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M1841 mountain howitzer | Introduction | The mountain howitzer was designed to be lightweight and highly portable. Because of this, and its ease of disassembly, it did not require roads for transportation making it well suited to Indian fighting and mountain warfare. In addition to the pack carriage, a prairie carriage was also created for traditional draft pulling using only two horses. This versatility permitted their use with mounted forces in areas where roads were little more than paths. These small howitzers provided artillery support for mobile military forces where it would otherwise be unavailable. However, their shorter range made them unsuitable for dueling with other heavier field artillery weapons. | wiki:301 |
Watt & Shand | Introduction | Watt & Shand was a department store that operated in Lancaster, Pennsylvania from 1879 to 1992. | wiki:302 |
Watt & Shand | History | Mercantile apprentices Peter T. Watt, 28, Gilbert Thompson, 32, and James Shand, 29, of Hartford, Conn., opened the predecessor of Watt & Shand, the New York Store, on March 9, 1878. The New York Store featured lines of foreign and domestic dry goods as well as upscale merchandise. The first item sold was a 100% wool plaid shawl for $5. Known for their customer service, the New York Store was said to have an unwritten policy of remaining open until the last customer had finished shopping. During the New York Store's first year of operation, partner Gilbert Thompson died. Soon after Thompson's death, Peter Watt and James Shand changed the store's name to Watt, Shand and Company. | wiki:303 |
Watt & Shand | History | In 1880, the store moved into a building located at 8-10 East King Street in Lancaster. In 1885, the store name was shortened to Watt & Shand, and the store was expanded to include space in the building at 6 East King Street. In 1889, the store added a ladies' ready-to-wear department which included coats, suits, dresses, and underwear. In 1905, Watt & Shand acquired three adjoining buildings at 23 Penn Square, eventually absorbing Rohrer's Liquor Store, Shenck's Hotel and Marshall and Rengier's Hardware Store. In January 1959, Watt & Shand acquired Appel & Weber, a jewelry store, and in June 1968, it acquired Hager's Department Store. | wiki:304 |
Watt & Shand | History | In August 1984, the downtown store completed a $1 million, three-year renovation. By 1991, the downtown store was , cobbled together from seven different buildings. | wiki:305 |
Watt & Shand | The Watt & Shand Building | The Watt & Shand building was on the southeast corner of Penn Square in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Done in the Beaux Arts style, the building was four stories of buff brick with elaborate terra cotta and marble ornamentation. The oldest section of the building, facing East King Street, dated from 1898 and was designed by C. Emlen Urban. In 1916 and 1925, major additions extended the building toward South Queen Street. In 1999, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The structure was demolished in 2006. The Beaux Arts facade was preserved and incorporated into the Lancaster Marriott Hotel at Penn Square and Lancaster County Convention Center complex which was built on the site of the former department store. | wiki:306 |
Who's Who in Nebraska | Introduction | Who's Who in Nebraska, 1940 is a Who's Who book first published by the Nebraska Press Association in Lincoln, Nebraska. According to its "Foreword," the publication includes "life sketches of men and women who have achieved distinction in the fields of economic, civic and cultural endeavor" in the state of Nebraska in 1940. Members of the Nebraska Press Association solicited suggested entries from "Chambers of Commerce, professional organizations, service groups, Nebraskans in every walk of life, newspapers and others." The book comprised 1171 pages and focused on each individual county and a few of the important people in each. The book included approximately 11,000 entries; In a 1939 meeting, the Nebraska Medical Association voted against endorsing the book project after receiving a request from the Nebraska Press Association. | wiki:307 |
Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song) | Introduction | “Heaven Can Wait" is a song recorded by Michael Jackson, originally released on his 2001 studio album "Invincible". The song was written by Jackson, Teddy Riley, Andreao Heard, Nate Smith, Teron Beal, Eritza Laues and Kenny Quiller. | wiki:308 |
Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song) | Background | The song was originally written by Teddy Riley for BLACKstreet's 1999 album "Finally". However, while writing the song with Jackson, the singer asked Riley to give this song to him for he wanted that song, and needed that song in his life. Riley agreed with him and the song was listed in Michael's 2001 album "Invincible". In an interview with "Hip-Hop Wired", Riley talked about the recording sessions of the song: "What I did with Michael doing strings on 'Heaven Can Wait,' was like, we did the track first, that all took one day, and then the string section and then we did the guitar session and that's about three days. | wiki:309 |
Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song) | Background | So the modern day is a little quick." After receiving a digital release on October 30, 2001, "Heaven Can Wait" was scheduled for release to radio stations across the United States, but was cancelled due to unspecified reasons. At a tempo of 59 beats per minute, it is one of Jackson's slowest songs. | wiki:310 |
Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song) | Reception | The song received mixed reviews from most music critics. Mark Anthony Neal of "SeeingBlack.com" praised the song, saying, "[Heaven Can Wait] features arguably one of Jackson's best vocal performance since "Thriller"'s 'The Lady in My Life.'" Milena Brown of "PRessure PR" thought the song was "breathless", and "clearly did not get the same recognition it deserved". Bill Johnson from "The Urban Daily" thought "Heaven Can Wait" kept "Invincible" "simple and smooth that excel the most". Robert Hilburn of "Los Angeles Times" said the song was "a tale about turning away an angel who comes to take him to heaven because he wants to stay with his darling, seem aimed at the lower end of 'N Sync's fan base -a difficult stretch for a man of 43." NME gave a mixed review to the song, saying "around this point you realise that Jackson is no longer pioneering - this would be a good Usher ballad. | wiki:311 |
Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song) | Reception | It has classic 'if I should die tonight' love lyrics and swelling chords, but doesn't add up to all that much." On April 27, 2002, the song peaked at number seventy-two on "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. | wiki:312 |
Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song) | BLACKstreet Version | The song was also recorded by BLACKstreet, originally lined up to their 1999 album "Finally". After being released by Jackson, their version did not make into the album. In an interview with "The Urban Daily" on December 12, 2010, Riley confirmed that the upcoming album from Blackstreet will feature a cover of "Heaven Can Wait". He said "Blackstreet is gonna do something incredible with that song." However, Riley stated in 2006 to re-make the song, for a new BLACKstreet album, but the new album did not finish until 2011. | wiki:313 |
Housman (surname) | Introduction | Housman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Fictional characters: | wiki:314 |
Computational transportation science | Introduction | Computational Transportation Science (CTS) is an emerging discipline that combines computer science and engineering with the modeling, planning, and economic aspects of transport. The discipline studies how to improve the safety, mobility, and sustainability of the transport system by taking advantage of information technologies and ubiquitous computing. A list of subjects encompassed by CTS can be found at include. Computational Transportation Science is an emerging discipline going beyond vehicular technology, addressing pedestrian systems on hand-held devices but also issues such as transport data mining (or movement analysis), as well as data management aspects. CTS allows for an increasing flexibility of the system as local and autonomous negotiations between transport peers, partners and supporting infrastructure are allowed. | wiki:315 |
Computational transportation science | Introduction | Thus, CTS provides means to study localized computing, self-organization, cooperation and simulation of transport systems. Several academic conferences on CTS have been held up to date: | wiki:316 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Introduction | Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford, 295 U.S. 555 (1935), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that ruled the Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act unconstitutional in violation of the Fifth Amendment. This unanimous decision was one of the Court's many rulings that overturned President Roosevelt's New Deal. | wiki:317 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Facts | In 1922 and 1924, Radford and his wife mortgaged a farm to the Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank in Christian County, Kentucky, comprising , with an appraised value of at least $18,000 at that time (approximately $,000 in 2019 dollar). Mortgages were given to secure loans totaling $9,000, to be repaid in installments over 34 years with interest at the rate of 6 per cent. In 1931 and subsequent years, the Radfords defaulted in payment of taxes. In 1932 and 1933, they defaulted in their promise to pay the installments of interest and principal. In 1933, they also defaulted in their covenant to keep the buildings insured. | wiki:318 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Facts | The Bank urged the Radfords to refinance the debt under the provisions of the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act, which they declined to do so. The Bank then declared the entire indebtedness immediately payable, and filed a suit in the circuit court for Christian county