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<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Most prokaryotes have a peptidoglycan cell wall and many have a polysaccharide capsule (Figure 4.5). The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration. The capsule enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment. Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Flagella are used for locomotion. Pili are used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to attach to a host cell. [/INST] [question]: The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents what? [answer]: dehydration</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: There are very few living species of monotremes, or egg-laying mammals. They include the echidna and platypus, both pictured in Figure below . Monotremes are found only in Australia and the nearby island of New Guinea. [/INST] [question]: What's another term for egg-laying mammals? [answer]: monotremes</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The genetic code is the same in all living things. This shows that all organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor. [/INST] [question]: What code is the same in all living things and shows that all organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor? [answer]: genetic</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Figure 15.2 All animals that derive energy from food are heterotrophs. The (a) black bear is an omnivore, eating both plants and animals. The (b) heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is a parasite that derives energy from its hosts. It spends its larval stage in mosquitos and its adult stage infesting the hearts of dogs and other mammals, as shown here. (credit a: modification of work by USDA Forest Service; credit b: modification of work by Clyde Robinson). [/INST] [question]: All animals that derive energy from food are classified as what? [answer]: heterotrophs</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Through the process of transformation, the human gene for insulin is placed into bacteria. The bacteria then use that gene to make a protein. The protein can be separated from the bacteria and then used to treat patients. The mass production of insulin by bacteria made this medicine much more affordable. [/INST] [question]: Through which process is the human gene for insulin placed into bacteria? [answer]: transformation</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. An example of mutualism involves goby fish and shrimp (see Figure below ). The nearly blind shrimp and the fish spend most of their time together. The shrimp maintains a burrow in the sand in which both the fish and shrimp live. When a predator comes near, the fish touches the shrimp with its tail as a warning. Then, both fish and shrimp retreat to the burrow until the predator is gone. From their relationship, the shrimp gets a warning of approaching danger. The fish gets a safe retreat and a place to lay its eggs. [/INST] [question]: What is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit? [answer]: mutualism</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Longer chains of monosaccharides are referred to as polysaccharides . Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are three extremely common polysaccharides made entirely out of glucose molecules. The differences lie in the types of bonds between the glucose units and the extent of branching in the carbohydrate chain. Starch is found in plants and is consumed as part of our diet. Glycogen is made by the body and is a storage form of glucose for when the cells need extra energy. Cellulose is another long-chain polysaccharide found in plants. Unlike starch and glycogen, the human body cannot break cellulose down into molecules of glucose. Although cellulose does not have any nutritional value in terms of calories, it is a major component of dietary fiber, which has other digestive benefits. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for longer chains of monosaccharides ? [answer]: polysaccharides</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: This equation is based on the conservation of energy and conservation of charge. Electrical potential energy can be described by the equation PE = qV , where q is the electric charge and V is the voltage. Thus the energy supplied by the source is qV , while that dissipated by the resistors is. [/INST] [question]: Electrical potential energy can be described by the equation pe = qv, where q is the electric charge and v is what? [answer]: voltage</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Warmer, lighter air is more buoyant than the cooler air above it. So the warm air rises. The cooler air is denser than the air beneath it. So it sinks down. This is convection: warm air rises, and cool air sinks. Warm fluids can undergo convection as well. This is described in the chapter Plate Tectonics . [/INST] [question]: What process is at work when warm air or water rises, and cool air or water sinks? [answer]: convection</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia If you have ever spun a bike wheel or pushed a merry-go-round, you know that force is needed to change angular velocity as seen in Figure 10.10. In fact, your intuition is reliable in predicting many of the factors that are involved. For example, we know that a door opens slowly if we push too close to its hinges. Furthermore, we know that the more massive the door, the more slowly it opens. The first example implies that the farther the force is applied from the pivot, the greater the angular acceleration; another implication is that angular acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. These relationships should seem very similar to the familiar relationships among force, mass, and acceleration embodied in Newton’s second law of motion. There are, in fact, precise rotational analogs to both force and mass. [/INST] [question]: If force is applied further away from a pivot point, than what kind of acceleration will be greater? [answer]: angular</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The kinetic-molecular theory as it applies to gases has five basic assumptions. [/INST] [question]: The kinetic-molecular theory as it applies to gases has how many basic assumptions? [answer]: five</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are direct opposite reactions. Energy from the sun enters a plant and is converted into glucose during photosynthesis. Some of the energy is used to make ATP in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, and some is lost to the environment as heat. [/INST] [question]: During photosynthesis, what is energy from the sun converted to after entering a plant? [answer]: glucose</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: After tissues, organs are the next level of organization of the human body. An organ is a structure that consists of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job. Examples of human organs include the brain, heart, lungs, skin, and kidneys. Human organs are organized into organ systems, many of which are shown in Figure below . An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a complex overall function. Each organ of the system does part of the larger job. [/INST] [question]: What is a structure that consists of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job? [answer]: organ</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Many amino acids can be linked together to form a long chain known as a protein . These linkages are formed when the carboxylic acid of one amino acid reacts with the amine of another to produce an amide (see Figure below ). [/INST] [question]: What is formed when amino acids are linked together in a long chain? [answer]: protein</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Oxides As with the halides, the nature of bonding in oxides of the transition elements is determined by the oxidation state of the metal. Oxides with low oxidation states tend to be more ionic, whereas those with higher oxidation states are more covalent. These variations in bonding are because the electronegativities of the elements are not fixed values. The electronegativity of an element increases with increasing oxidation state. Transition metals in low oxidation states have lower electronegativity values than oxygen; therefore, these metal oxides are ionic. Transition metals in very high oxidation states have electronegativity values close to that of oxygen, which leads to these oxides being covalent. The oxides of the first transition series can be prepared by heating the metals in air. These oxides are Sc2O3, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O3, Mn3O4, Fe3O4, Co3O4, NiO, and CuO. Alternatively, these oxides and other oxides (with the metals in different oxidation states) can be produced by heating the corresponding hydroxides, carbonates, or oxalates in an inert atmosphere. Iron(II) oxide can be prepared by heating iron(II) oxalate, and cobalt(II) oxide is produced by heating cobalt(II) hydroxide:. [/INST] [question]: The electronegativity of an element increases with increasing of what state? [answer]: oxidation</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: There are four known types of bosons, which are force-carrying particles. Each of these bosons carries a different fundamental force between interacting particles. In addition, there is a particle which may exist, called the "Higgs Boson", which gives objects the masses they have. Some types of bosons have mass; others are massless. Bosons have an electric charge of +1, -1, or 0. [/INST] [question]: How many types of bosons are there? [answer]: four</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Meteorites provide clues about our solar system. Many were formed in the early solar system ( Figure below ). Some are from asteroids that have split apart. A few are rocks from nearby bodies like Mars. For this to happen, an asteroid smashed into Mars and sent up debris. A bit of the debris entered Earth’s atmosphere as a meteor. [/INST] [question]: What astronomical phenomenon, formed of split asteroids or planetary rocks, provides clues about our solar system? [answer]: meteorites</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: True predation is when a predator kills and eats its prey. Some predators of this type, such as jaguars, kill large prey. They tear it apart and chew it before eating it. Others, like bottlenose dolphins or snakes, may eat their prey whole. In some cases, the prey dies in the mouth or the digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of plankton at once. The prey is digested afterward. True predators may hunt actively for prey, or they may sit and wait for prey to get within striking distance. Certain traits enable organisms to be effective hunters. These include camouflage, speed, and heightened senses. These traits also enable certain prey to avoid predators. [/INST] [question]: When a predator kills and eats its prey, what sort of predation is this referred to as? [answer]: true</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Different forms, or allotropes, of carbon are diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. [/INST] [question]: Different forms, or allotropes, of carbon are diamond, graphite, and what? [answer]: fullerenes</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Organisms that reproduce sexually by joining gametes , a process known as fertilization , must have a mechanism to produce haploid gametes. This mechanism is meiosis , a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes. Meiosis occurs only in gamete producing cells within the gonads. During meiosis the pairs of chromosomes separate and segregate randomly to produce gametes with one chromosome from each pair. Meiosis involves two nuclear and cell divisions without an interphase in between, starting with one diploid cell and generating four haploid cells ( Figure below ). Each division, named meiosis I and meiosis II, has four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. These stages are similar to those of mitosis, but there are distinct and important differences. [/INST] [question]: What is the process in which organisms reproduce sexually by joining gametes called? [answer]: fertilization</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Gravity has traditionally been defined as a force of attraction between things that have mass. The strength of gravity between two objects depends on their mass and their distance apart. [/INST] [question]: What is the force of attraction between things that have mass [answer]: gravity</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid produces bubbles of hydrogen gas. [/INST] [question]: Zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid produces bubbles of which gas? [answer]: hydrogen</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Temperature falls from the equator to the poles. Therefore, major temperature zones are based on latitude. They include tropical, temperate, and arctic zones (see Figure below ). However, other factors besides latitude may also influence temperature. For example, land near the ocean may have cooler summers and warmer winters than land farther inland. This is because water gains and loses heat more slowly than does land, and the water temperature influences the temperature on the coast. Temperature also falls from lower to higher altitudes. That’s why tropical zone mountain tops may be capped with snow. [/INST] [question]: Water gains and loses what more slowly than does land, affecting seasonal conditions inland and on the coast? [answer]: heat</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A N SW E R S 1. Molarity is moles per liter, whereas molality is moles per kilogram of solvent. [/INST] [question]: What term indicates moles per liter, whereas molality is moles per kilogram of solvent? [answer]: molarity</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: When HCl is dissolved into water, it is called hydrochloric acid. Ionic compounds and some polar compounds are completely broken apart into ions and thus conduct a current very well. A strong electrolyte is a solution in which a large fraction of the dissolved solute exists as ions. [/INST] [question]: Hydrochloric acid is formed when hcl is dissolved into what? [answer]: water</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different masses. [/INST] [question]: Atoms of the same element that have different masses are called what? [answer]: isotopes</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law • Laminar flow is characterized by smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. • Turbulence is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together. • Fluid viscosity η is due to friction within a fluid. Representative values are given in Table 12.1. Viscosity has units of. [/INST] [question]: What property is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together, unlike laminar flow? [answer]: turbulence</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: material, and is intimately related to the polarizability of the material. Things Great and Small The Submicroscopic Origin of Polarization Polarization is a separation of charge within an atom or molecule. As has been noted, the planetary model of the atom pictures it as having a positive nucleus