of several inns , at first in the Borgo, then in Campo de' Fiori. Before becoming Borgia's mistress, she allegedly had a relationship with Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, the future Pope Julius II.
Vannozza's relationship with Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia began sometime between 1466 and 1472. She is believed to have married Domenico d'Arignano, an officer of the Church, perhaps in 1473, possibly at the arrangement of Borgia.
Domenico died before Giovanni was born. In 1480 Borgia arranged Vannozza's marriage to Giorgio di Croce, for whom he had procured a position as apostolic secretary. During the marriage to Giorgio, Vannozza had a son, Ottavio or Ottaviano di Croce, who did not live long. In 1486 Giorgio died and Vannozza married Carlo Canale.
After his elevation to the papacy, Borgia's passion for Vannozza somewhat diminished, and she subsequently led a very retired life. However, Borgia's love for his children by Vannozza remained as strong as ever; it proved, indeed, the determining factor of his whole career. He lavished vast sums on them and lauded them with every honour. She, too, remained the matriarch of the Borgia family and influential during the papacy of Rodrigo Borgia.
Condottieri were Italian captains in command of mercenary companies during the Middle Ages and of multinational armies during the early modern period. They notably served popes and other European monarchs during the Italian Wars of the Renaissance and the European Wars of Religion. Notable condottieri include Prospero Colonna, Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Cesare Borgia, the Marquis of Pescara, Andrea Doria, and the Duke of Parma.
The term "condottiero" in medieval Italian originally meant "contractor" since the condotta was the contract by which the condottieri put themselves in the service of a city or of a lord. The term, however, became a synonym of "military leader" during the Renaissance and Reformation era. Some authors have described the legendary Alberto da Giussano as the "first condottiero" and Napoleon Bonaparte as the "last condottiero". According to this view, the condottieri tradition would span a huge diverse period from the battle of Legnano in 1176 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Most historians would narrow it down to the years from c. 1350 to c. 1650, with a particular focus on the rise of the commanders of free companies and their transformation into captain generals fighting for the major powers during the struggle for political and religious supremacy in Europe.
In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Italian city-states of Venice, Florence, and Genoa were very rich from their trade with the Levant, yet possessed woefully small armies. In the event that foreign powers and envious neighbours attacked, the ruling nobles hired foreign mercenaries to fight for them. The military-service terms and conditions were stipulated in a condotta between the city-state and the soldiers , thus, the contracted leader, the mercenary captain commanding, was titled the Condottiere.
From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, European soldiers led by professional officers fought against the Muslims in the Crusades . These crusading officers provided large-scale warfare combat experience in the Holy Land. At the Crusades' conclusion, the first masnada appeared in Italy. Given the profession, some masnade were less mercenaries than bandits and desperate men. These masnade were not Italian, but Flemings, from the Duchy of Brabant , and from Aragon. The latter were Spanish soldiers who had followed King Peter III of Aragon in the War of the Sicilian Vespers in Italy in October 1282, and, post-war, remained there, seeking military employment. By 1333 other mercenaries had arrived in Italy to fight with John of Bohemia as the Compagnia della Colomba in Perugia's war against Arezzo. The first well-organised mercenaries in Italy were the Ventura Companies of Duke Werner von Urslingen and Count Konrad von Landau. Werner's company differed from other mercenary companies because its code of military justice imposed discipline and an equal division of the contract's income. The Ventura Company increased in number until becoming the fearsome "Great Company" of some 3,000 barbute .
The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned with the Holy orders of the Catholic Church. Technically, bishops are a priestly order as well; however, in layman's terms priest refers only to presbyters and pastors . The church's doctrine also sometimes refers to all baptised members as the "common priesthood", which can be confused with the ministerial priesthood of the consecrated clergy.
The church has different rules for priests in the Latin Church-the largest Catholic particular church-and in the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. Notably, priests in the Latin Church must take a vow of celibacy, whereas most Eastern Catholic Churches permit married men to be ordained. Deacons are male and usually belong to the diocesan clergy, but, unlike almost all Latin Church priests and all bishops from Eastern or Western Catholicism, they may marry as laymen before their ordination as clergy. Priesthood is open only to men; women are excluded. The Catholic Church teaches that when a man participates in priesthood after the Sacrament of Holy Orders, he acts in persona Christi Capitis, representing the person of Christ.
Unlike usage in English, "the Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to the ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters. The words presbyter, presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests in the English use of the word or presbyters." According to the Annuario Pontificio 2016, as of December 31, 2014, there were 415,792 Catholic priests worldwide, including both diocesan priests and priests in the religious orders. A priest of the regular clergy is commonly addressed with the title "Father" .
Catholics living a consecrated life or monasticism include both the ordained and unordained. Institutes of consecrated life, or monks, can be deacons, priests, bishops, or non-ordained members of a religious order. The non-ordained in these orders are not to be considered laypersons in a strict sense--they take certain vows and are not free to marry once they have made solemn profession of vows. All female religious are non-ordained; they may be sisters living to some degree of activity in a communal state, or nuns living in cloister or some other type of isolation. The male members of religious orders, whether living in monastic communities or cloistered in isolation, and who are ordained priests or deacons constitute what is called the religious or regular clergy, distinct from the diocesan or secular clergy. Those ordained priests or deacons who are not members of some sort of religious order most often serve as clergy to a specific church or in an office of a specific diocese or in Rome.
Gioffre Borgia , also known as Goffredo , or Jofre Borja , was the youngest illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei, and a member of the House of Borgia. He was the youngest brother of Cesare, Giovanni, and Lucrezia Borgia.
Gioffre married Sancha of Aragon, natural daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, obtaining as dowry both the Principality of Squillace , and after a period of political turmoil in the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Alvito .
Gioffre and Sancha were 12 and 16, respectively, at the time of their marriage. The marriage was a political one. Alfonso married his daughter to Gioffre and gave the over-large dowry in return for Pope Alexander's recognition of Alfonso's claim to the throne of Naples. Almost as soon as the wedding ceremony was over, the political situation changed with the invasion of Italy by King Charles VIII of France, who claimed Naples as his own. Alfonso fled, leaving the throne to his short-lived son, and a long war between Spain, France and their Italian adherents ensued.
During this time the young couple lived mostly at Rome, where Sancha reputedly had affairs with both of her husband's elder brothers, Giovanni and Cesare, among others. In the beginning of their marriage, Sancha was somewhat domineering over her husband and she sought after older men.
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Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di chimica agraria della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di entomologia agraria della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di patologia vegetale della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di micologia e microbiologia lattiero casearia della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di ostetricia e ginecologia veterinaria della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Laboratorio linguistico della Facoltà di scienze politiche. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di coltivazioni arboree della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di ingegneria del territorio della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di patologia speciale e clinica chirurgica veterinaria della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di malattie infettive, profilassi e polizia veterinaria della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di patologia generale e anatomia patologica veterinaria della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di produzioni animali della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca centrale. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Dipartimento di scienze della terra. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di anatomia comparata della Facoltà di scienze matematiche, fisiche e naturali. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di idraulica agraria della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di pedologia della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di miglioramento genetico vegetale della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca centrale della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Centro di calcolo elettronico. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Dipartimento di matematica. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di idrobiologia e piscicoltura G. B. Grassi della Facoltà di scienze matematiche fisiche naturali. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Dipartimento di biologia vegetale. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di ecologia agraria della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di meccanica agraria della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di industrie agrarie della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di fisiologia generale e speciale degli animali domestici e chimica biologica della Facoltà di mededicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di ispezione degli alimenti di origine animale della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca e Centro per l'orientamento bibliografico e per la documentazione <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Dipartimento di fisica. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca Biomedica. Università degli Studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di economia e politica agraria della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di scienza dell'alimentazione della Facoltà di farmacia. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di patologia speciale e clinica medica veterinaria della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di studi umanistici. Sezione di studi classici. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di merceologia della Facoltà di economia e commercio. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca centrale della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di disegno, architettura e urbanistica della Facoltà di ingegneria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di patologia generale della Facoltà di medicina e chirurgia. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di parassitologia della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di tecnica delle autopsie e diagnostica cadaverica della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di biologia cellulare della Facoltà di scienze matematiche, fisiche e naturali. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di zoologia della Facoltà di scienze matematiche, fisiche e naturali. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di estimo rurale e contabilità agraria della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di anatomia di animali domestici, istologia ed embriologia della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di agronomia generale e coltivazioni erbacee della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di zootecnia generale della Facoltà di agraria. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di chimica bromatologica della Facoltà di farmacia. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di semeiotica medica e metodologia clinica veterinaria della Facoltà di medicina veterinaria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di studi umanistici, Sezione di storia,. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di studi umanistici, Sezione di storia dell'arte e della musica,. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di scienze chimiche e farmaceutiche. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di energetica della Facoltà di ingegneria. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Laboratorio di chimica fisica del Dipartimento di chimica. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Filosofia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di filologia latina della Facoltà di magistero. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Laboratorio di chimica inorganica del Dipartimento di chimica. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di scienze chimiche, farmaceutiche e biologiche. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Laboratorio di chimica organica del Dipartimento di chimica. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Laboratorio di chimica generale del Dipartimento di chimica. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Studi Storici, Politici e Sociali <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di scienze matematiche, fisiche e geologiche. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di scienze filosofiche e psicopedagogiche. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Agraria Mario Marte <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di studi umanistici, Sezione di antropologia e sinologia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di filosofia della Facoltà di magistero. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di scienze economiche, statistiche e aziendali <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Polo di Terni <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto policattedra di pedagogia della Facoltà di magistero. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Centro di microscopia elettronica. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di studi umanistici, Sezione di lingue moderne. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di chimica farmaceutica e tecnica farmaceutica della Facoltà di farmacia. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di studi umanistici. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di medicina. Corsi raddoppiati di Terni e Usl Conca ternana. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Medicina Veterinaria <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca interfacoltà di lingue e letterature straniere. Università degli studi di Perugia. <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca dell'Istituto di chimica organica e sostanze naturali della Facoltà di farmacia. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Perugia <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca della Rivista di biologia. Università degli studi di Perugia <s> University of Pisa <p> owner of <o> Sistema bibliotecario di ateneo, Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> owner of <o> Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> language used <o> Italian <s> University of Pisa <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikidata: WikiProject Academic Publisher <s> University of Pisa <p> affiliation <o> European University Association <s> University of Pisa <p> affiliation <o> Universities Research Association <s> University of Pisa <p> affiliation <o> Consorzio ICoN <s> University of Pisa <p> affiliation <o> National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences <s> University of Pisa <p> affiliation <o> National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications <s> University of Pisa <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> country <o> Italy <s> University of Pisa <p> headquarters location <o> Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> member of <o> European University Association <s> University of Pisa <p> owner of <o> Pisa Botanic Garden and Museum <s> University of Pisa <p> member of <o> ORCID, Inc. <s> University of Pisa <p> instance of <o> public university <s> University of Pisa <p> instance of <o> archive <s> University of Pisa <p> topic's main category <o> Category:University of Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> category for employees of the organization <o> Category:Academic staff of the University of Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> category for alumni of educational institution <o> Category:University of Pisa alumni <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Scienze naturali e ambientali dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Scienze naturali e ambientali. Sede del Museo di storia naturale e del territorio dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca Maurizio Caponi del Centro Servizi Polo Universitario "Sistemi Logistici". Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca del Centro linguistico interdipartimentale. Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Giurisprudenza. Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca Fondazione Stella Maris. Istituto di neuropsichiatria infantile. Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Scienze politiche dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Anglistica. Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Matematica, Informatica, Fisica dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca Giuridica dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> parent organization <o> Pisa University System <s> University of Pisa <p> instance of <o> open-access publisher <s> University of Pisa <p> member of <o> Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Farmacia dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di italianistica e romanistica dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Ingegneria dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Economia dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Chimica dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di lingue e letterature moderne 2 dell’Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Filosofia e Storia dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Medicina e Chirurgia dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Medicina Veterinaria dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Agraria dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Storia delle arti dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> has subsidiary <o> Biblioteca di Antichistica dell'Università di Pisa <s> University of Pisa <p> member of <o> Netval Research Universities Network <s> Papal States <p> language used <o> Latin <s> Papal States <p> continent <o> Europe <s> Papal States <p> capital <o> Rome <s> Papal States <p> replaced by <o> Vatican City <s> Papal States <p> official religion <o> Catholic Church <s> Papal States <p> shares border with <o> San Marino <s> Papal States <p> religion or worldview <o> Catholic Church <s> Papal States <p> country <o> Papal States <s> Papal States <p> official language <o> Latin <s> Papal States <p> language used <o> Italian <s> Papal States <p> shares border with <o> Austrian Empire <s> Papal States <p> owner of <o> Rocca Pia <s> Papal States <p> language used <o> Romanesco <s> Papal States <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Papal States <p> located in/on physical feature <o> Italian Peninsula <s> Papal States <p> shares border with <o> Kingdom of the Two Sicilies <s> Papal States <p> followed by <o> Kingdom of Italy <s> Papal States <p> shares border with <o> Duchy of Modena and Reggio <s> Papal States <p> basic form of government <o> elective monarchy <s> Papal States <p> founded by <o> Stephen II <s> Papal States <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Papal States <p> described by source <o> Nordisk familjebok <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Exarchate of Ravenna <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Duchy of Rome <s> Papal States <p> instance of <o> historical country <s> Papal States <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Papal States <p> significant event <o> Capture of Rome <s> Papal States <p> significant event <o> Donation of Pepin <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Lordship of Forlì <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Republic of Cospaia <s> Papal States <p> currency <o> papal lira <s> Papal States <p> currency <o> Roman scudo <s> Papal States <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Papal States <p> basic form of government <o> absolute theocratic monarchy <s> Papal States <p> follows <o> Trasimène <s> Papal States <p> anthem <o> Marcia trionfale <s> Papal States <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Papal States <s> Papal States <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Papal States <p> category for people born here <o> Category for people born in the Papal States <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Trasimène <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Roman Republic <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Italian United Provinces <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Commune of Rome <s> Papal States <p> replaces <o> Duchy of Spoleto <s> Papal States <p> followed by <o> Trasimène <s> Papal States <p> replaced by <o> Trasimène <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> subclass of <o> metropolitan <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> subclass of <o> Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishop <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> substitute/deputy/replacement of office/officeholder <o> Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese of Valencia <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> part of <o> Spanish Episcopal Conference <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> instance of <o> episcopal title <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> subclass of <o> ordinary <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Archbishops of Valencia <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> organization directed by the office or position <o> ecclesiastical province of Valencia <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> organization directed by the office or position <o> Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> replaces <o> Bishop of Valencia <s> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Valencia <p> has list <o> list of bishops and archbishops of Valencia </Graph> | <Text> :The House of Borgia Z@/ BOR-zh@, BOR-j@, Italian: ; Spanish and Aragonese: Borja ; Valencian: Borja ) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance. They were from Xativa, Kingdom of Valencia, the surname being a toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Aragon, in Spain.
The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455-1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492-1503.
Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, bribery, and murder . Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the arts who contributed to the development of Renaissance art.
The Borgia family stands out in history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, yet there is evidence to suggest that this one-dimensional characterization is a result of undeserved contemporary critiques.
Filippo Decio or Decius was an Italian jurist whose services were courted by European universities and rulers. He was an influential representative of the pre-Humanist scholastic ius commune tradition, and one of the leading jurists of his time together with Felino Sandeo, Antonio Cocchi Donati and Bartolomeo Socini.
Born into a Milanese noble family, Decio studied the humaniora and then law in Pavia under his brother Lancelotto and Jason de Mayno. In 1475, he attained a doctorate at Pisa, where he taught civil and canon law until 1502, except for a 1484-87 stint in Siena. After squabbles within the Pisan faculty, he taught canon law in Padua from 1502; his salary was 600 gold ducats.
In 1505 the French king Louis XII, who was in Milan, requested that he move to Pavia; the initial objections of the Republic of Venice were overcome, and he moved there at the end of the year. By 1511 his salary had risen to 2000 florins. Following departure of the French from Milan in April 1512 and the destruction of his home, his library and his manuscripts by the Swiss army, he followed Louis XII's call to Valence and became a member of the Grenoble parlement. In 1516, the Duke of Tuscany succeeded in convincing Decio to return to Pisa, and in 1528 he moved to Siena.
Celebrated in his time as a teacher and jurist, Decio was the most prominent and among the most prolific of the last generation of commentators following in the tradition of Cinus, Bartolus and Baldus. His commentary of 1521 on the De regulis iuris of the Digests, begun at Valence and completed at Pisa, sets out the methodological principles and criteria for a systematic approach to the study of law.
Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia was the second born and the second son of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza Cattanei and a member of the House of Borgia. He was the brother of Cesare, Gioffre, and Lucrezia Borgia. He was murdered on 14 June 1497. Even today, it is not known with certainty who was responsible for his death, although many at the time blamed his brother Cesare.
Giovanni Borgia was probably born in Rome in 1476 to then-cardinal Rodrigo Borgia , and his mistress, Vannozza dei Cattanei, who was married to Domenico da Rignano. He was the second son of the couple, after the firstborn Cesare. In September 1493, Giovanni married Maria Enriquez de Luna, the Spanish betrothed of his deceased older half-brother, Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of Gandia. He succeeded his brother as 2nd Duke of Gandia and was made Duke of Sessa, Grand Constable of Naples, Governor of St. Peter's, and Gonfalonier and Captain General of the Church.
Giovanni and Maria had two children, a son and a daughter. The firstborn was Juan de Borja y Enriquez, 3rd Duke of Gandia . Their daughter, Isabel de Borja y Enriquez, was born in 1498 in Gandia and never knew her father, who was killed in June 1497 at Rome; she grew up to be abbess of Santa Clara in Gandia with the name Francisca de Jesus.
Borgia was murdered on the night of 14 June 1497 near what later became the Piazza della Giudecca in the ghetto of Rome. Giovanni was last seen alive when he was leaving a feast that his mother had arranged in his honour at her villa near the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli with his other siblings Cesare, Lucrezia, and Gioffre; Gioffre's wife Sancha of Aragon, their cousin Juan Borgia Lanzol, and Vannozza's husband, Carlo Canale, were all in attendance. Later Giovanni and his brother rode to the Papal Palace; at the Palace of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza where the Duke told his brother he was going to visit his mistress; Giovanni dismissed his retainers. He took only his valet and a masked man whose identity is unknown but who had been noticed visiting Giovanni several times in the month before his death. Giovanni rode as far as the ghetto where he ordered the groom to wait for him until a certain hour when he was to return to the palace. He rode off with the masked man. The next morning his horse came back without its rider and with one of the stirrups cut. The groom was found dying.
The University of Perugia is a public university in Perugia, Italy. It was founded in 1308, as attested by the Bull issued by Pope Clement V certifying the birth of the Studium Generale.
The official seal of the university depicts Saint Herculan, one of the patron saints, and the rampant crowned griffin, which is the city symbol; they represent the ecclesiastical and civil powers, respectively, which gave rise to the university in the Middle Ages.
One of the "free" universities of Italy, it was elevated into a studium generale on September 8, 1308, by the Bull "Super specula" of Clement V. A school of arts existed by about 1200, in which medicine and law were soon taught, with a strong commitment expressed by official documents of the City Council of Perugia. Before 1300 there were several universitates scholiarum. Jacobus de Belviso, a famous civil jurist, taught here from 1316 to 1321. By Bull on August 1, 1318, John XXII granted the privilege of conferring degrees in civil and canon law, and on February 18, 1321, in medicine and arts.
On May 19, 1355, the Emperor Charles IV issued a Bull confirming the papal elevation and raising it to the rank of an imperial university. This unusual mark of favour was given to assist Perugia after the terrible plague years of 1348-49. In 1362 the Collegium Gregorianum was founded by Cardinal Nicolo Capocci for the maintenance of forty youths. Gregory XI, by Brief of October 11, 1371, gave the privileges of a studium generale to the new faculty of theology. This faculty was suppressed and its property merged into the university in 1811. The Collegio di S. Girolamo was founded by Benedetto Guidalotti, Bishop of Recanatias a free hostel for impecunious strangers who wished to study law and medicine in 1426, with Martin V's approval, and transferred to the University. Suppressed by the French in 1798, it was reopened in 1807 by Pius VII as the Collegio Pio. In the Constitution of August 27, 1824, Leo XII made this the chief college of the university.
The University of Pisa was officially founded in 1343, although various scholars place its origins in the 11th century. It is certain, however, that from the middle of the 12th century Pisa had a "Universitas" in the original sense of the word, that is, a group of students who gathered around masters. It was during this period that Leonardo Fibonacci was born and worked. He was one of the greatest mathematicians in history who, through his work, synthesized the spirit and processes of Greek geometry and the tools of Arabic mathematics for the first time in Europe.
The papal seal "In Supremae dignitatis", issued by Pope Clement VI on 3 September 1343, granted the Studium in Pisa the title of Studium Generale with various exclusive privileges, making it universally recognised. In medieval times, the Studium Generale was a higher institute of education founded or confirmed by a universal authority, namely the papacy or the empire. Pisa was among the first European cities to vaunt a papal attestation, followed by Prague in 1347 and Heidelberg in 1386. At the outset in Pisa, lessons in Theology, Civil Law, Canon Law and Medicine were established.
The end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century saw Pisa and its Studium heading towards a slow death. The war, which had allowed the Florentines to conquer the city, was so socially and economically damaging that it made preserving even the most essential academic activity impossible.
During the first few days of November 1473, the Studium in Pisa began to develop systematically at the request of Lorenzo dei Medici. In 1486, the construction of a building specifically for lessons was commissioned: the building, the future Palazzo della Sapienza, still the centre of the present-day University, was placed in the 13th century Piazza del Grano, which could be reached through the gateway dell'Abbondanza. The image of the Cherub was placed above this gateway. In the Christian tradition, the Cherub represents an angelic being with a clearer vision of God, who in turn represents absolute knowledge. Since then, the Cherub has become the iconographic symbol of the University of Pisa and, in more recent times, the Order of the Cherub is awarded to members of the university teaching staff who have contributed to enhancing its prestige.
The Papal States , officially the State of the Church , were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the Unification of Italy, between 1859 and 1870.
The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gifted Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome, as landlords, from the time of Constantine onward. This donation came about as part of a process whereby the popes began to turn away from the Byzantine emperors as their foremost temporal guardians for reasons such as increased imperial taxes, disagreement with respect to iconoclasm, and failure of the emperors, or their exarchs in Italy, to protect the peninsula and Rome from barbarian invasion and pillage.
During the Renaissance, the papal territory expanded greatly, and the Pope became one of Italy's most important rulers as well as the head of Western Christianity. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio , Marche, Umbria and Romagna, and portions of Emilia. These lands were held of the temporal power of the Pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy.
By 1860, much of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy. Only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the Pope's temporal control. In 1870, the Pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all, except the Leonine City within Rome, which the new Italian state refrained from occupying militarily, despite its annexation. In 1929, the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, the head of the Italian government, ended the "Prisoner in the Vatican" problem involving a unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treaty, signed by the two parties. This treaty recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity, a city-state within Rome limited to a token territory which became the Vatican City.
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Gentleman <p> main subject <o> Cesare Borgia <s> Portrait of a Gentleman <p> instance of <o> painting <s> Portrait of a Gentleman <p> collection <o> Accademia Carrara <s> Portrait of a Gentleman <p> creator <o> Altobello Melone <s> Portrait of a Gentleman <p> location <o> Accademia Carrara <s> Encyclopedia of World Biography <p> language of work or name <o> English <s> Encyclopedia of World Biography <p> instance of <o> literary work <s> Encyclopedia of World Biography <p> genre <o> encyclopedia <s> Encyclopedia of World Biography <p> publisher <o> Gale <s> Catholic deacon <p> subclass of <o> deacon <s> Catholic deacon <p> religion or worldview <o> Catholic Church <s> Catholic deacon <p> subclass of <o> Catholic cleric <s> Catholic deacon <p> has characteristic <o> male <s> Catholic deacon <p> has part(s) <o> transitional deacon <s> Catholic deacon <p> part of <o> Catholic clergy <s> Catholic deacon <p> next lower rank <o> subdeacon <s> Catholic deacon <p> has part(s) <o> permanent 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Charlotte of Albret <p> place of burial <o> La Motte-Feuilly <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> country of origin <o> Italy <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> language of work or name <o> Italian <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> genre <o> encyclopedia <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> different from <o> Treccani's Enciclopedia on line <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> art director <o> Emilio Bestetti <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> sponsor <o> Emilio Bestetti <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> sponsor <o> Bestetti Edizioni d'Arte <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> instance of <o> written work <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> author <o> various authors <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> Wikidata property <o> Treccani ID <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> Wikidata property <o> Treccani's Enciclopedia Italiana ID <s> Enciclopedia Treccani <p> publisher <o> Institute of the Italian Encyclopaedia <s> Viana <p> contains settlement <o> Viana <s> Viana <p> patron saint <o> Mary Magdalene <s> Viana <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+01:00 <s> Viana <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Navarre <s> Viana <p> capital <o> Viana <s> Viana <p> country <o> Spain <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Logroño <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Oyón-Oion <s> Viana <p> instance of <o> municipality of Spain <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Mendavia <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Bargota <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Aras <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Aguilar de Codés <s> Viana <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Estella Occidental <s> Viana <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Merindade of Estella-Lizarra <s> Viana <p> head of government <o> Gregorio Galilea Arazuri <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Agoncillo <s> Viana <p> shares border with <o> Moreda de Álava/Moreda Araba <s> Viana <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Viana <s> Viana <p> office held by head of government <o> mayor of Viana <s> Viana <p> capital of <o> Estella Occidental <s> Viana <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Viana </Graph> | <Text> :The Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the cities of Pamplona and Tudela in Spain.
An apostolic administration in the Catholic Church is administrated by a prelate appointed by the pope to serve as the ordinary for a specific area. Either the area is not yet a diocese , or is a diocese, archdiocese, eparchy or similar permanent ordinariate that either has no bishop or archbishop diocese) or, in very rare cases, has an incapacitated bishop .
Apostolic administrators of stable administrations are equivalent in canon law with diocesan bishops and archbishops, meaning they have essentially the same authority as a diocesan bishop and archbishop. This type of apostolic administrator is usually the bishop or archbishop of a titular see.
Administrators sede vacante or sede plena only serve in their role until a newly chosen diocesan bishop or archbishop takes possession of the diocese. They are restricted by canon law in what they can do to the diocese they temporarily administer. For example, such an administrator may not sell real estate owned by the diocese or archdiocese. This type of administrator is commonly an auxiliary bishop and a priest serving as the vicar general of the diocese, or the ordinary of a neighboring diocese.
Normally when a diocese or archdiocese falls vacant, either the previously appointed coadjutor bishop takes possession of the see, or a vicar capitular or diocesan administrator is chosen locally but the pope, being head of the Catholic Church, may decide to name an administrator himself instead of waiting for the college of consultors of a particular diocese or archdiocese to appoint a diocesan or archdiocesan administrator where it is then called an apostolic administrator. Sometimes a retiring, promoted or transferred bishop is designated to be apostolic administrator until his successor is installed; sometimes the metropolitan or a fellow suffragan is appointed.
A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals.
The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave, almost always from among themselves , when the Holy See is vacant. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In addition, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories , in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing dicasteries of the Roman Curia, the central administration of the Catholic Church.
Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals in addition to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around the world - often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others are titular bishops who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia . A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally consecrated as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted a papal dispensation. There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals. Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to the pope and tradition is his only guide.
There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that "cardinalis" is etymologically from the Latin word cardo was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior". The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.
Charlotte of Albret , Dame de Chalus, was a wealthy French noblewoman of the Albret family. She was the sister of King John III of Navarre and the wife of the widely notorious Cesare Borgia, whom she married in 1499. She was the mother of his only legitimate child, Louise Borgia, to whom she acted as regent of the Duchy of Valentinois following the death of Cesare from 1507-1514.
Charlotte was born in 1480, the daughter of Alain I of Albret, Lord of Albret, and Frances, Countess of Perigord. Her paternal grandparents were Jean d'Albret and Charlotte de Rohan, and her maternal grandparents were William, Viscount of Limoges and Isabelle de La Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of Bertrand V de La Tour, Count of Auvergne and Boulogne, and Jacquette du Peschin. Her paternal great-great-grandfather was Charles d'Albret, Constable of France, who was killed while commanding the French troops at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. She had six siblings including John d'Albret, who became King of Navarre upon his marriage to Catherine of Navarre.
On arrival to the throne, Louis XII of France intended to establish strong bonds with Brittany in order to incorporate it to the Kingdom of France, aiming to marry Anne of Brittany for the purpose; however, he was married by then to Joan of Valois. The Foix-Albret, led by Alain de Albret, feared a French takeover of the Viscounty of Bearn, de facto sovereign, but claimed now by the French king.
The Navarrese monarchs Catherine and John started a rapprochement to Louis XII in order to appease his ambitions in Bearn, by supporting Louis XII in his attempt to marry the Breton princess. Louis XII demanded that Pope Alexander VI issue an annulment of his marriage to Joan. The latter responded in kind by requiring a princess of royal blood to marry his son Cesare. The monarchs of Navarre proposed in turn Charlotte for the bargain.
The Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia Treccani , also known as the Treccani Institute, is a cultural institution of national interest, active in the publishing field, founded by Giovanni Treccani in 1925.
It is renowned for publishing the first edition and the subsequent ten supplements of the Italian Encyclopedia of Science, Literature and Arts , considered one of the most important encyclopedias of the 20th century, alongside the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana.
The first publication by the Institute was the Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere e Arti . This encyclopedia, best known as Enciclopedia Italiana or the Great Encyclopaedia, is an Italian-language encyclopaedia and is regarded as one of the great encyclopedias, being international in scope, alongside Encyclopaedia Britannica and others.
Since the 1990's Treccani has been playing a leading role as a high profile publisher, both in the art publishing market and in the facsimile editions industry, reproducing many medieval manuscripts from the most prestigious italian and european libraries.
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<Graph> : <s> Old Catalan <p> subclass of <o> Catalan <s> Old Catalan <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Old Catalan language <s> Old Catalan <p> country <o> Crown of Aragon <s> Old Catalan <p> country <o> Kingdom of Murcia <s> Old Catalan <p> country <o> Catalan counties <s> Old Catalan <p> instance of <o> historical language <s> Old Catalan <p> instance of <o> chronolect <s> Vatican Army <p> instance of <o> army <s> Vatican Army <p> allegiance <o> pope <s> Vatican Army <p> country <o> Papal States <s> Vatican Army <p> allegiance <o> Holy See <s> Vatican Army <p> founded by <o> Leo IX <s> Vatican Army <p> conflict <o> Battle of Mentana <s> Vatican Army <p> instance of <o> military unit <s> Vatican Army <p> flag <o> Gonfalone of the Church <s> Vatican Army <p> office held by head of the organization <o> Captain General of the Church <s> Vatican Army <p> subclass of <o> armed forces <s> Borgia <p> attested in <o> 2010 United States Census surname index <s> Borgia <p> language of work or name <o> Italian <s> Borgia <p> different from <o> Borgia <s> Borgia <p> writing system <o> Latin script <s> Borgia <p> different from <o> House of Borgia <s> Borgia <p> instance of <o> family name <s> Borgia <p> named after <o> Borja <s> Borgia <p> said to be the same as <o> Borja <s> Borgia <p> said to be the same as <o> de Borja <s> Category:Cesare Borgia <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Cesare Borgia <p> category's main topic <o> Cesare Borgia <s> Gonfalonier of the Church <p> country <o> Papal States <s> Gonfalonier of the Church <p> instance of <o> position <s> Gonfalonier of the Church <p> subclass of <o> Gonfaloniere <s> Gonfalonier of the Church <p> subclass of <o> standard-bearer <s> Captain General of the Church <p> subclass of <o> captain general <s> Captain General of the Church <p> subclass of <o> commander-in-chief <s> Captain General of the Church <p> applies to jurisdiction <o> Holy See <s> Captain General of the Church <p> country <o> Papal States <s> Captain General of the Church <p> organization directed by the office or position <o> Vatican Army <s> Captain General of the Church <p> instance of <o> historical position <s> Captain General of the Church <p> allegiance <o> papacy <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Order of Saint Michael <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> country <o> France <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> location of formation <o> Château d'Amboise <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> category for recipients of this award <o> Category:Order of Saint Michael <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> named after <o> Michael <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> founded by <o> Louis XI of France <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> instance of <o> dynastic order of knighthood <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> instance of <o> order of chivalry <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> next higher rank <o> Order of the Holy Spirit <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> next lower rank <o> Order of Saint Louis <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> instance of <o> religious military order <s> Order of Saint Michael <p> has part(s) <o> Knight of the Order of Saint-Michel <s> Chartered Engineer <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> Chartered Engineer <p> subclass of <o> profession <s> Chartered Engineer <p> instance of <o> professional certification <s> Chartered Engineer <p> prerequisite <o> Master of Science in Engineering <s> Chartered Engineer <p> conferred by <o> Engineering Council <s> Chartered Engineer <p> prerequisite <o> Master of Engineering <s> Incorporated Engineer <p> instance of <o> professional certification <s> Incorporated Engineer <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> Incorporated Engineer <p> conferred by <o> Engineering Council <s> academic degree <p> Wikidata property <o> academic degree <s> academic degree <p> Wikidata property <o> conferred by <s> academic degree <p> different from <o> academic degree <s> academic degree <p> Wikidata property <o> grants <s> academic degree <p> subclass of <o> qualification <s> academic degree <p> subclass of <o> academic achievement <s> academic degree <p> subclass of <o> intangible asset <s> academic degree <p> uses <o> diploma <s> academic degree <p> has cause <o> certification <s> academic degree <p> different from <o> academic rank <s> academic degree <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Academic degrees <s> academic degree <p> has effect <o> academic title <s> academic degree <p> different from <o> academic title <s> academic degree <p> described by source <o> The Encyclopedia Americana <s> academic degree <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Academic degrees <s> academic degree <p> different from <o> degree program </Graph> | <Text> :Old Catalan, also known as Medieval Catalan, is the modern denomination for Romance varieties that during the Middle Ages were spoken in territories that spanned roughly the territories of the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the island of Sardinia; all of them then part of the Crown of Aragon. These varieties were part of a dialect continuum with what today is called Old Occitan that reached the Loire Valley in the north and Northern Italy in the east. Consequently, Old Catalan can be considered a dialect group of Old Occitan, or be classified as an Occitano-Romance variety side by side with Old Occitan .
The modern separation of Catalan and Occitan should not be confused with a clear separation between the languages in the mindset of their speakers historically. The dialects of Modern Catalan were still considered to be part of the same language as the dialects of Occitan in the 19th century, when Catalans still could call their language Llengua llemosina, using the name of the Limousin dialect as a metonymy for Occitan.
It is believed that Old Catalan featured a sequence /jl/ that contrasted with /y/ in non-initial positions. The former came from the Latin groups C'L, G'L, LE, and LI and was written as <yl> and <il> , whereas the latter was written <ll> . The palatal lateral has remained unchanged in modern Catalan, but the /jl/ sequence has coalesced into /y/ in most dialects removing the distinction. In a minority of dialects , the /l/ was dropped, yielding a merger with /j/ instead.
/v/ began to merge into /b/ in some dialects around the 14th century, a process called betacism. Now, the distinction is maintained only in Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and towns in southern Tarragona.
The Vatican City State is a neutral nation, which has not engaged in any war since its formation in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty. It has no formal military compact or agreement with neighbouring Italy, although responsibility for defending the Vatican City from an international aggressor is likely to lie primarily with the Italian Armed Forces. When presenting the Lateran Treaty to the Italian parliament in 1929, Benito Mussolini declared: "It is evident that we will be the necessary guarantors of this neutrality and inviolability , since, in the remote hypothesis someone wanted to hurt her, he would first have to violate our territory."
Although the Vatican City state has never been at war, it was exposed, together with properties of the Holy See in Rome, to bombings during World War II.
Although the former Papal States were defended by a relatively large Papal Army and a Papal Navy, a majority of these forces were disbanded when the Papal States ceased to exist in 1870. Immediately prior to the disbandment, the Esercito Pontificio comprised two regiments of locally recruited Italian infantry, two Swiss regiments, a battalion of Irish volunteers, artillery and dragoons, plus the international Catholic volunteer corps the Papal Zouaves, formed in 1861 to oppose Italian unification. Following defeat and abolition of the States by the Kingdom of Italy, four small Papal units were retained, but restricted their activity to the Vatican in Rome.
Upon the 1929 formation of the Vatican City State, a unique form of sovereignty was defined. Under this agreement sovereignty is vested in the much more ancient Holy See, which is an ecclesiastical jurisdiction; but that sovereignty is exercised over the actual nation state of the Vatican City, an area of 49 hectares defined in a map appended to the treaty, together with certain other properties formally located within the Italian state, but granted extraterritoriality.
The Vatican City State has never had independent armed forces, but it has always had a de facto military provided by the armed forces of the Holy See: the Pontifical Swiss Guard, the Noble Guard, the Palatine Guard, and the Papal Gendarmerie Corps. In practical terms, these armed forces have operated chiefly within the Vatican City State and the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo, and not in the many other extraterritorial properties of the Holy See, except during the time of World War Two when troops of the Palatine Guard were deployed to all Papal properties in and around Rome.
The House of Borgia Z@/ BOR-zh@, BOR-j@, Italian: ; Spanish and Aragonese: Borja ; Valencian: Borja ) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance. They were from Xativa, Kingdom of Valencia, the surname being a toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Aragon, in Spain.
The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455-1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492-1503.
Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, bribery, and murder . Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the arts who contributed to the development of Renaissance art.
The Borgia family stands out in history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, yet there is evidence to suggest that this one-dimensional characterization is a result of undeserved contemporary critiques.
The Gonfalonier of the Church or Papal Gonfalonier was a military and political office of the Papal States. Originating from the use of the Papal banner during combat, the office later became largely ceremonial and political. At his nomination, the gonfalonier was given two banners, one with the arms of the Church and another with the arms of the reigning pope . The gonfalonier was entitled to include ecclesiastical emblems upon his own arms, usually only during his term of office but on occasion permanently. Pope Innocent XII ended the rank, along with the captaincy general, and replaced them both with the position of flag-bearer of the Holy Roman Church , which later became hereditary in the Naro Patrizi.
The captain general of the Church was the de facto commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Papal States during the Middle Ages. The post was usually conferred on an Italian or other noble with a professional military reputation or a relative of the pope.
For example, Pope Callixtus III appointed Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia as the chief and general commissary of the Papal Army. A number of such offices under many titles were used as ministers of war by popes, the captain general operated as a field commander under these offices. Pope Innocent XII removed both ranks and replaced them with the position of Flag-bearer of the Holy Roman Church , which later became hereditary in the Naro Patrizi.
Gaspare Altieri nephew of Pope Clement X, later Prince of Oriolo. Engraving by Abraham Brueghel and Nicolas Guerard of the "Wine of St. Martin: dedicated to Gaspare Altierti, Generale di Santa Chiesa.
The Order of Saint Michael is a French dynastic order of chivalry, founded by King Louis XI of France on 1 August 1469, in response to the Order of the Golden Fleece founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, Louis' chief competitor for the allegiance of the great houses of France, the dukes of Orleans, Berry, and Brittany. As a chivalric order, its goal was to confirm the loyalty of its knights to the king. Originally, there were a limited number of knights, at first thirty-one, then increased to thirty-six including the king. An office of Provost was established in 1476. The Order of St Michael was the highest Order in France until it was superseded by the Order of the Holy Spirit.
Although officially abolished by the government authorities of the July Revolution in 1830 following the French Revolution, its activities carried on. It is still recognised by the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry.
The first knights were among the most powerful nobles in France, close relatives of the king and a few from other royal houses in Europe. Originally, the number of members was limited to thirty-five. In 1565, during the Wars of Religion, when loyalties were strained and essential, Charles IX increased the membership to fifty, but there may have been as many as seven hundred knights under Henry III in 1574.
The Order of St. Michael dedicated to the Archangel Michael conveyed to every member a gold badge of the image of the saint standing on a rock in combat with the serpent. The motto of the order was "immensi tremor oceani" , derived from the idea of Saint Michael looking out over the Atlantic from Mont Saint-Michel. It was suspended from the elaborate Collar of the Order of Saint Michael made of scallop shells linked with double knots. The statutes state that the badge could be hung on a simple chain, and later it was suspended from a black ribbon
Regulation and licensure in engineering is established by various jurisdictions of the world to encourage life, public welfare, safety, well-being, then environment and other interests of the general public and to define the licensure process through which an engineer becomes licensed to practice engineering and to provide professional services and products to the public.
As with many other professions and activities, engineering is often a restricted activity. Relatedly, jurisdictions that license according to particular engineering discipline define the boundaries of each discipline carefully so that practitioners understand what they are competent to do.
A licensed engineer takes legal responsibility for engineering work, product or projects as far as the local engineering legislation is concerned. Regulations require that only a licensed engineer can sign, seal or stamp technical documentation such as reports, plans, engineering drawings and calculations for study estimate or valuation or carry out design analysis, repair, servicing, maintenance or supervision of engineering work, process or project. In cases where public safety, property or welfare is concerned, licensed engineers are trusted by the government and the public to perform the task in a competent manner. In various parts of the world, licensed engineers may use a protected title such as professional engineer, chartered engineer, or simply engineer.
It is often illegal for a practicing engineer to jeopardize public safety in any way. This means that an engineer must hold herself or himself to the highest level of technical and moral conduct reasonable or suffer litigation if an engineering system fails causing harm to the public, including maintenance technicians. Breaches of engineering law are often sufficient grounds for enforcement measures, which may include the suspension or loss of license and financial penalties. They may also include imprisonment, should gross negligence be shown to have played a part in loss of human life.
An engineering technologist is a professional trained in certain aspects of development and implementation of a respective area of technology. An education in engineering technology concentrates more on application and less on theory than does an engineering education. Engineering technologists often assist engineers; but after years of experience, they can also become engineers. Like engineers, areas where engineering technologists can work include product design, fabrication, and testing. Engineering technologists sometimes rise to senior management positions in industry or become entrepreneurs.
Engineering technologists are more likely than engineers to focus on post-development implementation, product manufacturing, or operation of technology. The American National Society of Professional Engineers makes the distinction that engineers are trained in conceptual skills, to "function as designers", while engineering technologists "apply others' designs". The mathematics and sciences, as well as other technical courses, in engineering technology programs, are taught with more application-based examples, whereas engineering coursework provides a more theoretical foundation in math and science. Moreover, engineering coursework tends to require higher-level mathematics including calculus and calculus-based theoretical science courses, as well as more extensive knowledge of the natural sciences, which serves to prepare students for research as opposed to engineering technology coursework which focuses on algebra, trigonometry, applied calculus, and other courses that are more practical than theoretical in nature and generally have more labs that involve the hands-on application of the topics studied.
In the United States, although some states require, without exception, a BS degree in engineering at schools with programs accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology , about two-thirds of the states accept BS degrees in engineering technology accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission of the ABET, in order to become licensed as professional engineers. States have different requirements as to the years of experience needed to take the Fundamentals of Engineering and Professional Engineering exams. A few states require those sitting for the exams to have a master's degree in engineering. This education model is in line with the educational system in the United Kingdom where an accredited MEng or MSc degree in engineering is required by the Engineering Council to be registered as a Chartered Engineer. Engineering technology graduates with can earn an MS degree in engineering technology, engineering, engineering management, construction management, or a National Architectural Accrediting Board -accredited Master of Architecture degree. These degrees are also offered online or through distance-learning programs at various universities, both nationally and internationally, which allows individuals to continue working full-time while earning an advanced degree.
Engineering technologists are more likely to work in testing, fabrication/construction or fieldwork, while engineers generally focus more on conceptual design and product development, with considerable overlap .
An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university. These institutions often offer degrees at various levels, usually divided into undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The most common undergraduate degree is the bachelor's degree, although some educational systems offer lower-level undergraduate degrees such as associate and foundation degrees. Common postgraduate degrees include engineer's degrees, master's degrees and doctorates.
In the UK and countries whose educational systems are based on the British system, honours degrees are divided into classes: first, second and third class.
The doctorate first appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach at a medieval university. Its roots can be traced to the early church when the term "doctor" referred to the Apostles, church fathers and other Christian authorities who taught and interpreted the Bible. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved by the church which required the applicant to pass a test, take an oath of allegiance, and pay a fee. The Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access - now largely free of charge - of all able applicants, who were, however, still tested for aptitude by the ecclesiastic scholastic. This right remained a point of contention between the church authorities and the slowly emancipating universities, but was granted by the Pope to the University of Paris in 1231 where it became a universal license to teach . While the licentia continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelor's degree , it was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the Magister and doctorate, both of which now became the exclusive qualification for teaching.
In universities, doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of "Master of Arts" was seven years. This was the same as the term of apprenticeship for other occupations. Originally the terms "master" and "doctor" were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the master's degree.
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<Graph> : <s> civil engineering <p> subclass of <o> engineering <s> civil engineering <p> different from <o> mechanical engineering <s> civil engineering <p> different from <o> structural engineering <s> civil engineering <p> different from <o> design engineering <s> civil engineering <p> studied in <o> civil engineering studies <s> civil engineering <p> part of <o> engineering <s> civil engineering <p> practiced by <o> civil engineer <s> civil engineering <p> instance of <o> academic degree <s> civil engineering <p> practiced by <o> engineer of the French Corps of Bridges and Roads <s> civil engineering <p> practiced by <o> State Public Works Engineering Corps (France) <s> civil engineering <p> instance of <o> field of work <s> civil engineering <p> has part(s) <o> structural engineering <s> civil engineering <p> has part(s) <o> transportation engineering <s> civil engineering <p> relevant qualification <o> Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec <s> civil engineering <p> on focus list of 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artificial object <s> design <p> partially coincident with <o> intangible good <s> scenographer <p> Wikidata property <o> scenographer <s> scenographer <p> properties for this type <o> scenographer <s> scenographer <p> instance of <o> profession <s> scenographer <p> instance of <o> filmmaking occupation <s> scenographer <p> field of this occupation <o> scenography <s> scenographer <p> different from <o> stage carpenter <s> scenographer <p> instance of <o> theatrical occupation <s> scenographer <p> subclass of <o> designer <s> scenographer <p> category for eponymous categories <o> Category:Categories named after set designers <s> scenographer <p> subclass of <o> theatrical occupation <s> scenographer <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Scenographers <s> scenographer <p> subclass of <o> decorator <s> scenographer <p> field of this occupation <o> support activities to performing arts <s> scenographer <p> said to be the same as <o> scenic designer <s> scenographer <p> different from <o> theatre designer <s> scenographer <p> different from <o> scenic designer <s> scenic design <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Scenic design <s> scenic design <p> instance of <o> art genre <s> scenic design <p> subclass of <o> design <s> scenic design <p> practiced by <o> scenic designer <s> scenic design <p> part of <o> scenography <s> Category:Scenography <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Scenography <p> different from <o> Category:Scenic design <s> Category:Scenography <p> category's main topic <o> scenography </Graph> | <Text> :Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.
Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal public works departments through to federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to global Fortune 500 companies.
Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in the understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a broad profession, including several specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environmental science, mechanics, project management, and other fields.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads, and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
A design engineer is an engineer focused on the engineering design process in any of the various engineering disciplines and design disciplines like Human-Computer Interaction.
Design engineers tend to work on products and systems that involve adapting and using complex scientific and mathematical techniques. The emphasis tends to be on utilizing engineering physics and other applied sciences to develop solutions for society.
A design engineer usually works with a team of other engineers and other types of designers , to develop conceptual and detailed designs that ensure a product functions, performs, and is fit for its purpose. They may also work with marketers to develop the product concept and specifications to meet customer needs, and may direct the design effort. In many engineering areas, a distinction is made between the "design engineer" and other engineering roles . Analysis tends to play a larger role for the latter areas, while synthesis is more paramount for the former; nevertheless, all such roles are technically part of the overall engineering design process.
When an engineering project involves public safety, design engineers involved are often required to be licensed - for example, as a Professional Engineer . There is often an "industrial exemption" for engineers working on project only internally to their organization, although the scope and conditions of such exemptions vary widely across jurisdictions.
Design engineers may work in a team along with other designers to create the drawings necessary for prototyping and production, or in the case of buildings, for construction. However, with the advent of CAD and solid modeling software, the design engineers may create the drawings themselves, or perhaps with the help of many corporate service providers.
Mechanical engineering is the study of physical machines that may involve force and movement. It is an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science, to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering branches.
Mechanical engineering requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, materials science, design, structural analysis, and electricity. In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer-aided design , computer-aided manufacturing , computer-aided engineering , and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others.
Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. In the 19th century, developments in physics led to the development of mechanical engineering science. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements; today mechanical engineers are pursuing developments in such areas as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. It also overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically with biomechanics, transport phenomena, biomechatronics, bionanotechnology, and modelling of biological systems.
The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient and medieval societies. The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane were known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia during the 5th millennium BC. The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale, and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology. The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC.
A building engineer is recognised as being expert in the use of technology for the design, construction, assessment and maintenance of the built environment. Commercial Building Engineers are concerned with the planning, design, construction, operation, renovation, and maintenance of buildings, as well as with their impacts on the surrounding environment.
As a multifaceted build environment professional, a building engineer can provide important leadership in the design and construction of the built environment, collaborating with architects, engineers, builders and other design professionals.
In Canada, Building Engineers have to follow an interdisciplinary program that integrates pertinent knowledge from different disciplines. The building engineer explores all phases of the life cycle of a building and develops an appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system. Problems are identified and appropriate solutions found to improve the performance of the building in areas such as:
A building engineer can be a licensed professional, and in some countries is synonymous with an architect. Building engineers are licensed to perform whole-building design with architect-engineer teams, or as practitioners in structural, mechanical, or electrical fields of building design.
A design is a concept of or proposal for an object, a process, or a system. Design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, though it is sometimes used to refer to the nature of something - its design. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan may also be considered to be a design . A design is expected to have a purpose within a certain context, usually has to satisfy certain goals and constraints, and to take into account aesthetic, functional, economic, environmental or socio-political considerations. Typical examples of designs include architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns and less tangible artefacts such as business process models.
People who produce designs are called designers. The term 'designer' generally refers to someone who works professionally in one of the various design areas. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice , but it can also designate others such as architects and engineers . A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, using design thinking and possibly design methods. The process of creating a design can be brief or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.
Designing is also a widespread activity outside of the professions, done by more people than just those formally recognised as designers. In his influential book The Sciences of the Artificial the interdisciplinary scientist Herbert A. Simon proposed that "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones". And according to the design researcher Nigel Cross "Everyone can - and does - design", and "Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural cognitive function".
Study of the history of design is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes 'designing'. Many design historians, such as John Heskett, start with the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production. Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistorical times. Originally situated within art history, the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research. Early influential design historians include German-British art historian Nikolaus Pevsner and Swiss historian and architecture critic Sigfried Giedion.
A scenographer or scenic designer, also production designer, is a person who develops the appearance of a stage design, a TV or movie set, a gaming environment, a trade fair exhibition design or a museum experience exhibition design. The term originated in theater. A scenographer works together with the theater director to make the message come through in the best way they think possible, the director having the leading role and responsibility particularly for dramatic aspects - such as casting, acting, and direction - and the scenographer primarily responsible for the visual aspects or "look" of the production - which often includes scenery or sets, lighting, and costumes, and may include projections or other aspects.
While a common role in theatrical production teams in most countries, the position of scenographer is very uncommon in the United States, where this task is generally parcelled out among several people, principally the scenic or set designer who generally spearheads the visual aspects of the production. The production's design team often includes a production team that includes a director, scenic or set designer, lighting designer, costume designer, sound designer, dramaturg, stage manager, and production manager.
Scenic design, also known as stage design or set design, is the creation of scenery for theatrical productions including plays and musicals. The term can also be applied to film and television productions, where it may be referred to as production design. Scenic designers create sets and scenery to support the overall artistic goals of the production. Scenic design is an aspect of scenography, which includes theatrical set design as well as light and sound.
A scenic designer works with the theatre director and other members of the creative team to establish a visual concept for the production and to design the stage environment. They are responsible for developing a complete set of design drawings that include:
In planning, scenic designers often make multiple scale models and renderings. Models are often made before final drawings are completed for construction. These precise drawings help the scenic designer effectively communicate with other production staff, especially the technical director, production manager, charge scenic artist, and prop master.
In Europe and Australia, many scenic designers are also responsible for costume design, lighting design and sound design. They are commonly referred to as theatre designers, scenographers, or production designers.
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For articles about the work of other artists, see: Category:Works by artist. Before creating additional categories for painters, please see Wikipedia:Overcategorization.
Luke the Evangelist is one of the Four Evangelists--the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels. The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although a lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious.
The New Testament mentions Luke briefly a few times, and the Epistle to the Colossians refers to him as a physician ; thus he is thought to have been both a physician and a disciple of Paul.
Since the early years of the faith, Christians have regarded him as a saint. He is believed to have been a martyr, reportedly having been hanged from an olive tree, though some believe otherwise. The Catholic Church and other major denominations venerate him as Saint Luke the Evangelist and as a patron saint of artists, physicians, bachelors, notaries, butchers, brewers, and others; his feast day is 18 October.
Many scholars believe that Luke was a physician who lived in the Hellenistic city of Antioch in Ancient Syria, born of a Greek family, although some scholars and theologians think Luke was a Hellenic Jew. While it has been widely accepted that the theology of Luke-Acts points to a gentile Christian writing for a gentile audience, some have concluded that it is more plausible that Luke-Acts is directed to a community made up of both Jewish and gentile Christians since there is stress on the scriptural roots of the gentile mission . DNA testing on what Christian tradition holds to be his body has revealed it to be of Syrian ancestry.
Oil painting is a painting method involving the procedure of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. It has been the most common technique for artistic painting on canvas, wood panel or copper for several centuries, spreading from Europe to the rest of the world. The advantages of oil for painting images include "greater flexibility, richer and denser colour, the use of layers, and a wider range from light to dark". But the process is slower, especially when one layer of paint needs to be allowed to dry before another is applied.
The oldest known oil paintings were created by Buddhist artists in Afghanistan and date back to the 7th century AD. Oil paint was used by Europeans for painting statues and woodwork from at least the 12th century, but its common use for painted images began with Early Netherlandish painting in Northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance, oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced the use of egg tempera paints for panel paintings in most of Europe, though not for Orthodox icons or wall paintings, where tempera and fresco, respectively, remained the usual choice.
Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and safflower oil. The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. The paint could be thinned with turpentine. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are also visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium. The oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish to provide protection and texture. The paint itself can be moulded into different textures depending on its plasticity.
Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint. Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is 'fat over lean', meaning that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the final painting will crack and peel. The consistency on the canvas depend on the layering of the oil paint. This rule does not ensure permanence; it is the quality and type of oil that leads to a strong and stable paint film.
A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or ink. A paintbrush is usually made by clamping bristles to a handle with a ferrule. They are available in various sizes, shapes, and materials. Thicker ones are used for filling in, and thinner ones are used for details. They may be subdivided into decorators' brushes used for painting and decorating and artists' brushes use for visual art.
Bristles may be natural or synthetic. If the filaments are synthetic, they may be made of polyester, nylon or a blend of nylon and polyester.
Filaments can be hollow or solid and can be tapered or untapered. Brushes with tapered filaments give a smoother finish.
Synthetic filaments last longer than natural bristles. Natural bristles are preferred for oil-based paints and varnishes, while synthetic brushes are better for water-based paints as the bristles do not expand when wetted.
A decorator judges the quality of a brush based on several factors: filament retention, paint pickup, steadiness of paint release, brush marks, drag and precision painting. A chiseled brush permits the painter to cut into tighter corners and paint more precisely.
Paint is a liquid pigment that, after applied to a solid material and allowed to dry, adds a film-like layer, in most cases to create an image, known as a painting. Paint can be made in many colors and types. Most paints are either oil-based or water-based, and each has distinct characteristics.
It is illegal in most municipalities to discard oil-based paint down household drains or sewers. Clean-up solvents are also different for water-based paint than oil-based paint. Water-based paints and oil-based paints will cure differently based on the outside ambient temperature of the object being painted . Usually, the object being painted must be over 10 degC , although some manufacturers of external paints/primers claim they can be applied when temperatures are as low as 2 degC .
Paint was one of the earliest arts of humanity. Some cave paintings drawn with red or yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago. Paint may be even older. In 2003 and 2004, South African archeologists reported finds in Blombos Cave of a 100,000-year-old human-made ochre-based mixture that could have been used like paint. Further excavation in the same cave resulted in the 2011 report of a complete toolkit for grinding pigments and making a primitive paint-like substance.
Interior walls at the 5,000-year-old Ness of Brodgar have been found to incorporate individual stones painted in yellows, reds, and oranges, using ochre pigment made of haematite mixed with animal fat, milk or eggs.
Graphics 'pertaining to drawing, painting, writing, etc.') are visual images or designs on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone, to inform, illustrate, or entertain. In contemporary usage, it includes a pictorial representation of data, as in design and manufacture, in typesetting and the graphic arts, and in educational and recreational software. Images that are generated by a computer are called computer graphics.
Examples are photographs, drawings, line art, mathematical graphs, line graphs, charts, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flyer, poster, web site, or book without any other element. The objective can be clarity or effective communication, association with other cultural elements, or merely the creation of a distinctive style.
Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred. It can also be used for architecture.
The earliest graphics known to anthropologists studying prehistoric periods are cave paintings and markings on boulders, bone, ivory, and antlers, which were created during the Upper Palaeolithic period from 40,000 to 10,000 B.C. or earlier. Many of these were found to record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Some of the earliest graphics and drawings are known to the modern world, from almost 6,000 years ago, are that of engraved stone tablets and ceramic cylinder seals, marking the beginning of the historical periods and the keeping of records for accounting and inventory purposes. Records from Egypt predate these and papyrus was used by the Egyptians as a material on which to plan the building of pyramids; they also used slabs of limestone and wood. From 600 to 250 BC, the Greeks played a major role in geometry. They used graphics to represent their mathematical theories such as the Circle Theorem and the Pythagorean theorem.
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Museum of World Cultures </Graph> | <Text> :An easel is an upright support used for displaying and/or fixing something resting upon it, at an angle of about 20deg to the vertical. In particular, easels are traditionally used by painters to support a painting while they work on it, normally standing up, and are also sometimes used to display finished paintings. Artists' easels are still typically made of wood, in functional designs that have changed little for centuries, or even millennia, though new materials and designs are available. Easels are typically made from wood, aluminum or steel.
Easel painting is a term in art history for the type of midsize painting that would have been painted on an easel, as opposed to a fresco wall painting, a large altarpiece or other piece that would have been painted resting on the floor, a small cabinet painting, or a miniature created sitting at a desk, though perhaps also on an angled support. It does not refer to the way the painting is meant to be displayed; most easel paintings are intended for display framed and hanging on a wall.
The word easel is an old Germanic synonym for donkey . In various other languages, its equivalent is the only word for both the animal and the apparatus, such as Afrikaans: esel and earlier Dutch: ezel , themselves cognates of the Latin: asinus .
He spent the early years of his career at his local club FC Karvina. He also played in the German Regional divisions with FC Hennigsdorf before moving to FK Fotbal Trinec who at the time played in Moravian-Silesian Football League, 3rd tier of Czech football. Malir has gone on to make 350 appearances for the club, where he serves as a key player in the squad.
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partnership with <o> Museum Stad Appingedam. <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Nijkerk <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nieuwe Instituut <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Atlas of Mutual Heritage <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Noord-Veluws Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Weesp <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Fries Landbouwmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> National Museum of World Cultures <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nationaal Register Mobiel Erfgoed <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Zuiderzeemuseum outdoor <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Flehite <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> City Museum of Doetinchem <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nationaal Orgelmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> NOC*NSF <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Van Abbemuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> member of <o> Geheugen van Nederland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Kunstcollectie Provincie Gelderland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Deventer Museums <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Bronbeek <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stadsmuseum Harderwijk <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Historische Vereniging Voorst <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Regionaal Archief Zutphen <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Streekmuseum Krimpenerwaard <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Heemkundekring Rijnwaarden <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stichting Kunst in de Publieke Ruimte in Arnhem <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Brouws Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Historische Kring Huessen <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Resistance Museum Friesland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Cultuurhistorische Vereniging Zevenaar <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Oudheidkundige Vereniging Didam <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Gelders Schuttersmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Het Pakhuis Ermelo <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Liemers Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Korps Rijdende Artillerie <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Gemeentearchief Barneveld <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Vereniging Museum Lunteren <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Historische Kring Duiven-Groessen-Loo <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> L.O.V. <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stichting Eusebius Arnhem <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Vliegbasis Deelen <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Smedekinck <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Historische Kring Westervoort <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Oudheidkundige Vereniging Wehl <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Heemkundekring Bergh <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Streekarchivariaat de Liemers en Doesburg <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Elburg <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> LIMA <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Huis Bergh <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Beeldarchief Provincie Zuid-Holland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Collectie van der Kop <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Cornelis Lely Centrum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Kasteel-Museum Sypesteyn <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Interprovinciaal Depot Beheer Systeem <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Jan Adam Zandleven Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Holambra <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museumhaven Zeeland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Provinciaal Archeologisch Depot provincie Zuid-Holland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Gelderland in beeld <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Huis Doorn <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Romeo Stadsvervoer Museum Rotterdam <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Duikvereniging Pluvier <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nationaal Register Historische Computers <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Oud Westdorpe <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stichting Historisch Verpleegkundig Bezit <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Verzamelingen van de gemeente Veere <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Collectie Schraven <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stichting Egress Foundation CSROT <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Dordrecht Bouwhistorie <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> René en Peter van der Krogt <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Rijksmuseum Muiderslot <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Kasteel Wijchen <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> CODA Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> National Museum Paleis het Loo <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Elisabeth Orphanage Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Slot Loevestein <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> item operated <o> Beeldbank Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> has part(s) <o> Nederlands Kunstbezit (NK) <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Geldersch Landschap <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Amsterdam Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Bevrijdingsmuseum Zeeland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nationaal Archief <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Rijksmuseum van Oudheden <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Royal Academy of Art <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Dutch Inspectorate of Education <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Het Scheepvaartmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Rijksmuseum Twenthe <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Kunstmuseum Den Haag <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> EYE Film Institute Netherlands <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> NEMO Science Center <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nationaal Glasmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Bussemakerhuis <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Arnhem <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Netherlands Photo Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Watersnoodmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Jan Cunen Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Rotterdam <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Zeeuws Maritiem muZEEum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> De Museumfabriek <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Observeum Burgum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> replaces <o> Instituut Collectie Nederland <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Inspectie Overheidsinformatie en Erfgoed <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Catharijneconvent <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Keramiekmuseum Tiendschuur <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museon-Omniversum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Dutch Fortress Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Netherlands Institute for Military History <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Voerman Stadsmuseum Hattem <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Oosterscheldemuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Freedom Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> It Damshûs <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Henriette Polak <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum of Money <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Bataviawerf <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Hoogheemraadschap Hollands Noorderkwartier <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> TextileMuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Purmerends Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Anne Frank House <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum De Schotse Huizen <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Martena <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Drachten <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Joure <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Ede Historical Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Belvédère <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum 't Behouden Huys (West-Terschelling, Netherlands) <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Historisch Museum De Bevelanden <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Centre Céramique <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum de Fundatie <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stichting Oude Groninger Kerken <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stedelijk Museum Schiedam <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nationaal Militair Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> National Museum of Education <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Dordrechts Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Eemland Archive <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> City Castle Zaltbommel <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Nationaal Onderduikmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Huis van het boek <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Stedelijk Museum Zutphen <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> described by source <o> hedendaagsesieraden.nl <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> has part(s) <o> depot RCE <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> described by source <o> Survey of GLAM open access policy and practice <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Kijk & Luistermuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Marie Tak van Poortvliet Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Tax & Customs Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> uses <o> Memorix Maior <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Comenius Museum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Gysbert Japicxhûs <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Flipje & Streekmuseum <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> partnership with <o> Museum Sloten <s> Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed <p> copyright representative <o> work available with Creative Commons license <s> NMVW-collection website <p> country <o> Netherlands <s> NMVW-collection website <p> owned by <o> National Museum of World Cultures <s> NMVW-collection website <p> instance of <o> online database <s> NMVW-collection website <p> Wikidata property <o> NMVW ID <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Zuiderzeemuseum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Rijksmuseum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Centraal Museum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Allard Pierson Museum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Fries Museum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Netherlands Open Air Museum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Kunstmuseum Den Haag <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Museum of Bags and Purses <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Modemuseum Hasselt <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Museum Van Loon <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Amsterdam Museum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Museum Arnhem <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Huis Van Gijn <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> TextileMuseum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Museum Rotterdam <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> instance of <o> museum network <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> instance of <o> network organization <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> National Museum of World Cultures <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> CODA Museum <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> item operated <o> ModeMuze <s> netwerk ModeMuze <p> partnership with <o> Design Museum Den Bosch </Graph> | <Text> :The Wereldmuseum is one of the largest museums in Amsterdam; it accommodates permanent exhibitions and an ongoing series of temporary exhibitions, including contemporary, modern and traditional visual arts and photographic works. The museum is part of the Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen , a combination of three ethnographic museums in the Netherlands.
Frederick van Eeden, father of the writer Frederik van Eeden, and secretary of the Maatschappij ter bevordering van Nijverheid established the Koloniaal Museum in Haarlem in 1864, and opened the museum to the public in 1871. The museum was founded in order to show Dutch overseas possessions, and the inhabitants of these foreign countries, such as Indonesia. In 1871 the institute began research to increase profits made off the colonies. This included attempting to develop improved means of producing coffee beans, rotan and paraffin. The museum came under the influence of ethnologists, who added information on the economy, manners, and customs of the inhabitants. In 1926, they inaugurated the current building in East Amsterdam. At the time, they had 30,000 objects, and a sizable collection of photographs.
Following the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the scope of the museum changed from just the colonial possessions of the Netherlands, to that of many undeveloped colonial states in South America, Africa, and Asia. In the 1960s and 1970s the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs encouraged the museum to expand its scope to more social issues such as poverty and hunger. In the early 1970s a new wing for children was added. This wing is now called Tropenmuseum Junior.
Until March 2014 the museum was owned and operated by the Royal Tropical Institute, a foundation that sponsored the study of tropical cultures around the world. The museum had 176,000 visitors in 2009.
The Africa Museum is a museum in Berg en Dal in the Netherlands. The museum on the outskirts of the city of Nijmegen is a complex with indoor as well as open-air display areas, covering art, culture, music, photographs, videos and architecture of Africa. As of 2014, the museum, along with the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam, and National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, together make up the National Museum of World Cultures.
Apart from displaying traditional historic sculptures, the museum focuses on exhibiting contemporary art produced in Africa and the diaspora such as North and South America and the Caribbean, especially on the islands of Cuba, Haiti and Curacao. The section on religion and society displays artefacts regarding the cycle of life, healing, fighting off the evil. Outside, the visitors can experience rebuilt African architecture such as a Kusasi compound from Ghana, a Dogon clay building village from Mali and river-side pile dwellings from Benin.
The museum was founded in 1954 as a missionary museum, five years after the Fathers of the Holy Spirit had acquired a property, which was to become a place of rest for the members of their congregation. With the museum they wanted to pay homage to the African cultures they had encountered and increase awareness of these cultures in Europe. While being stationed in Africa they had occasionally obtained objects for colonial exhibitions and collected objects that were both evidence of religious practices and of daily life and were sometimes destined for sale in the museum's store.
Father J.B. Van Croonenburg wanted to attract a broader public to understand the beauty and richness of African culture. Father Jan Vissers objected in the Cabinda area against the destruction of the traditional objects of the Woyo and collected a group of pottery lids with figural sculptures.
Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed often abbreviated as Cultureel Erfgoed, is a Dutch heritage organisation working for the protection and conservation of National Heritage Sites. It is located in Amersfoort, province of Utrecht.
Cultureel Erfgoed is a department of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. Their responsibilities include managing the official list of Rijksmonumenten known as the Monumentenregister, the National art collection of the Netherlands, the National Archaeological Ship storage and fleet, and Archis, the central archaeological information system. They also subsidize grants in the fields of both movable and immovable cultural heritage. The RCE carries out the Dutch law known as the "Monumentenwet 1988" , and wherever registered cultural heritage is threatened, the department takes action, whether by advising the proper authorities, by conducting public campaigns and education programs, or through legal action.
In 1875, the Dutch Ministry of Internal Affairs founded the department Kunsten en Wetenschap , this department awarded grants for cultural property restoration. In 1903 there was a Rijkscommissie tot het opmaken en uitgeven van een Inventaris en eene Beschrijving van de Nederlandsche monumenten van Geschiedenis en Kunst which in 1918 became the Rijksbureau voor de Monumentenzorg . In 1947 this organisation was renamed to the Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg. The archeological part of this organisation separated in 1947 into the Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, which in 1995 merged with the Nederlands Instituut voor Scheeps- en onderwaterarcheologie . The archeological and cultural property departments merged in 2006 and became the Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten . In 2009 this organisation was renamed to the Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed it moved into a new building in Amersfoort.
In April/May 2011 the RCE released its image collection of 550,000 images on beeldbank.cultureelerfgoed.nl. In September 2012 the first uploads to Wikimedia Commons were made. In December 2012 a bot was started to mass upload images. Approximately 450,000 images were uploaded.
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Uffizi artwork ID <p> issued by <o> Gallerie degli Uffizi <s> Uffizi artwork ID <p> expected completeness <o> always incomplete <s> Boboli Gardens <p> country <o> Italy <s> Boboli Gardens <p> has facility <o> coffeehouse <s> Boboli Gardens <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Florence <s> Boboli Gardens <p> has facility <o> cloakroom <s> Boboli Gardens <p> has facility <o> archive building <s> Boboli Gardens <p> has facility <o> bookstore <s> Boboli Gardens <p> uses <o> digital library <s> Boboli Gardens <p> instance of <o> historical park museum <s> Boboli Gardens <p> part of <o> Gallerie degli Uffizi <s> Boboli Gardens <p> part of <o> Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany <s> Boboli Gardens <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Boboli Gardens <s> Boboli Gardens <p> heritage designation <o> part of UNESCO World Heritage Site <s> Boboli Gardens <p> heritage designation <o> Italian national heritage <s> Boboli Gardens <p> Wi-Fi access <o> no <s> Boboli Gardens <p> disabled accessibility <o> wheelchair accessible <s> Vasari Corridor <p> country <o> Italy <s> Vasari Corridor <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Vasari Corridor <s> Vasari Corridor <p> occupant <o> Giovio Series <s> Vasari Corridor <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Florence <s> Vasari Corridor <p> heritage designation <o> Italian national heritage <s> Vasari Corridor <p> architect <o> Giorgio Vasari <s> Vasari Corridor <p> location <o> Uffizi Gallery <s> Vasari Corridor <p> commissioned by <o> Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany <s> Vasari Corridor <p> named after <o> Giorgio Vasari <s> Vasari Corridor <p> instance of <o> museum <s> Vasari Corridor <p> instance of <o> real property <s> Vasari Corridor <p> part of <o> Uffizi Gallery <s> Vasari Corridor <p> architectural style <o> Renaissance architecture <s> Vasari Corridor <p> instance of <o> corridor <s> Vasari Corridor <p> instance of <o> art collection <s> Vasari Corridor <p> instance of <o> 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The Frick Collection <s> New York Art Resources Consortium <p> has part(s) <o> Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive <s> New York Art Resources Consortium <p> instance of <o> consortium </Graph> | <Text> :The Boboli Gardens is a historical park of the city of Florence that was opened to the public in 1766. Originally designed for the Medici, it represents one of the first and most important examples of the Italian garden, which later served as inspiration for many European courts. The large green area is a real open-air museum with statues of various styles and periods, ancient and Renaissance that are distributed throughout the garden. It also has large fountains and caves, among them the splendid Buontalenti grotto built by the artist, architect, and sculptor Bernardo Buontalenti between 1536 and 1608.
The Gardens, directly behind the Pitti Palace, the main seat of the Medici grand dukes of Tuscany at Florence, are some of the first and most familiar formal 16th-century Italian gardens. The mid-16th-century garden style, as it was developed here, incorporated longer axial developments, wide gravel avenues, a considerable "built" element of stone, the lavish employment of statuary and fountains, and a proliferation of detail, coordinated in semi-private and public spaces that were informed by classical accents: grottos, nympheums, garden temples and the like. The openness of the garden, with an expansive view of the city, was unconventional for its time. The gardens were very lavish, considering no access was allowed to anyone outside the immediate Medici family, and no entertainment or parties are ever known to have taken place in the gardens.
The Boboli Gardens were laid out for Eleonora di Toledo, the wife of Cosimo I de' Medici. The name may be a corruption of "Bogoli" or "Borgoli", possibly the name of a family who had previously owned the land. The first stage had scarcely been begun by Niccolo Tribolo when he died in 1550, after which the construction was continued by Bartolomeo Ammanati. Giorgio Vasari contributed to the planning, and Bernardo Buontalenti contributed sculptures, as well as the elaborate architecture of the grotto in the courtyard that separates the palace from its garden.
The primary axis, centered on the rear facade of the palace, rises on Boboli Hill from a deep amphitheater; its shape resembles half of a classical hippodrome or racecourse. At the center of the amphitheater and rather dwarfed by its position is the Ancient Egyptian Boboli obelisk brought from the Villa Medici at Rome. This primary axis terminates in a fountain of Neptune ; the sculpture of Neptune, by Stoldo Lorenzi, is visible against the skyline as a visitor climbs the slope.
The Vasari Corridor is an elevated enclosed passageway in Florence, central Italy, connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Palazzo Pitti. Beginning on the south side of the Palazzo Vecchio, it joins the Uffizi Gallery and leaves on its south side, crossing the Lungarno dei Archibusieri, then following the north bank of the River Arno until it crosses the river at Ponte Vecchio. At the time of construction, the corridor had to be built around the Torre dei Mannelli, using brackets, because the tower's owners refused to alter it. The corridor conceals part of the facade of the Church of Santa Felicita. It then snakes its way over rows of houses in the Oltrarno district, becoming narrower, to finally join the Palazzo Pitti. The corridor's full length is approximately one kilometre.
In 2016, the corridor was closed for safety reasons and was set to re-open for tourists on 27 May 2022, marking the anniversary of the 1993 Via dei Georgofili bombing, after an 11-month renovation.
The Vasari Corridor was built in five months by order of Duke Cosimo I de' Medici in 1565, to the design of Giorgio Vasari. It was commissioned in connection with the marriage of Cosimo's son, Francesco, with Johanna of Austria. The idea of an enclosed passageway was motivated by the Grand Duke's desire to move freely between his residence and the government palace, when, like most monarchs of the period, he felt insecure in public, in his case especially because he had replaced the Republic of Florence. The meat market of Ponte Vecchio was moved to avoid its smell reaching into the passage, and its place taken by the goldsmith shops that still occupy the bridge. At the latter extremity, the corridor was forced to pass around the Mannelli Tower, after the staunch opposition of that family to its destruction.
In the middle of Ponte Vecchio, the corridor is characterized by a series of panoramic windows facing the Arno, in the direction of the Ponte Santa Trinita. In 1939, these replaced the original windows, by order of Benito Mussolini. The larger windows were installed for an official visit to Florence by Adolf Hitler to give him a panoramic view of the river.
Platt Fields Park is a large public park in Fallowfield, Manchester, England which is home to Platt Hall. Fallowfield lies to the south and Wilmslow Road runs along its eastern edge. Its north-eastern corner is close to the start of the Curry Mile.
The centrepiece of the park is a large pleasure pond, which is used for boating and fishing. The pond has an island sanctuary in the middle, as well as a pondside visitors' centre and a boathouse. The park also contains part of Gore Brook and part of the Nico Ditch.
There are gardens of different kinds, including community orchard gardens, which contain ferns, roses and heathers. There is also an educational garden and an environmental area, as well as Elizabeth II Jubilee gardens and an Eco Arts garden near to the boating pond. There is a Shakespearean garden located in the Ashfield part of the park in the south-east corner that was designed to have only plants mentioned in Shakespeare's works. The Ashfield area also has an arch from the nave of Manchester Cathedral, which was previously located at Manley Hall, Manchester for a time. Ashfield was added to the park at a later date: it was formerly the site of Ashfield House and was donated to the city by Edward Donner.
In the north-eastern area of the park, near Platt Hall, stands the Queen Elizabeth Coronation fountain. This was moved to Platt Fields in 2002. The fountain had originally stood at the centre of Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester City Centre, where it had been installed to mark the occasion of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. The fountain can be seen in L. S. Lowry's 1954 oil painting Piccadilly Gardens in its original position in the sunken garden.
Vaglio Basilicata is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni of Albano di Lucania, Brindisi Montagna, Cancellara, Pietragalla, Potenza, Tolve and Tricarico.
It is home to the Museo delle Antiche Genti di Lucania , which houses the Lucan portrait of Leonardo da Vinci, an alleged portrait of Leonardo da Vinci discovered in 2008. Also in the municipal territory is Archaeological Park "Serra di Vaglio", with remains of a Lucan town from the 5th-3rd centuries BC. At Rossano di Vaglio are the remains of the federal sanctuary of the Lucani and dedicated to the goddess Mefitis. Reconstructions of the settlement and the sanctuary are in the Museo delle Antiche Genti, while most of the material excavated are in the Museo archeologico nazionale della Basilicata at Potenza.
Helen Clay Frick was an American philanthropist and art collector. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the third child of the coke and steel magnate Henry Clay Frick and his wife, Adelaide Howard Childs . Two of her siblings did not reach adulthood, and her father played favorites with his two surviving children, Childs Frick and Helen. After the reading of their father's will, which favored Helen, the brother and sister were estranged for the rest of their lives.
She was equally interested in art history and philanthropy, making a catalogue of her father's art collection as a young woman, a collection which became the Frick Collection in New York. Her interest in the history of art resulted in her establishing the Frick Art Reference Library, which was originally housed in the bowling alley of the Frick family mansion in New York City at 1 East 70th Street. In 1924, a separate two and one-half story building was constructed at 6 East 71st Street to house the library, which was replaced in 1935 by the present thirteen story building at 10 East 71st Street. The Library houses photographs and archival records that document the history of Western art, many works of which were lost during World Wars I and II. She also established an art library at the University of Pittsburgh and, later in her life, built the Frick Art Museum on the grounds of Clayton to house her private art collection.
Her interests and philanthropy efforts also extended to the environment. In 1908, she requested that her debutante gift from her father be a donation of land to the city of Pittsburgh for the purpose of becoming a public park. This land donation would become Frick Park. In the 1950s, she made her own land donation and established Westmoreland Sanctuary, a nature preserve in Mount Kisco, New York. She was also an avid gardener and belonged to the Bedford Garden Club.
Helen's father was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, a partner in business with Andrew Carnegie; together the two men founded United States Steel Corporation. Helen's early life was shaped by her father's wealth and reputation as a ruthless industrialist and union strikebreaker, and especially by the attempt on his life by Alexander Berkman, after the Homestead Strike of 1892. The strike lasted 60 days, resulted in 10 deaths and 60 wounded - the Pinkertons had been brought in to quell the strike - and only ended when the National Guard were sent in by the order of Pennsylvania's governor. Frick's actions were seen as heroic by men such as Andrew Mellon and J. P. Morgan but earned him a reputation as an enemy of the working class, and he became known as "Frick, the strike breaker". Two days after a July 23, 1892, assassination attempt, Frick's newborn son died.
The Frick Art Reference Library is the research arm of the Frick Collection. It is typically located at 10 East 71st Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. As of 2021, the library's reference services have temporarily relocated to 945 Madison Avenue.
The library, founded in 1920, offers public access to materials on the study of art and art history in the Western tradition from the fourth to the mid-twentieth century. It is open to visitors 16 years of age or older and serves the greater art and art history research community through its membership in the New York Art Resources Consortium .
Within the library is the Center for the History of Collecting--a research organization that supports the study of the formation of collections of fine and decorative arts, both public and private, from colonial times to the present through its fellowships, symposia, and publications.
Helen Clay Frick founded the library in 1920 as a memorial to her father, Henry Clay Frick, who died in 1919. Its first home was the bowling alley of the Frick residence, which is now The Frick Collection. In 1924, the library was relocated from the bowling alley to a one-story building at 6 East 71st Street, designed by the architecture firm, Carrere and Hastings. The library opened to the public in its current building on January 14, 1935.
The New York Art Resources Consortium consists of the research libraries of three leading art museums in New York City: The Brooklyn Museum, The Frick Collection, and The Museum of Modern Art. With funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, NYARC was formed in 2006 to facilitate collaboration that results in enhanced resources for research communities. Called a groundbreaking partnership, NYARC also provides a framework for collaboration among art research libraries.
The NYARC libraries have a long history of collaborating on projects, dating back to the 1980s and the establishment of the Art Museum Library Consortium. The collaborative efforts of the Art Museum Library Consortium resulted in the retrospective conversion of the Brooklyn Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of Modern Art and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston card catalogs into an online format.
In 2004 the libraries of the Brooklyn Museum, The Frick Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The Museum of Modern Art were awarded a planning grant by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to conduct an environmental scan and identify potential areas for collaboration. This grant resulted in a comprehensive planning document for NYARC, which serves as the consortium's roadmap.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, a founding member of NYARC, withdrew from the consortium in 2011; however, the NYARC libraries and the libraries of The Metropolitan Museum of Art continue to work together on collaborative projects on an ad hoc basis.
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A typical example is the English would have written. The conditional perfect is used to refer to a hypothetical, usually counterfactual, event or circumstance placed in the past, contingent on some other circumstance . Like the present conditional , the conditional perfect typically appears in the apodosis in a conditional sentence.
In English, the conditional perfect is formed using would have together with the past participle of the main verb. The auxiliary would marks the conditional mood , while the auxiliary have marks the perfect aspect . The conditional perfect is used chiefly in the main clause of "third conditional" sentences, as described under English conditional sentences. Examples:
Sometimes, in informal speech, the would have construction appears in the if-clause as well , but this is considered incorrect in formal speech and writing .
English also has a conditional perfect progressive . For more details on the usage of this and of the ordinary conditional perfect, see the relevant sections of the article Uses of English verb forms.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly called Washington or D.C., is the capital city and sole federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with Maryland to its north and east. Washington, D.C., was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and first president of the United States. The district is named for Columbia, the female personification of the nation.
Washington, D.C., anchors the southern end of the Northeast megalopolis, one of the nation's largest and most influential cultural, political, and economic regions. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. The city had 20.7 million domestic visitors and 1.2 million international visitors, ranking seventh among U.S. cities as of 2022.
The U.S. Constitution in 1789 called for creation of a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. As such, Washington, D.C., is not part of any state, and is not one itself. The Residence Act, adopted on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district along the Potomac River. The city was founded in 1791, and the
6th Congress held the first session in the unfinished Capitol Building in 1800 after the capital moved from Philadelphia. In 1801, the District of Columbia, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia and including the existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria, was officially recognized as the federal district; initially, the city was a separate settlement within the larger federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria. In 1871, it created a single municipality for the remaining portion of the district, although its locally elected government only lasted three years and elective city-government did not return for over a century. There have been several unsuccessful efforts to make the district into a state since the 1880s; a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021 but was not adopted by the U.S. Senate.
Designed in 1791 by Pierre Charles L'Enfant, the city is divided into quadrants, which are centered around the Capitol Building and include 131 neighborhoods. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 689,545, making it the 23rd-most populous city in the U.S., third-most populous city in the Southeast after Jacksonville and Charlotte, and third-most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic after New York City and Philadelphia. Commuters from the city's Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, which includes parts of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, is the country's sixth-largest metropolitan area, with a 2020 population of 6.3 million residents.
The city hosts the three branches of the U.S. federal government--Congress , the president , and the Supreme Court --and buildings that house government headquarters, including the White House, the Capitol, the Supreme Court Building, and multiple federal departments and agencies. The city is home to many national monuments and museums, located most prominently on or around the National Mall, including the Jefferson Memorial, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. It hosts 177 foreign embassies and serves as the headquarters for the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, and other international organizations. Many of the nation's largest industry associations, non-profit organizations, and think tanks are based in the city, including AARP, American Red Cross, Atlantic Council, Brookings Institution, National Geographic Society, The Heritage Foundation, Wilson Center, and others.
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Or, A Dictionary Of Facts, And Useful Knowledge <s> botany <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> botany <p> has part(s) <o> plant reproduction <s> botany <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Botany <s> Category:Botanists <p> category contains <o> human <s> Category:Botanists <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Botanists <p> category's main topic <o> botanist <s> Template:Botanist <p> template has topic <o> botanist <s> Template:Botanist <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia template </Graph> | <Text> :Stephen John Bury is an English art historian and the Andrew W. Mellon Chief Librarian of the Frick Art Reference Library in New York City. He is known for his scholarship on artists' books, although his research interests also include the literature of art, the impact of the digital on the future of humanities, and the use of the past in the project of modernism.
Bury received his BA in modern history from the University of Oxford, where he was a Brackenbury Scholar of Balliol College. He studied librarianship at University College London and Victorian studies at Birkbeck, University of London, where he wrote a PhD on John Ruskin titled John Ruskin and History .
Bury began his career in 1979 as the assistant librarian of Chelsea School of Art, London, where he also taught art history and fine art practice. He became head of Modern English Collections at the British Library in 2000 and in 2002, a deputy director as head of European and American Collections, Maps, Music and Philatelic. He was senior responsible officer for the National Preservation Office from 2003 to 2009 and the UK Web Archiving Program from 2008 to 2010. Bury also chaired the boards of Bookworks and Matt's Gallery, London. In 2010, he assumed his present position at the Frick Art Reference Library. Currently, he is a board member of the Exhibitions Committee of the Grolier Club, New York and the Center for Book Arts in New York, and is an active member of the planning committee for the Contemporary Artists' Books Conference, which is held annually in collaboration with the NY Art Book Fair. Bury also served as advisory editor to Oxford Art Online from 2011 to 2014. In 2019, he was awarded the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award.
Bury's publications focus on artists' books, which he has defined as "books or book-like objects over the final appearance of which an artist has had a high degree of control; where the book is intended as a work of art in itself." He is the author of Artist's Books: The Book As a Work of Art, 1963-1995 of 1995 , which combines a series of incisive essays on historical aspects of the medium with an extensive bibliography. In 2001, he published Artists' Multiples and Multiplication, and in 2007, Breaking the Rules: The Printed Face of the European Avant-Garde, 1990-1937 appeared. He has had an artists' book column in Art Monthly since 1997. He also regularly contributes to Cassone. In 2019, he contributed a chapter to the book Museums and Digital Culture.
International Gothic is a period of Gothic art which began in Burgundy, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th and early 15th century. It then spread very widely across Western Europe, hence the name for the period, which was introduced by the French art historian Louis Courajod at the end of the 19th century.
Artists and portable works, such as illuminated manuscripts, travelled widely around the continent, leading to a common aesthetic among the royalty and higher nobility and considerably reducing the variation in national styles among works produced for the courtly elites. The main influences were northern France, the Netherlands, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Imperial court in Prague, and Italy. Royal marriages such as that between Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia helped to spread the style.
It was initially a style of courtly sophistication, but somewhat more robust versions spread to art commissioned by the emerging mercantile classes and the smaller nobility. In Northern Europe "Late Gothic" continuations of the style, especially in its decorative elements, could still be found until the early 16th century, as no alternative decorative vocabulary emerged locally to replace it before the Renaissance revival of Classicism.
Usage of the terms by art historians varies somewhat, with some using the term more restrictively than others. Some art historians feel the term is "in many ways ... not very helpful ... since it tends to skate over both differences and details of transmission."
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water, using the green pigment chlorophyll. Exceptions are parasitic plants that have lost the genes for chlorophyll and photosynthesis, and obtain their energy from other plants or fungi.
Historically, as in Aristotle's biology, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi. Definitions have narrowed since then; current definitions exclude the fungi and some of the algae. By the definition used in this article, plants form the clade Viridiplantae , which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants . A definition based on genomes includes the Viridiplantae, along with the red algae and the glaucophytes, in the clade Archaeplastida.
There are about 380,000 known species of plants, of which the majority, some 260,000, produce seeds. They range in size from single cells to the tallest trees. Green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen; the sugars they create supply the energy for most of Earth's ecosystems and other organisms, including animals, either consume plants directly or rely on organisms which do so.
Grain, fruit, and vegetables are basic human foods and have been domesticated for millennia. People use plants for many purposes, such as building materials, ornaments, writing materials, and, in great variety, for medicines. The scientific study of plants is known as botany, a branch of biology.
Botany, also called plant science , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word botane meaning "pasture", "herbs" "grass", or "fodder"; botane is in turn derived from boskein , "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants , and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.
Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify - and later cultivate - plants that were edible, poisonous, and possibly medicinal, making it one of the first endeavours of human investigation. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants possibly having medicinal benefit. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day for the naming of all biological species.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microscopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with contributions and insights from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which study the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.
- - - takes you to the author's search page on the IPNI with the heading "You searched on: Standard form = C.Bab. " and displaying the abbreviation and the full name of the author:C.Bab. - Churchill Babington 1821-1889
- - -Again, clicking on the abbreviation there takes you to the Author details page displaying "Babington, Churchill .
Note: Older versions required both the standard abbreviation and the full name, e.g. {{botanist|C.Bab.|Babington, Churchill}}. This is no longer required, but does not require any modification of this usage of the template on older pages.
The default is to present the information in a separate paragraph with a 2px wide gray border at the top and bottom of the text. To use inline, use the second form above, i.e. add |inline=yes. To use as a separate paragraph but without a border, use the third form above, i.e. add |border=0.
The template must be placed above the references section, or the automated reference included in the template will not display, and a cite error may be present on the article. Some authors prefer to place the template along with a list of the author's publications while others choose to put it near prose text about the author's botanical contributions. Placement, as long as it is above the references section, is mostly a stylistic matter.
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Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender. Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and consistent with the individual's gender identity. Gender expression typically reflects a person's gender identity, but this is not always the case. While a person may express behaviors, attitudes, and appearances consistent with a particular gender role, such expression may not necessarily reflect their gender identity. The term gender identity was coined by psychiatry professor Robert J. Stoller in 1964 and popularized by the controversial psychologist John Money.
In most societies, there is a basic division between gender attributes associated with males and females, a gender binary to which most people adhere and which includes expectations of masculinity and femininity in all aspects of sex and gender: biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation. Some people do not identify with some, or all, of the aspects of gender associated with their biological sex; some of those people are transgender, non-binary, or genderqueer. Some societies have third gender categories.
The 2012 book Introduction to Behavioral Science in Medicine says that with exceptions, "Gender identity develops surprisingly rapidly in the early childhood years, and in the majority of instances appears to become at least partially irreversible by the age of 3 or 4". The Endocrine Society has stated "Considerable scientific evidence has emerged demonstrating a durable biological element underlying gender identity. Individuals may make choices due to other factors in their lives, but there do not seem to be external forces that genuinely cause individuals to change gender identity."
Essentialists argue that gender identity is determined at birth by biological and genetic factors, while social constructivists argue that gender identity and the way it is expressed are socially constructed, instead determined by cultural and social influences.
Masculinity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.
Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures, subcultures, ethnic groups and historical periods. Traits traditionally viewed as masculine in Western society include strength, courage, independence, leadership, and assertiveness. When women's labor participation increased, there were men who felt less comfortable in their masculinity because it was increasingly difficult for them to reconfirm their status as the breadwinner.
The academic study of masculinity received increased attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the number of courses on the subject in the United States rising from 30 to over 300. This has sparked investigation of the intersection of masculinity with concepts from other fields, such as the social construction of gender difference .
People regardless of biological sex may exhibit masculine traits and behavior. Those exhibiting both masculine and feminine characteristics are considered androgynous, and feminist philosophers have argued that gender ambiguity may blur gender classification.
Like most other male mammals, a man's genome usually inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father. Sex differentiation of the male fetus is governed by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. These include greater muscle mass, the growth of facial hair and a lower body fat composition. Male anatomy is distinguished from female anatomy by the male reproductive system, which includes the penis, scrotum, testicles, sperm duct, prostate gland and the epididymis, and by secondary sex characteristics, including a narrower pelvis, narrower hips, and smaller breasts.
Throughout human history, traditional gender roles have often defined and limited men's activities and opportunities. Men often face conscription into military service or are directed into professions with high mortality rates. Many religious doctrines stipulate certain rules for men, such as religious circumcision. Men are over-represented as both perpetrators and victims of violence.
The English term "man" is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *man- . More directly, the word derives from Old English mann. The Old English form primarily meant "person" or "human being" and referred to men, women, and children alike. The Old English word for "man" as distinct from "woman" or "child" was wer. Mann only came to mean "man" in Middle English, replacing wer, which survives today only in the compounds "werewolf" , and "wergild", literally "man-payment".
In humans, sperm cells carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome. If a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the female ovum, the offspring will have a male karyotype . The SRY gene is typically found on the Y chromosome and causes the development of the testes, which in turn govern other aspects of male sex differentiation. Sex differentiation in males proceeds in a testes-dependent way while female differentiation is not gonad dependent.
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informal organization <p> subclass of <o> organization <s> collaboration <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Collaboration <s> collaboration <p> different from <o> Wartime collaboration <s> collaboration <p> partially coincident with <o> cooperation <s> collaboration <p> subclass of <o> activity <s> Wikimedia community project <p> subclass of <o> community project <s> Wikimedia community project <p> subclass of <o> project </Graph> | <Text> :Gender includes the social, psychological, cultural and behavioral aspects of being a man, woman, or other gender identity. Depending on the context, this may include sex-based social structures and gender expression. Most cultures use a gender binary, in which gender is divided into two categories, and people are considered part of one or the other ; those who are outside these groups may fall under the umbrella term non-binary. Some societies have specific genders besides "man" and "woman", such as the hijras of South Asia; these are often referred to as third genders . Most scholars agree that gender is a central characteristic for social organization.
In the mid-20th century, a terminological distinction in modern English between biological sex and gender began to develop in the academic areas of psychology, sexology, and feminism. Before the mid-20th century, it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to anything but grammatical categories. In the 1970s, feminist theory embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender. The distinction between gender and sex is made by most contemporary social scientists in western countries, behavioral scientists and biologists, many legal systems and government bodies, and intergovernmental agencies such as the WHO.
The social sciences have a branch devoted to gender studies. Other sciences, such as psychology, sociology, sexology and neuroscience, are interested in the subject. The social sciences sometimes approach gender as a social construct, and gender studies particularly do, while research in the natural sciences investigates whether biological differences in females and males influence the development of gender in humans; both inform the debate about how far biological differences influence the formation of gender identity and gendered behavior. Biopsychosocial approaches to gender include biological, psychological, and social/cultural aspects.
The modern English word gender comes from the Middle English gender, gendre, a loanword from Anglo-Norman and Middle French gendre. This, in turn, came from Latin genus. Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root *genh1- 'to beget', which is also the source of kin, kind, king, and many other English words, with cognates widely attested in many Indo-European languages. It appears in Modern French in the word genre and is related to the Greek root gen- , appearing in gene, genesis, and oxygen. The Oxford Etymological Dictionary of the English Language of 1882 defined gender as kind, breed, sex, derived from the Latin ablative case of genus, like genere natus, which refers to birth. The first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary notes the original meaning of gender as "kind" had already become obsolete.
A drafter is an engineering technician who makes detailed technical drawings or plans for machinery, buildings, electronics, infrastructure, sections, etc. Drafters use computer software and manual sketches to convert the designs, plans, and layouts of engineers and architects into a set of technical drawings. Drafters operate as the supporting developers and sketch engineering designs and drawings from preliminary design concepts.
In the past, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils, pens, compasses, protractors, triangles, and other drafting devices to prepare a drawing by hand. From the 1980s through 1990s, board drawings were going out of style as the newly developed computer-aided design system was released and was able to produce technical drawings at a faster pace.
Many modern drafters now use computer software such as AutoCAD, Revit, and SolidWorks to flesh out the designs of engineers or architects into technical drawings and blueprints but board drafting still remains the base of the CAD system. Many of these drawings are utilized to create structures, tools or machines. In addition, the drawings also include design specifications like dimensions, materials and procedures. Consequently, drafters may also be casually referred to as CAD operators, engineering draftspersons, or engineering technicians.
With CAD systems, drafters can create and store drawings electronically so that they can be viewed, printed, or programmed directly into automated manufacturing systems. CAD systems also permit drafters to quickly prepare variations of a design. Although drafters use CAD extensively, it is only a tool. Drafters still need knowledge of traditional drafting techniques, in addition to CAD skills. Despite the near global use of CAD systems, manual drafting and sketching are used in certain applications.
An architectural drawing or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building that falls within the definition of architecture. Architectural drawings are used by architects and others for a number of purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits of a design, to assist a building contractor to construct it based on design intent, as a record of the design and planned development, or to make a record of a building that already exists.
Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions, which include particular views , sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing.
Historically, drawings were made in ink on paper or similar material, and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand. The twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper so that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently. The development of the computer had a major impact on the methods used to design and create technical drawings, making manual drawing almost obsolete, and opening up new possibilities of form using organic shapes and complex geometry. Today the vast majority of drawings are created using CAD software.
The size of drawings reflects the materials available and the size that is convenient to transport - rolled up or folded, laid out on a table, or pinned up on a wall. The drafting process may impose limitations on the size that is realistically workable. Sizes are determined by a consistent paper size system, according to local usage. Normally the largest paper size used in modern architectural practice is ISO A0 or in the USA Arch E or Large E size .
A WikiProject is a group of contributors who want to work together as a team to improve Wikipedia. These groups often focus on a specific topic area , a specific part of the encyclopedia , or a specific kind of task . The English Wikipedia currently has over 2,000 WikiProjects, about 1,000 of which are monitored by 30-2,000 editors, all with varying levels of activity.
The pages of a WikiProject are the central place for editor collaboration on a particular topic area. Editors there develop criteria, maintain various collaborative processes and keep track of work that needs to be done. It also provides a venue where issues of interest to the editors of a subject may be discussed. WikiProjects often write advice for editors, use bots to track what is happening at articles of interest to the group, and create lists of tools and templates the project's participants commonly use.
The discussion pages attached to a project page are a convenient venue for those involved in that project to talk about what they are doing, to ask questions, and to receive advice from other people interested in the group's work. Participants in WikiProjects also assist in performing quality assessments of articles pertaining to their specific topic area.
WikiProjects are not rule-making organizations, nor can they assert ownership of articles within a specific topic area. WikiProjects have no special rights or privileges compared to other editors and may not impose their preferences on articles. A WikiProject is fundamentally a social construct: its success depends on its ability to function as a cohesive group of editors working towards a common goal.
The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of affiliations. It consists of a dynamic set of personal relationships, social networks, communities of common interest, and emotional sources of motivation. The informal organization evolves, and the complex social dynamics of its members also.
Tended effectively, the informal organization complements the more explicit structures, plans, and processes of the formal organization: it can accelerate and enhance responses to unanticipated events, foster innovation, enable people to solve problems that require collaboration across boundaries, and create footpaths showing where the formal organization may someday need to pave a way.
Historically, some have regarded the informal organization as the byproduct of insufficient formal organization--arguing, for example, that "it can hardly be questioned that the ideal situation in the business organization would be one where no informal organization existed." However, the contemporary approach--one suggested as early as 1925 by Mary Parker Follett, the pioneer of community centers and author of influential works on management philosophy--is to integrate the informal organization and the formal organization, recognizing the strengths and limitations of each. Integration, as Follett defined it, means breaking down apparent sources of conflict into their basic elements and then building new solutions that neither allow domination nor require compromise. In other words, integrating the informal organization with the formal organization replaces competition with coherence.
At a societal level, the importance of the relationship between formal and informal structures can be seen in the relationship between civil society and state authority. The power of integrating the formal organization and the informal organization can also be seen in many successful businesses.
Collaboration is the process of two or more people, entities or organizations working together to complete a task or achieve a goal. Collaboration is similar to cooperation. Most collaboration requires leadership, although the form of leadership can be social within a decentralized and egalitarian group. Teams that work collaboratively often access greater resources, recognition and rewards when facing competition for finite resources.
Structured methods of collaboration encourage introspection of behavior and communication. Such methods aim to increase the success of teams as they engage in collaborative problem-solving. Collaboration is present in opposing goals exhibiting the notion of adversarial collaboration, though this is not a common use of the term. In its applied sense, " collaboration is a purposeful relationship in which all parties strategically choose to cooperate in order to accomplish a shared outcome". Trade between nations is a form of collaboration between two societies which produce and exchange different portfolios of goods.
Trade began in prehistoric times and continues because it benefits all of its participants. Prehistoric peoples bartered goods and services with each other without a modern currency. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago. Trade exists because different communities have a comparative advantage in the production of tradable goods.
The Roman Empire used collaboration through ruling with visible control, which lasted from 31BC until 1453CE, across around fifty countries. The growth of trade was supported by the stable administration of the Romans. Evidence shows that the Roman Empire and Julius Caesar were influenced by the Greek writer Xenophon's The Education of Cyrus on leadership. This says that 'social bonds, not command and control, were to be the primary mechanisms of governance'. Classics professor Emma Dench notes that the Roman Empire extended its citizenship "to enemies, former enemies of state, to people who'd helped them. The Romans were incredibly good at co-opting people and ideas." The Romans created a stable empire that benefitted both ruled and allied countries. Gold and silver were currencies created by the Romans which supported a market economy, leading to trading within the Roman Empire and taxes.
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administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> located in/on physical feature <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> located on street <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> applies to jurisdiction <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> located in the ecclesiastical territorial entity <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> associated electoral district <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> located in statistical territorial entity <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> contains settlement <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> located in protected area <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> related property <o> school district <s> located in the administrative territorial entity <p> 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<o> values can be added <s> country <p> category for value different from Wikidata <o> Category:Categories not matching P17 on Wikidata <s> country <p> property constraint <o> allowed qualifiers constraint <s> country <p> property constraint <o> value-type constraint </Graph> | <Text> :The Wikimedia movement is the global community of contributors to the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia. This community directly builds and administers these projects with the commitment of achieving this using open standards and software.
First created around and by Wikipedia's community of volunteer editors , it has since expanded to other projects like Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata and volunteer software engineers and developers contributing to the software used to power Wikimedia, MediaWiki.
A multilingual cross-project community developed on the Meta-Wiki, where translation and governance discussions happen. A number of other communities and wikis spun out of this, including Outreach and Strategy wikis, and proposals for Commons and Wikidata.
The Wikipedia community is the community of contributors of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It consists of editors , some operating Wikipedia bots, and administrators. The Arbitration Committee is a court of last resort for disputes on Wikipedia.
Welcome to WikiProject {{{1}}}. Several Wikipedians have formed this collaboration resource and group dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of ] and the organization of information and articles on this topic. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions and various resources; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians interested in the topic. If you would like to help, please add yourself as a participant in the project, inquire on the ], and see the to-do list, below.
Please feel free to list your new {{{1}}}-related articles here . Any new articles that have an interesting or unusual fact in them, are at least over 1,500 characters, don't have any dispute templates on them, and cite their sources, should be suggested for the Did you know? box on the Wikipedia Main Page.
For example, suppose the name of your new WikiProject is Foo. The first step is to create the page "Wikipedia:WikiProject Foo", and substitute this template in it by typing this text: {{subst:WikiProject|Foo}}. After saving, this code will be replaced by a skeleton for a WikiProject page which you have to adapt to the needs of your project. Some elements are in comments and will have to be uncommented, others that are unnecessary will have to be deleted or commented out. Some advice is also provided in the comments.
A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, states with limited recognition, constituent country, or a dependent territory. Most sovereign states, but not all countries, are members of the United Nations. There is no universal agreement on the number of "countries" in the world since several states have disputed sovereignty status, limited recognition and a number of non-sovereign entities are commonly called countries.
The definition and usage of the word "country" are flexible and has changed over time. The Economist wrote in 2010 that "any attempt to find a clear definition of a country soon runs into a thicket of exceptions and anomalies."
Areas much smaller than a political entity may be referred to as a "country", such as the West Country in England, "big sky country" , "coal country" or simply "the country" The term "country" is also used as a qualifier, descriptively, such as, country music or country living.
The word country comes from Old French contree, which derives from Vulgar Latin contrata lying opposite"; " spread before"), derived from contra . It most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century.
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<s> applies to jurisdiction <p> property constraint <o> conflicts-with constraint <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property related to government and state <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property related to law and justice <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> stability of property value <o> sometimes changes <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> Wikidata property example <o> Embassy of Japan, Beijing <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> Wikidata property example <o> Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zaragoza <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> property constraint <o> value-type constraint <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> property constraint <o> contemporary constraint <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> property constraint <o> allowed-entity-types constraint <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> property usage tracking category <o> Category:Pages using Wikidata property P1001 <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property used as "depicts" (P180) qualifier on Commons <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> instance of <o> restrictive qualifier <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> Wikidata property example <o> 2020 Swinomish Indian Tribal Community stay-at-home order <s> applies to jurisdiction <p> inverse label item <o> in this jurisdiction <s> title <p> instance of <o> Wikidata qualifier <s> title <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property to indicate a source <s> title <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> title <s> title <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property to indicate a name <s> title <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> title <p> property usage tracking category <o> Category:Pages using Wikidata property P1476 <s> title <p> property constraint <o> allowed-entity-types constraint <s> title <p> related property <o> subtitle <s> title <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property related to creative works <s> title <p> related property <o> has edition or 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from <o> Wikimedia outline article <s> Wikimedia set index article <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Set index article <s> list of newspapers in the Netherlands <p> is a list of <o> newspaper <s> list of newspapers in the Netherlands <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia list article <s> Wikimedia information list <p> different from <o> Wikimedia disambiguation page <s> Wikimedia information list <p> different from <o> Wikimedia outline article <s> Wikimedia information list <p> subclass of <o> Wikimedia list article <s> Wikimedia information list <p> different from <o> Wikimedia set index article <s> Wikimedia information list <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Information lists <s> Wikimedia information list <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Information list <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Outline footer <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Outlines <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> different from <o> Wikimedia set index article <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> different from <o> Wikipedia overview article <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> subclass of <o> outline <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> subclass of <o> crosslink page <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> subclass of <o> Wikimedia list article <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> said to be the same as <o> Wikipedia overview article <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> different from <o> Wikimedia introduction to topic <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> different from <o> Wikimedia information list <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines <s> Wikimedia outline article <p> Wikidata property <o> Wikimedia outline </Graph> | <Text> :A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either generation, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name . Some titles are hereditary.
Some people object to the usage of titles to denote marital status, age or gender. In 2018, a campaign named GoTitleFree was launched to encourage businesses to stop requesting, storing and using marital status titles in their registration forms, and when speaking with customers, launched on the grounds that titles often lead to assumptions about a woman's age or availability for marriage, and exclude non-binary people. This is in line with established practice advocated by the World Wide Web Consortium and the Government Digital Service which sets the standard for UK government online services. This in turn means that titles are optional on UK passports and driving licences.
In the United Kingdom, "Lord" and "Lady" are used as titles for members of the nobility. Unlike titles such as "Mr" and "Mrs", they are not used before first names except in certain circumstances, for example as courtesy titles for younger sons, etc., of peers. In Scotland "Lord of Parliament" and "Lady of Parliament" are the equivalents of Baron and Baroness in England.
In North America, several jurisdictions restrict the use of some professional titles to those individuals holding a valid and recognised license to practice. Individuals not authorised to use these reserved titles may be fined or jailed. Protected titles are often reserved to those professions that require a bachelor's degree or higher and a state, provincial, or national license.
In journalism and blogging, a listicle is an article that is structured as a list, which is often fleshed out with additional text relating to each item. A typical listicle will have a title describing a specific number of items contained within, along with subsequent subheadings within the text for each entry. The word is a portmanteau of list and article.
A ranked listicle implies a qualitative judgement, conveyed by the order of the topics within the text. These are often presented as a countdown, with the "number one" item as the last in the sequence. Other listicles impart no overt rank, instead presenting the topics in an ad hoc, associative, or thematic order.
While conventional reportage and essay-writing often require the careful crafting of narrative flow, the building-block nature of the listicle lends itself to more rapid production. It can also be a means of "recycling" information, as often it is the context, not the content, that is original. For example, one can construct a listicle by adding captions to YouTube clips. For these reasons, the form has come under criticism as a "kind of cheap content-creation".
It's so easy you wonder why everyone doesn't do it until you realize that now it's all they do: Come up with an idea on the L train ride to the office that morning, slap together 10 cultural artifacts ripe for the kind of snarky working over that won't actually tax you at all as a writer/thinker.
Newspapers in the Netherlands are issued every day, with the exception of Sunday and some general holidays. The total number of printed daily newspapers is 28 in 2018, down from 35 in 2009. Of the 27 dailies in 2019, 10 are national, 16 regional and 1 local. Some of the regional newspapers offer editions for smaller regions, as does the national Algemeen Dagblad for its readers in South Holland and Utrecht.
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constraint <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property with datatype string that is not an external identifier <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property about Wikimedia entities <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> Wikidata property example <o> kilometre <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> Wikidata property example <o> Category:Ugandan writers <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> class of non-item property value <o> SPARQL query <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> property constraint <o> format constraint <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> Wikidata Query Service <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> SPARQL query <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> Wikidata property example <o> list of people who have walked on the Moon <s> Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent <p> property constraint <o> allowed-entity-types constraint <s> 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article <s> has list <p> Wikidata property example <o> President of the French Republic <s> has list <p> property constraint <o> value-type constraint <s> has list <p> property constraint <o> value-requires-statement constraint <s> has list <p> inverse label item <o> is a list of <s> has list <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> has list <p> stability of property value <o> values can be added <s> has list <p> property constraint <o> allowed-entity-types constraint <s> list related to category <p> related property <o> category's main topic <s> list related to category <p> inverse property <o> category related to list <s> list related to category <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> Wikimedia category <s> list related to category <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property about Wikimedia categories <s> list related to category <p> subproperty of <o> has list <s> list related to category <p> Wikidata property example <o> Category:World Heritage Sites in the United Arab 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<s> has sorting <p> property constraint <o> allowed-entity-types constraint <s> has sorting <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> sorting <s> has sorting <p> related property <o> has grouping <s> has sorting <p> related property <o> has column <s> Wikipedia article page <p> properties for this type <o> follows <s> Wikipedia article page <p> facet of <o> Wikipedia <s> Wikipedia article page <p> properties for this type <o> point in time <s> Wikipedia article page <p> subclass of <o> Wikimedia article page <s> Category:Wikipedia level-3 vital articles <p> category combines topics <o> English Wikipedia <s> Category:Wikipedia level-3 vital articles <p> instance of <o> Wikimedia category <s> Category:Wikipedia level-3 vital articles <p> category combines topics <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles <s> Category:Wikipedia level-3 vital articles <p> category's main topic <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles </Graph> | <Text> :There are 95 moons of Jupiter with confirmed orbits as of 5 February 2024. This number does not include a number of meter-sized moonlets thought to be shed from the inner moons, nor hundreds of possible kilometer-sized outer irregular moons that were only briefly captured by telescopes. All together, Jupiter's moons form a satellite system called the Jovian system. The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. Much more recently, beginning in 1892, dozens of far smaller Jovian moons have been detected and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 91 known moons and the rings together composing just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.
Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass, and are just massive enough that they would be considered major planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites, known as the inner moons, are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are outer irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. The largest of these moons were likely asteroids that were captured from solar orbits by Jupiter before impacts with other small bodies shattered them into many kilometer-sized fragments, forming collisional families of moons sharing similar orbits. Jupiter is expected to have about 100 irregular moons larger than 1 km in diameter, plus around 500 more smaller retrograde moons down to diameters of 0.8 km . Of the 87 known irregular moons of Jupiter, 38 of them have not yet been officially named.
The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres . Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's rotation . Orbital periods range from seven hours , to almost three Earth years.
Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk. They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.
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Free content, libre content, libre information, or free information is any kind of functional work, work of art, or other creative content that meets the definition of a free cultural work, meaning "works or expressions which can be freely studied, applied, copied and/or modified, by anyone, for any purpose."
Free content encompasses all works in the public domain and also those copyrighted works whose licenses honor and uphold the freedoms mentioned above. Because the Berne Convention in most countries by default grants copyright holders monopolistic control over their creations, copyright content must be explicitly declared free, usually by the referencing or inclusion of licensing statements from within the work.
Although there are a great many different definitions in regular everyday use, free content is legally very similar, if not like an identical twin, to open content. An analogy is a use of the rival terms free software and open-source, which describe ideological differences rather than legal ones. For instance, the Open Knowledge Foundation's Open Definition describes "open" as synonymous to the definition of free in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works" . For such free/open content both movements recommend the same three Creative Commons licenses, the CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0.
Copyright is a legal concept, which gives the author or creator of a work legal control over the duplication and public performance of their work. In many jurisdictions, this is limited by a time period after which the works then enter the public domain. Copyright laws are a balance between the rights of creators of intellectual and artistic works and the rights of others to build upon those works. During the time period of copyright the author's work may only be copied, modified, or publicly performed with the consent of the author, unless the use is a fair use. Traditional copyright control limits the use of the work of the author to those who either pay royalties to the author for usage of the author's content or limit their use to fair use. Secondly, it limits the use of content whose author cannot be found. Finally, it creates a perceived barrier between authors by limiting derivative works, such as mashups and collaborative content.
UTC+00:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +00:00. This time zone is the basis of Coordinated Universal Time and all other time zones are based on it. In ISO 8601, an example of the associated time would be written as 2069-01-01T12:12:34+00:00. It is also known by the following geographical or historical names:
Since legal, political, social and economic criteria, in addition to physical or geographical criteria, are used in the drawing of time zones, actual time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The UTC+00:00 time zone, were it determined purely by longitude, would consist of the area between meridians 7deg30'W and 7deg30'E. However, in much of Western and Central Europe, despite lying between those two meridians, UTC+01:00 is used; similarly, there are European areas that use UTC, even though their physical time zone is UTC-01:00 , or UTC-02:00 . Because the UTC+00:00 time zone in Europe is at its western edge, Lowestoft in the United Kingdom, at only 1deg45'E, is the easternmost settlement in Europe in which UTC+00:00 is applied.
Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China , is a city and a special administrative region in China. With 7.4 million residents of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated territories in the world.
Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing dynasty ceded Hong Kong Island in 1841-1842 as a consequence of losing the First Opium War. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II. The whole territory was transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997. Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems".
Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, the territory is now one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports. Hong Kong is the world's fourth-ranked global financial centre, ninth-largest exporter, and eighth-largest importer. Its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the ninth most traded currency in the world. Home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the largest number of ultra high-net-worth individuals. Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population. Despite having the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, housing in Hong Kong has been well-documented to experience a chronic persistent shortage.
Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and has a Human Development Index of 0.952, ranking fourth in the world. The city has the highest life expectancy in the world, and a public transport rate exceeding 90%.
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. The country is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers roughly 62%, and over 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, and is otherwise surrounded by the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south, the Celtic Sea to the south-west, and the Irish sea to the west. Continental Europe lies to the south-east, and Ireland to the west. The population was 56,490,048 at the 2021 census. London is both the largest city and the capital.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic, but takes its name from the Angles, a Germanic tribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century. The Kingdom of England, which included Wales after 1535, ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707 when the Acts of Union put the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year into effect; this resulted in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland that created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
England is the origin of many well-known worldwide exports, including the English language, the English legal system , association football, and the Church of England; its parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England is home to the two oldest universities in the English-speaking world: the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, and the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world.
England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills and plains, especially in the centre and south. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in the north and west, including Dartmoor, the Lake District, the Pennines, and the Shropshire Hills. The country's capital is London, the greater metropolitan of which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East, and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.
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subsidiary <o> European Institute of Innovation and Technology <s> European Union <p> located in time zone <o> Western European Time <s> European Union <p> located in time zone <o> Eastern European Summer Time <s> European Union <p> located in time zone <o> Western European Summer Time <s> European Union <p> foundational text <o> Treaty of Paris <s> European Union <p> member of <o> Eurocontrol <s> European Union <p> has subsidiary <o> European External Action Service <s> European Union <p> has part(s) <o> European Union border <s> European Union <p> located in time zone <o> Central European Summer Time <s> European Union <p> member of <o> Australia Group <s> European Union <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> 7 July 2005 London bombings <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> 7 July 2005 London bombings <p> topic's main category <o> Category:July 2005 London bombings <s> 7 July 2005 London bombings <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+01:00 <s> 7 July 2005 London bombings <p> instance of 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<o> Shehzad Tanweer <s> 7 July 2005 London bombings <p> target <o> civilian <s> Japan <p> diplomatic relation <o> Portugal <s> Japan <p> country <o> Japan <s> Japan <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Japan <p> described by source <o> History of Ming <s> Japan <p> diplomatic relation <o> Netherlands <s> Japan <p> language used <o> Japanese <s> Japan <p> replaces <o> Empire of Japan <s> Japan <p> language used <o> Ainu <s> Japan <p> described by source <o> Catholic Encyclopedia <s> Japan <p> coat of arms <o> Imperial Seal of Japan <s> Japan <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Japan <s> Japan <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Japan <p> central bank <o> Bank of Japan <s> Japan <p> described by source <o> Gujin Tushu Jicheng <s> Japan <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Japan <p> continent <o> Asia <s> Japan <p> participant in <o> G4 nations <s> Japan <p> language used <o> Yaeyama <s> Japan <p> language used <o> Okinawan <s> 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<s> history of the United Kingdom <p> has part(s) <o> history of England </Graph> | <Text> :Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. It is a sparsely inhabited country of 40 million people, the vast majority residing south of the 55th parallel in urban areas. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and culminating in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition. The country's head of government is the prime minister, who holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons and is "called upon" by the governor general, representing the monarch of Canada, the head of state. The country is a Commonwealth realm and is officially bilingual in the federal jurisdiction. It is very highly ranked in international measurements of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and gender equality. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its history, economy, and culture.
A developed country, Canada has a high nominal per capita income globally and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs, with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions. Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has had a significant influence on its global image. Canada is part of multiple international organizations and forums.
The European Union is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of 4,233,255 km2 and an estimated total population of over 448 million. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.
Containing 5.8% of the world population in 2020, EU member states generated a nominal gross domestic product of around US$16.6 trillion in 2022, constituting approximately one sixth of global nominal GDP. Additionally, all EU states except Bulgaria have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. Its cornerstone, the Customs Union, paved the way to establishing an internal single market based on standardised legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market; enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. Passport controls have been abolished for travel within the Schengen Area. The eurozone is a group composed of the 20 EU member states that have fully implemented the economic and monetary union and use the euro currency. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the union has developed a role in external relations and defence. It maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7 and the G20. Due to its global influence, the European Union has been described by some scholars as an emerging superpower.
The EU was established, along with its citizenship, when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993, and was incorporated as an international legal juridical person upon entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009. Its beginnings can be traced to the Inner Six states at the start of modern European integration in 1948, and to the Western Union, the International Authority for the Ruhr, the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, which were established by treaties. These increasingly amalgamated bodies grew, with their legal successor the EU, both in size through the accessions of a further 22 states from 1973 to 2013, and in power through acquisitions of policy areas.
Internationalism and visions of European unity had been around since well before the 19th century, but gained particularly as a reaction to World War I and its aftermath. In this light first advances for the idea of European integration were made. In 1920 John Maynard Keynes proposed a European customs union for the struggling post-war European economies, and in 1923 the oldest organization for European integration, the Paneuropean Union was founded, led by Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, who later would found in June 1947 the European Parliamentary Union . As French prime minister and follower of the Paneuropean Union Aristide Briand delivered a widely recognized speech at the League of Nations in Geneva on 5 September 1929 for a federal Europe to secure Europe and settle the historic Franco-German enmity.
The 7 July 2005 London bombings, also referred to as 7/7, were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks carried out by Islamist terrorists that targeted commuters travelling on London's public transport during the morning rush hour.
Three terrorists separately detonated three homemade bombs in quick succession aboard London Underground trains in Inner London. Later, a fourth terrorist detonated another bomb on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. The train bombings occurred on the Circle line near Aldgate and at Edgware Road, and on the Piccadilly line near Russell Square.
Apart from the bombers, 52 UK residents of 18 different nationalities were killed and more than 700 were injured in the attacks. It was the UK's deadliest terrorist incident since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 near Lockerbie, and the UK's first Islamist suicide attack.
The explosions were caused by improvised explosive devices made from triacetone triperoxide, packed into backpacks. The bombings were followed two weeks later by a series of attempted attacks that failed to cause injury or damage.
Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is in the northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 14,125 islands, with the five main islands being Hokkaido, Honshu , Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the country's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.
Japan has over 125 million inhabitants and is the 11th most populous country in the world, as well as one of the most densely populated. About three-fourths of the country's terrain is mountainous, concentrating its highly urbanized population on narrow coastal plains. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world. Japan has the world's highest life expectancy, although it is experiencing a population decline due to its very low birth rate.
Japan has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic period . Between the fourth and ninth centuries AD, the kingdoms of Japan became unified under an emperor and the imperial court based in Heian-kyo. Beginning in the 12th century, political power was held by a series of military dictators and feudal lords , and enforced by a class of warrior nobility . After a century-long period of civil war, the country was reunified in 1603 under the Tokugawa shogunate, which enacted an isolationist foreign policy. In 1854, a United States fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period, the Empire of Japan adopted a Western-modeled constitution, and pursued a program of industrialization and modernization. Amidst a rise in militarism and overseas colonization, Japan invaded China in 1937 and entered World War II as an Axis power in 1941. After suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two atomic bombings, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under a seven-year Allied occupation, during which it adopted a new constitution.
Under the 1947 constitution, Japan has maintained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet. Japan is a developed country and a great power, with one of the largest economies by nominal GDP. Japan has renounced its right to declare war, though it maintains a Self-Defense Force that ranks as one of the world's strongest militaries. A global leader in the automotive, robotics, and electronics industries, the country has made significant contributions to science and technology, and is one of the world's largest exporters and importers. It is part of multiple major international and intergovernmental institutions.
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. The current monarch is King Charles III, who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022, upon the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II.
The monarch and their immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. The monarchy is constitutional, meaning that,
although formally the monarch still has authority over the government--which is known as "His/Her Majesty's Government"--this power may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and within constraints of convention and precedent. Thus in practice the monarch's role, including that of Head of the British Armed Forces, is limited to functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the prime minister, which are performed in a non-partisan manner. The UK Government has called the monarchy "a unique soft power and diplomatic asset". The Crown also occupies a unique cultural role, serving as an unofficial brand ambassador for British interests and values abroad, increasing tourism at home, and promoting charities throughout civil society.
The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England and early medieval Scotland, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, after which Wales also gradually came under the control of Anglo-Normans. The process was completed in the 13th century when the Principality of Wales became a client state of the English kingdom. The Anglo-Normans also established the Lordship of Ireland. Meanwhile, Magna Carta began the process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. In the 16th century, English and Scottish monarchs played a central role in what became the religious English Reformation and Scottish Reformation, and the English king became King of Ireland. Beginning in 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Following the installation of William III and Mary II as co-monarchs in the Glorious Revolution, the Bill of Rights 1689, and its Scottish counterpart the Claim of Right Act 1689, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded Roman Catholics from succession to the throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Beginning in the 16th century, the monarch was the nominal head of what came to be the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921. The title Emperor of India was added to the British monarch's titles between 1876 and 1948. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognised the evolution of the Dominions of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations. Also in this period, the monarchy in Ireland eventually became limited to Northern Ireland. In the years after the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end. George VI and his successors adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national title and style for each realm. Although the term is rarely used today, the fifteen Commonwealth realms are, with respect to their monarch, in personal union.
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of England, Scotland and Wales. With an area of 209,331 km2 , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is dominated by a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. The island of Ireland, with an area 40 per cent that of Great Britain, is to the west--these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands and named substantial rocks, form the British Isles archipelago.
Connected to mainland Europe until 9,000 years ago by a landbridge now known as Doggerland, Great Britain has been inhabited by modern humans for around 30,000 years. In 2011, it had a population of about 61 million, making it the world's third-most-populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan, and the most populated island outside of Asia.
The term "Great Britain" can also refer to the political territory of England, Scotland and Wales, which includes their offshore islands. This territory and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom. The single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the 1707 Acts of Union between the kingdoms of England and Scotland.
The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term 'British Isles' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC, Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanike as a collective name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain, the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of Caledonia.
The history of the United Kingdom began in the early eighteenth century with the Treaty of Union and Acts of Union. The core of the United Kingdom as a unified state came into being in 1707 with the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, into a new unitary state called Great Britain. Of this new state of Great Britain, the historian Simon Schama said:
The first decades were marked by Jacobite risings which ended with defeat for the Stuart cause at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. In 1763, victory in the Seven Years' War led to the growth of the First British Empire. With defeat by the United States, France and Spain in the War of American Independence, Great Britain lost its 13 American colonies and rebuilt a Second British Empire based in Asia and Africa. As a result, British culture, and its technological, political, constitutional, and linguistic influence, became worldwide. Politically the central event was the French Revolution and its Napoleonic aftermath from 1793 to 1815, which British elites saw as a profound threat, and worked energetically to form multiple coalitions that finally defeated Napoleon in 1815. The Tories, who came to power in 1783, remained in power until 1830. Forces of reform, often emanating from the Evangelical religious elements, opened decades of political reform that broadened the ballot, and opened the economy to free trade. The outstanding political leaders of the 19th century included Palmerston, Disraeli, Gladstone, and Salisbury. Culturally, the Victorian era was a time of prosperity and dominant middle-class virtues when Britain dominated the world economy and maintained a generally peaceful century from 1815 to 1914. The First World War , with Britain in alliance with France, Russia and the United States, was a furious but ultimately successful total war with Germany. The resulting League of Nations was a favourite project in Interwar Britain. However, while the Empire remained strong, as did the London financial markets, the British industrial base began to slip behind Germany and, especially, the United States. Sentiments for peace were so strong that the nation supported appeasement of Hitler's Germany in the late 1930s, until the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939 started the Second World War. In the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the US joined the UK as the main Allied powers.
Britain was no longer a military or economic superpower, as seen in the Suez Crisis of 1956. Britain no longer had the wealth to maintain an empire, so it granted independence to almost all its possessions. The new states typically joined the Commonwealth of Nations. The postwar years saw great hardships, alleviated somewhat by large-scale financial aid from the United States, and some from Canada. Prosperity returned in the 1950s. Meanwhile, from 1945 to 1950, the Labour Party built a welfare state, nationalized many industries, and created the National Health Service. The UK took a strong stand against Communist expansion after 1945, playing a major role in the Cold War and the formation of NATO as an anti-Soviet military alliance with West Germany, France, the United States, Italy, Canada and smaller countries. NATO remains a powerful military coalition. The UK has been a leading member of the United Nations since its founding, as well as numerous other international organizations. In the 1990s, neoliberalism led to the privatisation of nationalised industries and significant deregulation of business affairs. London's status as a world financial hub grew continuously. Since the 1990s, large-scale devolution movements in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have decentralised political decision-making. Britain has moved back and forth on its economic relationships with Western Europe. It joined the European Economic Community in 1973, thereby weakening economic ties with its Commonwealth. However, the Brexit referendum in 2016 committed the UK to leave the European Union, which it did in 2020.
In 1922, 26 counties of Ireland seceded to become the Irish Free State; a day later, Northern Ireland seceded from the Free State and returned to the United Kingdom. In 1927, the United Kingdom changed its formal title to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to Britain and to the United Kingdom or UK.
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cooperation and crime control. It is the world's largest international police organization. It is headquartered in Lyon, France, with seven regional bureaus worldwide, and a National Central Bureau in all 196 member states.
The organization today known as Interpol was founded on 7 September 1923 at the close of a five-day 1923 International Police Congress in Vienna as the International Criminal Police Commission ; it adopted many of its current duties throughout the 1930s. After coming under Nazi control in 1938, the agency had its headquarters in the same building as the Gestapo. It was effectively stagnant until the end of World War II. In 1956, the ICPC adopted a new constitution and the name Interpol, derived from its telegraphic address used since 1946.
Interpol provides investigative support, expertise and training to law enforcement worldwide, focusing on three major areas of transnational crime: terrorism, cybercrime and organized crime. Its broad mandate covers virtually every kind of crime, including crimes against humanity, child pornography, drug trafficking and production, political corruption, intellectual property infringement, as well as white-collar crime. The agency also facilitates cooperation among national law enforcement institutions through criminal databases and communications networks. Contrary to popular belief, Interpol is itself not a law enforcement agency.
Interpol has an annual budget of EUR142 million , most of which comes from annual contributions by member police forces in 181 countries. It is governed by a General Assembly composed of all member countries, which elects the executive committee and the President to supervise and implement Interpol's policies and administration. Day-to-day operations are carried out by the General Secretariat, comprising around 1,000 personnel from over 100 countries, including both police and civilians. The Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General, currently Jurgen Stock, the former deputy head of Germany's Federal Criminal Police Office.
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of England, Scotland and Wales. With an area of 209,331 km2 , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is dominated by a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. The island of Ireland, with an area 40 per cent that of Great Britain, is to the west--these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands and named substantial rocks, form the British Isles archipelago.
Connected to mainland Europe until 9,000 years ago by a landbridge now known as Doggerland, Great Britain has been inhabited by modern humans for around 30,000 years. In 2011, it had a population of about 61 million, making it the world's third-most-populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan, and the most populated island outside of Asia.
The term "Great Britain" can also refer to the political territory of England, Scotland and Wales, which includes their offshore islands. This territory and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom. The single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the 1707 Acts of Union between the kingdoms of England and Scotland.
The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term 'British Isles' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC, Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanike as a collective name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain, the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of Caledonia.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe that was established by the union in 1801 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. The establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927.
The United Kingdom, having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars, developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century. For nearly a century from the final defeat of Napoleon following the Battle of Waterloo to the outbreak of World War I, Britain was almost continuously at peace with Great Powers. The most notable exception was the Crimean War with the Russian Empire, in which actual hostilities were relatively limited. However, the United Kingdom did engage in extensive offensive military operations in Africa and Asia, such as the Opium Wars with the Qing dynasty, to extend its overseas territorial holdings and influence.
Beginning in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Imperial government granted increasing levels of autonomy to locally elected governments in colonies where white settlers had become demographically or politically dominant, with this process eventually resulting in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa becoming self-governing dominions. Although these dominions remained part of the British Empire, in practice dominion governments were permitted to largely manage their own internal affairs without interference from London, which was primarily responsible only for foreign policy.
Rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the state's formation continued up until the mid-19th century. The Great Irish Famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland and increased calls for Irish land reform. The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry, trade and finance, in which Britain largely dominated the world economy. Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States. The British Empire was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia. The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally, while democratic institutions began to develop. British India, by far the most important overseas possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In overseas policy, the central policy was free trade, which enabled British financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America.
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament. The current prime minister is Rishi Sunak of the Conservative Party, who assumed the office on 25 October 2022.
The office of prime minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document, but exists only by long-established convention, whereby the monarch appoints as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons. In practice, this is the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in the Commons.
The prime minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury , Minister for the Civil Service and the minister responsible for national security.: p.22 In 2019, the office of Minister for the Union was established; Boris Johnson became the first prime minister to hold this title. The prime minister's official residence and office is 10 Downing Street in London.
Fifty-seven people have served as prime minister, the first of whom was Robert Walpole taking office on 3 April
1721. The longest-serving prime minister was also Walpole, who served over 20 years, and the shortest-serving was Liz Truss, who served seven weeks.
The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade. Governments use the organization to establish, revise, and enforce the rules that govern international trade in cooperation
with the United Nations System. The WTO is the world's largest international economic organization, with 164 member states representing over 98% of global trade and global GDP.
The WTO facilitates trade in goods, services and intellectual property among participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements, which usually aim to reduce or eliminate tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions; these agreements are signed by representatives of member governments: fol.9-10 and ratified by their legislatures. It also administers independent dispute resolution for enforcing participants' adherence to trade agreements and resolving trade-related disputes. The organization prohibits discrimination between trading partners, but provides exceptions for environmental protection, national security, and other important goals.
Its top decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference, which is composed of all member states and usually convenes biennially; consensus is emphasized in all decisions. Day-to-day functions are handled by the General Council, made up of representatives from all members. A Secretariat of over 600 personnel, led by the Director-General and four deputies, provides administrative, professional, and technical services. The WTO's annual budget is roughly 220 million USD, which is contributed by members based on their proportion of international trade.
Studies show the WTO has increased trade and reduced trade barriers. It has also influenced trade agreement generally; a 2017 analysis found that the vast majority of preferential trade agreements up to that point explicitly reference the WTO, with substantial portions of text copied from WTO agreements. Goal 10 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals also referenced WTO agreements as instruments of reducing inequality. However, critics contend that the benefits of WTO-facilitated free trade are not shared equally.
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.
The WHO was established on April 7, 1948, and convened its first meeting on July 24 of that year. It incorporated the assets, personnel, and duties of the League of Nations' Health Organization and the Paris-based Office International d'Hygiene Publique, including the International Classification of Diseases . The agency's work began in earnest in 1951 after a significant infusion of financial and technical resources.
The WHO's official mandate is to promote health and safety while helping the vulnerable worldwide. It provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards, collects data on global health issues, and serves as a forum for scientific or policy discussions related to health. Its official publication, the World Health Report, provides assessments of worldwide health topics.
The WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the eradication of smallpox, the near-eradication of polio, and the development of an Ebola vaccine. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and cancer; healthy diet, nutrition, and food security; occupational health; and substance abuse. The agency advocates for universal health care coverage, engagement with the monitoring of public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting health and well-being generally.
Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland that is variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares an open border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. At the 2021 census, its population was 1,903,175, making up around 3% of the UK's population and 27% of the population on the island of Ireland. The Northern Ireland Assembly, established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the UK Government. The government of Northern Ireland cooperates with the government of Ireland in several areas under the terms of the Belfast Agreement. The Republic of Ireland also has a consultative role on non-devolved governmental matters through the British-Irish Governmental Conference .
Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, creating a devolved government for the six northeastern counties. As was intended by unionists and their supporters in Westminster, Northern Ireland had a unionist majority, who wanted to remain in the United Kingdom; they were generally the Protestant descendants of colonists from Britain. Meanwhile, the majority in Southern Ireland , and a significant minority in Northern Ireland, were Irish nationalists who wanted a united independent Ireland. Today, the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish, while a Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed by a significant minority from all backgrounds.
The creation of Northern Ireland was accompanied by violence both in defence of and against partition. During the conflict of 1920-22, the capital Belfast saw major communal violence, mainly between Protestant unionist and Catholic nationalist civilians. More than 500 were killed and more than 10,000 became refugees, mostly Catholics. For the next fifty years, Northern Ireland had an unbroken series of Unionist Party governments. There was informal mutual segregation by both communities, and the Unionist governments were accused of discrimination against the Irish nationalist and Catholic minority. In the late 1960s, a campaign to end discrimination against Catholics and nationalists was opposed by loyalists, who saw it as a republican front. This unrest sparked the Troubles, a thirty-year conflict involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries and state forces, which claimed over 3,500 lives and injured 50,000 others. The 1998 Good Friday Agreement was a major step in the peace process, including paramilitary disarmament and security normalisation, although sectarianism and segregation remain major social problems, and sporadic violence has continued.
The economy of Northern Ireland was the most industrialised in Ireland at the time of partition, but soon began to decline, exacerbated by the political and social turmoil of the Troubles. Its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17.2% in 1986, but dropped back down to below 10% in the 2010s, similar to the rate of the rest of the UK. Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, with Northern Ireland sharing both the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United Kingdom. In many sports, there is an All-Ireland governing body or team for the whole island; the most notable exception is association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games.
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topic's main category <o> Category:Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe <s> Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe <p> described by source <o> Internetowa encyklopedia PWN </Graph> | <Text> :The Fens or Fenlands in eastern England are a naturally marshy region supporting a rich ecology and numerous species. Most of the fens were drained centuries ago, resulting in a flat, dry, low-lying agricultural region supported by a system of drainage channels and man-made rivers and automated pumping stations. There have been unintended consequences to this reclamation, as the land level has continued to sink and the dykes have been built higher to protect it from flooding.
Fen is the local term for an individual area of marshland or former marshland. It also designates the type of marsh typical of the area, which has neutral or alkaline water and relatively large quantities of dissolved minerals, but few other plant nutrients.
Most of the Fens lie within a few metres of sea level. As with similar areas in the Netherlands, much of the Fenland originally consisted of fresh- or salt-water wetlands. These have been artificially drained and continue to be protected from floods by drainage banks and pumps. With the support of this drainage system, the Fenland has become a major arable agricultural region for grains and vegetables. The Fens are particularly fertile, containing around half of the grade 1 agricultural land in England.
The Fens have been referred to as the "Holy Land of the English" because of the former monasteries, now churches and cathedrals, of Crowland, Ely, Peterborough, Ramsey and Thorney. Other significant settlements in the Fens include Boston, Downham Market, Mildenhall, March, Spalding, and Wisbech.
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the liturgical year in Christianity, it follows the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast, and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many countries, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season surrounding it.
The traditional Christmas narrative recounted in the New Testament, known as the Nativity of Jesus, says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in accordance with messianic prophecies. When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city, the inn had no room, and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born, with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds, who then spread the word.
There are different hypotheses regarding the date of Jesus's birth, and in the early fourth century, the church fixed the date as December 25. This corresponds to the traditional date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar. It is exactly nine months after Annunciation on March 25, also the date of the spring equinox. Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world. However, part of the Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. For Christians, believing that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity rather than knowing Jesus's exact birth date is considered to be the primary purpose of celebrating Christmas.
The customs associated with Christmas in various countries have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. Popular holiday traditions include gift giving; completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath; Christmas music and caroling; watching Christmas movies; viewing a Nativity play; an exchange of Christmas cards; attending church services; a special meal; and displaying various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. Additionally, several related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. Over the past few centuries, Christmas has had a steadily growing economic effect in many regions of the world.
Ireland , also known as the Republic of Ireland , is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern side of the island. Around 2.1 million of the country's population of 5.15 million people reside in the Greater Dublin Area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dail Eireann; an upper house, Seanad Eireann; and an elected president who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach , who is elected by the Dail and appointed by the President, who appoints other government ministers.
The Irish Free State was created with Dominion status in 1922, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In 1937, a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named "Ireland" and effectively became a republic, with an elected non-executive president. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United Nations in 1955. It joined the European Communities , the predecessor of the European Union , in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the 20th century, but the 1980s and 1990s saw the British and Irish governments working with Northern Irish parties to resolve the conflict that had become known as the Troubles. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Irish government have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North/South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement.
Ireland is a developed country with a quality of life that ranks amongst the highest in the world; after adjustments for inequality, the 2021 Human Development Index listing ranked it the sixth-highest in the world. It also ranks highly in healthcare, economic freedom, and freedom of the press. It is a member of the EU and a founding member of the Council of Europe and the OECD. The Irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non-alignment since before World War II, and the country is consequently not a member of NATO, although it is a member of Partnership for Peace and certain aspects of PESCO. Ireland's economy is advanced, with one of Europe's major financial hubs being centred around Dublin. It ranks among the top ten wealthiest countries in the world in terms of both GDP and GNI per capita. After joining the EC, the country's government enacted a series of liberal economic policies that helped to boost economic growth between 1995 and 2007, a time now often referred to as the Celtic Tiger period. A recession and reversal in growth then followed during the Great Recession, which was exacerbated by the bursting of the Irish property bubble.
The Irish name for Ireland is Eire, deriving from Eriu, a goddess in Irish mythology. The state created in 1922, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was "styled and known as the Irish Free State" . The Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, says that "the name of the State is Eire, or, in the English language, Ireland". Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, "It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland." The 1948 Act does not name the state "Republic of Ireland", because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution.
The Council of Europe is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it brings together 46 member states with a population of approximately 675 million as of 2023; it operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million euros.
The organisation is distinct from the European Union , although people sometimes confuse the two organisations - partly because the EU has adopted the original European flag, designed for the Council of Europe in 1955, as well as the European anthem. No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe is an official United Nations Observer.
As an international organisation, the Council of Europe cannot make laws, but it does have the ability to push for the enforcement of select international agreements reached by member states on various topics. The best-known body of the Council of Europe is the European Court of Human Rights, which functions on the basis of the European Convention on Human Rights of 1953.
The council's two statutory bodies are the Committee of Ministers, which comprises the foreign ministers of each member state, and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , which is composed of members of the national parliaments of each member state. The Commissioner for Human Rights is an institution within the Council of Europe, mandated to promote awareness of and respect for human rights within the member states. The secretary general presides over the secretariat of the organisation. Other major CoE bodies include the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare and the European Audiovisual Observatory.
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic Sea to the south-west. As of the 2021 census, it had a population of 3,107,494. It has a total area of 21,218 square kilometres and over 2,700 kilometres of coastline. It is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon , its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate. The capital and largest city is Cardiff.
A distinct Welsh culture emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales was briefly united under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in 1055. After over 200 years of war, the conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England was completed by 1283, though Owain Glyndwr led the Welsh Revolt against English rule in the early 15th century, and briefly re-established an independent Welsh state with its own national parliament . In the 16th century the whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by David Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century: a nationalist party, Plaid Cymru, was formed in 1925, and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. A governing system of Welsh devolution is employed in Wales, of which the most major step was the formation of the Senedd in 1998, responsible for a range of devolved policy matters.
At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural society into an industrial one; the South Wales Coalfield's exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales's population. Two-thirds of the population live in South Wales, including Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and the nearby valleys. The eastern region of North Wales has about a sixth of the overall population, with Wrexham being the largest northern city. The remaining parts of Wales are sparsely populated. Now that the country's traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, the economy is based on the public sector, light and service industries, and tourism. Agriculture in Wales is largely livestock based, making Wales a net exporter of animal produce, contributing towards national agricultural self-sufficiency.
The country has a distinct national and cultural identity and from the late 19th century onwards Wales acquired its popular image as the "land of song", in part due to the eisteddfod tradition and rousing choir singing. Both Welsh and English are official languages. A majority of the population in most areas speaks English whilst the majority of the population in parts of the north and west speak Welsh, with a total of 538,300 Welsh speakers across the entire country.
The Universal Postal Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates postal policies among member nations and facilitates a uniform worldwide postal system. It comprises 192 member states and is headquartered in Bern, Switzerland.
Established in 1874 as the General Postal Union, the UPU is among the oldest existing intergovernmental organizations. It sought to standardize international mail delivery by establishing a uniform postal rate and equal treatment between domestic and foreign mail. The organization adopted its current name in 1878. It operated independently before being incorporated into the UN in 1948.
The UPU contains four bodies: the Congress, the Council of Administration , the Postal Operations Council and the International Bureau . It also oversees the Telematics and Express Mail Service cooperatives, which provide international express mail delivery. Pursuant to the UPU's mission, each member state agrees to the same terms for conducting international postal duties.
Before the establishment of the UPU, every pair of countries that exchanged mail had to negotiate a postal treaty with each other. In the absence of a treaty providing for direct delivery of letters, mail had to be forwarded through an intermediate country. Postal arrangements were complex and overlapping. In 1853, the United States had a postal treaty with Prussia, but some states in southern Germany were sending their US-bound mail through France instead. Since there was no postal treaty between the United States and France, the mail had to travel on a British or a Belgian ship. US Postmaster-General James Campbell doubted "whether ... the arrangement can be safely continued," but he saw hope in a postal treaty with Bremen that also covered the Austro-German Postal Union.: 721-722
Norway , formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of Norway. Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency; Norway also claims the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. The capital and largest city in Norway is Oslo.
Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres and had a population of 5,488,984 in January 2023. The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden. It is bordered by Finland and Russia to the northeast and the Skagerrak strait to the south. Norway has an extensive coastline facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. Harald V of the House of Glucksburg is the current King. Jonas Gahr Store has been Prime Minister since 2021. As a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the parliament, the cabinet, and the supreme court, as determined by the 1814 constitution. The unified kingdom of Norway was established in 872 as a merger of petty kingdoms and has existed continuously for 1151-1152 years. From 1537 to 1814, Norway was part of Denmark-Norway, and, from 1814 to 1905, it was in a personal union with Sweden. Norway was neutral during the First World War, and in the Second World War until April 1940 when it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany until the end of the war.
Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels: counties and municipalities. The Sami people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States. Norway is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, the Antarctic Treaty, and the Nordic Council; a member of the European Economic Area, the WTO, and the OECD; and a part of the Schengen Area. The Norwegian dialects share mutual intelligibility with Danish and Swedish.
Norway maintains the Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system, and its values are rooted in egalitarian ideals. The Norwegian state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, having extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, and fresh water. The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product . On a per-capita basis, Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. The country has the fourth-highest per-capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. It has the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, with a value of US$1.3 trillion.
Scottish Gaelic , also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language native to the Gaels of Scotland. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well as both Irish and Manx, developed out of Old Irish. It became a distinct spoken language sometime in the 13th century in the Middle Irish period, although a common literary language was shared by the Gaels of both Ireland and Scotland until well into the 17th century. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language place names.
In the 2011 census of Scotland, 57,375 people reported being able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer Hebrides. Nevertheless, there is a language revival, and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses.
Outside of Scotland, a dialect known as Canadian Gaelic has been spoken in Canada since the 18th century. In the 2021 census, 2,170 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, a decline from 3,980 speakers in the 2016 census. There exists a particular concentration of speakers in Nova Scotia, with historic communities in other parts of Canada having largely disappeared.
Scottish Gaelic is not an official language of the United Kingdom or Scotland. However, it is classed as an indigenous language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which the UK Government has ratified, and the Gaelic Language Act 2005 established a language-development body, Bord na Gaidhlig.
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control, the promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and free and fair elections. It employs around 3,460 people, mostly in its field operations but also in its secretariat in Vienna, Austria, and its institutions. It has observer status at the United Nations.
The OSCE had its origins in 1975: its predecessors came together during the era of the Cold War to form a forum for discussion between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Most of its 57 participating countries are in Europe, but with some members in Asia or in North America. The participating countries comprise much of the land-area of the Northern Hemisphere.
The Organization has its roots in the 1975 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe . Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Dipoli in Espoo began in November 1972. These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist states in Eastern Europe, and President of Finland Urho Kekkonen hosted them in order to bolster his policy of neutrality. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the communist bloc.
The recommendations of the talks, in the form of "The Blue Book", gave the practical foundations for a three-stage conference called the "Helsinki process". The CSCE opened in Helsinki on 3 July 1973 with 35 states sending representatives. Stage I took only five days to agree to follow the Blue Book. Stage II was the main working phase and was conducted in Geneva from 18 September 1973 until 21 July 1975.
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II <s> Palazzetto dello Sport <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Palazzetto dello Sport (Rome) <s> Palazzetto dello Sport <p> instance of <o> sports venue <s> Palazzetto dello Sport <p> owned by <o> Roma Capitale <s> Palazzetto dello Sport <p> structural engineer <o> Pier Luigi Nervi <s> Palazzetto dello Sport <p> different from <o> Palazzo dello Sport <s> Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto <p> country <o> Italy <s> Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto <p> instance of <o> Olympic-size swimming pool <s> Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto <p> owned by <o> Rome <s> Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto <p> sport <o> swimming </Graph> | <Text> :Lazio or Latium is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy. Situated in the central peninsular section of the country, it has 5,714,882 inhabitants and a GDP of more than EUR197 billion per year, making it the country's second most populated region and second largest regional economy after Lombardy. The capital of Lazio is Rome, which is also the capital and largest city of Italy.
Lazio is rich in a multi-millennial heritage: it sees the presence of the Etruscan civilization, then at the center of the Roman Empire, of the Holy Roman Empire, then of the Papal States, of the First French Empire and of the Italian Republic. The historical, artistic, cultural, architectural, archaeological and religious heritage of Lazio is immensely vast and rich in cultural diversity. Some of the greatest artists and historical figures lived and worked in Rome, particularly during the Italian Renaissance period, such as Bramante, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Filippo Brunelleschi, Donatello, Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Francesco Borromini, Pietro da Cortona, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Rubens, Van Dyck and Diego Velazquez.
Today it constitutes a dynamic region. Lazio is a large center of services and international trade, industry, public services and tourism, supported by a privileged transport network thanks to its geographical position in the center of Italy and the presence of Rome within it.
Lazio comprises a land area of 17,242 km2 and it has borders with Tuscany, Umbria, and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. The region is mainly flat, with small mountainous areas in the most eastern and southern districts.
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Asia and Africa. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterway of the Bosporus Strait.
Europe covers about 10.18 million km2 , or 2% of Earth's surface , making it the second-smallest continent . Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 745 million in 2021; the third-largest after Asia and Africa. The European climate is affected by warm Atlantic currents, such as the Gulf Stream, which produce a temperate climate, tempering winters and summers, on much of the continent. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable producing more continental climates.
European culture consists of a range of national and regional cultures, which form the central roots of the wider Western civilisation, and together commonly reference ancient Greece and ancient Rome, particularly through their Christian successors, as crucial and shared roots. Beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, Christian consolidation of Europe in the wake of the Migration Period marked the European post-classical Middle Ages. The Renaissance, radiating from Florence, spread to the rest of the continent a new humanist interest in art and science. Since the Age of Discovery, led by Spain and Portugal, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs with multiple explorations and conquests around the world.
Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers colonised at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania, and the majority of Asia.
The Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. Both world wars began and were fought to a great extent in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence and competed over dominance in Europe and globally. The resulting Cold War divided Europe along the Iron Curtain, with NATO in the West and the Warsaw Pact in the East. This divide ended with the Revolutions of 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which allowed European integration to advance significantly.
Principal cities: Berlin, Budapest, Frankfurt, Munich, Hamburg, Cologne, Dusseldorf, Stuttgart, Leipzig, Dortmund, Essen, Bremen, Hanover, Mainz, Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Florence, Palermo, Turin, Genoa, Vatican City, San Marino, Paris, Marseille, Bordeaux, Nantes, Lyon, Lille, Montpellier, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Nice, Monaco, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga, Bilbao, A Coruna, Granada, Andorra, Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Zurich, Geneva, Bern, Bellinzona, Lausanne, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Brussels, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Luxembourg, Valletta, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Oslo, Warsaw, Prague, Zagreb, Tirana, Sarajevo, Pristina, Podgorica, Skopje, Belgrade, Bratislava, Ljubljana, Vaduz, Schaan, Serravalle, Dogana, Monte Carlo, Monaco-Ville, Monaco, Westside, St. Paul's Bay, Malmo.
Principal cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Bristol, Belfast, Glasgow, Cardiff, Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Torshavn
Principal cities: Lagos, Abuja, Kinshasa, Algiers, Tunis, Rabat, Casablanca, Tangier, Marrakesh, Yaounde, Fez, Douala, Malabo, Bata, Libreville, Niamey, Tangier, N'Djamena, Bangui, Porto-Novo, Cotonou, Luanda, Laayoune
A metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural area for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications.
A big city belonging to a larger urban agglomeration, but which is not the core of that agglomeration, is not generally considered a metropolis but a part of it. The plural of the word is metropolises, although the Latin plural is metropoles, from the Greek metropoleis .
For urban areas outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction on a smaller scale for their region, the concept of the regiopolis was introduced by urban and regional planning researchers in Germany in 2006.
Metropolis is a Greek word, coming from meter, meter meaning "mother" and polis, polis meaning "city" or "town", which is how the Greek colonies of antiquity referred to their original cities, with whom they retained cultic and political-cultural connections. The word was used in post-classical Latin for the chief city of a province, the seat of the government and, in particular, ecclesiastically for the seat or see of a metropolitan bishop to whom suffragan bishops were responsible. This usage equates the province with the diocese or episcopal see.
A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational division, usually as its seat of the government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official capital and the seat of government, which is in another place.
English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy. For example, the "relations between London and Washington" refers to the "relations between the United Kingdom and the United States".
In several English-speaking states, the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions. In some unitary states, subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always.
Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation. Examples are ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, ancient Athens, Rome, Bratislava, Budapest, Constantinople, Chang'an, ancient Cusco, Kyiv, Madrid, Paris, Podgorica, London, Beijing, Prague, Tallinn, Tokyo, Lisbon, Riga, Vilnius, and Warsaw. government was common.)
The Palazzetto dello Sport , also less commonly known as the PalaTiziano or PalaFlaminio, is an indoor arena that is located in Piazza Apollodoro, in Rome, Italy. It has a 3,500 seating capacity for basketball games.
The venue was constructed along with the 11,500-seat Palazzo dello Sport, for the 1960 Summer Olympics, and it was inaugurated in 1957. It was designed by architect Annibale Vitellozzi. Its reinforced thin-shell concrete dome was engineered by Pier Luigi Nervi under the direction of Engineer Giacomo Maccagno. During the Olympics, the arena hosted the basketball events, among other sports. Since then it has also been used for volleyball matches and other events.
At various times over the years, the arena has been home to the Italian professional basketball team, Virtus Roma. The team played there from its foundation, until the early 1980s, and also for a period of several years at the start of the current millennium, when its regular home venue at the Palazzo dello Sport was being renovated. The team moved back to the arena in 2011, as the Palazzo dello Sport , had high management costs and Virtus Roma was out of EuroLeague competition at the time. The club moved back to the PalaLottomatica in 2018 as the renovation of PalaTiziano was approaching.
The facility incorporates a first-aid center, four groups of dressing rooms, along with an officials dressing room, a medical sports centre, a management office, a press room with 12 telephone booths, two store rooms, and basement-located heating and air-conditioning equipment. Seating could be configured for 3,500 basketball spectators and up to 5,600 for boxing or wrestling spectators.
The Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto is an aquatics centre at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy. Inaugurated in 1959, it was designed by the architects Enrico Del Debbio and Aniballe Vitellozzi to host the swimming, diving, water polo, and swimming portion of the modern pentathlon events for the 1960 Summer Olympics.
The venue was refurbished to host the 1983 European Aquatics Championships, and reconfigured and expanded for the 1994 World Aquatics Championships. The stadium was the main venue of the World Championships again in 2009, and hosted the European Aquatics Championships in 2022.
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Garner <s> International Finance Corporation <p> foundational text <o> Articles of Agreement of the International Finance Corporation <s> International Finance Corporation <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> International Finance Corporation <p> chief executive officer <o> Makhtar Diop <s> Ireland <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Ireland <s> Ireland <p> country <o> Republic of Ireland <s> Ireland <p> different from <o> Northern Ireland <s> Ireland <p> different from <o> Republic of Ireland <s> Ireland <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Atlantic Ocean <s> Ireland <p> continent <o> Europe <s> Ireland <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> Ireland <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Ireland <p> described by source <o> Paulys Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft <s> Ireland <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Ireland <s> Ireland <p> located in time zone <o> UTC±00:00 <s> Ireland <p> highest point <o> Carrauntoohil <s> Ireland <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Ireland <p> instance of <o> cultural region <s> Ireland <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Ireland <s> Ireland <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in Ireland <s> Ireland <p> instance of <o> island <s> Ireland <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Ireland <s> Ireland <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Ireland <s> Ireland <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Ireland <s> Ireland <p> driving side <o> left <s> Ireland <p> part of <o> British Isles <s> Ireland <p> category of associated people <o> Category:People of Ireland <s> Ireland <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Ireland <s> Ireland <p> located in/on physical feature <o> British Isles <s> Ireland <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Ireland <s> Ireland <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Irish people <s> Ireland <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Ireland <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Irish Sea <s> Ireland <p> member of <o> Visa Waiver Program <s> Ireland <p> located in or next to body of water <o> North Channel <s> Ireland <p> history of topic <o> history of Ireland <s> Ireland <p> located in or next to body of water <o> St George's Channel <s> Ireland <p> part of <o> Celtic nations </Graph> | <Text> :The Visa Waiver Program is a program of the United States federal government that allows nationals of specific countries to travel to the United States for tourism, business, or while in transit for up to 90 days without having to obtain a visa. It applies to all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as to Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, which also have an additional program with waivers for more nationalities; American Samoa has a similar but separate program.
To be eligible for a visa waiver under the VWP, the traveler seeking admission to the United States must be a national of a country that has been designated by the U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, as a "program country". Permanent residents of designated countries who are not their nationals do not qualify for a visa waiver. The criteria for designation as program countries are specified in Section 217 of the Immigration and Nationality Act . The criteria stress passport security, a nonimmigrant visa refusal rate below 3%, and a reciprocal visa waiver for U.S. nationals, among other requirements.
In principle, the passport must be valid for six months beyond the expected date of departure from the United States. However, the United States has agreements with a large number of countries to waive this requirement, including all VWP countries except Brunei.
All incoming passengers who intend to take advantage of the Visa Waiver Program are required to apply for a travel authorization through the Electronic System for Travel Authorization online before departure to the United States, preferably at least 72 hours in advance. This requirement was announced on June 3, 2008 and is intended to bolster U.S. security by pre-screening participating VWP passengers against terrorist or no-fly lists and databases. It is similar to Australia's Electronic Travel Authority system. The authorization is mandatory for participating VWP nationals before traveling to the United States, but as with formal visas this does not guarantee admission into the United States since final admission eligibility is determined at U.S. ports of entry by CBP officers.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'etat in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union , and the African Union . It works to address major issues related to the global economy, such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation and sustainable development.
The G20 is composed of most of the world's largest economies' finance ministries, including both industrialised and developing countries; it accounts for around 80% of gross world product , 75% of international trade, two-thirds of the global population, and 60% of the world's land area.
The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises. Since 2008, it has convened at least once a year, with summits involving each member's head of government or state, finance minister, or foreign minister, and other high-ranking officials; the EU is represented by the European Commission and the European Central Bank. Other countries, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations are invited to attend the summits, some permanently. In 2023, during its 2023 summit, the African Union joined as its 21st member.
In its 2009 summit, the G20 declared itself the primary venue for international economic and financial cooperation. The group's stature has risen during the subsequent decade, and it is recognised by analysts as exercising considerable global influence; it is also criticised for its limited membership, lack of enforcement powers, and for the alleged undermining of existing international institutions. Summits are often met with protests, particularly by anti-globalization groups.
Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons. Five are considered to be nuclear-weapon states under the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons, these are the United States, Russia , the United Kingdom, France, and China. Of these, the three NATO members, the United Kingdom, the United States, and France, are sometimes termed the P3.
Other states that possess nuclear weapons are India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, these three states were not parties to the Treaty and have conducted overt nuclear tests. North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in 2003.
Israel is also generally understood to have nuclear weapons, but does not acknowledge it, maintaining a policy of deliberate ambiguity. Israel is estimated to possess somewhere between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads. One possible motivation for nuclear ambiguity is deterrence with minimum political friction.
States that formerly possessed nuclear weapons are South Africa and the former Soviet republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, whose weapons were transferred to Russia.
London is the capital and largest city of England, and the United Kingdom, with a population of around 8.8 million, and the largest city in Western Europe by metropolitan area, with a population of 14.8 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile estuary down to the North Sea and has been a major settlement for nearly two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" also refers to the metropolis around this core, historically split among the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised Greater London, which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.
As one of the world's major global cities, London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce and finance, education, health care, media, science and technology, tourism, transport, and communications. Despite a post-Brexit exodus of stock listings from the London Stock Exchange, London is still one of Europe's most economically powerful cities, and it remains one of the major financial centres in the world. With Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions, it is home to some of the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world--Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London. London is the most visited city in Europe and has the busiest city airport system in the world. The London Underground is the oldest rapid transit system in the world.
London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages. The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million made it Europe's third-most populous city, accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom and over 16% of the population of England. The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census. The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016, granting London the status of a megacity.
London has four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the combined Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, defines the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time. Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, and Trafalgar Square. London has many museums, galleries, libraries, and cultural venues, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, and numerous West End theatres. Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, and the London Marathon. In 2012, London became the first city to host three Summer Olympic Games.
The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles , and over six thousand smaller islands. They have a total area of 315,159 km2 and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands, off the north coast of France, are normally taken to be part of the British Isles, even though geographically they do not form part of the archipelago. Under the UK Interpretation Act 1978, the Channel Islands are clarified as forming part of the British Islands, not to be confused with the British Isles.
The oldest rocks are 2.7 billion years old and are found in Ireland, Wales and the north-west of Scotland. During the Silurian period, the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis, the highest mountain, rises to only 1,345 metres , and Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes in the island group, covers 390 square kilometres . The climate is temperate marine, with cool winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 degC above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape that was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC, when Great Britain was still part of a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland may have been connected to Great Britain by way of an ice bridge before 14,000 BC, and was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 7000 BC with the flooding of Doggerland.
The Gaels , Picts and Britons , all speaking Insular Celtic languages, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Much of Brittonic-occupied Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43. The first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century, and eventually they dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change, particularly in England. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 aimed to consolidate Great Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the dispersal of some of the islands' population and culture throughout the world, and rapid depopulation of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty , with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.
As a term, "British Isles" is a geographical name and not a political unit. In Ireland, the term is controversial, and there are objections to its usage. The Government of Ireland does not officially recognise the term, and its embassy in London discourages its use. "Britain and Ireland" is used as an alternative description, and "Atlantic Archipelago" has also seen limited use in academia. In official documents created jointly by Ireland and the United Kingdom, such as the Good Friday Agreement, the term "these islands" is used.
The Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation is a European intergovernmental organisation that facilitates and manages collaborative armament programmes through their lifecycle between the governments of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.
OCCAR was established on 12 November 1996 by the Defence Ministers of France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Legal status was not achieved, however, until January 2001 when the parliaments of the four founding states ratified the OCCAR Convention. Other European nations may join OCCAR, subject to their actual involvement in a substantive collaborative equipment programme involving at least one OCCAR partner and ratification of the OCCAR Convention. Belgium and Spain joined the organisation in respectively 2003 and 2005.
Other states can participate to OCCAR programmes without becoming a member state. Currently the European Union member states and/or NATO members Turkey, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Finland, Sweden, Lithuania and Poland participate in one or more OCCAR programmes without being formal members. Australia also participates in OCCAR as a non-member with a focus on the Boxer, Tiger ARH and MU-90 Impact platforms.
In 2023 Australia became the first non-European country to act as a participating state as part of OCCAR when it signed onto the MU-90 In-service support program. In November 2023 the Netherlands voiced its intention to join OCCAR.
The International Finance Corporation is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in less developed countries. The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States.
It was established in 1956, as the private-sector arm of the World Bank Group, to advance economic development by investing in for-profit and commercial projects for poverty reduction and promoting development. The IFC's stated aim is to create opportunities for people to escape poverty and achieve better living standards by mobilizing financial resources for private enterprise, promoting accessible and competitive markets, supporting businesses and other private-sector entities, and creating jobs and delivering necessary services to those who are poverty stricken or otherwise vulnerable.
Since 2009, the IFC has focused on a set of development goals that its projects are expected to target. Its goals are to increase sustainable agriculture opportunities, improve healthcare and education, increase access to financing for microfinance and business clients, advance infrastructure, help small businesses grow revenues, and invest in climate health.
The IFC is owned and governed by its member countries but has its own executive leadership and staff that conduct its normal business operations. It is a corporation whose shareholders are member governments that provide paid-in capital and have the right to vote on its matters. Originally, it was more financially integrated with the World Bank Group, but later, the IFC was established separately and eventually became authorized to operate as a financially autonomous entity and make independent investment decisions.
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest in the world.
Geopolitically, the island of Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland , an independent state covering five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. As of 2022, the population of the entire island is just over 7 million, with 5.1 million living in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.
The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature. Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages. Today, woodland makes up about 10% of the island, compared with a European average of over 33%, with most of it being non-native conifer plantations. The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate, and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant.
Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century AD. The island was Christianised from the 5th century onwards. Following the 12th century Anglo-Norman invasion, England claimed sovereignty. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th-17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, and was extended during the 18th century. With the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island, leading to the creation of the Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades, and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s. This subsided following the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. In 1973, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, with Northern Ireland as part of it, joined the European Economic Community. Following a referendum vote in 2016, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland included, left the European Union in 2020. Northern Ireland was granted a limited special status and allowed to operate within the EU single market for goods without being in the European Union; the economy has subsequently grown faster than the rest of the UK.
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Created in 1962, ESO has provided astronomers with state-of-the-art research facilities and access to the southern sky. The organisation employs over 750 staff members and receives annual member state contributions of approximately EUR162 million. Its observatories are located in northern Chile.
ESO has built and operated some of the largest and most technologically advanced telescopes. These include the 3.6 m New Technology Telescope, an early pioneer in the use of active optics, and the Very Large Telescope , which consists of four individual 8.2 m telescopes and four smaller auxiliary telescopes which can all work together or separately. The Atacama Large Millimeter Array observes the universe in the millimetre and submillimetre wavelength ranges, and is the world's largest ground-based astronomy project to date. It was completed in March 2013 in an international collaboration by Europe , North America, East Asia and Chile.
Currently under construction is the Extremely Large Telescope. It will use a 39.3-metre-diameter segmented mirror, and become the world's largest optical reflecting telescope when operational towards the end of this decade. Its light-gathering power will allow detailed studies of planets around other stars, the first objects in the universe, supermassive black holes, and the nature and distribution of the dark matter and dark energy which dominate the universe.
ESO's observing facilities have made astronomical discoveries and produced several astronomical catalogues. Its findings include the discovery of the most distant gamma-ray burst and evidence for a black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. In 2004, the VLT allowed astronomers to obtain the first picture of an extrasolar planet orbiting a brown dwarf 173 light-years away. The High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher instrument installed on the older ESO 3.6 m telescope led to the discovery of extrasolar planets, including Gliese 581c--one of the smallest planets seen outside the Solar System.
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines. The formal institution of SEATO was established on 19 February 1955 at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok, Thailand. The organization's headquarters was also in Bangkok. Eight members joined the organization.
Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left longstanding effects in Southeast Asia. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost interest and withdrew.
The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty was signed on 8 September 1954 in Manila, as part of the American Truman Doctrine of creating anti-communist bilateral and collective defense treaties. These treaties and agreements were intended to create alliances that would keep communist powers in check . This policy was considered to have been largely developed by American diplomat George F. Kennan. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles is considered to be the primary force behind the creation of SEATO, which expanded the concept of anti-communist collective defense to Southeast Asia. Then-Vice President Richard Nixon advocated an Asian equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization upon returning from his Asia trip of late 1953, and NATO was the model for the new organization, with the military forces of each member intended to be coordinated to provide for the collective defense of the member states.
The organization, headquartered in Bangkok, was created in 1955 at the first meeting of the Council of Ministers set up by the treaty, contrary to Dulles's preference to call the organization "ManPac". Organizationally, SEATO was headed by the Secretary General, whose office was created in 1957 at a meeting in Canberra, with a council of representatives from member states and an international staff. Also present were committees for economics, security, and information. SEATO's first Secretary General was Pote Sarasin, a Thai diplomat and politician who had served as Thailand's ambassador to the U.S. between 1952 and 1957, and as Prime Minister of Thailand from September 1957 to 1 January 1958.
The European Space Agency is a 22-member intergovernmental body devoted to space exploration. With its headquarters in Paris and a staff of around 2,200 people globally as of 2022, ESA was founded in 1975. Its 2024 annual budget was EUR7.8 billion.
ESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight ; the launch and operation of crewless exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou , France. The main European launch vehicle Ariane 6 will be operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle. The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion spacecraft service module that flies on the Space Launch System.
After World War II, many European scientists left Western Europe in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the Sputnik shock, Edoardo Amaldi and Pierre Auger , two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries.
The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, ELDO , and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO . The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites, but ELDO was not able to deliver a launch vehicle. Both agencies struggled with the underfunding and diverging interests of their participants.
Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick , is a religious and cultural holiday held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick , the foremost patron saint of Ireland.
Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and, by extension, celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, ceilithe, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks. Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption.
Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador , and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, United States, Argentina, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand, especially amongst Irish diaspora. Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival. Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.
Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.
Angloromani or Anglo-Romani is a mixed language of Indo-European origin involving the presence of Romani vocabulary and syntax in the English used by descendants of Romanichal Travellers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States, and South Africa.
After their arrival to Great Britain in the 16th century, Romani used the Romani language until the late 19th century . It was replaced by English as the everyday and family language of British Romani, leading to what is known as "Para-Romani" or the presence of Romani features in the English used by the Romani.
This differs from the presence of loanwords from the Romani language, such as lollipop , pal , and chav .
A document from about the seventeenth century titled the Winchester Confessions indicates that British Romani was itself a dialect of the northern branch of Romani sharing a close similarity to Welsh Romani. However, the language in a modern context has changed from the Indic-based vocabulary, morphology, and influences from Greek and other Balkan languages of the seventeenth century to a Para-Romani dialect typical of modern Anglo-Romani with sentence endings influenced by English, while Welsh Romani retains the original grammatical system.
The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in eastern Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the vast Pacific Ocean theater, the South West Pacific theater, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the Soviet-Japanese War.
The Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China had been in progress since 7 July 1937, with hostilities dating back to 1931 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself began on 7 December 1941, when the Japanese simultaneously attacked American military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines and invaded Thailand and the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
The Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against Japan, the latter aided by Thailand and to a lesser extent by the Axis powers, Germany and Italy. The Japanese achieved great success in the initial phase of the campaign, but were gradually driven back using an island hopping strategy. The Allies adopted a Europe first stance, giving first priority to defeating Nazi Germany, but still managed to bring to bear the vast industrial might of the United States. The Japanese had great difficulty replacing their losses in ships and aircraft, while American factories and shipyards produced ever increasing numbers of both. Fighting included some of the largest naval battles in history and massive Allied air raids over Japan, as well as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Japan surrendered unconditionally on 15 August 1945 and was occupied by the Allies. Japan lost its former possessions in Asia and the Pacific and had its sovereignty limited to the four main home islands and other minor islands as determined by the Allies.
The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies. It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, significantly predating the UN and making it the oldest UN agency. Doreen Bogdan-Martin is the Secretary-General of ITU, the first woman to serve as its head.
The ITU was initially aimed at helping connect telegraphic networks between countries, with its mandate consistently broadening with the advent of new communications technologies; it adopted its current name in 1932 to reflect its expanded responsibilities over radio and the telephone. On 15 November 1947, the ITU entered into an agreement with the newly created United Nations to become a specialized agency within the UN system, which formally entered into force on 1 January 1949.
The ITU promotes the shared global use of the radio spectrum, facilitates international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, assists in developing and coordinating worldwide technical standards, and works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world. It is also active in the areas of broadband Internet, optical communications , wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, TV broadcasting, amateur radio, and next-generation networks.
The ITU is one of the oldest international organizations still in operation, second only to the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, which predates it by fifty years. It was preceded by the now defunct International Telegraph Union which drafted the earliest international standards and regulations governing international telegraph networks. The development of the telegraph in the early 19th century changed the way people communicated on the local and international levels. Between 1849 and 1865, a series of bilateral and regional agreements among Western European states attempted to standardize international communications.
The African Development Bank Group or Banque Africaine de Developpement is a multilateral development finance institution headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, since September 2014. The AfDB is a financial provider to African governments and private companies investing in the regional member countries .
The AfDB's mission is to fight poverty and improve living conditions on the continent through promoting the investment of public and private capital in projects and programs that are likely to contribute to the economic and social development of the region.
Following the end of the colonial period in Africa, a growing desire for more unity within the continent led to the establishment of two draft charters: one for the establishment of the Organization of African Unity and one for a regional development bank.
A draft accord was submitted to top African officials and then to the Conference of Finance Ministers on the Establishment of an African Development Bank. This conference was convened by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in Khartoum, Sudan, from July 31 to August 4. It was here that the agreement establishing the African Development Bank was cosigned by 23 African governments on August 4, 1963. The agreement came into force on September 10, 1964.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is an international financial institution, established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States; it is the lending arm of World Bank Group. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income developing countries. It is the first of five member institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The initial mission of the IBRD in 1944, was to finance the reconstruction of European nations devastated by World War II. The IBRD and its concessional lending arm, the International Development Association , are collectively known as the World Bank as they share the same leadership and staff.
Following the reconstruction of Europe, the Bank's mandate expanded to advancing worldwide economic development and eradicating poverty. The IBRD provides commercial-grade or concessional financing to sovereign states to fund projects that seek to improve transportation and infrastructure, education, domestic policy, environmental consciousness, energy investments, healthcare, access to food and potable water, and access to improved sanitation.
The IBRD is owned and governed by its 189 member states, with each country represented on the Board of Governors. The IBRD has its executive leadership and staff which conduct its normal business operations. The Bank's member governments are shareholders which contribute and have the right to vote on its matters. In addition to contributions from its member nations, the IBRD acquires most of its capital by borrowing on international capital markets through bond issues at a preferred rate because of its AAA credit rating.
In 2011, it raised US$29 billion in capital from bond issues made in 26 different currencies. The Bank offers several financial services and products, including flexible loans, grants, risk guarantees, financial derivatives, and catastrophic risk financing. It reported lending commitments of $26.7 billion made to 132 projects in 2011.
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public holidays in Greece <s> Good Friday <p> day in year for periodic occurrence <o> Easter − 2 days <s> Good Friday <p> followed by <o> Holy Saturday <s> Good Friday <p> follows <o> Maundy Thursday <s> Polari <p> indigenous to <o> United Kingdom <s> Polari <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> Polari <p> subclass of <o> Italian <s> Polari <p> subclass of <o> Romani <s> Polari <p> instance of <o> cant <s> Polari <p> instance of <o> language <s> Polari <p> instance of <o> modern language <s> Polari <p> subclass of <o> thieves' cant <s> Polari <p> Ethnologue language status <o> 9 Second language only <s> Polari <p> instance of <o> slang <s> Polari <p> subclass of <o> Back slang <s> Polari <p> subclass of <o> London slang <s> Polari <p> subclass of <o> rhyming slang <s> Polari <p> subclass of <o> Sabir <s> Polari <p> writing system <o> Latin script </Graph> | <Text> :The International Hydrographic Organization is an intergovernmental organisation representing hydrography. As of November 2023, the IHO comprised 99 Member States.
A principal aim of the IHO is to ensure that the world's seas, oceans and navigable waters are properly surveyed and charted. It does this through the setting of international standards, the co-ordination of the endeavours of the world's national hydrographic offices, and through its capacity building program.
The IHO enjoys observer status at the United Nations, where it is the recognised competent authority on hydrographic surveying and nautical charting. When referring to hydrography and nautical charting in Conventions and similar Instruments, it is the IHO standards and specifications that are normally used.
The IHO was established in 1921 as the International Hydrographic Bureau . The present name was adopted in 1970, as part of a new international Convention on the IHO adopted by the then member nations. The former name International Hydrographic Bureau was retained to describe the IHO secretariat until 8 November 2016, when a significant revision to the Convention on the IHO entered into force. Thereafter the IHB became known as the "IHO Secretariat", comprising an elected Secretary-General and two supporting Directors, together with a small permanent staff , at the Organization's headquarters in Monaco.
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol , is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe. Founded in 1960, Eurocontrol currently has 41 member states with headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. It has several local sites as well, including an Innovation Hub in Bretigny-sur-Orge, France, the Aviation Learning Centre in Luxembourg, and the Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre in Maastricht, the Netherlands. The organisation employs approximately two thousand people, and operates with an annual budget in excess of half a billion Euro.
Although Eurocontrol is not an agency of the European Union, the EU has delegated parts of its Single European Sky regulations to Eurocontrol, making it the central organisation for coordination and planning of air traffic control for all of Europe. The EU itself is a signatory of Eurocontrol and all EU member states are presently also members of Eurocontrol. The organisation works with national authorities, air navigation service providers, civil and military airspace users, airports, and other organisations. Its activities involve all gate-to-gate air navigation service operations: strategic and tactical flow management, controller training, regional control of airspace, safety-proofed technologies and procedures, and collection of air navigation charges.
The Eurocontrol Convention was signed in 1960 and ratified in 1963. Before the Convention entered into force in 1963, there were already indications that the matter of national sovereignty would complicate the full implementation of the organisation's founding mission. The first European plan for a harmonised air traffic control system, proposed in 1962, was beset by the refusal of both France and Britain to comply, largely due to reasons closely linked with their national military airspace control. The other four original members agreed in 1964 to set up a single international air traffic control centre to manage their upper airspace, settling in the Dutch city of Maastricht.
The European Parliament at the time expressed concern about the lack of clear intergovernmental agreements to ensure common air traffic control services across the continent. In 1979, Eurocontrol signed a working cooperation agreement with the European Commission, attempting to create a synergy of Eurocontrol's technical expertise and EU's regulatory authorities. Several initiatives originating in this period become a lasting element of the organisation, such as the Eurocontrol forecasting service, which became STATFOR, as well as the Aeronautical Information Service. By 1986, the pressure on the European ATC network was so big that a new, wider mandate was already being considered for Eurocontrol, with much of the initiative coming from ECAC's Ministers of Transport. Subsequently, ECAC urged all of its member states to join Eurocontrol.
The Australia Group is a multilateral export control regime and an informal group of countries established in 1985 to help member countries to identify those exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.
The group, initially consisting of 15 members, held its first meeting in Brussels, Belgium, in June 1985. With the incorporation of India on January 19, 2018, it now has 43 members, including Australia, New Zealand, the European Commission, all 27 member states of the European Union, United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, India, Ukraine, and Argentina. The name comes from Australia's initiative to create the group. Australia manages the secretariat.