in June 1933, against the Radfords and their tenant to foreclose the mortgages. In addition, invoking a covenant in the mortgage expressly providing therefore, the bank sought to appoint a receiver to take possession and control of the premises and to collect the rents and profits. The application for the appointment of a receiver was denied and all proceedings in the suit were suspended, upon request of the Conciliation Commissioner for Christian County appointed under section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act, stating that Radford desired to avail himself of the provisions of that section. | wiki:319 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Facts | Radford filed a petition asking for an opportunity to submit a composition of his debts, in the federal court for Western Kentucky. The petition was promptly approved and a meeting of the creditors was held, but Radford failed to obtain the acceptance of the requisite majority in number and amount to the composition proposed. Then, the Bank offered to accept a deed of the mortgaged property in full satisfaction of the indebtedness to it and to assume the unpaid taxes. Radford refused to execute the deed; on June 30, 1934, the state court ordered a foreclosure sale. The Frazier–Lemke Emergency Farm Mortgage Act was passed on June 28, 1934. | wiki:320 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Facts | The act was designed to give aid to debt-ridden farmers, allowing them to reacquire farms they had lost from foreclosure, or to petition the Bankruptcy Court within their district to suspend foreclosure proceedings. The legislation's ultimate goal was to help those farmers scale down their mortgages. On August 6, 1934, and again on November 10, 1934, Radford filed amended petitions for relief thereunder. The second amended petition prayed that Radford be deemed bankrupt; that his property be appraised; and that he have the relief provided for in paragraphs 3 and 7 of subsection(s) of the Frazier-Lemke Amendment. That act provides, among other things, that a farmer who has failed to obtain the consents requisite to a composition under section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act, may, upon being adjudged a bankrupt, acquire alternative options in respect to mortgaged property: | wiki:321 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Decision | Justice Brandeis wrote for a unanimous Court in invalidating the Frazier-Lemke Act, holding that this act unfairly deprived the bank of private property without just compensation, in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The Court cited "W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh" (1935) where the Court had held unconstitutional provisions of state legislation similar to the Frazier-Lemke Act, stating in that case that turning a mortgage into an undesirable investment for the mortgagee is an act of oppression by the government. The Court reversed the Circuit Court's decision, ruling that the Frazier-Lemke Act was unconstitutional in violation of the Fifth Amendment. "The Fifth Amendment," Brandeis declared, "commands that however great the Nation's need, private property shall not be thus taken over without just compensation." | wiki:322 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Reaction | Along with "Humphrey's Executor v. United States" and "A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", both decided in 1935, this Court decision was a major setback for the Roosevelt administration's New Deal program. Roosevelt became distressed upon learning the unanimity of these three court decisions. However, this would also be one of the few occasions where the court's three liberal judges agreed to overrule some of the New Deal legislation. The worst of Roosevelt's problems from the Supreme Court came from other decisions where Justice Owen Roberts sided with the court four conservative justices to override other New Deal legislation. | wiki:323 |
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford | Reaction | Roosevelt's setbacks with the Supreme Court eventually led to his attempt to pack the court. | wiki:324 |
Cole South | Introduction | Cole South (born 1987) is an American professional poker player, author, and entrepreneur from Washington, DC. South is best known for his play online, though he has also made television appearances on "Poker After Dark" in season 5 of the show. South graduated from Georgetown University with a degree in economics in December 2011. | wiki:325 |
Cole South | Poker career | South started playing poker online in November 2005 at partypoker under the username CTS, depositing $50. He quickly improved as a player and through intensely studying the game he increased his bankroll to over $13,000 by October 2006. In just two years he went from playing small stakes poker, to building up a bankroll of over $2 million and playing in high-stakes online games, winning pots of over half a million dollars. In April 2010, South left the team at the CardRunners website, which he was a partial owner of. During his time there he produced instructional poker videos where he shared his knowledge of the game. | wiki:326 |