orbited by negative electrons, analogous to the planets orbiting the Sun. Although this model is not completely accurate, it is very helpful in explaining a vast range of phenomena and will be refined elsewhere, such as in Atomic Physics. The submicroscopic origin of polarization can be modeled as shown in Figure 19.18. [/INST] [question]: What process refers to a separation of charge within an atom or molecule? [answer]: polarization</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Aerobic exercise helps improve the cardiovascular system, while anaerobic exercise causes muscles to get bigger and stronger. [/INST] [question]: Aerobic exercise helps improve the cardiovascular system, while what exercise causes muscles to get bigger and stronger? [answer]: anaerobic</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Vertebral Column Developmental anomalies, pathological changes, or obesity can enhance the normal vertebral column curves, resulting in the development of abnormal or excessive curvatures (Figure 7.21). Kyphosis, also referred to as humpback or hunchback, is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region. This can develop when osteoporosis causes weakening and erosion of the anterior portions of the upper thoracic vertebrae, resulting in their gradual collapse (Figure 7.22). Lordosis, or swayback, is an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy. The accumulation of body weight in the abdominal region results an anterior shift in the line of gravity that carries the weight of the body. This causes in an anterior tilt of the pelvis and a pronounced enhancement of the lumbar curve. Scoliosis is an abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column. Compensatory curves may also develop in other areas of the vertebral column to help maintain the head positioned over the feet. Scoliosis is the most common vertebral abnormality among girls. The cause is usually unknown, but it may result from weakness of the back muscles, defects such as differential growth rates in the right and left sides of the vertebral column, or differences in the length of the lower limbs. When present, scoliosis tends to get worse during adolescent growth spurts. Although most individuals do not require treatment, a back brace may be recommended for growing children. In extreme cases, surgery may be required. Excessive vertebral curves can be identified while an individual stands in the anatomical position. Observe the vertebral profile from the side and then from behind to check for kyphosis or lordosis. Then have the person bend forward. If scoliosis is present, an individual will have difficulty in bending directly forward, and the right and left sides of the back will not be level with each other in the bent position. [/INST] [question]: An excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region is also known as what? [answer]: kyphosis</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: DNA Double-Helical Structure DNA has a double-helical structure (Figure 2.23). It is composed of two strands, or polymers, of nucleotides. The strands are formed with bonds between phosphate and sugar groups of adjacent nucleotides. The strands are bonded to each other at their bases with hydrogen bonds, and the strands coil about each other along their length, hence the “double helix” description, which means a double spiral. [/INST] [question]: What is composed of two strands of nucleotides in a double-helical structure? [answer]: dna</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: As for all animals, your body is made of four types of tissue: epidermal, muscle, nerve, and connective tissues. Plants, too, are built of tissues, but not surprisingly, their very different lifestyles derive from different kinds of tissues. All three types of plant cells are found in most plant tissues. Three major types of plant tissues are dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. [/INST] [question]: The body is made up of how many types of tissue? [answer]: four</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: (a) A jet airplane flying from Darwin, Australia, has an air speed of 260 m/s in a direction 5.0º south of west. It is in the jet stream, which is blowing at 35.0 m/s in a direction 15º south of east. What is the velocity of the airplane relative to the Earth? (b) Discuss whether your answers are consistent with your expectations for the effect of the wind on the plane’s path. (a) In what direction would the ship in Exercise 3.57 have to travel in order to have a velocity straight north relative to the Earth, assuming its speed relative to the water remains 7.00 m/s ? (b) What would its speed be relative to the Earth? 60. (a) Another airplane is flying in a jet stream that is blowing at 45.0 m/s in a direction 20º south of east (as in Exercise 3.58). Its direction of motion relative to the Earth is 45.0º south of west, while its direction of travel relative to the air is 5.00º south of west. What is the airplane’s speed relative to the air mass? (b) What is the airplane’s speed relative to the Earth? 61. A sandal is dropped from the top of a 15.0-m-high mast on a ship moving at 1.75 m/s due south. Calculate the velocity of the sandal when it hits the deck of the ship: (a) relative to the ship and (b) relative to a stationary observer on shore. (c) Discuss how the answers give a consistent result for the position at which the sandal hits the deck. The velocity of the wind relative to the water is crucial to sailboats. Suppose a sailboat is in an ocean current that has a velocity of 2.20 m/s in a direction 30.0º east of north relative to the Earth. It encounters a wind that has a velocity of 4.50 m/s in a direction of 50.0º south of west relative to the Earth. What is the velocity of the wind relative to the water? 63. The great astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that all distant galaxies are receding from our Milky Way Galaxy with velocities proportional to their distances. It appears to an observer on the Earth that we are at the center of an expanding universe. Figure 3.64 illustrates this for five galaxies lying along a straight line, with the Milky Way Galaxy at the center. Using the data from the figure, calculate the velocities: (a) relative to galaxy 2 and (b) relative to galaxy 5. The results mean that observers on all galaxies will see themselves at the center of the expanding universe, and they would likely be aware of relative velocities, concluding that it is not possible to locate the center of expansion with the given information. [/INST] [question]: The great astronomer edwin hubble discovered that all distant galaxies are receding from our milky way galaxy with velocities proportional to their what? [answer]: distances</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The atmosphere is an exchange pool for water. Ice masses, aquifers, and the deep ocean are water reservoirs. [/INST] [question]: Ice masses, acquifers, and the deep ocean are examples of water what? [answer]: reservoirs</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Not so fast. The mesosphere is the least known layer of the atmosphere. The mesosphere lies above the highest altitude an airplane can go. It lies below the lowest altitude a spacecraft can orbit. Maybe that's just as well. If you were in the mesosphere without a space suit, your blood would boil! This is because the pressure is so low that liquids would boil at normal body temperature. [/INST] [question]: What atmospheric layer lies above the highest altitude an airplane can go and below the lowest altitude a spacecraft can orbit? [answer]: mesosphere</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 7.2 | Glycolysis By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced in the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis • Compare the output of glycolysis in terms of ATP molecules and NADH molecules produced You have read that nearly all of the energy used by living cells comes to them in the bonds of the sugar, glucose. Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Nearly all living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. The process does not use oxygen and is therefore anaerobic. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport in which the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These transporters assist in the facilitated diffusion of glucose. Glycolysis begins with the six carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule and ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. Glycolysis consists of two distinct phases. The first part of the glycolysis pathway traps the glucose molecule in the cell and uses energy to modify it so that the six-carbon sugar molecule can be split evenly into the two three-carbon molecules. The second part of glycolysis extracts energy from the molecules and stores it in the form of ATP and NADH, the reduced form of NAD. [/INST] [question]: What is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism? [answer]: glycolysis</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Atoms, which are always neutral in electric charge, contain electrons as well as protons and neutrons. An electron has an electrical charge of -1. If an atom has three electrons, infer how many protons it has. [/INST] [question]: What charge do atoms carry? [answer]: neutral</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. visceral and parietal pleurae. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. none of the above 14. Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a. pulmonary ventilation b. production of pulmonary surfactant c. resistance d. surface tension 15. A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure. [/INST] [question]: The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of how many layers? [answer]: two</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they obtain food from outside themselves. [/INST] [question]: Organisms that obtain food from outside themselves (i.e. they don't make their own food) are known as what? [answer]: heterotrophs</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The girls in the picture above make up a small sample—there are only four of them. In scientific investigations, samples may include hundreds or even thousands of people or other objects of study. Especially when samples are very large, it’s important to be able to summarize their overall characteristics with a few numbers. That’s where descriptive statistics come in. Descriptive statistics are measures that show the central tendency, or center, of a sample or the variation in a sample. [/INST] [question]: In scientific investigations, descriptive statistics are useful for summarizing the characteristics of large what? [answer]: samples</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The cell wall grows toward the center of the cell. The cytoplasm splits apart, and the cell pinches in two. This is called cytokinesis . [/INST] [question]: The process of the cytoplasm splitting apart and the cell pinching in two is known as what? [answer]: cytokinesis</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: deep sea trenches : Trenches are found in the sea. Some are near the edges of continents. Trenches are found near chains of active volcanoes. An example is the line of the very deepest blue, off of western South America. [/INST] [question]: What kind of mountainous formation can often be found near trenches? [answer]: volcanoes</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Skeletal muscle tissue forms skeletal muscles, which attach to bones and sometimes the skin and control locomotion and any other movement that can be consciously controlled. Because it can be controlled intentionally, skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle. When viewed under a microscope, skeletal muscle tissue has a striped or striated appearance. This appearance results from the arrangement of the proteins inside the cell that are responsible for contraction. The cells of skeletal muscle are long and tapered and have multiple nuclei on the periphery of each cell. Smooth muscle tissue occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and around passages such as in the respiratory tract and blood vessels. Smooth muscle has no striations, is not under voluntary control, and is called involuntary muscle. Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus. Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. The contractions of cardiac muscle tissue pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated, but unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot be consciously controlled and is called involuntary muscle. The cells of cardiac muscle tissue are connected to each other through intercalated disks and usually have just one nucleus per cell. [/INST] [question]: Because it can be controlled intentionally, skeletal muscle is also called what type of muscle? [answer]: voluntary</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Igneous rocks are classified by composition and texture. The composition can be felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic. The composition depends on the minerals the rock includes. A felsic rock will contain felsic minerals. [/INST] [question]: Felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic are types of composition of what rock group? [answer]: igneous</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Photosynthesis is the base of nearly all food chains on Earth. This is true of marine food chains, too. [/INST] [question]: What is the base of nearly all food chains on earth? [answer]: photosynthesis</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: part of a vertebrate endoskeleton that encloses and protects the brain; also called the skull. [/INST] [question]: The skull is a part of a vertebrate endoskeleton that encloses and protects what organ? [answer]: brain</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Imagine a huge bar magnet passing through Earth’s axis, as in the Figure below . This is a good representation of Earth as a magnet. Like a bar magnet, Earth has north and south magnetic poles. A magnetic pole is the north or south end of a magnet, where the magnet exerts the most force. [/INST] [question]: What is the name of the region of a magnet that has the most pull? [answer]: pole</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: There are four major forces of evolution that cause allele frequencies to change. They are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection. [/INST] [question]: How many major forces of elevation cause allele frequencies to change? [answer]: four</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: No doubt you already have a good idea of what temperature is. You might say that it’s how warm or cool something feels. In physics, temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. When particles of matter move more quickly, they have more kinetic energy, so their temperature is higher. With a higher temperature, matter feels warmer. When particles move more slowly, they have less kinetic energy on average, so their temperature is lower. With a lower temperature, matter feels cooler. [/INST] [question]: In physics, what is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter? [answer]: temperature</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: They have lots of