The initial members of the group had different assessments of which chemical precursors should be subject to export control. Later adherents initially had no such controls. Today, members of the group maintain export controls on a uniform list of 87 compounds, including several that are not prohibited for export under the Chemical Weapons Convention, but can be used in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Additionally, the Australia Group expanded its standardization of licensing and export controls to cover technology related to the manufacturing of chemical weapons or controlled components.
In 2002, the group took two important steps to strengthen export control. The first was the "no-undercut" requirement, which stated that any member of the group considering making an export to another state that had already been denied an export by any other member of the group must first consult with that member state before approving the export. The second was the "catch-all" provision, which requires member states to halt all exports that could be used by importers in chemical or biological weapons programs, regardless of whether the export is on the group's control lists. Delegations representing the members meet every year in Paris, France.
Plugs and sockets for electrical appliances not hardwired to mains electricity originated in the United Kingdom in the 1870s and were initially two-pin designs. These were usually sold as a mating pair, but gradually de facto and then official standards arose to enable the interchange of compatible devices. British standards have proliferated throughout large parts of the former British Empire.
BS 1363, 13 A plugs socket-outlets adaptors and connection units is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Distinctive characteristics of the system are shutters on the neutral and line socket holes, and a fuse in the plug. It has been adopted in many former British colonies and protectorates. BS 1363 was introduced in 1947 as one of the new standards for electrical wiring in the United Kingdom used for post-war reconstruction. The plug and socket replaced the BS 546 plug and socket, which are still found in old installations or in special applications. BS 1363 plugs have been designated as Type G in the IEC 60083 plugs and sockets standard.
In the United Kingdom and in Ireland, this system is usually referred to simply as a "13 amp plug" or a "13 amp socket".
BS 546, Two-pole and earthing-pin plugs, socket-outlets and socket-outlet adaptors for AC circuits up to 250 V is an older British Standard for three-pin AC power plugs and sockets. Originally published in April 1934, it was updated by a 1950 edition which is still current, with eight amendments up to 1999. BS 546 is also the precursor of current Indian and South African plug standards. The 5 A version has been designated as Type D and the 15 A as Type M in the IEC 60083 plugs and sockets standard. BS 546 plugs and sockets are still permitted in the UK, provided the socket has shutters.
In the United Kingdom and in Ireland this system is usually referred to by its pin shape and is simply known as "round pin plugs" or "round pin sockets". It is often associated with obsolete wiring installations or where it is found in modern wiring, it is confined to special use cases, particularly for switch-controlled lamps and stage lighting.
Generally the plug is the movable connector attached to an electrically operated device's mains cable, and the socket is fixed on equipment or a building structure and connected to an energised electrical circuit. The plug has protruding pins that fit into matching apertures in the sockets. A plug is defined in IEC 60050 as an "accessory having pins designed to engage with the contacts of a socket-outlet, also incorporating means for the electrical connection and mechanical retention of flexible cables or cords". A plug therefore does not contain components which modify the electrical output from the electrical input . There is an erroneous tendency to refer to power conversion devices with incorporated plug pins as plugs, but IEC 60050 refers to these as 'direct plug-in equipment' defined as "equipment in which the mains plug forms an integral part of the equipment enclosure so that the equipment is supported by the mains socket-outlet". In this article, the term 'plug' is used in the sense defined by IEC 60050. Sockets are designed to prevent exposure of bare energised contacts.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.
The majority of OECD Members are high-income economies ranked as "very high" in the Human Development Index, and are regarded as developed countries. Their collective population is 1.38 billion. As of 2017, OECD Member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP and 42.8% of global GDP at purchasing power parity. The OECD is an official United Nations observer.
In April 1948, the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation was established to help administer the Marshall Plan, which was rejected by both the Soviet Union and its satellite states. This would be achieved by allocating the United States' financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Only Western European states were members of the OEEC. Its Secretaries-General were the Frenchmen Robert Marjolin and Rene Sergent . On 14 December 1960, the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which came into force in late September 1961, and the membership was extended to non-European states, the first of which were the United States and Canada.
The OECD's headquarters are at the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. The OECD is funded by contributions from Member countries at varying rates and had a total budget of EUR338.3 million in 2023, and is recognised as a highly influential publisher of mostly economic data through publications as well as annual evaluations and rankings of Member countries.
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. It covers an area of 30,689 km2 and has a population of more than 11.5 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of 376/km2 . Belgium is part of an area known as the Low Countries, historically a somewhat larger region than the Benelux group of states, as it also included parts of northern France. The capital and largest metropolitan region is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liege, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven.
Belgium is a sovereign state and a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds. It is divided into three highly autonomous regions: the Flemish Region in the north, the Walloon Region in the south, and the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region, as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita. Belgium is also home to two main linguistic communities: the Flemish Community, which constitutes about 60 percent of the population, and the French Community, which constitutes about 40 percent of the population. A small German-speaking Community, making up around one percent of the population, exists in the East Cantons. The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch, although French is the majority language and lingua franca. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its complex system of governance, made up of six different governments.
Since the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location has meant that the area has been relatively prosperous, connected commercially and politically to its bigger neighbours. The country as it exists today was established following the 1830 Belgian Revolution, when it seceded from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had incorporated the Southern Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The name chosen for the new state is derived from the Latin word Belgium, used in Julius Caesar's "Gallic Wars", to describe a nearby region in the period around 55 BCE. Belgium has also been the battleground of European powers, earning the moniker "the Battlefield of Europe", a reputation reinforced in the 20th century by both world wars.
Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution, and during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. Between 1885 and 1908, the Congo Free State, which was privately owned by King Leopold II of Belgium, was characterized by widespread atrocities and disease; amid public outcry in Europe, Belgium annexed the territory as a colony. The Belgian colonies gained independence between 1960 and 1962. The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking citizens fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching state reforms, resulting in the transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement between 1970 and 1993. Despite the reforms, tensions have persisted: there is particularly significant separatist sentiment among the Flemish, language laws such as the municipalities with language facilities have been the source of much controversy, and the government formation period following the 2010 federal election set the world record at 589 days. Unemployment in Wallonia is more than double that of Flanders, which boomed after the Second World War.
International Workers' Day, also known as Labour Day in some countries and often referred to as May Day, is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement and occurs every year on 1 May, or the first Monday in May.
Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European spring festival of May Day. In 1889, the Marxist International Socialist Congress met in Paris and established the Second International as a successor to the earlier International Workingmen's Association. They adopted a resolution for a "great international demonstration" in support of working-class demands for the eight-hour day. The 1 May date was chosen by the American Federation of Labor to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in the Haymarket affair four days later. The demonstration subsequently became a yearly event. The 1904 Sixth Conference of the Second International, called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace".
The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a national public holiday in many countries, in most cases as "International Workers' Day" or a similar name. Some countries celebrate a Labour Day on other dates significant to them, such as the United States and Canada, which celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday of September. In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to "Saint Joseph the Worker". Saint Joseph is the patron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others.
On 21 April 1856, Australian stonemasons in Victoria undertook a mass stoppage as part of the eight-hour workday movement. It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage. 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago. In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians. Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as a miscarriage of justice. The following day on 5 May, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the state militia fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.
Good Friday is a Christian holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Calvary. It is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum. It is also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Great and Holy Friday , and Black Friday.
Members of many Christian denominations, including the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist, Oriental Orthodox, United Protestant and some Reformed traditions , observe Good Friday with fasting and church services. In many Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and Methodist churches, the Service of the Great Three Hours' Agony is held from noon until 3 pm, the time duration that the Bible records as darkness covering the land to Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross. Communicants of the Moravian Church have a Good Friday tradition of cleaning gravestones in Moravian cemeteries.
The date of Good Friday varies from one year to the next in both the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Eastern and Western Christianity disagree over the computation of the date of Easter and therefore of Good Friday. Good Friday is a widely instituted legal holiday around the world, including in most Western countries and 12 U.S. states. Some predominantly Christian countries, such as Germany, have laws prohibiting certain acts such as dancing and horse racing, in remembrance of the somber nature of Good Friday.
'Good Friday' comes from the sense 'pious, holy' of the word "good". Less common examples of expressions based on this obsolete sense of "good" include "the good book" for the Bible, "good tide" for "Christmas" or Shrovetide, and Good Wednesday for the Wednesday in Holy Week. A common folk etymology incorrectly analyzes "Good Friday" as a corruption of "God Friday" similar to the linguistically correct description of "goodbye" as a contraction of "God be with you". In Old English, the day was called "Long Friday" , and equivalents of this term are still used in Scandinavian languages and Finnish.
Polari is a form of slang or cant used in Britain by some actors, circus and fairground showmen, professional wrestlers, merchant navy sailors, criminals, sex workers, and, particularly, the gay subculture. There is some debate about its origins, but it can be traced to at least the 19th century and possibly as early as the 16th century. There is a long-standing connection with Punch and Judy street puppet performers, who traditionally used Polari to converse.
Polari is a mixture of Romance , Romani, rhyming slang, sailor slang and thieves' cant. Later it expanded to contain words from Yiddish and 1960s drug subculture slang. It was constantly evolving, with a small core lexicon of about 20 words, including: bona , ajax , eek , cod , naff , lattie , nanti , omi , palone , riah , zhoosh or tjuz , TBH , trade and vada , and over 500 other, lesser-known words. There was once an East End version, which stressed cockney rhyming slang, and a West End version, which stressed theatrical and classical influences. There was some interchange between the two.
From the 19th century on, Polari was used in London fishmarkets, the theatre, fairgrounds, and circuses, hence the many borrowings from Romani. As many homosexual men worked in theatrical entertainment, it was also used among the gay subculture at a time when homosexual activity was illegal, to disguise homosexuals from hostile outsiders and undercover policemen. It was also used extensively in the British Merchant Navy, where many gay men joined ocean liners and cruise ships as waiters, stewards, and entertainers.
William Shakespeare used the term bona in Henry IV, Part 2 , part of the expression bona roba . But "there's little written evidence of Polari before the 1890s", according to Peter Gilliver, associate editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. The dictionary's entry for rozzer , for example, includes this quote from an 1893 book : "If the rozzers was to see him in bona clobber they'd take him for a gun" .
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Common Travel Area <p> has part(s) <o> Republic of Ireland <s> Common Travel Area <p> has part(s) <o> United Kingdom <s> Common Travel Area <p> does not have characteristic <o> border control <s> Common Travel Area <p> instance of <o> administrative territorial entity <s> Common Travel Area <p> instance of <o> geographical feature <s> Common Travel Area <p> different from <o> Nordic Passport Union <s> Common Travel Area <p> different from <o> Schengen Area <s> Great Seal of the Realm <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> Great Seal of the Realm <p> instance of <o> national seal <s> Great Seal of the Realm <p> described by source <o> New International Encyclopedia </Graph> | <Text> :It is uncertain whether Scottish Cant is the result of Scottish Lowland Romani Travellers transitioning from speaking Romani to speaking a mixed language , or whether it is the result of Romani in Lowland Scotland merging with an indigenous Lowland Traveller group. The large number of Scots-derived words and archaic Scots words within Scottish Cant vocabulary suggests that merging with another group, although it could just be that Lowland Scottish Travellers are fully Romani in their roots and they just picked up these words, similar to how Angloromani has picked up words such as ken and mort which are derived from English.
Scottish Cant uses numerous terms derived from Scots which are no longer current in Modern Scots as spoken by non-Travellers, such as mowdit "buried", mools "earth", both from muild, and gellie, from gailey , "a bothy".
Hamish Henderson and other folklorists recorded various conversations about the Scottish Cant language, with speakers including Lizzie Higgins and Jeannie Robertson. He also recorded Belle Stewart singing a version of "Dance to Your Daddy" in both Cant and Scots.
The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 1550, Philippines. The bank also maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , and non-regional developed countries. Starting with 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 68 members.
The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank and has a similar weighted voting system, where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget, and other materials for review by the public. The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. After completing their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries. ADB holds the status of an official United Nations Observer.
The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors, composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors, in turn, elect among themselves the twelve members of the board of directors and their deputies. Eight of the twelve members come from regional members while the others come from non-regional members.
The Board of Governors also elect the bank's president, who is the chairperson of the board of directors and manages ADB. The president has a term of office lasting five years, and may be re-elected. Traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the president has always been Japanese.
The Group of Eight was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014. It had formed from incorporating Russia into the Group of Seven, or G7, and returned to its previous name after Russia was expelled in 2014.
The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six governments: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit came to be known as the Group of Seven in 1976 with the addition of Canada. Russia was added to the political forum from 1997, which the following year became known as the G8. In March 2014 Russia was suspended indefinitely following the annexation of Crimea, whereupon the political forum name reverted to G7. In January 2017, Russia announced its permanent withdrawal from the G8. However, several representatives of G7 countries stated that they would be interested in Russia's return to the group. The European Union was represented at the G8 since the 1980s as a "nonenumerated" participant, but originally could not host or chair summits. The 40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit. Collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations comprised 50.1 percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and 40.9 percent of global GDP . The G8 countries were not strictly the largest in the world nor the highest-income per capita, but they do represent the largest high-income countries.
"G7" can refer to the member states in aggregate or to the annual summit meeting of the G7 heads of government. G7 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7 finance ministers , G7 foreign ministers, or G7 environment ministers.
Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 was rotated through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia , Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place.
The World Meteorological Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.
The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization, a nongovernmental organization founded in 1873 as a forum for exchanging weather data and research. Proposals to reform the status and structure of the IMO culminated in the World Meteorological Convention of 1947, which formally established the World Meteorological Organization. The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an intergovernmental organization within the UN system.
The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members. It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to environmental protection, climate change, resource management, and socioeconomic development.
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.
A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, states with limited recognition, constituent country, or a dependent territory. Most sovereign states, but not all countries, are members of the United Nations. There is no universal agreement on the number of "countries" in the world since several states have disputed sovereignty status, limited recognition and a number of non-sovereign entities are commonly called countries.
The definition and usage of the word "country" are flexible and has changed over time. The Economist wrote in 2010 that "any attempt to find a clear definition of a country soon runs into a thicket of exceptions and anomalies."
Areas much smaller than a political entity may be referred to as a "country", such as the West Country in England, "big sky country" , "coal country" or simply "the country" The term "country" is also used as a qualifier, descriptively, such as, country music or country living.
The word country comes from Old French contree, which derives from Vulgar Latin contrata lying opposite"; " spread before"), derived from contra . It most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century.
The Common Travel Area is an open borders area comprising the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The British Overseas Territories are not included. Based on agreements that are not legally binding, the internal borders of the CTA are subject to minimal controls and can normally be traversed by British and Irish citizens with minimal identity documents . The maintenance of the CTA involves co-operation on immigration matters between the British and Irish authorities.
In 2014, the British and Irish governments began a trial system of mutual recognition of each other's visas for onward travel within the CTA. As of August 2022, it applies to Chinese and Indian nationals and is limited to certain visa types. Other nationalities and those holding non-qualifying visas are required to hold separate visas to visit both countries and may not avail of a transit visa exception if wishing to transit through the UK to the Republic of Ireland.
The Irish Free State officially seceded from the then United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in December 1922, at a time when systematic passport and immigration controls were becoming standard at international frontiers. Although the British had imposed entry controls in the past - notably during the French Revolution - the imposition of such controls in the 20th century dated from the Aliens Act 1905, before which there was a system of registration for arriving foreigners.
Before the creation of the Irish Free State, British immigration law applied in Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. With the imminent prospect of the secession of most of Ireland from the United Kingdom in 1922, the British Home Office was disinclined to impose passport and immigration controls between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, which would have meant patrolling a porous and meandering 499 km long land border. If, however, the pre-1922 situation were to be continued, the new Irish immigration authorities would have to continue to enforce British immigration policy after independence. The Department of Home Affairs in the newly established Irish Free State was found to be receptive to continuing with the status quo and an informal agreement to this effect was reached in February 1923: each side would enforce the other's immigration decisions and the Irish authorities would be provided with a copy of Britain's suspect-codex of any personae non gratae in the United Kingdom.
The Great Seal of the Realm is a seal that is used to symbolise the Sovereign's approval of state documents. It is also known as the Great Seal of the United Kingdom . To make it, sealing wax is melted in a metal mould or matrix and impressed into a wax figure that is attached by cord or ribbon to documents that the Monarch wishes to seal officially. The formal keeper of the seal is the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
Scotland has had its own great seal since the 14th century. The Acts of Union 1707, joining the kingdoms of Scotland and England, provided for the use of a single Great Seal for the new Kingdom of Great Britain. However, it also provided for the continued use of a separate Scottish seal to be used there, and this seal continues to be called the Great Seal of Scotland, although it is not technically one. Similarly, a separate Great Seal of Ireland, which had been used in Ireland since the 13th century, continued in use after the union of 1801, until the secession of the Irish Free State, after which a new Great Seal of Northern Ireland was created for use in Northern Ireland. A new Welsh Seal was introduced in 2011.
At some time before the year 1066 Edward the Confessor began to use a "Great Seal", which created a casting in wax of his own face, to signify that a document carried the force of his will. With some exceptions, each subsequent monarch up to 1603, when the king of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England, chose his or her own design for the Great Seal.
When opening Parliament on 3 September 1654, the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell was escorted by the three "Commissioners of the Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England", who were Whitelock, Lisle, and Widdrington. This Seal was inscribed with "The Great Seal of England, 1648", displaying a map of England, Ireland, Jersey, and Guernsey on one side, with the Arms of England and Ireland. On the other side was shown the interior of the House of Commons, the Speaker in his chair, with the inscription, "In the first year of Freedom, by God's blessing restored, 1648." In 1655, Cromwell appointed three Commissioners of the Great Seal of Ireland, Richard Pepys, Chief Justice of the Upper Bench, Sir Gerard Lowther, Chief Justice of the Common Bench; and Miles Corbet, Chief Baron of the Exchequer. But they held the seal only until 1656, when Cromwell nominated William Steele, Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer in England, Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
</Text> |
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the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker and debt manager, and still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom, it is the world's eighth-oldest bank.
The Bank was privately owned by stockholders from its foundation in 1694 until it was nationalised in 1946 by the Attlee ministry. In 1998 it became an independent public organisation, wholly owned by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the government, with a mandate to support the economic policies of the government of the day, but independence in maintaining price stability. In the 21st century the Bank took on increased responsibility for maintaining and monitoring financial stability in the UK, and it increasingly functions as a statutory regulator.
The bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, since 1694, and on Threadneedle Street since 1734. It is sometimes known as "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street", a name taken from a satirical cartoon by James Gillray in 1797. The road junction outside is known as Bank Junction.
The Bank, among other things, is custodian to the official gold reserves of the United Kingdom . As of April 2016, the bank held around 5,134 tonnes of gold, worth PS141 billion. These estimates suggest that the vault could hold as much as 3% of the 171,300 tonnes of gold mined throughout human history.
British Sign Language is a sign language used in the United Kingdom and is the first or preferred language among the deaf community in the UK. While private correspondence from William Stokoe hinted at a formal name for the language in 1960, the first usage of the term "British Sign Language" in an academic publication was likely by Aaron Cicourel. Based on the percentage of people who reported 'using British Sign Language at home' on the 2011 Scottish Census, the British Deaf Association estimates there are 151,000 BSL users in the UK, of whom 87,000 are Deaf. By contrast, in the 2011 England and Wales Census 15,000 people living in England and Wales reported themselves using BSL as their main language. People who are not deaf may also use BSL, as hearing relatives of deaf people, sign language interpreters or as a result of other contact with the British Deaf community. The language makes use of space and involves movement of the hands, body, face and head.
BSL is a creation of the British Deaf community. All sign languages have origins in gestural communication developed between deaf children and hearing adults. Unlike home sign, which does not pass between generations, sign languages are shared by a large community of signers.
Records show the existence of a sign language within deaf communities in England as far back as the 15th century. The History of the Syon Monastery at Lisbon and Brentford, published in 1450, contains descriptions of signs -- some of which are still in use. The earliest known document describing the use of signing in a legal context mentions John de Orleton, a deaf man assigning his property to a family member in 1324. Another commonly cited event is the marriage ceremony between Thomas Tilsye and Ursula Russel in 1576.
Richard Carew's Survey of Cornwall includes a vivid description of Edward Bone, a deaf servant, meeting his deaf friend Kempe. Bone had some knowledge of Cornish and was able to lipread, but appeared to prefer signing. Carew described the situation thus:Easter Monday is the second day of Easter and a public holiday in some countries. In Western Christianity it marks the second day of the Octave of Easter; in Eastern Christianity it marks the second day of Bright Week.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Rite Catholic Churches, this day is called "Bright Monday" or "Renewal Monday". The services, as in the rest of Bright Week, are quite different from during the rest of the year and are similar to the services on Pascha and include an outdoor procession after the Divine Liturgy; while this is prescribed for all days of that week, often they are only celebrated on Monday and maybe a couple of other days in parish churches, especially in non-Orthodox countries. Also, when the calendar date of the feast day of a major saint, e.g., St. George or the patron saint of a church or one's name day, falls during Holy Week or on Easter Sunday, the saint's day is celebrated on Easter Monday.
In Australia, Easter Monday is a public holiday. Some people enjoy outdoor sporting events, such as the Oakbank Easter Racing Carnival in South Australia, and the Stawell Gift in Victoria, as well as a traditional AFL match between Geelong Cats and the Hawthorn Hawks at the MCG. Since 2014, The NRL have held the Easter Monday match between the Parramatta Eels and Wests Tigers match at Stadium Australia. Australian Three Peaks Race in Tasmania until 2011.
Easter Monday is the Monday immediately following Easter Sunday and is a statutory holiday for federal employees. Although not mandatory by federal regulation, some employers also give this day off to employees out of common practice. Additionally, this holiday succeeds Good Friday , which is a mandatory holiday for all employees, giving those workers an extra long weekend in March or April. An exception to this rule is in Quebec, where employers must give either Good Friday or Easter Monday off to employees. In provinces where Family Day, Islander Day, or Louis Riel Day are not observed, Easter Weekend is the first provincial holiday after New Year's Day.
The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by its combined nations' history; its historically Christian religious life, its interaction with the cultures of Europe, the individual cultures of England, Wales and Scotland and the impact of the British Empire. The culture of the United Kingdom may also colloquially be referred to as British culture; Northern Ireland, though not geographically part of Great Britain, may still be considered as having a place within British culture. Although British culture is a distinct entity, the individual cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse. There have been varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness between these four cultures.
British literature is particularly esteemed. The modern novel was developed in Britain, and playwrights, poets, and authors are among its most prominent cultural figures. Britain has also made notable contributions to music, cinema, art, architecture and television. The UK is also the home of the Church of England, the state church and mother church of the Anglican Communion, the third-largest Christian denomination. Britain contains some of the world's oldest universities, has made many contributions to philosophy, science, technology and medicine, and is the birthplace of many prominent scientists and inventions. The Industrial Revolution began in the UK and had a profound effect on socio-economic and cultural conditions around the world.
British culture has been influenced by historical and modern migration, the historical invasions of Great Britain, and the British Empire. As a result of the British Empire, significant British influence can be observed in the language, law, culture and institutions of its former colonies, most of which are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. A subset of these states form the Anglosphere, and are among Britain's closest allies. British colonies and dominions influenced British culture in turn, particularly British cuisine.
Sport is an important part of British culture, and numerous sports originated in the country including cricket, football, tennis and rugby. The UK has been described as a "cultural superpower", and London has been described as a world cultural capital. A global opinion poll for the BBC saw the UK ranked the third most positively viewed nation in the world in 2013 and 2014.
In the Gregorian calendar, New Year's Day is the first day of the calendar year, 1 January. Most solar calendars begin the year regularly at or near the northern winter solstice, while cultures and religions that observe a lunisolar or lunar calendar celebrate their Lunar New Year at less fixed points relative to the solar year.
In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named. From Roman times until the middle of the 18th century, the new year was celebrated at various stages and in various parts of Christian Europe on 25 December, on 1 March, on 25 March and on the movable feast of Easter.
In the present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their civil calendar, 1 January according to Gregorian calendar is among the most celebrated of public holidays in the world, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight following New Year's Eve as the new year starts in each time zone. Other global New Year's Day traditions include making New Year's resolutions and calling one's friends and family.
The ancient Babylonian calendar was lunisolar, and around the year 2000 BC began observing a spring festival and the new year during the month of Nisan, around the time of the March equinox. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year. The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. Roman mythology usually credits their second king Numa with the establishment of the two new months of Ianuarius and Februarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead.
The Holy See , also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome, which has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the worldwide Catholic Church and sovereignty over the city-state known as the Vatican City. As the supreme body of government of the Catholic Church, the Holy See enjoys the status of a sovereign juridical entity under international law.
According to Catholic tradition and historical records, it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul, and by virtue of the doctrines of Petrine and papal primacy, it is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world. The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the Pope is sovereign.
The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia , which is the central government of the Catholic Church. The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator. Papal elections are carried out by part of the College of Cardinals.
Although the Holy See is sometimes metonymically referred to as the "Vatican", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy. As such, papal nuncios, who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See and not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church. The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - sovereign country in Europe, commonly known as the United Kingdom , or Britain. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain--a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country--the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of four countries - England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, with Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales each having their own devolved government and national parliament.
The Battle of Brandywine, also known as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, was fought between the American Continental Army of General George Washington and the British Army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777, as part of the American Revolutionary War . The forces met near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. More troops fought at Brandywine than at any other battle of the American Revolution. It was also the second longest single-day battle of the war, after the Battle of Monmouth, with continuous fighting for 11 hours.
As Howe moved to take Philadelphia, then the American capital, the British forces routed the Continental Army and forced them to withdraw, first, to the City of Chester, Pennsylvania, and then northeast toward Philadelphia.
Howe's army departed from Sandy Hook, New Jersey, across New York Bay from the occupied town of New York City on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, on July 23, 1777, and landed near present-day Elkton, Maryland, at the point of the "Head of Elk" by the Elk River at the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay, at the southern mouth of the Susquehanna River. Marching north, the British Army brushed aside American light forces in a few skirmishes. General Washington offered battle with his army posted behind Brandywine Creek, off the Christina River. While part of his army demonstrated in front of Chadds Ford, Howe took the bulk of his troops on a long march that crossed the Brandywine far beyond Washington's right flank. Due to poor scouting, the Americans did not detect Howe's column until it reached a position in rear of their right flank. Belatedly, three divisions were shifted to block the British flanking force at Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and School, a Quaker meeting house.
After a stiff fight, Howe's wing broke through the newly formed American right wing, which was deployed on several hills. At this point Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen attacked Chadds Ford and crumpled the American left wing. As Washington's army streamed away in retreat, he brought up elements of General Nathanael Greene's division, which held off Howe's column long enough for his army to escape to the northeast. Polish General Casimir Pulaski defended Washington's rear, assisting in his escape. The defeat and subsequent maneuvers left Philadelphia vulnerable. The British captured it two weeks later on September 26, resulting in the city falling under British control for nine months, until June of 1778.
His Majesty's Government is the central executive authority of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The government is led by the prime minister who selects all the other ministers. The country has had a Conservative-led government since 2010, with successive prime ministers being the then-leader of the Conservative Party. The prime minister and their most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet.
Ministers of the Crown are responsible to the House in which they sit; they make statements in that House and take questions from members of that House. For most senior ministers this is usually the elected House of Commons rather than the House of Lords. The government is dependent on Parliament to make primary legislation, and general elections are held every five years to elect a new House of Commons, unless the prime minister advises the monarch to dissolve Parliament, in which case an election may be held sooner. After an election, the monarch selects as prime minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons, usually by possessing a majority of MPs.
Under the uncodified British constitution, executive authority lies with the sovereign, although this authority is exercised only after receiving the advice of the Privy Council. The prime minister, the House of Lords, the Leader of the Opposition, and the police and military high command serve as members and advisers of the monarch on the Privy Council. In most cases the cabinet exercise power directly as leaders of the government departments, though some Cabinet positions are sinecures to a greater or lesser degree .
The government is sometimes referred to by the metonym "Westminster" or "Whitehall", as many of its offices are situated there. These metonyms are used especially by members of the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive to differentiate their government from His Majesty's Government.
The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, was an action of the American Revolutionary War fought on August 27, 1776, at and near the western edge of Long Island in present-day Brooklyn. The British defeated the Continental Army and gained access to the strategically important Port of New York, which they held for the rest of the war. It was the first major battle to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia. It was the largest battle of the Revolutionary War in terms of both troop deployment and combat.
After defeating the British in the siege of Boston on March 17, Continental Army commander-in-chief George Washington relocated his army to defend the port city of New York, located at the southern end of Manhattan Island. Washington understood that the city's harbor would provide an excellent base for the Royal Navy, so he established defenses there and waited for the British to attack. In July, the British, under the command of General William Howe, landed a few miles across the harbor on the sparsely populated Staten Island, where they were reinforced by a fleet of ships in Lower New York Bay over the next month and a half, bringing their total force to 32,000 troops. Washington knew the difficulty in holding the city with the British fleet in control of the entrance to the harbor at the Narrows, and accordingly moved the bulk of his forces to Manhattan, believing that it would be the first target.
On August 21, the British landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County, across the Narrows from Staten Island and more than a dozen miles south of the established East River crossings to Manhattan. After five days of waiting, the British attacked the American defenses on the Guan Heights. Unknown to the Americans, however, Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after. The Americans panicked, resulting in twenty percent losses through casualties and capture, although a stand by 400 Maryland and Delaware troops prevented greater losses. The remainder of the army retreated to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights. The British dug in for a siege, but on the night of August 29-30, Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of supplies or a single life. The Continental Army was driven out of Manhattan entirely after several more defeats and was forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania.
In the first stage of the war, the British Army was trapped in the peninsular city of Boston and were forced to abandon it on March 17, sailing to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to await reinforcements. Washington then began to transfer regiments to New York City, which he believed the British would attack next because of the port's strategic importance. He had sent his second-in-command, Charles Lee, ahead to New York the previous February to establish the city's defenses. Washington left Boston on April 4, arrived in New York on April 13, and established headquarters at the former home of Archibald Kennedy on Broadway facing Bowling Green.
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sterling <p> described by source <o> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition (1885–1890) <s> pound sterling <p> replaces <o> Anglo-Saxon pound <s> pound sterling <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 </Graph> | <Text> :The Battle of Carillon, also known as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga, was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War . It was fought near Fort Carillon on the shore of Lake Champlain in the frontier area between the British colony of New York and the French colony of New France.
In the battle, which took place primarily on a rise about three-quarters of a mile from the fort itself, a French army of about 3,600 men under General Marquis de Montcalm and the Chevalier de Levis defeated a numerically superior force of British troops under General James Abercrombie, which frontally assaulted an entrenched French position without using field artillery, a lack that left the British and their allies vulnerable and allowed the French to win a complete victory. The battle was the bloodiest of the American theater of the war, with over 3,000 casualties suffered. French losses were about 400, while more than 2,000 were British.
American historian Lawrence Henry Gipson wrote of Abercrombie's campaign that "no military campaign was ever launched on American soil that involved a greater number of errors of judgment on the part of those in positions of responsibility". Many military historians have cited the Battle of Carillon as a classic example of tactical military incompetence. Abercrombie, confident of a quick victory, ignored several viable military options, such as flanking the French breastworks, waiting for his artillery, or laying siege to the fort. Instead, relying on a flawed report from a young military engineer, and ignoring some of that engineer's recommendations, he decided in favor of a direct frontal assault on the thoroughly entrenched French, without the benefit of artillery. Montcalm, while concerned about the weak military position of the fort, conducted the defense with spirit. However, due in part to a lack of time, he committed strategic errors in preparing the area's defenses that a competent attacker could have exploited, and he made tactical errors that made the attackers' job easier.
The fort, abandoned by its garrison, was captured by the British the following year, and it has been known as Fort Ticonderoga ever since. This battle gave the fort a reputation for impregnability that had an effect on future military operations in the area. There were several large-scale military movements through the area in both the French and Indian War, as well as the American Revolutionary War with the American Capture of Fort Ticonderoga and the British siege of the fort two years later, however this was the only major battle fought near the fort's location.
The Battle of Wandiwash was a battle in India between the French and the British in 1760. The battle was part of the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and British colonial empires, which itself was a part of the global Seven Years' War. It took place at Vandavasi in Tamil Nadu. Having made substantial gains in Bengal and Hyderabad, the British, after collecting a large amount of revenue, were fully equipped to face the French in Wandiwash, whom they defeated.
According to the 19th century book Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century by Author Eduard Cust, the French Army consisted of 300 European Cavalry, 2,250 European infantry, 1,300 sepoys , 3,000 Marathas and 16 pieces of artillery while the British deployed about 80 European Horses, 250 Native horses, 1,900 European Infantry, 2,100 sepoys and 26 pieces of artillery.
The French, commanded by the Comte de Lally, were burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, and therefore attempted to regain the fort of Vandavasi, now in Tamil Nadu. While attempting to do so, they were attacked by British forces commanded by Sir Eyre Coote, and in the ensuing battle, the French were decisively defeated.
The Battle of Wandiwash resulted in the British capture of Chetpattu , Tirunomalai , Tindivanam and Perumukkal. As a consequence of the engagement, the French in South India, under the command of general Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, were then restricted to Pondichery, where they surrendered on 22 January 1761. The collapse of the French position in India was one of the events that compelled France to sign the Treaty of Paris, reducing the French to little more than traders in India, and effectively ending further French imperial ambitions in that country. Britain, on the other hand, established its supremacy in India over other European powers after this battle.
Shelta is a language spoken by Minceiri , particularly in Ireland and the United Kingdom. It is widely known as the Cant, to its native speakers in Ireland as de Gammon or Tarri, and to the linguistic community as Shelta; other terms for it include the Seldru, and Shelta Thari, among others. The exact number of native speakers is hard to determine due to sociolinguistic issues but Ethnologue puts the number of speakers at 30,000 in the UK, 6,000 in Ireland, and 50,000 in the US. The figure for at least the UK is dated to 1990; it is not clear if the other figures are from the same source.
Linguistically Shelta is today seen as a mixed language that stems from a community of travelling people in Ireland that was originally predominantly Irish-speaking. The community later went through a period of widespread bilingualism that resulted in a language based heavily on Hiberno-English with heavy influences from Irish. As different varieties of Shelta display different degrees of anglicisation, it is hard to determine the extent of the Irish substratum. The Oxford Companion to the English Language puts it at 2,000-3,000 words.
The language is known by various names. People outside the Irish Traveller community often refer to it as Cant, the etymology of which is a matter of debate. Speakers of the language refer to it as Cant, Gammon or Tarri. Amongst linguists, the name Shelta is the most commonly used term.
The word Shelta appears in print for the first time in 1882 in the book The Gypsies by the "gypsiologist" Charles Leland, who claimed to have discovered it as the "fifth Celtic tongue". The word's etymology has long been a matter of debate. Modern Celticists believe that Irish siul "to walk" is at the root, either via a term such as siultoir 'a walker' or a form of the verbal noun siuladh , the traditional Irish term for Travellers). The Dictionary of Hiberno-English cites it as possibly a corruption of the word Celt. Since Shelta is a mixture of English and Irish grammar, the etymology is not straightforward. The language is made up mostly of Irish lexicon, being classified as a grammar-lexicon language with the grammar being English-based.
The United Kingdom is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. With a total area of approximately 248,532 square kilometres , the UK occupies the major part of the British Isles archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and many smaller surrounding islands. It is the world's 7th largest island country. The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49degN and 59degN , and longitudes 8degW to 2degE. The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in south-east London, is the defining point of the Prime Meridian.
The UK lies between the North Atlantic and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km of the north-west coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. It shares a 499 km international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel now links the UK with France.
The total area of the United Kingdom according to the Office for National Statistics is 248,532 square kilometres , comprising the island of Great Britain, the northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. This makes it the 7th largest island country in the world. England is the largest country of the United Kingdom, at 132,938 square kilometres accounting for just over half the total area of the UK. Scotland at 80,239 square kilometres , is second largest, accounting for about a third of the area of the UK. Wales and Northern Ireland are much smaller, covering 21,225 and 14,130 square kilometres respectively.
The British Antarctic Territory, which covers an area of 1,709,400 km2 is geographically the largest of the British Overseas Territories followed by the Falkland Islands which covers an area of 12,173 km2 . The remaining twelve overseas territories cover an area 5,997 km2 .
The domain was introduced with RFC 920 in October 1984 that set out the creation of ccTLD generally using country codes derived from the corresponding two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 list. However, the .uk domain had been created separately a few months before the compilation of this list. Consequently, .gb was never widely used. It is no longer possible to register under this domain.
.gb was used for a number of years, mainly by British government organisations and commercial e-mail services using X.400-based e-mail infrastructure. This simplified translating between DNS domains and X.400 addresses, which used "GB" as a country code.
As of 2021, dra.hmg.gb still exists, with at least three subdomains resolving through DNS : hermes.dra.hmg.gb, delos.dra.hmg.gb, and dfhnet.dra.hmg.gb. The domain was originally owned by the Defence Research Agency, which became the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency in 1995 and was split into QinetiQ and the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in 2001; the website became defunct some time thereafter.
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The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster in London. Parliament possesses legislative supremacy and thereby holds ultimate power over all other political bodies in the United Kingdom and the Overseas Territories. While Parliament is bicameral, it has three parts: the sovereign , the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. In theory, power is officially vested in the King-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the prime minister, and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to only delaying legislation; thus power is de facto vested in the House of Commons.
The House of Commons is the elected lower chamber of Parliament, with elections to 650 single-member constituencies held at least every five years under the first-past-the-post system. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the prime minister, are members of the House of Commons, or less commonly the House of Lords, and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature. Most Cabinet ministers are from the Commons, while junior ministers can be from either house.
The House of Lords is the upper chamber of Parliament, comprising two types of members. The most numerous are the Lords Temporal, consisting mainly of life peers appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister, plus up to 92 hereditary peers. The less numerous Lords Spiritual consist of up to 26 bishops of the Church of England. Before the establishment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in 2009, the House of Lords performed judicial functions through the law lords.
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is one of the oldest legislatures in the world and is characterised by the stability of its governing institutions and its capacity to absorb change. The Westminster system shaped the political systems of the nations once ruled by the British Empire, and thus has been called the "mother of parliaments".
.uk is the Internet country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. It was first registered in July 1985, seven months after the original generic top-level domains such as .com and the first country code after .us.
In October 1984, RFC 920 set out the creation of ccTLDs using country codes derived from the corresponding two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 list. "GB" is the UK's ISO 3166 country code. However, the UK academic network Name Registration Scheme, JANET NRS, had defined "UK" as the top-level domain a few months before the compilation of the ISO-derived list. Consequently, .uk was chosen and registered on 24 July 1985. .gb was reserved but never widely used and it is no longer possible to register domains under that ccTLD.
As with other ccTLDs in the early days it was originally delegated by Jon Postel to a "trusted person" to manage. Andrew McDowell at UCL was assigned .uk, the first country code delegation. In time, he passed it to Willie Black at the UK Education and Research Networking Association . Originally, domain requests were emailed, manually screened by and then forwarded to the UK Naming Committee before being processed by UKERNA. Membership of this committee was restricted to a group of high-end ISPs who were part of a formal peering arrangement.
The Naming Committee was organised as a mailing list to which all proposed names were circulated. The members would consider the proposals under a ruleset that insisted that all domain names should be very close if not identical to a registered business name of the registrant. Members of the Naming Committee could object to any name, and if at least a small number of objections were received, the name was refused.
The Australian National Maritime Museum is a federally operated maritime museum in Darling Harbour, Sydney. After considering the idea of establishing a maritime museum, the federal government announced that a national maritime museum would be constructed at Darling Harbour, tied into the New South Wales state government's redevelopment of the area for the Australian bicentenary in 1988. The museum building was designed by Philip Cox, and although an opening date of 1988 was initially set, construction delays, cost overruns, and disagreements between the state and federal governments over funding responsibility pushed the opening to 1991.
One of six museums directly operated by the federal government, the ANMM is the only one located outside of the Australian Capital Territory. The museum is structured around seven main galleries, focusing on the relationships between Indigenous Australians and the sea, the navigation of Australian waters, travel to Australia by sea and the naval defence of the nation. Four additional gallery spaces are used for temporary exhibits. Four museum ships - the HM Bark Endeavour Replica, the destroyer HMAS Vampire, the submarine HMAS Onslow and a replica of the Duyfken - are open to the public, while smaller historical vessels berthed outside can be viewed but not boarded.
Of the six museums operated directly by the federal government , the Australian National Maritime Museum is the only one located outside the Australian Capital Territory. The museum is administered by the Department of Communications and the Arts on behalf of the Australian Government.
In June 1985, the federal government announced the establishment of a national museum focusing on Australia's maritime history and the nation's ongoing involvement and dependence on the sea. Proposals for the creation of such a museum had been under consideration over the preceding years. After lobbying by New South Wales Premier Neville Wran, the decision was made to situate the new museum at Darling Harbour, and construct it as part of the area's redevelopment. The building of the ANMM was seen by both the federal and New South Wales State governments as an important feature of the redevelopment, as it would be a major drawcard, and help fuel the commercial success of the precinct.
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland, the United Kingdom and the British Isles. The summit is 1,345 metres above sea level and is the highest land in any direction for 739 kilometres . Ben Nevis stands at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Highland region of Lochaber, close to the town of Fort William.
The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 130,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which use the Mountain Track from Glen Nevis.
The 700-metre cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers. They are also the principal locations in Scotland for ice climbing.
The summit, which is the collapsed dome of an ancient volcano, features the ruins of an observatory which was continuously staffed between 1883 and 1904. The meteorological data collected during this period is still important for understanding Scottish mountain weather. C. T. R. Wilson was inspired to invent the cloud chamber after a period spent working at the observatory.
Nibheis may also have an origin with the words neamh meaning 'heaven' and bathais meaning 'the top of a man's head'. Thus, Beinn Nibheis could derive from beinn neamh-bhathais, "the mountain with its head in the clouds", or 'mountain of heaven'.
Sterling is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound is the main unit of sterling, and the word "pound" is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling.
Sterling is the world's oldest currency that is still in use and that has been in continuous use since its inception. In 2022, it was the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro, and the Japanese yen. Together with those three currencies and Renminbi, it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held reserve currency in global reserves.
The Bank of England is the central bank for sterling, issuing its own banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments guarantee convertibility at par. Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the British Empire.
"Sterling" is the name of the currency as a whole while "pound" and "penny" are the units of account. This is analogous to the distinction between "renminbi" and "yuan" when discussing the official currency of the People's Republic of China.
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of <o> battle <s> Battle of the Lys <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Arrondissement of Ypres <s> Battle of the Lys <p> location <o> Flanders <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> German Empire <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> French Third Republic <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> British Empire <s> Battle of the Lys <p> different from <o> Battle of the Lys <s> Battle of the Lys <p> location <o> Ypres <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Ferdinand von Quast <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Friedrich Sixt von Armin <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Ludwig von Falkenhausen <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer <s> Battle of the Lys <p> part of <o> Western Front of World War I <s> Battle of the Lys <p> part of <o> Spring Offensive <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> First Portuguese Republic <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Albert I of Belgium <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Arthur Currie <s> Battle of the Lys <p> participant <o> Manuel Gomes da Costa </Graph> | <Text> :Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin, featuring thousands of islands. It has a population of nearly 10.3 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras.
Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, theatre, and the Olympic Games. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states known as poleis that spanned the Mediterranean and Black seas. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the known ancient world from the eastern Mediterranean to northwestern India. The subsequent Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek culture and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, which was predominately Greek in culture and language. Modern Greek identity began taking shape with the emergence of the Greek Orthodox Church in the first century AD, which transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. Following the gradual decline and fragmentation of the Byzantine Empire, Greece came under Ottoman rule in the mid-15th century.
Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830 following a protracted war of independence. The Kingdom of Greece embarked on an ambitious nationalist project that vastly expanded its territory over the next century. Persistent social division, civil strife, and political instability were exacerbated by the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the Greco-Turkish War. A short-lived republic was established in 1924 but fell to a royalist dictatorship in 1936, which collapsed after Italy and German invaded during World War II. The subsequent military occupation gave way to civil war and military dictatorship. Greece nonetheless achieved record economic growth from 1950 through the 1970s, and democracy was restored in 1975, leading to the current parliamentary republic.
Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, the second largest in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join what is today European Union and has been part of the eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO, the OECD, the WTO, and the OSCE. Greece has a unique cultural heritage, large tourism industry, and prominent shipping sector. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the first stage of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which became known as Breed's Hill.
On June 13, 1775, the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city, which would give them control of Boston Harbor. In response, 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill. They constructed a strong redoubt on Breed's Hill overnight, as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula.
By daybreak of June 17, the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them. Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties but the redoubt was captured on their third assault, after the defenders ran out of ammunition. The colonists retreated over Bunker Hill, leaving the British in control of the Peninsula.
The battle was a tactical victory for the British, but it proved to be a sobering experience for them; they incurred many more casualties than the Americans had sustained, including many officers. The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle. Subsequently, the battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines. American casualties were much fewer, although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary, the final casualty of the battle.
The Battle of the Monongahela took place on July 9, 1755, at the beginning of the French and Indian War at Braddock's Field in present-day Braddock, Pennsylvania, 10 miles east of Pittsburgh. A British force under General Edward Braddock, moving to take Fort Duquesne, was defeated by a force of French and Canadian troops under Captain Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu with its American Indian allies.
The defeat marked the end of the Braddock Expedition, by which the British had hoped to capture Fort Duquesne and gain control of the strategic Ohio Country. Both Braddock and Beaujeu were killed in action during the battle. Braddock was mortally wounded in the fight and died during the retreat near present-day Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He specifically asked for George Washington, who accompanied him on the march, to oversee his burial. The remainder of the column retreated south-eastwards and the fort, and region, remained in French hands until its capture in 1758.
Braddock had been dispatched to North America in the new position of Commander-in-Chief, bringing with him two regiments of troops from Ireland. He added to this by recruiting local troops in British America, swelling his forces to roughly 2,200 by the time he set out from Fort Cumberland, Maryland on 29 May. He was accompanied by Virginia Colonel George Washington, who had led the previous year's expedition to the area.
Braddock's expedition was part of a four-pronged attack on the French in North America. Braddock's orders were to launch an attack into the Ohio Country, disputed by Britain and France. Control of the area was dominated by Fort Duquesne on the forks of the Ohio River. Once it was in his possession, he was to proceed on to Fort Niagara, establishing British control over Ohio Country.
"God Save the King" is the national anthem of the United Kingdom and the royal anthem of each of the British Crown Dependencies, one of two national anthems of New Zealand, and the royal anthem of most Commonwealth realms. The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in plainchant, but an attribution to the composer John Bull has sometimes been made.
In countries not part of the British Empire, the tune of "God Save the King" has provided the basis for various patriotic songs, though still generally connected with royal ceremony. The melody continues to be used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein, "Oben am jungen Rhein", and the royal anthem of Norway, "Kongesangen". The melody is used for the American patriotic song "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" . The melody was also used for the national anthem "Heil dir im Siegerkranz" of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 and of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, and as "The Prayer of Russians", the imperial anthem of Russia from 1816 to 1833. In Switzerland, it is known as "Rufst du, mein Vaterland".
Beyond its first verse, which is consistent, "God Save the King" has many historic and extant versions. Since its first publication, different verses have been added and taken away and, even today, different publications include various selections of verses in various orders. In general, only one verse is sung. Sometimes two verses are sung and, on certain occasions, three.
The entire composition is the musical salute for the monarch and royal consort, while other members of the royal family who are entitled to royal salute receive just the first six bars. The first six bars also form all or part of the viceregal salute in some Commonwealth realms other than the UK , as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories.
The economy of the United Kingdom is a highly developed social market economy. It is the sixth-largest national economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product , ninth-largest by purchasing power parity , and twenty-first by nominal GDP per capita, constituting 3.1% of nominal world GDP. The United Kingdom constitutes 2.3% of world GDP by purchasing power parity .
The United Kingdom has one of the most globalised economies and comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 2022, the United Kingdom was the fourth-largest exporter in the world and the fourth-largest importer. It also had the fourth-largest outward foreign direct investment, and the thirteenth-largest inward foreign direct investment. In 2022, the United Kingdom's trade with the European Union accounted for 42% of the country's exports and 48% of its imports.
The service sector dominates, contributing 82% of GDP; the financial services industry is particularly important, and London is the second-largest financial centre in the world. Edinburgh was ranked 17th in the world, and 6th in Europe for its financial services industry in 2021. The United Kingdom's technology sector is valued at US$1 trillion, third behind the United States and China. The aerospace industry in the United Kingdom is the second-largest national aerospace industry. Its pharmaceutical industry, the tenth-largest in the world, plays an important role in the economy. Of the world's 500 largest companies, 18 are headquartered in the UK. The economy is boosted by North Sea oil and gas production; its reserves were estimated at 2.5 billion barrels in 2021, although it has been a net importer of oil since 2005. There are significant regional variations in prosperity, with South East England and North East Scotland being the richest areas per capita. The size of London's economy makes it the wealthiest city by GDP per capita in Europe.
In the 18th century, Britain was the first nation to industrialise. During the 19th century, through its expansive colonial empire and technological superiority, Britain had a preeminent role in the global economy, accounting for 9.1% of the world's GDP in 1870. The Second Industrial Revolution was also taking place rapidly in the United States and the German Empire; this presented an increasing economic challenge for the UK, leading into the 20th century. The cost of fighting both the First and Second World Wars further weakened the UK's relative position. Despite a relative decline in its global dominance, in the 21st century the UK retains the ability to project significant power and influence around the world.
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to be the same as <o> Second Day of Christmas <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> applies to jurisdiction <o> United Kingdom <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> instance of <o> national coat of arms <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> instance of <o> royal coat of arms <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> unicorn <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> thistle <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> threefoil <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> St Edward's Crown <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> tressure flory <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> Royal Arms of England <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> harp <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> has part(s) <o> coat of arms of Ireland <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> coat of arms of Ireland <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> Royal coat of arms in Scotland <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> has part(s) <o> Dieu et mon droit <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> has part(s) <o> Royal coat of arms of Great Britain <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> topic's main category <o> Category:British coats of arms <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> lion <s> royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom <p> depicts <o> Tudor rose </Graph> | <Text> :The Battle of Omdurman was fought during the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan between a British-Egyptian expeditionary force commanded by British Commander-in-Chief major general Horatio Herbert Kitchener and a Sudanese army of the Mahdist State, led by Abdallahi ibn Muhammad , the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. The battle took place on 2 September 1898, at Kerreri, 11 kilometres north of Omdurman.
Following the establishment of the Mahdist State in Sudan, and the subsequent threat to the regional status quo and to British-occupied Egypt, the British government decided to send an expeditionary force with the task of overthrowing the Khalifa. The commander of the force, Sir Herbert Kitchener, was also seeking revenge for the death of General Gordon, who had been killed when a Mahdist army captured Khartoum thirteen years earlier. On the morning of 2 September, some 35,000-50,000 Sudanese tribesmen under Abdullah attacked the British lines in a disastrous series of charges; later that morning the 21st Lancers charged and defeated another force that appeared on the British right flank. Among those present was 23-year-old soldier and reporter Winston Churchill as well as a young Captain Douglas Haig.
The victory of the British-Egyptian force was a demonstration of the superiority of a highly disciplined army equipped with modern rifles, machine guns, and artillery over a force twice its size armed with older weapons, and marked the success of British efforts to reconquer Sudan. Following the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat a year later, the remaining Mahdist forces were defeated and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established.
On 13 September 1882, the British established their control over Egypt following the Battle of Tel el Kebir. In 1883 Muhammad Ahmad ibn as-Sayyid Abd Allah who called himself the Mahdi appeared in Sudan followed by thousands of Islamic warriors known to the Europeans as Dervishes and to the Mahdists as the Ansar. At El Obeid on 3 November 1883, an Egyptian force under General William Hicks, sent by the Egyptian government to put down the uprising, was defeated by the Mahdi's army during the Battle of Shaykan. Another force, this time sent by the British government, and led by Major General Charles Gordon proceeded to Khartoum where it was besieged by the Mahdists. On 26 January 1885, the Dervishes overcame Gordon's troops and massacred the entire garrison. After the Mahdi died in 1885, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad known as Khalifa 'Abdullahi' became the new ruler. The Mahdist state, the Mahdia, built on slavery and holy war, enforced a strict Islamic code imposing a reign of terror over the regions of Sudan.
The International Energy Agency is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organisation, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global energy sector. The 31 member countries and 13 association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.
The IEA was set up under the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis to respond to physical disruptions in global oil supplies, provide data and statistics about the global oil market and energy sector, promote energy savings and conservation, and establish international technical collaboration. Since its founding, the IEA has also coordinated use of the oil reserves that its members are required to hold.
In subsequent decades, the IEA's role expanded to cover the entire global energy system, encompassing traditional fuels such as gas, and coal as well as cleaner and fast-growing energy sources and technologies including renewable energy sources; solar photovoltaics, wind power, biofuels as well as nuclear power, and hydrogen, and the critical minerals needed for these technologies.
The core activity of the IEA is providing policy advice to its member states and Associated countries to support their energy security and advance their transition to clean energy. Recently, it has focused in particular on supporting global efforts to accelerate clean energy transition, mitigate climate change, reach net zero emissions, and prevent global temperatures from rising above 1.5 degC. All IEA member countries have signed the Paris Agreement which aims to limit warming to 1.5 degC, and two thirds of IEA member governments have made commitments to emission neutrality by 2050.
The International Development Association is a development finance institution which offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest developing countries. The IDA is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States. It was established in 1960 to complement the existing International Bank for Reconstruction and Development by lending to developing countries which suffer from the lowest gross national income, from troubled creditworthiness, or from the lowest per capita income. Together, the International Development Association and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development are collectively generally known as the World Bank, as they follow the same executive leadership and operate with the same staff.
The association shares the World Bank's mission of reducing poverty and aims to provide affordable development financing to countries whose credit risk is so prohibitive that they cannot afford to borrow commercially or from the Bank's other programs. The IDA's stated aim is to assist the poorest nations in growing more quickly, equitably, and sustainably to reduce poverty. The IDA is the single largest provider of funds to economic and human development projects in the world's poorest nations. From 2000 to 2010, it financed projects which recruited and trained 3 million teachers, immunized 310 million children, funded $792 million in loans to 120,000 small and medium enterprises, built or restored 118,000 kilometers of paved roads, built or restored 1,600 bridges, and expanded access to improved water to 113 million people and improved sanitation facilities to 5.8 million people. The IDA has issued a total US$238 billion in loans and grants since its launch in 1960. Thirty-six of the association's borrowing countries have graduated from their eligibility for its concessional lending. However, nine of these countries have relapsed and have not re-graduated.
During the 1940s and 1950s, low-income developing countries began to realize that they could no longer afford to borrow capital and needed more-favorable lending terms than offered by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . At the onset of his inaugural term in 1949, then-President of the United States Harry S. Truman assembled an advisory group to suggest ways to accomplish his Point Four Program, of which a significant component was an effort to strengthen developing countries, especially those nearest to the Eastern Bloc, to dissuade them from aligning with other communist states. The advisory group recommended an international mechanism that would function somewhere in between providing strictly-loaned and strictly-granted funds. The UN and United States government published reports expressing support for the creation of a multilateral, concessional lending program for the poorest developing countries. However, the United States was largely unresponsive and ultimately distracted by its involvement in the Korean War and unconvinced that development needed greater financial stimulation.
Developing countries grew increasingly frustrated with not being able to afford IBRD lending and perceived the Marshall Plan as a comparatively generous gift to European nations. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing countries began calling for the United Nations to create a development agency that would offer technical support and concessional financing, with a particular desire that the agency adhere to other UN bodies' convention of each country having one vote as opposed to a weighted vote. However, the United States ultimately opposed proposals of that nature. As the United States grew more concerned over the growth of the Cold War, it made a concession in 1954 at the behest of its Department of State by backing the conception of the International Finance Corporation . Despite the launch of the IFC in 1956, developing countries persisted in demanding the creation of a new concessional financing mechanism and the idea gained traction within the IBRD. Then-President of the IBRD Eugene R. Black, Sr. began circulating the notion of an International Development Association, as opposed to an idea of a concessional named the Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development governed by the United Nations. Paul Hoffman, the Marshall Plan's former Administrator, proposed the idea of a soft-loan facility within the World Bank, where the US would have a preponderant voice in the allocation of such loans. Democratic Senator Mike Monroney of Oklahoma supported this idea. As Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on International Finance, Monroney proposed a resolution recommending a study of the potential establishment of an International Development Association to be affiliated with the IBRD. Monroney's proposal was more preferred received within the United States than the SUNFED. The resolution passed the senate in 1958, and then-U.S. Treasury Secretary Robert B. Anderson encouraged other countries to conduct similar studies. In 1959, the World Bank's Board of Governors approved a U.S.-born resolution calling for the drafting of the articles of agreement. SUNFED later became the Special Fund and merged with the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance to form the United Nations Development Programme.
The population of the United Kingdom was estimated at over 67.0 million in 2020. It is the 21st most populated country in the world and has a population density of 270 people per square kilometre , with England having significantly greater density than Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Almost a third of the population lives in south east England, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city, London, whose population density is just over 5,200 per square kilometre .
The population of the UK has undergone demographic transition--that is, the transition from a pre-industrial population, with high birth and mortality rates and slow population growth, through a stage of falling mortality and faster rates of population growth, to a stage of low birth and mortality rates with, again, lower rates of growth. This growth through 'natural change' has been accompanied in the past two decades by growth through net immigration into the United Kingdom, which since 1999 has exceeded natural change.
The United Kingdom's high literacy rate is attributable to universal state education, introduced at the primary level in 1870 and at the secondary level in 1900. Parents are obliged to have their children educated from the ages of 5 to 16 years. In England, 16-17 year olds should remain in education, employment or training , until the age of 18.
The United Kingdom's population is predominantly White British , but due to migration from Commonwealth nations, Britain has become ethnically diverse. The second and third largest non-white racial groups are Asian British at 7% of the population, followed by Black British people at 3%.
data.gov.uk is a UK Government project to make available non-personal UK government data as open data. It was launched as closed beta in 30 September 2009; 14 years ago , and publicly launched in January 2010; 14 years ago . As of February 2015, it contained over 19,343 datasets, rising to over 40,000 in 2017, and more than 47,000 by 2023. data.gov.uk is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org.
The beta version of data.gov.uk has been online since the 30 September 2009; 14 years ago , and by January 2010 more than 2,400 developers had registered to test the site, provide feedback and start experimenting with the data. When the project was officially launched in January 2010, it contained 2,500 data sets, and developers had already built a site that showed the location of schools according to the rating assigned to them by education watchdog Ofsted.
data.gov.uk contains over 30,000 data sets from many UK Government departments. All data is non-personal, and provided in a format that allows it to be reused. data.gov.uk intends to increase the use of Linked Data standards, to allow people to provide data to data.gov.uk in a way that allows for flexible and easy reuse. As of April 2010, the following UK Government departments and agencies have provided data sets to data.gov.uk: BusinessLink, the Cabinet Office, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the Department for Children, Schools and Families, the Department for Communities and Local Government, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Department for International Development, the Department for Transport, the Department for Work and Pensions, the Department of Energy and Climate Change, the Department of Health, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Home Office, His Majesty's Treasury, Lichfield District Council, Runnymede Borough Council, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Justice, the Northern Ireland Office, the Ordnance Survey, and the Society of Information Technology Management.
When data.gov.uk was officially launched in January 2010, Ordnance Survey data was one of the key data sets that Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Prof Nigel Shadbolt wanted to see opened up as part of the project. Ordnance Survey data was included in data.gov.uk on 1 April 2010 and provides information on geographical locations. According to Shadbolt, it "will make a real difference to the way that people make sense of the information".
Denmark is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe. It is the metropolitan part of and the most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean. Metropolitan Denmark is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying south-west and south of Sweden, south of Norway, and north of Germany, with which it shares a short border, Denmark's only land border.
As of 2013, the Kingdom of Denmark, including the Faroe Islands and Greenland, had a total of 1,419 islands greater than 100 square metres in area; 443 of these have been named and 78 are inhabited. Spanning a total area of 42,943 km2 , metropolitan Denmark consists of the northern part of the Jutland peninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands. Of these, the most populated island is Zealand, on which the capital and largest city, Copenhagen, is situated, followed by Funen, the North Jutlandic Island, and Amager. Denmark has flat, arable land, sandy coasts, low elevations, and a temperate climate. It had a population of 5,964,059 , of whom 800,000 live in Copenhagen . Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs. Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948 and in Greenland in 1979; the latter obtained further autonomy in 2009.
The unified Kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century AD as a proficient maritime power amid the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea. In 1397, it joined Norway and Sweden to form the Kalmar Union, which persisted until the latter's secession in 1523. The remaining Kingdom of Denmark-Norway endured a series of wars in the 17th century that resulted in further territorial cessions. A surge of nationalist movements in the 19th century were defeated in the First Schleswig War of 1848. The adoption of the Constitution of Denmark on 5 June 1849 ended the absolute monarchy and introduced the current parliamentary system. An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century, which formed the basis for the present welfare state model and advanced mixed economy. Denmark remained neutral during World War I; Danish neutrality was violated in World War II by a swift German invasion in April 1940. During occupation, a resistance movement emerged in 1943, while Iceland declared independence in 1944; Denmark was liberated after the end of the war in May 1945. In 1973, Denmark, together with Greenland but not the Faroe Islands, became a member of what is now the European Union, but negotiated certain opt-outs, such as retaining its own currency, the krone.
Denmark is a developed country with a high standard of living. It is a founding member of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, the OSCE, and the United Nations, and is part of the Schengen Area. Denmark maintains close political, cultural, and linguistic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours, with the Danish language being partially mutually intelligible with both Norwegian and Swedish.
This template should not be used directly. It is used indirectly by flag templates such as Template:Flag and Template:Flagicon. See Category:Flag template system for a full list of flag templates and Wikipedia:WikiProject Flag Template for further documentation.Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated after Christmas Day, occurring on the second day of Christmastide . Boxing Day was once a day to donate gifts to those in need, but it has evolved to become a part of Christmas festivities, with many people choosing to shop for deals on Boxing Day. It originated in the United Kingdom and is celebrated in several Commonwealth nations. The attached bank holiday or public holiday may take place on 28 December if necessary to ensure it falls on a weekday. Boxing Day is also concurrent with the Christian festival Saint Stephen's Day.
In parts of Europe, such as several regions of Spain, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Norway, and the Republic of Ireland, 26 December is Saint Stephen's Day, which is considered the second day of Christmas.
The European tradition of giving money and other gifts to those in need, or in service positions, has been dated to the Middle Ages, but the exact origin is unknown; it may reference the alms box placed in the narthex of Christian churches to collect donations for the poor. The tradition may come from a custom in the late Roman and early Christian era, wherein alms boxes placed in churches were used to collect special offerings tied to the Feast of Saint Stephen, which, in the Western Christian Churches, falls on the same day as Boxing Day, the second day of Christmastide. On this day, it is customary in some localities for the alms boxes to be opened and distributed to the poor.
The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest attestation from Britain in 1743, defining it as "the day after Christmas day", and saying "traditionally on this day tradespeople, employees, etc., would receive presents or gratuities from their customers or employers."
The coat of arms of the United Kingdom are the arms of dominion of the British monarch. They are both the personal arms of the monarch, currently King Charles III, and the arms of the state. In addition to the monarch, the arms are used by state institutions including the Government of the United Kingdom, the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the British judiciary. Differenced versions of the arms are used by members of the British royal family. The monarch's official flag, the Royal Standard, is the coat of arms in flag form.
There are two versions of the coat of arms. One is used in Scotland, and includes elements derived from the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Scotland, and the other is used elsewhere and includes elements derived from the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England. The shields of both versions of the arms quarter the arms of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, which united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, and the Kingdom of Ireland, which united with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom in 1801. The Irish quarter now represents Northern Ireland, after the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.
The present arms do not include a representation of the United Kingdom's fourth constituent country, Wales, primarily because the country was conquered by England by 1283 and later formed an integral part of the Kingdom of England. Wales is instead represented heraldically by two royal badges, which use the Welsh dragon and the coat of arms of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth respectively.
At the centre of the arms is a quartered shield, depicting the three passant guardant lions of England in the first and fourth quarters, the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland in the second quarter, and a harp for Ireland in the third quarter. Surrounding the shield is the Order of the Garter, the United Kingdom's most senior order of knighthood. The supporters are a crowned English lion on the dexter , and a chained Scottish unicorn on the sinister . Above the shield is a gold helmet, which has mantling of gold and ermine attached to it. On top of this is the crest, a crown with a crowned lion standing on it. Below the shield is a grassy mound, a type of compartment, on which are thistles, Tudor roses and shamrocks, representing Scotland, England and Ireland respectively. In front of this is the motto Dieu et mon droit, a French phrase meaning 'God and my right'.
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Lithuania <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Visa Waiver Program <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Eurocontrol <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Lithuania <p> patron saint <o> Saint Casimir <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Lithuania <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belarusian People's Republic <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Strategic Airlift Capability <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Nuclear Suppliers Group <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Treaty on Open Skies <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> Baltic Assembly <s> Lithuania <p> member of <o> 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country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic Turks, while ethnic Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Officially a secular state, Turkey has a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city; Istanbul is its largest city, and its economic and financial center, as well as the largest city in Europe. Other major cities include Izmir, Bursa, Antalya, Konya and Adana.
Human habitation began in Late Paleolithic. Home to important Neolithic sites like Gobekli Tepe and some of the earliest farming areas, present-day Turkey was inhabited by various ancient peoples. Hattians were assimilated by the incoming Anatolian peoples. Increasing diversity during Classical Anatolia transitioned into cultural Hellenization following the conquests of Alexander the Great; Hellenization continued during the Roman and Byzantine eras. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the Turkification process. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into Turkish principalities. Beginning in 1299, the Ottomans united the principalities and expanded; Mehmed II conquered Istanbul in 1453. During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power.
From the late 18th century onwards, the empire's power and territory declined; reforms were also made. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction and in the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale loss of life and mass migration into modern-day Turkey from the Balkans, Caucasus, and Crimea. Second Constitutional Era ended with the 1913 coup d'etat. Under the control of Three Pashas, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I in 1914. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Greek and Assyrian subjects. After its defeat, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned. The Turkish War of Independence resulted in the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. The Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled on the reforms initiated by the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
Turkey is an upper-middle-income and emerging country; its economy is 17th or 11th-largest in the world. It is a unitary presidential republic with a multi-party system. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD, G20, and Organization of Turkic States. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is a regional power and an early member of NATO. An EU-candidate, Turkey is part of the EU Customs Union, CoE, OIC, and TURKSOY. Turkey has coastal plains, a high central plateau, and various mountain ranges; its climate is temperate with harsher conditions in the interior. Home to three biodiversity hotspots, Turkey is prone to frequent earthquakes and is highly vulnerable to climate change. Turkey has universal healthcare, growing access to education, and increasing innovativeness. It has 21 UNESCO World Heritage sites, 30 UNESCO cultural practices, and a rich and diverse cuisine. Turkey is a leading TV-content exporter and is the fourth most visited country in the world.
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework.
Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain and Bhutan, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Lesotho, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less, if any, personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. On the surface level, this distinction may be hard to establish, with numerous liberal democracies restraining monarchic power in practice rather than written law, e.g., the constitution of the United Kingdom, which affords the monarch substantial, if limited, legislative and executive powers.
Constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution, whether codified or uncodified. While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets public policy or chooses political leaders. Political scientist Vernon Bogdanor, paraphrasing Thomas Macaulay, has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".
In addition to acting as a visible symbol of national unity, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as dissolving parliament or giving royal assent to legislation. However, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. In The English Constitution, British political theorist Walter Bagehot identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain reserve powers, and may also play an important political role.
An island country, island state, or island nation is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. Approximately 25% of all independent countries are island countries. Island countries are historically more stable than many continental states but are vulnerable to conquest by naval superpowers. Indonesia is the largest and most populated island country in the world.
There are great variations between island country economies: they may rely mainly on extractive industries, such as mining, fishing and agriculture, and/or on services such as transit hubs, tourism, and financial services. Many islands have low-lying geographies and their economies and population centers develop along coast plains and ports; such states may be vulnerable to the effects of climate change, especially sea level rise.
Historically, island countries have tended to be less prone to political instability than their continental counterparts. The percentage of island countries that are democratic is higher than that of continental countries.
While island countries by definition are sovereign states, there are also several islands and archipelagos around the world that operate semi-autonomously from their official sovereign states. These are often known as dependencies or overseas territories and can be similar in nature to proper island countries.
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,354 square miles , with an estimated population of just over 67 million people in 2021.
The United Kingdom has evolved from a series of annexations, unions and separations of constituent countries over several hundred years. The Treaty of Union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707 resulted in their unification to become the Kingdom of Great Britain. Its union in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which formally adopted its name in 1927. The nearby Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey are not part of the UK, being Crown Dependencies, but the British government is responsible for their defence and international representation.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. The British Empire, at its height in the 1920s, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history; however, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and the UK's culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language.
The UK has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product , and the ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. It is a recognised nuclear state and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, the G7, the OECD, NATO, the Five Eyes, AUKUS and the CPTPP.
His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its members, known as privy counsellors, are mainly senior politicians who are current or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords.
The Privy Council formally advises the sovereign on the exercise of the royal prerogative. The King-in-Council issues executive instruments known as Orders in Council. The Privy Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. It advises the sovereign on the issuing of royal charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, and city or borough status to local authorities. Otherwise, the Privy Council's powers have now been largely replaced by its executive committee, the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.
Certain judicial functions are also performed by the King-in-Council, although in practice its actual work of hearing and deciding upon cases is carried out day-to-day by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Judicial Committee consists of senior judges appointed as privy counsellors: predominantly justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and senior judges from the Commonwealth. The Privy Council formerly acted as the final court of appeal for the entire British Empire . It continues to hear judicial appeals from some other independent Commonwealth countries, as well as Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories.
The Privy Council of the United Kingdom, created on 1 January 1801, was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the Privy Council of England, and the Privy Council of Great Britain . Its continued existence has been described as "more or less a constitutional and historical accident". The key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below:
Charles was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and became heir apparent when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, acceded to the throne in 1952. He was created Prince of Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at Cheam School and Gordonstoun, and later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After completing a history degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer. They had two sons, William and Harry. Charles and Diana divorced in 1996, after they had each engaged in well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash the following year. In 2005, Charles married his long-term partner, Camilla Parker Bowles.
As heir apparent, Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of his mother. He founded the Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsored the Prince's Charities, and became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations. He advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of architecture in society. In that vein, he generated the experimental new town of Poundbury. An environmentalist, Charles supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him awards and recognition as well as criticism; he is also a prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food, while his support for alternative medicine has been criticised. He has authored or co-authored 17 books.
Charles became king upon his mother's death on 8 September 2022. At the age of 73, he became the oldest person to accede to the British throne, after having been the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales in British history. His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 6 May 2023.
Charles was born at 21:14 on 14 November 1948, during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, as the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh , and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was delivered by Caesarean section at Buckingham Palace. His parents had three more children, Anne , Andrew and Edward . On 15 December 1948, at four weeks old, he was christened Charles Philip Arthur George in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher.
The design of the Union Jack dates back to the Act of Union 1801, which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The flag consists of the red cross of Saint George , edged in white, superimposed on the saltire of Saint Patrick , also edged in white, which are superimposed on the saltire of Saint Andrew . Wales is not represented in the Union Flag by Wales's patron saint, Saint David, because the flag was designed whilst Wales was part of the Kingdom of England.
The earlier flag of Great Britain was established in 1606 by a proclamation of King James VI and I of Scotland and England. The new flag of the United Kingdom was officially created by an Order in Council of 1801, with its blazon reading as follows:
The Union Flag shall be azure, the Crosses saltire of Saint Andrew and Saint Patrick quarterly per saltire, counter-changed, argent and gules, the latter fimbriated of the second, surmounted by the Cross of Saint George of the third fimbriated as the saltire.
The Union Flag can be flown by any individual or organisation in Great Britain on any day of their choice. Legal regulations restrict the use of the Union Flag on government buildings in Northern Ireland. Long-standing restrictions on UK government use of the flag elsewhere were abolished in July 2007.
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania , is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest, with a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 , with a population of 2.86 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas, Klaipeda, Siauliai and Panevezys. Lithuanians belong to the ethnolinguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages, and the most widely spoken.
For millennia, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united for the first time by Mindaugas, who formed the Kingdom of Lithuania on 6 July 1253. Subsequent expansion and consolidation resulted in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which by the 14th century was the largest country in Europe. In 1386, the Grand Duchy entered into a de facto personal union with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The two realms were united into the bi-confederal Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, forming one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries gradually dismantled it between 1772 and 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory. Towards the end of World War I, Lithuania declared Independence in 1918, founding the modern Republic of Lithuania. In World War II, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany, before being reoccupied by the Soviets in 1944. Lithuanian armed resistance to the Soviet occupation lasted until the early 1950s. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to break away when it proclaimed the restoration of its independence.
Lithuania is a developed country with a high income, advanced economy, ranking 35th in the Human Development Index. Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the eurozone, the Nordic Investment Bank, the Schengen Agreement, NATO, and OECD. It also participates in the Nordic-Baltic Eight regional co-operation format.
The first known record of the name of Lithuania is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle. The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva: Litua . Due to lack of reliable evidence, the true meaning of the name is unknown. Scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions.
During the early hours of 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died from injuries sustained earlier that night in a fatal car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris, France. Diana's partner, Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the Mercedes-Benz W140, Henri Paul, were found dead inside the car. Dodi's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, was seriously injured and was the only survivor of the crash.
In 1999, a French investigation found that Paul lost control of the vehicle at high speed while intoxicated by alcohol and under the effects of prescription drugs, and concluded that he was solely responsible for the crash. He was the deputy head of security at the Hotel Ritz Paris and had earlier goaded paparazzi waiting for Diana and Fayed outside the hotel. Anti-depressants and traces of an anti-psychotic in his blood might have worsened Paul's inebriation. In 2008, a jury at the British inquest, Operation Paget, returned a verdict of unlawful killing through grossly negligent driving by Paul and the following paparazzi vehicles. Some media reports claimed that Rees-Jones survived because he was wearing a seat belt, but other investigations revealed that none of the occupants of the car were wearing them.
Diana was 36 years old when she died. Her death sparked an outpouring of public grief in the United Kingdom and the world, and her televised funeral was watched by an estimated 2.5 billion people. The royal family were criticised in the press for their reaction to Diana's death. Public interest in Diana has remained high and she continues to retain regular press coverage in the decades since her death.
On Saturday, 30 August 1997, Princess Diana left the Olbia Airport, Sardinia, on a private jet and arrived at Le Bourget Airport in Paris with Egyptian film producer Dodi Fayed, son of businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed. They had stopped there en route to London, having spent the preceding nine days together on board Mohamed's yacht Jonikal on the French and Italian Riviera. They had intended to stay there for the night. Mohamed was the owner of the Hotel Ritz Paris and resided in an apartment on Rue Arsene Houssaye, a short distance from the hotel, just off the Avenue des Champs Elysees.
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Venezuela <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Paraguay <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ecuador <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Colombia <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bolivia <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guatemala <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Dominican Republic <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> El Salvador <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iran <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Costa Rica <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Panama <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lebanon <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Uruguay <p> public holiday <o> Carnival <s> Uruguay <p> public holiday <o> Christmas <s> Uruguay <p> public holiday <o> International Workers' Day <s> Uruguay <p> public holiday <o> Epiphany <s> Uruguay <p> diplomatic relation <o> Holy See <s> Uruguay <p> public holiday <o> New Year's Day <s> 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official language <o> languages of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belarus <s> People's Republic of China <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Heilongjiang <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> People's Republic of China <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Xinjiang <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Switzerland <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Afghanistan <s> People's Republic of China <p> instance of <o> secular state <s> People's Republic of China <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Hebei <s> People's Republic of China <p> instance of <o> socialist state <s> People's Republic of China <p> instance of <o> communist state <s> People's Republic of China <p> legislative body <o> National People's Congress <s> People's Republic of China <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> People's Republic of China <p> founded by <o> 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relation <o> Cyprus <s> People's Republic of China <p> basic form of government <o> constitutional republic <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bouyei <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lahu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> E <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kam <s> People's Republic of China <p> different from <o> Republic of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> highest judicial authority <o> Supreme People's Procuratorate <s> People's Republic of China <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .中国 <s> People's Republic of China <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .公司 <s> People's Republic of China <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 1-15 <s> People's Republic of China <p> emergency phone number <o> 110 <s> People's Republic of China <p> ethnic group <o> Korean Chinese <s> People's Republic of China <p> ethnic group <o> Mongols in China <s> People's Republic of China <p> ethnic group <o> Lisu people <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Amdo Tibetan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Jin Chinese <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lisu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hani <s> People's Republic of China <p> ethnic group <o> Kazakhs in China <s> People's Republic of China <p> emergency phone number <o> 120 <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Comoros <s> People's Republic of China <p> basic form of government <o> communist dictatorship <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Western Yugur <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Nuosu <s> People's Republic of China <p> member of <o> Nuclear Suppliers Group <s> People's Republic of China <p> member of <o> Caribbean Development Bank <s> People's Republic of China <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Urumqi <s> People's Republic of China <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Shanghai <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tai Nüa <s> People's Republic of China <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> People's Republic of China <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Burundi <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Democratic Republic of the Congo <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Montenegro <s> People's Republic of China <p> has characteristic <o> not-free country <s> People's Republic of China <p> follows <o> Republic of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Djibouti <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Min Zhong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tai Dam <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Nusu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Adi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Idu Mishmi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bu-Nao <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Equatorial Guinea <s> People's Republic of China <p> ethnic group <o> Yi people <s> People's Republic of China <p> ethnic group <o> Hani people <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tawang Monpa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tshangla <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Sherpa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tai Lü <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kazakhstan <s> People's Republic of China <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .中國 <s> People's Republic of China <p> archives at <o> Hong Kong Baptist University Library Special Collections & Archives <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hm Nai <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lolopo <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malta <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Eritrea <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Horpa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Mang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Baima <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Katso <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lipo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Pela <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Zakhring <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Piyo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Groma <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Huizhou Chinese <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Qiang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Qiang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Achang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Pu-Xian Min <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Standard Mandarin <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cameroon <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Waxiang Chinese <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Muya <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> She <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Cun <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Pa-Hng <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Iu Mien <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Gabon <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Mak <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kangjia <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Man Met <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Qiandong Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hmong Njua <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hmong Daw <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Jiamao <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vatican City <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Namuyi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Akha <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Zaiwa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Honi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Khams Tibetan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Sani <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kim Mun <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Oroqen <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Wutun <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Chinese Sign Language <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> A-Hmao <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Republic of the Congo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> U <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hlai <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Chadong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kaduo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Gyalrong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tinani <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ivory Coast <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Azha <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tai Ya <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Zauzou <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Then <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Akeu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Biao Min <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Aluo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tai Hongjin <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Axi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Yerong <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guinea-Bissau <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Paha <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Choni <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bit <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Awa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Ai-Cham <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lakkja <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Langnian Buyang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Cao Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Sangkong <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> San Marino <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Monaco <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cuba <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Barbados <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belize <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Dzao Min <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Sui <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bugan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Maonan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Mulam <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Red Gelao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lavrung <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Guiqiong <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lesotho <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Algeria <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Muda <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Muzi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Moji <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Naluo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Min Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Yue Chinese <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guinea <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> the Gambia <s> People's Republic of China <p> permanent duplicated item <o> People's Republic of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bahrain <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Ong Be <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Samei <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Sonaga <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Phola <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Pholo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Sanie <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Samatao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Nong Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Small Flowery Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Phupha <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tai Dón <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tholo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Mulao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Yongbei Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> White Gelao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Ache Yi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Thopho <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Yang Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Youjiang Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hmongic <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Zokhuo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Yongnan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Biao Mon <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kathu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kuan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lama Bai <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lang'e <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lamu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Micha <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lachi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Gepo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hlersu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kua-nsi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lawu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Khlula <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kon Keu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lashi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kuamasi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Pa Di <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bolyu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Pumi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Choyo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Parauk <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Qabiao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Pumi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Western Xiangxi Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Mongolian <s> People's Republic of China <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of the People's Republic of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Africa <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Liberia <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Blang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Dai Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Enu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Wa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Biao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bumang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Azhe <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Central Tibetan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Muji <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Muji <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Labo Phowa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Liuqian Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southwestern Nisu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hlepho Phowa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Central Hongshuihe Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Nisu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bokha <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Qila Muji <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Phuza <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Phupa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Horned Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Phuma <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lianshan Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Ersu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lopi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Panyi Bai <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kyirong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Awu Yi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Central Bai <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Gejia <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Youle Jinuo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Alugu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Tseku <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Tujia <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Bai <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Lolopo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Buyuan Jinuo <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Armenia <s> People's Republic of China <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject Zika Corpus <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uzbekistan <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Chile <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Morocco <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Zuojiang Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> A'ou <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Dong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Guibei Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Rumai Palaung <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lahu Shi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> E'ma Buyang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Hmong Shua <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Qau <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lhomi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Lavu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Luopohe Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Guibian Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Liujiang Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Serbia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uganda <s> People's Republic of China <p> economy of topic <o> economy of the People's Republic of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Libya <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Namibia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Peru <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Nisi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Dongshanba Lalo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Mashan Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Western Mashan Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Mili <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Limi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Wusa Nasu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Guiyang Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Qiandong Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Mashan Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southwestern Huishui Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Eastern Lalu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Eastern Huishui Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Tujia <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Central Huishui Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southern Guiyang Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Western Lalu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Xishanba Lalo <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Central Mashan Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Singapore <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Argentina <s> People's Republic of China <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> railway traffic side <o> left <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malawi <s> People's Republic of China <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Chad <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Madagascar <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> São Tomé and Príncipe <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Senegal <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mozambique <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Rwanda <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cambodia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mauritania <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Niger <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> East Timor <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Seychelles <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Samoa <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sierra Leone <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tonga <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> New Zealand <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sudan <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Southwestern Guiyang Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Chesu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Narua <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Eastern Xiangxi Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Laomian <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Ayizi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northwestern Nisu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Alo Phola <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Ani Phowa <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Nisu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Stodse <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Wuding-Luquan Yi <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Kemiehua <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Qiubei Zhuang <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Phala <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Northern Huishui Hmong <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Bargu-Shineken Buriyad <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Eastern Nisu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Wumeng Nasu <s> People's Republic of China <p> language used <o> Eastern Qiandong Miao <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Somalia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Solomon Islands <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cook Islands <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cape Verde <s> People's Republic of China <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Liechtenstein <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kosovo <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Papua New Guinea <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vanuatu <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Niue <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mauritius <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> International Women's Day <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> International Workers' Day <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nauru <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Federated States of Micronesia <s> People's Republic of China <p> located in/on physical feature <o> China <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> Chinese New Year <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> National Day of the People's Republic of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> Qingming Festival <s> People's Republic of China <p> location of formation <o> Tiananmen <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Marshall Islands <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> New Year's Day <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> State of Palestine <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kiribati <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mongolia <s> People's Republic of China <p> topic's main category <o> Category:China <s> People's Republic of China <p> topic's main category <o> Category:People's Republic of China <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> Children's Day <s> People's Republic of China <p> public holiday <o> Youth Day <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Fiji <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Venezuela <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Suriname <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guyana <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ecuador <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Colombia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bolivia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Trinidad and Tobago <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saint Lucia <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Jamaica <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Grenada <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Antigua and Barbuda <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> The Bahamas <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Dominica <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Dominican Republic <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> El Salvador <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iran <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Costa Rica <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Panama <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Yemen <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Jordan <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nicaragua <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kyrgyzstan <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kuwait <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lebanon <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Laos <s> People's Republic of China <p> diplomatic relation <o> Maldives <s> Rishi Sunak <p> country of citizenship <o> United Kingdom <s> Rishi Sunak <p> instance of <o> human <s> Rishi Sunak <p> writing language <o> English <s> Rishi Sunak <p> work location <o> London <s> Rishi Sunak <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Hindi <s> Rishi Sunak <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> English <s> Rishi Sunak <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Punjabi <s> Rishi Sunak <p> native language <o> English <s> Rishi Sunak <p> member of political party <o> Conservative Party <s> Rishi Sunak <p> given name <o> Rishi <s> Rishi Sunak <p> educated at <o> Stanford University <s> Rishi Sunak <p> candidacy in election <o> 2015 United Kingdom general election <s> Rishi Sunak <p> honorific prefix <o> The Right Honourable <s> Rishi Sunak <p> relative <o> Sudha Murthy <s> Rishi Sunak <p> relative <o> N. R. 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<s> Romania <p> significant event <o> Union of Transylvania with Romania </Graph> | <Text> :Uruguay , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay , is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Rio de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic ocean to the southeast. It is part of the Southern Cone region of South America. Uruguay covers an area of approximately 181,034 square kilometres and has a population of around 3.4 million, of whom nearly 2 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo.
The area that became Uruguay was first inhabited by groups of hunter-gatherers 13,000 years ago. The predominant tribe at the moment of the arrival of Europeans was the Charrua people. There are also other tribes, such as the Guarani, and the Chana used to inhabit Uruguay when the Portuguese first established Colonia do Sacramento in 1680. Uruguay was colonized by Europeans later relative to neighboring countries. The Spanish founded Montevideo as a military stronghold in the early 18th century because of the competing claims over the region. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain, and later Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century, with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics. A series of economic crises and the political repression against left-wing guerrilla activity in the late 1960s and early 1970s put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the late 19th century, culminating in the 1973 coup d'etat, which established a civic-military dictatorship. The military government persecuted leftists, socialists, and political opponents, resulting in deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985. Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government.
Uruguay is ranked first in the Americas for democracy, and first in South America in peace, low perception of corruption, and e-government. It is the lowest-ranking South American nation in the Global Terrorism Index, and ranks second in South America on economic freedom, income equality, per capita income, and inflows of FDI. Uruguay is ranked third on the continent in terms of Human Development Index, GDP growth, innovation, and infrastructure. Uruguay is regarded as one of the most socially progressive countries in Latin America. It ranks high on global measures of personal rights, tolerance, democracy , and inclusion issues, including its acceptance of the LGBT community. The country has fully legalized cannabis as well as same-sex marriage, prostitution, and abortion. It is a founding member of the United Nations, OAS, and Mercosur.
The country name of Uruguay derives from the namesake Rio Uruguay, from the Indigenous Guarani language. There are several interpretations, including "bird-river" . The name could also refer to a river snail called urugua that was plentiful across its shores.
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is a country in East Asia. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the world's second-most-populous country. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land. With an area of nearly 9.6 million square kilometers , it is the third-largest country by total land area. The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions, inclusive of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the national capital, while Shanghai is the most populous city and largest financial center.
The region has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. Early Chinese dynasties, such as the Xia, Shang and the Zhou, emerged in the basin of the Yellow River before the late second millennium BCE. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw a breakdown in Zhou authority and significant conflict, as well as the emergence of literature, philosophy, and historiography. In 221 BCE, China was unified under an emperor for the first time. Appointed non-hereditary officials began ruling counties instead of the aristocracy, ushering in more than two millennia of imperial dynasties including the Qin, Han, Tang, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. With the invention of gunpowder and paper, the establishment of the Silk Road, and the building of the Great Wall, Chinese culture--including languages, traditions, architecture, philosophy and technology--flourished and has heavily influenced East Asia and beyond.
In 1912, after decades of struggle, the monarchy was overthrown and the Republic of China was established. Despite victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Asian Pacific theater of World War II, numerous atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre left lasting effects on the country. The Soviet-backed Chinese Communist Party fought the US-backed Kuomintang government on-and-off since 1927. In 1949 the CCP established control over most of the territory of the republic. As the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan, the country is split with both sides claiming to be the sole legitimate government. After the land reform, later attempts to realize communism failed miserably: the Great Leap Forward led to massive famine, while the Cultural Revolution caused a chaotic period of persecution and zealous populism. Following the Sino-Soviet split, the Shanghai Communique in 1972 marked the beginning of normalization of China-American relationship. Economic reforms that begin in 1978 moved the country away from planned economy toward an increasingly open market economy, while political reforms stalled after the June Fourth Incident in 1989.
