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– to prepare a rough draft of a constitution, based on the series of resolutions the delegates had debated, amended, and debated again. When the Convention re-convened, the Committee of Detail presented its report, made up of twenty-three articles. The
Convention spent the remainder of August reviewing and further revising these articles. We the People of… Delegates quickly agreed to accept the Committee of Detail’s preamble and Articles I and II, affirming the new government would be called the Unites
States of America and consist of Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches. This agreement masked the critical issue that the Convention had debated throughout – was this to be a union of states or of people? The Committee of Detail’s constitution
began, “We the people of the States (emphasis added) of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, do ordain, declare, and establish the following Constitution for the Government of
Ourselves and our Posterity.” The Convention would not end with that language in the preamble. Representation: Who, What, and How Many? Discussion of the Committee of Detail report continued to include the structure and powers of the legislative branch. Some
of the key questions included: Who can elect representatives? How many representatives will there be? What will be their qualifications? Delegates debated whether to allow non-land owners to the right to vote for House members, or reserve the franchise to
property owners. Gouverneur Morris wanted to restrict voting to those with property, considering them more educated and better able to choose wise leaders. “The ignorant and dependant,” Morris stated, “can be… little trusted with the public interest.” Colonel Mason countered
arguments of this kind, saying all citizens should have equal voting rights and privileges. Doctor Franklin sided with Colonel Mason believing that restricting the right to vote to land owners would cause contention among the people. In the end Morris’s
proposal to restrict the franchise to property owners was defeated soundly (7-1-1). Just as the Convention rejected a plan to restrict voting to property owners, they also rejected a proposal to restrict elective office to property owners. South Carolina’s Charles
Pinckney moved that “the President of the U.S., the Judges, and members of the Legislature should be required to swear that they were respectively possessed of a cleared unencumbered Estate” – in an amount to be agreed upon by members
of the Convention. This proposal went nowhere. Benjamin Franklin expressed his “dislike of every thing that tended to debase the spirit of the common people,” and observed that “some of the greatest rogues he was ever acquainted with, were the
richest rogues.” Madison reports that Pinckney’s motion “was rejected by so general a no, that the States were not called.” The Convention did have a sentiment in favor of strong citizenship requirements for legislators. The Committee of Detail’s report required
members of the House be U.S. citizens for three years prior to election, and members of the Senate for four years. Some, including George Mason and Morris, agreed that a lengthy citizenship requirement would protect the legislature from foreign intrigue.
Others, including Madison and Franklin, pointed to the number of foreign friends who had helped the states during the war for independence. Delegates sided with Mason and Morris, agreeing to requirements that members of the House be citizens for seven
years and members of the Senate for nine years prior to election. On the question of how many representatives would make up the national legislature, Article IV of the Committee of Detail Report stated that the House of Representatives would
initially consist of sixty-five members, and that in the future, members of the House would be added “at the rate of one for every forty thousand.” Madison, expecting the Union to grow rapidly, thought that rate would quickly lead the
House to grow too large. Others thought that time would make this issue irrelevant. Mr. Nathaniel Gorham from Massachusetts asked, “Can it be supposed that this vast country including the Western territory will 150 years hence remain one nation? Mr.
Oliver Ellsworth observed that “If the government should continue so long, alterations may be made in the Constitution” through the amendment process. Delegates agreed to add the language “not exceeding” to the one representative for 40,000 citizen ratio, making that
a ceiling and not a floor. Controversy over this provision would re-emerge before the end of the Convention, however. The Specter of Slavery Likewise, controversy would emerge about slavery. Consideration of the apportionment of representatives raised the question of whether
slaves would be included within that ratio. Morris rose on August 8 and gave a withering criticism of the institution. Moving to specify that this ratio would include only “free” inhabitants, Morris called slavery “a nefarious institution,” and “the curse
of Virginia, Maryland, and the other states having slaves.” Morris’s motion was defeated 10-1, but the issue of how slavery would be addressed by the new union was by no means resolved. For more detailed information on the Constitutional Convention,
The concept of a numbering machine is quite simple. It consists of various wheels inside and all wheels are stamped with numbers. But, what could be done with this? Well,
the wheels of a numbering machine can be set and arranged to form a date or various other numbers. Basically numbers machines are used to imprint items with sequential numbers.