mitochondria. Mitochondria are called the power plants of the cell, as these organelles are where most of the cell's energy is produced. Cells that need lots of energy have lots of mitochondria. [/INST] [question]: What organelles are known as the "power plants" of the cell? [answer]: mitochondria</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 22.4 Gas Exchange The behavior of gases can be explained by the principles of Dalton’s law and Henry’s law, both of which describe aspects of gas exchange. Dalton’s law states that each specific gas in a mixture of gases exerts force (its partial pressure) independently of the other gases in the mixture. Henry’s law states that the amount of a specific gas that dissolves in a liquid is a function of its partial pressure. The greater the partial pressure of a gas, the more of that gas will dissolve in a liquid, as the gas moves toward equilibrium. Gas molecules move down a pressure gradient; in other words, gas moves from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. The partial pressure of oxygen is high in the alveoli and low in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. As a result, oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the blood. In contrast, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is high in the pulmonary capillaries and low in the alveoli. Therefore, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the blood into the alveoli. The amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide that diffuses across the respiratory membrane is similar. Ventilation is the process that moves air into and out of the alveoli, and perfusion affects the flow of blood in the capillaries. Both are important in gas exchange, as ventilation must be sufficient to create a high partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. If ventilation is insufficient and the partial pressure of oxygen drops in the alveolar air, the capillary is constricted and blood flow is redirected to alveoli with sufficient ventilation. External respiration refers to gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli, whereas internal respiration refers to gas exchange that occurs in the tissue. Both are driven by partial pressure differences. [/INST] [question]: Dalton's law and henry's law both describe aspects of what type of exchange? [answer]: gas</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Secretory Vesicles contain materials that are to be excreted from the cell, such as wastes or hormones . Secretory vesicles include synaptic vesicles and vesicles in endocrine tissues. Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters. They are located at presynaptic terminals in neurons. When a signal reaches the end of an axon, the synaptic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release the neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic junction, and binds to a receptor on the next cell. Some cells also produce molecules, such as hormones produced by endocrine tissues, needed by other cells. These molecules are stored in secretory vesicles and released when needed. Secretory vesicles also hold enzymes needed to make extracellular structures, such as the extracellular matrix of animal cells. [/INST] [question]: What vesicles store neurotransmitters? [answer]: synaptic</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a large molecule made up of proteins and iron. It consists of four folded chains of a protein called globin, designated alpha 1 and 2, and beta 1 and 2 (Figure 18.7a). Each of these globin molecules is bound to a red pigment molecule called heme, which contains an ion of iron (Fe2+) (Figure 18.7b). [/INST] [question]: Hemoglobin is a large molecule made up of proteins and iron. it consists of four folded chains of a protein called this? [answer]: globin</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Assume that some members of a species become geographically separated from the rest of the species. If they remain separated long enough, they may evolve genetic differences. If the differences prevent them from interbreeding with members of the original species, they have evolved into a new species. Speciation that occurs in this way is called allopatric speciation . An example is described in the Figure below . [/INST] [question]: A new species is said to have evolved if separated members of a species evolve genetic differences that prevent what from occurring with the original members?? [answer]: interbreeding</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine. Prone describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures. [/INST] [question]: What term describes the orientation of a body lying face-down? [answer]: prone</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 in most of its compounds. Oxygen is the second most electronegative element, so it also tends to be assigned all shared electrons. Exceptions include O 2 (oxidation state = 0), peroxides, in which two oxygen atoms are connected by a single bond (oxidation state usually = -1), and any compound in which oxygen is bonded to fluorine (pretty rare and reactive). [/INST] [question]: What is the name of the second most electronegative element? [answer]: oxygen</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Coevolution occurs when species evolve together. This often happens in species that have symbiotic relationships. Examples include flowering plants and their pollinators. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for species evolving together? [answer]: coevolution</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The trachea , or wind pipe, is a long tube that leads down to the chest. [/INST] [question]: What's the other term for your wind pipe? [answer]: trachea</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The blood vessels are an important part of the cardiovascular system. They connect the heart to every cell in the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart ( Figure below ). [/INST] [question]: In the cardiovascular system, what blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? [answer]: arteries</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: pressure above the liquid. Molecules in the gas phase can collide with the liquid surface and reenter the liquid via condensation. Eventually, a steady state is reached in which the number of molecules evaporating and condensing per unit time is the same, and the system is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Under these conditions, a liquid exhibits a characteristic equilibrium vapor pressure that depends only on the temperature. We can express the nonlinear relationship between vapor pressure and temperature as a linear relationship using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. This equation can be used to calculate the enthalpy of vaporization of a liquid from its measured vapor pressure at two or more temperatures. Volatile liquids are liquids with high vapor pressures, which tend to evaporate readily from an open container; nonvolatile liquids have low vapor pressures. When the vapor pressure equals the external pressure, bubbles of vapor form within the liquid, and it boils. The temperature at which a substance boils at a pressure of 1 atm is its normal boiling point. [/INST] [question]: Molecules in the gas phase can collide with the liquid surface and reenter the liquid via what? [answer]: condensation</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: When we consider a chemical reaction, we need to take into account both the system and the surroundings. The system includes the components involved in the chemical reaction itself. These will often take place in a flask, a beaker, a test