China is a unitary one-party socialist republic led by the CCP. It is a founding member of the United Nations and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. It is a founding member of several multilateral and regional organizations such as the AIIB, the Silk Road Fund, the New Development Bank, and the RCEP. It is a member of the BRICS, the G20, APEC, the SCO, and the East Asia Summit. Making up around one-fifth of the world economy, the Chinese economy is the world's largest economy by GDP at purchasing power parity, the second-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the second-wealthiest country, albeit ranking poorly in measures of democracy and human rights. The country has been one of the fastest-growing major economies and is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter, as well as the second-largest importer. China is a nuclear-weapon state with the world's largest standing army by military personnel and the second-largest defense budget. It is a great power and a regional power.
Rishi Sunak is a British politician who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2022. The first British Asian prime minister, he previously held two cabinet positions under Boris Johnson, latterly as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2020 to 2022. Sunak has been Member of Parliament for Richmond since 2015.
Sunak was born in Southampton to parents of Indian descent who immigrated to Britain from East Africa in the 1960s. He was educated at Winchester College, studied philosophy, politics and economics at Lincoln College, Oxford, and earned an MBA from Stanford University in California as a Fulbright Scholar. During his time at Oxford University, Sunak undertook an internship at Conservative Central Office, and joined the Conservative Party. After graduating, Sunak worked for Goldman Sachs and later as a partner at the hedge fund firms the Children's Investment Fund Management and Theleme Partners.
Sunak was elected to the House of Commons for Richmond in North Yorkshire at the 2015 general election. As a backbencher, Sunak supported the successful campaign for Brexit in the 2016 European Union membership referendum. Following the 2017 general election, Sunak was appointed to a junior ministerial position in Theresa May's second government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government in the 2018 cabinet reshuffle. He voted three times in favour of May's Brexit withdrawal agreement, which was rejected by Parliament three times, leading to May announcing her resignation. During the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election, Sunak supported Johnson's successful bid to succeed May as Conservative leader and prime minister, after which Johnson appointed Sunak as chief secretary to the Treasury in July 2019.
Following the 2019 general election, Johnson promoted Sunak to Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 2020 cabinet reshuffle after the resignation of Sajid Javid. During his time in the position, Sunak was prominent in the government's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact, including the Coronavirus Job Retention and Eat Out to Help Out schemes. He was also involved in the government's response to the cost of living crisis, UK energy supply crisis, and global energy crisis. Sunak resigned as chancellor in July 2022 amid a government crisis that culminated in Johnson's resignation.
The Battle of Vlotho was fought on 17 October 1638. It was a victory for the Imperial Army under the command of Field Marshal Melchior von Hatzfeldt, and ended the attempt by Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, to recapture the Electoral Palatinate.
Frederick V, the Winter King, had died in 1632. The desire to recover the Palatinate, which had sparked English intervention in the Thirty Years' War in the previous years was at this point disregarded by most. In 1638 Charles Louis, 2nd son and heir of Frederick made one last attempt to recover his territories. Choosing as his base of operations the town of Meppen, on the Munster-East Frisian frontier, he raised a force of 4,000 men using English gold. Alongside Charles Louis were his brother Prince Rupert and a company of English gallants dedicated to the Winter Queen, including Lord Craven, and the Earl of Northampton.
To assist Charles Louis, the commander of the Swedish army Johan Baner sent Charles Louis a 1,000 strong detachment, under the command Lieutenant-General James King . Many of these were British, such as Colonel William Vavasour.
The original plan was to form the army in Westphalia and then to advance through Hesse and to retake the Palatine. However Baner considered this to be unrealistic and persuaded the participants that they should start by besieging and capturing Lemgo, ostensibly to secure their lines of communication, but it also suited the wider war aims of the Swedes because whatever else happened during the campaign it would be a concrete loss for Baner's enemies and a gain for him.
Operation Grapple was a set of four series of British nuclear weapons tests of early atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs carried out in 1957 and 1958 at Malden Island and Kiritimati in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands in the Pacific Ocean as part of the British hydrogen bomb programme. Nine nuclear explosions were initiated, culminating in the United Kingdom becoming the third recognised possessor of thermonuclear weapons, and the restoration of the nuclear Special Relationship with the United States in the form of the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement.
During the Second World War, Britain had a nuclear weapons project, codenamed Tube Alloys, which was merged with the American Manhattan Project in August 1943. Many of Britain's top scientists participated in the Manhattan Project. After the war, fearing that Britain would lose its great power status, the British government resumed the atomic bomb development effort, now codenamed High Explosive Research. The successful test of an atomic bomb in Operation Hurricane in October 1952 represented an extraordinary scientific and technological achievement, but Britain was still several years behind the United States, which had developed the more powerful thermonuclear weapons in the meantime. In July 1954, the Cabinet agreed that the maintenance of great power status required that Britain also develop thermonuclear weapons.
The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston produced three designs: Orange Herald, a large boosted fission weapon; Green Bamboo, an interim thermonuclear design; and Green Granite, a true thermonuclear weapon. The new designs had to be tested to demonstrate that they worked, hence Operation Grapple. The first series consisted of three tests in May and June 1957. In the first test, Grapple 1, a version of Green Granite known as Short Granite was dropped from a Vickers Valiant bomber flown by Wing Commander Kenneth Hubbard. The bomb's yield was estimated at 300 kilotonnes of TNT , far below its designed capability. Despite this, the test was hailed as a successful thermonuclear explosion, and the government did not confirm or deny reports that the UK had become a third thermonuclear power. The second test, Grapple 2, was of Orange Herald; its 720-to-800-kilotonne-of-TNT yield made it technically a megaton-range weapon, and the largest ever achieved by a single stage nuclear device. Grapple 3 tested Purple Granite, a version of Short Granite with some fixes; its yield was only 200 kilotonnes of TNT .
A second test series was required, which consisted of a single test, Grapple X, in November 1957. This time the yield of 1.8 megatonnes of TNT exceeded expectations. It was a true hydrogen bomb, but most of its yield came from nuclear fission rather than nuclear fusion. In a third series with a single test, Grapple Y, in April 1958, another design was trialled. With an explosive yield of about 3 megatonnes of TNT , it remains the largest British nuclear weapon ever tested. The design of Grapple Y was notably successful because much of its yield came from its thermonuclear fusion reaction instead of fission of a heavy uranium-238 tamper--the dense material surrounding the core that kept the reacting mass together to increase its efficiency. Its yield had been closely predicted, indicating that its designers understood the process. A final series of four tests in August and September 1958, known as Grapple Z, tested techniques for boosting and making bombs immune to predetonation caused by nearby nuclear explosions. Two of these tests were detonations from balloons. A moratorium on testing came into effect in October 1958, and Britain never resumed atmospheric nuclear testing.
The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom for all civil cases, and for criminal cases originating in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. As the United Kingdom's highest appellate court for these matters, it hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance affecting the whole population.
The Court usually sits in the Middlesex Guildhall in Westminster, though it can sit elsewhere and has, for example, sat in the Edinburgh City Chambers, the Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast, the Ty Hywel Building in Cardiff, and the Manchester Civil Justice Centre.
The United Kingdom has a doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty and no entrenched codified constitution, so the Supreme Court is much more limited in its powers of judicial review than the constitutional or supreme courts of some other countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. It cannot overturn any primary legislation made by Parliament. However, as with any law court in the UK, it can overturn secondary legislation if, for an example, that legislation is found to be ultra vires to the powers in primary legislation allowing it to be made.
Further, under section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998, the Supreme Court, like some other courts in the United Kingdom, may make a declaration of incompatibility, indicating that it believes that the legislation subject to the declaration is incompatible with one of the rights in the European Convention on Human Rights. Such a declaration can apply to primary or secondary legislation. The legislation is not overturned by the declaration, and neither Parliament nor the government is required to agree with any such declaration. However, if they do accept a declaration, ministers can exercise powers under section 10 of the Human Rights Act to amend the legislation by statutory instrument to remove the incompatibility or ask Parliament to amend the legislation.
This template is intended to be used for sport-related instances, where the United Kingdom is often known as Great Britain. Please use Template:Country data United Kingdom for non-sport references, and Template:Country data Kingdom of Great Britain for the former state.
Both the International Olympic Committee and International Organization for Standardization use GBR as the three-letter country code for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. However, the two-letter country code UK is a very frequent abbreviation for the United Kingdom. Consequently, Template:Country data GBR is the alias redirect for this template , and Template:Country data UK is the alias redirect for the "United Kingdom" template.
This template should not be used directly. It is used indirectly by flag templates such as Template:Flag and Template:Flagicon. See Category:Flag template system for a full list of flag templates and Wikipedia:WikiProject Flag Template for further documentation.Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world, and the third-most populated in Africa, behind Nigeria and Ethiopia.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which reflects its unique transcontinental location being simultaneously Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and North African. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, but was largely Islamised in the seventh century. Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt declared itself a republic, and in 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which dissolved in 1961. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Egypt endured social and religious strife and political instability, fighting several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, officially withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and recognising Israel. After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the country faced a protracted period of political unrest; this included the election in 2012 of a brief, short-lived Muslim Brotherhood-aligned Islamist government spearheaded by Mohamed Morsi, and its subsequent overthrow after mass protests in 2013.
Egypt's current government, a semi-presidential republic led by president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi since he was elected in 2014, has been described by a number of watchdogs as authoritarian and responsible for perpetuating the country's poor human rights record. Islam is the official religion of Egypt, and Arabic is its official language. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres , where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About 43% of Egypt's residents live across the country's urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
Egypt is considered to be a regional power in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world, and a middle power worldwide. It is a developing country having a diversified economy, which is the third-largest in Africa, the 38th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 127th by nominal GDP per capita. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, the African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, World Youth Forum, and a member of BRICS.
Romania is a country at the crossroads of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2 with a population of 19 million people . Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Cluj-Napoca, Iasi, Timisoara, Constanta, Craiova, Brasov, and Galati.
Europe's second-longest river, the Danube, rises in Germany's Black Forest and flows southeast for 2,857 km , before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of 2,544 m .
Settlement in what is now Romania began in the Lower Paleolithic followed by written records attesting the kingdom of Dacia, its conquest, and subsequent Romanisation by the Roman Empire during late antiquity. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877. During World War I, after declaring its neutrality in 1914, Romania fought together with the Allied Powers from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transylvania, and parts of Banat, Crisana, and Maramures became part of the Kingdom of Romania. In June-August 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and Northern Transylvania to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and, consequently, in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side, fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944, when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the Red Army, Romania became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy and a market economy.
Romania is a developed country, and is emerging to be a middle power in international affairs. Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union, being the world's 44th largest by nominal GDP, and the 36th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the fastest and cheapest internet speeds in the world, while also ranking relatively high in happiness rankings. Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic Romanians and religiously identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians, speaking Romanian, a Romance language . Romania is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, the Council of Europe, BSEC and WTO.
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twinned administrative body <o> Changchun <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Columbia <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Košice <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Gyumri <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Bursa <s> Plovdiv <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Lviv <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Okayama <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Kastoria <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Kutaisi <s> Plovdiv <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Plovdiv <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Luoyang <s> Plovdiv <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Plovdiv <s> Plovdiv <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Maritsa <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Donetsk <s> Plovdiv <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Plovdiv <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Leskovac <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Jeddah <s> Plovdiv <p> category of associated people <o> Category:People from Plovdiv <s> Plovdiv <p> twinned administrative body <o> Ohrid <s> Plovdiv <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Plovdiv </Graph> | <Text> :The Ostrogoths were a Roman-era Germanic people. In the 5th century, they followed the Visigoths in creating one of the two great Gothic kingdoms within the Roman Empire, based upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the Balkans in the 4th century, having crossed the Lower Danube. While the Visigoths had formed under the leadership of Alaric I, the new Ostrogothic political entity which came to rule Italy was formed in the Balkans under the influence of the Amal dynasty, the family of Theodoric the Great.
After the death of Attila and collapse of the Hunnic empire represented by the Battle of Nedao in 453, the Amal family began to form their kingdom in Pannonia. Byzantine Emperor Zeno played these Pannonian Goths off against the Thracian Goths, but instead the two groups united after the death of the Thracian leader Theoderic Strabo and his son Recitach. Zeno then backed Theodoric to invade Italy and replace Odoacer there, whom he had previously supported as its king. In 493, Theodoric established the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy, when he defeated Odoacer's forces and killed his rival at a banquet.
Following the death of Theodoric, there was a period of instability, eventually tempting the Byzantine Emperor Justinian to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535, in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of Totila, the Goths reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the Battle of Taginae. The war lasted almost 21 years and caused enormous damage across Italy, reducing the population of the peninsula. Any remaining Ostrogoths in Italy were absorbed into the Lombards, who established a kingdom in Italy in 568.
As with other Gothic groups, the history of the peoples who made them up before they reached the Roman Balkans is difficult to reconstruct in detail. However, the Ostrogoths are associated with the earlier Greuthungi. The Ostrogoths themselves were more commonly referred to simply as Goths even in the 5th century, but before then they were referred to once, in a poem by Claudian which associates them with a group of Greuthungi, settled as a military unit in Phrygia. Furthermore, the 6th century historian of the Goths Jordanes also equated the Ostrogoths of his time to the Goths ruled by King Ermanaric in the 4th century, who the Roman writer Ammianus Marcellinus had called Greuthungi, and described as living between the Dniester and Don rivers. Huns and Alans attacked the Goths from the east and large groups of Goths moved into the Roman Empire, while others became subservient to the Huns.
A Mediterranean climate , also called a dry summer climate, described by Koppen as Cs, is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes . Such climates typically have dry summers and wet winters, with summer conditions ranging from warm to hot and winter conditions typically being mild to cool. These weather conditions are typically experienced in the majority of Mediterranean-climate regions and countries, but remain highly dependent on proximity to the ocean, altitude and geographical location.
The dry summer climate is found throughout the warmer middle latitudes, affecting almost exclusively the western portions of continents in relative proximity to the coast. The climate type's name is in reference to the coastal regions of the Mediterranean Sea, which mostly share this type of climate, but it can also be found in the Atlantic portions of Iberia and Northwest Africa, the Pacific portions of the United States and Chile, extreme west areas of Argentina, around Cape Town, South Africa, parts of Southwest and South Australia and parts of Central Asia. They tend to be found in proximity of desert and semi-arid climates, and equatorward of oceanic climates.
Mediterranean climate zones are typically located along the western coasts of landmasses, between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north or south of the equator. The main cause of Mediterranean, or dry summer, climate is the subtropical ridge, which extends towards the pole of the hemisphere in question during the summer and migrates towards the equator during the winter. This is due to the seasonal poleward-equatorward variations of temperatures.
The resulting vegetation of Mediterranean climates are the garrigue or maquis in the European Mediterranean Basin, the chaparral in California, the fynbos in South Africa, the mallee in Australia, and the matorral in Chile. Areas with this climate are also where the so-called "Mediterranean trinity" of major agricultural crops have traditionally been successfully grown . As a result, these regions are notable for their high-quality wines, grapeseed/olive oils, and bread products.
Beijing , alternatively romanized as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China. With about 23 million residents, Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city as well as China's second largest city after Shanghai. It is located in Northern China, and is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the State Council with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is mostly surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin to the southeast; together, the three divisions form the Jingjinji megalopolis and the national capital region of China.
Beijing is a global city and one of the world's leading centres for culture, diplomacy, politics, finance, business and economics, education, research, language, tourism, media, sport, science and technology and transportation. It is home to the headquarters of most of China's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world, as well as the world's four biggest financial institutions by total assets. It is also a major hub for the national highway, expressway, railway, and high-speed rail networks. For a decade before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Beijing Capital International Airport was Asia's busiest airport and the second busiest airport in the world . In 2020, the Beijing subway was the fourth busiest and second longest in the world. The Beijing Daxing International Airport, Beijing's second international airport, is the largest single-structure airport terminal in the world.
Combining both modern and traditional style architectures, Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich history dating back over three millennia. As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries, and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium CE. With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides, in addition to the old inner and outer city walls, Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. Beijing is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world. In 2018, Beijing was the second highest earning tourist city in the world after Shanghai. Beijing is home to many national monuments and museums and has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites--the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian, and parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal--all of which are popular tourist locations. Siheyuans, the city's traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing.
Beijing's public universities make up more than one-fifth of Double First-Class Universities, and many of them consistently rank among the best in the Asia-Pacific and the world. Beijing is home to the two best C9 League universities in Asia & Oceania region and emerging countries. Beijing CBD is a center for Beijing's economic expansion, with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers. Beijing's Zhongguancun area is a world leading center of scientific and technological innovation as well as entrepreneurship. Beijing has been ranked the city with the largest scientific research output by the Nature Index since the list's inception in 2016. The city has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics Games. In 2022, Beijing became the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics, and also the Summer and Winter Paralympics. Beijing hosts 175 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many organizations, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , the Silk Road Fund, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the Central Academy of Drama, the Central Conservatory of Music, and the Red Cross Society of China.
The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1,200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome. The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which at its peak covered an area from present-day Lowland Scotland and Morocco to the Euphrates.
Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, its famed seven hills, and its monumental architecture such as the Colosseum, Trajan's Forum, and the Pantheon. The city also had several theaters and gymnasia, along with many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under ancient Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, there were imperial residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word palace is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into insulae .
The city of Rome was the largest megalopolis of that time, with a population that may well have exceeded one million people, with a high-end estimate of 3.6 million and a low-end estimate of 450,000. A substantial proportion of the population under the city's jurisdiction lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate of urbanization by pre-industrial standards. The most urbanized part of the Empire was Italy, which had an estimated rate of urbanization of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of England in 1800. Most Roman towns and cities had a forum, temples and the same type of buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population required an enormous supply of food, which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring, transporting, storing and distribution of food for Rome and other urban centers. Italian farms supplied vegetables and fruits, but fish and meat were luxuries. Aqueducts were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were imported from Hispania, Gaul and Africa.
There was a very large amount of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire, since its roads and transportation technology were very efficient. The average costs of transport and the technology were comparable with 18th-century Europe. The later city of Rome did not fill the space within its ancient Aurelian Walls until after 1870.
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the fall of the West in the 5th century AD, and continued to exist until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the Mediterranean world. The term "Byzantine Empire" was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as "Romans". Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to Byzantium, the adoption of state Christianity, and the predominance of Greek instead of Latin, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier "Roman Empire" and the later "Byzantine Empire".
During the earlier Pax Romana period, the western parts of the empire became increasingly Latinised, while the eastern parts largely retained their preexisting Hellenistic culture. This created a dichotomy between the Greek East and Latin West. These cultural spheres continued to diverge after Constantine I moved the capital to Constantinople and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I , Christianity became the state religion, and other religious practices were proscribed. Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use as Latin fell into disuse.
The empire experienced several cycles of decline and recovery throughout its history, reaching its greatest extent after the fall of the west during the reign of Justinian I , who briefly reconquered much of Italy and the western Mediterranean coast. The appearance of plague and a devastating war with Persia exhausted the empire's resources; the early Muslim conquests that followed saw the loss of the empire's richest provinces--Egypt and Syria--to the Rashidun Caliphate. In 698, Africa was lost to the Umayyad Caliphate, but the empire subsequently stabilised under the Isaurian dynasty. The empire was able to expand once more under the Macedonian dynasty, experiencing a two-century-long renaissance. This came to an end in 1071, with the defeat by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert. Thereafter, periods of civil war and Seljuk incursion resulted in the loss of most of Asia Minor. The empire recovered during the Komnenian restoration, and Constantinople would remain the largest and wealthiest city in Europe until the 13th century.
The empire was dissolved in 1204, following the sack of Constantinople by Latin armies at the end of the Fourth Crusade; its former territories were then divided into competing Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261, the reconstituted empire would wield only regional power during its final two centuries of existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans in perennial wars fought throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 ultimately brought the empire to an end. Many refugees who had fled the city after its capture settled in Italy and throughout Europe, helping to ignite the Renaissance. The fall of Constantinople is sometimes used to mark the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the early modern period.
Principal cities: Cairo, Pretoria, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Khartoum, Lubumbashi, Kigali, Gaborone, Bujumbura, Manzini, Maseru, Tripoli, Lilongwe, Maputo, Windhoek, Omdurman, Juba, Lusaka, Harare, Kaliningrad
Principal cities: Athens, Thessaloniki, Nicosia, North Nicosia, Helsinki, Turku, Mariehamn, Kyiv, Bucharest, Jerusalem, Tallinn, Sofia, Riga, Vilnius, Chisinau, Tiraspol, Lviv, Dnipro, Luhansk, Donetsk, Odesa, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Turku
Principal cities: Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich, Hamburg, Cologne, Dusseldorf, Stuttgart, Leipzig, Dortmund, Essen, Bremen, Hanover, Mainz, Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Florence, Palermo, Turin, Genoa, Vatican City, San Marino, Paris, Marseille, Bordeaux, Nantes, Lyon, Lille, Montpellier, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Nice, Monaco, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga, Bilbao, Andorra, Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Zurich, Geneva, Bern, Brussels, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Luxembourg, Valletta, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Oslo, Warsaw, Prague, Zagreb, Budapest, Tirana, Sarajevo, Pristina, Podgorica, Skopje, Belgrade, Bratislava, Ljubljana
Plovdiv is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, standing on the banks of the Maritsa river in the historical region of Thrace, behind the state capital Sofia. It has a population of 346,893 as of 2018 and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is a cultural hub in Bulgaria and was the European Capital of Culture in 2019. The city is an important economic, transport, cultural, and educational center. Plovdiv joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Plovdiv is situated in a fertile region of south-central Bulgaria on the two banks of the Maritsa River. The city has historically developed on seven syenite hills, some of which are 250 metres high. Because of these hills, Plovdiv is often referred to in Bulgaria as "The City of the Seven Hills". There is evidence of habitation in the area dating back to the 6th millennium BCE, when the first Neolithic settlements were established. The city was subsequently a local Thracian settlement, later being conquered and ruled also by Persians, Ancient Macedonians, Celts, Romans, Byzantines, Goths, Huns, Bulgarians , Crusaders, and Ottoman Turks.
Philippopolis was founded as a polis by the father of Alexander the Great, Philip the Great , the king of ancient Macedonia, settling there both Thracians and 2,000 Macedonians and Greeks in 342 BCE. Control of the city alternated between the Macedonian kingdom and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom during the Hellenistic period; the Macedonian king Philip V reoccupied the city in 183 BCE and his successor Perseus held the city with the Odrysians until the Roman Republic conquered the Macedonian kingdom in 168 BCE. Philippopolis became the capital of the Roman province of Thracia. The city was at the centre of the road network of inland Thrace, and the strategic Via Militaris was crossed by several other roads at the site, leading to the Danube, the Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea. The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius built a new wall around the city.
In Late Antiquity, Philippopolis was an important stronghold, but was sacked in 250 during the Crisis of the Third Century, after the Siege of Philippopolis by the Goths led by Cniva. After this the settlement contracted, though it remained a major city, with the city walls rebuilt and new Christian basilicas and Roman baths constructed in the 4th century. The city was again sacked by the Huns in 441/442, and the walls were again rebuilt. Roman Philippopolis resisted another attack, by the Avars in the 580s, after the walls were renewed yet again by Justinian the Great .
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Tenharim <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Karajá <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tembé <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Pemon <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Uru-eu-wau-wau <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Arap <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Xukuru <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Suruí do Pará <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Ikpeng <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Yawanawa <s> Brazil <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Brazil <p> main regulatory text <o> Constitution of Brazil <s> Brazil <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Brazil <s> Brazil <p> has cabinet <o> cabinet of Brazil <s> Brazil <p> open data portal <o> DataViva <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Wasu <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Zo'é <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Umotína <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Xingú Asuriní <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Urumi <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Yanomamö <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Waiká <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Wayampi <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Wakoná <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tuxá <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Uru-Pa-In <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Kambiwá <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Trumai <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Machinere <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tapeba <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Xocó <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Wiraféd <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Morerebi <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Amundava <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Parakanã <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Urubú-Kaapor <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Pankararé <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Kadiweu <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Júma <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Paranawát <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Yaroamë <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Lakondê <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Kaxuiâna <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Pokangá <s> Brazil <p> currency <o> Brazilian real <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Serbia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Canela <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Xokleng <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Yaminawa <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Matsés <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Cubeo <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Wari’ <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Maxakalí <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Guató <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Xeta <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Czech Republic <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tucano <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Agavotaguerra <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Amanayé <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Wajiara <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Yuhup <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Aurá <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Wanano <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tuparí <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Amonap <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Turiwára <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Guajá <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> East Timor <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Africa <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Armenia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Purubora <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Purí <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Salumá <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Suruí <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tapirapé <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Torá <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Pataxó <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Miriti <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Pankararú <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tingui-Botó <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tuxináwa <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Mondé <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Otuke <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> São Paulo Kaingáng <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Truká <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tocantins Asurini <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Kinikinao <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Guajajára <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tawandê <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Tukumanféd <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Shanenawa <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Latundê <s> Brazil <p> language used <o> Ararandewára <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Georgia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belize <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Brazil <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Chile <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Peru <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ecuador <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bolivia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Jamaica <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Argentina <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Suriname <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Colombia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Venezuela <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Honduras <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Paraguay <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Haiti <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iran <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guyana <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Costa Rica <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lebanon <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Pakistan <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Angola <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bhutan <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Zambia <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Sudan <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Benin <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Democratic Republic of the Congo <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Equatorial Guinea <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cape Verde <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mozambique <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Libya <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sudan <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> African Union <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kingdom of the Netherlands <s> Brazil <p> diplomatic relation <o> State of Palestine <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> IBSA Dialogue Forum <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Summit of South American-Arab Countries <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> BRIC <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> G4 nations <s> Brazil <p> highest point <o> Pico da Neblina <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Rio Group <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Cairns Group <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Nuclear Suppliers Group <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Missile Technology Control Regime <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> G8+5 <s> Brazil <p> member of <o> Community of Latin American and Caribbean States <s> Ukraine <p> shares border with <o> Hungary <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Jewish people <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Ukrainians <s> Ukraine <p> shares border with <o> Poland <s> Ukraine <p> replaces <o> Soviet Union <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> The World Factbook <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Ukraine <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+03:00 <s> Ukraine <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+02:00 <s> Ukraine <p> history of topic <o> History of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Crimean Tatars <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Cherkasy Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> follows <o> Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic <s> Ukraine <p> replaces <o> Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic <s> Ukraine <p> part of <o> Eastern Europe <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Ukraine <p> significant event <o> Orange Revolution <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kherson Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Ukraine <p> significant event <o> Declaration of Independence of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> replaces <o> Ukrainian People's Republic <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Independent States <s> Ukraine <p> foundational text <o> Declaration of Independence of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Ukraine <p> located in time zone <o> Eastern 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administrative territorial entity <o> Poltava Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kyiv Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> country <o> Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Republic of Ireland <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Polish <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Romanian <s> Ukraine <p> office held by head of state <o> President of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kharkiv Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> shares border with <o> Romania <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Zakarpattia Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belgium <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> Internetowa encyklopedia PWN <s> Ukraine <p> shares border with <o> Russia <s> Ukraine <p> lowest point <o> Kuyalnik Estuary <s> Ukraine <p> public holiday <o> Independence Day of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> shares border with <o> Moldova <s> Ukraine <p> part of <o> Post-Soviet states <s> Ukraine <p> significant event <o> Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron <s> Ukraine <p> located in time zone <o> Europe/Kyiv <s> Ukraine <p> foundational text <o> Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Khmelnytskyi Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Chernihiv Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> different from <o> Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Rusyn <s> Ukraine <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sumy Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kyiv <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Ukrainian <s> Ukraine <p> capital <o> Kyiv <s> Ukraine <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Ukraine topics <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Hungarian <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sweden <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Zaporizhzhia Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Odesa Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Russian <s> Ukraine <p> shares border with <o> European Union <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Denmark <s> Ukraine <p> driving side <o> right <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Luhansk Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Crimean Tatar <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dnipropetrovsk Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ternopil Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Rivne Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kirovohrad Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Ukrainian people <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Moldovan <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Krymchak <s> Ukraine <p> legislative body <o> Verkhovna Rada <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lithuania <s> Ukraine <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Poland <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Russians in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Belarusians <s> Ukraine <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition (1885–1890) <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> TASS Encyclopedia <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Mykolaiv Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Ukraine <p> significant event <o> Russian invasion of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Ukraine <p> participant in <o> Russian invasion of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> significant event <o> Euromaidan <s> Ukraine <p> significant event <o> Russo-Ukrainian War <s> Ukraine <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Austria <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> Ukraine <p> native language <o> Russian <s> Ukraine <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> electrical plug type <o> Schuko <s> Ukraine <p> electrical plug type <o> Europlug <s> Ukraine <p> follows <o> Ukrainian People's Republic <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Bulgarians in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Poles in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Romanians in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> native language <o> Bulgarian <s> Ukraine <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Ukrainian Sign Language <s> Ukraine <p> emergency phone number <o> 112 <s> Ukraine <p> studied in <o> Ukrainian studies <s> Ukraine <p> native language <o> Armenian <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Zhytomyr Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Italy <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sevastopol <s> Ukraine <p> emergency phone number <o> 103 <s> Ukraine <p> emergency phone number <o> 101 <s> Ukraine <p> emergency phone number <o> 102 <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mexico <s> Ukraine <p> permanent duplicated item <o> Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> highest judicial authority <o> Supreme Court of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> culture <o> culture of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Donetsk Oblast <s> Ukraine <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Autonomous Republic of Crimea <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Egypt <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> Hungarians in Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> ethnic group <o> romania <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Ukraine <p> head of government <o> Denys Shmyhal <s> Ukraine <p> executive body <o> Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Ukraine <p> official language <o> Ukrainian <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Ukraine <p> funder <o> European Union <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> Ukraine <p> currency <o> Hryvnia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belarus <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Netherlands <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kenya <s> Ukraine <p> native language <o> Ukrainian <s> Ukraine <p> anthem <o> Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia <s> Ukraine <p> named after <o> name of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Ukraine <p> native language <o> Belarusian <s> Ukraine <p> main regulatory text <o> Constitution of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Portugal <s> Ukraine <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> described by source <o> New World Encyclopedia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ethiopia <s> Ukraine <p> language used <o> Eastern Yiddish <s> Ukraine <p> railway traffic side <o> right <s> Ukraine <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> maintained by WikiProject <o> WikiProject Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> basic form of government <o> semi-presidential system <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brazil <s> Ukraine <p> highest judicial authority <o> Constitutional Court of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ua <s> Ukraine <p> award received <o> The Economist country of the year <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Estonia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bulgaria <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Slovakia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Ukraine <p> open data portal <o> data.gov.ua <s> Ukraine <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> category for honorary citizens of entity <o> Category:Honorary citizens from Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Moldova <s> Ukraine <p> head of state <o> Volodymyr Zelenskyy <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Macedonia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Albania <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malta <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Romania <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kazakhstan <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Latvia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Montenegro <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Croatia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Georgia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uzbekistan <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Azerbaijan <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Africa <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Singapore <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Armenia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Algeria <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Serbia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Argentina <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> New Zealand <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Pakistan <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vietnam <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Afghanistan <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> Ukraine <p> diplomatic relation <o> Angola <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Council of Europe <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> International Civil Defence Organisation <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Eurocontrol <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Missile Technology Control Regime <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Nuclear Suppliers Group <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Treaty on Open Skies <s> Ukraine <p> highest point <o> Hoverla <s> Ukraine <p> has part(s) <o> Autonomous Republic of Crimea <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Lublin Triangle <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Montenegro–Ukraine Free Trade Area <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Association Trio <s> Ukraine <p> has part(s) <o> oblast of Ukraine <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Ukraine <p> member of <o> Australia Group <s> sovereign state <p> subclass of <o> country <s> sovereign state <p> Wikidata property <o> country <s> sovereign state <p> subclass of <o> state <s> sovereign state <p> named after <o> state <s> sovereign state <p> different from <o> state <s> sovereign state <p> has list <o> list of sovereign states <s> sovereign state <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Sovereign states <s> sovereign state <p> named after <o> sovereignty <s> sovereign state <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> sovereign state <p> said to be the same as <o> state in international law <s> sovereign state <p> opposite of <o> client state <s> sovereign state <p> different from <o> Halth <s> sovereign state <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Portugal <p> shares border with <o> Spain <s> Portugal <p> lowest point <o> Atlantic Ocean <s> Portugal <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Portugal <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> Portugal <p> country <o> Portugal <s> Portugal <p> described by source <o> History of Ming <s> Portugal <p> replaces <o> Kingdom of Portugal <s> Portugal <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Portugal <p> language used <o> Portuguese <s> Portugal <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Portugal <p> replaces <o> Portuguese Empire <s> Portugal <p> language used <o> Mirandese <s> Portugal <p> history of topic <o> history of Portugal <s> Portugal <p> office held by head of state <o> President of Portugal <s> Portugal <p> central bank <o> Banco de Portugal <s> Portugal <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Atlantic Ocean <s> Portugal <p> described by source <o> Catholic Encyclopedia <s> Portugal <p> member of <o> North Atlantic Treaty Organization <s> Portugal <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Portugal <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Portugal <p> part of <o> European Union <s> Portugal <p> described by source <o> Draft History of Qing <s> Portugal <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> Portugal <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Portugal <s> Portugal <p> member of <o> European Union <s> Portugal <p> language used <o> Galician <s> Portugal <p> patron saint <o> Saint George <s> Portugal <p> part of <o> European Economic Area <s> Portugal <p> emergency phone number <o> 112 <s> Portugal <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Portugal <s> Portugal <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Portugal <p> located in time zone <o> UTC−01:00 <s> Portugal <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Portugal <p> described by source <o> Ottův slovník naučný <s> Portugal <p> continent <o> Europe <s> Portugal <p> part of <o> Southwestern Europe <s> Portugal <p> diplomatic 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Battle of Cecina <p> participant <o> United States of America <s> Battle of Cecina <p> participant <o> United Kingdom <s> Battle of Cecina <p> country <o> Italy <s> Battle of Cecina <p> participant <o> Nazi Germany <s> Battle of Cecina <p> instance of <o> battle <s> Battle of Cecina <p> part of <o> Italian campaign <s> Battle of Cecina <p> participant <o> Kingdom of Italy <s> Battle of Cecina <p> location <o> Cecina </Graph> | <Text> :Iceland is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is linked culturally and politically with Europe and is the region's most sparsely populated country. Its capital and largest city is Reykjavik, which is home to about 36% of the country's roughly 380,000 residents. The official language of the country is Icelandic.
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript Landnamabok, the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingolfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under de facto Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
White British is an ethnicity classification used for the native white population identifying as English, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Northern Irish, or British in the United Kingdom Census. In the 2011 census, the White British population was 49,997,686, 81.5% of Great Britain's total population. For the United Kingdom entirely, due to different reporting measures within Northern Ireland which includes all those who identified as British with those who identified as Irish, an amalgamated total of 52,320,080 including those who identified as White Irish in Great Britain is given making up 82.8% of the population.
For the 2011 census, in England and Wales, the White self-classification option included a subcategory of "English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British". In Scotland, the White category included "Scottish" and "Other British" options. In Northern Ireland, the White British classification did not appear, the only choice being 'White'.
The 2011 census for England, Wales and Scotland also included additional White ethnic classifications of White Irish, White Gypsy/Irish Traveller and White Other. There were calls for the 2011 national census in England and Wales to include an extra subcategory so people could identify their ethnic group as Cornish.
The White British census classification have their ages more evenly distributed in their population pyramid and have the highest per cent female population of all ethnic-based classifications. The following numbers were based on the 2011 census conducted in each country. In England and Wales, about 64 per cent of the White British classification are between the ages of 16 and 64 while about 18 per cent are under 16 and 19 per cent are over 64. All other census classifications have a higher percentage of their population under 16 and a lower percentage over 64. Of those aged 65 or over, White British are 8 per cent male and 10 per cent female, making them have the lowest per cent male population among all census classifications defined as "ethnic" in the census.
British Indians are citizens of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots are from India.
Currently, the British Indian population exceeds 1.8 million people in the UK, making them the single largest visible ethnic minority population in the country. They make up the largest subgroup of British Asians and are one of the largest Indian communities in the Indian diaspora, mainly due to the Indian-British relations . The British Indian community is the sixth largest in the Indian diaspora, behind the Indian communities in the United States, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and Nepal. The majority of British Indians are of Punjabi and Gujarati origin with various other smaller communities from different parts of India including Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Among the first Indians to settle in the United Kingdom was a young boy called Peter Pope. The boy was given by a commander of a Dutch ship on its way to Myanmar to the British sailor, Thomas Best in 1612. The boy was brought to England in 1614 where he was placed under the care of Patrick Copland who was a chaplain and who subsequently taught him to read and write in English. His education in England was paid for by the East India Company.
Under Patrick Copland's recommendation, the boy was baptised on 22 December 1616 and given the name of "Peter" which was given by King James I. A few months after his baptism, he returned to India with Copland to "convert some of his own nation".
People from India have settled in Great Britain since the East India Company recruited lascars to replace vacancies in their crews on East Indiamen whilst on voyages in India. Initially, these were men from the Indo-Portuguese or Luso-Asian communities of the subcontinent, including men from Bombay, Goa, Cochin, Madras and the Hugli River in Bengal. Later men from Ratnagiri were hired. Many were then unable to obtain passage back due to the price and had no alternative than to settle in London. There were also some ayahs, domestic servants and nannies of wealthy British families, who accompanied their employers back to Britain when their stay in South Asia came to an end. British soldiers would also sometimes marry Indian women and send their children back to Britain, although the wife often did not accompany them. Indian wives of British soldiers would sometimes ask for passage home after being divorced or widowed if they did accompany their children. In 1835, the husband of Bridget Peter, a native of Madras, died. She petitioned the Directors from Chelsea Hospital 'in a state of destitution' to pay for her return to India. They agreed to pay to return her and her three children.
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest and easternmost country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasilia, and its most populous city is Sao Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage positions Brazil at number one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest, as environmental degradation through processes like deforestation has direct impacts on global issues like climate change and biodiversity loss.
The territory which would become known as Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral, who claimed the discovered land for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. Slavery was abolished in 1888. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'etat. An authoritarian military dictatorship emerged in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Brazil is a regional and middle power that is an emerging power and a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Categorised as a developing country with a high Human Development Index, Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy, having the ninth largest GDP in the world by nominal, and eighth by PPP measures, the largest in Latin America. As an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country, Brazil has the largest share of global wealth in South America and is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. However, the country retains noticeable corruption, crime and social inequality. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, G4, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Brazil is also an observer state of the Arab League.
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast. It also borders Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; and Romania and Moldova to the southwest; with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Dnipro and Odesa. Ukraine's official language is Ukrainian; Russian is also widely spoken, especially in the east and south.
During the Middle Ages, Ukraine was the site of early Slavic expansion and the area later became a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was ultimately destroyed by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. The area was then contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia. The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century marked on maps as "Ukraine, land of the Cossacks", but was partitioned between Russia and Poland, and ultimately absorbed by the Russian Empire. Ukrainian nationalism developed and, following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed. The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union when it was formed in 1922. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the Holodomor, a human-made famine. The German occupation during World War II in Ukraine was devastating, with 7 million Ukrainian civilians killed, including most Ukrainian Jews.
Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the Soviet Union dissolved, and declared itself neutral. A new constitution was adopted in 1996. A series of mass demonstrations, known as the Euromaidan, led to the establishment of a new government in 2014 after a revolution. Russia then unilaterally annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula, and pro-Russian unrest culminated in a war in the Donbas between Russian-backed separatists and government forces in eastern Ukraine. Since the outbreak of war with Russia, Ukraine has continued to seek closer ties with the United States, European Union, and NATO. Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
Ukraine is a unitary state and its system of government is a semi-presidential republic. A developing country, it is the poorest country in Europe by nominal GDP per capita and corruption remains a significant issue. However, due to its extensive fertile land, pre-war Ukraine was one of the largest grain exporters in the world. It is a founding member of the United Nations, as well as a member of the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the OSCE. It is in the process of joining the European Union and has applied to join NATO.
It is commonly understood that a sovereign state is independent. A sovereign state can exist without being recognized by other sovereign states. Unrecognized states often have difficulty engaging in diplomatic relations with other sovereign states due to their lack of international recognition. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may also refer to a constituent country, or a dependent territory.
Since the end of the 19th century, almost the entire globe has been divided into sections with more or less defined borders assigned to different states. Previously, quite large plots of land were either unclaimed or deserted, or inhabited by nomadic peoples that were not organized into states. However, even in modern states, there are large remote areas, such as the Amazon's tropical forests, that are either uninhabited or inhabited exclusively or mainly by indigenous people . Additionally, there are states where de facto control is contested or where it is not exercised over their whole area.
Currently, the international community includes more than 200 sovereign states, most of which are represented in the United Nations. These states exist in a system of international relations, where each state takes into account the policies of other states by making its own calculations. From this point of view, States are integrated into the international system of special internal and external security and legitimization of the dilemma. Recently, the concept of the international community has been formed to refer to a group of States that have established rules, procedures and institutions for the implementation of relations. Thus, the foundation for international law, diplomacy between officially recognized sovereign states, their organizations and formal regimes has been laid.
Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states, multinational corporations, and organizations that began with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe, its mainland west and south border with the North Atlantic Ocean and in the north and east, the Portugal-Spain border constitutes the longest uninterrupted border-line in the European Union. Its archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. In the mainland, Alentejo region occupies the biggest area but is one of the regions in Europe with a lower population density. Lisbon is the capital and largest city by population, being also the main spot for tourists alongside Porto and Algarve.
One of the oldest countries in Europe, its territory has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The territory was inhabited by the Celtic and Iberian peoples, such as the Lusitanians, the Gallaecians, the Celtici, Turduli, and the Conii. These peoples had some commercial and cultural contact with Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Carthaginians. It was later ruled by the Romans, followed by the invasions of Germanic peoples together with the Alans, and later the Moors, who were eventually expelled during the Reconquista. Founded first as a county within the Kingdom of Leon in 868, the country officially gained independence as the Kingdom of Portugal with the Treaty of Zamora in 1143.
By the 15th and 16th centuries Portugal led the Age of Discovery and established one of the longest-lived maritime and commercial empires, becoming one of the main economic and political powers of the time. By the early 19th century, events such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the country's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the resulting independence of Brazil in 1822 led to a marked decay of Portugal's prior opulence. This was followed by the civil war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists over royal succession from 1828 to 1834. The 1910 revolution deposed Portugal's monarchy, and established the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic, later superseded by the Estado Novo authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Carnation Revolution , ending the Portuguese Colonial War and eventually losing its remaining colonial possessions.
Portugal has had a profound cultural, architectural and linguistic influence, with a legacy of around 250 million Portuguese speakers around the world. It is a developed country with an advanced economy, and big tourism industry. A member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area and the Council of Europe, Portugal was one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
Colonialism is the establishment and maintenance of one group of people as superior to
other peoples and areas, often for imperialist control and exploitation, and through a range of practices and relations of colonization, installing coloniality and possibly colonies. That said there is no clear definition of colonialism and definitions may vary depending on the use of the term and context.
Colonialism has existed since ancient times, but is mostly associated with modern colonialism. Modern colonialism was a product of European colonial empires of the modern era, which dominated from the 15th century to the mid 20th century, conquering and claiming 35% of the Earth's land by 1800 and 84% by 1914, at its maximum.
This modern colonialism developed a coloniality which complemented military colonial control through intersectional violence and discrimination, developing modern biopolitics of sexuality, gender, race, disability and class among others. Economically this was sustained by enforcing policies of mercantilism, restricting the colony to trade only with the metropole , strengthening the home-country economy. At first through the growth of chartered companies and their powers, and by the mid-19th century in general colonialism shifted under new imperialism to the use of free trade, reducing market restrictions or tariffs, coercing independent or foreign colonial markets to open up, often through gunboat diplomacy or concerted interventionism, such as policing actions. From early on modern colonial politics were justified by beliefs of having a civilizing or often Christian mission to cultivate land and life.
Decolonization, while starting in the 18th century, did not at first overcome modern colonialism as such, only in the aftermath of World War II colonial power was enough questioned for nearly all colonies to gain independence between 1945 and 1975, entering into so-called postcolonial and neocolonial relations.
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<Graph> : <s> Mexico <p> shares border with <o> United States of America <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Mexico <p> country <o> Mexico <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Mexico <p> part of <o> North America <s> Mexico <p> continent <o> North America <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Republic of Ireland <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Norway <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> Mexico <p> shares border with <o> Guatemala <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> Mexico <p> shares border with <o> Belize <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> New Zealand <s> Mexico <p> member of <o> Mercosur <s> Mexico <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Mexico <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Atlantic Ocean <s> Mexico <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Pacific Ocean <s> Mexico <p> member of <o> International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement <s> Mexico <p> official language <o> Spanish <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> Mexico <p> part of <o> MIKTA <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Chihuahua <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Coahuila <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Guerrero <s> Mexico <p> part of <o> Latin America <s> Mexico <p> part of <o> Hispanic America <s> Mexico <p> located in time zone <o> Central Time Zone <s> Mexico <p> participant in <o> Pacific War <s> Mexico <p> replaces <o> New Spain <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Mexico <p> replaces <o> First Mexican Empire <s> Mexico <p> foundational text <o> Political Constitution of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Chiapas <s> Mexico <p> capital <o> Mexico City <s> Mexico <p> described by source <o> Catholic Encyclopedia <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Mexico City <s> Mexico <p> participant in <o> World War II <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Venezuela <s> Mexico <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Morelos <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belgium <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Baja California Sur <s> Mexico <p> official language <o> Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Veracruz <s> Mexico <p> described by source <o> Draft History of Qing <s> Mexico <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Baja California <s> Mexico <p> currency <o> Mexican peso <s> Mexico <p> replaces <o> Republic of Yucatán <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Yucatán <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 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replaces <o> Aztec Empire <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> country <s> Mexico <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> Mexico <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Mexico <p> participant in <o> Economic Complementation Agreement No. 55 <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Guanajuato <s> Mexico <p> head of government <o> Andrés Manuel López Obrador <s> Mexico <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Mexico <s> Mexico <p> replaces <o> Restored Republic <s> Mexico <p> topic's main template <o> Template:States of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> head of state <o> Andrés Manuel López Obrador <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Nayarit <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sweden <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Querétaro <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Michoacán <s> Mexico <p> anthem <o> Himno Nacional Mexicano <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Denmark <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Finland <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> empire <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Suriname <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Hidalgo <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Paraguay <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Oaxaca <s> Mexico <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Mexico <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Puebla <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Zacatecas <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> federal republic <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ecuador <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Poland <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sinaloa <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bolivia <s> Mexico <p> basic form of government <o> federal republic <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> English <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Quintana Roo <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Campeche <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Afro-Seminole Creole <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yucatec Maya <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Aguascalientes <s> Mexico <p> main regulatory text <o> reform laws <s> Mexico <p> main regulatory text <o> Political Constitution of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Colombia <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mayan Sign Language <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Akateko <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chontal Maya <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yaqui <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guyana <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> constitutional republic <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Tlaxcala <s> Mexico <p> official language <o> languages of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> award received <o> Lagun Onari <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Papantla Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Pisaflores Tepehua <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Misantla Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlachichilco Tepehua <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ixcatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tzotzil <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Upper Necaxa Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Huehuetla Tepehua <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sierra Totonac <s> Mexico <p> ethnic group <o> indigenous peoples of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> ethnic group <o> Afro Mexicans <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> State of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> Mexico <p> legislative body <o> Congress of the Union <s> Mexico <p> executive body <o> Federal government of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> coat of arms <o> Mexican coat of arms <s> Mexico <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Tabasco <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> Mexico <p> flag <o> bulbul flag of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Seri <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mazahua <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Lacandon <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mazatecan <s> Mexico <p> owner of <o> Hospicio Cabañas <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Switzerland <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Italy <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tzeltal <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tojolab'al <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Purépecha <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tektitek <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mam <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Cocopah <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Jakaltek <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ch’ol <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Teenek <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chuj <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Wixarika <s> Mexico <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in Mexico <s> Mexico <p> different from <o> Meksyk <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> Next Eleven <s> Mexico <p> history of topic <o> history of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> emergency phone number <o> 911 <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Jamaica <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> democratic republic <s> Mexico <p> instance of <o> OECD country <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlamacazapa Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Opata <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> O'odham <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Northern Puebla Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Central Huasteca Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mocho’ <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Temascaltepec Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Honduras <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Santa María La Alta Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Isthmus Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zenzontepec Chatino <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ayapa Zoque <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mayo <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tubar <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Paipai <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Netherlands <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guatemala <s> Mexico <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Mexico <p> anthem <o> Toque de Bandera <s> Mexico <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 1-15 <s> Mexico <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 5-15 <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Dominican Republic <s> Mexico <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Mexico <s> Mexico <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Mexican people <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> Mexico <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> office held by head of state <o> President of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> ethnic group <o> Mestizos in Mexico <s> Mexico <p> ethnic group <o> White Mexicans <s> Mexico <p> owner of <o> National Palace <s> Mexico <p> owner of <o> Chapultepec Castle <s> Mexico <p> owner of <o> Palacio de Minería <s> Mexico <p> lowest point <o> Laguna Salada <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ayoquesco Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Morelos Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Cajonos Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Aloápam Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Central Puebla Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Albarradas Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Amatlán Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chichicapan Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Austria <s> Mexico <p> culture <o> culture of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Egypt <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chimalapa Zoque <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chinantec of Ojitlán <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chinantec of Ozumacín <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kenya <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Haiti <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Comaltepec Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Huaxcaleca Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Western Huasteca Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Huamelula <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chocho <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Orizaba Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ometepec Náhuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Highland Oaxaca Chontal <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tipai <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Michoacán Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mitla Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> driving side <o> right <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Panama <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> El Salvador <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Costa Rica <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlahuica <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ipalapa Amuzgo <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Lalana Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zoogocho Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chiltepec Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chazumba Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Eastern Highland Chatino <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yareni Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yutanduchi Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Huarijio <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Santa Teresa Cora <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Western Durango Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Valle Nacional Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Coatzospan Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Northern Pame <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tetelcingo Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Guerrero Amuzgo <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Pima Bajo <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Kiliwa <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chicomuceltec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southern Pame <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chiapanec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tezoatlán Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Central Pame <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uruguay <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Central Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Silacayoapan Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Bartolo Yautepec Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sierra Popoluca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mixtepec Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Santo Domingo Coatlán Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southern Puebla Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Soyaltepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tabaa Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Miguel Piedras Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sochiapam Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Soyaltepec Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Lachiguiri Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Oluta Popoluca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sayula Popoluca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ixtenco Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Central Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Texistepec Popoluca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tabasco Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ixtayutla Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ixcatlán Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Isthmus Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Cochimí <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Jalapa Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chicahuaxtla Triqui <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Quioquitani Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mexican Sign Language <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tepecano <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yatee Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chichimeca Jonaz <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southwestern Tepehuan <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Filomeno Mata Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Highland Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chiquihuitlán Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> El Alto Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Guelavía Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Güilá Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chinantec of Palantla <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Choapan Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Coyotepec Popoloca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chinantec of Tepetotutla <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Elotepec Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Coatecas Altas Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Coatepec Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Guerrero Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Lachixío Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Lapaguía Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Lealao Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kuwait <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brazil <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sinicahua Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Itunyoso Triqui <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southwestern Tarahumara <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Rayón Zoque <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tamazola Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yosondúa Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Highland Puebla Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Juan Atzingo Popoloca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tijaltepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Copala Triqui <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sierra de Juárez Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Francisco León Zoque <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southeastern Tepehuán <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southern Rincon Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Pakistan <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Huitepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Itundujia Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Francisco Matlatzinca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Cacaloxtepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Jamiltepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Miguel El Grande Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mazatlán Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Juan Colorado Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tepinapa Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Teutila Cuicatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Dionisio del Mar Huave <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Atatláhuca–San Miguel Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Cuyamecalco Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> El Nayar Cora <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Santa Maria Del Mar Huave <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chigmecatitlán Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Michoacán Mazahua <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lebanon <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlacolulita Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Totontepec Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tacahua Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tataltepec Chatino <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tecóatl Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tilquiapan Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tidaá Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlahuitoltepec Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Texmelucan Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tilapa Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tecpatlán Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tilantongo Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Temoaya Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Totomachapan Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nicaragua <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ethiopia <s> Mexico <p> railway traffic side <o> right <s> Mexico <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Mexico <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Mexico <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vietnam <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Jordan <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Petapa Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ocotlán Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ozolotepec Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ozumatlán Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mazaltepec Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Peñasco Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Rincón Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mixtepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Pinotepa Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Quiegolani Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Nuyoo Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Nuxaá Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Loxicha Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Quiavicuzas Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Quiatoni Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ukraine <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Czech Republic <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Arab Emirates <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tanzania <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Russia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Afghanistan <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Lowland Tarahumara <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Kickapoo <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Western Highland Purepecha <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tlacoapa Me'phaa <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Alcozauca Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Northern Tarahumara <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Eastern Durango Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Central Tarahumara <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Querétaro Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mezquital Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Juxtlahuaca Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tenango Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ocotepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tepeuxila Cuicatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Quetzaltepec Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sierra Negra Nahuatl <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Juquila Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yucuañe Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Azoyú Me'phaa <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Coatlán Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mazatlán Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> North Central Mixe <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Mezontla Popoloca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Metlatónoc Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Atatláhuca Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Malinaltepec Me'phaa <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Southeastern Tarahumara <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Huautla Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Texcatepec Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Francisco del Mar Huave <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Juan Teita Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Peñoles Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Western Highland Chatino <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Acatepec Me'phaa <s> Mexico <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Thailand <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Apasco-Apoala Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ayautla Mazatec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Coyutla Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Miahuatlán Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Northern Tepehuan <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Copainalá Zoque <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Guevea Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Chayuco-Jamiltepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Ayutla Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sindihui Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Alacatlatzala Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> San Mateo Del Mar Huave <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tejalapan Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Sierra Otomi <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Amoltepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Nopala Chatino <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Slovenia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Estonia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Angola <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Croatia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ivory Coast <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Senegal <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Romania <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Morocco <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bulgaria <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belize <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Azerbaijan <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Xicotepec Totonac <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Xanica Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zacatepec Chatino <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Usila Chinantec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zaniza Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Xanaguía Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yavesía Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zaachila Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Xadani Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yatzachi Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yoloxóchitl Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Tututepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yalálag Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Yatzechi Zapotec <s> Mexico <p> language used <o> Zacatepec Mixtec <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Republic of Texas <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Georgia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> State of Palestine <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kazakhstan <s> Mexico <p> significant event <o> Mexican Revolution <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cuba <s> Mexico <p> significant event <o> Pastry War <s> Mexico <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject Zika Corpus <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iceland <s> Mexico <p> significant event <o> Cinco de Mayo <s> Mexico <p> diplomatic relation <o> Holy See <s> Mexico <p> significant event <o> Mexican War of Independence <s> Mexico <p> highest point <o> Pico de Orizaba <s> Mexico <p> office held by head of 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the administrative territorial entity <o> Eastern Region (Lvant) <s> Malta <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Malta <p> described by source <o> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition (1885–1890) <s> Malta <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Malta <s> Malta <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Malta <s> Malta <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Malta <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Malta <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Malta <s> Malta <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Regions of Malta <s> Malta <p> highest judicial authority <o> Constitutional Court of Malta <s> Malta <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> Malta <p> said to be the same as <o> Maltese Islands </Graph> | <Text> :Mexico , officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It covers 1,972,550 km2 , making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. It shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.
Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BCE, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain in the former capital, Tenochtitlan . Over the next three centuries, Spanish expansion enforced Christianity, spread the Spanish language, and exploited rich silver deposits in Zacatecas and Guanajuato. The colonial era ended in the early nineteenth century with the Mexican War of Independence.
Following independence, Mexico faced political and socioeconomic upheaval. The United States' incursion during the Mexican-American War resulted in significant territorial losses in 1848. Liberal reforms introduced in the Constitution of 1857 prompted domestic conflict, including the French intervention and the establishment of an Empire, countered by the Republican resistance led by Benito Juarez. The late 19th century saw the rise of Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship, sparking the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which led to profound changes, including the 1917 Constitution. Subsequent governance by a succession of presidents, often former war generals, persisted until the emergence of the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1929. Under PRI rule for 70 years, Mexico experienced significant economic growth, but also faced issues of repression and electoral fraud. The late twentieth century saw a shift towards neoliberal policies, exemplified by the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, amidst social unrest and indigenous rebellion in Chiapas. In 2000, PRI lost the presidency for the first time against the conservative party .
Mexico has the world's 15th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 11th-largest by PPP, with the United States being its largest economic partner. As a newly industrialized and developing country ranking 86th in the Human Development Index, its large economy and population, cultural influence, and steady democratization make Mexico a regional and middle power which is also identified as an emerging power by several analysts. Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world for the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is also one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, ranking fifth in natural biodiversity. Mexico's rich cultural and biological heritage, as well as varied climate and geography, makes it a major tourist destination: as of 2018, it was the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 39 million international arrivals. However, the country continues to struggle with social inequality, poverty and extensive crime. It ranks poorly on the Global Peace Index, due in large part to ongoing conflict between drug trafficking syndicates. This "drug war" has led to over 120,000 deaths since 2006. Mexico is a member of United Nations, the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , the World Trade Organization , the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the Organization of American States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, and the Organization of Ibero-American States.
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, north of the Sinai Peninsula, south of the Anatolian Peninsula, and west of the Levant. It is geographically a part of West Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeast European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located east of Greece, north of Egypt, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 .
Cyprus was placed under the United Kingdom's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914. The future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots, who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and Turkish Cypriots, who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued enosis, union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of taksim, the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.
Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. The crisis of 1963-64 brought further intercommunal violence between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into enclaves: 56-59 and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'etat was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus and the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established by unilateral declaration in 1983; the move was widely condemned by the international community, with Turkey alone recognising the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute.
British Pakistanis are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan. This includes people born in the UK who are of Pakistani descent, Pakistani-born people who have migrated to the UK and those of Pakistani origin from overseas who migrated to the UK.
The UK is home to the largest Pakistani community in Europe, with the population of British Pakistanis exceeding 1.5 million based on the 2021 Census. British Pakistanis are the second-largest ethnic minority population in the United Kingdom and also make up the second-largest sub-group of British Asians. In addition, they are one of the largest Overseas Pakistani communities, similar in number to the Pakistani diaspora in the UAE. The majority of British Pakistanis originate from the Azad Kashmir and Punjab regions, with a smaller number from other parts of Pakistan including Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan and Balochistan.
Due to the historical relations between the two countries, immigration to the UK from the region, which is now Pakistan, began in small numbers in the mid-nineteenth century when parts of what is now Pakistan came under the British India. People from those regions served as soldiers in the British Indian Army and some were deployed to other parts of the British Empire. However, it was following the Second World War and the break-up of the British Empire and the independence of Pakistan that Pakistani immigration to the United Kingdom increased, especially during the 1950s and 1960s. This was made easier as Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth. Pakistani immigrants helped to solve labour shortages in the British steel, textile and engineering industries. The National Health Service recruited doctors from Pakistan in the 1960s.
The British Pakistani population has grown from about 10,000 in 1951 to over 1.5 million in 2021. The vast majority of them live in England, with a sizable number in Scotland and smaller numbers in Wales and Northern Ireland. According to the 2021 Census, Pakistanis in England and Wales numbered 1,587,819 or 2.7% of the population. In Northern Ireland, the equivalent figure was 1,596, representing less than 0.1% of the population. The census in Scotland was delayed for a year and took place in 2022; ethnicity results for Scotland are expected to be published in early 2024. The majority of British Pakistanis are Muslim; around 93% of those living in England and Wales at the time of the 2021 Census stated their religion was Islam.
Black British people are a multi-ethnic group of British people of either African or Afro-Caribbean descent. The term Black British developed in the 1950s, referring to the Black British West Indian people from the former Caribbean British colonies in the West Indies sometimes referred to as the Windrush Generation and Black British people descending from Africa.
The term black has historically had a number of applications as a racial and political label and may be used in a wider sociopolitical context to encompass a broader range of non-European ethnic minority populations in Britain. This has become a controversial definition. Black British is one of various self-designation entries used in official UK ethnicity classifications.
Black residents constituted around 3 per cent of the United Kingdom's population in 2011. The figures have increased from the 1991 census when 1.63 per cent of the population were recorded as Black or Black British to 1.15 million residents in 2001, or 2 per cent of the population, this further increased to just over 1.9 million in 2011. Almost 97 per cent of Black Britons live in England, particularly in England's larger urban areas, with most Black British living in Greater London.
The term Black British has most commonly been used to refer to Black people of New Commonwealth origin, of both West African and South Asian descent. For example, Southall Black Sisters was established in 1979 "to meet the needs of black women". Note that "Asian" in the British context usually refers to people of South Asian ancestry. Black was used in this inclusive political sense to mean "non-white British".
Albania l-BAY-nee-@; Albanian: Shqiperi or Shqiperia), officially the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeast Europe. The country is located in the Balkans on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Spanning an area of 28,748 km2 , it displays a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. The country's landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains, to fertile lowland plains extending from the coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian seas. Tirana is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by Durres, Vlore, and Shkoder.
In ancient times, the Illyrians inhabited northern and central regions of Albania, whilst Epirotes inhabited the south. Several important ancient Greek colonies were also established on the coast. The Illyrian kingdom centered in what is now Albania was the dominant power before the Rise of Macedon. In the 2nd century BCE, the region was annexed by the Roman Republic, and after the division of the Roman Empire it became part of Byzantium. The first known Albanian autonomous principality - Arbanon - was established in the 12th century. The Kingdom of Albania, Principality of Albania and Albania Veneta were formed between the 13th and 15th centuries in different parts of the country, alongside other Albanian principalities and political entities. In the late 15th century, Albania became part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912, when the modern Albanian state declared independence. In 1939, Italy invaded the Kingdom of Albania, which became Greater Albania, and then a protectorate of Nazi Germany during World War II. Following the war, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania was formed, which lasted until the Revolutions of 1991 concluded with the fall of communism in Albania and eventually the establishment of the current Republic of Albania.
Since its independence in 1912, Albania has undergone a diverse political evolution, transitioning from a monarchy to a communist regime before becoming a sovereign parliamentary constitutional republic. Governed by a constitution prioritising the separation of powers, the country's political structure includes a parliament, a ceremonial president, a functional prime minister and a hierarchy of courts. Albania is a developing country with an upper-middle income economy driven by the service sector, with manufacturing and tourism also playing significant roles. The country underwent a transition post the dissolution of communism, shifting from a centralised planning to adopting a open market economy. Citizens in Albania benefit from universal health care access and receive complimentary primary and secondary education.
The historical origins of the term "Albania" can be traced back to medieval Latin, with its foundations believed to be associated with the Illyrian tribe of the Albani. This connection gains further support from the work of the Ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy during the 2nd century AD, where he included the settlement of Albanopolis situated to the northeast of Durres. The presence of a medieval settlement named Albanon or Arbanon hints at the possibility of historical continuity. However, the precise relationship between these historical references and the question of whether Albanopolis was synonymous with Albanon remains a subject of scholarly debate.
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres and is the 16th largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities include Burgas, Plovdiv, and Varna.
One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by the early Slavs. The Bulgars, led by Asparuh, attacked from the lands of Old Great Bulgaria and permanently invaded the Balkans in the late 7th century. They established the First Bulgarian Empire, victoriously recognised by treaty in 681 AD by the Byzantine Empire. It dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire, which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the empire disintegrated and in 1396 fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the third and current Bulgarian state. Many ethnic Bulgarians were left outside the new nation's borders, which stoked irredentist sentiments that led to several conflicts with its neighbours and alliances with Germany in both world wars. In 1946, Bulgaria came under the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc and became a socialist state. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the revolutions of 1989 and allowed multiparty elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy. Since adopting a democratic constitution in 1991, Bulgaria has been a unitary parliamentary republic composed of 28 provinces, with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation.
Bulgaria has an upper-middle-income economy, ranking 68th in the Human Development Index. Its market economy is part of the European Single Market and is largely based on services, followed by industry--especially machine building and mining--and agriculture. The country faces a demographic crisis; its population peaked at 9 million in 1989, and has since decreased to 6.4 million as of 2023. Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the Council of Europe. It is also a founding member of the OSCE and has taken a seat on the United Nations Security Council three times.
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya , is a country in East Africa. A member of the African Union with a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 28th most populous country in the world and 7th most populous in Africa. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest and second largest city, is the major port city of Mombasa, situated on Mombasa Island in the Indian Ocean and the surrounding mainland. Mombasa was the capital of the British East Africa Protectorate, which included most of what is now Kenya and southwestern Somalia, from 1889 to 1907. Other important cities include Kisumu and Nakuru. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Kenya's geography, climate and population vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates in western and rift valley counties and further on to dry less fertile arid and semi-arid areas and absolute deserts .
Kenya's earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers, like the present-day Hadza people. According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material, Cushitic speakers first settled in Kenya's lowlands between 3,200 and 1,300 BC, a phase known as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Nilotic-speaking pastoralists began migrating from present-day South Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC. Bantu people settled at the coast and the interior between 250 BC and 500 AD.
European contact began in 1500 AD with the Portuguese Empire, and effective colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior. Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony, which began in 1920. Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution, which began in 1952, and the declaration of independence in 1963. After independence, Kenya remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The current constitution was adopted in 2010 and replaced the 1963 independence constitution.
Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic, in which elected officials represent the people and the president is the head of state and government.
Kenya is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, COMESA, International Criminal Court, as well as other international organisations. With a GNI of 1,840, Kenya is a lower-middle-income economy. Kenya's economy is the second largest in eastern and central Africa, after Ethiopia, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub. Agriculture is the largest sector; tea and coffee are traditional cash crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The service industry is also a major economic driver, particularly tourism. Kenya is a member of the East African Community trade bloc, though some international trade organisations categorise it as part of the Greater Horn of Africa. Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a small part in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty. Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre . Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country, although ethnic Russians in the country form a sizeable Christian community.
Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the southern region. Turkic nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three juz , which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, the territory was reorganized several times. In 1936, its modern borders were established with the formation of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last Soviet republic to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1988 to 1991.
Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia economically and politically, accounting for 60 percent of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry; it also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan has the highest Human Development Index ranking in the region. It is de jure a democratic, unitary, constitutional republic; however, it is de facto an authoritarian regime with no free elections. Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the 2019 resignation of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kazakhstan is a member state of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Union, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Organization of Turkic States, and International Organization of Turkic Culture.
The English word Kazakh, meaning a member of the Kazakh people, derives from Russian: kazakh. The native name is Kazakh: k'azak', romanized: qazaq. It might originate from the Turkic word verb qaz-, 'to wander', reflecting the Kazakhs' nomadic culture. The term 'Cossack' is of the same origin.
Slovakia , officially the Slovak Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's mostly mountainous territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres , hosting a population exceeding 5.4 million. The capital and largest city is Bratislava, while the second largest city is Kosice.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of the present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries. From the late 6th century, parts of modern Slovakia were incorporated in the Avar Khaghanate. In the 7th century, the Slavs played a significant role in the creation of Samo's Empire. In the 9th century, the Avar Khaghanate dissolved, and the Slavs established the Principality of Nitra, which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia, leading to the formation of Great Moravia. In the 10th century, after the dissolution of Great Moravia, the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary, which then became the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000. In 1241 and 1242, after the Mongol invasion of Europe, much of the territory was destroyed, but was recovered largely thanks to Bela IV.
After World War I and the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire, the state of Czechoslovakia was established, incorporating Slovakia. In the lead up to World War II, local fascist parties gradually came to power in the Slovak lands, and the first Slovak Republic was established as a puppet state under the control of Nazi Germany. The local Jewish population was heavily persecuted, with almost 70,000 Jews being murdered or deported. Internal opposition to the fascist government's policies culminated in the Slovak National Uprising, itself triggered by the Nazi German occupation of the country. Although the uprising was eventually suppressed, partisan resistance continued, and Czechoslovak independence was re-established after the country's liberation at the end of the war.
Following the Soviet-backed coup of 1948, Czechoslovakia became a communist state within the Eastern Bloc and a satellite state of the Soviet Union. Attempts to liberalise communism culminated in the Prague Spring, which was suppressed by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In 1989, the Velvet Revolution peacefully ended Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia, sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce.
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta , is an island country in southern Europe, located in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago between Italy, Tunisia and Libya. It lies 80 km south of Sicily, Italy, 284 km east of Tunisia, and 333 km north of Libya. The official languages are Maltese, the only Semitic language in the European Union, and English. The nation's capital is Valletta.
With a population of about 519,000 over an area of 316 km2 , Malta is the tenth-smallest country by area and fifth most densely populated sovereign country. Its capital is Valletta, the smallest national capital in the European Union by area and population. According to 2020 data by Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island and has a population of 480,134. According to the United Nations, ESPON and EU Commission, "the whole territory of Malta constitutes a single urban region". Malta increasingly is referred to as a city-state.
Malta has been inhabited since approximately 5900 BC. Its location in the centre of the Mediterranean has historically given it great strategic importance as a naval base, with a succession of powers having contested and ruled the islands, including the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Knights of St. John, French, and British. While Christianity has been present since the time of the early Christians, Malta was predominantly a Muslim country under Arab rule in the Middle Ages. Muslim rule ended with the Norman invasion of Malta by Roger I in 1091. Malta became a British colony in 1813, serving as the headquarters for the British Mediterranean Fleet. It was besieged by the Axis powers during World War II and was an important Allied base for operations in North Africa and the Mediterranean. The British parliament passed the Malta Independence Act in 1964, giving Malta independence, with Elizabeth II as its queen. The country became a republic in 1974. It has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations since independence, and joined the European Union in 2004; it became part of the eurozone monetary union in 2008. Malta is also closely tied historically and culturally to Italy and specifically Sicily, with between 62 to 66 percent of Maltese people speaking or having significant knowledge of the Italian language, which was one of the official languages of Malta until 1934.
Catholicism is the state religion, but the Constitution of Malta guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship. The economy of Malta is heavily reliant on tourism, and the country promotes itself as a Mediterranean tourist destination with its warmer climate compared to the rest of Europe, numerous recreational areas, and architectural and historical monuments, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Hal Saflieni Hypogeum, Valletta, and seven megalithic temples which are some of the oldest free-standing structures in the world.
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Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> ASEAN <s> Indonesia <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Indian Ocean <s> Indonesia <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Pacific Ocean <s> Indonesia <p> replaces <o> Dutch East Indies <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Singapore <s> Indonesia <p> central bank <o> Bank Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> religion or worldview <o> Islam <s> Indonesia <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Celebes Sea <s> Indonesia <p> participant in <o> ASEAN cable system <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Indonesia <p> replaces <o> Bone Sultanate <s> Indonesia <p> replaces <o> Sultanate of Deli <s> Indonesia <p> replaces <o> Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Indonesia <p> motto <o> Bhinneka Tunggal Ika <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> English <s> Indonesia <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Australia <s> Indonesia <p> located in or next to body of water <o> South China Sea <s> Indonesia <p> flag <o> flag of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Indonesia <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Indonesian people <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Arabs <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mandarin <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Indonesia <p> replaces <o> Tasik <s> Indonesia <p> driving side <o> left <s> Indonesia <p> office held by head of government <o> President of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Indonesia topics <s> Indonesia <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Sundanese people <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Dayak <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Minangkabau <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Bugis people <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belgium <s> Indonesia <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Indonesia <p> described by source <o> TASS Encyclopedia <s> Indonesia <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> replaces <o> Mempawah Kingdom <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Indonesian <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Sasak people <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Banjar <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Bantenese people <s> Indonesia <p> part of <o> Southeast Asia <s> Indonesia <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> East Timor <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> India <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Malay <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Indonesia <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Arafura Sea <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Aceh <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Javanese <s> Indonesia <p> coat of arms <o> National emblem of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Balinese <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Madurese <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Malays <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> G20 <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Minangkabau <s> Indonesia <p> legislative body <o> People's Consultative Assembly <s> Indonesia <p> continent <o> Insular Oceania <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Batak <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Papua New Guinea <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Arabic <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mentawai <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Denmark <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sweden <s> Indonesia <p> part of <o> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Poland <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation <s> Indonesia <p> part of <o> MIKTA <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Balinese <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> International Civil Defence Organisation <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Philippines <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Palau <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Chinese people <s> Indonesia <p> ethnic group <o> Betawi people <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> Organisation of Islamic Cooperation <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Vietnam <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Banjar <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Malaysia <s> Indonesia <p> highest judicial authority <o> Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Betawi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Toba Batak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Makassar <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Highland Papua <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> South Papua <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sundanese <s> Indonesia <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Jayapura <s> Indonesia <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Jakarta <s> Indonesia <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Pontianak <s> Indonesia <p> located in time zone <o> Indonesia Western Standard Time <s> Indonesia <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Makassar <s> Indonesia <p> located in time zone <o> Indonesia Central Standard Time <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Acehnese <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bangka Belitung Islands <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lampung Api <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Toraja-Sa’dan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Komering <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Madurese <s> Indonesia <p> executive body <o> Government of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sika <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sara Bakati' <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Portugal <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Cia-Cia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bunak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Galoli <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bengkulu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Anus <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bugis <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Gayo <s> Indonesia <p> shares border with <o> Thailand <s> Indonesia <p> religion or worldview <o> Catholicism <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Javanese <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Iban <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> Indonesia <p> religion or worldview <o> Buddhism <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Warembori <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Rasawa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Demisa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Awera <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Eritai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bauzi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Abinomn <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Biritai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Duvle <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tetum <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mexico <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tobelo <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Italy <s> Indonesia <p> history of topic <o> History of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Abun <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Oirata <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mandar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Helong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ledo Kaili <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kemak <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Switzerland <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nimboran <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mamboru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Berik <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> North Sumatra <s> Indonesia <p> studied in <o> indonesiology <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Manado <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Indonesia <p> culture <o> culture of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Riau <s> Indonesia <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> emergency phone number <o> 112 <s> Indonesia <p> electrical plug type <o> Schuko <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Lampung <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Aceh <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Austria <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Burmeso <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Karon Dori <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Jambi <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Egypt <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> East Java <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Iau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Burate <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hattam <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kwerisa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Baropasi <s> Indonesia <p> capital <o> Jakarta <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Jakarta <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Central Java <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Biak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ambai <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Netherlands <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nage <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Meax <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ma'ya <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Musi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tunggare <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Malay trade and creole languages <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Moronene <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sawi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Standard Mandarin <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Petjo <s> Indonesia <p> electrical plug type <o> Europlug <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Banten <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wolio <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sasak <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> East Kalimantan <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Riau Islands <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> South Sumatra <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West Sumatra <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nias <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tause <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wanukaka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dusun Witu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ma'anyan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Deyah <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bima <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Javindo <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kenya <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hawu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dusun Witu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Palu'e <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kangeanic <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mor <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West Java <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ambelau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Angkola <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Enggano <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> North Kalimantan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ngadha <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Papua <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> South Kalimantan <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West Kalimantan <s> Indonesia <p> office held by head of state <o> President of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ende <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dhao <s> Indonesia <p> basic form of government <o> republic <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bungku <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Buli <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Buru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Buol <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bukar Sadong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bajo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bahonsuai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Abui <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wandamen <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> As <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Alas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bantik <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Maluku <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West Sulawesi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Gorontalo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kei <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lamboya <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> South Sulawesi <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> North Sulawesi <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West Papua <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Gorontalo <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Central Sulawesi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sumbawa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ke'o <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kao <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> East Nusa Tenggara <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ambonese <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lawangan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sikule <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hukumina <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sobei <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West Nusa Tenggara <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mongondow <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kambera <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Galela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Rejang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Loncong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mualang <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brazil <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Central Kalimantan <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Russia <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Southeast Sulawesi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ot Danum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lemolang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tolaki <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mairasi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Irarutu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> West Makian <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Duano’ <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dusun Malang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Biga <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mandailing <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dairi Batak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Biatah <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Simalungun <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Li'o <s> Indonesia <p> official language <o> Indonesian <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ukraine <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Maba <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lubu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pekal <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bangka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Manggarai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wakasihu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Leti <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kuri <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Highland Konjo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Koroni <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kulisusu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Coastal Konjo <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Indonesia <p> religion or worldview <o> Protestantism <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bosnia and Herzegovina <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Paku <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Col <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ngaju language <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Laura <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Simeulue <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bulgaria <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Osing <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Gebe <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Gorap <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Gane <s> Indonesia <p> official language <o> Javanese <s> Indonesia <p> anthem <o> Indonesia Raya <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kerinci <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Airoran <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kodeoha <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Komodo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kisar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Alorese <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Padoe <s> Indonesia <p> instance of <o> country <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bali <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> North Maluku <s> Indonesia <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .id <s> Indonesia <p> religion or worldview <o> Hinduism <s> Indonesia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Central Papua <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Manusela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mapia <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Georgia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mori Atas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kata Kolok <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mpur <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mori Bawah <s> Indonesia <p> instance of <o> archipelagic state <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Amahai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bakumpai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Laraʼ <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ratahan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Adang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Central Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Rahambuu <s> Indonesia <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sula <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Waris <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kapori <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bahau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Massep <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Chile <s> Indonesia <p> instance of <o> presidential system <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sentani <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Aghu <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Algeria <s> Indonesia <p> instance of <o> island country <s> Indonesia <p> instance of <o> constitutional republic <s> Indonesia <p> main regulatory text <o> Constitution of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> currency <o> rupiah <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bakati’ <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Banggainese <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Uab Meto <s> Indonesia <p> head of government <o> Joko Widodo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sumeri <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> West Tarangan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ternate <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Africa <s> Indonesia <p> head of state <o> Joko Widodo <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cuba <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Taliabu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Angguruk Yali <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tawoyan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Taloki <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Awyi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bamayo <s> Indonesia <p> religion or worldview <o> Confucianism <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Singapore <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kayeli <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Liki <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lepki <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sempan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mantion <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Berau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Saponi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Elseng <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Jambi Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Isirawa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Indonesian Sign Language <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Alune <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Taba <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pamona <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Baham <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ansus <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Namla <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Barakai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ulumanda’ <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Siang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Saweru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bolango <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sa'ban <s> Indonesia <p> named after <o> Indian subcontinent <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Banda <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Basap <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bayono <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cambodia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Waru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yoke <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tunjung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Duri <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wano <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yawa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Uma' Lung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Skou <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wawonii <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mekwei <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kodi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Adonara <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sajau Basap <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nedebang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bintauna <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bentong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Boano <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Boano <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bipim <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Betaf <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Blagar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dera <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dem <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dobel <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dengka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Diuwe <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dineor <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tewa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tidore <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Doutai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dondo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> East Damar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dusner <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Duriankere <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tombulu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tondano <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tonsea <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tonsawang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tontemboan <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Serbia <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> New Zealand <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> East Timor <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hoti <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Haruku <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Haji <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hitu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Gresi <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Peru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bonerate <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Budong-Budong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Burusu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Buruwai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bukat <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bonggo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bobongko <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bonerif <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Burumakok <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaimbulawa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kais <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaibobo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaidipang <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bambam <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Balantak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bati <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Benggoi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bedoanas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> West Damar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bobot <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Citak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sawai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Baduy <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bukitan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Awbono <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Papua New Guinea <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Fiji <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ampanang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Anakalangu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Amarasi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Amung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kafoa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Iwur <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Iha <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Itik <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hupla <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Imroing <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaburi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Iresim <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hovongan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Emplawas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Fayu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Foau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Erokwanas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dao <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dampelas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Campalagian <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Busami <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Busoa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dakka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dabe <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dawera-Daweloor <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Dela-Oenale <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Koba <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kola <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kirikiri <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kimki <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kokoda <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kohin <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kofei <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Keninjal <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kepo' <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tofanma <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Afra <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Molof <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sause <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Romang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wejewa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Murkim <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Muna <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Munggui <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Argentina <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kamberau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kalabra <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kalao <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kamarian <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaiy <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Aoheng <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Andio <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mangole <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mamasa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Maiwa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mamuju <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Manombai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mander <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Maklew <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Manem <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Manipa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mainstream Kenyah <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Aralle-Tabulahan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Aput <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Auye <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Arandai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Emem <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ekari <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Embaloh <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Eipo <s> Indonesia <p> main regulatory text <o> Law of the Republic of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nalca <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nafri <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Naka'ela <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Laos <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kombai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Komyandaret <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Venezuela <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ternateño <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Puragi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Punan Tubu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Rajong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Punan Merah <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Punan Merap <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kopka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Korupun <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kosare <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kosarek <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Korowai <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Yemen <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nila <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nusa Laut <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> North Moluccan Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> North Babar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Retta <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Papasena <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pancana <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pagu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Papuma <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Patani <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pannei <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Panasuan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Paulohi <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Colombia <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bada <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Maybrat <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Balaesang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bagusa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Orya <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Okolod <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Onin <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Obokuitai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ormu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Rampi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Rembong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Luang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Luhu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Loun <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lola <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lole <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lisela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Liana <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Levuka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lewo Eleng <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Western Pantar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lorang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lauje <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lisabata-Nuniali <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lengilo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Geser <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Goliath <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Fordata <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Gamkonora <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Serili <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Serui-Laut <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Suwawa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tabla <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Suabo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Laha <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kula <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kwerba Mamberamo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kwerba <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Laiyolo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kui <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kwesten <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kwinsu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lamaholot <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kumbewaha <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Riung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Riantana <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ringgou <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ribun <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Karas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kamoro <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Karey <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaptiau <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Myanmar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kubu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Krio Dayak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kowiai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nasal <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ndom <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nduga <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> So’a <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> South Lembata <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sowanda <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sikaritai <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Pakistan <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Suriname <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Marau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Marind <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mariri <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Masiwang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Meoswar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Masimasi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mawes <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mbelala <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Matbat <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Talaud <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tajio <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Taikat <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tagol <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tomini <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tebi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Termanu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tehit <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tii <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tefaro <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tela’a <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tomadino <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tobati <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Selaru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Selayar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Selungai Murut <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Podena <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pom <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pendau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ponosakan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sekar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Seget <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sedoa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Segai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Seit-Kaitetu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Moma <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mombum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Konda <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Loloda <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kimaghima <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Modole <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Atohwaim <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Koneraw <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Momuna <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Moraid <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Momina <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Morori <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Migani <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nepal <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ibu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Central Asmat <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kabola <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Moskona <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> North Asmat <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Casuarina Coast Asmat <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sri Lanka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lani <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yalahatan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Watubela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wolani <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Woi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yahadian <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wemale <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Woria <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Woisika <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wersing <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Taman <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kadai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tandia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tamagario <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Talondo’ <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sauri <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sarudu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Saleman <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Saparua <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Samarokena <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sawila <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaur <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mer <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Modang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mlap <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Moksela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mingar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sembakung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Semandang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Seluwasan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yamna <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yamdena <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yaqay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yarsun <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Thailand <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Uruangnirin <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Vitou <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wabo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wae Rana <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Uma’ Lasan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Viid <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Rongga <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Latu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lasalimu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lamatuka <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Larantuka Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lamalera <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vietnam <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Arab Emirates <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ile Ape <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Asilulu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hamap <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iran <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Salas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Roon <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sahu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yei <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Zorop <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Besoa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bacanese Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Baras <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yaur <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yeretuar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yelmek <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Batuley <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yetfa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Keijar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kelabit <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kedang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kanayatn <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kelon <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kauwera <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kayagar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kayupulau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kemtuik <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kembayan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Te'un <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tangko <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Taworta <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Malimpung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Abung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wahau Kayan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Balinese Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> River Kayan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Banda Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Eastern Ngad'a <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Papuan Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Topoiyo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Trimuris <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Totoli <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Towei <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wakde <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Walak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ambel <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Waropen <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Waioli <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Waritai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wambon <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wahau Kenyah <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wares <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mor <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Moi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ngalum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nipsan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Silimo <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ninggerum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bilba <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kayan Busang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kehu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nyadu’ <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Anasi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bolongan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bukit Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Semimi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Asue Awyu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bian Marind <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ketengban <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brunei <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tanzania <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tabaru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Arguni <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wanggom <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Aputai <s> Indonesia <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Indonesia <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tereweng <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tugun <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tugutil <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Salawati <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Laba <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Teor <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Perai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kawe <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nggem <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Northern Nuaulu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kurudu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mendalam Kayan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> West Masela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Smärky Kanum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kota Bangun Kutai Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ketum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Makassar Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Teluti <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Legenyem <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tulehu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Uma <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tsaukambo <s> Indonesia <p> maintained by WikiProject <o> WikiProject Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> railway traffic side <o> right <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nakai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sangirese <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> South Muyu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Da'a Kaili <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kayan Mahakam <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Enrekang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kembra <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Putoh <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lolak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Napu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kamaru <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Unde Kaili <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Onin Based Pidgin <s> Indonesia <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> open data portal <o> Indonesian Data in One Portal <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ninia Yali <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Pass Valley Yali <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wauyai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Edopi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Karo Batak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Central Masela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Southern Tidung <s> Indonesia <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sota Kanum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Jangkang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Hulung <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mid Grand Valley Dani <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Huaulu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mandobo Atas <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> North Awyu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Iha Based Pidgin <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Southeast Babar <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Upper Grand Valley Dani <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tenggarong <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tamnim Citak <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Southern Tukang Besi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ngkâlmpw Kanum <s> Indonesia <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> located in/on physical feature <o> Southeast Asia <s> Indonesia <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kalumpang <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nisa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lewotobi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Nakai <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Saluan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Taje <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Serua <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Demta <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Liabuku <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lun Bawang <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Holy See <s> Indonesia <p> highest point <o> Puncak Jaya <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sanggau <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Seberuang <s> Indonesia <p> public holiday <o> Independence Day of Indonesia <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tengger <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Wotu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Edera Awyu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Tae’ <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Central Awyu <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> State of Palestine <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Morocco <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kwer <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kur <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Ili'uun <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> South Awyu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lower Grand Valley Dani <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kemberano <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Mandobo Bawah <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Yaosakor Asmat <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lindu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Sepa <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Lola <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaure <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kupang Malay <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> East Masela <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kaera <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Batui <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> East Tarangan <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kompane <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Northern Tukang Besi <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> North Muyu <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Kioko <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Bädi Kanum <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Jofotek-Bromnya <s> Indonesia <p> language used <o> Southern Nuaulu <s> Indonesia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Madagascar <s> Indonesia <p> member of <o> 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instance of <o> port settlement <s> Singapore <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Singapore <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Central Singapore Community Development Council <s> Singapore <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> South East Community Development Council <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Singapore <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+08:00 <s> Singapore <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hong Kong <s> Singapore <p> named after <o> Sinha <s> Singapore <p> ethnic group <o> Indian Singaporeans <s> Singapore <p> ethnic group <o> Singaporean Malays <s> Singapore <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> South West Community Development Council <s> Singapore <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> North West Community Development Council <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> ASEAN <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Nations <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Visa Waiver Program <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Singapore <p> executive body <o> Government of Singapore <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Alliance of Small Island States <s> Singapore <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Singapore <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Singapore <p> part of <o> Southeast Asia <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes <s> Singapore <p> located in time zone <o> Singapore Standard Time <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Creative Cities Network <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> Singapore <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency </Graph> | <Text> :Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
The territory of what is now Azerbaijan was first ruled by Caucasian Albania and later various Persian empires. Until the 19th century, it remained part of Qajar Iran, but the Russo-Persian wars of 1804-1813 and 1826-1828 forced the Qajar empire to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire; the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 defined the border between Russia and Qajar Iran. The region north of the Aras was Iranian until it was occupied by Russia during the 19th century. The area was part of the Caucasus Viceroyalty.
By the late 19th century, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged with the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918, a year after the Russian Empire collapsed, and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In 1920, the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same year. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, which became de facto independent with the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, although the region and seven surrounding districts remained internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the seven districts and parts of Nagorno-Karabakh were returned to Azerbaijani control. An Azerbaijani offensive in 2023 ended the Republic of Artsakh and resulted in the flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians.
Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic. It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Organization of Turkic States and the TURKSOY community. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 182 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations, including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OSCE, and the NATO PfP program. It is one of the founding members of GUAM, the CIS, and the OPCW. Azerbaijan is also an observer state of the WTO.
Cuba , officially the Republic of Cuba , is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatan Peninsula , south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola , and north of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camaguey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 but a total of 350,730 km2 including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.
The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited as early as the 4th millennium BC, with the Guanahatabey and Taino peoples inhabiting the area at the time of Spanish colonization in the 15th century. It was then a colony of Spain, and slavery was abolished in 1886, remaining a colony until the Spanish-American War of 1898, when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained independence in 1902. In 1940, Cuba implemented a new constitution, but mounting political unrest culminated in the 1952 Cuban coup d'etat and the subsequent dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. The Batista government was overthrown in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement during the Cuban Revolution. That revolution established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro. The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, and nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Cuba faced severe economic downturn in the 1990s, known as the Special Period. In 2008, Fidel Castro retired after 49 years; Raul Castro was elected his successor. Raul Castro retired as president in 2018 and Miguel Diaz-Canel was elected president by the National Assembly following parliamentary elections. Raul Castro retired as First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2021 and Diaz-Canel was elected.