Over the time, people have been using this type of machine to stamp many different kinds of paperwork. By adjusting the numbers stamped on wheels, you can keep an organized
record of your date paperwork and label contracts. Numbering machines are considered as an inevitable stationery in offices or corporations, especially small businesses. They are used for any paperwork that
requires to be printed with unique and trackable numbers. It is a way to keep an organized record of whatever you do. There are many applications in an office set
Did You Know? Facts, Figures & Folklore About Fall / Autumn Sept 18 : 04 days to Fall Did you know that the word autumn comes from the French word, automne? The word came into common usage around the 16th century, before which “harvest” was used to refer to this
time of year. The use of harvest fell out of popularity as people gradually began living in towns and working the land became less common. Did you know that Americans colloquially refer to the season between summer and winter as “Fall”? While Brits prefer the more scientific terms “Autumn”! Do
you feel that? The crisp morning air is a sure sign that the Fall season is right around the corner. As the days get shorter and the temperatures fall, Autumn heralds its coming with fiery red leaves and bright orange pumpkins. Get yourself ready to fall back into Fall with
In 2006, two scientists announced that they had cooked an egg by placing it in between two cell phones. It has been thrououghly disproven and analyzed since the surface of the claim, but it is still an excellent opportunity to
use the Scientific Thinking Principles on! #1: Ruling Out Rival Hypotheses This principle isn't the most relevant because the experiment doesn't exactly prove any hypotheses. But it can still apply to the attempt to cook an egg between two cell
phones because there could be other effects causing that outcome. #2: Correlation vs. Causation There are so many other reasons that the egg could've cooked! Maybe it was really hot out? Or the cell phone egg set up was within
a microwave? Not the most probable of all possible causations, but it proves the point. There could be many other ways this egg could've cooked (or in actuality, the fact that it didn't cook at all) that we need to
examine or at least acknowledge that they could be there. This claim is very out there so it has a really good chance of being able to be falsified. As we will see in #4, after replicating the incident one
can find almost instantly that it is in fact a hoax. As many people did, reproducing the egg cooking experiement will prove that it is in fact a hoax. Every reproduction that was prodcued failed to yield the same results
as the first, which made everything make sense when the site's webmaster that published the article stepped forward to say it was in fact completely fake. #5: Extraordinary Claims The claim that you can cook an egg with two cell
phones is pretty extraordinary yet there is no extraordinary evidence to back it up! In fact, it is just too extraordinary to be real. #6: Occam's Razor In my mind, the simpliest explaination would be that it simply is not
true. The end. I'm not going to lie, if this claim was true I would be thrilled. In addition to being in awe of the power of technology, it would make cooking meals for myself in my dorm room a
whole lot easier! Unfortunately though, this is a hoax. With the help of the Six Principles of Scientific Thinking, I will never fall for this or any other raw food cooking claim ever again!
How To Win At Science Fairs (Dec, 1960) How To Win At Science Fairs by Ronald Benrey YOU CAN WIN at a Science Fair as long as one thing interests you more than winning does. This is your project itself. It is going to be judged on scientific thought, creative ability, and presentation. You will really have to know the
field your project is concerned with. This takes effort. Since you lack the means of a professional laboratory, you will have to do much with little. This takes trial and error and just plain work. Your presentation must be attractive and clear. This means good workmanship, which takes time and care. You are going to have to show some originality.