tube, or some other container. The surroundings include everything that is not part of the system. When potassium reacts with water, part of the heat energy generated in the reaction is released into the surroundings. The boundary between system and surroundings is arbitrary, and it is generally chosen in a way that makes observations and calculations easier. [/INST] [question]: When we consider a chemical reaction, we need to take into account both the system and what? [answer]: sorroundings</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Two unique features of mollusks are the mantle and radula (see Figure above ). The mantle is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body. It secretes calcium carbonate to form the shell. It forms a cavity, called the mantle cavity, between the mantle and the body. The mantle cavity pumps water for filter feeding. The radula is a feeding organ with teeth made of chitin. It is located in front of the mouth in the head region. Herbivorous mollusks use the radula to scrape food such as algae off rocks. Predatory mollusks use the radula to drill holes in the shells of their prey. [/INST] [question]: What is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body? [answer]: mantle</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Some of the largest, and most beautiful, natural crystals can be found in the Naica mine, in Mexico. These gypsum crystals were formed over thousands of years. Groundwater that is rich in calcium and sulfur flowed through an underground cave. Check it out:. [/INST] [question]: In what country can some of the largest natural crystals be found? [answer]: mexico</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Plants are the primary producers in terrestrial biomes. They make food for themselves and other organisms by photosynthesis. The major plants in a given biome, in turn, help determine the types of animals and other organisms that can live there. [/INST] [question]: What are the primary producers in terrestrial biomes? [answer]: plants</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Summary Four quantities must be known for a complete physical description of a sample of a gas: temperature, volume, amount, and pressure. Pressure is force per unit area of surface; the SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), defined as 1 newton per square meter (N/m2). The pressure exerted by an object is proportional to the force it exerts and inversely proportional to the area on which the force is exerted. The pressure exerted by Earth’s atmosphere, called atmospheric pressure, is about 101 kPa or 14.7 lb/in.2 at sea level. Atmospheric pressure can be measured with abarometer, a closed, inverted tube filled with mercury. The height of the mercury column is proportional to atmospheric pressure, which is often reported in units ofmillimeters of mercury (mmHg), also called torr. Standard atmospheric pressure, the pressure required to support a column of mercury 760 mm tall, is yet. [/INST] [question]: What is the si unit for pressure? [answer]: pascal</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: All waves can be defined in terms of their frequency and intensity. [/INST] [question]: Frequency and intensity are two measurable properties of what? [answer]: wave</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: It’s much easier to precisely make mirrors than to precisely make glass lenses. For that reason, reflectors can be made larger than refractors. Larger telescopes can collect more light. This means that they can study dimmer or more distant objects. The largest optical telescopes in the world today are reflectors. Telescopes can also be made to use both lenses and mirrors. [/INST] [question]: What happens to old oceanic crust at convergent boundaries? [answer]: destroyed</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Earthquakes can cause tsunamis . These deadly ocean waves may result from any shock to ocean water. A shock could be a meteorite impact, landslide, or a nuclear explosion. But most come from large underwater earthquakes. [/INST] [question]: By shocking ocean water, earthquakes can cause what deadly ocean waves? [answer]: tsunamis</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A desmosome is a cell junction specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. They are found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium, and in muscle tissue where they bind muscle cells to one another. These junctions are composed of complexes of cell surface adhesion proteins and linking proteins. These proteins have both an intracellular and extracellular region. Inside the cell, they attach to intracellular filaments of the cytoskeleton. Outside the cell, they attach to other adhesion proteins. [/INST] [question]: Where are the desmosome found in a cell? [answer]: epithelium</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Germ Cells The least mature cells, the spermatogonia (singular = spermatogonium), line the basement membrane inside the tubule. Spermatogonia are the stem cells of the testis, which means that they are still able to differentiate into a variety of different cell types throughout adulthood. Spermatogonia divide to produce primary and secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids, which finally produce formed sperm. The process that begins with spermatogonia and concludes with the production of sperm is called spermatogenesis. [/INST] [question]: Spermatogonia are the stem cells of what male sex organs? [answer]: testes</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Certain indicator compounds, such as litmus, can be used to detect acids. Acids turn blue litmus paper red. [/INST] [question]: Acids turn blue litmus paper which color? [answer]: red</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Most flatworms have a distinct head region that includes nerve cells and sensory organs, such as eyespots. The development of a head region, called cephalization , evolved at the same time as bilateral symmetry in animals. This process does not occur in cnidarians, which evolved prior to flatworms and have radial symmetry. [/INST] [question]: The development of a head region is called what? [answer]: cephalization</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Endocrine system: A high concentration of sugar in the blood triggers secretion of insulin by an endocrine gland called the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb sugar from the blood. [/INST] [question]: Which hormone helps cells absorb sugar from the blood? [answer]: insulin</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Electron Shells and the Bohr Model It should be stressed that there is a connection between the number of protons in an element, the atomic number that distinguishes one element from another, and the number of electrons it has. In all electrically neutral atoms, the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons. Thus, each element, at least when electrically neutral, has a characteristic number of electrons equal to its atomic number. An early model of the atom was developed in 1913 by Danish scientist Niels Bohr (1885–1962). The Bohr model shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with the electrons in circular orbitals at specific distances from the nucleus, as illustrated in Figure 2.6. These orbits form electron shells or energy levels, which are a way of visualizing the number of electrons in the outermost shells. These energy levels are designated by a number and the symbol “n. ” For example, 1n represents the first energy level located closest to the nucleus. [/INST] [question]: What is the number of electrons equal to in every electrically neutral atom? [answer]: protons</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: It can be. Achondroplasia is the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and it is caused by a dominant mutation. The mutation can be passed from one generation to the next. Over 95% of unrelated individuals with Achondroplasia have the same mutation, making it one of the most common mutations in the human genome. Why?. [/INST] [question]: What is the most common form of dwarfism in humans? [answer]: achondroplasia</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Overview of Transcription. Transcription uses the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. Triplets are groups of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA. Codons are complementary groups of bases in mRNA. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for groups of three successive nucleotide bases in dna? [answer]: triplets</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into any other substances. There are 92 naturally occurring elements. [/INST] [question]: What is a pure substance that cannot be separated into any other substances called? [answer]: element</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Stress is the force applied to a rock. There are four types of stresses:. [/INST] [question]: How many different types of stresses are there? [answer]: four</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The cis isomer has the two single hydrogen atoms on the same side of the molecule, while the trans isomer has them on opposite sides of the molecule. In both molecules, the bonding order of the atoms is the same. In order for geometric isomers to exist, there must be a rigid structure in the molecule to prevent free rotation around a bond. If the double bond in an alkene was capable of rotating, the two geometric isomers above would not exist. In addition, the two carbon atoms must each have two different groups attached in order for there to be geometric isomers. Propene has no geometric isomers because one of the carbon atoms has two single hydrogens bonded to it. [/INST] [question]: A molecule has two structures that can be generated. what is this called? [answer]: isomerism</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Chapter 42 1 Figure 42.11 C 3 Figure 42.16 If the blood of the mother and fetus mixes, memory cells that recognize the Rh antigen can form late in the first pregnancy. During subsequent pregnancies, these memory cells launch an immune attack on the fetal blood cells. Injection of anti-Rh antibody during the first pregnancy prevents the immune response from occurring. 4 D 6 A 8 D 10 B 12 D 14 C 16 C 18 D 20 C 22 If the MHC I molecules expressed on donor cells differ from the MHC I molecules expressed on recipient cells, NK cells may identify the donor cells as “non-self” and produce perforin and granzymes to induce the donor cells to undergo apoptosis, which would destroy the transplanted organ. 24 An antigen is a molecule that reacts with some component of the immune response (antibody, B cell receptor, T cell receptor). An epitope is the region on the antigen through which binding with the immune component actually occurs. 26 The TH1 response involves the secretion of cytokines to stimulate macrophages and CTLs and improve their destruction of intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. It is associated with inflammation. The TH2 response is involved in the stimulation of B cells into plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies. 28 T cells bind antigens that have been digested and embedded in MHC molecules by APCs. In contrast, B cells function themselves as APCs to bind intact, unprocessed antigens. 30 Cross reactivity of antibodies can be beneficial when it allows an individual's immune system to respond to an array of similar pathogens after being exposed to just one of them. A potential cost of cross reactivity is an antibody response to parts of the body (self) in addition to the appropriate antigen. [/INST] [question]: An antigen is a molecule that reacts with some component of the what response? [answer]: immune</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 21.5 | The Immune Response against Pathogens By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the development of immunological competence • Describe the mucosal immune response • Discuss immune responses against bacterial, viral, fungal, and animal pathogens • Describe different ways pathogens evade immune responses Now that you understand the development of mature, naïve B cells and T cells, and some of their major functions, how do all of these various cells, proteins, and cytokines come together to actually resolve an infection? Ideally, the immune response will rid the body of a pathogen entirely. The adaptive immune response, with its rapid clonal expansion, is well suited to this purpose. Think of a primary infection as a race between the pathogen and the immune system. The pathogen bypasses barrier defenses and starts multiplying in the host’s body. During the first 4 to 5 days, the innate immune response will partially control, but not stop, pathogen growth. As the adaptive immune response gears up, however, it will begin to clear the pathogen from the body, while at the same time becoming stronger and stronger. When following antibody responses in patients with a particular disease such as a virus, this clearance is referred to as seroconversion (sero- = “serum”). Seroconversion is the reciprocal relationship between virus levels in the blood and antibody levels. As the antibody levels rise, the virus levels decline, and this is a sign that the immune response is being at least partially effective (partially, because in many diseases, seroconversion does not necessarily mean a patient is getting well). An excellent example of this is seroconversion during HIV disease (Figure 21.26). Notice that antibodies are made early in this disease, and the increase in anti-HIV antibodies correlates with a decrease in detectable virus in the blood. Although these antibodies are an important marker for diagnosing the disease, they are not sufficient to completely clear the virus. Several years later, the vast majority of these individuals, if untreated, will lose their entire adaptive immune response, including the ability to make antibodies, during the final stages of AIDS. [/INST] [question]: What bodily system is primarily responsible for fighting pathogens in the body? [answer]: immune</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Vectors in Two Dimensions A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force, for example, are all vectors. In one-dimensional, or straight-line, motion, the direction of a vector can be given simply by a plus or minus sign. In two dimensions (2-d), however, we specify the direction of a vector relative to some reference frame (i. , coordinate system), using an arrow having length proportional to the vector’s magnitude and pointing in the direction of the vector. Figure 3.9 shows such a graphical representation of a vector, using as an example the total displacement for the person walking in a city considered in Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction. We shall use the notation that a boldface symbol, such as D , stands for a vector. Its magnitude is represented by the symbol in italics, D , and its direction by θ . Vectors in this Text In this text, we will represent a vector with a boldface variable. For example, we will represent the quantity force with the vector F , which has both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of the vector will be represented by a variable in italics, such as. [/INST] [question]: Displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force are examples of what type of quantity that has magnitude and direction? [answer]: vector</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The amount of material left over after a certain number of half-lives can be easily calculated. [/INST] [question]: What term is used to describe a chemical released by an animal that affects the behavior or physiology of animals of the same species? [answer]: pheromone</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The ozone in smog may damage plants. The effects of ozone add up over time. Plants such as trees, which normally live a long time, are most affected. Entire forests may die out if ozone levels are very high. Other plants, including crop plants, may also be damaged by ozone. You can see evidence of ozone damage in Figure below . [/INST] [question]: What is the term for the gas in smog that can damage plants? [answer]: ozone</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. This is where gases are exchanged between the air and the blood. Gases are also transported by the blood and exchanged between the blood and all the cells of the body. [/INST] [question]: What are the main organs of the respiratory system? [answer]: lungs</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Every plant and animal depends on its traits to survive. Survival may include getting food, building homes, and attracting mates. Traits that allow a plant, animal, or other organism to survive and reproduce in its environment are called adaptations . [/INST] [question]: What do you call the traits that allow a plant, animal, or other organism to survive and reproduce in its environment? [answer]: adaptations</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. [/INST] [question]: The products of photosynthesis are glucose and what else? [answer]: oxygen</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Gravity is responsible for erosion by flowing water and glaciers. That’s because gravity pulls water and ice downhill. These are ways gravity causes erosion indirectly. But gravity also causes erosion directly. Gravity can pull soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs and hillsides. This type of erosion and deposition is called mass wasting . It may happen suddenly. Or it may occur very slowly, over many years. [/INST] [question]: What force is responsible for erosion by flowing water and glaciers? [answer]: gravity</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Igneous rocks form from cooled magma or lava. [/INST] [question]: What type of rocks form from cooled magma or lava? [answer]: igneous</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Many structures in fish are adaptations for their aquatic lifestyle. For example, fish have a stream-lined body that reduces water resistance while swimming. [/INST] [question]: A fish's stream-lined body that reduces water resistance is an example of what kind of response to an aquatic lifestyle? [answer]: adaptation</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Gymnosperms have seeds but do not have flowers. [/INST] [question]: Gymnosperms have seeds but do not have what? [answer]: flowers</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Modern reptiles live in many different habitats. They can be found on every continent except Antarctica. [/INST] [question]: Modern members of what broad animal group live in many different habitats and are found on every continent except antarctica? [answer]: reptiles</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Sponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes. For example, they may be shaped like tubes, fans, cones, or just blobs. They range in diameter from about a centimeter (0.4 inches) to over a meter (3.3 feet). Many species live in colonies that may be quite large. Adult sponges are sessile . This means they are unable to move from place to place. Root-like projections anchor them to solid surfaces such as rocks and reefs. [/INST] [question]: What is it called when something is unable to move from place to place? [answer]: sessile</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Radio waves are the broad range of electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies. They are used for radio and television broadcasts, microwave ovens, cell phone transmissions, and radar. [/INST] [question]: What waves are the broad range of electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies? [answer]: radio</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Waves are characterized by their ability to constructively and destructively interfere . Light waves which interfere with themselves after interaction with a small aperture or target are said to diffract . [/INST] [question]: Light waves which interfere with themselves after interaction with a small aperture or target are said to what? [answer]: diffract</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Chemists need to be concerned with the rates at which chemical reactions occur. Rate is another word for speed. If a sprinter takes 11.0 s to run a 100 m dash, his rate or speed is given by the distance traveled divided by the time. [/INST] [question]: Distance traveled divided by time yields what measurement, which is another word used to describe the speed of a chemical reaction? [answer]: rate</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as minilivestock, is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept. However, the greatest contribution of arthropods to human food supply is by pollination. Three-fourths of the world’s flowering plants and about 35% of the world’s food crops depend on animal pollinators to reproduce and increase crop yields. More than 3,500 species of native bees pollinate crops. Some scientists estimate that one out of every three bites of food we eat exists because of animal pollinators, including birds and bats and arthropods like bees, butterflies and moths, and beetles and other insects. [/INST] [question]: What is the greatest contribution of arthropods to human food supply? [answer]: pollination</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: El Niño and La Niña bring about dramatic changes in climate for a year or two. In some locations, one brings rain and the other brings drought. In California, for example, El Niño years are full of snow and rain. La Niña years tend toward drought. These variations can bring tremendous changes to living creatures. Humans are also affected; for example, erosion from storms may be very high some years. [/INST] [question]: What kind of weather change do la nina years usually bring? [answer]: drought</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: No doubt you already have a good idea of what temperature is. You might define it as how hot or cold something feels. In physics, temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. When particles move more quickly, temperature is higher and an object feels warmer. When particles move more slowly, temperature is lower and an object feels cooler. [/INST] [question]: In physics, _______ is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object? [answer]: temperature</s> |
<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: In alcoholic fermentation , pyruvic acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is shown in Figure below . NAD + also forms from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue making ATP. This type of fermentation is carried out by yeasts and some bacteria. It is used to make bread, wine, and biofuels. [/INST] [question]: In alcoholic fermentation , which acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide? [answer]: pyruvic</s> |