Cuba is one of a few extant Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist states, in which the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Cuba has an authoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted. Censorship is extensive and independent journalism is repressed; Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries for press freedom. Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America. It is a multiethnic country whose people, culture and customs derive from diverse origins, including the Taino Ciboney peoples, the long period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of enslaved Africans and a close relationship with the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Cuba is a founding member of the United Nations, G77, Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, ALBA, and Organization of American States. It has one of the world's few planned economies, and its economy is dominated by tourism and the exports of skilled labor, sugar, tobacco, and coffee. Cuba has historically--before and during communist rule--performed better than other countries in the region on several socioeconomic indicators, such as literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy. Cuba has a universal health care system which provides free medical treatment to all Cuban citizens, although challenges include low salaries for doctors, poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, and the frequent absence of essential drugs. A 2023 study by the Cuban Observatory of Human Rights , estimated 88% of the population is living in extreme poverty. The traditional diet is of international concern due to micronutrient deficiencies and lack of diversity. As highlighted by the World Food Programme of the United Nations, rationed food meets only a fraction of daily nutritional needs for many Cubans, leading to health issues.
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini. It also completely enclaves the country Lesotho. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World, and the second-most populous country located entirely south of the equator, after Tanzania. South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot, with unique biomes, plant and animal life. With over 62 million people, the country is the world's 23rd-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres . Pretoria is the administrative capital, while Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital. Bloemfontein has traditionally been regarded as the judicial capital. The largest city, and site of highest court is Johannesburg.
About 80% of the population are Black South Africans. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European , Asian , and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 12 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world. According to the 2011 census, the two most spoken first languages are Zulu and Xhosa . The next two are of European origin: Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most Coloured and White South Africans; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism and is commonly used in public and commercial life.
Regular elections have been held for almost a century in the country. However, the vast majority of Black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority, which played a large role in the country's recent history and politics. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation. After a largely non-violent struggle by the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. Since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the "rainbow nation" to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid. According to the 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices, South Africa is ranked the 51st electoral democracy worldwide and the 3rd electoral democracy in Africa.
South Africa is a middle power in international affairs; it maintains significant regional influence and is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and the G20. It is a developing country, ranking 109th on the Human Development Index, the 7th highest on the continent. South Africa is the only African nation to legislate same-sex marriage. It has been classified by the World Bank as a newly industrialised country and has the third-largest economy and the most industrialised, technologically advanced economy in Africa overall, as well as the 41st-largest economy in the world. South Africa has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa. Since the end of apartheid, government accountability and quality of life have substantially improved. However, crime, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about 40% of the total population being unemployed as of 2021, while some 60% of the population lived under the poverty line and a quarter under $2.15 a day.
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America, and is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands. It lies on the boundary of the South American and the Caribbean Plates. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other Indigenous peoples, Spanish navigators took possession of Barbados in the late 15th century, claiming it for the Crown of Castile. It first appeared on a Spanish map in 1511. The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536, but abandoned it in 1620 with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. An English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625; its men took possession of the island in the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and Barbados became an English and later British colony. During this period, the colony operated on a plantation economy, relying on the labour of African slaves who worked on the island's plantations. Slavery continued until it was phased out through most of the British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
On 30 November 1966, Barbados gained independence and became a Commonwealth realm with Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados. On 30 November 2021, Barbados transitioned to a republic within the Commonwealth.
Barbados's population is predominantly of African ancestry. While it is technically an Atlantic island, Barbados is closely associated with the Caribbean and is ranked as one of its leading tourist destinations.
Uzbekistan , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a country located in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five countries: Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, making it one of only two doubly landlocked countries on Earth, along with Liechtenstein. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Uzbek is the majority language, while Russian is widely spoken and understood. Islam is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are Sunni Muslims.
The first recorded settlers in the land of what is modern Uzbekistan were Eastern Iranian nomads, known as Scythians, who founded kingdoms in Khwarazm, Bactria, and Sogdia in the 8th-6th centuries BC, as well as Fergana and Margiana in the 3rd century BC - 6th century AD. The area was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-Bactrian rule, was ruled by the Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire, until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century. The early Muslim conquests and the subsequent Samanid Empire converted most of the people into adherents of Islam. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the Silk Road, and became a center of the Islamic Golden Age. The local Khwarazmian dynasty was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Turkic peoples. Timur in the 14th century established the Timurid Empire. Its capital was Samarkand, which became a centre of science under the rule of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance. The territories of the Timurid dynasty were conquered by Uzbek Shaybanids in the 16th century. Conquests by Emperor Babur towards the east led to the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India. All of Central Asia was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political center of Russian Turkestan. In 1924, national delimitation created the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union. It declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991.
Uzbekistan is a secular state, with a presidential constitutional government in place. Uzbekistan comprises 12 regions , Tashkent City, and one autonomous republic, Karakalpakstan. While non-governmental organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights", significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, have been made following the death of the first president, Islam Karimov. Owing to these reforms, relations with the neighbouring countries of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan have drastically improved. A United Nations report of 2020 found much progress toward achieving the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.
The Uzbek economy is in a gradual transition to the market economy, with foreign trade policy being based on import substitution. In September 2017, the country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of cotton. With the gigantic power-generation facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of natural gas, Uzbekistan has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia. From 2018 to 2021, the republic received a BB- sovereign credit rating by both Standard and Poor and Fitch Ratings. The Brookings Institution described Uzbekistan as having large liquid assets, high economic growth, low public debt, and a low GDP per capita. Uzbekistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States , United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation .
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres . With over 279 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special autonomous status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most-populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness with the world's second-highest levels of biodiversity after Brazil.
The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century when the Srivijaya and later Majapahit Kingdoms traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign influences from the early centuries, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic growth.
Indonesia consists of thousands of distinct native ethnic and hundreds of linguistic groups, with Javanese being the largest. A shared identity has developed with the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" , defined by a national language, cultural diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. The economy of Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. It is the world's third-largest democracy, a regional power, and is considered a middle power in global affairs. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, D-8, APEC, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of 756,102 square kilometers and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fernandez, Isla Salas y Gomez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish.
Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile emerged as a relatively stable authoritarian republic in the 1830s after their 1818 declaration of independence from Spain. During the 19th century, Chile experienced significant economic and territorial growth, putting an end to Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific by defeating Peru and Bolivia. In the 20th century, up until the 1970s, Chile underwent a process of democratization and experienced rapid population growth and urbanization, while relying increasingly on exports from copper mining to support its economy. During the 1960s and 1970s, the country was marked by severe left-right political polarization and turmoil, which culminated in the 1973 Chilean coup d'etat that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government. This was followed by a 16-year right-wing military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet, which resulted in more than 3,000 deaths or disappearances. The regime ended in 1990, following a referendum in 1988, and was succeeded by a center-left coalition, which ruled until 2010.
Chile has a high-income economy and is one of the most economically and socially stable nations in South America, leading Latin America in competitiveness, per capita income, globalization, peace, and economic freedom. Chile also performs well in the region in terms of sustainability of the state and democratic development, and boasts the second lowest homicide rate in the Americas, following only Canada. Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , and the Pacific Alliance, and joined the OECD in 2010.
There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to 17th-century Spanish chronicler Diego de Rosales, the Incas called the valley of the Aconcagua Chili by corruption of the name of a Picunche tribal chief called Tili, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest in the 15th century. Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili.
Bahrain , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island which makes up around 83 per cent of the country's landmass. Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. The population of Bahrain is 1,501,635 as of May 14, 2023, based on elaborations of the United Nations data, of whom 712,362 are Bahraini nationals. Bahrain spans some 760 square kilometres , and is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.
Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization. It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century. Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to be influenced by Islam, during the lifetime of Muhammad in 628 AD. Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas the Great of the Safavid Iran. In 1783, the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family, with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain's first hakim.
In the late 1800s, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. In 1971, it declared independence. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared an Islamic constitutional monarchy in 2002.
Bahrain developed the first post-oil economy in the Persian Gulf, the result of decades of investing in the banking and tourism sectors; many of the world's largest financial institutions have a presence in the country's capital. It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy. Bahrain is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Bahrain is a Dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Singapore @po:r/ i SING-@-por), officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It is located about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet; the combined area of these has increased by approximately 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the second highest population density of any country in the world, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of urban planning. With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca, with its exclusive use in numerous public services. Multi-racialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.
Singapore's history dates back at least eight hundred years, having been a maritime emporium known as Temasek and subsequently a major constituent part of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepot trading post of the British Empire. In 1867, the colonies in Southeast Asia were reorganised, and Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to British control as a separate Crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and, in 1963, became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak. Ideological differences, most notably the perceived encroachment of the egalitarian "Malaysian Malaysia" political ideology led by Lee Kuan Yew into the other constituent entities of Malaysia--at the perceived expense of the bumiputera and the policies of Ketuanan Melayu--eventually led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; Singapore became an independent sovereign country in 1965.
After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers. With its growth based on international trade and economic globalisation, it integrated itself with the world economy through free trade with minimal-to-no trade barriers or tariffs, export-oriented industrialisation, and the large accumulation of received foreign direct investments, foreign exchange reserves, and assets held by sovereign wealth funds. As a highly developed country, it has one of the highest GDP per capita in the world. Identified as a tax haven, Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major aviation, financial, and maritime shipping hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities to live in for expatriates and foreign workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life, personal safety, infrastructure, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 88 percent. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates, and lowest levels of corruption in the world.
Singapore is a unitary parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government, and its legal system is based on common law. While the country is a multi-party democracy with free elections, the government under the People's Action Party wields significant control and dominance over politics and society. The PAP has governed the country continuously since full internal self-government was achieved in 1959, currently holding 79 out of 93 elected seats in Parliament. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Secretariat, and is the host city of many international conferences and events. Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
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North Korea <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> North Korea <p> member of <o> International Maritime Organization <s> North Korea <p> member of <o> states with nuclear weapons <s> North Korea <p> member of <o> United Nations Industrial Development Organization <s> North Korea <p> member of <o> Group of 77 <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Yemen <s> North Korea <p> member of <o> World Intellectual Property Organization <s> North Korea <p> member of <o> Interparliamentary Union <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Peru <s> North Korea <p> replaces <o> Korea <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> East Timor <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Czechoslovakia <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Liechtenstein <s> North Korea <p> located in/on physical feature <o> Korean Peninsula <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cambodia <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hong Kong <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> 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Philippines <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Central African Republic <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tunisia <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Togo <s> North Korea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Zambia <s> Peru <p> continent <o> South America <s> Peru <p> language used <o> Spanish <s> Peru <p> described by source <o> Catholic Encyclopedia <s> Peru <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Peru <p> language used <o> Jaqaru <s> Peru <p> language used <o> Omagua <s> Peru <p> language used <o> Cocama <s> Peru <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> Peru <p> country <o> Peru <s> Peru <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Peru <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Peru <p> described by source <o> Draft History of Qing <s> Peru <p> shares border with <o> Brazil <s> Peru <p> central bank <o> Central Reserve Bank of Peru <s> Peru <p> different from <o> PE <s> Peru <p> participant in 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Indonesia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Poland <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Italy <s> India <p> public holiday <o> International Workers' Day <s> India <p> religion or worldview <o> Islam <s> India <p> replaces <o> British Raj <s> India <p> public holiday <o> Independence Day <s> India <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime minister of India <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kingdom of Mysore <s> India <p> instance of <o> country <s> India <p> instance of <o> republic <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rewa State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Wadhwan State <s> India <p> participant in <o> BASIC countries <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kingdom of Cochin <s> India <p> replaces <o> Pratapgarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Republic of Ireland <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> India <p> described by source <o> Catholic Encyclopedia <s> India <p> public holiday <o> Gandhi Jayanti <s> India <p> replaces <o> Orchha State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Indore State <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Austria <s> India <p> central bank <o> Reserve Bank of India <s> India <p> public holiday <o> Republic Day <s> India <p> religion or worldview <o> Buddhism <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> India <p> participant in <o> G4 nations <s> India <p> instance of <o> constitutional republic <s> India <p> instance of <o> federal republic <s> India <p> replaces <o> Narsinghgarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dungarpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Maihar State <s> India <p> head of government <o> Narendra Modi <s> India <p> instance of <o> democratic republic <s> India <p> has characteristic <o> free country <s> India <p> motto <o> Satyameva Jayate <s> India <p> shares border with <o> Myanmar <s> India <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in India <s> India <p> topic's main template <o> Template:States and Union Territories of India <s> India <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> India <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in India <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belgium <s> India <p> driving side <o> left <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rajpipla State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bantva Manavadar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kolhapur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Idar State Prince of shrinivash ( kingofshrinivash) <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dholpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bhajji State <s> India <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> India <p> head of state <o> Droupadi Murmu <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bharatpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bastar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bhavnagar State <s> India <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Nations <s> India <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> India <p> described by source <o> Sytin Military Encyclopedia <s> India <p> described by source <o> Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron <s> India <p> described by source <o> Bible Encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nicephorus <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bhopal State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kahlur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bhor State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bikaner State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Baghat State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sandur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Cooch Behar <s> India <p> replaces <o> Changbhakar <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jath State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Miraj Senior <s> India <p> replaces <o> Raigarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Morvi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nabha State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kalsia State <s> India <p> lowest point <o> Kuttanad <s> India <p> part of <o> Commonwealth of Nations <s> India <p> shares border with <o> Sri Lanka <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bonai State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Tonk State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kingdom of Manipur <s> India <p> replaces <o> Patiala State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Baudh State <s> India <p> topic's main category <o> Category:India <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> India <p> shares border with <o> Nepal <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jind State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jhalawar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Benares State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Samthar State <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Portugal <s> India <p> language used <o> Marathi <s> India <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kenya <s> India <p> replaces <o> Angadh Estate <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jasrota <s> India <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sailana State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kalahandi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Garhwal Kingdom <s> India <p> replaces <o> Faridkot State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sirmoor State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sachin State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Udaipur State <s> India <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uruguay <s> India <p> language used <o> Rajasthani <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bamra State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Barwani State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Baroda State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Banswara State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bashahr State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Baraundha State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Baoni State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Basoda State <s> India <p> shares border with <o> Bhutan <s> India <p> described by source <o> Counter Extremism Project <s> India <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> India <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> India <p> described by source <o> TASS Encyclopedia <s> India <p> participant in <o> Group of Five <s> India <p> language used <o> Bangla <s> India <p> language used <o> Telugu <s> India <p> shares border with <o> Pakistan <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kota State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Ramdurg State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Muhammadgarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nagod State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nandgaon State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Koriya <s> India <p> replaces <o> Mudhol State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sarangarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Patna State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sonepur State <s> India <p> language used <o> Hindi <s> India <p> significant event <o> Indian independence movement <s> India <p> capital <o> New Delhi <s> India <p> shares border with <o> Bangladesh <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Assam <s> India <p> language used <o> Urdu <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dominion of India <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kapurthala State <s> India <p> language used <o> Sanskrit <s> India <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Egypt <s> India <p> language used <o> English <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Gujarat <s> India <p> replaces <o> Gwalior State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Panna State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Ratlam State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Alwar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Savanur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nawanagar State <s> India <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> India <p> language used <o> Gujarati <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jaitpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jashpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Tripura <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jaora State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Cutch State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jamkhandi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jhabua State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jaisalmer State <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Goa <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bhith Bhagwanpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Balladhdarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kotharia State, Rajasthan <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kotharia State, Rajkot <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kulpahar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kumharsain State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Lathi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Somna State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Vallavpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Mohrampur Jagir State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Mundru State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rajpur State, Baroda <s> India <p> replaces <o> Patan State, Rajasthan <s> India <p> replaces <o> Stok jair State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Vallbhapur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Vijaipur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nasvadi <s> India <p> replaces <o> Maurha State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Pathari State <s> India <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:India <s> India <p> described by source <o> Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> India <p> replaces <o> Suket State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Akkalkot State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rampur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Alipura State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sohawal State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Thanjavur Maratha kingdom <s> India <p> replaces <o> Miraj Junior <s> India <p> replaces <o> Pudukkottai State <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Chhattisgarh <s> India <p> replaces <o> Karauli State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Khilchipur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jobat State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jodhpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kishangarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jaoli State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Lawa Thikana <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jaswan <s> India <p> replaces <o> Manda <s> India <p> replaces <o> Mandi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kutlehar State <s> India <p> language used <o> Ao <s> India <p> language used <o> A-Pucikwar <s> India <p> language used <o> Angika <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sangli State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rairakhol State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rajgarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rajkot State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sitamau State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Surguja State <s> India <p> replaces <o> presidencies and provinces of British India <s> India <p> replaces <o> Shahpura State <s> India <p> language used <o> French <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mexico <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Arunachal Pradesh <s> India <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kerala <s> India <p> member of <o> states with nuclear weapons <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> India <p> member of <o> BRICS <s> India <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Haryana <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Maharashtra <s> India <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> India <p> language used <o> A'Tong <s> India <p> language used <o> Tamil <s> India <p> replaces <o> Chamba State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dewas State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Hyderabad State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Datia State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dhar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Cambay State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Chhatarpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dhenkanal State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Tulsipur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Alirajpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Ajaigarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bansda <s> India <p> replaces <o> Chota Nagpur States <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jaipur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Babariawad <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bundi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dharampur State <s> India <p> member of <o> G20 <s> India <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> India <p> member of <o> Shanghai Cooperation Organisation <s> India <p> language used <o> Saurashtra <s> India <p> language used <o> Nagarchal <s> India <p> language used <o> Maria <s> India <p> language used <o> Sora <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Madhya Pradesh <s> India <p> language used <o> Assamese <s> India <p> replaces <o> Darkoti <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kuthar <s> India <p> replaces <o> Loharu State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Keonthal State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Limbdi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kangra-Lambagraon <s> India <p> replaces <o> Carnatic state <s> India <p> replaces <o> Baria State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Chhuikhadan State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dhami <s> India <p> replaces <o> Beja State <s> India <p> language used <o> Badaga <s> India <p> language used <o> Bodo <s> India <p> replaces <o> Datarpur <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dhurwai <s> India <p> replaces <o> Chaube Jagirs <s> India <p> replaces <o> Ambliara State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Gaurihar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Daspalla <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dedhrota <s> India <p> replaces <o> Hindol State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jambughoda State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jaso State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nayagarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Beri State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bijawar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Bhaisunda <s> India <p> language used <o> Awadhi <s> India <p> part of <o> Non-Aligned Movement <s> India <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> India <p> replaces <o> Makrai State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kurundvad Senior <s> India <p> replaces <o> Pethapur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kurundvad Junior <s> India <p> replaces <o> Oudh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Mayurbhanj State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Radhanpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Lunavada State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sawantwadi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Narsinghpur State <s> India <p> part of <o> South Asia <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Manipur <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Andhra Pradesh <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Jammu and Kashmir <s> India <p> language used <o> Dzongkha <s> India <p> language used <o> Chenchu <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bihar <s> India <p> replaces <o> Piploda State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sakti State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sirohi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Saraikela State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sardargarh Bantva <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rajoli Zamindari Estate <s> India <p> replaces <o> Torawati <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nilgiri State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Paldeo State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Pal Lahara State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Palanpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Palitana State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Phaltan State <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Jharkhand <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Himachal Pradesh <s> India <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ethiopia <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Tamil Nadu <s> India <p> replaces <o> Aundh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Charkhari State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Baghal State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Wankaner State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jammu and Kashmir <s> India <p> replaces <o> Athgarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Gangpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Orissa Tributary States <s> India <p> replaces <o> Gondal State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Nazargunj <s> India <p> replaces <o> Porbandar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Vala State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dhrangadhra State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jafarabad State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sant State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Khaniadhana State <s> India <p> language used <o> Maldivian <s> India <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> India <p> member of <o> Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation <s> India <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> India <p> located in time zone <o> Indian Standard Time <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Russia <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Karnataka <s> India <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> India <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> India <p> language used <o> Chakma <s> India <p> language used <o> Dogri <s> India <p> office held by head of state <o> President of India <s> India <p> culture <o> culture of India <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West Bengal <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ghana <s> India <p> said to be the same as <o> Tenjiku <s> India <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Indian people <s> India <p> emergency phone number <o> 108 <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kazakhstan <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Rajasthan <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Mizoram <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brazil <s> India <p> replaces <o> Talcher State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Udaipur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Ranpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Hasht-Bhaiya <s> India <p> replaces <o> Vijaynagar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Tripura <s> India <p> replaces <o> Guler State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Chuda State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Danta State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sambalpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Surgana State <s> India <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Kolkata <s> India <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Indian Ocean <s> India <p> electrical plug type <o> BS 546 <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jigni State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kapshi Estate <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jhansi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Khairagarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Lakhtar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kamta-Rajaula <s> India <p> replaces <o> Malerkotla State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Khandpara State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jawhar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Mohanpur State <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belarus <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Nagaland <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Meghalaya <s> India <p> member of <o> Missile Technology Control Regime <s> India <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> India <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> India <p> language used <o> Lotha <s> India <p> language used <o> Khasi <s> India <p> language used <o> Kannada <s> India <p> history of topic <o> history of India <s> India <p> replaces <o> Muli State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Patdi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kanker State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Junagadh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Ranasan State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Tigiria State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Siba State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Sangri State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Tori Fatehpur <s> India <p> replaces <o> Umri <s> India <p> replaces <o> Pahra <s> India <p> replaces <o> Wadagam State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Raghogarh State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Banganapalle State <s> India <p> part of <o> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Uttar Pradesh <s> India <p> language used <o> Ollari <s> India <p> language used <o> Sauria Paharia <s> India <p> language used <o> Nihali <s> India <p> language used <o> Kui <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Delhi <s> India <p> language used <o> Aka-Bo <s> India <p> language used <o> Sikkimese <s> India <p> religion or worldview <o> Hinduism <s> India <p> member of <o> African Development Bank <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iceland <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Tripura <s> India <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in India <s> India <p> emergency phone number <o> 101 <s> India <p> emergency phone number <o> 100 <s> India <p> emergency phone number <o> 102 <s> India <p> member of <o> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation <s> India <p> language used <o> Kumaoni <s> India <p> language used <o> Kodava <s> India <p> language used <o> Kashmiri <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Georgia <s> India <p> language used <o> Garhwali <s> India <p> language used <o> Lambadi <s> India <p> language used <o> Koya <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Odisha <s> India <p> language used <o> Kalto <s> India <p> language used <o> Ho <s> India <p> language used <o> Juang <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sikkim <s> India <p> language used <o> Newar <s> India <p> electrical plug type <o> AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types <s> India <p> language used <o> Saraiki <s> India <p> religion or worldview <o> Sikhism <s> India <p> language used <o> Santali <s> India <p> language used <o> Irula <s> India <p> language used <o> Haryanvi <s> India <p> language used <o> Malvi <s> India <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in India <s> India <p> language used <o> Hadauti <s> India <p> language used <o> Chhattisgarhi <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhojpuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Kolami <s> India <p> language used <o> Kurukh <s> India <p> language used <o> Balti <s> India <p> language used <o> Kota <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhili <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Estonia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malta <s> India <p> language used <o> Tawang Monpa <s> India <p> language used <o> Toto <s> India <p> language used <o> Pali <s> India <p> language used <o> Sherpa <s> India <p> language used <o> Tulu <s> India <p> official language <o> Hindi <s> India <p> replaces <o> Rajpara State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Varsoda State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Limbda <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jeypore Estate <s> India <p> replaces <o> Tanjung Surat <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jesar State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kothi State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Keonjhar State <s> India <p> language used <o> Tibetan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cuba <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .in <s> India <p> language used <o> Korku <s> India <p> language used <o> Khandeshi <s> India <p> language used <o> Magahi <s> India <p> different from <o> independent music <s> India <p> language used <o> Yimkhiungrü <s> India <p> language used <o> War <s> India <p> language used <o> Tangsa <s> India <p> language used <o> Sukte <s> India <p> language used <o> Miju <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dadra and Nagar Haveli district <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Chandigarh <s> India <p> religion or worldview <o> Christianity <s> India <p> language used <o> Kokborok <s> India <p> language used <o> Konda <s> India <p> language used <o> Ladakhi <s> India <p> language used <o> Deori <s> India <p> language used <o> Limbu <s> India <p> language used <o> Kutchi <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Andaman and Nicobar Islands <s> India <p> religion or worldview <o> Jainism <s> India <p> electrical plug type <o> Europlug <s> India <p> studied in <o> Indology <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Punjab <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cambodia <s> India <p> has list <o> list of cities and towns in India <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ukraine <s> India <p> geography of topic <o> geography of India <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Uttarakhand <s> India <p> follows <o> British Raj <s> India <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Bay of Bengal <s> India <p> language used <o> Kannauji <s> India <p> language used <o> Gamit <s> India <p> language used <o> Gallong <s> India <p> language used <o> Brokskat <s> India <p> language used <o> Aka-Jeru <s> India <p> language used <o> Aka-Cari <s> India <p> highest judicial authority <o> Supreme Court of India <s> India <p> language used <o> Sindhi <s> India <p> language used <o> Khumi <s> India <p> language used <o> Apatani <s> India <p> language used <o> Namfau <s> India <p> language used <o> Toda <s> India <p> language used <o> Maithili <s> India <p> language used <o> Marwari <s> India <p> language used <o> Garo <s> India <p> language used <o> Lepcha <s> India <p> language used <o> Odia <s> India <p> language used <o> Konkani <s> India <p> depicts <o> Red Fort <s> India <p> named after <o> Indus River <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Africa <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> India <p> language used <o> Meitei <s> India <p> replaces <o> Pataudi <s> India <p> replaces <o> Malpur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Dhrol State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kharsawan State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Athmallik State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Balasinor State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Chhota Udaipur State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Jalaun State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Taraon State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Janjira State <s> India <p> replaces <o> Kawardha State <s> India <p> basic form of government <o> federal republic <s> India <p> language used <o> Vaiphei <s> India <p> language used <o> Puroik <s> India <p> language used <o> Digaro Mishmi <s> India <p> language used <o> Bundeli <s> India <p> language used <o> Khoirao <s> India <p> language used <o> Maram <s> India <p> language used <o> Kannada Kurumba <s> India <p> language used <o> Groma <s> India <p> language used <o> Bantawa <s> India <p> language used <o> Purik <s> India <p> language used <o> Sentinelese <s> India <p> language used <o> Rawang <s> India <p> language used <o> Hindko <s> India <p> language used <o> Thulung <s> India <p> language used <o> Karbi <s> India <p> language used <o> Dimasa <s> India <p> language used <o> Pengo language <s> India <p> language used <o> Duruwa <s> India <p> language used <o> Manda <s> India <p> language used <o> Yakkha <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ladakh <s> India <p> language used <o> Jarawa <s> India <p> language used <o> Chaura <s> India <p> language used <o> Bonda <s> India <p> language used <o> Önge <s> India <p> language used <o> Mewati <s> India <p> emergency phone number <o> 112 <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Singapore <s> India <p> official language <o> English <s> India <p> language used <o> Dhanki <s> India <p> language used <o> Dhodia <s> India <p> language used <o> Dubli <s> India <p> language used <o> Chiru <s> India <p> language used <o> Goan Konkani <s> India <p> language used <o> Chodri <s> India <p> language used <o> Chothe <s> India <p> language used <o> Gahri <s> India <p> language used <o> Chokri <s> India <p> language used <o> Darlong <s> India <p> language used <o> Darmiya <s> India <p> language used <o> Eravallan <s> India <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Arabian Sea <s> India <p> language used <o> Indo-Pakistani Sign Language <s> India <p> language used <o> Mannan <s> India <p> language used <o> Rangpuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Hakha–Chin <s> India <p> language used <o> Gujari <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Puducherry <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Daman and Diu <s> India <p> currency <o> Indian rupee <s> India <p> ethnic group <o> Dravidian peoples <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Chile <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Serbia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Colombia <s> India <p> language used <o> Gondi <s> India <p> language used <o> Sylheti <s> India <p> language used <o> Sumi <s> India <p> language used <o> Birhor <s> India <p> language used <o> Akar-Bale <s> India <p> language used <o> Kachari <s> India <p> language used <o> Oko-Juwoi <s> India <p> language used <o> Birjia <s> India <p> language used <o> Braj Bhasha <s> India <p> language used <o> Car <s> India <p> language used <o> Ahom <s> India <p> anthem <o> Jana Gana Mana <s> India <p> ethnic group <o> Indo-Aryan peoples <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> India <p> legislative body <o> Parliament of India <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .భారత్ <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ਭਾਰਤ <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .இந்தியா <s> India <p> language used <o> Kangri <s> India <p> language used <o> Bagri <s> India <p> language used <o> Kinnauri <s> India <p> language used <o> Bagheli <s> India <p> language used <o> Aka-Bea <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> New Zealand <s> India <p> language used <o> Nefamese <s> India <p> language used <o> Paliyan <s> India <p> language used <o> Nocte <s> India <p> language used <o> Oriya languages <s> India <p> language used <o> Paniya <s> India <p> language used <o> Ntenyi <s> India <p> language used <o> Mukha-Dora <s> India <p> language used <o> Pardhan <s> India <p> language used <o> Mzieme <s> India <p> language used <o> Palya Bareli <s> India <p> language used <o> Pangkhu <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Algeria <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Paraguay <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Lakshadweep <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .بھارت <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ভারত <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ભારત <s> India <p> flag <o> Flag of India <s> India <p> language used <o> Zyphe <s> India <p> language used <o> Mizo <s> India <p> language used <o> Koch <s> India <p> language used <o> Bawm <s> India <p> language used <o> Byangsi <s> India <p> language used <o> Nishi <s> India <p> language used <o> Adi <s> India <p> language used <o> Idu Mishmi <s> India <p> language used <o> Naiki <s> India <p> language used <o> Koro <s> India <p> language used <o> Malayalam <s> India <p> language used <o> Punjabi <s> India <p> language used <o> Angami <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ଭାରତ <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .भारत <s> India <p> language used <o> Daknī <s> India <p> language used <o> Vasavi <s> India <p> language used <o> Agariya <s> India <p> language used <o> Dhundari <s> India <p> language used <o> Sansi <s> India <p> language used <o> Mishing <s> India <p> language used <o> Muthuvan <s> India <p> language used <o> Mundari <s> India <p> language used <o> Central Nicobarese <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ಭಾರತ <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ഭാരതം <s> India <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ভাৰত <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Telangana <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> India <p> language used <o> Shina <s> India <p> language used <o> Nagpuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Zangskari <s> India <p> language used <o> Shompen <s> India <p> language used <o> Tinani <s> India <p> language used <o> Tshangla <s> India <p> language used <o> Bishnupriya Manipuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Zo <s> India <p> language used <o> Khelma <s> India <p> language used <o> Korwa <s> India <p> language used <o> Kullui <s> India <p> language used <o> Koda <s> India <p> language used <o> Sambalpuri language <s> India <p> language used <o> Kulung <s> India <p> language used <o> Khiamniungan <s> India <p> language used <o> Konyak <s> India <p> language used <o> Koireng <s> India <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of India <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> India <p> language used <o> Burushaski <s> India <p> language used <o> Varhadi <s> India <p> language used <o> Mara <s> India <p> language used <o> Andh <s> India <p> language used <o> Bauria <s> India <p> language used <o> Aimol <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhadrawahi <s> India <p> language used <o> Bellari <s> India <p> basic form of government <o> parliamentary democracy <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Jamaica <s> India <p> executive body <o> Government of India <s> India <p> language used <o> Tarao <s> India <p> language used <o> Amri <s> India <p> language used <o> Kharia <s> India <p> language used <o> Shekhawati <s> India <p> language used <o> Halbi <s> India <p> language used <o> Teressa <s> India <p> language used <o> Yerukala <s> India <p> language used <o> Godwari <s> India <p> language used <o> Korlai Portuguese Creole <s> India <p> language used <o> Khowa <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Trinidad and Tobago <s> India <p> language used <o> Chang <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhariati <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhateali <s> India <p> language used <o> Canara Konkani <s> India <p> language used <o> Chamari <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhilali <s> India <p> language used <o> Chaudangsi <s> India <p> language used <o> Biete <s> India <p> language used <o> Central Tibetan <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Jammu and Kashmir <s> India <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu <s> India <p> language used <o> Allar <s> India <p> language used <o> Gutob <s> India <p> language used <o> Hajong <s> India <p> language used <o> Aiton <s> India <p> language used <o> Aka-Kora <s> India <p> language used <o> Aka-Kede <s> India <p> language used <o> Aka-Kol <s> India <p> language used <o> Juray <s> India <p> language used <o> Kaikadi <s> India <p> language used <o> Katkari <s> India <p> language used <o> Kadar <s> India <p> language used <o> Kadodi <s> India <p> language used <o> Kanashi <s> India <p> language used <o> Kharia Thar <s> India <p> language used <o> Purum <s> India <p> language used <o> Kanikkaran <s> India <p> language used <o> Kheza <s> India <p> language used <o> Kalanadi <s> India <p> language used <o> Hruso <s> India <p> language used <o> Dogri-Kangri-Bhateali <s> India <p> language used <o> Indo-Portuguese <s> India <p> language used <o> Jaunsari <s> India <p> language used <o> Holiya <s> India <p> language used <o> Hrangkhol <s> India <p> language used <o> Hinduri <s> India <p> language used <o> Harijan Kinnauri <s> India <p> language used <o> Adilabad Gondi <s> India <p> language used <o> Mixed Great Andamanese <s> India <p> language used <o> Aheri Gondi <s> India <p> language used <o> Dangaura Tharu <s> India <p> language used <o> Surgujia <s> India <p> language used <o> Kalaktang Monpa <s> India <p> language used <o> New Persian <s> India <p> language used <o> Pattapu <s> India <p> language used <o> Indian Sign Language <s> India <p> language used <o> Far Western Muria <s> India <p> language used <o> Munda <s> India <p> language used <o> Rangkas <s> India <p> language used <o> Kathariya Tharu <s> India <p> language used <o> Chug <s> India <p> language used <o> Kisangani <s> India <p> language used <o> Tagin <s> India <p> language used <o> Chitwania Tharu <s> India <p> language used <o> Miji <s> India <p> language used <o> Makuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Moyon <s> India <p> language used <o> Majhwar <s> India <p> language used <o> Mirgan <s> India <p> language used <o> Mahasu Pahari <s> India <p> language used <o> Mandeali <s> India <p> language used <o> Waddar <s> India <p> language used <o> Mala Malasar <s> India <p> language used <o> Maharashtrian Konkani <s> India <p> language used <o> Monsang <s> India <p> language used <o> Lahul Lohar <s> India <p> language used <o> Wadiyara <s> India <p> language used <o> Degaru <s> India <p> language used <o> Pangwali <s> India <p> language used <o> Khirwar <s> India <p> language used <o> Noiri <s> India <p> language used <o> Kamar <s> India <p> language used <o> Liangmai Naga <s> India <p> language used <o> Adivasi Odia <s> India <p> language used <o> Mahali <s> India <p> language used <o> Rana Tharu <s> India <p> language used <o> Lhomi <s> India <p> language used <o> Gade Lohar <s> India <p> language used <o> Rathawi <s> India <p> language used <o> Kanjari <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guyana <s> India <p> language used <o> Nahari <s> India <p> language used <o> Khamyang <s> India <p> language used <o> Mal Paharia <s> India <p> language used <o> Thadou <s> India <p> language used <o> Lodhi <s> India <p> language used <o> Lish <s> India <p> language used <o> Kudmali <s> India <p> language used <o> Kunduvadi <s> India <p> language used <o> Kurmukar <s> India <p> language used <o> Kupia <s> India <p> language used <o> Hmar <s> India <p> language used <o> Gorum <s> India <p> language used <o> Mewari <s> India <p> language used <o> Kuvi <s> India <p> language used <o> Kumarbhag Paharia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Panama <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mongolia <s> India <p> railway traffic side <o> left <s> India <p> maintained by WikiProject <o> WikiProject India <s> India <p> language used <o> Spiti Bhoti <s> India <p> language used <o> Shendu <s> India <p> language used <o> Zeme Naga <s> India <p> language used <o> Marma <s> India <p> language used <o> Buksa <s> India <p> language used <o> Rajput Garasia <s> India <p> language used <o> Mawchi <s> India <p> language used <o> Inpui <s> India <p> language used <o> Panchpargania <s> India <p> language used <o> Shumcho <s> India <p> language used <o> Khoibu <s> India <p> language used <o> Jennu Kurumba <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhoti Kinnauri <s> India <p> language used <o> Koraku <s> India <p> language used <o> Mullu Kurumba <s> India <p> language used <o> Wancho <s> India <p> language used <o> Bazigar <s> India <p> language used <o> Chinali <s> India <p> language used <o> Sunam <s> India <p> language used <o> Bodo Parja <s> India <p> language used <o> Merwari <s> India <p> language used <o> Manna-Dora <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhatri <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhalay <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhunjia <s> India <p> language used <o> Ullatan <s> India <p> language used <o> Malapandaram <s> India <p> language used <o> Wayanad Chetti <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> India <p> language used <o> Na <s> India <p> language used <o> Kom <s> India <p> language used <o> Korra Koraga <s> India <p> language used <o> Malaryan <s> India <p> language used <o> Mao Naga <s> India <p> language used <o> Kurichiya <s> India <p> language used <o> Lamkang <s> India <p> language used <o> Malavedan <s> India <p> language used <o> Alu Kurumba <s> India <p> language used <o> Kharam Naga <s> India <p> language used <o> Dandami Maria <s> India <p> language used <o> Eastern Muria <s> India <p> language used <o> Western Muria <s> India <p> language used <o> Kudiya <s> India <p> language used <o> Mudu Koraga <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Fiji <s> India <p> language used <o> Pardhi <s> India <p> language used <o> Pattani <s> India <p> language used <o> Phom <s> India <p> language used <o> Rangas <s> India <p> language used <o> Rabha <s> India <p> language used <o> Pauri Bareli <s> India <p> language used <o> Puimei <s> India <p> language used <o> Pochuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Ranglong <s> India <p> language used <o> Phudagi <s> India <p> language used <o> Pathiya <s> India <p> language used <o> Ralte <s> India <p> language used <o> Desiya <s> India <p> language used <o> Khamba <s> India <p> language used <o> Changthang <s> India <p> language used <o> Lyngngam <s> India <p> language used <o> Jad <s> India <p> language used <o> Paite <s> India <p> language used <o> Kondekor <s> India <p> language used <o> Powari <s> India <p> language used <o> Churahi <s> India <p> language used <o> Jangshung <s> India <p> language used <o> Gangte <s> India <p> open data portal <o> Open Government Data Platform India <s> India <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of India <s> India <p> language used <o> Asur <s> India <p> language used <o> Nagamese Creole <s> India <p> language used <o> Pnar <s> India <p> language used <o> Nimadi <s> India <p> language used <o> Gataq <s> India <p> language used <o> Aranadan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vietnam <s> India <p> language used <o> Chambeali <s> India <p> language used <o> Nora <s> India <p> language used <o> Adiwasi Garasia <s> India <p> language used <o> Riang <s> India <p> language used <o> Matu Chin <s> India <p> language used <o> Maring Naga <s> India <p> language used <o> Dungra Bhil <s> India <p> language used <o> Rongmei Naga <s> India <p> language used <o> Poumei Naga <s> India <p> language used <o> Bilaspuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Gowli <s> India <p> language used <o> Tukpa <s> India <p> language used <o> Bhalay-Gowlan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sri Lanka <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Afghanistan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nepal <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mali <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Angola <s> India <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> India <p> language used <o> Vishavan <s> India <p> language used <o> Stod Bhoti <s> India <p> language used <o> Gaddi <s> India <p> language used <o> Ahirani <s> India <p> language used <o> Malasar <s> India <p> language used <o> Attapady Kurumba <s> India <p> language used <o> Betta Kurumba <s> India <p> language used <o> Chitkuli Kinnauri <s> India <p> language used <o> Muduga <s> India <p> language used <o> Malankuravan <s> India <p> language used <o> Kumbaran <s> India <p> language used <o> Northern Gondi <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Arab Emirates <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bhutan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Myanmar <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brunei <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kuwait <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tajikistan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Syria <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkmenistan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Thailand <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Laos <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Guatemala <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tanzania <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iran <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Zambia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Sudan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Benin <s> India <p> language used <o> Rawat <s> India <p> language used <o> Ravula <s> India <p> language used <o> Reli <s> India <p> language used <o> Sherdukpen <s> India <p> language used <o> Turi <s> India <p> language used <o> Urali <s> India <p> language used <o> Varli <s> India <p> language used <o> Turung <s> India <p> language used <o> Sangtam <s> India <p> language used <o> Andaman Creole Hindi <s> India <p> language used <o> Tai Phake <s> India <p> language used <o> Tiwa <s> India <p> language used <o> Wagdi <s> India <p> language used <o> Sirmauri <s> India <p> language used <o> Sartang <s> India <p> language used <o> Rongpo <s> India <p> language used <o> Tutsa <s> India <p> language used <o> Rathwi Bareli <s> India <p> language used <o> Rengma <s> India <p> language used <o> Singpho <s> India <p> language used <o> Vaagri Booli <s> India <p> language used <o> Ruga <s> India <p> language used <o> Tangkhul <s> India <p> language used <o> Southern Nicobarese <s> India <p> language used <o> Sholaga <s> India <p> language used <o> Simte <s> India <p> language used <o> Surjapuri <s> India <p> language used <o> Thachanadan <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ivory Coast <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lesotho <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Liberia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Libya <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Madagascar <s> India <p> economy of topic <o> economy of India <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mauritius <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Lebanon <s> India <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of India <s> India <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Maldives <s> India <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of India <s> India <p> bibliography <o> bibliography of India <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Morocco <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mozambique <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Namibia <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Rwanda <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uganda <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Senegal <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Seychelles <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hong Kong <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> Holy See <s> India <p> highest point <o> Kanchenjunga <s> India <p> diplomatic relation <o> State of Palestine <s> Mongolia <p> continent <o> Asia <s> Mongolia <p> office held by head of state <o> President of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Mongolia <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> official observer status in organisation <o> Shanghai Cooperation Organisation <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Kazakh <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Russian <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia <s> Mongolia <p> history of topic <o> history of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Mongolia <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> central bank <o> Bank of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Uyghur <s> Mongolia <p> has characteristic <o> free country <s> Mongolia <p> shares border with <o> People's Republic of China <s> Mongolia <p> shares border with <o> Russia <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Mongolian <s> Mongolia <p> replaces <o> Imperial China <s> Mongolia <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> country <o> Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> topic's main template <o> Template:First-level divisions of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Sytin Military Encyclopedia <s> Mongolia <p> driving side <o> right <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> Mongolia <p> emergency phone number <o> 103 <s> Mongolia <p> emergency phone number <o> 105 <s> Mongolia <p> emergency phone number <o> 102 <s> Mongolia <p> different from <o> Mongol heartland <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Gujin Tushu Jicheng <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Ottův slovník naučný <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Egypt <s> Mongolia <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> open data portal <o> National Statistics Office of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> instance of <o> country <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Norway <s> Mongolia <p> electrical plug type <o> Type E <s> Mongolia <p> culture <o> culture of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Mongolia <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Mongolian people <s> Mongolia <p> lowest point <o> Hoh Nuur <s> Mongolia <p> capital <o> Ulaanbaatar <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Mongolian Sign Language <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Southern Mongolian <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Mongolia Buriat <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Khalkha Mongolian <s> Mongolia <p> official language <o> Mongolian <s> Mongolia <p> named after <o> Mongols <s> Mongolia <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> Mongolia <p> instance of <o> landlocked country <s> Mongolia <p> emergency phone number <o> 101 <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ulaanbaatar <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Darkhan-Uul Province <s> Mongolia <p> flag <o> flag of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> electrical plug type <o> Europlug <s> Mongolia <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Russia <s> Mongolia <p> language used <o> Tuvan <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ömnögovi Province <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Czech Republic <s> Mongolia <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .mn <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Mongolia <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dundgovi Province <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dornogovi Province <s> Mongolia <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bulgan Province <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Arkhangai Province <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Govisümber Province <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Zavkhan Province <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sükhbaatar Province <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bayan-Ölgii Province <s> Mongolia <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bulgaria <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Selenge Province <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Singapore <s> Mongolia <p> currency <o> tugrik <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Khövsgöl <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Khentii Province <s> Mongolia <p> basic form of government <o> parliamentary system <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Uvs Province <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Govi-Altai Province <s> Mongolia <p> legislative body <o> State Great Khural <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Orkhon Province <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Övörkhangai Province <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Töv Province <s> Mongolia <p> anthem <o> national anthem of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bayankhongor Province <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> Mongolia <p> coat of arms <o> Emblem of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vietnam <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Croatia <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Khovd Province <s> Mongolia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dornod Province <s> Mongolia <p> head of government <o> Oyunerdene Luvsannamsrai <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Mongolia <p> located in/on physical feature <o> East Asia <s> Mongolia <p> part of <o> East Asia <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Mongolia <p> executive body <o> Government of Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Mongolia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> Mongolia <p> head of state <o> Khurelsukh Ukhnaa <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> COMECON <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> International Civil Defence Organisation <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes <s> Mongolia <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+08:00 <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Mongolia <p> highest point <o> Hüiten Peak <s> Mongolia <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Hovd <s> Mongolia <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Ulaanbaatar <s> Mongolia <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Choibalsan <s> Mongolia <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> Mongolia <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Mongolia <s> Mongolia <p> public holiday <o> Tsagaan Sar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> lowest point <o> Pacific Ocean <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> English <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Papua New Guinea <p> shares border with <o> Indonesia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> shares border with <o> Australia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> different from <o> Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Unserdeutsch <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rotokas <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> 'Auhelawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Amara <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Suki <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Arop-Lokep <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Iteri <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lavatbura-Lamusong <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pyu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Siawi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Andra-Hus <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bariai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Barok <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Baruga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Baluan-Pam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awara <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awiyaana <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awad Bing <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Benabena <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bannoni <s> Papua New Guinea <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wuvulu-Aua <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Golin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Abau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Fore <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ere <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gende <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Fuyug <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gitua <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gapapaiwa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Are <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Motu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hiri Motu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Melpa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sori-Harengan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yimas <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yele <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sursurunga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Uruava <s> Papua New Guinea <p> located in/on physical feature <o> New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Busa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Simbali <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ura <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hahon <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Seimat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hermit <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Vitu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Huli <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Iwal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hakö <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Halia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Guramalum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ambakich <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Amto <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Adjora <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kuot <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Anêm <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Alamblak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> described by source <o> New Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Papua New Guinea <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aiklep <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaniet <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Takuu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Alekano <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kwanga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Agarabi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ramoaaina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bipi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Boazi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yalë <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Diodio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Zia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Karkar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Doga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bilur <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mapos Buang <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tulu-Bohuai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bwaidoka <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Amal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aiome <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wutung <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Porome <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Warapu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Zimakani <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mato <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Magori <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maring <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mandara <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mailu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Abadi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Idne <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Madak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mbula <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Malalamai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mekeo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kara <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaulong <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Khehek <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kilivila <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Koro <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kele <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kove <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kurti <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kandas <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Konomala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> continent <o> Insular Oceania <s> Papua New Guinea <p> country <o> Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tok Pisin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> driving side <o> left <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bukawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gedaged <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Watiwa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nii <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tolai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waima <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lou <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Label <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kâte <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lele <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lusi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Likum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lote <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Loniu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lawunuia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Leipon <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lenkau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Molima <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mouk-Aria <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Amanab <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mengen <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mokerang <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mondropolon <s> Papua New Guinea <p> described by source <o> Sytin Military Encyclopedia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> emergency phone number <o> 110 <s> Papua New Guinea <p> legislative body <o> National Parliament of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maria <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Titan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Au <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ama <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ronji <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maisin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Abom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ankave <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Fasu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> official language <o> Hiri Motu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Angoram <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Niksek <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Owiniga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awun <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Berinomo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Namia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ayi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Anor <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pele-Ata <s> Papua New Guinea <p> replaces <o> Republic of the North Solomons <s> Papua New Guinea <p> instance of <o> constitutional monarchy <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Beli <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Heyo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Laeko <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Apali <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nakwi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aruek <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rawo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awtuw <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mufian <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aigon <s> Papua New Guinea <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Papua New Guinean people <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Suau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nimo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waris <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bamu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Anjam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Qaqet <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Asaro'o <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Beami <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Muyuw <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kairak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Binandere <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Buna <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Torricelli <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Saliba <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Baimak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Finongan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Saposa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bungain <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bagupi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yipma <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aruop <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Siar-Lak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nali <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nehan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ainbai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nauna <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nalik <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Agob <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ponam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Elu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Notsi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Petats <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kairiru <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Penchal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pak-Tong <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nyindrou <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ontenu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Papapana <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Numbami <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Patpatar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Patep <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ambrak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Arawum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Baramu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bargam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Barai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Andai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Akukem <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Arifama-Miniafia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Atemble <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bauwaki <s> Papua New Guinea <p> shares border with <o> Federated States of Micronesia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> central bank <o> Bank of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> official language <o> Tok Pisin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Duau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dumun <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Doromu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dera <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Domung <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dima <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dawawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Domu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Degenan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dibiyaso <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dimir <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dedua <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Amaimon <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Agi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mutu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Vanimo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aimele <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Akoye <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Akolet <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tiang <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tomoip <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tigak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tungag <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wahgi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yaweyuha <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yabem <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ubir <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waffa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tinputz <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Torau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Marangis <s> Papua New Guinea <p> capital <o> Port Moresby <s> Papua New Guinea <p> motto <o> Unity in Diversity <s> Papua New Guinea <p> replaces <o> Territory of Papua and New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> instance of <o> country <s> Papua New Guinea <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kambot <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bikaru <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Askopan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Biwat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gorovu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Fas <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bahinemo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bun <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bisis <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tayap <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Akrukay <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Olo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> I'saka <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kuman <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lamogai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Binumarien <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Fembe <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dobu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Baibai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wogamusin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Duna <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Duwet <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Foi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ese <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Elepi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ewage <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Forak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gadsup <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Edolo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Eitiep <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Fiwaga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Folopa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Elkei <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bongu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Amele <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Puari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Abelam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Abaga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bukiyip <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bragat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Angaataha <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Andarum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Daantanai’ <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Daga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Daonda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dano <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Chuave <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Chambri <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bwanabwana <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Changriwa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dadibi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Chenapian <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Danaru <s> Papua New Guinea <p> office held by head of state <o> monarch of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Biem <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Biyom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bimin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bola <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bine <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bebeli <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bilakura <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Binahari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bitur <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bepour <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bil Bil <s> Papua New Guinea <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .pg <s> Papua New Guinea <p> electrical plug type <o> AS/NZS 3112 <s> Papua New Guinea <p> history of topic <o> history of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Madang Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gnau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aga Bereho <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Doso <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Iwam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sinaugoro <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kenati <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yareba <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Abu’ Arapesh <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Papua New Guinea <p> emergency phone number <o> 111 <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ngala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nek <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nimoa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Neko <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nabi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nor <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Narak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nete <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nafi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nend <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nanubae <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nukna <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Takia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Taulil <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tami <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kwomtari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Angor <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Teop <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Anuki <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gogodala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bumbita <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aneme Wake <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mauwake <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mamusi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Manam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mape <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mbore <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Marik <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Manem <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mamaa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mangseng <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Matukar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gants <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Girawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Garus <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ghayavi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Galeya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ganglau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gizrra <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gumawana <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gobasi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gwahatike <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gaikundi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gumalu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Central Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Manus Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> ethnic group <o> Papuan people <s> Papua New Guinea <p> part of <o> Oceania <s> Papua New Guinea <p> head of state <o> Charles III of the United Kingdom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Enga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Faita <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Oksapmin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Papua New Guinea <p> culture <o> culture of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> emergency phone number <o> 112 <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Autonomous Region of Bougainville <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Eastern Highlands Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Western Highlands Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> New Ireland Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> ethnic group <o> Negrito <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Nations <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bulu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Budibud <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Brem <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Burum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Breri <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Borong <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bulgebi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Buhutu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bunama <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Burui <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bonkiman <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Boselewa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Naasioi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tabriak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bosmun <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ramopa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Boiken <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Awar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nagovisi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Terei <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Banaro <s> Papua New Guinea <p> official language <o> English <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> highest point <o> Mount Wilhelm <s> Papua New Guinea <p> currency <o> kina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Western Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Southern Highlands Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States <s> Papua New Guinea <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> Papua New Guinea <p> twinned administrative body <o> Toyota <s> Papua New Guinea <p> instance of <o> island country <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> East Sepik Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> West New Britain Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Oro Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> ethnic group <o> Micronesians <s> Papua New Guinea <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+10:00 <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hula <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Keak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Karawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Karore <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kein <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaningra <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kasua <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kandawo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kapriman <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kambaira <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kapin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Karnai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kanggape <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Urat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Solos <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Anam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Auwe <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Purari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Anamgura <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aribwatsa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Faiwol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aruamu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Arammba <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yil <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kalou <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Juwal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaian <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Iyo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaluli <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kamasau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kamasa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Jilim <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaki Ae <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ipili <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaiep <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kakabai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> flag <o> flag of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kare <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Konai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Karami <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nen <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nama <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kinalakna <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Northeast Kiwai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Papua New Guinean Sign Language <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sera <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Niwer Mil <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kobol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kawacha <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Southern Kiwai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kumukio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tobo-Kube <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kobon <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kopar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Korafe <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yout Wam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Keoru <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kalam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kubo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Miani <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kaninuwa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Grass Koiari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gimi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mian <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Guntai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> West Kewa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maiwala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kosena <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kyaka <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Keapara <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gorakor <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kanite <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mali <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hagahai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Male <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Madi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maiwa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Misima <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Momare <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mussau-Emira <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Iduna <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Orokolo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ounge <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hewa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Idi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ouma <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Opao <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Morawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ukusi-Koparamio Hoia Hoia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lihir <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Inapang <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lilau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Musar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hamtai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mehek <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nakanai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mebu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Medebur <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Miu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Monumbo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mountain Koiali <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Imonda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Papitalai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maiani <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Migum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Minanibai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mulaha <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Musom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Numanggang <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ogea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Morigi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Makayam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Malol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mekmek <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Moikodi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mubami <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Musak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Igana <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gweda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Maiadomu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mindiri <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Minidien <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Onjob <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Onobasulu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Orokaiva <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Iatmül <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Inoke <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Meramera <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mesem <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Minaveha <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nukuria <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Haigwai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ma Manda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Barikewa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mouwase <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yangum Dey <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Fanamaket <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yangum Mon <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Siwai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sialum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sissano <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sihan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Simbari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Silopi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Siane <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sileibi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sinasina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sinsauru <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nambo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sinagen <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yangum Gel <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sarasira <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Siliput <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Simeku <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Warwar Feni <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Biage <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hunjara-Kaina Ke <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sukurum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yaleba <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sandaun Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> East New Britain Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Usan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Urim <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Urap <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Umeda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Uri <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Urimo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Utarmbung <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ulau-Suain <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ukuriguma <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Unubahe <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Usarufa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Umanakaina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Uneapa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Urigina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Jiwaka Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Hela Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Milne Bay Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Gulf Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> ethnic group <o> Melanesians <s> Papua New Guinea <p> executive body <o> Cabinet of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Papua New Guinea <p> instance of <o> Commonwealth realm <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Morobe Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Chimbu Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Enga Province <s> Papua New Guinea <p> anthem <o> O Arise, All You Sons <s> Papua New Guinea <p> coat of arms <o> Emblem of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+11:00 <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Southern One <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Samosa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Piu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pawaia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Piame <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Samo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sausi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Saruga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wogeo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yoba <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sepa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pahi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sengo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pasi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Samberigi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Namo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Turaka <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Umbu-Ungu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yopno <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kabore One <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Papi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pei <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Parawen <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yis <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ömie <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pagi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sene <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Neme <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wedau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sanio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Seim <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yagaria <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yahang <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yamalele <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yawiyo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yoidik <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Namiae <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wa'ema <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Oweina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Selepet <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yangulam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sengseng <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Womo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yaul <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Odoodee <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pamosu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Zenag <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yabong <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yagwoia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yamap <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yambes <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yelogu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yonggom <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yaben <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yakamul <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yarawata <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yerakai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Inebu One <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Oya’oya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yakaikeke <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yessan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> North Wahgi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> South Watut <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kovai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kowaki <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kwale <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Seti <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sera <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Laua <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Seta <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kuni <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kwasengen <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lembena <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kunja <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Labu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kutong <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lemio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kunimaipa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Langam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Setaman <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sewa Bay <s> Papua New Guinea <p> instance of <o> archipelagic state <s> Papua New Guinea <p> official language <o> Papua New Guinean Sign Language <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Uya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Utu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wagi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Vehes <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wagawaga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Walio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Valman <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wadaginam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wamas <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wampar <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waboda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Uyajitaya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> ethnic group <o> Polynesians <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rumu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rema <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pogaya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rempi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rapting <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pouye <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Romkun <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Saep <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Safeyoka <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Salt-Yui <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Pulabu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rapoisi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rerau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> National Capital District <s> Papua New Guinea <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of Papua New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> head of government <o> James Marape <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kyenele <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Moere <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mawan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kwoma <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Menya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Malas <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mapena <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mawak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Migabac <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wára <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Matepi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waube <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Manambu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Papua New Guinea <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Papua New Guinea <p> follows <o> Territory of Papua and New Guinea <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Amara <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sepik Iwam <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Northern One <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> East Kewa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> South Tairora <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Malasanga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aeka <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lungalunga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Namat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tapei <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> North Tairora <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mwatebu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bo-Ung <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kumalu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> North Watut <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Middle Watut <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Magɨyi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kwamtim One <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yagomi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kamula <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Aribwaung <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kire <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ipiko <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Siroi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Biangai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> South Angal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wab <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Foia Foia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> West Angal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yapunda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> East Angal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Bisorio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gaina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kamano <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gimi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Gusan <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Guya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mongol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Humene <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ikobi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Isabi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Isebe <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nobonob <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ginuman <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Guhu-Samane <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Koita <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waruna <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wasembo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wiarumus <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ono <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nuk <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Munit <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mungkip <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ngaing <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ngalum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nomane <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Rao <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nabak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tawala <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nakama <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kesawai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kilmeri <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Koiwat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kombio <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Komba <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tanggu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Watakataui <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Were <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nankina <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ningil <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Muratayak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Murupi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Hote <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Dambi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Arop <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Korak <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kis <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wanap <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wantoat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Weliki <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tauya <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Weri <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nimi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Keyagana <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kominimung <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Susuami <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wiru <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nake <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ningera <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Panim <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nomu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Haruai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Blafe <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Koluwawa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wampur <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tifal <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nukumanu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Apalik <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Guriaso <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sudest <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tainae <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tauade <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Wipi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ninggerum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Avau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kerewo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Koromira <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Taupota <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Telefol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Waskia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nekgini <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Yekora <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tairuma <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tanguat <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mokati <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Moresada <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mosimo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Kanasi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Som <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sop <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sonia <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sulka <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sos Kundi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sowanda <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Suena <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Solong <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Suganga <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Suarmin <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sumariup <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Sumau <s> Papua New Guinea <p> located in time zone <o> Pacific/Port_Moresby <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Nawaru <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Molmo One <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Erave <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Makolkol <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Mangga Buang <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Imbongu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Doghoro <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Lesing-Gelimi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Toura <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tobo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Timbe <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tenis <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Toaripi <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tumleo <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tokano <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tuma-Irumu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Terebu <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Ufim <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Uisai <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Turumsa <s> Papua New Guinea <p> language used <o> Tuwari <s> Papua New Guinea <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> Alliance of Small Island States <s> Papua New Guinea <p> member of <o> United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur <s> Venezuela <p> continent <o> South America <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> United States of America <s> Venezuela <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Atlantic Ocean <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Spanish <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> Venezuela <p> country <o> Venezuela <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Arutani <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Carib <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Warao <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Panare <s> Venezuela <p> part of <o> South America <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Zulia <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Apure <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> France <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> United Kingdom <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Venezuela <p> named after <o> Venice <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Barinas State <s> Venezuela <p> named after <o> Simón Bolívar <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Macushi <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Mapoyo <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Wayuu <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Sanumá <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Táchira <s> Venezuela <p> emergency phone number <o> 911 <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uruguay <s> Venezuela <p> basic form of government <o> presidential system <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Nheengatu <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Akawaio <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Venezuela <p> history of topic <o> history of Venezuela <s> Venezuela <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of Venezuela <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Mercosur <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Union of South American Nations <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> Venezuela <p> located in time zone <o> UTC−04:00 <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Aragua <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> Brazil <s> Venezuela <p> flag <o> flag of Venezuela <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Denmark <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Miranda <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Bolívar <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Anzoátegui <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> Colombia <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Federal Dependencies <s> Venezuela <p> part of <o> Latin America <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Amazonas <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Mérida <s> Venezuela <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Venezuelan people <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Carabobo <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Yaracuy <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Colonia Tovar <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Máku <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Warekena <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Puinave <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Venezuelan Sign Language <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Ye'kuana <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Piapoco <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Playero <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Piaroa <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Ninam <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Yaruro <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Venezuela <p> located in time zone <o> America/Caracas <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Caribbean Development Bank <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Venezuela <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Venezuela <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Delta Amacuro <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> Guyana <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Venezuela <p> part of <o> G3 Free Trade Agreement <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> Trinidad and Tobago <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Sapé <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Curripaco <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Cuiba <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Guahibo <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Barí <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> Saint Kitts and Nevis <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Guárico <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brazil <s> Venezuela <p> culture <o> culture of Venezuela <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sucre <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Vargas <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mexico <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Nueva Esparta <s> Venezuela <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Portuguesa <s> Venezuela <p> lowest point 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Hodï <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Venezuela <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 1-15 <s> Venezuela <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 5-15 <s> Venezuela <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Yabarana <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Baniwa of Guainia <s> Venezuela <p> language used <o> Cumanagota <s> Venezuela <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Venezuela <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Venezuela <p> part of <o> Ibero-America <s> Venezuela <p> part of <o> Hispanic America <s> Venezuela <p> member of <o> Organization of American States <s> Venezuela <p> has characteristic <o> not-free country <s> Venezuela <p> shares border with <o> Grenada <s> Venezuela <p> ethnic group <o> Chinese Venezuelans <s> Venezuela <p> ethnic group <o> Koreans in Venezuela <s> Venezuela <p> ethnic group <o> Indians in 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It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and financial center.
Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. The first Armenian state of Urartu was established in 860 BC, and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC and in the year 301 became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. Armenia still recognises the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century before falling in 1045. Cilician Armenia, an Armenian principality and later a kingdom, was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries.
Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and Persian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, 1.5 million Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian genocide. In 1918, following the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Soviet Union. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Armenia is a developing country and ranks 85th on the Human Development Index . Its economy is primarily based on industrial output and mineral extraction. While Armenia is geographically located in the South Caucasus, it is generally considered geopolitically European. Since Armenia aligns itself in many respects geopolitically with Europe, the country is a member of numerous European organizations including the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, the Eastern Partnership, Eurocontrol, the Assembly of European Regions, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Armenia is also a member of certain regional groups throughout Eurasia, including the Asian Development Bank, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Eurasian Economic Union, and the Eurasian Development Bank. Armenia supported the once de facto independent Republic of Artsakh , which was proclaimed in 1991 on territory internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, until the republic's dissolution in September 2023.
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain. It shares land borders with Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest. Serbia claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia has about 6.6 million inhabitants, excluding Kosovo. Its capital Belgrade is also the largest city.
Continuously inhabited since the Paleolithic Age, the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations in the 6th century, establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217, reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina. In the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. In 1918, in the aftermath of World War I, the Kingdom of Serbia united with the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina; later in the same year it joined with other South Slavic nations in the foundation of Yugoslavia, which existed in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro, which was peacefully dissolved in 2006, restoring Serbia's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since 1918. In 2008, representatives of the Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory.
Serbia is an upper-middle income economy, ranked "very high" in the Human Development Index domain. It is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic, member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, CEFTA, and is acceding to the WTO. Since 2014, the country has been negotiating its EU accession, with the possibility of joining the European Union by 2030. Serbia formally adheres to the policy of military neutrality. The country provides universal health care and free primary and secondary education to its citizens.
The origin of the name Serbia is unclear. Historically, authors have mentioned the Serbs and the Sorbs of Eastern Germany in a variety of ways: Cervetiis , gentis urbiorum, Suurbi, Sorabi, Soraborum, Sorabos, Surpe, Sorabici, Sorabiet, Sarbin, Swrbjn, Servians, Sorbi, Sirbia, Sribia, Zirbia, Zribia, Suurbelant, Surbia, Serbulia / Sorbulia among others. These authors used these names to refer to Serbs and Sorbs in areas where their historical and current presence is not disputable . However, there are also sources that mention the same or similar names in other parts of the World .
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.
In 1945, after the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II, Korea was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel, with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States. In 1948, separate governments were formed in Korea: the socialist and Soviet-aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the capitalist, Western-aligned Republic of Korea in the south. The Korean War began when North Korean forces invaded South Korea in 1950. In 1953, the Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire and established a demilitarized zone , but no formal peace treaty has ever been signed. Post-war North Korea benefited greatly from economic aid and expertise provided by other Eastern Bloc countries. However, Kim Il Sung, North Korea's first leader, promoted his personal philosophy of Juche as the state ideology. Pyongyang's international isolation sharply accelerated from the 1980s onwards as the Cold War came to an end. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 then brought about a sharp decline to the North Korean economy. From 1994 to 1998, North Korea suffered a famine with the population continuing to suffer from malnutrition. In 2024, North Korea formally abandoned efforts to peacefully reunify Korea.
North Korea is a totalitarian dictatorship with a comprehensive cult of personality around the Kim family. Amnesty International considers the country to have the worst human rights record in the world. Officially, North Korea is an "independent socialist state" which holds democratic elections; however, outside observers have described the elections as unfair, uncompetitive, and pre-determined, in a manner similar to elections in the Soviet Union. The Workers' Party of Korea is the ruling party of North Korea and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea. According to Article 3 of the constitution, Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the official ideology of North Korea. The means of production are owned by the state through state-run enterprises and collectivized farms. Most services--such as healthcare, education, housing, and food production--are subsidized or state-funded.
North Korea follows Songun, a "military first" policy which prioritizes the Korean People's Army in state affairs and the allocation of resources. It possesses nuclear weapons. Its active-duty army of 1.28 million soldiers is the fourth largest in the world. In addition to being a member of the United Nations since 1991, North Korea is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, G77, and the ASEAN Regional Forum.
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1,285,216 km2 , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
Peruvian territory was home to several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE. Notable pre-colonial cultures and civilizations include the Caral-Supe civilization , the Nazca culture, the Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Cusco, and the Inca Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and Charles V established a viceroyalty with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the National University of San Marcos in Lima in 1551.
Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the foreign military campaigns of Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peru completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative economic and political stability began due to the exploitation of guano that ended with the War of the Pacific . Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the internal conflict between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of Plan Verde shifted Peru towards neoliberal economics under the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of Fujimorism leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to present day. The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing sociopolitical vulnerabilities, exacerbated by a political crisis instigated by Congress and the COVID-19 pandemic, precipitating the period of unrest beginning in 2022.
The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; and is considered as a middle power.
India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area; the most populous country as of June 2023; and from the time of its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.
Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE.
By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest. Its evidence today is found in the hymns of the Rigveda. Preserved by an oral tradition that was resolutely vigilant, the Rigveda records the dawning of Hinduism in India. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions.
By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism,
and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity.
Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin.
Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity, but also marked by the declining status of women, and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief. In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia.
In the early medieval era, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became established on India's southern and western coasts.
Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently overran India's northern plains,
eventually founding the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam.
In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture in south India.
In the Punjab, Sikhism emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.
The Mughal Empire, in 1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace,
leaving a legacy of luminous architecture.
Gradually expanding rule of the British East India Company followed, turning India into a colonial economy, but also consolidating its sovereignty. British Crown rule began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly, but technological changes were introduced, and modern ideas of education and the public life took root. A pioneering and influential nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for nonviolent resistance and became the major factor in ending British rule. In 1947 the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two independent dominions, a Hindu-majority Dominion of India and a Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan, amid large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration.
India has been a federal republic since 1950, governed through a democratic parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. India's population grew from 361 million in 1951 to almost 1.4 billion in 2022.
During the same time, its nominal per capita income increased from US$64 annually to US$2,601, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%. From being a comparatively destitute country in 1951, India has become a fast-growing major economy and a hub for information technology services, with an expanding middle class. India has a space programme with several planned or completed extraterrestrial missions. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. India has substantially reduced its rate of poverty, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality. India is a nuclear-weapon state, which ranks high in military expenditure. It has disputes over Kashmir with its neighbours, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century. Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition, and rising levels of air pollution. India's land is megadiverse, with four biodiversity hotspots. Its forest cover comprises 21.7% of its area. India's wildlife, which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in India's culture, is supported among these forests, and elsewhere, in protected habitats.
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres , with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.
The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state. After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.
Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture remains integral. Buddhism is the majority religion , with the nonreligious being the second-largest group . Islam is the third-largest religious identification , concentrated among ethnic Kazakhs. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement and a NATO global partner. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.
The name Mongolia means the "Land of the Mongols" in Latin. The Mongolian word "Mongol" is of uncertain etymology, given variously as the name of a mountain or river; as a corruption of the Mongolian Mongkhe-tengri-gal ; or as a derivation from Mugulu, the 4th-century founder of the Rouran Khaganate, first attested as the 'Mungu', , a branch of the Shiwei in an 8th-century Tang dynasty list of northern tribes, presumably related to the Liao-era Mungku .
Papua New Guinea u@ ... 'gIni, 'pa:-/ i, also US: /'pa:pw@-, 'pa:p@-/) is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia . Officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea , it shares its only land border with Indonesia to the west and it is directly adjacent to Australia to the south and the Solomon Islands to the east. Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of 462,840 km2 .
At the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1883, including nearly 60 years of Australian administration starting during World War I, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975, becoming an independent Commonwealth realm with Elizabeth II as its queen. Since Elizabeth II's death in 2022, Charles III has been the country's king. It is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right.
There are 839 known languages of Papua New Guinea, making it the most linguistically diverse country in the world. It is also one of the most rural countries, with only 13.25% of its population living in urban centres in 2019. Most of its people live in customary communities. Although government estimates reported the country's population to be 9.4 million, it was reported in December 2022 that its population was in fact closer to 17 million. Papua New Guinea is the most populous Pacific island country.
The sovereign state is classified as a developing economy by the International Monetary Fund; nearly 40% of the population are subsistence farmers, living relatively independently of the cash economy. Their traditional social groupings are explicitly acknowledged by the Papua New Guinea Constitution, which expresses the wish for "traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society" and protects their continuing importance to local and national community life.
Venezuela , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. Venezuela comprises an area of 916,445 km2 , and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.
The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District and federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.
The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from Indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part of the first federal Republic of Colombia . It separated as a full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a President for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. The government's populist social welfare policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices, temporarily increasing social spending, and reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years of the regime. However, poverty began to rapidly increase in the 2010s. The 2013 Venezuelan presidential election was widely disputed leading to widespread protest, which triggered another nationwide crisis that continues to this day. Venezuela has experienced democratic backsliding, shifting into an authoritarian state. It ranks low in international measurements of freedom of the press and civil liberties and has high levels of perceived corruption.
Venezuela is a developing country having the world's largest known oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Venezuela's entire economy. The country struggles with record hyperinflation, shortages of basic goods, unemployment, poverty, disease, high child mortality, malnutrition, severe crime and corruption. These factors have precipitated the Venezuelan refugee crisis where more than seven million people have fled the country. By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in default regarding debt payments by credit rating agencies. The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation. Venezuela is a charter member of the United Nations , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America , Mercosur, Latin American Integration Association and Organization of Ibero-American States .
Saint Kitts and Nevis , officially the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis, is an island country consisting of the two islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, both located in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles. With 261 square kilometres of territory, and roughly 50,000 inhabitants, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, in both area and population, as well as the world's smallest sovereign federation. The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as King and head of state.
The capital city is Basseterre, located on the larger island of Saint Kitts. Basseterre is also the main port for passenger entry and cargo. The smaller island of Nevis lies approximately 3 km to the southeast of Saint Kitts, across a shallow channel called The Narrows.
The British dependency of Anguilla was historically also a part of this union, which was known collectively as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. However, Anguilla chose to secede from the union, and remains a British overseas territory. The islands of Sint Eustatius, Saba, Saint Barthelemy, Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten and Anguilla lie to the north-northwest of the country. To the east and northeast are Antigua and Barbuda, and to the southeast is the small uninhabited island of Redonda and the island of Montserrat.
Saint Kitts and Nevis were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonised by Europeans. Saint Kitts was home to the first British and French Caribbean colonies, and thus has also been titled "The Mother Colony of the West Indies". It is also the most recent British territory in the Caribbean to become independent, gaining independence in 1983.
Trinidad and Tobago , officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated 11 kilometres off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and 130 kilometres south of Grenada. It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the east, Grenada to the northwest and Venezuela to the south and west. Trinidad and Tobago is generally considered to be part of the West Indies. The island country's capital is Port of Spain, while its largest and most populous municipality is Chaguanas.
The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by Indigenous peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire, following the arrival of Christopher Columbus, in 1498. Spanish governor Jose Maria Chacon surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797. Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889. Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976.
Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories, which rely heavily on tourism, the economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals; much of the nation's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas.
Trinidad and Tobago is well known for its African and Indian cultures, reflected in its large and famous Carnival, Diwali, and Hosay celebrations, as well as being the birthplace of steelpan, the limbo, and music styles such as calypso, soca, rapso, parang, chutney, and chutney soca.
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Template:Israel topics <s> Israel <p> category of associated people <o> Category:People of Israel <s> Israel <p> diplomatic relation <o> Finland <s> Israel <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in Israel <s> Israel <p> driving side <o> right <s> Israel <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Gulf of Aqaba <s> Israel <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Mediterranean Sea <s> Israel <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> Israel <p> instance of <o> country <s> Israel <p> language used <o> Yevanic <s> Israel <p> language used <o> Judaeo-Georgian <s> Israel <p> language used <o> Judeo-Berber <s> Israel <p> language used <o> Judeo-Iraqi Arabic <s> Israel <p> language used <o> Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic <s> Israel <p> language used <o> Hebrew <s> Israel <p> official religion <o> Druze <s> Israel <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Sea of Galilee <s> Israel <p> capital <o> Jerusalem <s> Israel <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Dead Sea <s> Israel 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Republic <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> International Civil Defence Organisation <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Shanghai Cooperation Organisation <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+06:00 <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> replaces <o> Soviet Union <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Organization of Turkic States <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Central Asian Cooperation Organization <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Treaty on Open Skies <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> Collective Security Treaty Organization <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Kyrgyzstan <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Kyrgyzstan <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> central bank <o> National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> located in/on physical feature <o> Central Asia <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> highest point <o> Jengish Chokusu <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Kyrgyzstan <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Kyrgyzstan <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> described by source <o> Larousse Encyclopedia online <s> Kyrgyzstan <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Kyrgyzstan <s> 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Farwaniyah Governorate <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Kuwait <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Kuwait <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Arab Emirates <s> Kuwait <p> part of <o> Gulf States <s> Kuwait <p> replaces <o> Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> executive body <o> Government of Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> member of <o> Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa <s> Kuwait <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Kuwait <p> lowest point <o> Persian Gulf <s> Kuwait <p> flag <o> flag of Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> highest point <o> Mutla Ridge <s> Kuwait <p> diplomatic relation <o> Northern Cyprus <s> Kuwait <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> central bank <o> Central Bank of Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Kuwaiti people <s> Kuwait <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> driving side <o> right <s> Kuwait <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Kuwait <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Kuwait <s> Kuwait <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Kuwait <p> replaces <o> British protectorate <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Malaysia <p> country <o> Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> continent <o> Asia <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kosovo <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> ASEAN <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hungary <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Mandarin <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> English <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Nations <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Soviet Union <s> Malaysia <p> lowest point <o> Indian Ocean <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Malaysia <p> shares border with <o> Indonesia <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Japan <s> Malaysia <p> shares border with <o> Singapore <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> State of Palestine <s> Malaysia <p> central bank <o> Bank Negara Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Norway <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Holy See <s> Malaysia <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Malaysia <p> shares border with <o> Brunei <s> Malaysia <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+08:00 <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Malaysian Malay <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Malaysian Sign Language <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Selangor Sign Language <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Iban <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Malay <s> Malaysia <p> shares border with <o> Thailand <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Cantonese <s> Malaysia <p> described by source <o> Internetowa encyklopedia PWN <s> Malaysia <p> foods traditionally associated <o> nasi lemak <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Arabic <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Minangkabau <s> Malaysia <p> participant in <o> ASEAN cable system <s> Malaysia <p> official religion <o> Islam <s> Malaysia <p> history of topic <o> history of Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Gana’ <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> Malaysia <p> electrical plug type <o> BS 1363 <s> Malaysia <p> different from <o> Malesia <s> Malaysia <p> shares border with <o> Philippines <s> Malaysia <p> capital <o> Kuala Lumpur <s> Malaysia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kuala Lumpur <s> Malaysia <p> different from <o> Melanesia <s> Malaysia <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> category for people born here <o> Categoria:Born in Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Batek <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Standard Mandarin <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Keningau Murut <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Lotud <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Lanoh <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kintaq <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Mintil <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kanayatn <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kensiu <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kota Marudu Talantang <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Mainstream Kenyah <s> Malaysia <p> highest point <o> Mount Kinabalu <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Bukar Sadong <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Bonggi <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kiput <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Temuan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Ida'an <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Duano’ <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Ten'edn <s> Malaysia <p> part of <o> Southeast Asia <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kristang <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Yue Chinese <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Molbog <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Momogun <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> Organisation of Islamic Cooperation <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kanowit <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kelabit <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kalabakan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kajaman <s> Malaysia <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> culture <o> culture of Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Malaysia <p> member of <o> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Narom <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Brunei Bisaya <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Bintulu <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Orang Kanaq <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Bukitan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Laraʼ <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sa'ban <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Rajakng Kayan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Okolod <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Remun <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sebuyau <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Papar <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sebop <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Selungai Murut <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Punan Batu <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sabüm <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sekapan <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Finland <s> Malaysia <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> topic's main template <o> Template:States and Federal 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Seru <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Serudung <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Semaq Beri <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Tagol <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Cheq Wong <s> Malaysia <p> basic form of government <o> constitutional monarchy <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Baram Kayan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Central Berawan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Biatah <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Jagoi <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Mah Meri <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> West Coast Bajau <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Jah Hut <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Minriq <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Tobilung <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Malay <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sugut Dusun <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sabah Bisaya <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Malaccan Creole Malay <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Klias River Kadazan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Lahanan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Western Penan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> East Penan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Tampias Lobu <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Uma’ Lasan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Dumpas <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Sabah Malay <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Lanas Lobu <s> Malaysia <p> office held by head of state <o> Yang di-Pertuan Agong <s> Malaysia <p> different from <o> My <s> Malaysia <p> different from <o> My <s> Malaysia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sarawak <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Bookan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Daro-Matu <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kedah-Perak-Perlis-Penang Malay <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kadazandusun <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Eastern Kadazan <s> Malaysia <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Malaysian people <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Murik Kayan <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Lelak <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> Kimaragang <s> Malaysia <p> language used <o> 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administrative territorial entity <o> Malacca <s> Malaysia <p> ethnic group <o> Malaysian Malays <s> Malaysia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Perlis <s> Malaysia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Perak <s> Malaysia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Kedah <s> Malaysia <p> ethnic group <o> Indian Malaysians <s> Malaysia <p> ethnic group <o> Malaysian Chinese <s> Malaysia <p> ethnic group <o> Asli <s> Malaysia <p> head of government <o> Anwar Ibrahim <s> Malaysia <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ethiopia <s> Malaysia <p> anthem <o> Negaraku <s> Malaysia <p> basic form of government <o> federal monarchy <s> Malaysia <p> basic form of government <o> parliamentary monarchy <s> Malaysia <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Pahang <s> Malaysia <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Malaysia <s> Malaysia <p> open data portal <o> data.gov.my <s> Malaysia <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of Malaysia <s> Malaysia 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Arabia <p> significant event <o> Second Saudi State <s> Saudi Arabia <p> public holiday <o> Eid al-Fitr <s> Saudi Arabia <p> public holiday <o> Eid al-Adha <s> Saudi Arabia <p> significant event <o> Third Saudi State <s> Saudi Arabia <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Saudi Arabia <s> Saudi Arabia <p> public holiday <o> Saudi National Day <s> Saudi Arabia <p> highest point <o> Jabal Sawda <s> Saudi Arabia <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Saudi Arabia </Graph> | <Text> :Grenada is an island country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada is directly south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and about 100 miles north of Trinidad and the South American mainland.
Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself, two smaller islands, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, and several small islands which lie to the north of the main island and are a part of the Grenadines. Its size is 348.5 square kilometres , and it had an estimated population of 124,523 in July 2021. Its capital is St. George's. Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops.
12deg07'N 61deg40'W / 12.117degN 61.667degW / 12.117; -61.667
Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Grenada was inhabited by the indigenous peoples from South America. Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas. Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise the island due to resistance from resident Island Caribs, French settlement and colonisation began in 1649 and continued for the next century. On 10 February 1763, Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris. British rule continued until 1974 . However, on 3 March 1967, it was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an Associated State, and from 1958 to 1962 Grenada was part of the Federation of the West Indies, a short-lived federation of British West Indian colonies.
Independence was granted on 7 February 1974 under the leadership of Eric Gairy, who became the first prime minister of Grenada as a sovereign state. The new country became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. In March 1979, the Marxist-Leninist New Jewel Movement overthrew Gairy's government in a bloodless coup d'etat and established the People's Revolutionary Government , headed by Maurice Bishop as prime minister. Bishop was later arrested and executed by members of the People's Revolutionary Army , which was used to justify a U.S.-led invasion in October 1983. Since then, the island has returned to a parliamentary representative democracy and has remained politically stable. A Governor General represents the Head of State. The country is currently headed by King Charles III, King of Grenada.
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. It is bordered by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, the Red Sea to the south, Egypt to the southwest, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, and the Palestinian territories - the West Bank along the east and the Gaza Strip along the southwest. Tel Aviv is the financial, economic, and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.
Israel is located in a region known historically as Canaan, Palestine, and the Holy Land. In antiquity, it was home to several Canaanite, and later, Israelite and Jewish states, and is referred to as the Land of Israel in Jewish tradition. The region was then ruled by the Assyrian, Babylonian, Achaemenid, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, and Ottoman empires. The late 19th century saw the rise of Zionism in Europe, a movement seeking a Jewish homeland, which garnered British support. After World War I, the Ottomans were defeated and a British Mandate was set up in 1920. Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine increased considerably leading to intercommunal conflict between Jews and Arabs. The 1947 UN Partition Plan triggered a civil war between the two groups, which saw the expulsion and flight of most of Palestine's predominantly Arab population.
Israel declared its establishment on 14 May 1948, the day the British terminated the Mandate. On 15 May 1948, the armies of five neighboring Arab states invaded the area of the former Mandatory Palestine, starting the First Arab-Israeli War. The 1949 Armistice Agreements saw Israel's borders established over most of the former Mandate territory, while the rest, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, were ruled by Jordan and Egypt respectively. The 1967 Six-Day War saw Israel occupying the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and the Syrian Golan Heights. It has since established settlements across the occupied territories, actions which are deemed illegal under international law, and annexed both East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, which are largely unrecognized internationally. Since the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt, returning the Sinai Peninsula, and with Jordan, and more recently normalized relations with several Arab countries. However, efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict have not succeeded. Israel's practices in its occupation of the Palestinian territories have drawn sustained international criticism along with accusations that it has committed war crimes and crimes against humanity against the Palestinian people from human rights organizations and United Nations officials.
The country has a parliamentary system elected by proportional representation. The prime minister serves as head of government, and is elected by the Knesset, Israel's unicameral legislature. Israel has the highest Human Development Index of all countries in the Middle East and is one of the richest countries in the Middle East and Asia, and an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member since 2010. It has the highest standards of living in the Middle East, and has been ranked as one of the most advanced and technological countries, with a population of nearly 10 million people, as of 2023. It has the world's 29th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 16th by nominal GDP per capita.
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East. With a population of over 46 million, it is the 14th-most populous country on the Asian continent and the 33rd-most populous country in the world. It is a federal parliamentary republic that consists of 18 governorates. The country is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. The Iraqi people are diverse, with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. As part of the Arab and Muslim world, most Iraqis are Muslims - minority faiths include Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism, and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognized in specific regions are Turkish , Suret , and Armenian.
Starting as early as the 6th millennium BC, the fertile alluvial plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, referred to as Mesopotamia, gave rise to some of the world's earliest cities, civilizations, and empires in Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria. Mesopotamia was a "Cradle of Civilisation" that saw the inventions of a writing system, mathematics, timekeeping, a calendar, astrology, and a law code. Following the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia, Baghdad became the capital and the largest city of the Abbasid Caliphate, and during the Islamic Golden Age, the city evolved into a significant cultural and intellectual center, and garnered a worldwide reputation for its academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258 during the siege of Baghdad, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires.
Modern Iraq dates to 1920, when the British Mandate for Mesopotamia was created under the authority of the League of Nations. A British-backed monarchy was established in 1921 under Faisal. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was ruled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003, led by Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr and then by Saddam Hussein, as a one-party state. Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, sparking a protracted war that ended as a stalemate in 1988, with devastating losses for both sides. In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, leading to global condemnation and a military campaign waged by a US-led international coalition that expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait. A 2003 invasion launched by another US-led coalition as part of its "Global War on Terror" resulted in the defeat of Ba'athist Iraq and the execution of Saddam Hussein. Discontent with the de-Ba'athification policies of the Provisional Authority stirred up an anti-American insurgency, which escalated into a sectarian civil war. In 2005, a new constitution was adopted and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in Iraq. The Withdrawal of US troops from Iraq began in 2008, and the American occupation officially ended in 2011. Continued repression and sectarian policies of Nouri al-Maliki's Shia government caused the 2012-13 Iraqi protests, after which a coalition of Ba'athist and Sunni militias took up arms during the 2013 Anbar campaign. The climax of the campaign was the Northern Iraq offensive by the Islamic State group that marked its rapid territorial expansion, prompting the return of American troops to fight the War in Iraq, which lasted until 2017. Iran has also intervened in Iraq since 2014, expanding its influence through sectarian parties and Khomeinist militia groups, triggering widespread protests in Iraq.
Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic. The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the Council of Representatives and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature. Iraq is considered an emerging middle power with a strategic location and a founding member of the United Nations, the OPEC as well as of the Arab League, OIC, Non-Aligned Movement, and the IMF. From 1920 to 2005, Iraq experienced spells of significant economic and military growth and briefer instability including wars.
Iran, also known as Persia and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Iraq to the west and Turkey to the northwest, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With over 90 million inhabitants in an area of 1.648 million square kilometers , Iran ranks 17th in the world in both geographic size and population. Its capital and largest city is Tehran, with around 16 million people in its metropolitan area; other major urban centres include Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, and Shiraz.
Iran is one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the Elamites in the fourth millennium BC. It was first unified by the Medes in the seventh century BC and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest empires in antiquity. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the fourth century BC, and it was subsequently divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BC, which was succeeded in the third century AD by the Sasanian Empire. Arab Muslims conquered the region in the seventh century AD, leading to its Islamization. Iran became a major centre of Islamic culture and learning, and its culture, language, and customs spread across the Muslim world. A series of native Iranian Muslim dynasties ruled the country until the Seljuk and the Mongol conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native Safavids re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shia Islam as the official religion.
Under Nader Shah in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution, the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty, and efforts at modernization. Attempts to nationalise the country's vast fossil fuel supply led to an Anglo-American coup in 1953. After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the current Islamic republic was founded by Ruhollah Khomeini, who became the country's first supreme leader. Iran is officially governed as an Islamic republic with a presidential system, albeit with ultimate authority vested in a theocratic supreme leader , currently Ali Khamenei since Khomeini's death in 1989. The Iranian government is authoritarian and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant constraints and violations of human rights and civil liberties.
Iran is a major regional and middle power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels--including the second largest natural gas supply and third largest proven oil reserves--strategic location in the Asian continent, and role as the focal point Shia Islam within the Middle East. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the ECO, the OIC, the OPEC, the SCO, and a member of BRICS. Owing to its long history and rich cultural legacy, Iran has 27 UNESCO World Heritage Sites--the 10th highest number in the world--and ranks fifth globally in the number inscriptions of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The people of Iran are multicultural and comprise wide variety of ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups.