After all, there is no use doing what everybody else is doing: be different. For this, you have to have the other three under control. By the way, the “laymen” who see your exhibit will ask all kinds of questions. Have good answers at your fingertips. The judges won’t be laymen, and any double-talk will scream to them that you
don’t know your subject. It may also make them suspect that the best parts of your project are not your work. This would be unjust, perhaps, but deadly. Now, whether your entry covers a large table top or can just be tucked under your arm, it is going to be a big job. It can’t be left for a “crash
program” in the last few weeks before the Fair. It is going to eat up big portions of your time, energy, and spending money for the next several months. All this demands your interest. But it isn’t simply a matter of “fun. ” Licking this challenge may be a turning point in your life. With or without a scholarship prize,
your career may begin with it. As a reader of Electronics Illustrated your project will probably deal with electronics or applied physics rather than with biological or earth sciences. Select your topic carefully from a broad subject that really interests you. A massive effort in the direction of a passing fancy will result in a mediocre project at best. Take
a limited subtopic that you think worth investigating and that you feel able to handle. To ease financial strain, plan now to build your project over a long period of time, say six months, on a pay-as-you-build basis. Once you have a rough idea of your project’s general form, don’t dash into construction. Visit technical libraries and learn all you
can about current professional work in the field, and its technical jargon. This will give you much important information and helpful hints, and when you finally face the judges, you will know your subject. Here is a prickly question. It is up to you to be realistic and honest with yourself when you choose a topic. Your science teachers and
advisers will certainly be helpful, but the final decision must be yours. In other words, if you have never handled a soldering iron before, don’t take on a project requiring elaborate electronic instrumentation. If you have enough time you can work up to a complex project by building a few simpler devices, like many described in EI. This is another
reason for starting NOW. – Why not get your feet wet by assembling some test equipment from kits? You will certainly need a multimeter anyway, for any project, and it will be something you can use “forever. ” Another touchy subject: discussion of this often scares off good potential science fairers. Nobody requires or expects a science fair project to
produce a radical new scientific discovery. However, this does not imply that an entrant can’t find a new angle on an old problem. Merely duplicating a project described in a magazine shows the judges only one thing: the builder can follow directions. The main benefit of entering a science fair is the challenge of thinking a real problem out, all
presented and look impressive, but impressive need not mean expensive. Judges seldom look twice at an exhibit loaded down with excess and borrowed equipment when the same results could have been obtained more economically and without false show. Novel use of common materials shows creative ability, and this is an important judging criterion. Remember, how you solved your problem is
what counts at a science fair, and not merely that you solved it. Also, neatness counts! Aside from being impossible to troubleshoot, a rat’s nest of wiring is typical of losing projects. Time spent color-coding leads, installing wire harness and cable clamps will result in a much more attractive and more reliable project. But know what you are doing! Don’t
harness leads in a circuit that demands point-to-point wiring, or cable grid and plate leads together in an amplifier circuit. Read up on layout and construction techniques, and allow yourself time to make and correct mistakes. Prior planning will also pay off in dollars and cents, since you can save by purchasing some components (like resistors) in quantity, and if
you live near a big city you can shop around for some items in the military surplus stores, modifying your design if necessary to take odd-value components. Now, sit back and start your thinking. The time to start is right now. IS YOUR WINNING PROJECT HERE? RADIO TELESCOPE: Home-built sensitive low-noise receiver, simple antenna system. Try to make simple “radio
map.” GUIDANCE SYSTEM: For model ear. Can be programmed to run around science fair grounds without hitting anything, or to reach pre-chosen destination. SOLAR CELLS: Home-built unit as part of demonstration of basic physics of solar cells: display on recent professional research results: off-beat practical applications (eyeglass type hearing aid?). MOON MOUSE: “To be landed on the Moon. ” Self-propelled,
radio controlled from Earth, instrumented and transmitter equipped. Some functions solar powered ? These are only suggestions. You may come up with ideas regarding fuel cells, space communications, navigation, etc.