Cole South | Poker career | His mathematical approach to poker, as well as his pursuit of constant improvement and self-analysis are what makes Cole South stand out as a poker player: "Poker is a game based on mathematics (probability and expectation in particular) and should be treated this way. Bets, folds, raises, bluffs, and all poker decisions should be evaluated solely on their expected value, not because a certain action "feels right" or "gives you information". As a mathematician this is perfectly clear to me, but it isn't evident to casual players and this is what makes poker profitable." South experienced some large swings in February and March 2010, winning more than $3.5 million in the month of February, and losing $2.6 million in the month of March. | wiki:327 |
Cole South | Poker career | Exactly one month after winning $1.1 million in a single day, South lost $1 million to Tom Dwan and Ilari Sahamies which is a clear example of his change in fortune at the online tables. Also in the month of March, South lost $785,000 in a single session over a span of almost 2,400 hands against poker player Isildur1. After starting at $100/$200 PLO they increased their bets to $300/$600 before their match had ended. In December 2009, South was accused of sharing hand histories from his matches against Isildur1 with other professional poker players, Brian Townsend and Brian Hastings, with Hastings going on to win around 4 million from Isildur1. | wiki:328 |
Cole South | Poker career | Ultimately it was determined that South did not share his hand histories or violate the Full Tilt Poker rules in any way and he was not penalized. Townsend was ultimately suspended from his 'Red Pro' status for 30 days for downloading hand histories from a widely used subscription service. | wiki:329 |
Cole South | World Series of Poker | Cole South has made an appearance in the World Series of Poker, he finished 162nd in the 2009 WSOP Main Event earning him $40,288. | wiki:330 |
Cole South | Entrepreneurial career | While he still plays poker, South has shifted his business focus to start-ups and entrepreneurial endeavors. He has invested and managed a variety of businesses including CardRunners, DraftDay, Expert Insight, Hold'em Manager, Terran Marketing, and a documentary on the online poker boom. | wiki:331 |
ICC AllStars | Introduction | The ICC AllStars was an early integrated professional basketball team of the barnstorming era led by David DeJernett. In 1935 DeJernett finished his fourth year of eligibility at Indiana Central College (now the University of Indianapolis) and started a pro career with former teammates from Indiana Central as well as Washington (IN) High School. The ICC All-Stars also featured Burl Friddle, a Franklin Wonder Fiver and Twenties pro who had coached DeJernett in high school. Rounding out the ICC AllStars were guards Billy Schaeffer and Harry Spurgeon, both native Hoosiers from Southern Indiana who had played at Indiana Central, and forwards Jack "Red" Heavenridge, Eugene Gilmore, and Paul Gross. | wiki:332 |
ICC AllStars | Introduction | In the 1930s seven-man professional touring squads of former amateur teammates were not uncommon; the New York Renaissance club, for example, was known as the "Magnificent Seven" and included several players who'd been schoolboy teammates in Philadelphia. Similarly, the Harlem Globetrotters originated amongst teammates at Wendell St Phillips High School in Chicago. Instead of an all-white or all-black team, however, the ICC AllStars played integrated basketball ahead of the other pro clubs. The NBL's Buffalo Bisons followed suit the next season when Hank Williams joined their starting lineup. The ICC AllStars' most prominent win was a 40-35 victory over the Jasper Coca-Colas, champions of the Louisville-based Major Falls Cities League, in late March 1935, behind DeJernett's 18 points. | wiki:333 |
ICC AllStars | Introduction | The Cokes, featuring Purdue captain Ray Eddy, Indiana University stars Woody Weir and Vic Dauer, and Akron Firestone veteran Tom Rea, had defeated the AllStars 33-31 in an earlier match and the next year beat the powerful New York Rens 57-53. | wiki:334 |
KWSO | Introduction | KWSO (91.9 FM, "Warm Springs Radio") is a radio station broadcasting a Hot Adult Contemporary music format. Licensed to Warm Springs, Oregon, United States, the station is currently owned by Confederated Tribes Warm Springs Reservation. Historically, KWSO was an AM station in Wasco, CA, operating on 1050 kHz (1950's and 60's). | wiki:335 |
Camill Hoffmann | Introduction | Camill Hoffmann was a Jewish Czechoslovak diplomat and writer born in 1878. An ardent Czechoslovak nationalist, Hoffmann was appointed to the diplomatic corps as a cultural attache in Berlin. As the rising Nazi Party became increasingly belligerent, Hoffmann began using his political clout and connections to help German Jews, including Leon Trotsky's son, who he aided in escaping Berlin. During 1939 he was mobilized on behalf of Max Brod, Franz Kafka's friend and literary executor. Hoffmann was asked to try to rescue Kafka's writings and personal correspondence confiscated by the Gestapo from Kafka's mistress, Dora Diamant. He was unsuccessful, however, and the materials remain lost, pursued still by the Kafka Project at San Diego State University. | wiki:336 |