Yemen , officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. It is located in the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast. It shares maritime borders with Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia. Covering 530,000 square kilometres and having a coastline of approximately 2,000 kilometres , Yemen is the second-largest Arab sovereign state on the Arabian Peninsula. Sanaa is its constitutionally stated capital and largest city. The country's population is estimated to be 34.7 million as of 2023. Yemen is a member of the Arab League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
In ancient times, Yemen was the home of the Sabaeans, a trading state that included parts of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. Later in 275 AD, the Himyarite Kingdom was influenced by Judaism. Christianity arrived in the fourth century, and Islam spread rapidly in the seventh century, with Yemenite troops playing a crucial role in early Islamic conquests. Various dynasties emerged between the 9th and 16th centuries. During the 19th century, the country was divided between the Ottoman and British empires. After World War I, the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was established, which became the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962 following a coup. South Yemen became independent in 1967. In 1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen . Ali Abdullah Saleh was the first president of the new republic until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the Arab Spring.
Since 2011, Yemen has been facing a political crisis, marked by street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and President Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution and eliminate the presidential term limit. Subsequently, the country has been engulfed in a civil war with multiple entities vying for governance, including the government of President Hadi , the Houthi movement's Supreme Political Council, and the separatist Southern Movement's Southern Transitional Council. This ongoing conflict has led to a severe humanitarian crisis and received widespread criticism for its devastating impact on Yemen's people.
The ongoing humanitarian crisis and conflict has received widespread criticism for having a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation, that some say has reached the level of a "humanitarian disaster". Yemen is one of the least developed countries in the world, facing significant obstacles to sustainable development and is one of the poorest countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. The United Nations reported in 2019 that Yemen had the highest number of people in need of humanitarian aid, amounting to about 24 million individuals, which is nearly 75% of its population. As of 2020, Yemen ranked highest on the Fragile States Index and second-worst on the Global Hunger Index, surpassed only by the Central African Republic. Additionally, it has the lowest Human Development Index out of all non-African countries.
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city of the country. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.
Kyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road along with other commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination, for example the Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states. It was first established as the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate. Later, in the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols; it regained independence, but was later invaded by Dzungar Khanate. After the fall of Dzhungars, Kyrgyz and Kipchaks were an integral part of Kokand Khanate. In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic; after the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic, although it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts, revolts, economic troubles, transitional governments and political conflict.
Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organisation of Turkic States, the Turksoy community and the United Nations. It is a developing country ranked 118th in the Human Development Index, and is the second poorest country in Central Asia after neighbouring Tajikistan. The country's transitional economy is heavily dependent on deposits of gold, coal and uranium.
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait also shares maritime borders with Iran. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately 500 km . Most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of the capital and largest city Kuwait City. As of 2023, Kuwait has a population of 4.82 million people of which 1.53 million are Kuwaiti citizens while the remaining 3.29 million are foreign nationals from over 100 countries.
Historically, most of present-day Kuwait was part of ancient Mesopotamia. Before the discovery of oil, Kuwait was a regional trade port. Oil reserves were discovered in commercial quantities in 1938. In 1946, crude oil was exported for the first time. From 1946 to 1982, the country underwent large-scale modernization, largely based on income from oil production. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash. In 1990, after oil production disputes with neighbouring Iraq, Kuwait was invaded, and later annexed into one of Iraq's governorates by Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait came to an end on February 26, 1991, after military intervention by a military coalition led by the United States and various other countries.
Like some of the other Arab states in the Persian Gulf, Kuwait is an emirate. The emir is the head of state and the Al Sabah is the ruling family which dominates the country's political system. Kuwait's official state religion is Islam, specifically the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. Kuwait is a developing country with a high-income economy, backed by the world's sixth largest oil reserves. Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of theatre, radio, music, and television soap opera, is exported to neighboring GCC states. Kuwait is a founding member of the GCC and is also a member of the UN, AL, OPEC and the OIC.
Following the post-glacial flooding of the Persian Gulf basin, debris from the Tigris-Euphrates river formed a substantial delta, creating most of the land in present-day Kuwait and establishing the present coastlines. One of the earliest evidence of human habitation in Kuwait dates back to 8000 BC where Mesolithic tools were found in Burgan. Historically, most of present-day Kuwait was part of ancient Mesopotamia.
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia, as well as a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, the country's largest city, and the seat of the legislative branch of the federal government.
Putrajaya is the administrative centre, which represents the seat of both the executive branch and the judicial branch of the federal government. With a population of over 33 million, the country is the world's 43rd-most populous country. Malaysia is tropical and is one of 17 megadiverse countries; it is home to numerous endemic species. Tanjung Piai in the Malaysian state of Johor is the southernmost point of continental Eurasia.
The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War Two, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 and then restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate, independent country.
The country is multiethnic and multicultural, which has a significant effect on its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples. The official language is Malaysian Malay, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language. While recognising Islam as the official religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is an elected monarch, chosen from among the nine state sultans every five years. The head of government is the prime minister.
After independence, the gross domestic product grew at an average rate of 6.5% per year for almost 50 years. The country's economy has traditionally been driven by its natural resources but is expanding into commerce, tourism, and medical tourism. The country has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked fifth-largest in Southeast Asia and 36th-largest in the world. The country is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the East Asia Summit , and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , and a member of the Non-Aligned Movement , the Commonwealth, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation .
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, being the second-largest in South Asia. Bounded by the Arabian Sea on the south, the Gulf of Oman on the southwest, and the Sir Creek on the southeast, it shares land borders with India to the east; Afghanistan to the west; Iran to the southwest; and China to the northeast. It shares a maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor.
Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan, the Indus Valley civilisation of the Bronze Age, and the ancient Gandhara civilisation. The regions that comprise the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Samma, the Hindu Shahis, the Shah Miris, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, and most recently, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947.
Spurred by the Pakistan Movement, which sought a homeland for the Muslims of British India, and election victories in 1946 by the All-India Muslim League, Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the Partition of the British Indian Empire, which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life. Initially a Dominion of the British Commonwealth, Pakistan officially drafted its constitution in 1956, and emerged as a declared Islamic republic. In 1971, the exclave of East Pakistan seceded as the new country of Bangladesh after a nine-month-long civil war. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively secular and Islamist. Pakistan elected a civilian government in 2008, and in 2010 adopted a parliamentary system with periodic elections.
Pakistan is considered a middle power nation, with the world's sixth-largest standing armed forces. It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, and is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies, with a large and rapidly-growing middle class. Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The country continues to face challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and terrorism. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and the Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition, and is designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States.
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , is a country in West Asia and the Middle East. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about 2150000 km2 , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia and the largest in the Middle East. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. Bahrain is an island country off its east coast. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. The capital and largest city is Riyadh; the kingdom also hosts Islam's two holiest cities of Mecca and Medina.
Pre-Islamic Arabia, the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations; the prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity outside Africa. The world's second-largest religion, Islam, emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia. In the early 7th century, the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territories in North Africa, Central, South Asia and Iberia in a matter of decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun , Umayyad , Abbasid , and Fatimid caliphates, as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of mainly four distinct historical regions: Hejaz, Najd, and parts of Eastern Arabia and South Arabia . The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdulaziz . He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, where political decisions are made on the basis of consultation among the King, the Council of Ministers, and the country's traditional elites that oversee a highly authoritarian regime. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam was described as a "predominant feature of Saudi culture" until the 2000s. In 2016, the Saudi Arabian government curtailed the influence of the Wahhabi religious establishment and restricted the activities of the morality police and launched various Westernization policies such as the economic programme of Saudi Vision 2030. In its Basic Law, Saudi Arabia defines itself as a sovereign Arab Islamic state with Islam as its official religion and Arabic as its official language.
Petroleum was discovered in 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia has since become the world's third-largest oil producer and largest oil exporter, controlling the world's second-largest oil reserves and the sixth-largest gas reserves. The kingdom is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy and is the only Arab country to be part of the G20 major economies.
The Saudi government has attracted criticism for various policies such as its intervention in the Yemeni Civil War, alleged sponsorship of terrorism as well as for its use of executions.
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Mizo <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Bishnupriya Manipuri <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Qatar <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Luxembourg <s> Bangladesh <p> electrical plug type <o> BS 1363 <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Sylheti <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Mru <s> Bangladesh <p> anthem <o> Amar Sonar Bangla <s> Bangladesh <p> coat of arms <o> National emblem of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dhaka Division <s> Bangladesh <p> instance of <o> people's republic <s> Bangladesh <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .bd <s> Bangladesh <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Bangladesh <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Khulna Division <s> Bangladesh <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Sylhet Division <s> Bangladesh <p> different from <o> Bengal <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Rohingya <s> Bangladesh <p> currency <o> Bangladeshi taka <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Koch <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Bawm <s> Bangladesh <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Bangladeshi people <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Austria <s> Bangladesh <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 1-15 <s> Bangladesh <p> official symbol <o> Nymphaea nouchali <s> Bangladesh <p> culture <o> culture of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Barisal Division <s> Bangladesh <p> emergency phone number <o> 999 <s> Bangladesh <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Bay of Bengal <s> Bangladesh <p> electrical plug type <o> Type K <s> Bangladesh <p> electrical plug type <o> Europlug <s> Bangladesh <p> history of topic <o> history of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Rangpur Division <s> Bangladesh <p> driving side <o> left <s> Bangladesh <p> basic form of government <o> Westminster system <s> Bangladesh <p> basic form of government <o> parliamentary republic <s> Bangladesh <p> twinned administrative body <o> Nisshin <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Poland <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Rangpuri <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Italy <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Megam <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Pangkhu <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Kol <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Koda <s> Bangladesh <p> legislative body <o> Jatiya Sangsad <s> Bangladesh <p> head of government <o> Sheikh Hasina <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tajikistan <s> Bangladesh <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Bangladesh <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> highest judicial authority <o> Supreme Court of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sri Lanka <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Syria <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Tanchangya <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Sak <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Usui <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Riang <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Lyngngam <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Oraon Sadri <s> Bangladesh <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> electrical plug type <o> AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> Bangladesh <p> railway traffic side <o> left <s> Bangladesh <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Tippera <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Marma <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Hajong <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Rakhine <s> Bangladesh <p> language used <o> Pnar <s> Bangladesh <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Bangladesh <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .বাংলা <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkmenistan <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Afghanistan <s> Bangladesh <p> head of state <o> Mohammad Shahabuddin <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Portugal <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Thailand <s> Bangladesh <p> executive body <o> Government of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Arab Emirates <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mali <s> Bangladesh <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> open data portal <o> Bangladesh Open Data <s> Bangladesh <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vietnam <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tanzania <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> Bangladesh <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Mymensingh Division <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Philippines <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Liberia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ghana <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Russia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Sudan <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brazil <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kenya <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mexico <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Botswana <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malawi <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Belarus <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Libya <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Namibia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> the Gambia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ivory Coast <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bhutan <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Uganda <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Holy See <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mauritius <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ukraine <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Latvia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kazakhstan <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bulgaria <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Slovakia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Rwanda <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cuba <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Senegal <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sierra Leone <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cyprus <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> State of Palestine <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sudan <s> Bangladesh <p> described by source <o> Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart <s> Bangladesh <p> described by source <o> Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics <s> Bangladesh <p> described by source <o> TASS Encyclopedia <s> Bangladesh <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Algeria <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Croatia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Georgia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Chile <s> Bangladesh <p> central bank <o> Bangladesh Bank <s> Bangladesh <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Singapore <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Serbia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Azerbaijan <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Venezuela <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Argentina <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> Bangladesh <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> participant in <o> Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries <s> Bangladesh <p> highest point <o> Mowdok tiang <s> Bangladesh <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Trinidad and Tobago <s> Bangladesh <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> New Zealand <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Africa <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Papua New Guinea <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Fiji <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Colombia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Haiti <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iran <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cambodia <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Panama <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Jordan <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Bangladesh <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+06:00 <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Commonwealth of Nations <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kyrgyzstan <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Bangladesh <p> has seal, badge, or sigil <o> National emblem of Bangladesh <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Bangladesh <p> diplomatic relation <o> Kuwait <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Organisation of Islamic Cooperation <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation <s> Bangladesh <p> part of <o> South Asia <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Bangladesh <p> located in time zone <o> Bangladesh Standard Time <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Bangladesh <p> member of <o> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes <s> 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described by source <o> Gujin Tushu Jicheng <s> Brunei <p> official language <o> English <s> Brunei <p> official language <o> Malay <s> Brunei <p> emergency phone number <o> 995 <s> Brunei <p> emergency phone number <o> 991 <s> Brunei <p> emergency phone number <o> 993 <s> Brunei <p> history of topic <o> history of Brunei <s> Brunei <p> electrical plug type <o> BS 1363 <s> Brunei <p> has characteristic <o> not-free country <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Georgia <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Brunei <p> language used <o> East Penan <s> Brunei <p> driving side <o> left <s> Brunei <p> language used <o> Brunei Malay <s> Brunei <p> language used <o> Belait <s> Brunei <p> language used <o> Tutong <s> Brunei <p> language used <o> Brunei Bisaya <s> Brunei <p> culture <o> culture of Brunei <s> Brunei <p> language used <o> Standard Mandarin <s> Brunei <p> head of government <o> Hassanal Bolkiah I of Brunei <s> Brunei <p> capital <o> Bandar Seri Begawan <s> Brunei 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<s> Brunei <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Brunei <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Brunei <p> legislative body <o> Legislative Council of Brunei <s> Brunei <p> coat of arms <o> emblem of Brunei <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Laos <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Myanmar <s> Brunei <p> instance of <o> sultanate <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Pakistan <s> Brunei <p> currency <o> Brunei dollar <s> Brunei <p> basic form of government <o> Islamic state <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Thailand <s> Brunei <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Temburong District <s> Brunei <p> anthem <o> Allah Peliharakan Sultan <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cambodia <s> Brunei <p> diplomatic relation <o> South 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<s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Caluyanon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Romblomanon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Cuyonon <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Malaysia <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Maguindanao <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Karay-a <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Cebuano <s> Philippines <p> religion or worldview <o> Islam <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tausug <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Surigaonon <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Myanmar <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Central Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Chavacano <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Israel <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sweden <s> Philippines <p> lowest point <o> Philippine Sea <s> Philippines <p> electrical plug type <o> Europlug <s> Philippines <p> office held by head of state <o> President of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> 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Philippines <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mag-indi <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Balangingih Sama <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Onhan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Abaknon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Sambal <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Bolinao <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ibanag <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Eskayan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Buhid <s> Philippines <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iraq <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Denmark <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Italy <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Switzerland <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Pakistan <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Poland <s> Philippines <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Central Tagbanwa <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Yakan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ivatan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Calamian Tagbanwa <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Aborlan Tagbanwa <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Sinauna <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Philippine Sign Language <s> Philippines <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Philippines <p> capital <o> Manila <s> Philippines <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Filipino people <s> Philippines <p> driving side <o> right <s> Philippines <p> emergency phone number <o> 911 (Philippines) <s> Philippines <p> official language <o> English <s> Philippines <p> shares border with <o> Taiwan <s> Philippines <p> geography of topic <o> geography of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> studied in <o> Filipinology <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> Philippines <p> ethnic group <o> Hiligaynon people <s> Philippines <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 1-15 <s> Philippines <p> electrical plug type <o> NEMA 5-15 <s> Philippines <p> category of people buried here <o> Category:Burials in the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> motto <o> Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mamanwa <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Manide <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Inagta Alabat <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Agutaynen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mapun <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Alangan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Pangutaran Sama <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ati <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Bontoc <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Botolan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mag-antsi <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Klata <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ata <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Itawis <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mariveleño <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Balangao <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Binukid <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Inagta Partido <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Iraya <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Davawenyo <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Butuanon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Dumagat Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Isinai <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Cagayan Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Dupaningan Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Higaonon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Dicamay Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ga'dang <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Qatar <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Greece <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kagayanen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Isnag <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kasiguranin <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mandaya <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kinabalian <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Magahat <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Karolanos <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Forohanon <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Philippines <p> instance of <o> country <s> Philippines <p> religion or worldview <o> Christianity <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Vietnam <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Sarangani <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Matigsalug <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Paranan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mount Iriga Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mount Iraya Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Northern Alta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Pandan Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Paranan Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southern Alta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Sorsogon Ayta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Molbog <s> Philippines <p> permanent duplicated item <o> Philippines <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Thailand <s> Philippines <p> basic form of government <o> republic <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sri Lanka <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Korea <s> Philippines <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ilocos Region <s> Philippines <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Metro Manila <s> Philippines <p> official language <o> Filipino <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ambala <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Sangil <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Gaddang <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ibatag <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southern Sama <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Abellen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Central Sama <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Arta <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brazil <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mexico <s> Philippines <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Cordillera Administrative Region <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Arab Emirates <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Sulod <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tiruray <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tuwali <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tagabawa <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tboli <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southern Catanduanes Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tadyawan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Obo <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Pudtol Atta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mayoyao <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Northern Kankanay <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Central Palawano <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Batad <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Pamplona Atta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Agusan Manobo <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Inlaod Itneg <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mansaka <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Binongan Itneg <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Cotabato Manobo <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kinamigin <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southern Subanen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Moyadan Itneg <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Lubuagan Kalinga <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo <s> Philippines <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Philippines <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kankanaey <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kalinga Butbut <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Amganad <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kalagan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Mabaka Valley Kalinga <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Dibabawon Manobo <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Eastern Tawbuid <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ibatan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Limos Kalinga <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Majukayang Kalinga <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southern Kalinga <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kagan Kalagan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tagakaulo <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Masadiit Itneg <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tanudan Kalinga <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Kolibugan Subanen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Maeng Itneg <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> South Sorsoganon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Malay Aklanon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> I-Wak <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Adasen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Rinconada Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Faire Atta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Villa Viciosa Agta <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ata Manobo <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Yogad <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Banao Itneg <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Umiray Dumaget <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Western Bukidnon Manobo <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Philippines <p> head of government <o> Bongbong Marcos <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Philippines <p> currency <o> Philippine peso <s> Philippines <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> head of state <o> Bongbong Marcos <s> Philippines <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Mimaropa <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Russia <s> Philippines <p> named after <o> Philip II of Spain <s> Philippines <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Philippines <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Central Luzon <s> Philippines <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Cagayan Valley <s> Philippines <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Calabarzon <s> Philippines <p> economy of topic <o> economy of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Philippines <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ph <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> the Gambia <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Libya <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iceland <s> Philippines <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Tandaganon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ata <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Eastern Subanen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Iranun <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southwestern Bontok <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southern Bontok <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Eastern Bontok <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Central Bontok <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Northern Bontok <s> Philippines <p> contains the statistical territorial entity <o> Visayas <s> Philippines <p> open data portal <o> Open Data Philippines <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Bangladesh <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Czech Republic <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Brunei <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Djibouti <s> Philippines <p> anthem <o> Lupang Hinirang <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Bantayanon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> West Albay Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Northern Subanen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Koronadal Blaan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Sarangani Blaan <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Brooke's Point Palawano <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Western Tawbuid <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Western Subanon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Baybay <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Buhi Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Central Subanen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Ilianen <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Miraya Bikol <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Southwest Palawano <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> North Sorsoganon <s> Philippines <p> language used <o> Libon Bikol <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cuba <s> Philippines <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Philippines <p> instance of <o> archipelagic state <s> Philippines <p> railway traffic side <o> left <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Croatia <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Nigeria <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Ukraine <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Sudan <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Hong Kong <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Christmas <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Romania <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Soviet Union <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Maundy Thursday <s> Philippines <p> contains the statistical territorial entity <o> Luzon <s> Philippines <p> contains the statistical territorial entity <o> Mindanao <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Chile <s> Philippines <p> replaces <o> Commonwealth of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Good Friday <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> South Africa <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Argentina <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> New Year's Day <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> Catholic Encyclopedia <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Australia <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Philippines <p> highest point <o> Mount Apo <s> Philippines <p> central bank <o> Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Holy See <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> International Workers' Day <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> New International Encyclopedia <s> Philippines <p> office held by head of government <o> President of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Independence Day <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Bataan Day <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Feast of the Immaculate Conception <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Singapore <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> East Timor <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Eid al-Fitr <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Philippines <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Philippines <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> ASEAN <s> Philippines <p> participant in <o> ASEAN cable system <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Philippines <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Administrative divisions of the Philippines <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Eid al-Adha <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Philippines <p> part of <o> Southeast Asia <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> International Civil Defence Organisation <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Rizal Day <s> Philippines <p> diplomatic relation <o> Cambodia <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Asian Development Bank <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> Collier's New Encyclopedia, 1921 <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> The American Cyclopædia <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> National Heroes' Day <s> Philippines <p> public holiday <o> Bonifacio Day <s> Philippines <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Philippines <s> Philippines <p> located in time zone <o> Asia/Manila <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Southeast Asia Treaty Organization <s> Philippines <p> described by source <o> New International Encyclopedia (1902–1905) <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> International Development Association <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes <s> Philippines <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Philippines topics <s> Philippines <p> located in time zone <o> Philippine Standard Time <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Group on Earth Observations <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> ASEAN Regional Forum <s> Philippines <p> member of <o> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Canada <s> Morocco <p> continent <o> Africa <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> French <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Catholic Encyclopedia <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Morocco <p> central bank <o> Bank Al-Maghrib <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Sytin Military Encyclopedia <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Ottův slovník naučný <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Morocco <p> country <o> Morocco <s> Morocco <p> official religion <o> Islam <s> Morocco <p> lowest point <o> Sebkha Tah <s> Morocco <p> category of associated people <o> Category:Moroccan people <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> United States of America <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Spain <s> Morocco <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Atlantic Ocean <s> Morocco <p> shares border with <o> Algeria <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica <s> Morocco <p> shares border with <o> European Union <s> Morocco <p> named after <o> west <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> English <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Denmark <s> Morocco <p> driving side <o> right <s> Morocco <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Morocco <s> Morocco <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Morocco <s> Morocco <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Morocco <s> Morocco <p> part of <o> North Africa <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Turkey <s> Morocco <p> category for films shot at this location <o> Category:Films shot in Morocco <s> Morocco <p> different from <o> Morocco <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Portugal <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Spanish <s> Morocco <p> shares border with <o> Spain <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron <s> Morocco <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Mediterranean Sea <s> Morocco <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Strait of Gibraltar <s> Morocco <p> economy of topic <o> economy of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> madhhab <o> Malikism <s> Morocco <p> has characteristic <o> partly free country <s> Morocco <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> railway traffic side <o> left <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Morocco <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Morocco <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> basic form of government <o> constitutional monarchy <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Egypt <s> Morocco <p> Wikimedia outline <o> outline of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> office held by head of government <o> Prime Minister of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Standard Moroccan Amazigh <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Moroccan Sign Language <s> Morocco <p> instance of <o> country <s> Morocco <p> history of topic <o> History of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> instance of <o> sovereign state <s> Morocco <p> head of government <o> Aziz Akhannouch <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Marrakesh-Safi <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Rabat-Salé-Kénitra <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra <s> Morocco <p> named after <o> Marrakesh <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Modern Standard Arabic <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Sanhaja de Srair <s> Morocco <p> culture <o> culture of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mexico <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Béni Mellal-Khénifra <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Souss-Massa <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima <s> Morocco <p> emergency phone number <o> 112 <s> Morocco <p> flag <o> Flag of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> anthem <o> Cherifian Anthem <s> Morocco <p> instance of <o> Mediterranean country <s> Morocco <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Netherlands <s> Morocco <p> office held by head of state <o> King of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> emergency phone number <o> 15 <s> Morocco <p> emergency phone number <o> 177 <s> Morocco <p> emergency phone number <o> 19 <s> Morocco <p> official language <o> Standard Moroccan Amazigh <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> People's Republic of China <s> Morocco <p> geography of topic <o> geography of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> United Kingdom <s> Morocco <p> different from <o> Marokko <s> Morocco <p> open data portal <o> Morocco Data Portal <s> Morocco <p> named after <o> Mauri people <s> Morocco <p> top-level Internet domain <o> .ma <s> Morocco <p> electrical plug type <o> Europlug <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> North Korea <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Oriental <s> Morocco <p> ethnic group <o> Arab-Berber <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Argentina <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Guelmim-Oued Noun <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Drâa-Tafilalet <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Fès-Meknès <s> Morocco <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Casablanca-Settat <s> Morocco <p> capital <o> Rabat <s> Morocco <p> instance of <o> constitutional monarchy <s> Morocco <p> executive body <o> Cabinet of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> legislative body <o> Parliament of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> head of state <o> Mohammed <s> Morocco <p> highest judicial authority <o> Supreme Court of Morocco <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> France <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> European Union <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Russia <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> India <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Indonesia <s> Morocco <p> official language <o> Arabic <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Pakistan <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Ghomara <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Central Atlas Tamazight <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Tachelhit <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Tarifit <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Germany <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Iran <s> Morocco <p> electrical plug type <o> Type E <s> Morocco <p> visitor center <o> Moroccan National Tourism Office <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Sud Oranais-Gourara <s> Morocco <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Algeria <s> Morocco <p> currency <o> Moroccan dirham <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mali <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Moroccan Darija <s> Morocco <p> language used <o> Hassaniya Arabic <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Tunisia <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Libya <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Saudi Arabia <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Mauritania <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Sudan <s> Morocco <p> diplomatic relation <o> Taiwan <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> United Nations <s> Morocco <p> public holiday <o> August 14 <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> African Union <s> Morocco <p> located in time zone <o> UTC+01:00 <s> Morocco <p> located in time zone <o> UTC±00:00 <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Arab League <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> UNESCO <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> World Health Organization <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> World Trade Organization <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Interpol <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Universal Postal Union <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Maghreb <s> Morocco <p> public holiday <o> New Year <s> Morocco <p> public holiday <o> International Workers' Day <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> International Atomic Energy Agency <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Organisation of Islamic Cooperation <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Organisation internationale de la Francophonie <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> International Civil Defence Organisation <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> World Meteorological Organization <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development <s> Morocco <p> public holiday <o> New Year's Day <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> International Hydrographic Organization <s> Morocco <p> public holiday <o> Mawlid <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> African Development Bank <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> International Telecommunication Union <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Arab Maghreb Union <s> Morocco <p> public holiday <o> Eid al-Fitr <s> Morocco <p> public holiday <o> Eid al-Adha <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> Arab Monetary Fund <s> Morocco <p> member of <o> International Finance Corporation <s> Morocco <p> highest point 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Groundnut Council <s> Sudan <p> member of <o> Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development <s> Sudan <p> member of <o> Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa </Graph> | <Text> :Taiwan, officially the Republic of China , is a country in East Asia.
It is located at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres . The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanized population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.
Taiwan has been settled for at least 25,000 years. Ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese immigration began under a Dutch colony and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state in Taiwanese history. The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, which had overthrown the Qing in 1911, took control following the surrender of Japan in 1945. Japan renounced sovereignty over Taiwan in 1952. The immediate resumption of the Chinese Civil War resulted in the loss of the Chinese mainland to Communist forces, who established the People's Republic of China, and the flight of the ROC central government to Taiwan in 1949. The effective jurisdiction of the ROC has since been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, and smaller islands.
In the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization called the "Taiwan Miracle". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party state under martial law to a multi-party democracy, with democratically elected presidents since 1996. Taiwan's export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the 20th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics, and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country. It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties, healthcare, and human development.
The political status of Taiwan is contentious. The ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations after UN members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead. The ROC maintained its claim of being the sole legitimate representative of China and its territory until 1991, when it ceased to regard the CCP as a rebellious group and recognized its control over mainland China. Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses to establish diplomatic relations with countries that recognise the ROC. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 11 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See. Many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate on a non-state basis. Domestically, the major political contention is between parties favoring eventual Chinese unification and promoting a pan-Chinese identity, contrasted with those aspiring to formal international recognition and promoting a Taiwanese identity; into the 21st century, both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea , is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a population of 51.96 million, of which roughly half live in the Seoul Capital Area, the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the world. Other major cities include Incheon, Busan, and Daegu.
The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period. Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BCE. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century, Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty and the Joseon dynasty . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed in 1910 into the Empire of Japan. Japanese rule ended following Japan's surrender in World War II, after which Korea was divided into two zones: a northern zone occupied by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone occupied by the United States. After negotiations on reunification failed, the southern zone became the Republic of Korea in August 1948, while the northern zone became the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea the following month.
In 1950, a North Korean invasion began the Korean War, which ended in 1953 after extensive fighting involving the American-led United Nations Command and the People's Volunteer Army from China with Soviet assistance. The war left 3 million Koreans dead and the economy in ruins. The authoritarian First Republic of Korea led by Syngman Rhee was overthrown in the April Revolution of 1960. However, the Second Republic was incompetent as it could not control the revolutionary fervor. The May 16 coup of 1961 led by Park Chung Hee put an end to the Second Republic, signaling the start of the Third Republic in 1963. South Korea's devastated economy began to soar under Park's leadership, recording the one of fastest rises in average GDP per capita. Despite lacking natural resources, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers based on international trade and economic globalization, integrating itself within the world economy with export-oriented industrialization. The Fourth Republic was established after the October Restoration of 1972, in which Park wielded absolute power. The Yushin Constitution declared that the president could suspend basic human rights and appoint a third of the parliament. Suppression of the opposition and human rights abuse by the government became more severe in this period. Even after Park's assassination in 1979, the authoritarian rule continued in the Fifth Republic led by Chun Doo-hwan, which violently seized power by two coups and brutally suppressing the Gwangju Uprising. The June Democratic Struggle of 1987 ended authoritarian rule, forming the current Sixth Republic. The country is now considered among the most advanced democracies in Continental and East Asia.
South Korea maintains a unitary presidential republic under the 1987 constitution with a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly. It is considered a regional power and a developed country, with its economy ranked as the world's twelfth-largest by nominal GDP and the fourteenth-largest by GDP . Its citizens enjoy one of the world's fastest Internet connection speeds and densest high-speed railway networks. The country is the world's ninth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer. Its armed forces are ranked as one of the world's strongest militaries, with the world's second-largest standing army by military and paramilitary personnel. In the 21st century, South Korea has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly in music, TV dramas, cinema, manhwa, and cuisine, a phenomenon referred to as the Korean Wave. It is a member of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, the G20, the IPEF, and the Paris Club.
Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world and is among the most densely populated countries with a population of nearly 170 million in an area of 148,460 square kilometres . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the mountainous Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. Khulna, Rajshahi and Sylhet are other major cities. The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali.
Bangladesh forms the sovereign part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of India in 1947 as part of majority-Muslim Pakistan, which it gained independence from in 1971. The country has a Bengali Muslim majority. Ancient Bengal was known as Gangaridai and was a bastion of pre-Islamic kingdoms. Muslim conquests after 1204 heralded the sultanate and Mughal periods, during which an independent Bengal Sultanate and a wealthy Mughal Bengal transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. After 1757, Bengal's administrative jurisdiction reached its greatest extent under the Bengal Presidency of the British Empire. The creation of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. In 1940, the first Prime Minister of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq, supported the Lahore Resolution. Before the partition of Bengal, a Bengali sovereign state was first proposed by premier H. S. Suhrawardy. A referendum and the announcement of the Radcliffe Line established the present-day territorial boundary.
In 1947, East Bengal became the most populous province in the Dominion of Pakistan. It was renamed as East Pakistan, with Dhaka becoming the country's legislative capital. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952; the East Bengali legislative election, 1954; the 1958 Pakistani coup d'etat; the six point movement of 1966; and the 1970 Pakistani general election resulted in the rise of Bengali nationalism and pro-democracy movements. The refusal of the Pakistani military junta to transfer power to the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The Mukti Bahini, aided by India, waged a successful armed revolution. The conflict saw the Bangladesh genocide and the massacre of pro-independence Bengali civilians, including intellectuals. The new state of Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia in 1972. Islam was declared the state religion in 1988. In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.
A middle power in the Indo-Pacific, Bangladesh is home to the sixth-most spoken language in the world, the third-largest Muslim-majority population in the world, and the second-largest economy in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest military in the region and is the largest contributor of personnel to UN peacekeeping operations. Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. Bengalis make up 99% of the total population. The country consists of eight divisions, 64 districts and 495 subdistricts, as well as the world's largest mangrove forest. It hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world due to the Rohingya genocide.
Brunei , formally Brunei Darussalam , is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2020 the country had a population of 460,345, of whom approximately 100,000 resided in the capital and largest city Bandar Seri Begawan. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan of Brunei, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia.
At the Bruneian Empire's peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah , the state is claimed to have had control over the most of Borneo, including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, as well as the Sulu archipelago and the islands off the northwestern tip of Borneo. There are also claims to its historical control over Seludong, the site of the modern Philippine capital of Manila, but Southeast Asian scholars believe the name of the location in question is actually in reference to Mount Selurong, in Indonesia. The maritime state of Brunei was visited by the surviving crew of the Magellan Expedition in 1521, and in 1578 it fought against Spain in the Castilian War.
During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. The Sultanate ceded Sarawak to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, a new constitution was written in 1959. In 1962, a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with British assistance. The country gained its full independence from Britain on 1 January 1984.
Brunei has been led by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967. The country's wealth derives from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s has transformed Brunei into an industrialised country, with the GDP increasing 56% between 1999 and 2008. Brunei has the second-highest Human Development Index among Southeast Asian states, trailing only Singapore. According to the International Monetary Fund , Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries with a public debt to national GDP ratio of 0%.
The Philippines , officially the Republic of the Philippines , is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. In the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of 7,641 islands, with a total area of 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It is the world's twelfth-most-populous country, with diverse ethnicities and cultures. Manila is the country's capital, and its most populated city is Quezon City. Both are within Metro Manila.
Negritos, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by waves of Austronesian peoples. The adoption of Animism, Hinduism with Buddhist influence, and Islam established island-kingdoms ruled by datus, rajas, and sultans. Overseas trade with neighbors such as the late Tang or Song empire brought Sinitic-speaking merchants to the archipelago, which would gradually settle in and intermix. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for Spain, marked the beginning of Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II of Castile. Spanish colonization via New Spain, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the Spanish Empire, for more than 300 years. Catholic Christianity became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade. Hispanic immigrants from Latin America and Iberia would also selectively colonize. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish-American War. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine-American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. After the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese, the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a decades-long dictatorship in a nonviolent revolution.
The Philippines is an emerging market and a newly industrialized country, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, ASEAN, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit; it is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes it prone to earthquakes and typhoons. The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant level of biodiversity.
During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar "Felipinas" after King Philip II of Castile . Eventually, the name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.: 6 Other names, such as "Islas del Poniente" , "Islas del Oriente" , Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "San Lazaro" , were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south. Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. It spans an area of 446,300 km2 with a population of roughly 37 million. Its official and predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber; French and the Moroccan dialect of Arabic are also widely spoken. Moroccan identity and culture is a mix of Arab, Berber, African and European cultures. Its capital is Rabat, while its largest city is Casablanca.
The region constituting Morocco has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era over 300,000 years ago. The Idrisid dynasty was established by Idris I in 788 and was subsequently ruled by a series of other independent dynasties, reaching its zenith as a regional power in the 11th and 12th centuries, under the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties, when it controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb. Centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope of the region. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Morocco faced external threats to its sovereignty, with Portugal seizing some territory and the Ottoman Empire encroaching from the east. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties otherwise resisted foreign domination, and Morocco was the only North African nation to escape Ottoman dominion. The 'Alawi dynasty, which rules the country to this day, seized power in 1631, and over the next two centuries expanded diplomatic and commercial relations with the Western world. Morocco's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean drew renewed European interest; in 1912, France and Spain divided the country into respective protectorates, reserving an international zone in Tangier. Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, in 1956, Morocco regained its independence and reunified.
Since independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. It has the fifth-largest economy in Africa and wields significant influence in both Africa and the Arab world; it is considered a middle power in global affairs and holds membership in the Arab League, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. Morocco is a unitary semi-constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The executive branch is led by the King of Morocco and the prime minister, while legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament: the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. Judicial power rests with the Constitutional Court, which may review the validity of laws, elections, and referendums. The king holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs; he can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law, and can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the prime minister and the president of the constitutional court.
Morocco claims ownership of the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, which it has designated its Southern Provinces. In 1975, after Spain agreed to decolonise the territory and cede its control to Morocco and Mauritania, a guerrilla war broke out between those powers and some of the local inhabitants. In 1979, Mauritania relinquished its claim to the area, but the war continued to rage. In 1991, a ceasefire agreement was reached, but the issue of sovereignty remained unresolved. Today, Morocco occupies two-thirds of the territory, and efforts to resolve the dispute have thus far failed to break the political deadlock.
Libya , officially the State of Libya , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Libya borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west, and Tunisia to the northwest. Libya comprises three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 1.8 million km2 , it is the fourth-largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and the 16th-largest in the world. The country's official religion is Islam, with 96.6% of the Libyan population being Sunni Muslims. The official language of Libya is Arabic, with vernacular Libyan Arabic being spoken most widely. The majority of Libya's population is Arab. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in north-western Libya and contains over a million of Libya's seven million people.
Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians established city-states and trading posts in western Libya, while several Greek cities were established in the East. Parts of Libya were variously ruled by Carthaginians, Persians, and Greeks before the entire region becoming a part of the Roman Empire. Libya was an early center of Christianity. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century when invasions brought Islam to the region. From then on, centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb shifted the demographic scope of Libya in favor of Arabs. In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire and the Knights of St John occupied Tripoli until Ottoman rule began in 1551. Libya was involved in the Barbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ottoman rule continued until the Italo-Turkish War, which resulted in the Italian occupation of Libya and the establishment of two colonies, Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica , later unified in the Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943.
During the Second World War, Libya was an area of warfare in the North African Campaign. The Italian population then went into decline. Libya became independent as a kingdom in 1951. A bloodless military coup in 1969, initiated by a coalition led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris I and created a republic. Gaddafi was often described by critics as a dictator, and was one of the world's longest serving non-royal leaders, ruling for 42 years. He ruled until being overthrown and killed during the 2011 Libyan Civil War, which was part of the wider Arab Spring, with authority transferred to the National Transitional Council then to the elected General National Congress. By 2014 two rival authorities claimed to govern Libya, which led to a second civil war, with parts of Libya split between the Tobruk and Tripoli-based governments as well as various tribal and Islamist militias. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, and a unity government took authority to plan for democratic elections, though political rivalries continue to delay this. Libya is a developing country ranking 104th by HDI and has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves in the world. Libya is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the Arab League, the OIC and OPEC.
The origin of the name "Libya" first appeared in an inscription of Ramesses II, written as rbw in hieroglyphic. The name derives from a generalized identity given to a large confederacy of ancient east "Libyan" berbers, African people and tribes who lived around the lush regions of Cyrenaica and Marmarica. An army of 40,000 men and a confederacy of tribes known as "Great Chiefs of the Libu" were led by King Meryey who fought a war against pharaoh Merneptah in year 5 . This conflict was mentioned in the Great Karnak Inscription in the western delta during the 5th and 6th years of his reign and resulted in a defeat for Meryey. According to the Great Karnak Inscription, the military alliance comprised the Meshwesh, the Lukka, and the "Sea Peoples" known as the Ekwesh, Teresh, Shekelesh, and the Sherden.
Namibia , officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek.
The driest country in sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia has been inhabited since pre-historic times by the Khoi, San, Damara and Nama people. Around the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived as part of the Bantu expansion. Since then, the Bantu groups, the largest being the Ovambo, have dominated the population of the country; since the late 19th century, they have constituted a majority. With a population of an estimated 2.77 million people today, Namibia is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world.
In 1884, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as German South West Africa. Between 1904 and 1908, German troops waged a punitive campaign against the Herero and Nama which escalated into the first genocide of the 20th century. German rule ended during the First World War with a 1915 defeat by South African forces. In 1920, after the end of the war, the League of Nations mandated administration of the colony to South Africa. From 1948, with the National Party elected to power, this included South Africa applying apartheid to what was then known as South West Africa. In the later 20th century, uprisings and demands for political representation by native African political activists seeking independence resulted in the United Nations assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but the country of South Africa maintained de facto rule. In 1973, the UN recognized the South West Africa People's Organization as the official representative of the Namibian people. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. However, Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994.
Namibia is a stable parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, tourism and the mining industry - including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver and base metals - form the basis of its economy, while the manufacturing sector is comparatively small. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a country in Southeast Europe with partial diplomatic recognition. Kosovo lies landlocked in the centre of the Balkans, bordered by Serbia to the north and east, North Macedonia to the southeast, Albania to the southwest, and Montenegro to the west. Most of central Kosovo is dominated by the vast plains and fields of Metohija and the Kosovo field. The Accursed Mountains and Sar Mountains rise in the southwest and southeast, respectively. Its capital and largest city is Pristina.
The Dardani tribe emerged in Kosovo and established the Kingdom of Dardania in the 4th century BC. It was later annexed by the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC. The territory remained in the Byzantine Empire, facing Slavic migrations from the 6th-7th century AD. Control shifted between the Byzantines and the First Bulgarian Empire. In the 13th century, Kosovo became integral to the Serbian medieval state and the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th century led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389 is considered to be one of the defining moments, where a Serbian-led Christian coalition that also included Albanians, fought against the Ottoman Empire. Various dynasties, mainly the Brankovic, would govern Kosovo for a significant portion of the period following the battle. The Ottoman Empire fully conquered Kosovo after the Second Battle of Kosovo, ruling for nearly five centuries until 1912. Kosovo was the center of the Albanian Renaissance and experienced the Albanian revolts of 1910 and 1912. After the Balkan Wars, it was ceded to Serbia and Montenegro and became an Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia. Tensions between Kosovo's Albanian and Serb communities simmered through the 20th century and occasionally erupted into major violence, culminating in the Kosovo War of 1998 and 1999, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Yugoslav army and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.
Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and has since gained diplomatic recognition as a sovereign state by 104 member states of the United Nations. Although Serbia does not officially recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state and continues to claim it as its constituent Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, it accepts the governing authority of the Kosovo institutions as a part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement.
Kosovo is a developing country, with an upper-middle-income economy. It has experienced solid economic growth over the last decade as measured by international financial institutions since the onset of the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, EBRD, Venice Commission, the International Olympic Committee, and has applied for membership in the Council of Europe, UNESCO, Interpol, and for observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. In December 2022, Kosovo filed a formal application to become a member of the European Union.
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Egypt to the north, Eritrea to the northeast, Ethiopia to the southeast, Libya to the northwest, South Sudan to the south, and the Red Sea. It has a population of 45.7 million people as of 2022 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres , making it Africa's third-largest country by area and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011; since then both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital and most populous city is Khartoum.
The area that is now Sudan witnessed the Khormusan , Halfan culture , Sebilian , Qadan culture , the Battle of Jebel Sahaba, the earliest known battle in the world, in c. 11400 BC, A-Group culture , Kingdom of Kerma , the Egyptian New Kingdom , and the Kingdom of Kush . After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was gradually settled by Arab nomads. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the east. In 1811, Mamluks established a state at Dunqulah as a base for their slave trading. Under Turco-Egyptian rule of Sudan after the 1820s, the practice of trading slaves was entrenched along a north-south axis, with slave raids taking place in southern parts of the country and slaves being transported to Egypt and the Ottoman empire. From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Egyptians under the Muhammad Ali dynasty. Religious-nationalist fervour erupted in the Mahdist Uprising in which Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a condominium. In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession. The Egyptian revolution of 1952 toppled the monarchy and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, one of the two co-leaders of the revolution, and Egypt's first President, who was half-Sudanese and had been raised in Sudan, made securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. The following year, under Egyptian and Sudanese pressure, the United Kingdom agreed to Egypt's demand for both governments to terminate their shared sovereignty over Sudan and to grant Sudan independence. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was duly declared an independent state.
After Sudan became independent, the Gaafar Nimeiry regime began Islamist rule. This exacerbated the rift between the Islamic North, the seat of the government, and the Animists and Christians in the South. Differences in language, religion, and political power erupted in a civil war between government forces, influenced by the National Islamic Front , and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction was the Sudan People's Liberation Army , which eventually led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Between 1989 and 2019, a 30-year-long military dictatorship led by Omar al-Bashir ruled Sudan and committed widespread human rights abuses, including torture, persecution of minorities, alleged sponsorship of global terrorism, and ethnic genocide in Darfur from 2003-2020. Overall, the regime killed an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people. Protests erupted in 2018, demanding Bashir's resignation, which resulted in a coup d'etat on 11 April 2019 and Bashir's imprisonment. Sudan is currently embroiled in a civil war between two rival factions, the Sudanese Armed Forces , and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces .
Islam was Sudan's state religion and Islamic laws were applied from 1983 until 2020 when the country became a secular state. Sudan is a least developed country and ranks 172nd on the Human Development Index as of 2022. Its economy largely relies on agriculture due to international sanctions and isolation, as well as a history of internal instability and factional violence. The large majority of Sudan is dry and over 60% of Sudan's population lives in poverty. Sudan is a member of the United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
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Kinnear <s> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <p> country <o> Netherlands <s> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <p> instance of <o> intergovernmental organization <s> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <p> headquarters location <o> The Hague <s> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <p> award received <o> Nobel Peace Prize <s> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <s> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <p> director / manager <o> Fernando Arias González <s> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons <p> main regulatory text <o> Chemical Weapons Convention <s> AUKUS <p> has part(s) <o> United States of America <s> AUKUS <p> named after <o> United States of America <s> AUKUS <p> has part(s) <o> United Kingdom <s> AUKUS <p> named after <o> United Kingdom <s> AUKUS <p> named after <o> Australia <s> AUKUS <p> has part(s) <o> Australia <s> AUKUS <p> language of work or name <o> English <s> AUKUS <p> instance of <o> intergovernmental organization <s> AUKUS <p> instance of <o> military technology <s> AUKUS <p> location <o> East China Sea <s> AUKUS <p> location <o> South Pacific Ocean <s> AUKUS <p> has characteristic <o> trilateralism <s> AUKUS <p> different from <o> ANZUS <s> AUKUS <p> location <o> Indo-Pacific <s> AUKUS <p> location <o> territorial claims in Antarctica <s> AUKUS <p> different from <o> nine-dash line <s> AUKUS <p> subclass of <o> Conception of Collective Security in the Pacific Rim <s> AUKUS <p> subject has role <o> collective security <s> The Technical Cooperation Program <p> instance of <o> international organization <s> Combined Communications-Electronics Board <p> instance of <o> international organization <s> Movement Coordination Centre Europe <p> instance of <o> international organization </Graph> | <Text> :Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia , is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is situated on the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Somalia has an estimated population of around 17.1 million, of which over 2 million live in the capital and largest city Mogadishu, and has been described as Africa's most culturally homogeneous country. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis, who have historically inhabited the country's north. Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the south. The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic. Most people in the country are Muslims, the majority of them Sunni.
In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center. It is among the most probable locations of the ancient Land of Punt. During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Imamate of Awsame, Ajuran Sultanate, the Adal Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi.
In the late 19th century, Somali Sultanates like the Isaaq Sultanate, Habr Yunis Sultanate and the Majeerteen Sultanate were colonized by both the Italian and British Empires. European colonists merged the tribal territories into two colonies, which were Italian Somaliland and the British Somaliland Protectorate. Meanwhile, in the interior, the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan engaged in a two-decade confrontation against Abyssinia, Italian Somaliland, and British Somaliland and were finally defeated in the 1920 Somaliland Campaign. Italy acquired full control of the northeastern, central, and southern parts of the area after successfully waging the Campaign of the Sultanates against the ruling Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo. In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government.
Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, brutally attempting to squash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country. The SRC collapsed in 1991 with the onset of the Somali Civil War.
The Nuclear Suppliers Group is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.
The NSG was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May 1974 and first met in November 1975. The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development. Nations already signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and non-Zangger Committee nations, then specifically France, could be brought in.
A series of meetings in London from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements on the guidelines for export; these were published as INFCIRC/254 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Listed items could only be exported to non-nuclear states if certain International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards were agreed to or if exceptional circumstances relating to safety existed.
The NSG did not meet again until 1991. The "Trigger List" remained unchanged until 1991, although the Zangger list was regularly updated. The revelations about the Iraqi weapons program following the first Gulf War led to a tightening of the export of so-called dual-use equipment. At the first meeting since 1978, held at the Hague in March 1991, the twenty-six participating governments agreed to the changes, which were published as the "Dual-use List" in 1992, and also to the extension of the original list to more closely match the up-to-date Zangger list.
The Missile Technology Control Regime is a multilateral export control regime. It is an informal political understanding among 35 member states that seek to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology. The regime was formed in 1987 by the G-7 industrialized countries. The MTCR seeks to limit the risks of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by controlling exports of goods and technologies that could make a contribution to delivery systems for such weapons. In this context, the MTCR places particular focus on rockets and unmanned aerial vehicles capable of delivering a payload of at least 500 kilograms to a range of at least 300 kilometres and on equipment, software, and technology for such systems.
The MTCR is not a treaty and does not impose any legally binding obligations on partners . Rather, it is an informal political understanding among states that seek to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology.
The Missile Technology Control Regime was established in April 1987 by the G7 countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was created to curb the spread of unmanned delivery systems for nuclear weapons, specifically systems which can carry a payload of 500 kilograms for 300 kilometres .
The MTCR applies to exports to members and non-members. An aide-memoire attached to the agreement says that it does not supersede prior agreements, which NATO members say allows the supply of Category 1 systems between NATO members. An example is the export by the United States of Trident missiles to the United Kingdom for nuclear-weapons delivery.
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency is an international financial institution which offers political risk insurance and credit enhancement guarantees. These guarantees help investors protect foreign direct investments against political and non-commercial risks in developing countries. MIGA is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States.
MIGA was established in 1988 as an investment insurance facility to encourage confident investment in developing countries. MIGA is owned and governed by its member states, but has its own executive leadership and staff which carry out its daily operations. Its shareholders are member governments that provide paid-in capital and have the right to vote on its matters. It insures long-term debt and equity investments as well as other assets and contracts with long-term periods. The agency is assessed by the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group each year.
In September 1985, the Board of Governors of the World Bank endorsed the Convention establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. MIGA was established and became operational on 12 April 1988 under the leadership of then-Executive Vice President Yoshio Terasawa, becoming the fifth member institution of the World Bank Group. MIGA initially had $1 billion in capital and 29 member states.
All members of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development were eligible to become members of the agency. MIGA was established as an effort to complement existing sources of non-commercial risk insurance for investments in developing countries. By serving as a multilateral guarantor, the agency reduces the likelihood of confrontations among the investor's country and the host country.
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes is an international arbitration institution established in 1966 for legal dispute resolution and conciliation between international investors and States. ICSID is part of and funded by the World Bank Group, headquartered in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It is an autonomous, multilateral specialized institution to encourage international flow of investment and mitigate non-commercial risks by a treaty drafted by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development's executive directors and signed by member countries. As of May 2016, 153 contracting member states agreed to enforce and uphold arbitral awards in accordance with the ICSID Convention.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation had made several attempts to create a framework to protect international investments, but its efforts revealed conflicting views on how to provide compensation for the expropriation of foreign direct investment.
In 1961, Aron Broches, then-General Counsel of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , developed the idea for a multilateral agreement on a process for resolving individual investment disputes on a case-by-case basis as opposed to imposing outcomes based on standards. Broches held conferences to consult legal experts from all parts of the world, including Europe, Africa, and Asia, to discuss and compose a preliminary agreement. The IBRD staff wrote an official draft of the agreement and consulted with legal representatives of the IBRD's board of directors to finalize the draft and have it approved.
The board of directors approved the final draft of the agreement, titled Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, and the Bank president disseminated the convention to its member states for signature on 18 March 1965. Twenty states immediately ratified the convention. The convention established the ICSID would become officially active on 14 October 1966.
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons is an intergovernmental organisation and the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention , which entered into force on 29 April 1997. The OPCW, with its 193 member states, has its seat in The Hague, Netherlands; it oversees the global endeavour for the permanent and verifiable elimination of chemical weapons.
The organisation promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits the use of chemical weapons and requires their destruction. Verification consists both of evaluation of declarations by member states and onsite inspections.
The organisation was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons". Nobel Committee chairman Thorbjorn Jagland said, "The conventions and the work of the OPCW have defined the use of chemical weapons as a taboo under international law".
The Hague was chosen as the location for the seat of the organisation after a successful lobby of the Dutch government, competing against Vienna and Geneva. The organisation has its headquarters next to the World Forum Convention Centre and an equipment store and laboratory facility in Rijswijk. The headquarters were officially opened by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on 20 May 1998. and consist of an eight-story building built in a semi-circle. A permanent memorial to all victims is present at the back of the building and is open to the public.
AUKUS , also styled as Aukus, is a trilateral security partnership for the Indo-Pacific region between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Announced on 15 September 2021, the partnership involves the US and the UK assisting Australia in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines. The partnership also includes cooperation on advanced cyber mechanisms, artificial intelligence and autonomy, quantum technologies, undersea capabilities, hypersonic and counter-hypersonic, electronic warfare, innovation and information sharing. The partnership will focus on military capability, distinguishing it from the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance that also includes New Zealand and Canada.
The International Centre for Defence and Security called the partnership "a powerful statement about the priority of the Indo-Pacific" and as a statement "that the larger institutional groupings aren't acting with the common purpose and speed that the current strategic and technological environment demands". The US Ambassador to Australia Caroline Kennedy called the partnership a "greater and deeper partnership" between the countries and said that it would provide a "lot of deterrence" in the Indo-Pacific. The government of the People's Republic of China said the partnership risked "severely damaging regional peace" and had a "cold-war mentality", as the partnership was widely seen as being, at least in part, a response to China's status as an increasingly assertive emerging superpower.
The creation of the partnership spelled the end of a French-Australian submarine deal. On 17 September 2021, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US; French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian called the partnership a "stab in the back" following Australia's cancellation of the deal worth EUR56 billion without notice, ending recent efforts to develop a deeper strategic partnership between France and Australia. Following the ousting of Scott Morrison's government after the 2022 Australian federal election, the new Labor government led by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese agreed to a EUR555 million settlement with French defence contractor Naval Group. In response, French defence minister Lecornu said that France aims to rebuild its relationship with Australia. In addition, Albanese announced plans to travel to France to reset bilateral relations between the two countries.
In 2009, two years after the start of the project to replace the Royal Australian Navy's conventionally-powered Collins-class submarines, the Australian Defence White Paper stated: "The Government has ruled out nuclear propulsion for these submarines".
The Technical Cooperation Program is a long-standing international organisation concerned with cooperation on defence science and technology matters, including national security and civil defence. Its membership comprises Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States .
The arrangements which the nations of the free world have made for collective defense and mutual help are based on the recognition that the concept of national self sufficiency is now out of date. The countries of the free world are interdependent and only in genuine partnership, by combining their resources and sharing tasks in many fields, can progress and safety be found. For our part we have agreed that our two countries will henceforth act in accordance with this principle.
Immediately following the Declaration of Common Purpose, the Canadian government subscribed to the principle of interdependence and was admitted by the UK and the US. The resulting arrangement was known as the Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program .
Australia joined TTCP in 1965; the organisation's name was changed from Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program to The Technical Cooperation Program, which allowed the abbreviation for the organisation to be kept as TTCP. New Zealand joined TTCP in 1969.
The Combined Communications-Electronics Board is a five-nation joint military communications-electronics organisation whose mission is the coordination of any military C-E matter that is referred to it by a member nation. The member nations of the CCEB are Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The CCEB is the Sponsoring Authority for all Allied Communications Publications . ACPs are raised and issued under common agreement between the member nations. The CCEB Board consists of a senior Command, Control, Communications and Computer representative from each of the member nations.
The goal of the CCEB is to enhance the interoperability of communications systems among the military forces of the ABCA countries. The CCEB directs the activities of subordinate working groups charged with exchanging operational, procedural, and technical information in defined areas. CCEB products include Allied Communications Publications, Information Exchange Action Items, and CCEB publications. The U.S. CCEB representative is the Joint Chiefs of Staff Director for C4 Systems . The U.S. Army provides technical representatives to selected CCEB working groups at the request of the U.S. CCEB representative.
The CCEB is a member to the Washington-based Multifora consisting of, but not limited to, ABCA Armies, AUSCANNZUKUS, and The Technical Cooperation Program. In the U.S., the Military Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Executive Board serves as the principal member to the CCEB.
The Combined Communications Board was established in 1941 based on high-level proposals for a structure to formulate combined communications-electronics policy. The Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. The CCB grew to 33 sub-committees established to consider all communication specialist areas. The CCB produced all combined communications-electronics publications used by the member nations. It also produced more than two million additional copies, in 12 languages, for use by CCB allies. CCB efforts continued after the war until 14 October 1949 when it was reduced in size and commitment with the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and dissolution of the Combined Chiefs of Staff organization. The United Kingdom Joint Communications Staff, Washington, and the United States Joint Communications-Electronics Committee continued to meet on a regular basis as the US-UK Joint Communications-Electronics Committee with representatives of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand attending as appropriate.
The Movement Coordination Centre Europe is a multinational military movement brokerage centre located on the Eindhoven Airbase at Eindhoven Airport in the Netherlands. Its 29 member states are predominantly drawn from NATO and the European Union . The centre is staffed by military and civilian personnel from the participating countries. The main purpose of the MCCE is coordinating and optimising the usage of military and charter airlift, sealift and land movement assets of the armed forces of the member countries.
The genesis of the MCCE began in 1999 when the EU and NATO identified shortfalls in military capability as the world emerged from a cold war environment into a more dynamic expeditionary operational era. The two main findings that led to the founding of the MCCE were a shortage of both strategic airlift and sealift capabilities and the absence of a coordinating body to optimise strategic lift efficiency. At the same time, projects were created to generate additional capacity: Strategic Airlift Capability and Strategic Air Lift International Solution for airlift, and Multinational Sealift Steering Committee for sealift.
The MCCE was officially established on 1 July 2007 as the merger of the earlier European Airlift Centre and the Sealift Coordination Centre. On this date, the initial 15 signatory countries became official members. The MCCE has since been through several cycles of expansion.
MCCE is a non-NATO/non-European Union military organization. MCCE is open to all governments whose membership is unanimously accepted by all the other participant nations, regulated by a specific legal technical agreement. Decisions are taken unanimously with each member having one vote.
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<Graph> : <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> country <o> Switzerland <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> instance of <o> organization <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> headquarters location <o> Geneva <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> member of <o> DataCite <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> has subsidiary <o> Global Earth Observation System of Systems <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> member of <o> Research Data Alliance <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> field of work <o> Earth observation <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> chairperson <o> Barbara Ryan <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject Climate change <s> Group on Earth Observations <p> office held by head of the organization <o> GEO Secretariat Director <s> Air Force Interoperability Council <p> instance of <o> international organization <s> Air Force Interoperability Council <p> conflict <o> World War II <s> AUSCANNZUKUS <p> instance of <o> international organization <s> Treaty on Open Skies <p> location <o> Helsinki <s> Treaty on Open Skies <p> instance of <o> treaty <s> Treaty on Open Skies <p> applies to jurisdiction <o> Bailiwick of Guernsey <s> Caribbean Development Bank <p> country <o> Barbados <s> Caribbean Development Bank <p> named after <o> Caribbean <s> Caribbean Development Bank <p> headquarters location <o> Saint Michael <s> Caribbean Development Bank <p> instance of <o> multilateral development bank <s> Caribbean Development Bank <p> director / manager <o> Neville Nicholls <s> ANZUK <p> instance of <o> international organization <s> ANZUK <p> instance of <o> military alliance <s> ABCANZ Armies <p> signatory <o> Canada <s> ABCANZ Armies <p> signatory <o> United States of America <s> ABCANZ Armies <p> signatory <o> United Kingdom <s> ABCANZ Armies <p> conflict <o> World War II <s> ABCANZ Armies <p> instance of <o> international organization <s> ABCANZ Armies <p> signatory <o> Australia <s> ABCANZ Armies <p> signatory <o> New Zealand <s> silver <p> color <o> silver <s> silver <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> silver <p> instance of <o> chemical element <s> silver <p> subclass of <o> transition metal <s> silver <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> silver <p> part of <o> group 11 <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> silver <p> different from <o> Prata <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> silver <p> described by source <o> The American Cyclopædia <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Infernal Dictionary, 6th ed. <s> silver <p> has use <o> food additive <s> silver <p> different from <o> Gümüş <s> silver <p> different from <o> Plata <s> silver <p> subclass of <o> noble metal <s> silver <p> different from <o> Arian <s> silver <p> different from <o> Stříbro <s> silver <p> different from <o> Ag <s> silver <p> different from <o> Airgead <s> silver <p> different from <o> Silwer <s> silver <p> named after <o> white <s> silver <p> different from <o> Hobe <s> silver <p> different from <o> Silver <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Gujin Tushu Jicheng <s> silver <p> different from <o> Silber <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Second Edition <s> silver <p> different from <o> Perak <s> silver <p> different from <o> Zilver <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Real'nyj slovar' klassicheskih drevnostej po Ljubkeru <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 2 <s> silver <p> has effect <o> silver exposure <s> silver <p> different from <o> Argento <s> silver <p> subclass of <o> period 5 <s> silver <p> described by source <o> Bible Encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nicephorus <s> silver <p> part of <o> period 5 <s> silver <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Silver <s> silver <p> subclass of <o> precious metal <s> silver <p> different from <o> Argent <s> silver <p> different from <o> Srebro <s> leaf <p> instance of <o> plant structure <s> leaf <p> part of <o> tree <s> leaf <p> part of <o> bulb <s> leaf <p> has use <o> fodder <s> leaf <p> has part(s) <o> leaf sheath <s> leaf <p> has part(s) <o> plant cuticle <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Gujin Tushu Jicheng <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition (1885–1890) <s> leaf <p> has use <o> mulch <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> leaf <p> part of <o> foliage <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Nordisk familjebok <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> leaf <p> has part(s) <o> petiole <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> The Encyclopedia Americana <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> leaf <p> has part(s) <o> leaf blade <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Bible Encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nicephorus <s> leaf <p> described by source <o> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <s> leaf <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> leaf <p> different from <o> foliage <s> leaf <p> different from <o> Leaf <s> leaf <p> subclass of <o> plant organ <s> leaf <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Leaves <s> Panthera <p> taxon rank <o> genus <s> Panthera <p> instance of <o> taxon <s> Panthera <p> parent taxon <o> Pantherinae <s> Panthera <p> different from <o> Pantera <s> Panthera <p> produced sound <o> roar <s> Panthera <p> taxon synonym <o> Tigris <s> Panthera <p> taxon synonym <o> Leo <s> Panthera <p> described by source <o> Yuzhakov Big Encyclopedia <s> Panthera <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Panthera <p> said to be the same as <o> big cat <s> Panthera <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Panthera </Graph> | <Text> :The Group on Earth Observations coordinates international efforts to build a Global Earth Observation System of Systems . It links existing and planned Earth observation systems and supports the development of new ones in cases of perceived gaps in the supply of environment-related information. It aims to construct a global public infrastructure for Earth observations consisting of a flexible and distributed network of systems and content providers.
Common Earth observation instruments include ocean buoys, meteorological stations and balloons, seismic and Global Positioning System stations, remote-sensing satellites, computerized forecasting models and early warning systems. These instruments are used to measure and monitor specific aspects of Earth's physical, chemical and biological systems.
To be useful, the raw data collected must be processed, archived, interpreted, and made available via easy-to-use channels in the form of information comprehensible not only by remote sensing experts. Earth observations are vital for policymaking and assessment in many fields.
GEO focuses on facilitating access to Earth observation data for nine priority areas: natural and human-induced disasters, environmental sources of health hazards, energy management, climate change and its impacts, freshwater resources, weather forecasting, ecosystem management, sustainable agriculture, and biodiversity conservation.
The Five Eyes Air Force Interoperability Council is a formal military organisation, consisting of the "Five Eyes" countries, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and United States. The organisation is responsible for enhancing Air Force interoperability amongst member nations' Air Forces. The use of the term "Five Eyes" stems from the informal name for the intelligence sharing network consisting of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States.
In 1948, following the end of World War II, the Air Standards Coordination Committee was formed by the Air Force Chiefs of Staff of Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States to further those nations' capabilities to conduct combined air operations and to provide each other with certain essential services, namely the capability for aircraft to be cross-serviced. In 1951, the ASCC was expanded to include the US Navy, the Royal Australian Air Force joined in 1964 and the Royal New Zealand Air Force followed in 1965.
An external review of the ASCC was undertaken in 2004 to examine the organisational processes and structures. As a result of this review, in 2005, the ASCC was restructured, downsized and renamed the "Air and Space Interoperability Council" .
In 2016 the Air Chiefs of the "Five Eyes" nations recommended that in order to increase ASIC's operational relevance, it should refresh its principles, refocus its activities, and consider updating its name. Resultantly following this review, in 2017, ASIC realigned itself to concentrate on Air Force interoperability and changed its name to the "Five Eyes Air Force Interoperability Council" .
AUSCANNZUKUS is an abbreviation for the naval Command, Control, Communications and Computers interoperability organization involving the Anglosphere nations of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is also used as security caveat in the UKUSA Community, where it is also known as "Five Eyes."
Early in World War II communications interoperability between Allied forces was poor. During March 1941 the first high-level proposals to formally structure combined operations between the United States and the United Kingdom were considered; these discussions were the genesis of the current Combined Communications Electronics Board .
The origins of the AUSCANNZUKUS organization arose from dialogue between Admiral Arleigh Burke, USN, and Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, RN, in 1960. Their intention was to align naval communications policies and prevent, or at least limit, any barriers to interoperability, with the imminent introduction of sophisticated new communications equipment. AUSCANNZUKUS matured to the current five-nation organization in 1980 when New Zealand became a full member.
The organization's remit has expanded over the years, and its mission now includes fostering knowledge sharing and C4 interoperability between the navies of the five nations in order to increase operational effectiveness.
The Treaty on Open Skies establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire territory of its participants. The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. It entered into force on 1 January 2002, and currently has 34 party states. The idea of allowing countries to openly surveil each other is thought to prevent misunderstandings and limit the escalation of tensions. It also provides mutual accountability for countries to follow through on treaty promises.
The concept of "mutual aerial observation" was initially proposed to Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin at the Geneva Conference of 1955 by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower; however, the Soviets promptly rejected the concept and it lay dormant for several years. The treaty was eventually signed as an initiative of U.S. president George H. W. Bush in 1989. Negotiated by the then-members of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the agreement was signed in Helsinki, Finland, on 24 March 1992.
On 22 November 2020, the United States withdrew from the treaty, and on 15 January 2021, Russia also announced its intention to leave, citing the U.S. withdrawal and the inability of member nations to guarantee that information gathered would not be shared with the U.S. Russia formally withdrew in December 2021.
The 32 state parties to the Open Skies Treaty are Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark , Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. Kyrgyzstan signed the treaty but has not yet ratified it. Canada and Hungary are the depositaries of the treaty in recognition of their special contributions to the Open Skies process. Depositary countries maintain treaty documents and provide administrative support.
The Caribbean Development Bank is a development bank that helps Caribbean countries finance social and economic programs in its member countries. CDB was established by an Agreement signed on October 18, 1969, in Kingston, Jamaica, and entered into force on January 26, 1970. The permanent headquarters of the bank is located at Wildey, St. Michael, Barbados; adjacent to the campus of the Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic. On September 21, 2018, the Bank officially opened its Country Office in Haiti, the first outside its Headquarters in Barbados. The Barbados headquarters serves all of the regional borrowing member countries with staff recruited from its member countries.
CDB's membership of 28 countries consists of 19 regional borrowing members, four regional, non-borrowing members and five non-regional, non-borrowing members .
CDB's total assets as at December 31, 2021 stood at US$3.71 billion . These include US$2.21 bn of Ordinary Capital Resources and US$1.50 bn of Special Funds Resources. The Bank is rated Aa1 Stable by Moody's, AA+ Stable by Standard & Poor's and AA+ Stable by Fitch Ratings. In 2021, the Bank approved loans and grants of US$269.5 million.
Caribbean Development Bank was established by an agreement between sixteen Commonwealth of Nations members from the Caribbean region, Canada and the United Kingdom signed on October 18, 1969, in Kingston, Jamaica. Agreement entered into force on January 26, 1970 until when 15 out of 18 signing states ratified it. Bank's initial capital was 50 million US dollars corresponding to the value of 100 million Eastern Caribbean dollar with three main contributors being Jamaica with 11,200,000 US dollars and 19.52% of votes, and United Kingdom and Canada both with 10,000,000 US dollars and each with 17.55% of votes in bank. Arthur Lewis was chosen as the first bank's president on the meeting of banks governors in Nassau.
ANZUK was a tripartite force formed by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to defend the Asian Pacific region after the United Kingdom withdrew forces from the east of Suez in the early 1970s. The ANZUK force was formed in Singapore on 1 November 1971 under Rear Admiral David Wells and disbanded on 31 January 1974.
By 1973 the political climate in Australia and the United Kingdom had changed and it was deemed that ANZUK should be disbanded. Rear Admiral Wells, the First ANZUK commander who established the Force, had the task of planning the run-down phase and handing over to his successor Air Vice Marshal Richard Gordon Wakeford, to follow through.
Australia would be retaining a presence in Butterworth in Malaysia and the United Kingdom had decided to withdrawal all its forces east of Suez. It was in New Zealand's interest to retain a force in southeast Asia, so on 30 January 1974 New Zealand Force South East Asia was formed, taking under its command all the New Zealand units formerly part of ANZUK.
Over the course of 1974 the integrated units which made up the ANZUK were gradually disbanded and replaced by national units. On 31 January 1974 ceased to exist, followed on 16 December 1974 with the disbanding of the Naval and Air Headquarters and their assets reverted to their respective national command and what remained of the United Kingdom's land component forces became the 28th Infantry Brigade.
ABCANZ Armies is a program aimed at optimizing interoperability and standardization of training and equipment between the armies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, plus the United States Marine Corps and the Royal Marines. Established in 1947 as a means to capitalize on close cooperation between the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada during World War II, the program grew to include Australia and New Zealand .
The program started in 1947 as the "Plan to Effect Standardization" between the armies of the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada , with the three nations looking to capitalize on the close cooperation between the forces during World War II. In 1954, the Plan was replaced by the "Basic Standardization Concept".
Australia joined the organization in 1963, and the ABCA Program was established with the ratification of the "Basic Standardization Agreement 1964" on 1 October 1964. In 1965, Australia successfully sponsored the introduction of New Zealand to the agreement as an observer.
Originally, the role of ABCANZ was limited to issues of standardization for soldier equipment, training, and tactics. Following the September 11 attacks, a review by the Program's Heads of Delegations saw the Program modified to address the changing security environment and improve responsiveness, relevance, and focus on interoperability. The overhaul was completed by June 2004.
Silver is a chemical element; it has symbol Ag ) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form , as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.
Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold: while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine". As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures.
Other than in currency and as an investment medium , silver is used in solar panels, water filtration, jewellery, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils , in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, in catalysis of chemical reactions, as a colorant in stained glass, and in specialized confectionery. Its compounds are used in photographic and X-ray film. Dilute solutions of silver nitrate and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides , added to bandages, wound-dressings, catheters, and other medical instruments.
Silver is similar in its physical and chemical properties to its two vertical neighbours in group 11 of the periodic table: copper, and gold. Its 47 electrons are arranged in the configuration 4d105s1, similarly to copper and gold ; group 11 is one of the few groups in the d-block which has a completely consistent set of electron configurations. This distinctive electron configuration, with a single electron in the highest occupied s subshell over a filled d subshell, accounts for many of the singular properties of metallic silver.
A leaf is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue is the palisade mesophyll and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus, palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper and lower surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata , the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called chlorophyll which is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy from the sun. A leaf with lighter-colored or white patches or edges is called a variegated leaf.
Leaves can have many different shapes, sizes, textures and colors. The broad, flat leaves with complex venation of flowering plants are known as megaphylls and the species that bear them, the majority, as broad-leaved or megaphyllous plants, which also include acrogymnosperms and ferns. In the lycopods, with different evolutionary origins, the leaves are simple and are known as microphylls. Some leaves, such as bulb scales, are not above ground. In many aquatic species, the leaves are submerged in water. Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls and spines. Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called phylloclades and cladodes, and flattened leaf stems called phyllodes which differ from leaves both in their structure and origin. Some structures of non-vascular plants look and function much like leaves. Examples include the phyllids of mosses and liverworts.
Leaves are the most important organs of most vascular plants. Green plants are autotrophic, meaning that they do not obtain food from other living things but instead create their own food by photosynthesis. They capture the energy in sunlight and use it to make simple sugars, such as glucose and sucrose, from carbon dioxide and water. The sugars are then stored as starch, further processed by chemical synthesis into more complex organic molecules such as proteins or cellulose, the basic structural material in plant cell walls, or metabolized by cellular respiration to provide chemical energy to run cellular processes. The leaves draw water from the ground in the transpiration stream through a vascular conducting system known as xylem and obtain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by diffusion through openings called stomata in the outer covering layer of the leaf , while leaves are orientated to maximize their exposure to sunlight. Once sugar has been synthesized, it needs to be transported to areas of active growth such as the plant shoots and roots. Vascular plants transport sucrose in a special tissue called the phloem. The phloem and xylem are parallel to each other, but the transport of materials is usually in opposite directions. Within the leaf these vascular systems branch to form veins which supply as much of the leaf as possible, ensuring that cells carrying out photosynthesis are close to the transportation system.
Typically leaves are broad, flat and thin , thereby maximising the surface area directly exposed to light and enabling the light to penetrate the tissues and reach the chloroplasts, thus promoting photosynthesis. They are arranged on the plant so as to expose their surfaces to light as efficiently as possible without shading each other, but there are many exceptions and complications. For instance, plants adapted to windy conditions may have pendent leaves, such as in many willows and eucalypts. The flat, or laminar, shape also maximizes thermal contact with the surrounding air, promoting cooling. Functionally, in addition to carrying out photosynthesis, the leaf is the principal site of transpiration, providing the energy required to draw the transpiration stream up from the roots, and guttation.
Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae that was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group. Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger , lion , jaguar , and leopard on the basis of common features of their skulls. Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the genus Panthera , a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008.
In Panthera species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basic cranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping.
All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone and a specially adapted larynx with large vocal folds covered in a fibro-elastic pad; these characteristics enable them to roar. Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm that provide a lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.
Panthera species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species.
The geographic origin of the Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia. Panthera blytheae, the oldest known Panthera species, is similar in skull features to the snow leopard. The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Miocene.
Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.
The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera.
The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about 8.66 million years ago. Panthera diverged from other cat species about 11.3 million years ago and then evolved into the species tiger about 6.55 million years ago, snow leopard about 4.63 million years ago and leopard about 4.35 million years ago. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion is a sister lineage to P. spelaea that diverged about 0.34 million years ago.
The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger.
The extinct species Panthera gombaszoegensis, was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola, in Italy, and date to 1.6 million years ago.
Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about 2 to 3.8 million years ago.
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Venus <p> described by source <o> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition (1885–1890) <s> Venus <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work </Graph> | <Text> :In ancient Greek religion and myth, Dionysus is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre. He was also known as Bacchus by the Greeks for a frenzy he is said to induce called baccheia. As Dionysus Eleutherius , his wine, music, and ecstatic dance free his followers from self-conscious fear and care, and subvert the oppressive restraints of the powerful. His thyrsus, a fennel-stem sceptre, sometimes wound with ivy and dripping with honey, is both a beneficent wand and a weapon used to destroy those who oppose his cult and the freedoms he represents. Those who partake of his mysteries are believed to become possessed and empowered by the god himself.
His origins are uncertain, and his cults took many forms; some are described by ancient sources as Thracian, others as Greek. In Orphism, he was variously a son of Zeus and Persephone; a chthonic or underworld aspect of Zeus; or the twice-born son of Zeus and the mortal Semele. The Eleusinian Mysteries identify him with Iacchus, the son or husband of Demeter. Most accounts say he was born in Thrace, traveled abroad, and arrived in Greece as a foreigner. His attribute of "foreignness" as an arriving outsider-god may be inherent and essential to his cults, as he is a god of epiphany, sometimes called "the god that comes".
Wine was a religious focus in the cult of Dionysus and was his earthly incarnation. Wine could ease suffering, bring joy, and inspire divine madness. Festivals of Dionysus included the performance of sacred dramas enacting his myths, the initial driving force behind the development of theatre in Western culture. The cult of Dionysus is also a "cult of the souls"; his maenads feed the dead through blood-offerings, and he acts as a divine communicant between the living and the dead. He is sometimes categorised as a dying-and-rising god.
Romans identified Bacchus with their own Liber Pater, the "Free Father" of the Liberalia festival, patron of viniculture, wine and male fertility, and guardian of the traditions, rituals and freedoms attached to coming of age and citizenship, but the Roman state treated independent, popular festivals of Bacchus as subversive, partly because their free mixing of classes and genders transgressed traditional social and moral constraints. Celebration of the Bacchanalia was made a capital offence, except in the toned-down forms and greatly diminished congregations approved and supervised by the State. Festivals of Bacchus were merged with those of Liber and Dionysus.
In the ancient Greek myths, ambrosia is the food or drink of the Greek gods, and is often depicted as conferring longevity or immortality upon whoever consumed it. It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves and served either by Hebe or by Ganymede at the heavenly feast.
Ambrosia is very closely related to the gods' other form of sustenance, nectar. The two terms may not have originally been distinguished; though in Homer's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods; it was with ambrosia that Hera "cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh", and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away, and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her. On the other hand, in Alcman, nectar is the food, and in Sappho and Anaxandrides, ambrosia is the drink. A character in Aristophanes' Knights says, "I dreamed the goddess poured ambrosia over your head--out of a ladle." Both descriptions could be correct, as ambrosia could be a liquid considered a food .
The consumption of ambrosia was typically reserved for divine beings. Upon his assumption into immortality on Olympus, Heracles is given ambrosia by Athena, while the hero Tydeus is denied the same thing when the goddess discovers him eating human brains. In one version of the myth of Tantalus, part of Tantalus' crime is that after tasting ambrosia himself, he attempts to steal some to give to other mortals. Those who consume ambrosia typically have ichor, not blood, in their veins.
Both nectar and ambrosia are fragrant, and may be used as perfume: in the Odyssey Menelaus and his men are disguised as seals in untanned seal skins, "and the deadly smell of the seal skins vexed us sore; but the goddess saved us; she brought ambrosia and put it under our nostrils." Homer speaks of ambrosial raiment, ambrosial locks of hair, even the gods' ambrosial sandals.
A work of art, artwork, art piece, piece of art or art object is an artistic creation of aesthetic value. Except for "work of art", which may be used of any work regarded as art in its widest sense, including works from literature and music, these terms apply principally to tangible, physical forms of visual art:
This article is concerned with the terms and concepts as used in and applied to the visual arts, although other fields such as aural-music and written word-literature have similar issues and philosophies. The term objet d'art is reserved to describe works of art that are not paintings, prints, drawings or large or medium-sized sculptures, or architecture . The term oeuvre is used to describe the complete body of work completed by an artist throughout a career.
A work of art in the visual arts is a physical two- or three- dimensional object that is professionally determined or otherwise considered to fulfill a primarily independent aesthetic function. A singular art object is often seen in the context of a larger art movement or artistic era, such as: a genre, aesthetic convention, culture, or regional-national distinction. It can also be seen as an item within an artist's "body of work" or oeuvre. The term is commonly used by museum and cultural heritage curators, the interested public, the art patron-private art collector community, and art galleries.
Physical objects that document immaterial or conceptual art works, but do not conform to artistic conventions, can be redefined and reclassified as art objects. Some Dada and Neo-Dada conceptual and readymade works have received later inclusion. Also, some architectural renderings and models of unbuilt projects, such as by Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Frank Gehry, are other examples.
A cage cup, also vas diatretum, plural diatreta, or "reticulated cup" is a type of luxury late Roman glass vessel, found from roughly the 4th century, and "the pinnacle of Roman achievements in glass-making". Diatreta consist of an inner beaker and an outer cage or shell of decoration that stands out from the body of the cup, to which it is attached by short stems or shanks. About fifty cups or, more often, fragments have survived, and there are only a few in near-complete condition. Most have a cage with circular geometrical patterns, often with an "inscription", or phrase in letters above the reticulated area as well. Some have a flange, or zone of projecting open-cut moulding, above the lower patterns and below the lettering .
Even rarer are examples with scenes with figures, of which the Lycurgus Cup in the British Museum is the only complete example to survive, though there are other fragments. In this the rest of the "cage" is made up of a vine that entraps Lycurgus. None have a foot. All were clearly difficult to make, and no doubt very expensive, like the other spectacular type of luxury Roman glass, cameo glass objects like the Portland Vase. Both the technology used to make them and the way they were used are still the subject of some debate among specialists.
Cage cups, diatreta, are mentioned in Roman literature, and the dates assigned to examples range from around the mid-third to the mid-4th century, at the same time as the late Roman cameo glass vessels. They appear to have been made of similar glasses, and there is also evidence that some late vessels may have been combinations of cameo and cage-cup techniques. The main division is between cups with figures, whether or not accompanied by reticulated patterns, and those without. Some have inscriptions and flanges with ovolo decoration; others do not. Most have a narrow beaker shape, but others a wider bowl-like one.
Since the first publication on the subject in 1680 it has mostly been accepted that the cage cups were made by cutting and grinding a blank vessel of solid thick glass, a laborious technique at which the Greeks and Romans were very experienced from their passion for hardstone carvings and engraved gems in semi-precious stones. An alternative theory, once rejected but recently revived, suggests that this is only true of the rim of the vessels and the cutting of the fixed cage, but not for the joining of beaker and its cage; these would have been made separately and fused when hot. For example, it is claimed that the smooth joins on the Munich cup show the fusion of the cage to the main cup, though the cage itself is carved. These smooth joins also show the Cologne and Pljevlja cups above. This remains controversial, and a fragmentary cup found in Corinth in the 1960s is said to show no evidence of joints where the cage meets the main cup when examined under a microscope.
One dichroic material is a modern composite non-translucent glass that is produced by stacking layers of metal oxides which give the glass shifting colors depending on the angle of view, causing an array of colors to be displayed as an example of thin-film optics. The resulting glass is used for decorative purposes such as stained glass, jewelry and other forms of glass art. The commercial title of "dichroic" can also display three or more colors and even iridescence in some cases. The term dichroic is used more precisely when labelling interference filters for laboratory use.
Another dichroic glass material first appeared in a few pieces of Roman glass from the 4th century and consists of a translucent glass containing colloidal gold and silver particles dispersed in the glass matrix in certain proportions so that the glass has the property of displaying a particular transmitted color and a completely different reflected color, as certain wavelengths of light either pass through or are reflected. In ancient dichroic glass, as seen in the most famous piece, the 4th-century Lycurgus cup in the British Museum, the glass has a green color when lit from in front in reflected light, and another, purple-ish red, when lit from inside or behind the cup so that the light passes through the glass. This is not due to alternating thin metal films but colloidal silver and gold particles dispersed throughout the glass, in an effect similar to that seen in gold ruby glass, though that has only one color whatever the lighting.
Modern dichroic glass is available as a result of materials research carried out by NASA and its contractors, who developed it for use in dichroic filters. However, color changing glass dates back to at least the 4th century AD, though only very few pieces, mostly fragments, survive. It was also made in the Renaissance in Venice and by imitators elsewhere; these pieces are also rare.
Multiple ultra-thin layers of transparent oxides of such metals as titanium, chromium, aluminium, zirconium, or magnesium; or silica are vaporised by an electron beam in a vacuum chamber. The vapor then condenses on the surface of the glass in the form of a crystal structure. A protective layer of quartz crystal is sometimes added. Other variants of such physical vapor deposition coatings are also possible. The finished glass can have as many as 30 to 50 layers of these materials, yet the thickness of the total coating is approximately 30 to 35 millionths of an inch . The coating that is created is very similar to a gemstone and, by careful control of thickness, different colors may be obtained.
In Greek mythology, Lycurgus was the king of the Edoni in Thrace, son of Dryas, the "oak", and father of a son whose name was also Dryas.
Lycurgus banned the cult of Dionysus. When Lycurgus heard that Dionysus was in his kingdom, he imprisoned Dionysus's followers, the Maenads, or "chased the through the holy hills of Nysa, and the sacred implements dropped to the ground from the hands of one and all, as struck them down with his ox-goad".
The compiler of Bibliotheke says that as punishment, especially for his treatment for Ambrosia, Dionysus' nursemaid; the god drove Lycurgus insane. In his madness, Lycurgus mistook his son for a mature trunk of ivy, which is holy to Dionysus, and killed him, pruning away his nose and ears, fingers and toes. Consequently, the land of Thrace dried up in horror. Dionysus decreed that the land would stay dry and barren as long as Lycurgus was left unpunished for his injustice, so his people bound him and flung him to man-eating horses on Mount Pangaeus. However, another version of the tale, transmitted in Servius's commentary on Aeneid 3.14, Porphyrio's commentary on Horace's Ode 2.19, and Hyginus in his Fabulae 132, records that Lycurgus cut off his own foot when he meant to cut down a vine of ivy. With Lycurgus dead, Dionysus lifted the curse. Also according to Hyginus, Lycurgus tried to rape his mother after imbibing wine. When he discovered what he had done, he attempted to cut down the grapevines, believing the wine to be a bad medicine. Dionysus drove him mad as a punishment, causing him to kill both his wife and his son, and threw him to the panthers on Mount Rhodope.
Diodorus Siculus relates that, centuries before the Trojan war, King Lycurgus of Thrace exiled one of his commanders, Mopsus, along with Sipylus the Scythian. Sometime later, when the Libyan Amazons invaded Thrace, Mopsus and Sipylus came to the rescue by defeating them in a pitched battle, in which their queen Myrine was slain; the Thracians then pursued the surviving Amazons all the way to Libya.
Nudity is the state of being in which a human is without clothing. While estimates vary, for the first 90,000 years of pre-history, anatomically modern humans were naked, having lost their body hair and living in hospitable climates. As humans became behaviorally modern, body adornments such as jewelry, tattoos, body paint and scarification became part of non-verbal communications, indicating a person's social and individual characteristics. Indigenous peoples in warm climates used clothing for decorative, symbolic or ceremonial purposes but were often nude, having neither the need to protect the body from the elements nor any conception of nakedness being shameful. In many societies, both ancient and contemporary, children might be naked until the beginning of puberty. Women may not cover their breasts, being associated with nursing babies more than with sexuality.
In the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean, from Mesopotamia to the Roman Empire, proper attire was required to maintain social standing. The lower classes might possess a single piece of cloth that was wrapped or tied to cover the lower body; the lowest classes including slaves might be naked. However, through much of Western history until the late modern period, people of any status were also unclothed by necessity or convenience when engaged in labor and athletics; or when bathing or swimming. Such functional nudity occurred in groups that were usually but not always segregated by sex. Although improper dress might be socially embarrassing, the association of nudity with sin regarding sexuality began with Judeo-Christian societies, spreading through Europe in the post-classical period. Traditional clothing in temperate regions worldwide also reflect concerns for maintaining social status and order, as well as by necessity due to the colder climate. However, societies such as Japan and Finland maintain traditions of communal nudity based upon the use of baths and saunas that provided alternatives to sexualization.
The spread of Western concepts of modest dress is part of colonialism, and continues today with globalization. Contemporary social norms regarding nudity reflect cultural ambiguity towards the body and sexuality, and differing conceptions of what constitutes public versus private spaces. Norms relating to nudity are different for men than they are for women. Individuals may intentionally violate norms relating to nudity; those without power may use nudity as a form of protest, and those with power may impose nakedness on others as a form of punishment.
While the majority of contemporary societies require clothing in public, some recognize non-sexual nudity as being appropriate for some recreational, social or celebratory activities, and appreciate nudity in the arts as representing positive values. A minority within many countries assert the benefits of social nudity, while other groups continue to disapprove of nudity not only in public but also in private based upon religious beliefs. Norms are codified to varying degrees by laws defining proper dress and indecent exposure.
Aphrodite is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart Venus, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. Aphrodite's major symbols include seashells, myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of "sacred prostitution" in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous.
In Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite is born off the coast of Cythera from the foam produced by Uranus's genitals, which his son Cronus had severed and thrown into the sea. In Homer's Iliad, however, she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Plato, in his Symposium, asserts that these two origins actually belong to separate entities: Aphrodite Urania and Aphrodite Pandemos . Aphrodite had many other epithets, each emphasizing a different aspect of the same goddess, or used by a different local cult. Thus she was also known as Cytherea and Cypris , because both locations claimed to be the place of her birth.
In Greek mythology, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of fire, blacksmiths and metalworking. Aphrodite was frequently unfaithful to him and had many lovers; in the Odyssey, she is caught in the act of adultery with Ares, the god of war. In the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she seduces the mortal shepherd Anchises. Aphrodite was also the surrogate mother and lover of the mortal shepherd Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar. Along with Athena and Hera, Aphrodite was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War and she plays a major role throughout the Iliad. Aphrodite has been featured in Western art as a symbol of female beauty and has appeared in numerous works of Western literature. She is a major deity in modern Neopagan religions, including the Church of Aphrodite, Wicca, and Hellenismos.