With the development of science and technology, computer has become more and more popular in our daily life, which is intended to be a part of our life. But at
the same time it also brings the safety problem, because increasing number of bad people would like to break into computer systems to steal the secret information. It seems that
computer safety has been a serious problem by now. Maybe you could learn something about the safety terms in Microsoft so that you could adopt the different methods according to
different cases. What is malware? In fact malware, short for “malicious software”, is any kind of software which is installed without your complete permission and is not in need at
all.The famous malware areviruses, worms, and Trojan horses, which are almost known to us all. Even though you are not familiar with them, you must have heard of it at
ordinary times. If you want to protect your computer from the malware, you could make sure that the automatic updating is turned on all the time to get the latest
updates. 2 antispyware software Antispyware software helps protect your computer, and prevent the pop-ups, slow performance, and security threats caused by spyware and other adverse software. Every computer user must
keep antispyware software up to date in order to keep in touch with the latest spyware. Aimed at protecting our computer, we could use Microsoft Security Essentials, free download software,
to be against spyware and other malicious software. A firewall is used to help screen out hackers, viruses, and worms that try to attack your computer through the Internet.In fact,
if you are the one who use the computer at home, the most efficient and important step is to enable firewall when you start your computer. A virus will slip
through and infect you; the only effective way by protecting yourself is using a firewall. A firewall monitors your Internet connections and allows you to specify which programs are allowed
to connect and which are not. 4 antivirus software Antivirus software is a kind of computer program which can be used to test, defend, and take actions to remove or
delete malicious software program. As we all know, computer virus is some programs, which can specially disturb computer operation. So we should update antivirus software in regular time to prevent
against the latest virus. 5 Windows password Besides the above mentioned software, you could have an alternative at the same time, namely Windows password. With a password like this, you
can prevent your privacy from being let out or being viewed. Of course you should set up a Windows password reset disk to set the password reset in case that
you forget it. As a computer user, you should have a general knowledge of these safety terms so that you can protect your computer better. And with these terms, your
computer can be protected better than that without them. In a word, please have a brief understanding of them in the first place, and then you could know how important
Ever wondered what white tea is? Why we call it white anyway? Here are a few interesting facts about white tea, made from the plant Camellia sinensis: - White tea is similar to green tea in that it has undergone little processing and no fermentation whatsoever. - The leaves are harvested before they open fully, when the unopened buds are still covered by thin
silvery white hair. Hence the white tea name. - White tea has a subtle and slightly sweet flavor that sharpens the senses without overwhelming the tongue, whereas green tea has a “grassy” taste. - There is 25% to 30% less caffeine in white tea than in green tea, though it depends on the variety. - White tea health benefits are the highest among the
.8grams X kilogram of body weight/day How to convert pounds into kilograms: #pounds/2.2 = kg For example someone who weighs say 110 would be 50kg. So we take 50kg and
multilpy that by .8gm and they should be getting about 40 grams of protein a day. Low protein diets can result in weak bones, muscle wasting, and decrease in time
for wounds to heal. Protein is essential in the diet and having enough is very important especially if you are exercising. When you are working with weights and building muscle
adequate protein intake is essential in building those muscles. If you are taking a protein supplement in powder try to find one that does not have any added saturated or
transaturated fats. There are some protein supplements out there that are made for gaining weight so they will have additional calories and fats in them. So make sure you read
the label and everything says 0 except the protein. This brand is an excellent choice and very safe : Just remember to read label and consult with your doctor if
it is safe for you to take a protein supplement. The following foods are excellent sources of protein: - cottage cheese - nuts and seeds - soy beans - Greek
yogurt Make sure at every meal you have a protein, a healthy carbohydrate(whole wheat or whole grain), and good fat. (monounsaturated fats) Keep your meals and snacks balanced so you
Our opinion: Fostering better nutrition is a key to reducing public health costs. That makes the scarcity of large grocery stores in some urban neighborhoods, especially poor ones, a matter of public policy. It’s easy, and comforting, to assume that in an modern, industrialized nation, everyone eats well. Surely with programs like food stamps, even needy people are doing OK,