Chicago Crusaders | Introduction | The Chicago Crusaders were an all-black barnstorming basketball club whose history ran from 1933 through 1947. Commonly billed as the "Western World's Colored Champions" the team's roster over the years featured about a dozen players who also were members of the better-known Harlem Globetrotters and New York Renaissance, both enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame. | wiki:337 |
Chicago Crusaders | 1933-34 season | In the 1933-34 season Dick Hudson, who had previously managed the seminal Giles Post Legion and Savoy Big Five squads that had helped birth Abe Saperstein's Globetrotters, converted his Hottentots into the Chicago Crusaders as something of a travelling name for the Savoy Big Five. Players that season included Jackie Bethards, Al Johnson, Big Jack Mann, and Zack Clayton. | wiki:338 |
Chicago Crusaders | 1934-35 season | In 1934-35 the Crusaders made a highly successful barnstorming tour of the Eastern USA, in contravention of the more-common practice of Eastern Seaboard clubs such as the Original Celtics and Rens touring the cavernous MidWestern gyms. Their record that year was reported to be 112-10, including wins over such clubs back East as the Honey Russell All-Stars and Clarksville Oilers. | wiki:339 |
Chicago Crusaders | 1935-37 seasons | After a successful 1935-36 campaign, the 1936-37 Crusaders, now managed by Mahlon Roles, adopted the moniker of the Palmer House Indians, competing locally in Chicago's Windy City League. The Indians played their home games at then-brand-new DuSable High School, winning a dozen straight to start the season before dropping a disappointing 53-31 decision to the visiting Rens. In this season the Crusaders notably added David "Big Dave" DeJernett to their squad, making an early "Twin Towers" between DeJernett and former schoolboy rival Jack Mann. Bob "Red" Bolton of Colgate University was another high-profile addition at guard. | wiki:340 |
Chicago Crusaders | 1939-40 season | In 1939-40 the Crusaders presented perhaps their strongest edition ever, as DeJernett and Al Johnson continued to start along with legendary Rens star Fats Jenkins plus Agis Bray and Hillery Brown, both former Chicago Collegians. Late in the season the Crusaders were reported to have been "sidestepped" by the promoters of the Chicago World's Pro Tourney, which had been inaugurated the previous Spring & won by the Rens. The Pro Tourney took great pains to seed the Rens and Globetrotters in the same semifinal bracket to ensure that two black clubs would not meet in the Final for the World's title. | wiki:341 |
Chicago Crusaders | 1939-40 season | This may have been a decisive factor in "sidestepping" the Crusaders' chances to compete in the local tournament. | wiki:342 |
Chicago Crusaders | November 1940 | In November 1940 the Harlem Globetrotters, who had won the '40 World's title, announced that they had entered a type of player-exchange agreement with the now-redubbed Savoy Big Five. Most of the 1940 Crusaders -- DeJernett, Bray, Johnson, Brown -- were listed as parties to this exchange agreement. Although Abe Saperstein had spoken for years of his "farm team" this was the first verifiable instance of the Crusaders' taking a subordinate position to the Globetrotter unit. Within a few months Brown and Bray were regularly starting and leading the Trotters' first unit in scoring. The Savoy Big Five by the winter of 1941 was regularly playing games billed as the Harlem Globetrotters -- effectively becoming the Trotters' first official second touring unit. | wiki:343 |
Chicago Crusaders | Chicago Monarchs | Over the next six years the Crusaders occasionally played with one of their oldtime names such as Bray or Johnson as stars. Crusader-related players such as Brown or Mann also were commonly found to play for Thirties-reminiscent squads called the Chicago Collegians, the Olde-Tymers, or under the new moniker of the Chicago Monarchs. | wiki:344 |
Kale District | Introduction | Kale District (also called Kalemyo District) is the westernmost district in Sagaing Division of Myanmar (Burma). Its administrative center is the city of Kalay (Kalaymyo). The district consists of three townships Kale Township, Kalewa Township, and Mingin Township. | wiki:345 |
Kale District | Borders | To the west Kale District borders Falam District in Chin State, to the north Mawlaik District, to the east Shwebo District, to the south Monywa District and finally Gangaw District of Magway Division. | wiki:346 |
Kale District | Economy | The area is supported by rice farming, fisheries and timbering. The main towns are Kalaymyo, Kalewa and Mingin. | wiki:347 |