Hesiod derives Aphrodite from aphros "sea-foam", interpreting the name as "risen from the foam", but most modern scholars regard this as a spurious folk etymology. Early modern scholars of classical mythology attempted to argue that Aphrodite's name was of Greek or Indo-European origin, but these efforts have now been mostly abandoned. Aphrodite's name is generally accepted to be of non-Greek origin, but its exact derivation cannot be determined.
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is a terrestrial planet and is the closest in mass and size to its orbital neighbour Earth. Venus is notable for having the densest atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of carbon dioxide with a thick, global sulfuric acid cloud cover. At the surface it has a mean temperature of 737 K and a pressure of 92 times that of Earth's at sea level. These conditions are extreme enough to compress carbon dioxide into a supercritical state close to Venus's surface.
Internally, Venus has a core, mantle, and crust. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weak induced magnetosphere is instead caused by atmospheric interactions with the solar wind. Internal heat escapes through active volcanism, resulting in resurfacing instead of plate tectonics. Venus is one of two planets in the Solar System that have no moons. Conditions perhaps favourable for life on Venus have been identified at its cloud layers. Venus may have had liquid surface water early in its history with a habitable environment, before a runaway greenhouse effect evaporated any water and turned Venus into its present state.
The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction by the strong currents and drag of its atmosphere. It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian solar year is just under two Venusian days long. The orbits of Venus and Earth are the closest between any two Solar System planets, approaching each other in synodic periods of 1.6 years. Venus and Earth have the lowest difference in gravitational potential of any pair of Solar System planets. This allows Venus to be the most accessible destination and a useful gravity assist waypoint for interplanetary flights from Earth.
Venus has historically been a common and important object for humans, in both their cultures and astronomy. Orbiting inferiorly , it always appears close to the Sun in Earth's sky, as either a "morning star" or an "evening star". While this is also true for Mercury, Venus appears more prominent, since it is the third brightest object in Earth's sky after the Moon and the Sun.
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<Graph> : <s> navel <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> navel <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> navel <p> develops from <o> belly cord <s> navel <p> part of <o> abdomen <s> navel <p> found in taxon <o> Placentalia <s> navel <p> subclass of <o> particular anatomical entity <s> navel <p> subclass of <o> scar <s> navel <p> described by source <o> Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language <s> navel <p> instance of <o> class of anatomical entity <s> navel <p> subclass of <o> subdivision of abdomen <s> navel <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Navel <s> navel <p> venous drainage <o> umbilical vein <s> navel <p> arterial supply <o> umbilical artery <s> navel <p> described by source <o> Ottův slovník naučný <s> marble <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> marble <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> marble <p> subclass of <o> metamorphic rock <s> marble <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> marble <p> described by source <o> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition (1885–1890) <s> marble <p> described by source <o> New Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> marble <p> named after <o> Tengri <s> marble <p> described by source <o> Bible Encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nicephorus <s> marble <p> different from <o> Purbeck Marble <s> marble <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Marble <s> marble <p> described by source <o> Real'nyj slovar' klassicheskih drevnostej po Ljubkeru <s> marble <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> marble <p> described by source <o> The Domestic Encyclopædia; Or, A Dictionary Of Facts, And Useful Knowledge <s> marble <p> described by source <o> The American Cyclopædia <s> marble <p> has effect <o> marble exposure <s> marble <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> country <o> Italy <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Rome <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> has facility <o> restoration laboratory <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> has facility <o> bookstore <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> has facility <o> library <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> instance of <o> art museum <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> instance of <o> house museum <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> instance of <o> archaeological museum <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> part of <o> Museo Nazionale Romano <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> parent organization <o> Museo Nazionale Romano <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> has facility <o> cloakroom <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> has facility <o> archive building <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> has facility <o> photo archive <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> part of <o> Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <s> Museum Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <p> location <o> Palazzo Massimo alle Terme <s> mythological sculpture <p> based on <o> mythology <s> mythological sculpture <p> subclass of <o> mythological art <s> mythological sculpture <p> instance of <o> genre of sculpture <s> mythological sculpture <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Sculptures of mythology <s> Hellenistic sculpture <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Hellenistic sculpture <s> Hellenistic sculpture <p> instance of <o> art movement <s> Hellenistic sculpture <p> follows <o> classical Greek sculpture <s> Hellenistic sculpture <p> subclass of <o> Hellenistic art <s> Hellenistic sculpture <p> subclass of <o> ancient Greek sculpture <s> squatting position <p> instance of <o> posture <s> squatting position <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Squatting position <s> Doidalsa <p> has works in the collection <o> British Museum <s> Doidalsa <p> has works in the collection <o> Museo del Prado <s> Doidalsa <p> instance of <o> human <s> Doidalsa <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Ancient Greek <s> Doidalsa <p> occupation <o> sculptor <s> Doidalsa <p> has works in the collection <o> J. 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All placental mammals have a navel, although it is generally more conspicuous in humans.
The umbilicus is a prominent scar on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent among humans. The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic spinal nerve . The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 vertebrae, with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae.
Parts of the adult navel include the "umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical tip", which is the often protruding scar left by the detachment of the umbilical cord. This is located in the center of the navel, sometimes described as the belly button. Around the cord remnant is the "umbilical collar", formed by the dense fibrous umbilical ring. Surrounding the umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin. Directly behind the navel is a thick fibrous cord formed from the umbilical cord, called the urachus, which originates from the bladder.
Outies are sometimes mistaken for umbilical hernias; however, they are a completely different shape with no health concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The navel would be considered an umbilical hernia if the protrusion were 5 centimeters or more. The diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 1/2-inch or more. Navels that are concave are nicknamed "innies". While the shape of the human navel may be affected by long term changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be the result of ascites.
Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals or dolomite 2)) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure. It has a crystalline texture, and is typically not foliated , although there are exceptions.
In geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone, but its use in stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material.
The word "marble" derives from the Ancient Greek marmaron , from marmaros , "crystalline rock, shining stone", perhaps from the verb marmairo , "to flash, sparkle, gleam"; R. S. P. Beekes has suggested that a "Pre-Greek origin is probable".
This stem is also the ancestor of the English word "marmoreal", meaning "marble-like." While the English term "marble" resembles the French marbre, most other European languages more closely resemble the original Ancient Greek.
Hellenistic sculpture represents one of the most important expressions of Hellenistic culture, and the final stage in the evolution of Ancient Greek sculpture. The definition of its chronological duration, as well as its characteristics and meaning, have been the subject of much discussion among art historians, and it seems that a consensus is far from being reached. The Hellenistic period is usually considered to comprise the interval between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, and the conquest of Egypt by the Romans in 30 BC. Its generic characteristics are defined by eclecticism, secularism, and historicism, building on the heritage of classical Greek sculpture and assimilating Eastern influences.
Among his original contributions to the Greek tradition of sculpture were the development of new techniques, the refinement of the representation of human anatomy and emotional expression, and a change in the goals and approaches to art, abandoning the generic for the specific. This translated into the abandonment of the classical idealism of an ethical and pedagogical character in exchange for an emphasis on everyday human aspects and the directing of production toward purely aesthetic and, occasionally, propagandistic ends. The attention paid to man and his inner life, his emotions, his common problems and longings, resulted in a realist style that tended to reinforce the dramatic, the prosaic, and the moving, and with this appeared the first individualized and verisimilitude portraits in Western art. At the same time, a great expansion of the subject matter occurred, with the inclusion of depictions of old age and childhood, of minor non-Olympian deities and secondary characters from Greek mythology, and of figures of the people in their activities.
The taste for historicism and erudition that characterized the Hellenistic period was reflected in sculpture in such a way as to encourage the production of new works of a deliberately retrospective nature, and also of literal copies of ancient works, especially in view of the avid demand for famous classicist compositions by the large Roman consumer market. As a consequence, Hellenistic sculpture became a central influence in the entire history of sculpture in Ancient Rome. Through Hellenized Rome, an invaluable collection of formal models and copies of important pieces by famous Greek authors was preserved for posterity, whose originals eventually disappeared in later times, and without which our knowledge of Ancient Greek sculpture would be much poorer. On the other hand, Alexander's imperialism towards the East took Greek art to distant regions of Asia, influencing the artistic productions of several Eastern cultures, giving rise to a series of hybrid stylistic derivations and the formulation of new sculptural typologies, among which perhaps the most seminal in the East was the foundation of Buddha iconography, until then forbidden by Buddhist tradition.
For the modern West, Hellenistic sculpture was important as a strong influence on Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical production. In the 19th century Hellenistic sculpture fell into disfavor and came to be seen as a mere degeneration of the classical ideal, a prejudice that penetrated into the 20th century and only recently has begun to be put aside, through the multiplication of more comprehensive current research on this subject, and although its value is still questioned by resistant nuclei of the critics and its study is made difficult for a series of technical reasons, it seems that the full rehabilitation of Hellenistic sculpture among scholars is only a matter of time, because for the general public it has already revealed itself to be of great interest, guaranteeing the success of the exhibitions where it is shown.
Squatting is a versatile posture where the weight of the body is on the feet but the knees and hips are bent. In contrast, sitting involves supporting the weight of the body on the ischial tuberosities of the pelvis, with the lower buttocks in contact with the ground or a horizontal object. The angle between the legs when squatting can vary from zero to widely splayed out, flexibility permitting. Another variable may be the degree of forward tilt of the upper body from the hips. Squatting may be either full or partial.
Crouching is usually considered to be synonymous with squatting. It is common to squat with one leg and kneel with the other leg. One or both heels may be up when squatting. Young children often instinctively squat. Among Chinese, Southeast Asian and Eastern European adults, squatting often takes the place of sitting or standing.
Full squatting involves resting one's weight on the feet with the buttocks resting on the backs of the calves. It may be used as a posture for resting or working at ground level particularly where the ground is too dirty or wet to sit or kneel.
For this reason the squatting position is usually not sustainable for them for more than a few minutes as heels-up squatting is a less stable position than heels-down squatting. See also dorsiflexion.
Romanticism is an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. For most of the Western world, it was at its peak from approximately 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of the past and nature, preferring the medieval over the classical. Romanticism was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, and the prevailing ideology of the Age of Enlightenment, especially the scientific rationalization of Nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature; it also had a major impact on historiography, education, chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics: Romantic thinking influenced conservatism, liberalism, radicalism, and nationalism.
The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience. It granted a new importance to experiences of sympathy, awe, wonder, and terror, in part by naturalizing such emotions as responses to the "beautiful" and the "sublime". Romantics stressed the nobility of folk art and ancient cultural practices, but also championed radical politics, unconventional behavior, and authentic spontaneity. In contrast to the rationalism and classicism of the Enlightenment, Romanticism revived medievalism and juxtaposed a pastoral conception of a more "authentic" European past with a highly critical view of recent social changes, including urbanization, brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
Many Romantic ideals were first articulated by German thinkers in the Sturm und Drang movement, which elevated intuition and emotion above Enlightenment rationalism. The events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also direct influences on the movement; many early Romantics throughout Europe sympathized with the ideals and achievements of French revolutionaries. Romanticism lionized the achievements of "heroic" individuals - especially artists, who began to be represented as cultural leaders . Romanticism also prioritized the artist's unique, individual imagination above the strictures of classical form. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism emerged as a response to Romanticism, and was in some ways a reaction against it. Romanticism suffered an overall decline during this period, as it was overshadowed by new cultural, social, and political movements, many of them hostile to the perceived illusions and preoccupations of the Romantics. However, it has had a lasting impact on Western civilization, and many "Romantic", "neo-Romantic", and "post-Romantic" artists and thinkers created their most enduring works after the end of the Romantic Era as such.
Romanticism placed the highest importance on the freedom of the artist to authentically express their sentiments and ideas. Romantics like the German painter Caspar David Friedrich believed that an artist's emotions should dictate their formal approach; Friedrich went as far as declaring that "the artist's feeling is his law". The Romantic poet William Wordsworth, thinking along similar lines, wrote that poetry should begin with "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings", which the poet then "recollect in tranquility", enabling the poet to find a suitably unique form for representing such feelings.
In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature.
Clouds are seen in the Earth's homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Nephology is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology. There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, Latin and common name.
Genus types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names because of the universal adoption of Luke Howard's nomenclature that was formally proposed in 1802. It became the basis of a modern international system that divides clouds into five physical forms which can be further divided or classified into altitude levels to derive ten basic genera. The main representative cloud types for each of these forms are stratiform, cumuliform, stratocumuliform, cumulonimbiform, and cirriform. Low-level clouds do not have any altitude-related prefixes. However mid-level stratiform and stratocumuliform types are given the prefix alto- while high-level variants of these same two forms carry the prefix cirro-. In both cases, strato- is dropped from the latter form to avoid double-prefixing. Genus types with sufficient vertical extent to occupy more than one level do not carry any altitude-related prefixes. They are classified formally as low- or mid-level depending on the altitude at which each initially forms, and are also more informally characterized as multi-level or vertical. Most of the ten genera derived by this method of classification can be subdivided into species and further subdivided into varieties. Very low stratiform clouds that extend down to the Earth's surface are given the common names fog and mist, but have no Latin names.
In the stratosphere and mesosphere, clouds have common names for their main types. They may have the appearance of stratiform veils or sheets, cirriform wisps, or stratocumuliform bands or ripples. They are seen infrequently, mostly in the polar regions of Earth. Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other planets and moons in the Solar System and beyond. However, due to their different temperature characteristics, they are often composed of other substances such as methane, ammonia, and sulfuric acid, as well as water.
A compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with magnetic north. Other methods may be used, including gyroscopes, magnetometers, and GPS receivers.
Compasses often show angles in degrees: north corresponds to 0deg, and the angles increase clockwise, so east is 90deg, south is 180deg, and west is 270deg. These numbers allow the compass to show azimuths or bearings which are commonly stated in degrees. If local variation between magnetic north and true north is known, then direction of magnetic north also gives direction of true north.
Among the Four Great Inventions, the magnetic compass was first invented as a device for divination as early as the Chinese Han dynasty , and later adopted for navigation by the Song dynasty Chinese during the 11th century. The first usage of a compass recorded in Western Europe and the Islamic world occurred around 1190.
The magnetic compass is the most familiar compass type. It functions as a pointer to "magnetic north", the local magnetic meridian, because the magnetized needle at its heart aligns itself with the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field exerts a torque on the needle, pulling the North end or pole of the needle approximately toward the Earth's North magnetic pole, and pulling the other toward the Earth's South magnetic pole. The needle is mounted on a low-friction pivot point, in better compasses a jewel bearing, so it can turn easily. When the compass is held level, the needle turns until, after a few seconds to allow oscillations to die out, it settles into its equilibrium orientation.
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shares border with <o> Les Lilas <s> Paris <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 17th arrondissement of Paris <s> Paris <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 16th arrondissement of Paris <s> Paris <p> shares border with <o> Montrouge <s> Paris <p> instance of <o> metropolis <s> Paris <p> shares border with <o> Nogent-sur-Marne <s> Paris <p> named after <o> Parisii <s> Paris <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 18th arrondissement of Paris <s> Paris <p> flag <o> flag of Paris <s> Paris <p> shares border with <o> Charenton-le-Pont <s> Paris <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Seine <s> Paris <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 3rd arrondissement of Paris <s> Paris <p> head of government <o> Anne Hidalgo <s> Paris <p> award received <o> Croix de guerre 1914–1918 <s> Paris <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 7th arrondissement of Paris <s> Paris <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> arrondissement of Paris <s> Paris <p> shares border with <o> Vanves <s> Paris <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 4th arrondissement of Paris <s> Paris <p> award received <o> Knight of the Legion of Honour <s> Paris <p> award received <o> Companion of the Liberation <s> Paris <p> shares border with <o> Saint-Maurice <s> Paris <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> 8th arrondissement of Paris </Graph> | <Text> :Paul , commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world. For his contributions towards the New Testament, he is generally regarded as one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age, and he also founded several Christian communities in Asia Minor and Europe from the mid-40s to the mid-50s AD.
The main source of information on Paul's life and works is the Acts of the Apostles book in the New Testament and approximately half of its content document them. Paul was not one of the Twelve Apostles, and did not know Jesus during his lifetime. According to the Acts, Paul lived as a Pharisee and participated in the persecution of early disciples of Jesus, possibly Hellenised diaspora Jews converted to Christianity, in the area of Jerusalem, prior to his conversion. Some time after having approved of the execution of Stephen, Paul was traveling on the road to Damascus so that he might find any Christians there and bring them "bound to Jerusalem". At midday, a light brighter than the sun shone around both him and those with him, causing all to fall to the ground, with the risen Christ verbally addressing Paul regarding his persecution in a vision. Having been made blind, along with being commanded to enter the city, his sight was restored three days later by Ananias of Damascus. After these events, Paul was baptized, beginning immediately to proclaim that Jesus of Nazareth was the Jewish messiah and the Son of God. He made three missionary journeys to spread the Christian message to non-Jewish communities in Asia Minor, the Greek provinces of Achaia, Macedonia, and Cyprus, as well as Judea and Syria, as narrated in the Acts.
Fourteen of the 27 books in the New Testament have traditionally been attributed to Paul. Seven of the Pauline epistles are undisputed by scholars as being authentic, with varying degrees of argument about the remainder. Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews is not asserted in the Epistle itself and was already doubted in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. It was almost unquestioningly accepted from the 5th to the 16th centuries that Paul was the author of Hebrews, but that view is now almost universally rejected by scholars. The other six are believed by some scholars to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from Paul's surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive. Other scholars argue that the idea of a pseudonymous author for the disputed epistles raises many problems.
Today, Paul's epistles continue to be vital roots of the theology, worship and pastoral life in the Latin and Protestant traditions of the West, as well as the Eastern Catholic and Orthodox traditions of the East. Paul's influence on Christian thought and practice has been characterized as being as "profound as it is pervasive", among that of many other apostles and missionaries involved in the spread of the Christian faith.
Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America. Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world. It is located in the Valley of Mexico within the high Mexican central plateau, at an altitude of 2,240 meters . The city has 16 boroughs or demarcaciones territoriales, which are in turn divided into neighborhoods or colonias.
The 2020 population for the city proper was 9,209,944, with a land area of 1,495 square kilometers . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of Greater Mexico City is 21,804,515, which makes it the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the world, the second-largest urban agglomeration in the Western Hemisphere , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world. Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $411 billion in 2011, which makes it one of the most productive urban areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of the country's GDP. If it were an independent country in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America.
Mexico's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Indigenous people. The city was originally built on a group of islands in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica around 1325, under the name Tenochtitlan. It was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as Mexico Tenochtitlan, and as of 1585, it was officially known as Ciudad de Mexico . Mexico City was the political, administrative, and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the federal district was created in 1824.
After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were finally given the right to elect both a head of government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by election in 1997. Ever since, left-wing parties have controlled both of them. The city has several progressive policies, such as elective abortions, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, same-sex marriage, and legal gender change. On 29 January 2016, it ceased to be the Federal District and is now officially known as Ciudad de Mexico , with a greater degree of autonomy. A clause in the Constitution of Mexico, however, prevents it from becoming a state within the Mexican federation, as long it remains the capital of the country.
Roberto Gualtieri is an Italian historian, academic and politician of the Democratic Party , incumbent Mayor of Rome since 2021 and Minister of Economy and Finances in the second government of Giuseppe Conte from 2019 until 2021. He previously was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019, where he chaired the influential Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee within the Parliament from 2014 until 2019.
Gualtieri was born in Rome in 1966. In 1992 he graduated in Literature and Philology at Sapienza University of Rome. In 1997, he obtained a Ph.D. in history at the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino. Gualtieri later became professor of Contemporary history at Sapienza University of Rome, where he had authored several books and articles on twentieth century Italian history and on the history of European integration.
Since 2001, Gualtieri has been deputy director of the Gramsci Institute Foundation. In the same year, he became a member of Democrats of the Left , the main social-democratic political party in Italy, direct heir of the Italian Communist Party.
In 2006, Gualtieri was among the founders of the Democratic Party and he was among the "wise men" who wrote its Manifesto. In 2007 he was elected to the National Assembly of the party and since 2008 he has been a member of its National board, where he was confirmed in 2014. Gualtieri voted against party leader Matteo Renzi in favour of post-communists both in 2013 and 2014 .
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. With an official estimated population of 2,102,650 residents as of 1 January 2023 in an area of more than 105 km2 , Paris is the fourth-most populated city in the European Union and the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its early and extensive system of street lighting, in the 19th century, it became known as the City of Light.
The City of Paris is the centre of the Ile-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants on 1 January 2023, or about 19% of the population of France. The Paris Region had a GDP of EUR765 billion in 2021, the highest in the European Union. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.
Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Metro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily; it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015. Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems and is one of the only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice.
Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 8.9. million visitors in 2023, on track for keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world. The Musee d'Orsay, Musee Marmottan Monet and Musee de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre Musee National d'Art Moderne, Musee Rodin and Musee Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991.
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Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual art of the Romantic Age. What he called his "prophetic works" were said by 20th-century critic Northrop Frye to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". While he lived in London his entire life, except for three years spent in Felpham, he produced a diverse and symbolically rich collection of works, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God", or "human existence itself".
Although Blake was considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, he came to be highly regarded by later critics and readers for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. His paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of the Romantic movement and as "Pre-Romantic". A theist who preferred his own Marcionite style of theology, he was hostile to the Church of England , and was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French and American revolutions. Although later he rejected many of these political beliefs, he maintained an amicable relationship with the political activist Thomas Paine; he was also influenced by thinkers such as Emanuel Swedenborg. Despite these known influences, the singularity of Blake's work makes him difficult to classify. The 19th-century scholar William Michael Rossetti characterised him as a "glorious luminary", and "a man not forestalled by predecessors, nor to be classed with contemporaries, nor to be replaced by known or readily surmisable successors".
William Blake was born on 28 November 1757 at 28 Broad Street in Soho, London. He was the third of seven children, two of whom died in infancy. Blake's father, James, was a hosier, who had lived in London. He attended school only long enough to learn reading and writing, leaving at the age of 10, and was otherwise educated at home by his mother Catherine Blake . Even though the Blakes were English Dissenters, William was baptised on 11 December at St James's Church, Piccadilly, London. The Bible was an early and profound influence on Blake, and remained a source of inspiration throughout his life. Blake's childhood, according to him, included mystical religious experiences such as "beholding God's face pressed against his window, seeing angels among the haystacks, and being visited by the Old Testament prophet Ezekiel."
Blake started engraving copies of drawings of Greek antiquities purchased for him by his father, a practice that was preferred to actual drawing. Within these drawings Blake found his first exposure to classical forms through the work of Raphael, Michelangelo, Maarten van Heemskerck and Albrecht Durer. The number of prints and bound books that James and Catherine were able to purchase for young William suggests that the Blakes enjoyed, at least for a time, a comfortable wealth. When William was ten years old, his parents knew enough of his headstrong temperament that he was not sent to school but instead enrolled in drawing classes at Henry Pars' drawing school in the Strand. He read avidly on subjects of his own choosing. During this period, Blake made explorations into poetry; his early work displays knowledge of Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, and the Psalms.
Europe a Prophecy is a 1794 prophetic book by the British poet and illustrator William Blake. It is engraved on 18 plates, and survives in just nine known copies. It followed America a Prophecy of 1793.
During autumn 1790, Blake moved to Lambeth, London. He had a studio at the new house that he used while writing what were later called his "Lambeth Books", which included Europe in 1794. Like the others under the title, the work was composed, printed, coloured and sold at his house itself. Early sketches for Europe were included in a notebook that contained images were created between 1790 until 1793. Only a few of Blake's works were fully coloured, and only some of the editions of Europe were coloured.
When Europe was printed, it was in the same format as Blake's America and sold for the same price. It was printed between 1794 and 1821 with only 9 copies of the work surviving. The plates used for the designs were 23 x 17 cm in size. In addition to the illuminations, the work contained 265 lines of poetry, which were organized into septenaries. Henry Crabb Robinson contacted William Upcott on 19 April 1810 inquiring about copies of Blake's works that were in his possession. On that day, Robinson was allowed access to Europe and America and created a transcription of the works. An edition of Europe for Frederick Tatham was the last work Blake produced, and The Ancient of Days was completed three days just prior to his death.
Now comes the night of Enitharmons joy!
Who shall I call? Who shall I send?
That Woman, lovely Woman! may have dominion?
...
Go! tell the human race that Womans love is Sin!
That an Eternal life awaits the worms of sixty winters
In an allegorical abode where existence hath never come:
Ink is a gel, sol, or solution that contains at least one colorant, such as a dye or pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, reed pen, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.
Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks for the purposes of writing and drawing. The knowledge of the inks, their recipes and the techniques for their production comes from archaeological analysis or from written text itself. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed to have been made with lampblack, a kind of soot, as this would have been easily collected as a by-product of fire.
Ink was used in Ancient Egypt for writing and drawing on papyrus from at least the 26th century BC. Egyptian red and black inks included iron and ocher as a pigment, in addition to phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions; meanwhile, lead was used as a drier.
The Library of Congress is a research library in Washington, D.C., that serves as the library and research service of the U.S. Congress and the de facto national library of the United States. Founded in 1800, the library is the United States's oldest federal cultural institution. The library is housed in three elaborate buildings on Capitol Hill. It also maintains a conservation center in Culpeper, Virginia. The library's functions are overseen by the Librarian of Congress, and its buildings are maintained by the Architect of the Capitol. The Library of Congress is one of the largest libraries in the world. Its collections contain approximately 173 million items, and it has more than 3,000 employees. Its "collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 470 languages."
Congress moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800 after holding sessions for eleven years in the temporary national capitals in New York City and Philadelphia. In both cities, members of the U.S. Congress had access to the sizable collections of the New York Society Library and the Library Company of Philadelphia. In Washington, the library was housed in the United States Capitol for almost all of the 19th century. Much of the library's original collection was burnt by British forces during the War of 1812. Congress then purchased Thomas Jefferson's entire personal collection of 6,487 books to restore its own collection. Over the next few years, its collection slowly grew, but in 1851, another fire broke out in the Capitol chambers. This destroyed a large amount of the collection, including many of Jefferson's books.
After the American Civil War, the importance of the Library of Congress for legislative research increased and there was a campaign to purchase replacement copies for volumes for its lost books. The library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works, and deposit of two copies of books, maps, illustrations, and diagrams printed in the United States. The Library also built its collections through acquisitions and donations. Between 1888 and 1894, Congress constructed and moved the collection to a large adjacent library building, now known as the Thomas Jefferson Building, across the street from the Capitol. Two more adjacent library buildings, the John Adams Building, built in the 1930s, and the James Madison Memorial Building, built in the 1970s, hold expanded parts of the collection and provide space for additional library services.
The library's primary mission is to research inquiries made by members of Congress, which is carried out through the Congressional Research Service. It also houses and oversees the United States Copyright Office. The library is open to the public for research, although only high-ranking government officials and library employees may borrow books and materials.
The Great Architect of the Universe is a conception of God discussed by many Christian theologians and apologists. As a designation it is used within Freemasonry to represent the deity neutrally . It is also a Rosicrucian conception of God, as expressed by Max Heindel.
Masonic historians such as William Bissey Gary Leazer , and S. Brent Morris, assert that "the Masonic abbreviation G.A.O.T.U., meaning the Great Architect of the Universe, continues a long tradition of using an allegorical name for the Deity." They trace how the name and the abbreviation entered Masonic tradition from the Book of Constitutions written in 1723 by the Reverend James Anderson. They also note that Anderson, a Calvinist minister, probably took the term from Calvin's usage.
Now imagine me standing in lodge with my head bowed in prayer between Brother Mohammed Bokhary and Brother Arjun Melwani. To neither of them is the Great Architect of the Universe perceived as the Holy Trinity. To Brother Bokhary He has been revealed as Allah; to Brother Melwani He is probably perceived as Vishnu. Since I believe that there is only one God, I am confronted with three possibilities:
The concept of the Great Architect of the Universe occurs in Gnosticism. The Demiurge is the Great Architect of the Universe, the God of Old Testament, in opposition to Christ and Sophia, messengers of Gnosis of the True God.
For example: Gnostics such as the Nasoraeans believe the Pira Rabba is the source, origin, and container of all things, which is filled by the Mana Rabba, the Great Spirit, from which emanates the First Life. The First Life prays for companionship and progeny, whereupon the Second Life, the Ultra Mkayyema or World-constituting AEon, the Architect of the Universe, comes into being. From this architect come a number of aeons, who erect the universe under the foremanship of the Manda d'Hayye or gnosis zoes, the Personified Knowledge of Life.
In the mythology of William Blake, Urizen is the embodiment of conventional reason and law. He is usually depicted as a bearded old man; he sometimes bears architect's tools, to create and constrain the universe; or nets, with which he ensnares people in webs of law and conventional society. Originally, Urizen represented one half of a two-part system, with him representing reason and Los, his opposition, representing imagination. In Blake's reworking of his mythic system, Urizen is one of the four Zoas that result from the division of the primordial man, Albion, and he continues to represent reason. He has an Emanation, or paired female equivalent, Ahania, who stands for Pleasure. In Blake's myth, Urizen is joined by many daughters with three representing aspects of the body. He is also joined by many sons, with four representing the four elements. These sons join in rebellion against their father but are later united in the Last Judgment. In many of Blake's books, Urizen is seen with four books that represent the various laws that he places upon humanity.
In Blake's original myth, Urizen, the representation of abstractions and an abstraction of the human self, is the first entity. He believes himself holy and he sets about establishing various sins in a book of brass that serves as a combination of various laws as discovered by Newton, given to Moses, and the general concept of deism, which force uniformity upon mankind. The rest of the Eternals in turn become indignant at Urizen turning against eternity, and they instill these essences of sin within Urizen's creation. This torments Urizen, and Los soon after appears. Los's duty within the work is to watch over Urizen and serve as his opposition.
In terms of Blake's Orc cycle, Urizen serves as a Satanic force similar to Milton's Satan. After Urizen defeats the serpent/Orc figure in the Garden of Eden story, the Orc figure, in the form of Urizen's son Fuzon, battles against him in a story based on Exodus. Urizen, as a pillar of cloud that hinders the Israelites in their journey home, battles against Fuzon, as a pillar of fire that guides them by night. Eventually, Urizen is able to destroy his rebellious son and impose laws upon the Israelites in the form of the Ten Commandments. This also leads to a death of the Israelite society, and the Israelites under Urizen are imprisoned in a similar manner to how they were under the Egyptians. Symbolically, the Orc cycle describes how Urizen and Orc are part of one unified whole, with Urizen representing the destructive and older essence while Orc is the young and creative essence.
In Blake's later myth, Urizen is one of the four Zoas, the fourfold division of the central god. The other three represent aspects of the trinity and he represents the fallen, Satanic figure although he is also the creator figure. Among the Zoas, he represents the south and the concept of reason. He is described as what binds and controls the universe through creating laws. He is connected to his Emanation known as Ahania, the representation of pleasure, and he is opposed to the Zoa named Urthona, the representation of Imagination. His name can mean many things, from "Your Reason" or a Greek word meaning "to limit". Urizen originates in the beginning of Blake's version of Genesis. He was the entity created when a voice said that light should be born, and he was the fourth child of the characters Albion and Vala. He is said to represent the Heavenly host, but he experiences a Satanic fall in that he desired to rule. He is motivated by his pride and becomes a hypocrite. When Albion asks for him, Urizen refuses and hides, which causes him to experience his fall. After his fall, Urizen set about creating the material world and his jealousy of mankind brought forth both Wrath and Justice.
Ancient of Days is a name for God in the Book of Daniel.
The title "Ancient of Days" has been used as a source of inspiration in art and music, denoting the creator's aspects of eternity combined with perfection. William Blake's watercolour and relief etching entitled The Ancient of Days is one such example.
I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of Days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire.
In the Zohar, the seminal document of Kabbalah that emerged in 13th-century Spain, there is mention of the Ancient of Ancients, and the Holy Ancient One - Atika Kadisha, variably interpreted as synonymous with the Ein Sof, the unmanifested Godhead. The Ancient of Days is the manifestation of the Ancient of Ancients within Creation. It refers to the most primary source of creation in the divine will Keter .
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At the turn of the 21st century, the main library building itself held 1,347,000 catalogued print books, and 53,300 journals. In total, the university library system including branch libraries now holds approximately 2.5 million books and journals, along with access to 1,853,000 e-books, and over 50,000 e-journals.
The University also holds extensive archival material in a separate building. This includes the Scottish Business Archive, which alone amounts to 6.2 kilometres of manuscripts.
The first explicit mention of the Library is dated November 1475, when the first donations by the University's Chancellor, Bishop John Laing, were recorded. After the Reformation the University of Glasgow and its Library were reinvigorated under the Principalship of Andrew Melville in 1574-1580. The Library grew steadily throughout the 18th century due largely to the fact that it was granted legal deposit status between 1709 and 1836. Legal deposit ceased in 1836 and the Library was granted an annual lump sum which allowed it to develop its collections in line with the University's teaching and research interests. The library of the royal physician to Queen Charlotte, William Hunter, received in 1807, comprised some 10,000 volumes that augmented the library's holdings by fifty per cent, and extended their reach well beyond the contemporary curriculum; of Hunter's 650 manuscript codices, over a hundred are illuminated, and his incunabula "accorded Glasgow a prominence that it could not have achieved with its own resources".
By 1888 the holdings of the Library had risen to around 150,000 volumes, due in part to large donations and contributions by wealthy private collectors, such as William Hunter, John Smith of Crutherland, George A. Walker Arnott, William Euing and David Murray.
Following the considerable expansion of the university buildings in the 1630s onwards, the first purpose-built Library for the university was designed by William Adam and opened in 1744 at the Old College in High Street. From 1870 until 1968, the University Library was housed within the main Gilbert Scott Building in Gilmorehill. The old Library closed in July 1968 and the new building opened to readers on 30 September 1968.
Houghton Library, on the south side of Harvard Yard adjacent to Widener Library, Lamont Library, and Loeb House, is Harvard University's primary repository for rare books and manuscripts. It is part of the Harvard College Library, the library system of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The collections of Houghton Library include the Harvard Theatre Collection and the Woodberry Poetry Room.
Harvard's first special collections library began as the Treasure Room of Gore Hall in 1908. The Treasure Room moved to the newly built Widener Library in 1915. In 1938, looking to supply Harvard's most valuable holdings with more space and improved storage conditions, Harvard College Librarian Keyes DeWitt Metcalf made a series of proposals which eventually led to the creation of Houghton Library, Lamont Library, and the New England Deposit Library. Funding for Houghton was raised privately, with the largest portion coming from Arthur A. Houghton Jr., in the form of stock in Corning Glass Works. Construction was largely completed by the fall of 1941, and the library opened on February 28, 1942.
Along with much else, Houghton holds collections of papers of Samuel Johnson, Emily Dickinson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Margaret Fuller, John Keats, Ralph Waldo Emerson and his family, Amos Bronson Alcott and his daughter Louisa May Alcott, along with the papers of other notable transcendentalists. Significant collections include those relating to Theodore Roosevelt, T.S. Eliot, E.E. Cummings, Henry James, William James, James Joyce, John Updike, Jamaica Kincaid, Tennessee Williams, The Cockettes, John Lithgow, Gore Vidal, and many others.
Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss . Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, individuals, economic and social groups, etc. The rivalry can be over attainment of any exclusive goal, including recognition.
Competition occurs in nature, between living organisms which co-exist in the same environment. Animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources. Humans usually compete for food and mates, though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth, power, prestige, and fame when in a static, repetitive, or unchanging environment. Competition is a major tenet of market economies and business, often associated with business competition as companies are in competition with at least one other firm over the same group of customers. Competition inside a company is usually stimulated with the larger purpose of meeting and reaching higher quality of services or improved products that the company may produce or develop.
Competition is often considered to be the opposite of cooperation; however, in the real world, mixtures of cooperation and competition are the norm. In economies, as the philosopher R. G. Collingwood argued "the presence of these two opposites together is essential to an economic system. The parties to an economic action co-operate in competing, like two chess players". Optimal strategies to achieve goals are studied in the branch of mathematics known as game theory.
Competition has been studied in several fields, including psychology, sociology and anthropology. Social psychologists, for instance, study the nature of competition. They investigate the natural urge of competition and its circumstances. They also study group dynamics, to detect how competition emerges and what its effects are. Sociologists, meanwhile, study the effects of competition on society as a whole. Additionally, anthropologists study the history and prehistory of competition in various cultures. They also investigate how competition manifested itself in various cultural settings in the past, and how competition has developed over time.
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument--it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an instrumentalist. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for rituals, such as a horn to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications and technologies.
The exact date and specific origin of the first device considered a musical instrument, is widely disputed. The oldest object identified by scholars as a musical instrument, is a simple flute, dated back 50,000-60,000 years. Many scholars date early flutes to about 40,000 years ago. Many historians believe that determining the specific date of musical instrument invention is impossible, as the majority of early musical instruments were constructed of animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable, bio-degradable materials. Additionally, some have proposed that lithophones, or stones used to make musical sounds--like those found at Sankarjang in India--are examples of prehistoric musical instruments.
Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the post-classical era, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, and Europeans played instruments originating from North Africa. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments.
By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the Occident. During the Classical and Romantic periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many new musical instruments were developed. While the evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century, the proliferation of electricity led to the invention of new electric and electronic instruments, such as electric guitars, synthesizers and the theremin.
An artifact or artefact is a general term for an item made or given shape by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest. In archaeology, the word has become a term of particular nuance and is defined as an object recovered by archaeological endeavor, which may be a cultural artifact having cultural interest.
"Artifact" is the general term used in archaeology, while in museums the equivalent general term is normally "object", and in art history perhaps artwork or a more specific term such as "carving". The same item may be called all or any of these in different contexts, and more specific terms will be used when talking about individual objects, or groups of similar ones.
Artifacts exist in many different forms and can sometimes be confused with ecofacts and features; all three of these can sometimes be found together at archaeological sites. They can also exist in different types of context depending on the processes that have acted on them over time. A wide variety of analyses take place to analyze artifacts and provide information on them. However, the process of analyzing artifacts through scientific archaeology can be hindered by the looting and collecting of artifacts, which sparks ethical debate.
Examples include stone tools, pottery vessels, metal objects such as weapons and items of personal adornment such as buttons, jewelry and clothing. Bones that show signs of human modification are also examples. Natural objects, such as fire cracked rocks from a hearth or plant material used for food, are classified by archaeologists as ecofacts rather than as artefacts.
An artifact or artefact is a general term for an item made or given shape by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest. In archaeology, the word has become a term of particular nuance and is defined as an object recovered by archaeological endeavor, which may be a cultural artifact having cultural interest.
"Artifact" is the general term used in archaeology, while in museums the equivalent general term is normally "object", and in art history perhaps artwork or a more specific term such as "carving". The same item may be called all or any of these in different contexts, and more specific terms will be used when talking about individual objects, or groups of similar ones.
Artifacts exist in many different forms and can sometimes be confused with ecofacts and features; all three of these can sometimes be found together at archaeological sites. They can also exist in different types of context depending on the processes that have acted on them over time. A wide variety of analyses take place to analyze artifacts and provide information on them. However, the process of analyzing artifacts through scientific archaeology can be hindered by the looting and collecting of artifacts, which sparks ethical debate.
Examples include stone tools, pottery vessels, metal objects such as weapons and items of personal adornment such as buttons, jewelry and clothing. Bones that show signs of human modification are also examples. Natural objects, such as fire cracked rocks from a hearth or plant material used for food, are classified by archaeologists as ecofacts rather than as artefacts.
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au and atomic number 79. In pure form, it is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements being second lowest in the Reactivity series. It is a solid under standard conditions.
Gold often occurs in free elemental , as nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver , naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium .
Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia , forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property long used to refine gold and confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term 'acid test'. Gold dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold also dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, and as the gold acts simply as a solute, this is not a chemical reaction.
A relatively rare element, gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other work of art throughout recorded history. In the past, a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy. Gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after the Nixon shock measures of 1971.
Moai or mo`ai are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Rapa Nui in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island's perimeter. Almost all moai have overly large heads, which comprise three-eighths the size of the whole statue. They have no legs. The moai are chiefly the living faces of deified ancestors . The statues still gazed inland across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island in 1722, but all of them had fallen by the latter part of the 19th century. The moai were toppled in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, possibly as a result of European contact or internecine tribal wars.
The production and transportation of the more than 900 statues is considered a remarkable creative and physical feat. The tallest moai erected, called Paro, was almost 10 metres high and weighed 82 tonnes . The heaviest moai erected was a shorter but squatter moai at Ahu Tongariki, weighing 86 tonnes . One unfinished sculpture, if completed, would be approximately 21 m tall, with a weight of about 145-165 tonnes . Statues are still being discovered as of 2023.
The moai are monolithic statues, and their minimalist style reflects forms found throughout Polynesia. Moai are carved from volcanic tuff . The human figures would be outlined in the rock wall first, then chipped away until only the image was left. The over-large heads have heavy brows and elongated noses with a distinctive fish-hook-shaped curl of the nostrils. The lips protrude in a thin pout. Like the nose, the ears are elongated and oblong in form. The jaw lines stand out against the truncated neck. The torsos are heavy, and, sometimes, the clavicles are subtly outlined in stone. The arms are carved in bas relief and rest against the body in various positions, hands and long slender fingers resting along the crests of the hips, meeting at the hami , with the thumbs sometimes pointing towards the navel. Generally, the anatomical features of the backs are not detailed, but sometimes bear a ring and girdle motif on the buttocks and lower back. Except for one kneeling moai, the statues do not have clearly visible legs.
Though moai are whole-body statues, they are often referred to as "Easter Island heads" in some popular literature. This is partly because of the disproportionate size of most moai heads, and partly because many of the images for the island showing upright moai are of the statues on the slopes of Rano Raraku, many of which are buried to their shoulders. Some of the "heads" at Rano Raraku have been excavated and their bodies seen, and observed to have markings that had been protected from erosion by their burial.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels, which are resistant to corrosion and oxidation, typically need an additional 11% chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, bicycles, machines, electrical appliances, furniture, and weapons.
Iron is the base metal of steel. Depending on the temperature, it can take two crystalline forms : body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic. The interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. In pure iron, the crystal structure has relatively little resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one another, and so pure iron is quite ductile, or soft and easily formed. In steel, small amounts of carbon, other elements, and inclusions within the iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations.
The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight. Varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying elements, as well as controlling their chemical and physical makeup in the final steel , impedes the movement of the dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and enhances its qualities. These qualities include the hardness, quenching behaviour, need for annealing, tempering behaviour, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. The increase in steel's strength compared to pure iron is possible only by reducing iron's ductility.
Steel was produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, but its large-scale, industrial use began only after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century, with the introduction of the blast furnace and production of crucible steel. This was followed by the Bessemer process in England in the mid-19th century, and then by the open-hearth furnace. With the invention of the Bessemer process, a new era of mass-produced steel began. Mild steel replaced wrought iron. The German states saw major steel prowess over Europe in the 19th century, and the American steel production industry was manufactured in cities such as Pittsburgh and Cleveland until the late 20th century.
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<o> Stadtbergen <s> Augsburg <p> named after <o> Augusta Vindelicorum <s> Augsburg <p> instance of <o> college town <s> Augsburg <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Singold <s> Augsburg <p> twinned administrative body <o> Jinan <s> Augsburg <p> twinned administrative body <o> Changsha <s> Augsburg <p> award received <o> Entente Florale <s> Augsburg <p> shares border with <o> Friedberg <s> Augsburg <p> twinned administrative body <o> Nagahama <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Bergheim <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Hochfeld <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Göggingen <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Firnhaberau <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Hammerschmiede <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Bärenkeller <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Hochzoll <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Haunstetten <s> Augsburg <p> instance of <o> Luther city <s> Augsburg <p> instance of <o> big city <s> Augsburg <p> instance of <o> former administrative territorial entity <s> Augsburg <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Wertach <s> Augsburg <p> member of <o> Working Group of Bicycle-Friendly Municipalities in Bavaria <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Pfersee <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Lechhausen <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Universitätsviertel <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Innenstadt <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Oberhausen <s> Augsburg <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Augsburg-Inningen <s> Augsburg <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> Augsburg <p> described by source <o> Orthodox Theological Encyclopedia <s> Augsburg <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition <s> Augsburg <p> twinned administrative body <o> Nagahama <s> Augsburg <p> member of <o> Bund der Lutherstädte <s> Augsburg <p> instance of <o> urban municipality in Germany <s> Augsburg <p> instance of <o> urban district of Bavaria <s> Augsburg <p> public holiday <o> Grand Peace Festival of Augsburg <s> Augsburg <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of Augsburg <s> Augsburg <p> head of government <o> Eva Weber <s> Augsburg <p> described by source <o> Real'nyj slovar' klassicheskih drevnostej po Ljubkeru <s> automaton <p> described by source <o> Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1947) <s> automaton <p> described by source <o> Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 1 <s> automaton <p> subclass of <o> automated machine <s> automaton <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Automata (mechanical) <s> automaton <p> instance of <o> invention <s> automaton <p> described by source <o> Larousse Encyclopedia online <s> automaton <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> nef <p> made from material <o> precious metal <s> nef <p> subclass of <o> tableware <s> nef <p> subclass of <o> physical container <s> nef <p> has use <o> decoration <s> nef <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> WikiProject Q68235346 <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> Wikidata property example <o> Judy Garland <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> issued by <o> British Museum <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property to identify organizations <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property related to art <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> property constraint <o> distinct-values constraint <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> property constraint <o> subject type constraint <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> related property <o> CofE archives name ID <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> related property <o> British Museum bioID <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> property constraint <o> format constraint <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> Wikidata property example <o> Rembrandt <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> Wikidata property example <o> British Red Cross <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> property constraint <o> single-value constraint <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> applicable 'stated in' value <o> British Museum person-institution thesaurus <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property for authority control for people <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> property constraint <o> allowed-entity-types constraint <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> maintained by WikiProject <o> WikiProject Biographical Identifiers <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property related to a thesaurus <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> instance of <o> numeric identifier <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> related property <o> British Museum place ID <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> related property <o> British Museum thesaurus ID <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> property usage tracking category <o> Category:Pages using Wikidata property P1711 <s> British Museum person or institution ID <p> stability of property value <o> never changes <s> Rembrandt <p> instance of <o> human <s> Rembrandt <p> place of death <o> Amsterdam <s> Rembrandt <p> languages spoken, written or signed <o> Dutch <s> Rembrandt <p> work location <o> Amsterdam <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> British Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> still life <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum of Fine Arts Boston <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Rembrandt catalogue raisonné, 1914 <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Was Rembrandt stereoblind? <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Geschiedenis der Vaderlandsche Schilderkunst <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> BEIC Digital Library <s> Rembrandt <p> spouse <o> Saskia van Uylenburgh <s> Rembrandt <p> work location <o> Leiden <s> Rembrandt <p> religion or worldview <o> Calvinism <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Israel Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> place of birth <o> Leiden <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> self-portrait <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> portrait <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Carel Fabritius <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Jürgen Ovens <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Arent de Gelder <s> Rembrandt <p> country of citizenship <o> Dutch Republic <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> The Frick Collection <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kunsthaus Zürich <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Wallraf–Richartz Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> museum collection Am Römerholz <s> Rembrandt <p> student of <o> Pieter Lastman <s> Rembrandt <p> list of works <o> Rembrandt catalogue raisonné, 1908 <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Bernhard Keil <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Gerrit Dou <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Buckingham Palace <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Godfrey Kneller <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Philip de Koninck <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Willem Drost <s> Rembrandt <p> child <o> Cornelia van Rijn <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Uffizi Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> MOA Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Fries Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Worcester Art Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Montreal Museum of Fine Arts <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Abraham van Dijck <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Titus van Rijn <s> Rembrandt <p> educated at <o> Leiden University <s> Rembrandt <p> field of work <o> art of painting <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> landscape art <s> Rembrandt <p> notable work <o> The Night Watch <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Gallery of Canada <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Indianapolis Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kunsthistorisches Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Hermitage Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Medvik <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> The Rembrandt Database <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Young Rembrandt – Rising Star <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Obalky knih.cz <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Samuel van Hoogstraten <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Ferdinand Bol <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Nicolaes Maes <s> Rembrandt <p> given name <o> Rembrandt <s> Rembrandt <p> unmarried partner <o> Hendrickje Stoffels <s> Rembrandt <p> contributed to creative work <o> Album amicorum of Jacobus Heyblocq (1623-1690), rector of the Latin school in Amsterdam <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> J. Paul Getty Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Royal Castle in Warsaw <s> Rembrandt <p> residence <o> Rembrandt House Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> genre painting <s> Rembrandt <p> mother <o> Neeltje Willemsdr. Zuytbrouck <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum Het Valkhof <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Musée Jacquemart-André <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek <s> Rembrandt <p> sex or gender <o> male <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Centraal Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Art Institute of Chicago <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Rembrandt House Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Louvre Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Pinacoteca di Brera <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Augusteum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Audley End House <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Corcoran Gallery of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Fogg Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kenwood House <s> Rembrandt <p> movement <o> Dutch Golden Age painting <s> Rembrandt <p> child <o> Titus van Rijn <s> Rembrandt <p> father <o> Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> New-York Historical Society <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Rumyantsev Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Buckland Abbey <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Musée Granet <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Burrell Collection <s> Rembrandt <p> ethnic group <o> Dutch <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Städel Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Jacques des Rousseaux <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Jacob Levecq <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Franz Wulfhagen <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Jan Gillisz van Vliet <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Adriaen Verdoel <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Gemäldegalerie <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Hamburger Kunsthalle <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Govert Flinck <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Lambert Doomer <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Gerbrand van den Eeckhout <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Bavarian State Painting Collections <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Nationalmuseum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Geschiedenis der Antwerpsche schilderschool <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Rembrandt in Amsterdam <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Calouste Gulbenkian Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Victoria and Albert Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Museum in Kraków <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> tronie <s> Rembrandt <p> place of burial <o> Westerkerk <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Gallery of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> notable work <o> Belshazzar's Feast <s> Rembrandt <p> notable work <o> Syndics of the Drapers' Guild <s> Rembrandt <p> educated at <o> Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Gerrit van Uylenburgh <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Scottish National Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Artizon Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Bowes Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> occupation <o> painter <s> Rembrandt <p> student of <o> Jacob van Swanenburgh <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Christopher Paudiß <s> Rembrandt <p> occupation <o> art collector <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> history painting <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> vanitas <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> portrait painting <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> mythological painting <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> winter landscape <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Metropolitan Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museo del Prado <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Canon of Dutch History <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Rembrandt <p> notable work <o> The Jewish Bride <s> Rembrandt <p> student of <o> Jan Pynas <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> São Paulo Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Mauritshuis <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> The Wallace Collection <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Residenzgalerie Salzburg <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Joslyn Art Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Museum of Art of Romania <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Rijksmuseum <s> Rembrandt <p> unmarried partner <o> Geertje Dircx <s> Rembrandt <p> occupation <o> printmaker <s> Rembrandt <p> occupation <o> etcher <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Johann Ulrich Mayr <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Leendert van Beijeren <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Abraham Furnerius <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Cornelis Brouwer <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Jan Victors <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Fitzwilliam Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Gallery Prague <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Anthonie van Borssom <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Rembrandt Research Project <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Lady Lever Art Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Woburn Abbey <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum of Fine Arts, Houston <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Musée Cognacq-Jay <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Spencer Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie <s> Rembrandt <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4 <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Karel van der Pluym <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Museum in Warsaw <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Bode Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Philadelphia Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum der bildenden Künste <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kupferstichkabinett Berlin <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kupferstich-Kabinett Dresden <s> Rembrandt <p> occupation <o> collector <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Ashmolean Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Timken Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Louvre Abu Dhabi <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Finnish National Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Cincinnati Art Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Toledo Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Slovak National Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Norton Simon Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Detroit Institute of Arts <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Smithsonian American Art Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Dulwich Picture Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> student of <o> Joris van Schooten <s> Rembrandt <p> on focus list of Wikimedia project <o> Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Czartoryski Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Clark Art Institute <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Gallery of Victoria <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kimbell Art Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Minneapolis Institute of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Los Angeles County Museum of Art <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Heinrich Jansen <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Gerrit Willemsz Horst <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Johannes Raven <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Kunstmuseum Basel <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Bibliothèque nationale de France <s> Rembrandt <p> genre <o> religious painting <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Willem de Poorter <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Jan de Stomme <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Heiman Dullaart <s> Rembrandt <p> student <o> Isaac de Jouderville <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Koninklijke Bibliotheek <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Electoral Gallery Dusseldorf <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Het Gulden Cabinet <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum Arnhem <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Galleries Scotland <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum De Lakenhal <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Gallery of Armenia <s> Rembrandt <p> described by source <o> Larousse Encyclopedia online <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Groninger Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Walker Art Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> National Museum of Fine Arts <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Groeningemuseum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Unterlinden Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum Catharijneconvent <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum Bredius <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Belton House <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Galleria Sabauda <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Six Collection <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Shelburne Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Tyrolean State Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Gallery Prince Willem V <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Musée Bonnat-Helleu <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Dordrechts Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> City Castle Zaltbommel <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Abbot Hall Art Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Princeton University Art Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> occupation <o> drawer <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Albertina <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Vienna Künstlerhaus <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Wolverhampton Art Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the collection <o> Southampton City Art Gallery <s> Rembrandt <p> has works in the 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<p> office held by head of the organization <o> President of the Royal Academy of Arts <s> Royal Academy of Arts <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Royal Academy <s> single-value constraint <p> subclass of <o> property constraint <s> single-value constraint <p> facet of <o> Wikidata property for an identifier that generally has just one value, but rarely can have two or more values for the same entity <s> single-value constraint <p> opposite of <o> multi-value constraint <s> single-value constraint <p> different from <o> single-best-value constraint <s> single-value constraint <p> used by <o> WikibaseQualityConstraints <s> single-value constraint <p> used by <o> OpenRefine Wikidata extension <s> single-value constraint <p> topic's main template <o> Template:Constraint:Single value <s> single-value constraint <p> different from <o> distinct-values constraint </Graph> | <Text> :Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc , in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic, and chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger proportion. In use since prehistoric times, it is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure.
Brass is similar to bronze, a copper alloy that contains tin instead of zinc. Both bronze and brass may include small proportions of a range of other elements including arsenic , lead , phosphorus , aluminium , manganese , and silicon . Historically, the distinction between the two alloys has been less consistent and clear, and increasingly museums use the more general term "copper alloy."
Brass has long been a popular material for its bright gold-like appearance and is still used for drawer pulls and doorknobs. It has also been widely used to make sculpture and utensils because of its low melting point, high workability , durability, and electrical and thermal conductivity. Brasses with higher copper content are softer and more golden in colour; conversely those with less copper and thus more zinc are harder and more silvery in colour.
Brass is still commonly used in applications where corrosion resistance and low friction are required, such as locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, zippers, plumbing, hose couplings, valves, and electrical plugs and sockets. It is used extensively for musical instruments such as horns and bells. The composition of brass, generally 66% copper and 34% zinc, makes it a favorable substitute for copper in costume jewelry and fashion jewelry, as it exhibits greater resistance to corrosion. Brass is not as hard as bronze, and so is not suitable for most weapons and tools. Nor is it suitable for marine uses, because the zinc reacts with minerals in salt water, leaving porous copper behind; marine brass, with added tin, avoids this, as does bronze.
Augsburg is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around 50 kilometres west of the Bavarian capital Munich. It is a university town and the regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Swabia with a well preserved Altstadt . Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is the third-largest city in Bavaria , with a population of 304,000 and 885,000 in its metropolitan area.
After Neuss, Trier, Worms, Cologne and Xanten, Augsburg is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus. It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefited from being part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I. The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg. The Fuggerei, the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger.
In 2019 UNESCO recognised the Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering.
Augsburg lies at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach and on the Singold. The oldest part of the city and the southern quarters are on the northern foothills of a high terrace, which has emerged between the steep rim of the hills of Friedberg in the east and the high hills of the west. In the south extends the Lechfeld, an outwash plain of the post ice age between the rivers Lech and Wertach, where rare primeval landscapes were preserved. The Augsburg city forest and the Lech valley heaths today rank among the most species-rich middle European habitats.
An automaton is a relatively self-operating machine, or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions. Some automata, such as bellstrikers in mechanical clocks, are designed to give the illusion to the casual observer that they are operating under their own power or will, like a mechanical robot. The term has long been commonly associated with automated puppets that resemble moving humans or animals, built to impress and/or to entertain people.
The word "automaton" is the latinization of the Ancient Greek automaton, automaton, "acting of one's own will". This word was first used by Homer to describe an automatic door opening, or automatic movement of wheeled tripods. It is more often used to describe non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions, such as the jacks on old public striking clocks, or the cuckoo and any other animated figures on a cuckoo clock.
In ancient Egyptian legends, statues of divinities, mostly made of stone, metal or wood, were animated and played a key role in religious ceremonies. They were believed to have a soul , derived from the divinity they represented. In the New Kingdom of Egypt, from the 16th century BC until the 11th century BC, ancient Egyptians would frequently consult these statues for advice. The statues would reply with a movement of the head. According to Egyptian lore, pharaoh Hatshepsut dispatched her squadron to the "Land of Incense" after consulting with the statue of Amun.
There are many examples of automata in Greek mythology: Hephaestus created automata for his workshop; Talos was an artificial man of bronze; King Alkinous of the Phaiakians employed gold and silver watchdogs. According to Aristotle, Daedalus used quicksilver to make his wooden statue of Aphrodite move. In other Greek legends he used quicksilver to install voice in his moving statues.
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn , usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art. It is estimated Rembrandt produced a total of about three hundred paintings, three hundred etchings, and two thousand drawings.
Unlike most Dutch masters of the 17th century, Rembrandt's works depict a wide range of styles and subject matter, from portraits and self-portraits to landscapes, genre scenes, allegorical and historical scenes, biblical and mythological themes and animal studies. His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural and scientific achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age, when Dutch art was prolific and innovative.
Rembrandt never went abroad but was considerably influenced by the work of the Italian Old Masters and Dutch and Flemish artists who had studied in Italy. After he achieved youthful success as a portrait painter, Rembrandt's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters.
Rembrandt's portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His approximately 40 self-portraits form an intimate autobiography. Rembrandt's foremost contribution in the history of printmaking was his transformation of the etching process from a relatively new reproductive technique into an art form. His reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime.
In Greek mythology, Perseus is the legendary founder of the Perseid dynasty. He was, alongside Cadmus and Bellerophon, the greatest Greek hero and slayer of monsters before the days of Heracles. He beheaded the Gorgon Medusa for Polydectes and saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. He was the son of Zeus and the mortal Danae, as well as the half-brother and great-grandfather of Heracles .
Because of the obscurity of the name "Perseus" and the legendary character of its bearer, most etymologists presume that it might be pre-Greek; however, the name of Perseus's native city was Greek and so were the names of his wife and relatives. There is some idea that it descended into Greek from the Proto-Indo-European language. In that regard Graves proposed the only Greek derivation available: Perseus might be from the Greek verb perthein some form of which is familiar in Homeric epithets. According to Buck, the -eus suffix is typically used to form an agent noun, in this case from the aorist stem, pers-. Pers-eus therefore is a "sacker "; that is, a soldier by occupation, a fitting name for the first Mycenaean warrior.
The further origin of perth- is more obscure. Hofmann lists the possible root as *bher-, from which Latin ferio, "strike". This corresponds to Pokorny's *bher-, "scrape, cut". Ordinarily *bh- descends to Greek as ph-. This difficulty can be overcome by presuming a dissimilation from the -th- in perthein, which the Greeks would have preferred from a putative *pherthein. Graves carries the meaning still further, to the Perse- in Persephone, goddess of death. Ventris & Chadwick speculate about a Mycenaean goddess pe-re-*82 , attested on tablet PY Tn 316, and tentatively reconstructed as *Preswa.
A Greek folk etymology connected Perseus to the name of the Persian people, whom they called the Persai . However, the native name of the Persians - Parsa in Persian - has always been pronounced with an -a-. Herodotus recounts this story, devising a foreign son of Andromeda and Perseus, Perses, from whom the Persians took the name. Apparently the Persians also knew that story, as Xerxes tried to use it when bribing the Argives during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do this.
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House in Piccadilly in London, England. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate.
The origin of the Royal Academy of Arts lies in an attempt in 1755 by members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, principally the sculptor Henry Cheere, to found an autonomous academy of arts. Prior to this a number of artists were members of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, including Cheere and William Hogarth, or were involved in small-scale private art academies, such as the St Martin's Lane Academy. Although Cheere's attempt failed, the eventual charter, called an 'Instrument', used to establish the Royal Academy of Arts over a decade later was almost identical to that drawn up by Cheere in 1755.
The success of St Martin's Lane Academy led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect and head of the British government's architects' department, the Office of Works, used his connections with King George III to gain royal patronage and financial support for the Academy. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through a personal act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission "to establish a school or academy of design for the use of students in the arts" with an annual exhibition.
The instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. The founder members were Reynolds, John Baker, George Barret, Francesco Bartolozzi, Giovanni Battista Cipriani, Augustino Carlini, Charles Catton, Mason Chamberlin, William Chambers, Francis Cotes, George Dance, Nathaniel Dance, Thomas Gainsborough, John Gwynn, Francis Hayman, Nathaniel Hone the Elder, Angelica Kauffman, Jeremiah Meyer, George Michael Moser, Mary Moser, Francis Milner Newton, Edward Penny, John Inigo Richards, Paul Sandby, Thomas Sandby, Dominic Serres, Peter Toms, William Tyler, Samuel Wale, Benjamin West, Richard Wilson, Joseph Wilton, Richard Yeo, Francesco Zuccarelli. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list by the King in 1769.
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facet of <o> museology <s> Wikidata property related to museums <p> facet of <o> museum <s> Wikidata property related to museums <p> subclass of <o> Wikidata property for items about organizations </Graph> | <Text> :Rhinoceros is a play by Eugene Ionesco, written in 1959. The play was included in Martin Esslin's study of post-war avant-garde drama The Theatre of the Absurd, although scholars have also rejected this label as too interpretatively narrow. Over the course of three acts, the inhabitants of a small, provincial French town turn into rhinoceroses; ultimately the only human who does not succumb to this mass metamorphosis is the central character, Berenger, a flustered everyman figure who is initially criticized in the play for his drinking, tardiness, and slovenly lifestyle and then, later, for his increasing paranoia and obsession with the rhinoceroses. The play is often read as a response and criticism to the sudden upsurge of Fascism and Nazism during the events preceding World War II, and explores the themes of conformity, culture, fascism, responsibility, logic, mass movements, mob mentality, philosophy and morality.
The play starts in the town square of a small provincial French village. Two friends meet at a coffee shop: eloquent, intellectual and prideful Jean, and the simple, shy, kind-hearted drunkard Berenger. They have met to discuss an unspecified but important matter. Rather than talk about it, Jean berates Berenger for his tardiness and drunkenness, until a rhinoceros rampages across the square, causing a commotion. During the discussion that follows, a second rhinoceros appears and crushes a woman's cat. This generates outrage and the villagers band together to argue that the presence of the rhinoceroses should not be allowed. A discussion about whether they saw two different rhinoceroses or the same one twice leads to a heated argument between Berenger and Jean, eventually causing Jean to walk away in a huff.
Berenger arrives late for work at the local newspaper office. Daisy, the receptionist, with whom Berenger is in love, covers for him by sneaking him a time sheet. At the office, an argument has broken out between sensitive and logical Dudard and the violent, temperamental Botard. The latter does not believe a rhinoceros could appear in France.
Mrs. Boeuf says that her husband is unwell and that she was chased all the way to the office by a rhinoceros. Botard scoffs at the so-called "rhinoceritis" movement and says that the local people are too intelligent to be swayed by empty rhetoric. A rhinoceros arrives and destroys the staircase that leads out of the office, trapping all the workers inside. Mrs. Boeuf recognizes the rhinoceros as her husband, transformed. Despite a warning, she joins him by jumping down the stairwell onto her husband's back. Daisy has called the firemen. The office workers escape through a window.
</Text> |
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selection criterion (ii) <s> Rosetta <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Rosetta <p> described by source <o> Paulys Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft <s> Rosetta <p> replaces <o> Bolbitine <s> Rosetta <p> heritage designation <o> Tentative World Heritage Site <s> Rosetta <p> World Heritage criteria <o> World Heritage selection criterion (v) </Graph> | <Text> :Granite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the continental crust of Earth, where it is found in igneous intrusions. These range in size from dikes only a few centimeters across to batholiths exposed over hundreds of square kilometers.
Granite is typical of a larger family of granitic rocks, or granitoids, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase , with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain mica or amphibole minerals, though a few contain almost no dark minerals.
The word "granite" comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a completely crystalline rock. Granitic rocks mainly consist of feldspar, quartz, mica, and amphibole minerals, which form an interlocking, somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks. Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy.
Granitic rocks are classified according to the QAPF diagram for coarse grained plutonic rocks and are named according to the percentage of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite contains between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, with 35% to 90% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar. Granitic rocks poorer in quartz are classified as syenites or monzonites, while granitic rocks dominated by plagioclase are classified as granodiorites or tonalites. Granitic rocks with over 90% alkali feldspar are classified as alkali feldspar granites. Granitic rock with more than 60% quartz, which is uncommon, is classified simply as quartz-rich granitoid or, if composed almost entirely of quartz, as quartzolite.
The Ptolemaic dynasty , also known as the Lagid dynasty , was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Reigning for 275 years, the Ptolemaic was the longest and last dynasty of ancient Egypt from 305 until its incorporation into the Roman Republic in 30 BC.
Ptolemy, a general and one of the somatophylakes of Alexander the Great, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC he declared himself Pharaoh Ptolemy I, later known as Soter "Saviour". The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. The new dynasty adopted the Egyptian titles and iconography, and respected local traditions, while also preserving their own Greek language and culture. The Ptolemaic period was marked by the intense interactions and blending of the Greek and Egyptian cultures. As such, Hellenistic religion under the Ptolemies was largely influenced by religious syncretism and imperial cult. Elements of Greek education became widespread in urban spaces, culminating in the foundation of the Mouseion and the Serapeum. During the Hellenistic period, the city of Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great would gradually surpass Athens taking its place as the intellectual centre of the Mediterranean world.
Following the earlier dynasties of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty adopted the practice of inbreeding including sibling marriage, but this did not start in earnest until nearly a century into the dynasty's history. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, while queens regnant were all called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her apparent suicide after the Roman conquest of Egypt marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.
Continuing the tradition established by previous Egyptian dynasties, the Ptolemies engaged in inbreeding including sibling marriage, with many of the pharaohs being married to their siblings and often co-ruling with them. Ptolemy I and other early rulers of the dynasty were not married to their relatives, the childless marriage of siblings Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II being an exception. The first child-producing incestuous marriage in the Ptolemaic dynasty was that of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, who were succeeded as co-pharaohs by their son Ptolemy V, born 210 BC. The best-known Ptolemaic pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, was at different times married to and ruled with two of her brothers , and their parents were also likely to have been siblings or possibly cousins.
The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It is derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and was the earliest known alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. In Archaic and early Classical times, the Greek alphabet existed in many local variants, but, by the end of the 4th century BC, the Euclidean alphabet, with 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega, had become standard and it is this version that is still used for Greek writing today.
The Greek alphabet is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. Like Latin and Cyrillic, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter; it developed the letter case distinction between uppercase and lowercase in parallel with Latin during the modern era. Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between Ancient and Modern Greek usage because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the 5th century BC and today. Modern and Ancient Greek also use different diacritics, with modern Greek keeping only the stress accent and the diaeresis.
Apart from its use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of international technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics, science, and other fields.
In both Ancient and Modern Greek, the letters of the Greek alphabet have fairly stable and consistent symbol-to-sound mappings, making pronunciation of words largely predictable. Ancient Greek spelling was generally near-phonemic. For a number of letters, sound values differ considerably between Ancient and Modern Greek, because their pronunciation has followed a set of systematic phonological shifts that affected the language in its post-classical stages.
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra VII , followed by the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. The Ancient Greek word Hellas was gradually recognized as the name for Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the latter refers to Greece itself, while the former encompasses all ancient territories under Greek influence, in particular the East after the conquests of Alexander the Great.
After the Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia , north-east Africa and South Asia . This resulted in an influx of Greek colonists and the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. These new kingdoms were also influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the ancient Greek world with that of Western Asian, Northeastern African, and Southwestern Asian. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca throughout the ancient world.
During the Hellenistic period, Greek cultural influence and power reached its peak in the Mediterranean and beyond. Prosperity and progress in the arts, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science characterize the era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, translation efforts such as the Septuagint, and the philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Pyrrhonism. In science, the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes are exemplary. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele, and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.
Scholars and historians are divided as to which event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. Proposals include the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achaean War, the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in AD 330. Angelos Chaniotis ends the Hellenistic period with the death of Hadrian in AD 138, who integrated the Greeks fully into the Roman Empire, though a range from c. 321 BC to AD 256 may also be given.
Demotic is the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Nile Delta. The term was first used by the Greek historian Herodotus to distinguish it from hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts. By convention, the word "Demotic" is capitalized in order to distinguish it from demotic Greek.
The Demotic script was referred to by the Egyptians as ss/sh n s.t 'document writing', which the second-century scholar Clement of Alexandria called epistolographike 'letter-writing', while early Western scholars, notably Thomas Young, formerly referred to it as "Enchorial Egyptian". The script was used for more than a thousand years, and during that time a number of developmental stages occurred. It is written and read from right to left, while earlier hieroglyphs could be written from top to bottom, left to right, or right to left. Parts of the Demotic Greek Magical Papyri were written with a cypher script.
Early Demotic developed in Lower Egypt during the later part of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, particularly found on steles from the Serapeum of Saqqara. It is generally dated between 650 and 400 BC, as most texts written in Early Demotic are dated to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty and the subsequent rule as a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, which was known as the Twenty-seventh Dynasty. After the reunification of Egypt under Psamtik I, Demotic replaced Abnormal Hieratic in Upper Egypt, particularly during the reign of Amasis II, when it became the official administrative and legal script. During this period, Demotic was used only for administrative, legal, and commercial texts, while hieroglyphs and hieratic were reserved for religious texts and literature.
Middle Demotic is the stage of writing used during the Ptolemaic Kingdom. From the 4th century BC onward, Demotic held a higher status, as may be seen from its increasing use for literary and religious texts. By the end of the 3rd century BC, Koine Greek was more important, as it was the administrative language of the country; Demotic contracts lost most of their legal force unless there was a note in Greek of being registered with the authorities.
In epigraphy, a multilingual inscription is an inscription that includes the same text in two or more languages. A bilingual is an inscription that includes the same text in two languages . Multilingual inscriptions are important for the decipherment of ancient writing systems, and for the study of ancient languages with small or repetitive corpora.
The manuscript titled Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan shows the de Landa alphabet , written in Spanish and Mayan; it allowed the decipherment of the Pre-Columbian Maya script in the mid-20th century.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was originally written in English and French. In 2009, it became the most translated document in the world . Unicode stores 481 translations as of November 2021.
Rosetta or Rashid is a port city of the Nile Delta, 65 km east of Alexandria, in Egypt's Beheira governorate. The Rosetta Stone was discovered there in 1799.
Founded around the 9th century on site of the ancient town Bolbitine, Rosetta boomed with the decline of Alexandria following the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, only to wane in importance after Alexandria's revival. During the 19th century, it was a popular British tourist destination, known for its Ottoman mansions, citrus groves and relative cleanliness.
The name of the town most likely comes from an Arabic name Rasid and was transcribed and corrupted in numerous ways - the name Rexi was used by the Crusaders in Middle Ages and Rosetta or Rosette was used by the French at the time of Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in Egypt. The latter lent its name to the Rosetta Stone , which was found by French soldiers at the nearby Fort Julien in 1799.
Some scholars believe that there is no evidence that the city's name comes from Egyptian, and the Coptic form tish is just a late transcription of the Arabic name. Some argue that it could be derived from Ancient Egyptian: r-sdi, lit. 'dug up mouth ' and that the name is ancient.
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Brent <s> London Borough of Brent <p> category of associated people <o> Category:People from the London Borough of Brent <s> London Borough of Brent <p> topic's main category <o> Category:London Borough of Brent </Graph> | <Text> :Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistos was the King of Ptolemaic Egypt from July or August 204 BC until his death in 180 BC.
Ptolemy V, the son of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, inherited the throne at the age of five when his parents died in suspicious circumstances. The new regent, Agathocles, was widely reviled and was toppled by a revolution in 202 BC, but the series of regents who followed proved incompetent and the kingdom was paralysed. The Seleucid king Antiochus III and the Antigonid king Philip V took advantage of the kingdom's weakness to begin the Fifth Syrian War , in which the Ptolemies lost all their territories in Asia Minor and the Levant, as well as most of their influence in the Aegean Sea. Simultaneously, Ptolemy V faced a widespread Egyptian revolt led by the self-proclaimed pharaohs Horwennefer and Ankhwennefer, which resulted in the loss of most of Upper Egypt and parts of Lower Egypt as well.
Ptolemy V came of age in 196 BC and was crowned as pharaoh in Memphis, an occasion commemorated by the creation of the Rosetta Stone. After this, he made peace with Antiochus III and married the daughter of Antiochus III Cleopatra I in 194/3 BC. This outraged the Romans, who had entered into hostilities with Antiochus III partially on Ptolemy V's behalf, and after their victory they distributed the old Ptolemaic territories in Asia Minor to Pergamum and Rhodes rather than returning them to Egypt. However, Ptolemaic forces steadily reconquered the south of the country, bringing all of Upper Egypt back under Ptolemaic control in 186 BC. In his last years, Ptolemy V began manoeuvering for renewed warfare with the Seleucid empire, but these plans were cut short by his sudden death in 180 BC, allegedly poisoned by courtiers worried about the cost of the war.
Ptolemy V's reign saw greatly increased prominence of courtiers and the Egyptian priestly elite in Ptolemaic political life, a pattern that would continue for most of the rest of the kingdom's existence. It also marked the collapse of Ptolemaic power in the wider Mediterranean region. Arthur Eckstein has argued that this collapse sparked the "power transition crisis" that led to the Roman conquest of the eastern Mediterranean.
Pierre-Francois Bouchard was an officer in the French Army of engineers. He is most famous for discovering the Rosetta Stone, an important archaeological find that allowed Ancient Egyptian writing to be understood for the first time in over a millennium.
He was born in 1771 to Pierre Bouchard and his wife Pierrette Janet de Cressia, the youngest of their four daughters and three sons, all born in Orgelet . Pierre-Francois studied in the college in Orgelet up until the classe de rhetorique, then spent two years studying philosophy and mathematics in the college at Besancon. His military career began in 1793 as a sergeant-major in a battalion of the Grenadiers de Paris. He was one of these famous "soldiers of Year II' and fought in Champagne and Belgium, before being sent to the Ecole Nationale d' Aerostatique in 1794. He was made 'lieutenant des aerostiers' and taught maths as sous-directeur of this Ecole, then based in the Chateau de Meudon. There his right eye was badly damaged when a gas flask exploded during an experiment to produce hydrogen gas to inflate observation balloons - the experiment was led by Nicolas-Jacques Conte who lost his left eye. Conte held Bouchard in very high esteem and recommended him to Claude Louis Berthollet, one of the four founding fathers of the Ecole polytechnique, which Bouchard entered on 21 November 1796. There he studied descriptive geometry under Gaspard Monge and learned the art of fortification, until his studies were interrupted when he was taken on by the Ministry of War and attached as a lieutenant to the Egyptian expeditionary force on 20 April 1798.
Before embarking for Egypt, he married Marie Elisabeth Bergere on 23 April 1798 - she was a young woman from Meudon, five years his junior, with whom he much later had two children. He then went to Toulon and on 19 May the same year boarded the Franklin. He landed in Egypt on 4 July after the capture of Alexandria and was then made a member of the Commission des Sciences et des Arts. Still under Conte's command, he was attached to a group of mechanical artists and ordered to investigate Egyptian crafts and techniques. He left Alexandria for Cairo on 7 September and, after a few weeks in Cairo, was on 3 October put under Antoine-Francois Andreossy's command as part of a team of geographers sent to investigate Lake Menzale between Damietta and Port Said. Bouchard was only on this mission for forty days before going before the exit-panel of the Ecole polytechnique presided over by Monge, graduating in mid November. He was then promoted to engineer lieutenant, second class on 28 November 1798 and left the Commission des Sciences et des Arts to train in the army.
He was then put in charge of rebuilding of Fort Julien, an old Mamluk fortification near the port city of Rosetta which Bonaparte had renamed after Thomas Prosper Jullien, recently assassinated in Egypt. During these works he discovered the Rosetta Stone on 15 or 19 July 1799. He was immediately convinced of its importance, an enthusiasm he passed on to generals Menou and Bonaparte. He found himself caught up in the fiasco which led to the fall of the fort of El-Arish, which he and general Cazals were defending against the Ottomans. He was sent as an envoy to the Grand Vizier but was arrested, disarmed and imprisoned in Damascus for forty-two days. On his release he was promoted to captain on 1 May 1800 and attached again to the force at Rosetta, where he was again captured when the small French garrison Fort Jullien had to capitulate to the 2,000 British and 4,000 Ottoman troops sent against them. He was released at the end of the war in Egypt and got back to Marseille on 30 July 1801.
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with more than 100 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the Proto-Sinaitic script that later evolved into the Phoenician alphabet. Through the Phoenician alphabet's major child systems , the Egyptian hieroglyphic script is ancestral to the majority of scripts in modern use, most prominently the Latin and Cyrillic scripts and the Arabic script, and possibly the Brahmic family of scripts .
The use of hieroglyphic writing arose from proto-literate symbol systems in the Early Bronze Age, around the 32nd century BC , with the first decipherable sentence written in the Egyptian language dating to the Second Dynasty . Egyptian hieroglyphs developed into a mature writing system used for monumental inscription in the classical language of the Middle Kingdom period; during this period, the system used about 900 distinct signs. The use of this writing system continued through the New Kingdom and Late Period, and on into the Persian and Ptolemaic periods. Late survivals of hieroglyphic use are found well into the Roman period, extending into the 4th century AD.
With the final closing of pagan temples in the 5th century, knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was lost. Although attempts were made, the script remained undeciphered throughout the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The decipherment of hieroglyphic writing was finally accomplished in the 1820s by Jean-Francois Champollion, with the help of the Rosetta Stone.
The number of words contained in all Ancient Egyptian texts known today is approximately 5 million, and tends towards 10 million if counting duplicates separately. The most complete compendium of Ancient Egyptian, Worterbuch der agyptischen Sprache, contains 1.5-1.7 million words.
According to the QAPF diagram, granodiorite has a greater than 20% quartz by volume, and between 65% and 90% of the feldspar is plagioclase. A greater amount of plagioclase would designate the rock as tonalite.
Granodiorite is felsic to intermediate in composition. It is the intrusive igneous equivalent of the extrusive igneous dacite. It contains a large amount of sodium and calcium rich plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartz, and minor amounts of muscovite mica as the lighter colored mineral components. Biotite and amphiboles often in the form of hornblende are more abundant in granodiorite than in granite, giving it a more distinct two-toned or overall darker appearance. Mica may be present in well-formed hexagonal crystals, and hornblende may appear as needle-like crystals. Minor amounts of oxide minerals such as magnetite, ilmenite, and ulvospinel, as well as some sulfide minerals may also be present.
Granodiorite is a plutonic igneous rock, formed by intrusion of silica-rich magma, which cools in batholiths or stocks below the Earth's surface. It is usually only exposed at the surface after uplift and erosion have occurred.
The name comes from two related rocks to which granodiorite is an intermediate: granite and diorite. The gran- root comes from the Latin granum for "grain", an English language derivative. Diorite is named after the contrasting colors of the rock.
Fort Julien is a fort located on the left or west bank of the Nile about 5 kilometres north-west of Rashid on the north coast of Egypt. It was originally built by the Ottoman Empire and occupied by the French during Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in Egypt and Syria between 1798 and 1801. The fort became famous as the place where the Rosetta Stone was found in 1799.
The fort is a low, squat rectangular structure with a central blockhouse that overlooks the final few kilometres of the Nile before it joins the Mediterranean Sea. It was built around 1470 by the Mamluk Sultan Qait Bey, who also built the eponymous Citadel of Qaitbay in Alexandria. In 1516, Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri reinforced it with a defensive wall. The fort subsequently fell into disrepair. The fort was built in part from stone looted from nearby ancient Egyptian sites; when Vivant Denon visited it in 1799, he noted that it was "constructed of parts of old buildings; and that several of the stones of the embrasures were of the fine free-stone of Upper Egypt, and still covered with hieroglyphics."
The French took possession of the dilapidated fort on 19 July 1799, only a few days before the Battle of Abukir, and embarked on a hasty rebuilding. It was subsequently reconstructed in a more thoroughgoing fashion and was renamed Fort Julien after Thomas Prosper Jullien. One of Napoleon's aides-de-camp, Lieutenant Pierre-Francois Bouchard, uncovered the famous Rosetta Stone at the fort while repairing its defences. Qait Bey's engineers had apparently brought it to the site from elsewhere, possibly a temple at nearby Sais, to use as fill. Two years later, the fort was captured by a combined British and Turkish force after a short siege and bombardment.
The fort was extensively restored by the Egyptian government in the 1980s and reopened in 1985 by President Hosni Mubarak. It is now surrounded on three sides by the village of Izbat Burj Rashid and is open to the public. It is possible to reach it by taxi from Rashid.
Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg, is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union and the seat of several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority. Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its French and German neighbors; while Luxembourgish is the only national language of the Luxembourgish people and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, French is the only language for legislation, and all three - Luxembourgish, French and German - are used for administrative matters in the country.
With an area of 2,586 square kilometers , Luxembourg is Europe's seventh-smallest country. In 2023, it had a population of 660,809, which makes it one of the least-populated countries in Europe, albeit with the highest population growth rate; foreigners account for nearly half the population. Luxembourg is a representative democracy headed by a constitutional monarch, Grand Duke Henri, making it the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy.
Luxembourg is a developed country with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest GDP per capita as per IMF and World Bank estimates. The nation's levels of human development and LGBT equality are ranked among the highest in Europe. The historic city including its fortification was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of its vast fortifications and historic quarters. Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, OECD, the United Nations, NATO, and the Benelux. It served on the United Nations Security Council for the first time in 2013 and 2014.
The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in the year 963, when Count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications, known as Lucilinburhuc, "little castle", and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier. Siegfried's descendants increased their territory through marriage, conquest, and vassalage. By the end of the 13th century, the counts of Luxembourg reigned over a considerable territory. In 1308, Count of Luxembourg Henry VII became King of the Romans and later Holy Roman Emperor; the House of Luxembourg would produce four Holy Roman Emperors during the High Middle Ages. In 1354, Charles IV elevated the county to the Duchy of Luxembourg. The duchy eventually became part of the Burgundian Circle and then one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands.
The London Borough of Islington is a London borough which forms part of Inner London, England. Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, by the amalgamation of the metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury.
The new entity remains the second smallest borough in London and the third-smallest district in England. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies; Islington North, represented by former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn, and Islington South & Finsbury represented by Labour MP Emily Thornberry. The local authority is Islington Council. The borough is home to football club Arsenal, one of the premier league clubs in England, and its home Emirates Stadium.
Islington was originally named by the Saxons Giseldone , then Gislandune . The name means 'Gisla's hill' from the Old English personal name Gisla and dun 'hill', 'down'. The name then later mutated to Isledon, which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many small manors in the area, along with Bernersbury, Neweton Berewe or Hey-bury, and Canonesbury . "Islington" came to be applied as the name for the parish covering these villages and was the name chosen for the Metropolitan Borough of Islington on its formation in 1899. On the merger with Finsbury to form the modern borough, this name came to be applied to the whole borough.
The southern part of the borough, south of the A501 Pentonville Road and City Road, forms part of the central London congestion charging zone and the Ultra Low Emission Zone. A significant part of the southern section of the borough borders the City of London, with the area to the west bordering the London Borough of Camden. The central London area includes Farringdon and Old Street stations both in Zone 1.
Brent is a borough in north-west London, England. It is known for landmarks such as Wembley Stadium, the Swaminarayan Temple and the Kiln Theatre. It also contains the Welsh Harp reservoir and the Park Royal commercial estate. The local authority is Brent London Borough Council.
Brent's population is estimated to be 339,800. Major districts are Kilburn, Willesden, Wembley and Harlesden, with sub-districts Stonebridge, Kingsbury, Kensal Green, Neasden, and Kenton. Brent has a mixture of residential, industrial and commercial land. It includes many districts of inner-city character in the east and a more distinct suburban character in the west, part of which formed part of the early 20th century Metroland developments.
Brent was formed in 1965 from the area of the former Municipal Borough of Wembley and Municipal Borough of Willesden of Middlesex. The Municipal Borough of Wembley was formed by a merger of the parishes of Wembley and Kingsbury in 1934.
The borough includes three parliamentary constituencies: Brent North, Brent Central and Hampstead and Kilburn, which includes part of the London Borough of Camden. Before the 2010 United Kingdom general election it was divided into three constituencies contained wholly within the borough - Brent South, Brent East and Brent North.
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London Borough of Camden <p> category combines topics <o> place of death <s> Category:Deaths in the London Borough of Camden <p> opposite of <o> Category:Births in the London Borough of Camden </Graph> | <Text> :The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough in North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by others as part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 by the amalgamation of three former boroughs. It shares borders with six other London boroughs. Clockwise from the north, they are: Enfield, Waltham Forest, Hackney, Islington, Camden, and Barnet.
Haringey covers an area of more than 11 square miles . Some of the more familiar local landmarks include Alexandra Palace, Bruce Castle, Jacksons Lane, Highpoint I and II, and Tottenham Hotspur Football Club. The borough has extreme contrasts: areas in the west, such as Highgate, Muswell Hill and Crouch End are among the most prosperous in the country; in the east of the borough, some wards are classified as being among the most deprived 10% in the country. Haringey is also a borough of contrasts geographically. From the wooded high ground around Highgate and Muswell Hill, at 426.5 feet , the land falls sharply away to the flat, open low-lying land beside the River Lea in the east. The borough includes large areas of green space, which make up more than 25% of its total area.
The names Haringey, Harringay and Hornsey in use today are all different variations of the same Old English: Haeringeshege. Haering was a Saxon chief who lived probably in the area around Hornsey. Haeringeshege meant Haering's enclosure and evolved into Haringey, Harringay and Hornsey.
In the Iron Age and Roman periods, Haringey was peopled by a Celtic tribe called the Catuvellauni, whose extensive lands centred on Hertfordshire and Middlesex. The Romans' presence is evidenced chiefly by the roads they built through the area. Tottenham High Road was part of the main Roman thoroughfare of Ermine Street. There have also been Roman finds in the borough which suggests possible Roman settlement.
Camden Town Hall, known as St Pancras Town Hall until 1965, is the headquarters of Camden London Borough Council. The main entrance is in Judd street with its northern elevation extending along Euston Road, opposite the main front of St Pancras railway station. It has been Grade II listed since 1996.
In the early 20th century the borough council was based at the 19th century vestry offices in St Pancras Way which had been commissioned for the Parish of St Pancras. After civic leaders found that the vestry offices were inadequate for their needs, they elected to construct a purpose-built facility: the site selected on Euston Road had previously been occupied by some Georgian terraced housing.
The new building was designed by Albert Thomas, who also designed housing schemes for the St Pancras Borough Council, in the neoclassical style. The construction which was undertaken by Dove Brothers of Islington involved a steel frame clad with Portland stone and the work started in 1934. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with 13 bays facing onto Judd Street; the central section of three bays featured three doorways on the ground floor; there were three windows on each of the first and second floors flanked by huge Corinthian order columns supporting a pediment. A carving of the borough coat of arms was erected above the central window on the first floor. The design for the Euston Road frontage involved 23 bays with two sections designed in a similar style to the Judd Street elevation i.e. with windows flanked by huge Corinthian order columns supporting pediments. Internally, the principal rooms were an assembly hall on the ground floor in the east of the building and the council chamber and mayor's parlour on the first floor in the west of the building. The building was officially opened in October 1937.
A "Caribbean Carnival", a precursor of the Notting Hill Carnival, was held on 30 January 1959 in the town hall, organised by activist Claudia Jones as a response to the 1958 Notting Hill race riots and the state of race relations in Britain at the time. A few months later, on 27 May 1959, Princess Margaret attended a meeting of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in the town hall.
In England, an unparished area is an area that is not covered by a civil parish . Most urbanised districts of England are either entirely or partly unparished. Many towns and some cities in otherwise rural districts are also unparished areas and therefore no longer have a town council or city council, and are instead directly managed by a higher local authority such as a district or county council.