right? More than 40,000 people in Albany and Schenectady live in what are known as food deserts — places where a grocery store is at least a mile away. Many are poor. The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that about 3,700 of the more than 23,000 people in Albany who don’t live near a large grocer are poor. In Schenectady,
about 5,400 of the more than 19,000 people for whom a supermarket trip is more like a trek are low income. Moreover, those estimates were based largely on information gathered before a recession that has made even more people poor. That’s not just an inconvenience. It’s a public health issue in a society where the problems associated with poor nutrition
and obesity are linked to the growing cost of public health care. One suggestion for alleviating the problem comes from the American Cancer Society, which is reviving the controversial idea of a tax on soda and other sugar-sweetened drinks. The group suggests using the tax to help fund and evaluate child obesity programs. An even more productive use might be
to devote a portion of such a tax to local efforts to lure larger grocery stores to urban neighborhoods that don’t have them now. It would seem doubtful, though, that the state Legislature will be any more inclined to implement a soda tax than it was last year, when it refused to do so even with the prospect of raising
$400 million in new revenue and even with the urging of the state health commissioner and then-Gov. David Paterson. That doesn’t mean it’s not worth trying for a soda tax — encouraging kids in particular to cut back on sugary beverages is not a bad goal at all, nor is raising funds that could be used to promote a healthier
citizenry. But the more likely reality is that New York and communities will have to find ways to do something about poor nutrition and food deserts without the help of a soda tax. Here’s one direction: Since last March, Capital District Community Gardens has been supplying nine convenience stores and markets with fresh produce under a five-year, $175,000-a-year grant from
the state Health Department that also helps underwrite fitness programs. Veggie Mobile Sprout, as this program is called, delivers produce twice a week at wholesale prices, enabling urban stores in Albany and Schenectady to sell fresh food at supermarket rates and offer something better than their typical fare of often fattening and less nutritious processed food. The program’s goal is
to become self-sustaining. How many more ideas to promote healthy and affordable food choices are there that might perhaps benefit from some initial public investment or other support? Why not make identifying and nurturing those ideas part of the mission of local community development or economic development entities? Funding for such programs would not be handouts; beyond improving nutrition and
reducing obesity with a long-term eye toward reducing public health costs, they would help get greater value out of the public assistance that goes to people in low-income neighborhoods. Sounds like a shopping cart full of public interest to us.
Yesterday’s House passage of cap-and-trade legislation designed to confront climate change is a landmark achievement, the first tangible step taken by the country that emits more greenhouse gas per capita than anyone in the world. The bill itself still faces a tough test in the Senate. Passage is far from
assured, and without similar actions by other major emitting countries, it won’t mean much. But it does finally demonstrate to the rest of the world that the United States is prepared to do its part, which puts the pressure on them to follow suit. The bill itself, the product of
a thousand political compromises, also isn’t perfect. But it also isn’t what its hysterical opponents claim it is. As Bryan Walsh acknowledges in Time: … critics have vastly overstated the likely cost. In fact, they’re all but lying. During the House debate, Republican whip Eric Cantor, using numbers from an
American Petroleum Institute study, said that the bill would eventually cost more than $3,000 per family per year — but those numbers assume that billions of tons worth of inexpensive carbon offsets won’t be available under the bill, which would significantly inflate the overall cost. That’s not going to happen.
A more reliable study from the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office forecast that the bill would cost the average U.S. household $175 in higher energy costs annually by 2020 — and other studies estimate that the energy-efficiency provisions in the bill might even save Americans money over time. When opponents are
Just as there are many variants and forms of electronic malware and Internet-based threats around the globe, so there are many forms of protection against these threats. Signature-based detection is
one of the multifarious forms of defense that have been developed in order to keep us safe from malicious content. Although signature-based detection can be argued to have been overshadowed

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