Until the mid-nineteenth century there had been many areas that did not belong to any parish, known as extra-parochial areas. Acts of Parliament between 1858 and 1868 sought to abolish such areas, converting them into parishes or absorbing them into neighbouring parishes. After 1868 there were very few extra-parochial areas left; those remaining were mostly islands, such as Lundy, which did not have a neighbouring parish into which they could be absorbed.
Modern unparished areas , were created in 1965 in London and in 1974 elsewhere. They generally arose where former urban districts, municipal boroughs or county boroughs were abolished and where no successor parish was established. Parishes were not allowed in Greater London until the passing of the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 and it remained entirely unparished from 1965 until Queen's Park was created in 2014.
Some cities and towns which are unparished areas in larger districts have charter trustees to maintain a historic charter, such as city status or simply the mayoralty of a town.
Hampstead was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in London, England. It was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, governed by an administrative vestry. The parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and became part of the County of London in 1889. The parish of Hampstead became a metropolitan borough in 1900, following the London Government Act 1899, with the parish vestry replaced by a borough council. In 1965 the borough was abolished and its former area became part of the London Borough of Camden in Greater London.
It included Primrose Hill, Hampstead, Belsize Park, West Hampstead, South Hampstead, much of Hampstead Heath and part of Kilburn and Cricklewood. Some street signs still bear the 'Borough of Hampstead' name.
The ancient parish, was originally dedicated to St Mary, but in 1747 it was rededicated to St John. It was in the Diocese of London. From 1852, as the population of Hampstead increased, a number of new parishes were formed:
The mitre stands for the Westminster Abbey, to which the Manor of Hampstead was granted by Ethelred the Unready in 986, and remained in its possession until 1539. The fleurs-de-lys and stag's head are from the arms of the Hickes family, one of whom, Viscount Camden, purchased the Manor. On his death in 1629 it passed to the Noel family from whose arms are taken the fretty chief. The Manor was sold to Sir William Langthorne in 1707, who is represented by the white cross and red fleurs-de-lys from his arms.
St Pancras was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in London, England. It was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, governed by an administrative vestry. The parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and became part of the County of London in 1889. The parish of St Pancras became a metropolitan borough in 1900, following the London Government Act 1899, with the parish vestry replaced by a borough council. In 1965 the borough was abolished and its former area became part of the London Borough of Camden in Greater London.
It included Tottenham Court Road, Camden Town, St Pancras, Kings Cross, Somers Town, Kentish Town, Euston, and part of Regent's Park. There are still a few street name signs with "Borough of St Pancras" on them.
St Pancras was just outside the area of London mortality statistics known as the bills of mortality, and was counted as one of the "five villages beyond the Bills". In 1801 it was included as a metropolitan parish for census purposes and was part of statistical returns for the Metropolis from that date.
The parish adopted the Vestries Act 1831, which provided for election of vestrymen by all ratepayers. The vestry was incorporated as a local authority by the Metropolis Management Act 1855. St Pancras had a local act to regulate the poor law so was unaffected by the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. The Metropolitan Poor Act 1867 later provided that the Poor Law Board could add it to a poor law union or install a board of guardians. The parish was transferred from the County of Middlesex to the County of London in 1889. Following the London Government Act 1899, the civil parish of St Pancras also became a metropolitan borough. The vestry was replaced with a borough council.
The Metropolitan Borough of Holborn was a metropolitan borough in the County of London between 1900 and 1965. The borough included most of Holborn as well as Bloomsbury and St Giles.
Previous to the borough's formation it had been administered by two separate local bodies: Holborn District Board of Works and St Giles District Board of Works. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery had not been under the control of any local authority prior to 1900.
St Giles, St George and St Andrew were depicted on the borough seal. The several constituent parishes were illustrated in the arms granted to Holborn in 1906, while the supporters, the Lion and the Griffin are from the arms of Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn .
Several of the street name signs in the British Museum/Senate House area still bear the "Borough of Holborn" area designation. Holborn Town Hall, built in 1894, still exists, on High Holborn, and still has the coat of arms in the facade.
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<o> Ward of Coleman Street <s> City of London <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ward of Tower <s> City of London <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ward of Bridge <s> City of London <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ward of Broad Street <s> City of London <p> contains the administrative territorial entity <o> Ward of Castle Baynard <s> City of London <p> shares border with <o> London Borough of Islington <s> City of London <p> shares border with <o> London Borough of Tower Hamlets <s> City of London <p> legislative body <o> Court of Common Council <s> City of London <p> flag <o> flag of the City of London <s> City of London <p> patron saint <o> Paul the Apostle <s> City of London <p> coat of arms <o> coat of arms of the City of London <s> City of London <p> instance of <o> ceremonial county of England <s> City of London <p> historic county <o> Middlesex <s> City of London <p> office held by head of government <o> Lord Mayor of London <s> City of London <p> shares border with <o> City of Westminster <s> City of London <p> topic's main category <o> Category:City of London <s> cabinet of Camden borough council <p> country <o> United Kingdom <s> cabinet of Camden borough council <p> part of <o> Camden London Borough Council <s> cabinet of Camden borough council <p> instance of <o> executive branch <s> cabinet of Camden borough council <p> applies to jurisdiction <o> London Borough of Camden <s> cabinet of Camden borough council <p> has part(s) <o> leader of Camden borough council </Graph> | <Text> :Georgia Gould is an American professional mountain bike and cyclocross competitor, and Olympian . She has earned five career national championships - four in cross-country mountain bike in 2006, 2010, 2011 and 2012, and one in short track mountain bike in 2009. In 2012, Gould won the bronze medal at the London Olympic Games in cross country mountain bike. From 2006-2016 Gould was employed by the LUNA Pro Team. In 2012, Gould was named North American MTB Woman of the Year by VeloNews magazine.She currently resides in East Burke, Vermont with her husband, Dusty LaBarr.
From 2006-2016 Georgia Gould finished on the podium of the USA Mountain Bike National Championships in either cross-country, short track, or both. She earned national titles in cross-country in 2006, 2010, 2011 and 2012, and short track in 2009. In 2007, Gould became only the second woman in history to sweep all six of the USA National Mountain Bike Series races . The last to do so was American Juli Furtado in 1993. Gould reprised her NMBS series win in cross-country in 2008, and again by winning the 2010 US Pro Cross-Country Tour.
Internationally Gould has been similarly successful: In 2012, she won the bronze medal for cross-country mountain bike at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. In 2008, she finished 5th overall in the UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, and followed it with a 4th place overall in 2010. In 2007, she won the gold medal at the 2007 Pan American Mountain Bike Championships in Neuquen, Argentina, propelling the US Women's mountain biking program to the top of international rankings. In 2009, Gould finished 2nd in the American Continental Mountain Bike Championships in Santiago, Chile.
Georgia Gould has excelled in cyclocross both domestically and internationally, finishing no worse than third in the USA Cyclocross National Championships since 2006 . She has won the U.S. Gran Prix of Cyclocross series three times and the North American Cyclocross Trophy once in 2008. Internationally Gould won the 2008 GP Hotel Threeland in Petange, Luxembourg and placed 3rd in the 2008 Grand Prix Nommay, part of the UCI Cyclocross World Cup.
Greater London is the administrative area of London, England, which is coterminous with the London region. It contains 33 local government districts: the 32 London boroughs, which form a ceremonial county also called Greater London, and the City of London. The Greater London Authority is responsible for strategic local government across the region, and regular local government is the responsibility of the borough councils and the City of London Corporation. Greater London is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Hertfordshire to the north, Essex to the north-east, Kent to the south-east, Surrey to the south, and Berkshire and Buckinghamshire to the west.
Greater London has a geographic area of 1,572 km2 and a population of 9,002,488. The ceremonial county of Greater London is only slightly smaller, with an area of 1,569 km2 and a population of 8,889,375. The area is almost entirely urbanised and contains the majority of the Greater London Built-up Area, which extends into Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Surrey, and Berkshire and in 2011 had a population of 9,787,426. None of the administrative area, region, or ceremonial county hold city status, but the boroughs of the City of London and City of Westminster do. The area was historically part of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.
The River Thames is the defining geographic feature of the area, entering it near Hampton in the west and flowing east before exiting downstream of Dagenham. Several tributaries of the Thames flow through the area, but are now mostly culverted and form part of London's sewerage system. The land immediately north and south of the river is flat, but rises to low hills further away, notably Hampstead Heath, Shooter's Hill, and Sydenham Hill. The area's highest point is Westerham Heights ), part of the North Downs. In the north-east the area contains part of Epping Forest, an ancient woodland.
The City of London has had its own government since the Anglo-Saxon period. The first London-wide directly elected local government was the London County Council, established for the County of London in 1889, which covered the core of the urban area. In 1965 the county was abolished and replaced by Greater London, a two-tier administrative area governed by the Greater London Council, thirty-two London boroughs, and the City of London Corporation. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, and its responsibilities largely taken over by the boroughs. The Greater London Authority was formed in 2000.
Abu Dis or Abu Deis is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, in the Jerusalem Governorate of the State of Palestine, bordering Jerusalem. Since the 1995 Oslo II Accord, Abu Dis land has been mostly part of "Area B", under Israeli military control and Palestinian civic control. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics census, Abu Dis had a population of 12,251 in 2017.
Abu Dis is situated on an ancient site, surrounded by deep valleys. Ruins have been found of ancient buildings, cisterns, grape presses and caves, one with a columbarium. Ceramics from Late Roman and Byzantine period has also been found.
Abu Dis was one of the most populous villages in the Sanjak of Jerusalem during the 16th century, with a population of several hundred. Wheat and barley formed the bulk of cash crops, but were supplemented by grapes, olives, fruit trees, beans, and products from goats and bees. Descendants of Saladin lived in the village and were entrusted one-third of the grain revenue by the Ottoman Empire. The adult males of the village paid a combined 6,250 akce in annual taxes, a much more lower figure than other villages of the same size in the sanjak such as Beit Jala, Ein Karim, and Deir Dibwan. This could indicate that Abu Dis was less prosperous, alternatively it could be because it had fewer non-Muslims. In October 1553, Shaykh Sa'd al-Din al-Sharafi al-Maliki was appointed as the administrator of the waqf of the village, but was replaced in 1554 by Muhammad al-Fakhuri at the request of three prominent villagers who complained to the qadi of Jerusalem. He remained in this position until 1563. In 1596 Abu Dis appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 80 Muslim households, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and/or bee hives; a total of 15,000 akce. All of the revenue went to a waqf.
When Guerin visited the village in 1870 he noted a house larger and higher than the others, which was that of the local sheikh. An official Ottoman village list from about the same year showed that Abu Dis had 52 houses and a population of 326, though the population count included only men.
Camden London Borough Council is the local authority for the London Borough of Camden in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in the United Kingdom capital of London. Camden is divided into 20 wards, each electing two or three councillors.
Following the 2022 election Camden London Borough Council comprised 47 Labour Party councillors , 4 Liberal Democrat councillors, 3 Conservative Party councillors, and one for the Green Party. The Liberal Democrats overtook the Conservatives as the second-largest group. The Liberal Democrats won a by-election in the Hampstead Town ward in July 2022, taking the seat from Labour and Co-operative.
The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced three local authorities: Hampstead Metropolitan Borough Council, Holborn Metropolitan Borough Council and St Pancras Metropolitan Borough Council.
There have previously been a number of local authorities responsible for the Camden area. The current local authority was first elected in 1964, a year before formally coming into its powers and prior to the creation of the London Borough of Camden on 1 April 1965. Camden London Borough Council replaced Hampstead Metropolitan Borough Council, Holborn Metropolitan Borough Council and St Pancras Metropolitan Borough Council. All three had been created in 1900, in Hampstead and St Pancras the borough councils replaced the parish vestries, and in Holborn the metropolitan borough council replaced the Holborn District Board of Works and the St Giles District Board of Works.
Camden Town , often shortened to Camden, is an area in the London Borough of Camden, around 2.5 miles north-northwest of Charing Cross. Historically in Middlesex, it is identified in the London Plan as one of 34 major centres in Greater London.
Laid out as a residential district from 1791 and originally part of the manor of Kentish Town and the parish of St Pancras, Camden Town became an important location during the early development of the railways, which reinforced its position on the London canal network. The area's industrial economic base has been replaced by service industries such as retail, tourism and entertainment. The area now hosts street markets and music venues associated with alternative culture.
Camden Town is named after Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden. His earldom was styled after his estate, Camden Place near Chislehurst in Kent , formerly owned by historian William Camden. The name, which appears on the Ordnance Survey map of 1822, was later applied to the early-20th-century Camden Town Group of artists and the London Borough of Camden, created in 1965.
The emergence of the industrial revolution in the 19th century meant Camden was the North Western Railway's terminal stop in 1837. It was where goods were transported off the tracks and onto the roads of London by 250 000 workhorses. The whole area was adapted to a transportation function: the Roundhouse , Camden Lock and the Stables were examples of this.
The City of London, widely referred to simply as the City, is a city, ceremonial county and local government district that contains the ancient centre, and constitutes, alongside Canary Wharf, the primary central business district of London and one of the leading financial centres of the world. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the modern area referred to as London has since grown far beyond the City of London boundary. The City is now only a small part of the metropolis of Greater London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, the City of London is not one of the London boroughs, a status reserved for the other 32 districts . It is also a separate ceremonial county, being an enclave surrounded by Greater London, and is the smallest ceremonial county in England.
The City of London is known colloquially as the Square Mile, as it is 1.12 sq mi in area. Both the terms the City and the Square Mile are often used as metonyms for the UK's trading and financial services industries, which continue a notable history of being largely based in the City. The name London is now ordinarily used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 Greater London boroughs, in addition to the City of London itself.
The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council, such as being the police authority. It is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries, e.g. Hampstead Heath. The corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London . The Lord Mayor, as of November 2023, is Michael Mainelli. The City is made up of 25 wards, with administration at the historic Guildhall. Other historic sites include St Paul's Cathedral, Royal Exchange, Mansion House, Old Bailey, and Smithfield Market. Although not within the City, the adjacent Tower of London, built to dominate the City, is part of its old defensive perimeter. The City has responsibility for five bridges in its capacity as trustee of the Bridge House Estates: Blackfriars Bridge, Millennium Bridge, Southwark Bridge, London Bridge and Tower Bridge.
The City is a major business and financial centre, with both the Bank of England and the London Stock Exchange based in the City. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the world's primary business centre, and it continues to be a major meeting point for businesses. London came second in the Global Financial Centres Index, published in 2022. The insurance industry is located in the eastern side of the city, around Lloyd's building. Since about the 1980s, a secondary financial district has existed outside the city, at Canary Wharf, 2.5 miles to the east. The legal profession forms a major component of the northern and western sides of the City, especially in the Temple and Chancery Lane areas where the Inns of Court are located, of which two--Inner Temple and Middle Temple--fall within the City of London boundary.
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category for the view of the item <o> Category:Views of the Acropolis of Athens <s> Acropolis of Athens <p> category for the view from the item <o> Category:Views from the Acropolis in Athens <s> group of works <p> subclass of <o> work <s> group of works <p> subclass of <o> group <s> group of works <p> has part(s) <o> creative work <s> group of works <p> different from <o> series of creative works </Graph> | <Text> :The London Borough of Barnet is a local authority area on the northern outskirts of London. The borough was formed in 1965 from parts of the ceremonial counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It is the second largest London borough by population with 389,344 inhabitants as of 2021, also making it the 17th largest district in England. The borough covers an area of 86.74 square kilometres , the fourth highest of the 32 London boroughs, and has a population density of 45.8 people per hectare, which ranks it 25th.
Barnet borders the Hertfordshire district of Hertsmere to the north and five other London boroughs: Camden and Haringey to the southeast, Enfield to the east, as well as Harrow and Brent to the west of the ancient Watling Street . The borough's major urban settlements are Hendon, Finchley, Golders Green, Friern Barnet, Chipping Barnet, Whetstone, and Edgware; there are also village settlements notably Totteridge and Arkley along with rural areas and countryside part of the Green Belt.
The borough was formed under the London Government Act 1963 in 1965 from the Municipal Borough of Finchley, Municipal Borough of Hendon and the Friern Barnet Urban District of Middlesex and the East Barnet Urban District and Barnet Urban District of Hertfordshire. The Act did not include a name for the new borough. A joint committee of the councils due to be amalgamated suggested "Northgate" or "Northern Heights". Keith Joseph, the Minister of Housing and Local Government, eventually chose Barnet. The place name Barnet is derived from the Old English baernet meaning "Land cleared by burning".
The area covered by the modern borough has a long history. Evidence of first-century Roman pottery manufacturing has been found at Brockley Hill and Roman coins from the third and fourth centuries were found at Burnt Oak. Both sites are on the Roman road Watling Street from London and St Albans which now forms the western border of the borough.
Ancient Greece was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th-9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity , that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories. Most of these regions were officially unified only once, for 13 years, under Alexander the Great's empire from 336 to 323 BC. In Western history, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine period.
Three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period and the colonization of the Mediterranean Basin. This was followed by the age of Classical Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the 5th to 4th centuries BC, and which included the Golden Age of Athens. The conquests of Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic civilization from the western Mediterranean to Central Asia. The Hellenistic period ended with the conquest of the eastern Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic, and the annexation of the Roman province of Macedonia in Roman Greece, and later the province of Achaea during the Roman Empire.
Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on ancient Rome, which carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization, the seminal culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art.
Classical antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC and ended in the 6th century AD.
Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevare, to raise . To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. When a relief is carved into a flat surface of stone or wood , the field is actually lowered, leaving the unsculpted areas seeming higher. The approach requires a lot of chiselling away of the background, which takes a long time. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, particularly in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mache the form can be simply added to or raised up from the background. Monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting.
There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field, for which the Italian and French terms are still sometimes used in English. The full range includes high relief , where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas, mid-relief , low relief , and shallow-relief , where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements. There is also sunk relief, which was mainly restricted to Ancient Egypt . However, the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work.
The definition of these terms is somewhat variable, and many works combine areas in more than one of them, rarely sliding between them in a single figure; accordingly some writers prefer to avoid all distinctions. The opposite of relief sculpture is counter-relief, intaglio, or cavo-rilievo, where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it; this is very rare in monumental sculpture. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, though they are rarely seen in "sunk relief" and are usual in "bas-relief" and "counter-relief". Works in the technique are described as "in relief", and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is "a relief".
Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of smaller settings, and a sequence of several panels or sections of relief may represent an extended narrative. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with many figures and very active poses, such as battles, than free-standing "sculpture in the round". Most ancient architectural reliefs were originally painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. The subject of reliefs is for convenient reference assumed in this article to be usually figures, but sculpture in relief often depicts decorative geometrical or foliage patterns, as in the arabesques of Islamic art, and may be of any subject.
Articles relating to the Elgin Marbles and their depictions, a collection of sculptures and other parts of the Parthenon taken by agents of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, while Greece was under Ottoman rule, and sent to Britain.
Phidias or Pheidias was an Ancient Greek sculptor, painter, and architect, active in the 5th century BC. His Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely the Athena Parthenos inside the Parthenon, and the Athena Promachos, a colossal bronze which stood between it and the Propylaea, a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. Phidias was the son of Charmides of Athens. The ancients believed that his masters were Hegias and Ageladas.
Plutarch discusses Phidias' friendship with the Greek statesman Pericles, recording that enemies of Pericles tried to attack him through Phidias - who was accused of stealing gold intended for the Parthenon's statue of Athena, and of impiously portraying himself and Pericles on the shield of the statue. The historical value of this account, as well as the legend about accusations against the 'Periclean circle', is debatable, but Aristophanes mentions an incident with Phidias around that time.
Of Phidias' life, little is known apart from his works. Although no original works exist that can be attributed to him with certainty, numerous Roman copies of varying degrees of fidelity are known to exist.
The earliest of Phidias' works were dedications in memory of Marathon, celebrating the Greek victory. His first commission was a group of national heroes with Miltiades as a central figure. At Delphi he created a great group in bronze including the figures of Greek gods Apollo and Athena, several Attic heroes, and General Miltiades the Younger. On the Acropolis of Athens, Phidias constructed a colossal bronze statue of Athena, the Athena Promachos, which was visible far out at sea. Athena was the goddess of wisdom and warriors and the protector of Athens. At Pellene in Achaea, and at Plataea, Phidias made two other statues of Athena, as well as a statue of the goddess Aphrodite in ivory and gold for the people of Elis.
Marble has been the preferred material for stone monumental sculpture since ancient times, with several advantages over its more common geological "parent" limestone, in particular the ability to absorb light a small distance into the surface before refracting it in subsurface scattering. This gives an attractive soft appearance that is especially good for representing human skin, which can also be polished.
Of the many different types of marble the pure white ones are generally used for sculpture, with coloured ones preferred for many architectural and decorative uses. The degree of hardness is right to carve without too much difficulty, but still give a very durable result, if not exposed to acid rain or seawater.
Famous individual types and quarries include from classical times Parian marble from Paros, used for the Venus de Milo and many other Ancient Greek sculptures, and Pentelic marble, from near Athens, used for most of the Parthenon sculptures, and by the Romans. Carrara marble from northern Italy was used by the Romans, and very extensively up to recent decades, when the pure white statuario grade more or less ran out. This was used by Michelangelo and other Renaissance sculptors, and later exported, including to America.
Marble is a metamorphic rock derived from limestone, composed mostly of calcite . The original source of the parent limestone is the seabed deposition of calcium carbonate in the form of microscopic animal skeletons or similar materials. Marble is formed when the limestone is transformed by heat and pressure after being overlain by other materials. The finest marbles for sculpture have no or few stains, though natural stains can be incorporated into the work itself.
Mount Pentelicus or Pentelikon is a mountain in Attica, Greece, situated northeast of Athens and southwest of Marathon. Its highest point is the peak Pyrgari, with an elevation of 1,109 m. The mountain is covered in large part with forest , and can be seen from southern Athens , the Pedia plain, Parnitha, and the southern part of the northern suburbs of Athens. Houses surround the mountain, especially in Vrilissia, Penteli, Ekali, Dionysos, and north of Gerakas. Marble from Mount Pentelicus is of exceptionally high quality and was used to construct much of the Athenian Acropolis. Later, Pentelic marble was exported to Rome, where it was used in construction and in sculptures.
Mount Pentelicus has been famous for its marble since antiquity. Pentelic marble was used for the construction of buildings in ancient Athens, particularly the Acropolis. The ancient quarry is protected by law, and used exclusively to obtain material for the Acropolis Restoration Project. The roadway used to transport marble blocks from the quarry to the Acropolis in antiquity is a continual downhill, and follows the natural lay of the land. It has been researched and fully documented by the chief Acropolis restoration architect, Professor Manolis Korres, in his award-winning book From Pentelicon to the Parthenon. A monastery is also located in the middle of the mountain, north-east of the city center.
Pentelic marble is white with a uniform, faint yellow tint, which makes it shine with a golden hue under sunlight. Pentelic marble is calcitic in composition with quartz as an accessory mineral. It is fine grained with sporadic calcitic fossil clasts. Pentelic marble is divided into 3 units distinguishable by d13C and d18O values. d13C and d18O values have been used to precisely match marbles from the Acropolis to their source quarries. The Elgin Marbles have been traced to Unit 3 using this method.
A fire in early July 1995 consumed much of the mountain forest, and the eastern half became residential districts of the Athens area. The volume of smoke was tremendous; it nearly covered the entire northeastern part of Athens, and all terrestrial televisual media covered the fire. The blaze lasted about five days; it reached east of Penteli about 5:30 p.m. local time, and then into the Pentelis and Vrilissia, consuming a group of houses on Friday night , the northern range on Saturday morning, Rhea on Saturday afternoon, Anoixi on Monday, and the Dionysus communities on Saturday. It consumed three quarters of the slopes of Mount Pentelicus, and was the worst forest fire Athens and Greece had seen in the 20th century. Housing development took place in the eastern half of the mountain which removed what was left of nature from the mountain, and streets are grid and circular. Many are luxurious and several houses were later added; a mining area also removed what was left from nature in the eastern half. The northern half remains heavily forested.
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word Acropolis is from the Greek words akron and polis . The term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece. During ancient times the Acropolis of Athens was also more properly known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king.
While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC, it was Pericles in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the buildings whose present remains are the site's most important ones, including the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike. The Parthenon and the other buildings were seriously damaged during the 1687 siege by the Venetians during the Morean War when gunpowder being stored by the then Turkish rulers in the Parthenon was hit by a Venetian bombardment and exploded.
The Acropolis is located on a flattish-topped rock that rises 150 m above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 ha . While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era, there have been documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic period .
There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron palace stood upon the hill during the late Bronze Age. Nothing of this megaron survives except, probably, a single limestone column base and pieces of several sandstone steps. Soon after the palace was constructed, a Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built, 760 meters long, up to 10 meters high, and ranging from 3.5 to 6 meters thick. From the end of the Helladic IIIB on, this wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis until the 5th century. The wall consisted of two parapets built with large stone blocks and cemented with an earth mortar called emplekton . The wall uses typical Mycenaean conventions in that it followed the natural contour of the terrain and its gate, which was towards the south, was arranged obliquely, with a parapet and tower overhanging the incomers' right-hand side, thus facilitating defense. There were two lesser approaches up the hill on its north side, consisting of steep, narrow flights of steps cut in the rock. Homer is assumed to refer to this fortification when he mentions the "strong-built house of Erechtheus" . At some time before the 13th century BC, an earthquake caused a fissure near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis. This fissure extended some 35 meters to a bed of soft marl in which a well was dug. An elaborate set of stairs was built and the well served as an invaluable, protected source of drinking water during times of siege for some portion of the Mycenaean period.
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Vipusk Выпуск II, 1892 <s> Bible Encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nicephorus <p> has part(s) <o> Illustrirovannaya polnaya populyarnaya biblyeiskaya entsiklopediya. Vipusk Выпуск III, 1892 <s> Bible Encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nicephorus <p> has part(s) <o> Illustrirovannaya polnaya populyarnaya biblyeiskaya entsiklopediya. Vipusk Выпуск I, 1891 <s> Bible Encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nicephorus <p> has part(s) <o> Illustrirovannaya polnaya populyarnaya biblyeiskaya entsiklopediya. 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Metzler <s> Paulys Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft <p> follows <o> Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft in alphabetischer Ordnung <s> Paulys Realenzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft <p> instance of <o> written work <s> Cincinnati <p> demographics of topic <o> demographics of Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> different from <o> Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> located in statistical territorial entity <o> Cincinnati metropolitan area <s> Cincinnati <p> category for maps <o> Category:Maps of Cincinnati, Ohio <s> Cincinnati <p> country <o> United States of America <s> Cincinnati <p> located in time zone <o> Eastern Time Zone <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Cincinnati <p> located in time zone <o> UTC−04:00 <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron <s> Cincinnati <p> owner of <o> Riverfront Stadium <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> The Nuttall Encyclopædia <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Rome <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Munich <s> Cincinnati <p> capital of <o> Hamilton County <s> Cincinnati <p> located in time zone <o> UTC−05:00 <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Harare <s> Cincinnati <p> category of associated people <o> Category:People from Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Nancy <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Liuzhou <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Kharkiv <s> Cincinnati <p> located in the administrative territorial entity <o> Hamilton County <s> Cincinnati <p> located in or next to body of water <o> Ohio River <s> Cincinnati <p> topic's main Wikimedia portal <o> Portal:Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> topic's main category <o> Category:Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Mysore <s> Cincinnati <p> instance of <o> county seat <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Taipei <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Tijuana <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> New Taipei <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Covington <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Norwood <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Ludlow <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Bromley <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> North College Hill <s> Cincinnati <p> category for people who died here <o> Category:Deaths in Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Dayton <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Villa Hills <s> Cincinnati <p> history of topic <o> history of Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> instance of <o> city in the United States <s> Cincinnati <p> instance of <o> big city <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Gifu <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Spencer Township <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Storrs Township <s> Cincinnati <p> head of government <o> Aftab Pureval <s> Cincinnati <p> category for people born here <o> Category:Births in Cincinnati, Ohio <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Amman <s> Cincinnati <p> twinned administrative body <o> Netanya <s> Cincinnati <p> basic form of government <o> mayor–council government <s> Cincinnati <p> named after <o> Society of the Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> flag <o> flag of Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> The Encyclopedia Americana <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> The New Student's Reference Work <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> Collier's New Encyclopedia, 1921 <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> The American Cyclopædia <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary <s> Cincinnati <p> described by source <o> Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Newport <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Fort Thomas <s> Cincinnati <p> authority <o> City of Cincinnati <s> Cincinnati <p> office held by head of government <o> mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Bellevue <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> Cheviot <s> Cincinnati <p> shares border with <o> St. Bernard <s> Sack of Rome <p> instance of <o> looting <s> Sack of Rome <p> location <o> Rome </Graph> | <Text> :Kyiv is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Kyiv is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural center in Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure, including the Kyiv Metro.
The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders. During its history, Kyiv, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kyiv was a tributary of the Khazars, until its capture by the Varangians in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. Coming under Lithuania, then Poland and then Russia, the city would grow from a frontier market into an important centre of Orthodox learning in the sixteenth century, and later of industry, commerce, and administration by the ninenteenth.
The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1918, when the Ukrainian People's Republic declared independence from the Russian Republic after the October Revolution there, Kyiv became its capital. From the end of the Ukrainian-Soviet and Polish-Soviet wars in 1921, Kyiv was a city of the Ukrainian SSR, and made its capital in 1934. The city suffered significant destruction during World War II but quickly recovered in the postwar years, remaining the Soviet Union's third-largest city.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kyiv remained Ukraine's capital and experienced a steady influx of ethnic Ukrainian migrants from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kyiv has continued to be Ukraine's largest and wealthiest city. Its armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology, but new sectors of the economy such as services and finance facilitated Kyiv's growth in salaries and investment, as well as providing continuous funding for the development of housing and urban infrastructure. Kyiv emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine; parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections.
Rome - capital of Italy and a special comune . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region. With 2,876,076 residents in 1,285 km2 , it is also the country's most populated comune. It is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio , along the shores of the Tiber.
The Vatican City is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome, the only existing example of a state within a city: for this reason, Rome has been often defined as the capital of two states. Rome is a very old city, founded over 28 centuries ago, and it was the center of power of the ancient Roman civilization.
Cincinnati is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Settled in 1788, the city is located in the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky. The population of Cincinnati was 309,317 in 2020, making it the third-most populous city in Ohio after Columbus and Cleveland, and 65th in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area, Ohio's most populous metro area and the nation's 30th-largest with over 2.265 million residents.
Throughout much of the 19th century, Cincinnati was among the top 10 U.S. cities by population. The city developed as a river town for cargo shipping by steamboats, located at the crossroads of the Northern and Southern United States with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period. However, it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants, who founded many of the city's cultural institutions. It later developed an industrialized economy in manufacturing. Many structures in the urban core have remained intact for 200 years; in the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as the "Paris of America" due mainly to ambitious architectural projects such as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel, and Roebling Bridge.
Cincinnati has the twenty-eighth largest economy in the United States and the fifth largest in the Midwest, home to several Fortune 500 companies including Kroger, Procter & Gamble, and Fifth Third Bank. It is home to three professional sports teams: the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball; the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League; and FC Cincinnati of Major League Soccer; it is also home to the Cincinnati Cyclones, a minor league ice hockey team. The city's largest institution of higher education, the University of Cincinnati, was founded in 1819 as a municipal college and is now ranked as one of the 50 largest in the United States. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals is based in the city.
Cincinnati is the birthplace of William Howard Taft, the 27th President and 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Recently, Cincinnati has been named among the 100 most livable cities in the world, at number 88, and is on many Best Places to Live lists, including Livability.com and U.S. News & World Report. Forbes ranked Cincinnati as the 5th best city for young professionals in 2023.
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It might be in public or private ownership, be accessible to all, or have restrictions in place. Although primarily concerned with visual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and artistic activities, such as lectures, jewelry, performance arts, music concerts, or poetry readings. Art museums also frequently host themed temporary exhibitions, which often include items on loan from other collections.
An institution dedicated to the display of art can be called an art museum or an art gallery, and the two terms may be used interchangeably. This is reflected in the names of institutions around the world, some of which are considered art galleries, such as the National Gallery in London and Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, and some of which are considered museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and the National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo.
Throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions or political leaders and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were not open to the general public, they were often made available for viewing for a section of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as an early form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects, such as Julius Caesar, often donated their collections to temples. It is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items.
In Europe, from the Late Medieval period onwards, areas in royal palaces, castles, and large country houses of the social elite were often made partially accessible to sections of the public, where art collections could be viewed. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to people of certain social classes who were required to wear the proper apparel, which typically included the appropriate accessories, silver shoe buckles and a sword, could be hired from shops outside. The treasuries of cathedrals and large churches, or parts of them, were often set out for public display and veneration. Many of the grander English country houses could be toured by the respectable for a tip to the housekeeper, during the long periods when the family were not in residence.
A totem is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe, such as in the Anishinaabe clan system.
While the word totem itself is an anglicisation of the Ojibwe term , belief in tutelary spirits and deities is not limited to the Ojibwe people. Similar concepts, under differing names and with variations in beliefs and practices, may be found in a number of cultures worldwide. The term has also been adopted, and at times redefined, by anthropologists and philosophers of different cultures.
Contemporary neoshamanic, New Age, and mythopoetic men's movements not otherwise involved in the practice of a traditional, tribal religion have been known to use "totem" terminology for the personal identification with a tutelary spirit or spirit guide.
The Anishinaabe peoples are divided into a number of doodeman , or clans, named mainly for animal totems . In Anishinaabemowin, ote ode' means heart. Doodem or clan literally would translate as 'the expression of, or having to do with one's heart', with doodem referring to the extended family. In the Anishinaabe oral tradition, in prehistory the Anishinaabe were living along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean when the great Miigis beings appeared from the sea. These beings taught the Mide way of life to the Waabanakiing peoples. Six of the seven great Miigis beings that remained to teach established the odoodeman for the peoples in the east. The five original Anishinaabe totems were Wawaazisii , Baswenaazhi , Aan'aawenh , Nooke and Moozwaanowe .
The Queen Elizabeth II Great Court, commonly referred to simply as the Great Court, is the covered central quadrangle of the British Museum in London. It was redeveloped during the late 1990s to a design by Foster and Partners, from a 1970s design by Colin St John Wilson. The court was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000.
The court has a tessellated glass roof, engineered by Buro Happold and built by Waagner-Biro, covering the entire court, and surrounds the original circular British Museum Reading Room in the centre, now a museum. It is the largest covered square in Europe. The glass and steel roof is made up of 4,878 unique steel members connected at 1,566 unique nodes and 1,656 pairs of glass windowpanes making up 6,100 m2 of glazing; each of a unique shape because of the undulating nature of the roof.
The central courtyard of the British Museum was occupied by the British Library until 1997, when it moved to St Pancras. At that time the entire courtyard was filled with bookshelves, three storeys high . To get from one side of the museum to the other, visitors had to go around.
Once the Library had moved out, the book stacks were cleared and the Great Court constructed in this central courtyard. A new 'ground' level was created, a storey higher than the original courtyard, with the space below used to accommodate the Clore Education Centre and the African galleries .
Wood is a structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere, such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, woodchips, or fiber.
Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, as a construction material, for making tools and weapons, furniture and paper. More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives, such as cellophane and cellulose acetate.
As of 2020, the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 557 billion cubic meters. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 2008, approximately 3.97 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.
People have used wood for thousands of years for many purposes, including as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper. Known constructions using wood date back ten thousand years. Buildings like the longhouses in Neolithic Europe were made primarily of wood.
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids such as arsenic or silicon. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as strength, ductility, or machinability.
The archaeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age. The beginning of the Bronze Age in western Eurasia and India is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times.
Because historical artworks were often made of brasses and bronzes with different compositions, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older artworks increasingly use the generalized term "copper alloy" instead.
The word bronze is borrowed from Middle French bronze , itself borrowed from Italian bronzo 'bell metal, brass' from either:
Assyria was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, then to a territorial state, and eventually an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
Spanning from the early Bronze Age to the late Iron Age, modern historians typically divide ancient Assyrian history into the Early Assyrian , Old Assyrian , Middle Assyrian , Neo-Assyrian and post-imperial periods, based on political events and gradual changes in language. Assur, the first Assyrian capital, was founded c. 2600 BC but there is no evidence that the city was independent until the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur in the 21st century BC, when a line of independent kings beginning with Puzur-Ashur I began ruling the city. Centered in the Assyrian heartland in northern Mesopotamia, Assyrian power fluctuated over time. The city underwent several periods of foreign rule or domination before Assyria rose under Ashur-uballit I in the early 14th century BC as the Middle Assyrian Empire. In the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods Assyria was one of the two major Mesopotamian kingdoms, alongside Babylonia in the south, and at times became the dominant power in the ancient Near East. Assyria was at its strongest in the Neo-Assyrian period, when the Assyrian army was the strongest military power in the world and the Assyrians ruled the largest empire then yet assembled in world history, spanning from parts of modern-day Iran in the east to Egypt in the west.
The Neo-Assyrian Empire fell in the late 7th century BC, conquered by a coalition of the Babylonians, who had lived under Assyrian rule for about a century, and the Medes. Though the core urban territory of Assyria was extensively devastated in the Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire and the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire invested few resources in rebuilding it, ancient Assyrian culture and traditions continued to survive for centuries throughout the post-imperial period. Assyria experienced a recovery under the Seleucid and Parthian empires, though declined again under the Sasanian Empire, which sacked numerous cities and semi independent Assyrian territories in the region, including Assur itself. The remaining Assyrian people, who have survived in northern Mesopotamia to modern times, were gradually Christianized from the 1st century AD onward. Ancient Mesopotamian religion persisted at Assur until its final sack in the 3rd century AD, and at certain other holdouts for centuries thereafter.
The triumph of ancient Assyria can be attributed not only to its vigorous warrior-monarchs but also to its adeptness in efficiently assimilating and governing conquered territories using inventive and advanced administrative mechanisms. The developments in warfare and governance introduced by ancient Assyria continued to be employed by subsequent empires and states for centuries. Ancient Assyria also left a legacy of great cultural significance, particularly through the Neo-Assyrian Empire making a prominent impression in later Assyrian, Greco-Roman and Hebrew literary and religious tradition.
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His armies penetrated to Lake Van and the Taurus Mountains; the Neo-Hittites of Carchemish were compelled to pay tribute, and the kingdoms of Hamath and Aram Damascus were subdued. It is in the annals of Shalmaneser III from the 850s BC that the Arabs and Chaldeans first appear in recorded history.
Shalmaneser began a campaign against Urartu and reported that in 858 BCE, he destroyed the city of Sugunia, and then in 853 BCE Araskun. Both cities are assumed to have been capitals of Urartu before Tushpa became a center for the Urartians. In 853 BC, a coalition was formed by eleven states, mainly by Hadadezer, King of Aram-Damascus; Irhuleni, king of Hamath; Ahab, king of Northern Israel; Gindibu, king of the Arabs; and some other rulers who fought the Assyrian king at the Battle of Qarqar. The result of the battle was not decisive, and Shalmaneser III had to fight his enemies several times again in the coming years, which eventually resulted in the occupation of the Levant, Jordan, and the Syrian Desert by the Assyrian Empire.
In 851 BC, following a rebellion in Babylon, Shalmaneser led a campaign against Marduk-bel-usate, younger brother of the king, Marduk-zakir-shumi I, who was an ally of Shalmaneser. In the second year of the campaign, Marduk-bel-usate was forced to retreat and was killed. A record of these events was made on the Black Obelisk:
In the eighth year of my reign, Marduk-bel-usate, the younger brother, revolted against Marduk-zakir-sumi, king of Kardunias, and they divided the land in its entirety. In order to avenge Marduk-zakir-sumi, I marched out and captured Me-Turnat. In the ninth year of my reign, I marched against Akkad a second time. I besieged Ganannate. As for Marduk-bel-usate, the terrifying splendor of Assur and Marduk overcame him and he went up into the mountains to save his life. I pursued him. I cut down with the sword Marduk-bel-usate and the rebel army officers who were with him.Balawat is an archaeological site of the ancient Assyrian city of Imgur-Enlil, and modern village in Nineveh Province . It lies 25 kilometres southeast from the city of Mosul and 4 kilometres to the south of the modern Assyrian town of Bakhdida.
The site was excavated in 1878 by archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam. The site was again excavated by Max Mallowan for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq in 1956. A surface survey was conducted by D. J. Tucker in 1989 for the British Museum. The town walls enclosed an area of around 64 hectares.
The city of Imgur-Enlil was founded by the Neo-Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II . It lay 10 kilometres up the Derrah river from the Tigris, where the city of Kalhu was situated. Imgur-Enlil lay between the major Neo-Assyrian cities of Nineveh and Arrapha in the southeast along the royal Neo-Assyrian road. Ashurnasirpal II had already transferred the capital from Assur to Kalhu, and the foundation of Imgur-Enlil may have been a further step to knit up the Neo-Assyrian empire. Construction at the site continued under Ashurnasirpal II's son Shalmaneser III. The city existed for about two and a half centuries but was, like most Neo-Assyrian cities, sacked and destroyed by the Medes, Babylonians and Scythians during the fall of the Neo-Assyrian empire 614-605 BC.
In November 2004, the village had roads constructed by the United States Army, which connected the modern Assyrian village to the ancient Assyrian city of Kalhu and the village of Bakhdida The project was dubbed "Ninewa Village Roads Project" and was funded by the U.S. government. The contract to build the roads was given to the Ashour General Construction Contracting Company and cost $1,120,000.
Hormuzd Rassam was an Assyriologist and author. He is known for making a number of important archaeological discoveries from 1877 to 1882, including the clay tablets that contained the Epic of Gilgamesh, the world's oldest notable literature. He is widely believed to be the first-known Middle Eastern and Assyrian archaeologist from the Ottoman empire. He emigrated to the United Kingdom, where he was naturalized as a British citizen, settling in Brighton. He represented the government as a diplomat, helping to free British diplomats from captivity in Ethiopia.
Hormuzd Rassam was an ethnic Assyrian, born in Mosul in Upper Mesopotamia , then part of the Ottoman Empire. His father was a member of the Chaldean Catholic Church where his grandfather, Anton Rassam, from Mosul, was the church's archdeacon. His mother Theresa was a daughter of Isaak Halabee of Aleppo, also then within the Ottoman Empire. Hormuzd's brother was British Vice-Consul in Mosul, which was how he obtained his start with Layard.
At the age of 20 in 1846, Rassam was hired by British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard as a paymaster at Nimrud, a nearby ancient Assyrian excavation site. Layard, who was in Mosul on his first expedition , was impressed by the hardworking Rassam and took him under his wing; they would remain friends for life. Layard provided an opportunity for Rassam to travel to England and study at Magdalen College, Oxford. He studied there for 18 months before accompanying Layard on his second expedition to Iraq .
Layard left archeology to begin a political career. Rassam continued field work at Nimrud and Nineveh, where he made a number of important and independent discoveries. These included the clay tablets that would later be deciphered by George Smith as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the world's oldest written narrative poem. The tablets' description of a flood myth, written 1000 years prior to the earliest record of the Biblical story of Noah, caused much debate at the time about the Biblical narrative of ancient history.
Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. Of the large number of different types, the best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of these are imprecise terms. Latten is a further term, mostly used for coins with a very high copper content. Today the term copper alloy tends to be substituted for all of these, especially by museums.
Copper deposits are abundant in most parts of the world , and it has therefore always been a relatively cheap metal. By contrast, tin is relatively rare , and in Europe and the Mediterranean region, and even in prehistoric times had to be traded considerable distances, and was expensive, sometimes virtually unobtainable. Zinc was somewhere between these two in terms of rarity at 75 parts per million, but often harder to extract from its ores. Bronze with the ideal percentage of tin was therefore expensive and the proportion of tin often reduced to save cost. The discovery and exploitation of the Bolivian tin belt in the 19th century made tin far cheaper, although forecasts for future supplies are gloomy.
There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels, copper-nickel-zinc , leaded copper, and special alloys.
The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the Bronze Age, are vaguer as the mixtures were generally variable.
The Ooni of Ile-Ife is the traditional ruler of Ile-Ife and the spiritual head of the Yoruba people. The Ooni dynasty existed before the reign of Oduduwa which historians have argued to have been between the 7th-9th centuries A.D.
After the demise of Oduduwa and Ogun's loss of the throne, Oduduwa's support base dispersed out of Ile-Ife. Another account but not in tandem with existing evidences states that Ogun purposely sent all Oduduwa's children on different journeys to effect Yoruba territory expansion.
Whatever the case, after Oduduwa's short reign, Obatala re-emerged as the king of Ile-Ife and the throne was rotated between Obatala and Obalufon houses until the return of Oranmiyan who briefly interrupted the succession pattern. Popular history as associated Ooni Lajamisan with Oranmiyan as his son. However, Ife tradition shows that Lajamisan was indeed a descent of Oranfe lineage. Nevertheless, Lajamisan is often said to have opened the modern Ife history.
Prior to the 20th century, the succession pattern of the Ooni was fluid. However, with the modernity that came with colonialism, the succession pattern was structured to the existing four actual Ruling Houses are named from Ooni Lafogido, Ooni Osinkola, Ooni Ogboru and Ooni Giesi. The structure has been heavily critiqued for being influenced by politics, personal vendetta and obfuscation of history. For instance, while the first three were said to have been sons of Ooni Lajodogun, certain figures regarded as siblings of Ogboru have either been completely excluded or subsumed. The current Ooni is Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II .
Olokun is an orisha spirit in Yoruba religion. Olokun is believed to be the parent of Aje, the orisha of great wealth and of the bottom of the ocean. Olokun is revered as the ruler of all bodies of water and for the authority over other water deities. Olokun is highly praised for their ability to give great wealth, health, and prosperity to their followers. Communities in both West Africa and the African diaspora view Olokun variously as female, male, or androgynous.
Water deities are "ubiquitous and vitally important in southern Nigeria"; Olokun worship is especially noted in the cities of the Yoruba and Edo people in southwest Nigeria. In West African areas directly adjacent to the coast, Olokun takes a male form among his worshipers, while in the hinterland, Olokun is a female deity.
According to Yoruba traditions about their divine dynasty, Olokun - in her female incarnation - was the senior wife of Emperor Oduduwa. Her rivalry with one of his other wives is said to have led to her manifesting the Atlantic Ocean.
In the Candomble religion of Brazil, Olokun is venerated as the mother of Yemoja and the owner of the sea. She is recognized in Candomble terreiros, but not during celebrations. In this respect, Olokun is similar to Odudua and Orunmila; they held great importance in West Africa but play a minor role in Afro-Brazilian religion. There are no xire chants dedicated to Olokun as with other orixas. Candomble initiates recognize the divinity of Olokun but do not hold her as a personal deity. The veneration of Olokun has been revived in the late 20th and early 21st century through visits to Brazil by West African priests.
The Yoruba of West Africa are responsible for a distinct artistic tradition in Africa, a tradition that remains vital and influential today.
Much of the art of the Yoruba, including staffs, court dress, and beadwork for crowns, is associated with the royal courts. The courts also commissioned numerous architectural objects such as veranda posts, gates, and doors that are embellished with carvings. Other Yoruba art is related shrines and masking traditions. The Yoruba worship a large pantheon of deities, and shrines dedicated to these gods are adorned with carvings and house an array of altar figures and other ritual paraphernalia. Masking traditions vary regionally, and a wide range of mask types are employed in various festivals and celebrations.
In the period around 1300 CE the artists at Ife developed a refined and naturalistic sculptural tradition in terracotta, stone and copper alloy--copper, brass, and bronze-- many of which appear to have been created under the patronage of King Obalufon II, the man who today is identified as the Yoruba patron deity of brass casting, weaving and regalia. Over the previous nine centuries, a number of Yoruba kingdoms have arisen. One of the first of them was Ife; Oyo was also among the first, and the Owa kingdom in the southwest kept close relations to Oyo. Benin began to have an aesthetic and cultural effect on Ife about the fourteenth century or before. Fine ivory carvings were provided by Owa artists to the Benin court, and Owa rulers modified and changed many Benin institutions and leadership insignia.
There have been a series of Yoruba kingdoms over the past nine centuries. Ife was one of the earliest of these; Oyo was also early and the Owa kingdom in the southwest maintained close ties to Oyo. Ife also experienced the artistic and cultural influence of Benin dating back to the 14th century or earlier. Owa artists supplied fine ivory work to the court at Benin and Owa royalty adapted and transformed many Benin institutions and the regalia of leadership.
A vase is an open container. It can be made from a number of materials, such as ceramics, glass, non-rusting metals, such as aluminium, brass, bronze, or stainless steel. Even wood has been used to make vases, either by using tree species that naturally resist rot, such as teak, or by applying a protective coating to conventional wood or plastic. Vases are often decorated, and they are often used to hold cut flowers. Vases come in different sizes to support whatever flower is being held or kept in place.
Vases generally share a similar shape. The foot or the base may be bulbous, flat, carinate, or another shape. The body forms the main portion of the piece. Some vases have a shoulder, where the body curves inward, a neck, which gives height, and a lip, where the vase flares back out at the top. Some vases are also given handles.
Various styles and types of vases have been developed around the world in different time periods, such as Chinese ceramics and Native American pottery. In the pottery of ancient Greece "vase-painting" is the traditional term covering the famous fine painted pottery, often with many figures in scenes from Greek mythology. Such pieces may be referred to as vases regardless of their shape; most were in fact used for holding or serving liquids, and many would more naturally be called cups, jugs and so on. In 2003, Grayson Perry won the Turner Prize for his ceramics, typically in vase form.
There is a long history of the form and function of the vase in nearly all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are the only artistic evidence left from vanished cultures. In the beginning stages of pottery, the coiling method of building was the most utilized technique to make pottery. The coiling method is the act of working the clay into long cylindrical strips that later become smooth walls.
Giovanni Battista Piranesi was an Italian classical archaeologist, architect, and artist, famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric "prisons" . He was the father of Francesco Piranesi, Laura Piranesi and Pietro Piranesi.
Piranesi was born in Venice, in the parish of San Moise, where he was baptised. His father was a stonemason. His brother Andrea introduced him to Latin literature and ancient Greco-Roman civilization, and later he was apprenticed under his uncle, Matteo Lucchesi, who was a leading architect in the Magistrato alle Acque, the state organization responsible for engineering and restoring historical buildings.
From 1740, he had an opportunity to work in Rome as a draughtsman for Marco Foscarini, the Venetian ambassador to the new Pope Benedict XIV. He resided in the Palazzo Venezia and studied under Giuseppe Vasi, who introduced him to the art of etching and engraving of the city and its monuments. Giuseppe Vasi found Piranesi's talent was much greater than that of a mere engraver. According to Legrand, Vasi told Piranesi that "you are too much of a painter, my friend, to be an engraver."
After his studies with Vasi, he collaborated with pupils of the French Academy in Rome to produce a series of vedute of the city; his first work was Prima parte di Architettura e Prospettive , followed in 1745 by Varie Vedute di Roma Antica e Moderna.
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He identified as a Liberal, later Liberal Unionist, and sat as a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1898. Ferdinand had a younger sister, Alice, who like her brother was a keen horticulturalist and collector. She inherited Ferdinand's property, Waddesdon Manor, in 1898 after he died and likewise continued the tradition of using the house as a place to keep his collections.
Although Ferdinand de Rothschild was born in Paris in 1839, he was from Vienna and was a member of the Rothschild banking family of Austria. He was the second son of Anselm Salomon Freiherr von Rothschild , a Vienna-based banker, and his English wife Charlotte Nathan Rothschild , daughter of Nathan Mayer Rothschild. Ferdinand's great-grandfather was Mayer Amschel Rothschild.
Although possessing the hereditary title of Freiherr in the Austrian nobility, he was familiarly referred to as 'Ferdy' by his sister Alice and friends. When Ferdinand became a British subject and moved from Vienna to London, " epitomised the expanding lifestyle of the fourth generation". This statement is more evident when, on 7 June 1865, he married his second cousin Evelina de Rothschild , the daughter of Baron Lionel de Rothschild . On 4 December 1866, their son was stillborn, and Evelina died later the same day. In her memory, Ferdinand built, equipped and endowed the Evelina Hospital for Sick Children in Southwark, south London.
From 1868 to 1875, he became Treasurer of the Jewish Board of Guardians and Warden of the Central Synagogue in 1870. During these roles, Ferdinand instigated an offer of PS2,000 which ultimately led to the foundation of the Army Reservists' Home.
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually a freshwater stream, flowing on the Earth's land surface or inside caves towards another waterbody at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, sea, bay, lake, wetland, or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground or becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to by names such as creek, brook, and rivulet. There are no official definitions for these various generic terms for a watercourse as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities, a stream is customarily referred to by one of these names as determined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and Northeast England, and "beck" in Northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always; the language is vague.
Rivers are an important part of the water cycle. Water from a drainage basin generally collects into a river through surface runoff from precipitation, meltwater released from natural ice and snowpacks, and other underground sources such as groundwater recharge and springs. Rivers are often considered major features within a landscape; however, they actually only cover around 0.1% of the land on Earth. Rivers are also an important natural terraformer, as the erosive action of running water carves out rills, gullies, and valleys in the surface as well as transferring silt and dissolved minerals downstream, forming river deltas and islands where the flow slows down. As a waterbody, rivers also serve crucial ecological functions by providing and feeding freshwater habitats for aquatic and semiaquatic fauna and flora, especially for migratory fish species, as well as enabling terrestrial ecosystems to thrive in the riparian zones.
Rivers are significant to humankind since many human settlements and civilizations are built around sizeable rivers and streams. Most of the major cities of the world are situated on the banks of rivers, as they are depended upon as a vital source of drinking water, for food supply via fishing and agricultural irrigation, for shipping, as natural borders and/or defensive terrains, as a source of hydropower to drive machinery or generate electricity, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste. In the pre-industrial era, larger rivers were a major obstacle to the movement of people, goods, and armies across regions. Towns often developed at the few locations suitable for fording, building bridges, or supporting ports; many major cities, such as London, are located at the narrowest and most reliable sites at which a river could be crossed via bridges or ferries.
A river begins at a source which is usually a watershed, drains all the streams in its drainage basin, follows a watercourse, and ends at a terminus, either at a confluence or a mouth or mouths, which could form a river delta. The water in a river is usually confined to a channel, made up of a stream bed between banks. In larger rivers, there is often also a wider floodplain shaped by floodwaters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in urban areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing and industry.
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.
The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighbouring Safavid and Ottoman Empires, to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of North India. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices, and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule. The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.
The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and an increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court. There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are: Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, Shalamar Gardens, and the Taj Mahal, which is described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."
Elijah was, according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of King Ahab .
In 1 Kings 18, Elijah defended the worship of the Hebrew God over that of the Canaanite deity Baal. God also performed many miracles through Elijah, including resurrection, bringing fire down from the sky, and entering heaven alive "by fire." He is also portrayed as leading a school of prophets known as "the sons of the prophets." Following his ascension, Elisha, his disciple and most devoted assistant, took over his role as leader of this school. The Book of Malachi prophesies Elijah's return "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the LORD," making him a harbinger of the Messiah and of the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. References to Elijah appear in Sirach, the New Testament, the Mishnah and Talmud, the Quran, the Book of Mormon, and Baha'i writings.
In Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah rite that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover Seder and the brit milah . He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud. According to some Jewish interpretations, Elijah will return during the End of Times.
The Christian New Testament notes that some people thought that Jesus was, in some sense, Elijah, but it also makes clear that John the Baptist is "the Elijah" who was promised to come in Malachi 3:1; 4:5. According to accounts in all three of the Synoptic Gospels, Elijah appeared with Moses during the Transfiguration of Jesus.
Landscape painting, also known as landscape art, is the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, especially where the main subject is a wide view--with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. Sky is almost always included in the view, and weather is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions, and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects.
Two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art, going back well over a thousand years in both cases. The recognition of a spiritual element in landscape art is present from its beginnings in East Asian art, drawing on Daoism and other philosophical traditions, but in the West only becomes explicit with Romanticism.
Landscape views in art may be entirely imaginary, or copied from reality with varying degrees of accuracy. If the primary purpose of a picture is to depict an actual, specific place, especially including buildings prominently, it is called a topographical view. Such views, extremely common as prints in the West, are often seen as inferior to fine art landscapes, although the distinction is not always meaningful; similar prejudices existed in Chinese art, where literati painting usually depicted imaginary views, while professional artists painted real views.
The word "landscape" entered the modern English language as landskip , an anglicization of the Dutch landschap, around the start of the 17th century, purely as a term for works of art, with its first use as a word for a painting in 1598. Within a few decades it was used to describe vistas in poetry, and eventually as a term for real views. However the cognate term landscaef or landskipe for a cleared patch of land had existed in Old English, though it is not recorded from Middle English.
Though the first Mughal Emperor, Babur, described the Hamzanama as "one long far-fetched lie; opposed to sense and nature", his grandson Akbar, who came to the throne at the age of fourteen, greatly enjoyed it. He commissioned his court workshop to create an illustrated manuscript of the Hamzanama early in his reign , which was conceived on such an unusually large scale that it took fourteen years, from about 1562 to 1577, to complete. As Akbar's court chronicler tells us, Hamza's adventures were "represented in twelve volumes, and clever painters made the most astonishing illustrations for no less than one thousand and four hundred passages of the story." The illustrated manuscript thus created became the supreme achievement of Mughal art: "of all the loot carried off from Delhi by Nadir Shah in 1739 , it was only the Hamza-nama, 'painted with images that defy the imagination,' that Emperor Muhammad Shah pleaded to have returned".
Apart from the text, the manuscript included 1400 full-page Mughal miniatures of an unusually large size, nearly all painted on tightly woven cotton cloth. The work was bound in 14 volumes. After the early pages, where various layouts were experimented with, one side of most folios has a painting, about 69 cm x 54 cm in size, done in a fusion of Persian and Mughal styles. On the other side is the text in Persian in Nasta'liq script, arranged so that the text is opposite the matching picture in most openings of the book.
The size of the commission was completely unprecedented, and stretched even the huge imperial workshop. According to contemporary accounts, about thirty main artists were used, and over a hundred men worked on the various aspects of the book in all. According to Badauni and Shahnawaz Khan the work of preparing the illustrations was supervised initially by Mir Sayyid Ali and subsequently by Abdus Samad, the former possibly being replaced as head of the workshop because the pace of production was too slow. After seven years only four volumes were completed, but the new head was able to galvanize production and complete the ten volumes in another seven years, without any loss of quality. Indeed, "the later pages are the most exciting and innovative in the work".
The colophon of this manuscript is still missing. None of the folios of this manuscript so far found is signed, though many have been attributed to different artists. Compared to Akbar's Tutinama, a smaller commission begun and completed while the Hamzanama commission was in progress, the manuscript shows a much greater fusion of the styles of Indian and Persian miniatures. Though the elegance and finish may seem closer to Persian works, the compositional style and narrative drama owe more to Indian tradition. Between them, these two manuscripts are the key works in the formation of the Mughal miniature style.
Mir Sayyid Ali was a Persian miniature painter who was a leading artist of Persian miniatures before working under the Mughal dynasty in India, where he became one of the artists responsible for developing the style of Mughal painting, under Emperor Akbar.
Born in Tabriz, Mir Sayyid Ali was the son of artist Mir Musavvir. Historian and chronicler Qazi Ahmed said that the son was more talented than his father, but the impact of Mir Musavvir did influence his work.
Modern research suggests that Mir Sayyid Ali took part in the illustration of the famous Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp created in 1525-1548 for Shah Tahmasp I . Two miniatures in it are attributed to Sayyid Ali's. He was also involved in the creation of lavish illustrations for the manuscript of the Khamsa of Nizami created by the best artists of the Shah's kitabhane in 1539-1543 by order of Shah Tahmasp. Of the 14 miniatures his brush is credited with, four among them including "Layla and Majnun", bears the signature of the artist. The period around 1540, contains two remarkable works of the master: a picture of the elegant young man holding a letter disclosed, and a diptych for the Khamsa of Nizami with "nomad camp of nomads" on one sheet and "Evening Life Palace" on the other.
In the 1540s, Shah Tahmasp I became increasingly orthodox and grew to reject artistic representations of living creatures. He lost interest in miniatures, and eventually issued an edict banning secular images throughout the Persian Empire. Artists of his court, including Mir Sayyid Ali, dispersed in all directions. Most took refuge at the court of Shah Tahmasp's nephew, Sultan Ibrahim Mirza.
Ramesses II , commonly known as Ramesses the Great, was an Egyptian pharaoh. He was the third ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty. Along with Thutmose III of the Eighteenth Dynasty, he is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom, which itself was the most powerful period of ancient Egypt. He is also widely considered one of ancient Egypt's most successful warrior pharaohs, conducting no fewer than 15 military campaigns, all resulting in victories, excluding the Battle of Kadesh, generally considered a stalemate.
In ancient Greek sources, he is called Ozymandias, derived from the first part of his Egyptian-language regnal name: Usermaatre Setepenre. Ramesses was also referred to as the "Great Ancestor" by successor pharaohs and the Egyptian people.
For the early part of his reign, he focused on building cities, temples, and monuments. After establishing the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta, he designated it as Egypt's new capital and used it as the main staging point for his campaigns in Syria. Ramesses led several military expeditions into the Levant, where he reasserted Egyptian control over Canaan and Phoenicia; he also led a number of expeditions into Nubia, all commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein. He celebrated an unprecedented thirteen or fourteen Sed festivals--more than any other pharaoh.
Estimates of his age at death vary, although 90 or 91 is considered to be the most likely figure. Upon his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his body was later moved to the Royal Cache, where it was discovered by archaeologists in 1881. Ramesses' mummy is now on display at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, located in the city of Cairo.
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related property <o> owned by <s> operator <p> related property <o> manufacturer <s> operator <p> related property <o> operating area <s> operator <p> related property <o> in operation on service <s> operator <p> subproperty of <o> used by <s> operator <p> related property <o> used by <s> operator <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> operator <s> operator <p> Wikidata property example <o> Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C. <s> operator <p> Wikidata property example <o> Yamanote Line <s> operator <p> Wikidata property example <o> Embassy of the People's Republic of China, Washington, D.C. <s> operator <p> Wikidata property example <o> Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport <s> operator <p> property constraint <o> value-type constraint <s> operator <p> property usage tracking category <o> Category:Pages using Wikidata property P137 <s> operator <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> operator <p> inverse label item <o> operator of <s> operator <p> stability of 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property <o> image <s> logo image <p> property usage tracking category <o> Category:Pages using Wikidata property P154 <s> logo image <p> category for value not in Wikidata <o> Category:Wikidata:P154 missing <s> logo image <p> Wikidata property example <o> 2018 MLS Cup Playoffs <s> logo image <p> property constraint <o> property scope constraint <s> logo image <p> stability of property value <o> values can be added <s> logo image <p> stability of property value <o> sometimes changes <s> logo image <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property for items about organizations <s> logo image <p> subproperty of <o> icon <s> logo image <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property encoding a vCard value <s> logo image <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property for linking to a representative image <s> logo image <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property to link to Commons <s> logo image <p> Wikidata item of this property <o> logo <s> logo image <p> Wikidata property example <o> Kansas City Royals <s> logo image <p> related property <o> seal image <s> logo image <p> related property <o> icon <s> logo image <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property with a single value that generally evolves over time <s> logo image <p> instance of <o> Wikidata property related to commercial brands <s> logo image <p> instance of <o> curated Wikidata property <s> logo image <p> Wikidata property example <o> Apple </Graph> | <Text> :A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size; a sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst one more than twice life-size is a colossal statue.
Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art. The world's tallest statue, Statue of Unity, is 182 metres tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat, India.
Ancient statues often show the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with white marble sculpture, but there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colors. Most of the color has weathered off over time; small remnants were removed during cleaning; in some cases small traces remained that could be identified. A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works, alongside 35 original statues and reliefs, was held in Europe and the United States in 2008: Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity.
Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats, how finely the pigments were ground or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case--all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece--are not known. Richter goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, "All stone sculpture, whether limestone or marble, was painted, either wholly or in part."
Nemes were pieces of striped head cloth worn by pharaohs in ancient Egypt. It covered the whole crown and behind of the head and nape of the neck and had lappets, two large flaps which hung down behind the ears and in front of both shoulders. It was sometimes combined with the double crown, as it is on the statues of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel. The earliest depiction of the nemes, along with a uraeus, is the ivory label of Den from the 1st Dynasty. It is not a crown in itself, but still symbolizes the pharaoh's power.
The Ramesseum is the memorial temple of Pharaoh Ramesses II . It is located in the Theban Necropolis in Upper Egypt, on the west of the River Nile, across from the modern city of Luxor. The name - or at least its French form Rhamesseion - was coined by Jean-Francois Champollion, who visited the ruins of the site in 1829 and first identified the hieroglyphs making up Ramesses's names and titles on the walls. It was originally called the House of millions of years of Usermaatra-setepenra that unites with Thebes-the-city in the domain of Amon. Usermaatra-setepenra was the prenomen of Ramesses II.
Ramesses II modified, usurped, or constructed many buildings from the ground up, and the most splendid of these, in accordance with New Kingdom royal burial practices, would have been his memorial temple: a place of worship dedicated to pharaoh, god on earth, where his memory would have been kept alive after his death. Surviving records indicate that work on the project began shortly after the start of his reign and continued for 20 years.
The design of Ramesses's mortuary temple adheres to the standard canons of New Kingdom temple architecture. Oriented northwest and southeast, the temple itself comprised two stone pylons , one after the other, each leading into a courtyard. Beyond the second courtyard, at the centre of the complex, was a covered 48-column hypostyle hall, surrounding the inner sanctuary. An enormous pylon stood before the first court, with the royal palace at the left and the gigantic statue of the king looming up at the back. As was customary, the pylons and outer walls were decorated with scenes commemorating the pharaoh's military victories and leaving due record of his dedication to, and kinship with, the gods. In Ramesses's case, much importance is placed on the Battle of Kadesh ; more intriguingly, however, one block atop the first pylon records his pillaging, in the eighth year of his reign, a city called "Shalem", which may or may not have been Jerusalem. The scenes of the great pharaoh and his army triumphing over the Hittite forces fleeing before Kadesh, as portrayed in the canons of the "epic poem of Pentaur", can still be seen on the pylon.
Only fragments of the base and torso remain of the syenite statue of the enthroned pharaoh, 19 m high and weighing more than 1000 tons. This was alleged to have been transported 170 mi over land. This is the largest remaining colossal statue in the world. However, fragments of four granite colossi of Ramesses were found in Tanis with an estimated height of 69 to 92 feet . Like four of the six colossi of Amenhotep III , there are no longer complete remains, so the heights are based on unconfirmed estimates.
Greek Revival architecture was a style that began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe, the United States, and Canada, as well as in Greece itself following its independence in 1832. It revived many aspects of the forms and styles of ancient Greek architecture, in particular the Greek temple. A product of Hellenism, Greek Revival architecture is looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture, which was drawn from Roman architecture. The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as an architecture professor at the Royal Academy of Arts in London in 1842.
With newfound access to Greece and Turkey, or initially to the books produced by the few who had visited the sites, archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders. Despite its universality rooted in ancient Greece, the Greek Revival idiom was considered an expression of local nationalism and civic virtue in each country that adopted it, and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity that then characterized the architecture of France and Italy, two countries where the style never really took architecturally. Greek Revival architecture was embraced in Great Britain, Germany, and the United States, where the idiom was regarded as being free from ecclesiastical and aristocratic associations and was appealed to each country's emerging embrace of classical liberalism.
The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design, sometimes called Neo-Grec, reached its peak in the beginning of the 19th century when the designs of Thomas Hope influenced a number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical, Empire, Russian Empire, and Regency architecture in Great Britain. Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries, lasting until the 1860s and the American Civil War and later in Scotland.
Modern-day architects are recreating this design by building houses similar to the Greek Revival. These houses are characterized by their symmetrical and balanced proportions, typically featuring a bold, pedimented portico with arched openings. The symmetrical facade is divided into two equal halves.
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from <o> Glam </Graph> | <Text> :Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with Emma Thomas, his wife. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as a professional thief who steals information by infiltrating the subconscious of his targets. He is offered a chance to have his criminal history erased as payment for the implantation of another person's idea into a target's subconscious. The ensemble cast includes Ken Watanabe, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, Elliot Page, Tom Hardy, Cillian Murphy, Tom Berenger, Dileep Rao, and Michael Caine.
After the 2002 completion of Insomnia, Nolan presented to Warner Bros. a written 80-page treatment for a horror film envisioning "dream stealers," based on lucid dreaming. Deciding he needed more experience before tackling a production of this magnitude and complexity, Nolan shelved the project and instead worked on 2005's Batman Begins, 2006's The Prestige, and 2008's The Dark Knight. The treatment was revised over six months and was purchased by Warner in February 2009. Inception was filmed in six countries, beginning in Tokyo on June 19 and ending in Canada on November 22. Its official budget was $160 million, split between Warner Bros. and Legendary. Nolan's reputation and success with The Dark Knight helped secure the film's US$100 million in advertising expenditure.
Inception's premiere was held in London on July 8, 2010; it was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters beginning on July 16, 2010. Inception grossed over $837 million worldwide, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2010. Considered one of the best films of the 2010s, Inception won four Oscars and was nominated for four more at the 83rd Academy Awards.
Cobb and Arthur are "extractors" who perform corporate espionage using experimental dream-sharing technology to infiltrate their targets' subconscious and extract information. Their latest target, Saito, is impressed with Cobb's ability to layer multiple dreams within each other. He offers to hire Cobb for the ostensibly impossible job of implanting an idea into a person's subconscious; performing "inception" on Robert Fischer, the son of Saito's competitor Maurice Fischer, with the idea to dissolve his father's company. In return, Saito promises to clear Cobb's criminal status, allowing him to return home to his children.
Architectural engineering or architecture engineering, also known as building engineering, is a discipline that deals with the engineering and construction of buildings, such as environmental, structural, mechanical, electrical, computational, embeddable, and other research domains. It is related to Architecture, Mechatronics Engineering, Computer Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, and Civil Engineering, but distinguished from Interior Design and Architectural Design as an art and science of designing infrastructure through these various engineering disciplines, from which properly align with many related surrounding engineering advancements.
From reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the construction of resilient buildings, architectural engineers are at the forefront of addressing several major challenges of the 21st century. They apply the latest scientific knowledge and technologies to the design of buildings. Architectural engineering as a relatively new licensed profession emerged in the 20th century as a result of the rapid technological developments. Architectural engineers are at the forefront of two major historical opportunities that today's world is immersed in: that of rapidly advancing computer-technology, and the parallel revolution of environmental sustainability.
Structural engineering involves the analysis and design of the built environment . Those concentrating on buildings are sometimes informally referred to as "building engineers". Structural engineers require expertise in strength of materials, structural analysis, and in predicting structural load such as from weight of the building, occupants and contents, and extreme events such as wind, rain, ice, and seismic design of structures which is referred to as earthquake engineering. Architectural Engineers sometimes incorporate structural as one aspect of their designs; the structural discipline when practiced as a specialty works closely with architects and other engineering specialists.
Mechanical engineering and electrical engineering engineers are specialists when engaged in the building design fields. This is known as mechanical, electrical, and plumbing throughout the United States, or building services engineering in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Mechanical engineers often design and oversee the heating, ventilation and air conditioning , plumbing, and rainwater systems. Plumbing designers often include design specifications for simple active fire protection systems, but for more complicated projects, fire protection engineers are often separately retained. Electrical engineers are responsible for the building's power distribution, telecommunication, fire alarm, signalization, lightning protection and control systems, as well as lighting systems.
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While early messaging systems used a variety of formats for addressing, today, email addresses follow a set of specific rules originally standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force in the 1980s, and updated by RFC 5322 and 6854. The term email address in this article refers to just the addr-spec in Section 3.4 of RFC 5322. The RFC defines address more broadly as either a mailbox or group. A mailbox value can be either a name-addr, which contains a display-name and addr-spec, or the more common addr-spec alone.
An email address, such as john.smith@example.com, is made up from a local-part, the symbol @, and a domain, which may be a domain name or an IP address enclosed in brackets. Although the standard requires the local-part to be case-sensitive, it also urges that receiving hosts deliver messages in a case-independent manner, e.g., that the mail system in the domain example.com treat John.Smith as equivalent to john.smith; some mail systems even treat them as equivalent to johnsmith. Mail systems often limit the users' choice of name to a subset of the technically permitted characters.
An email address consists of two parts, a local-part and a domain; if the domain is a domain name rather than an IP address then the SMTP client uses the domain name to look up the mail exchange IP address. The general format of an email address is local-part@domain, e.g. jsmith@, jsmith@example.com. The SMTP client transmits the message to the mail exchange, which may forward it to another mail exchange until it eventually arrives at the host of the recipient's mail system.
The transmission of electronic mail from the author's computer and between mail hosts in the Internet uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol , defined in RFC 5321 and 5322, and extensions such as RFC 6531. The mailboxes may be accessed and managed by applications on personal computers, mobile devices or webmail sites, using the SMTP protocol and either the Post Office Protocol or the Internet Message Access Protocol .
A telephone number is a sequence of digits assigned to a landline telephone subscriber station connected to a telephone line or to a wireless electronic telephony device, such as a radio telephone or a mobile telephone, or to other devices for data transmission via the public switched telephone network or other public and private networks.
A telephone number serves as an address for switching telephone calls using a system of destination code routing. Telephone numbers are entered or dialed by a calling party on the originating telephone set, which transmits the sequence of digits in the process of signaling to a telephone exchange. The exchange completes the call either to another locally connected subscriber or via the PSTN to the called party. Telephone numbers are assigned within the framework of a national or regional telephone numbering plan to subscribers by telephone service operators, which may be commercial entities, state-controlled administrations, or other telecommunication industry associations.
Telephone numbers were first used in 1879 in Lowell, Massachusetts, when they replaced the request for subscriber names by callers connecting to the switchboard operator. Over the course of telephone history, telephone numbers had various lengths and formats and even included most letters of the alphabet in leading positions when telephone exchange names were in common use until the 1960s.
When telephone numbers were first used they were very short, from one to three digits, and were communicated orally to a switchboard operator when initiating a call. As telephone systems have grown and interconnected to encompass worldwide communication, telephone numbers have become longer. In addition to telephones, they have been used to access other devices, such as computer modems, pagers, and fax machines. With landlines, modems and pagers falling out of use in favor of all-digital always-connected broadband Internet and mobile phones, telephone numbers are now often used by data-only cellular devices, such as some tablet computers, digital televisions, video game controllers, and mobile hotspots, on which it is not even possible to make or accept a call.
A museum is a building or institution which houses and cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary.
Modern museums concentrate on a particular subject or field, such as fine arts, applied arts, archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, history, cultural history, natural history, science and/or technology. Some specialize further, such as museums of modern art, local history, aviation history, agriculture, geology, etc.
The HTML markup produced by this template includes an hCard microformat, which makes the place-name and location parsable by computers, either acting automatically to catalogue articles across Wikipedia, or via a browser tool operated by a person, to add the subject to an address book. Within the hCard is a Geo microformat, which additionally makes the coordinates parsable, so that they can be, say, looked up on a map, or downloaded to a GPS unit. For more information about the use of microformats on Wikipedia, please see the microformat project.
Set this to y or any non-blank value to use a relief map image provided by the selected location map template . For additional information, see Template:Location map#Relief parameter
If the museum is part of a museum network, specify the network name to invoke one of the A fee is the price one pays as remuneration for rights or services. Fees usually allow for overhead, wages, costs, and markup. Traditionally, professionals in the United Kingdom receive a fee in contradistinction to a payment, salary, or wage, and often use guineas rather than pounds as units of account. Under the feudal system, a Knight's fee was what was given to a knight for his service, usually the usage of land. A contingent fee is an attorney's fee which is reduced or not charged at all if the court case is lost by the attorney.
A service fee, service charge, or surcharge is a fee added to a customer's bill. The purpose of a service charge often depends on the nature of the product and corresponding service provided. Examples of why this fee is charged are: travel time expenses, truck rental fees, liability and workers' compensation insurance fees, and planning fees. UPS and FedEx have recently begun surcharges for fuel.
Restaurants and banquet halls charging service charges in lieu of tips must distribute them to their wait staff in some US states , but in the state of Kentucky may keep them. A fee may be a flat fee or a variable one, or part of a two-part tariff. A membership fee is charged as part of a subscription business model.
For telecommunications services such as high-speed Internet and mobile phones, an activation fee is commonly assessed, although most companies fail to include it in the advertised price, resulting in customer missperception on assessment and validity of the fees. An activation fee is prevalent throughout the cellphone industry and is generally assessed to cover costs of line activations and enhancements to networks.
Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether unintentional or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits meaning but also creates it. Models of communication are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a coding system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a channel to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called communication studies.
A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication involves the exchange of messages in linguistic form, including spoken and written messages as well as sign language. Non-verbal communication happens without the use of a linguistic system, for example, using body language, touch, and facial expressions. Another distinction is between interpersonal communication, which happens between distinct persons, and intrapersonal communication, which is communication with oneself. Communicative competence is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them.
Non-human forms of communication include animal and plant communication. Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like courtship and mating, parent-offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example, maple trees release so-called volatile organic compounds into the air to warn other plants of a herbivore attack. Most communication takes place between members of the same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species. Interspecies communication happens mainly in cases of symbiotic relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where nectar is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with pets and working animals.
Human communication has a long history and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems, the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet. The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the exchange of data between computers.
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Many museums have exhibitions of these objects on public display, and some have private collections that are used by researchers and specialists. Compared to a library, a museum hosts a much wider range of objects and usually focus around a specific theme such as the arts, science, natural history, local history, and other topics. Public museums that host exhibitions and interactive demonstrations are often considered to be tourist attractions, and many museums attract large numbers of visitors from outside their host country, with the most visited museums in the world regularly attracting millions of visitors annually.
Since the establishment of the earliest known museum in ancient times, museums have been associated with academia and the preservation of rare items. Museums originated as private collections of interesting items, and only much later did the emphasis on educating the public take root.
The Tokyo National Museum or TNM is an art museum in Ueno Park in the Taito ward of Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the four museums operated by the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage , is considered the oldest national museum in Japan, is the largest art museum in Japan, and is one of the largest art museums in the world. The museum collects, preserves, and displays a comprehensive collection of artwork and cultural objects from Asia, with a focus on ancient and medieval Japanese art and Asian art along the Silk Road. There is also a large collection of Greco-Buddhist art. As of April 2023, the museum held approximately 120,000 Cultural Properties, including 89 National Treasures, 319 Horyuji Treasures, and 649 Important Cultural Properties. As of the same date, the Japanese government had designated 902 works of art and crafts as National Treasures and 10,820 works of art and crafts as Important Cultural Properties, so the museum holds about 10% of the works of art and crafts designated as National Treasures and 6% of those designated as Important Cultural Properties.
The museum also holds 2,651 cultural properties deposited by individuals and organisations, of which 54 are National Treasures and 262 are Important Cultural Properties. Of these, 3,000 cultural properties are on display at one time, with each changing for between four and eight weeks. The museum also conducts research and organizes educational events related to its collection.
The facilities consist of the Honkan, holding the Japanese Gallery; the Heiseikan and Hyokeikan, holding special exhibitions; the Toyokan, holding the Asian Gallery; the Gallery of Horyuji Treasures, holding important relics originally preserved at Nara's Horyu Temple; the Kuroda Memorial Hall, holding a collection of works by Kuroda Seiki; and the Research and Information Center. There are restaurants and shops within the museum's premises, as well as outdoor exhibitions and a garden where visitors can enjoy seasonal views.
Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and comes in many forms. Formal education happens in a complex institutional framework, like public schools. Non-formal education is also structured but takes place outside the formal schooling system, while informal education is unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are divided into levels that include early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on the teaching method, like teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on the subject, like science education, language education, and physical education. The term "education" can also refer to the mental states and qualities of educated people and the academic field studying educational phenomena.
The precise definition of education is disputed, and there are disagreements about what the aims of education are and to what extent education is different from indoctrination by fostering critical thinking. These disagreements affect how to identify, measure, and improve forms of education. Fundamentally, education socializes children into society by teaching cultural values and norms. It equips them with the skills needed to become productive members of society. This way, it stimulates economic growth and raises awareness of local and global problems. Organized institutions affect many aspects of education. For example, governments set education policies to determine when school classes happen, what is taught, and who can or must attend. International organizations, like UNESCO, have been influential in promoting primary education for all children.
Many factors influence whether education is successful. Psychological factors include motivation, intelligence, and personality. Social factors, like socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender, are often linked to discrimination. Further factors include access to educational technology, teacher quality, and parent involvement.
The main academic field investigating education is called education studies. It examines what education is, what aims and effects it has, and how to improve it. Education studies has many subfields, like philosophy, psychology, sociology, and economics of education. It also discusses comparative education, pedagogy, and the history of education.
The Rijksmuseum is the national museum of the Netherlands dedicated to Dutch arts and history and is located in Amsterdam. The museum is located at the Museum Square in the borough of Amsterdam South, close to the Van Gogh Museum, the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, and the Concertgebouw.
The Rijksmuseum was founded in The Hague on 19 November 1798 and moved to Amsterdam in 1808, where it was first located in the Royal Palace and later in the Trippenhuis. The current main building was designed by Pierre Cuypers and first opened in 1885. On 13 April 2013, after a ten-year renovation which cost EUR 375 million, the main building was reopened by Queen Beatrix. In 2013 and 2014, it was the most visited museum in the Netherlands with record numbers of 2.2 million and 2.47 million visitors. It is also the largest art museum in the country.
The museum has on display 8,000 objects of art and history, from their total collection of 1 million objects from the years 1200-2000, among which are some masterpieces by Rembrandt, Frans Hals, and Johannes Vermeer. The museum also has a small Asian collection, which is on display in the Asian pavilion.
The collection of the Rijksmuseum was built over a period of 200 years and did not originate from a royal collection incorporated into a national museum. Its origins were modest, with its collection fitting into five rooms at in Huis ten Bosch palace in The Hague. Although the seventeenth century was beginning to be recognized as the key period in Dutch art, the museum did not then hold paintings by Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Johannes Vermeer, or Jacob van Ruisdael. The collection was built up by purchase and donation. Napoleon had carried off the stadholder's collection to Paris; the paintings were returned to The Netherlands in 1815 but housed in the Mauritshuis in The Hague rather than the Rijksmuseum. With the founding of the Rijksmuseum in 1885, holdings from other entities were brought together to establish the Rijksmuseum's major collections.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
The primary purposes of basic research are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.
A researcher is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an occupation by a formal job title. In order to be a social researcher or a social scientist, one should have enormous knowledge of subjects related to social science that they are specialized in. Similarly, in order to be a natural science researcher, the person should have knowledge of fields related to natural science . Professional associations provide one pathway to mature in the research profession.
The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the Old French term "recerchier" a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search'. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
Area is the measure of a region's size on a surface. The area of a plane region or plane area refers to the area of a shape or planar lamina, while surface area refers to the area of an open surface or the boundary of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. It is the two-dimensional analogue of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid .
Two different regions may have the same area ; by synecdoche, "area" sometimes is used to refer to the region, as in a "polygonal area".
The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size. In the International System of Units , the standard unit of area is the square metre , which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number.
There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles, and circles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles. For shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a major motivation for the historical development of calculus.
For a solid shape such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder, the area of its boundary surface is called the surface area. Formulas for the surface areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks, but computing the surface area of a more complicated shape usually requires multivariable calculus.
An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibition hall, or World's fairs. Exhibitions can include many things such as art in both major museums and smaller galleries, interpretive exhibitions, natural history museums and history museums, and also varieties such as more commercially focused exhibitions and trade fairs. They can also foster community engagement, dialogue, and education, providing visitors with opportunities to explore diverse perspectives, historical contexts, and contemporary issues. Additionally, exhibitions frequently contribute to the promotion of artists, innovators, and industries, acting as a conduit for the exchange of ideas and the celebration of human creativity and achievement.
In British English the word "exhibition" is used for a collection of items placed on display and the event as a whole, which in American English is usually an "exhibit". In both varieties of English each object being shown within an exhibition is an "exhibit". In common usage, "exhibitions" are considered temporary and usually scheduled to open and close on specific dates. While many exhibitions are shown in just one venue, some exhibitions are shown in multiple locations and are called travelling exhibitions, and some are online exhibitions. Exhibitions featuring especially fragile or valuable objects, or live animals--may be shown only during a formal presentation, under the close supervision of attendant or educator. Temporary exhibits that are transported from institution to institution are traveling exhibits.
Though exhibitions are common events, the concept of an exhibition is quite wide and encompasses many variables. Exhibitions range from an extraordinarily large event such as a World's fair exposition to small one-artist solo shows or a display of just one item. Often a team of specialists is required to assemble and execute an exhibition; these specialists vary depending on the type of said exhibit. Curators are sometimes involved as the people who select the items in an exhibition. Writers and editors are sometimes needed to write text, labels and accompanying printed material such as catalogs and books. Architects, exhibition designers, graphic designers and other designers may be needed to shape the exhibition space and give form to the editorial content. Organizing and holding exhibitions also requires effective event planning, management, and logistics.
The exhibition came fully into its own in the 19th century, but various temporary exhibitions had been held before that, especially the regular displays of mostly new art in major cities. The Paris Salon of the Academie des Beaux-Arts was the most famous of these, beginning in 1667, and open to the public from 1737. By the mid-18th century this and its equivalents in other countries had become crucial for developing and maintaining the reputation of contemporary artists. In London the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition has been held annually since 1769, and the British Institution ran temporary exhibitions from 1805 to 1867, typically twice a year, with one of new British painting and one of loans of old masters from the Royal Collection and the aristocratic collections of English country houses.
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The International Council of Museums defines a museum as "a not-for-profit, permanent institution in the service of society that researches, collects, conserves, interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to the public, accessible and inclusive, museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically, professionally and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection and knowledge sharing."
The estimated total number of museums worldwide is around 104,000. Museum institutions are not evenly distributed globally, with Western Europe and North America housing around 61% of museums as of March 2021. The International Council of Museums comprises approximately 30,000 members in 137 countries.
A curator is a manager or overseer. When working with cultural organizations, a curator is typically a "collections curator" or an "exhibitions curator", and has multifaceted tasks dependent on the particular institution and its mission. The term "curator" may designate the head of any given division, not limited to museums. Curator roles include "community curators", "literary curators", "digital curators", and "biocurators".
A "collections curator", a "museum curator", or a "keeper" of a cultural heritage institution is a content specialist charged with an institution's collections and involved with the interpretation of heritage material including historical artifacts. A collections curator's concern necessarily involves tangible objects of some sort--artwork, collectibles, historic items, or scientific collections.
In smaller organizations, a curator may have sole responsibility for acquisitions and even for collections care. A curator makes decisions regarding what objects to select, oversees their potential and documentation, conducts research based on the collection and its history, provides proper packaging of object for transportation, and shares research with the public and community through exhibitions and publications. In very small, volunteer-based museums, such as those of local historical societies, a curator may be the only paid staff-member.
In larger institutions, the curator's primary function is that of a subject specialist, with the expectation that he or she will conduct original research on objects and guide the organization in its collecting. Such institutions can have multiple curators, each assigned to a specific collecting area and often operating under the direction of a head curator. In such organizations, the physical care of the collection may be overseen by museum collections-managers or by museum conservators, with documentation and administrative matters handled by a museum registrar.
A museum is an institution dedicated to displaying and/or preserving culturally significant objects. Many museums have exhibitions of these objects on public display, and some have private collections that are used by researchers and specialists. Compared to a library, a museum hosts a much wider range of objects and usually focus around a specific theme such as the arts, science, natural history, local history, and other topics. Public museums that host exhibitions and interactive demonstrations are often considered to be tourist attractions, and many museums attract large numbers of visitors from outside their host country, with the most visited museums in the world regularly attracting millions of visitors annually.
Since the establishment of the earliest known museum in ancient times, museums have been associated with academia and the preservation of rare items. Museums originated as private collections of interesting items, and only much later did the emphasis on educating the public take root.
The English word museum comes from Latin, and is pluralized as museums . It is originally from the Ancient Greek Mouseion , which denotes a place or temple dedicated to the muses , and hence was a building set apart for study and the arts, especially the Musaeum for philosophy and research at Alexandria, built under Ptolemy I Soter about 280 BC.
The purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display objects of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the study and education of the public. To city leaders, an active museum community can be seen as a gauge of the cultural or economic health of a city, and a way to increase the sophistication of its inhabitants. To museum professionals, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museum's mission, such as civil rights or environmentalism. Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithson's bequest funding the Smithsonian Institution stated that he wanted to establish an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge".
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