Kale District | Religion | Kale District is one of the most affluent Christian areas of Burma. 99% of inhabitants in Tahan are Christian even though Burma is a Budhhist country and 90% of the national population are Buddhist. Only 4% of the Burmese population are Christian. Kale has 116 Buddhist Monasteries, 508 Churches, a Mosque, two Hindu Temples, two Buddhist Seminary for Nuns, five Buddhist nunneries and a joss house (Chinese communal temple). There are over 50 churches in Tahan also. This is the only place in Burma that you can see a church on every street corner and where Christmas is celebrated. | wiki:348 |
Sharktooth moray eel | Introduction | The sharktooth moray eel ("Gymnothorax maderensis") is a moray eel found in the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. | wiki:349 |
Zaav | Introduction | Zaav, Zav or Zou () is the tenth Shah of the Pishdadian dynasty of Persia according to "Shahnameh". He was a descendant of Nowzar and ruled over Iran about five years. | wiki:350 |
John EchoHawk | Introduction | John E. EchoHawk (Pawnee, born August 12, 1945) is a Native American attorney and founder of the Native American Rights Fund, established in 1970. He is a leading member of the Native American self-determination movement. | wiki:351 |
John EchoHawk | Early life and education | John E. EchoHawk was born on August 12, 1945, into a Pawnee family and is an enrolled member of the tribe. In 1970 EchoHawk received his J.D. degree, becoming the first Native American to graduate from the University of New Mexico School of Law. He decided to use his knowledge to benefit Native Americans who do not understand Native American legal and political issues. | wiki:352 |
John EchoHawk | Career | EchoHawk is the older brother of Idaho politician Larry EchoHawk, who served as Idaho's State Attorney General 1991-1995, and as director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the President Barack Obama administration. John was influential in encouraging Larry to follow him in gaining a J.D. degree. John EchoHawk served on President Obama's first transition team on Indian affairs. He has been discussed by the Obama administration as a possible nominee to the federal bench. The brothers are cousins of Walter Echo-Hawk, a senior staff attorney at the Native American Rights Fund who contributed to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. | wiki:353 |
John EchoHawk | Native American Rights Fund | After law school, EchoHawk joined the staff of California Indian Legal Services. EchoHawk joined other lawyers and tribal members to form the Native American Rights Fund in 1970, which was similar in goals to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (both were based on civil rights activism of minority groups). The Native American Rights Fund is a non-profit law firm dedicated to protecting indigenous rights in the U.S. and around the world. EchoHawk centered the Native American Rights Fund's focus around preserving tribes, protecting tribal resources, protecting human rights, ensuring government responsibility, expanding Indian law and educating people about Indian issues. | wiki:354 |
John EchoHawk | Native American Rights Fund | Through the group, EchoHawk has had a range of civil rights successes, from government recognition of the reach of tribal sovereignty to passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act; the Native American Rights Fund embodies the mission to: preserve tribal existence, protect tribal natural resources, promote human rights, ensure accountability of governments, and, develop Native North American law and educate the public about Native American rights, laws, and issues. | wiki:355 |
Demon Knight (soundtrack) | Introduction | Demon Knight is the official soundtrack to the 1995 horror film, "Demon Knight". It was released on January 10, 1995 through Atlantic Records and mostly consisted of heavy metal and alternative rock, with "1-800 Suicide" by the Gravediggaz being the only hip-hop song. The soundtrack peaked at 157 on the "Billboard" 200. | wiki:356 |
Instituto Superior de Tecnologia em Ciências da Computação do Rio de Janeiro | Introduction | The Instituto Superior de Tecnologia em Ciências da Computação do Rio de Janeiro ("Superior Institute of Technology in Computer Science of Rio de Janeiro" - "IST-Rio") is a technological university maintained by the FAETEC. IST-Rio is one of the newest and innovative universities of technology of Brazil, using new teaching methodology determined "Escola Mandala" associated with the use of material from the latest technologies. As a result, the IST-Rio won the eighth best rating (IGC) of Brazil in ENADE in 2008, when we evaluated courses in computing, being still second in the state of Rio de Janeiro, only behind the IME. | wiki:357 |
Spotjaw moray eel | Introduction | The spotjaw moray ("Gymnothorax mareei") is a moray eel found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It was first named by Max Poll in 1953. | wiki:358 |
Norris Church Mailer | Introduction | Norris Church Mailer (born Barbara Jean Davis; January 31, 1949 – November 21, 2010) was an American novelist, actress, artist, and model. Norris published two novels, "Windchill Summer" and "Cheap Diamonds", and a memoir, "A Ticket to the Circus", which focuses on her nearly thirty-year marriage to Norman Mailer. | wiki:359 |
Norris Church Mailer | Early life | Barbara Jean Davis grew up in Atkins, Arkansas, where her mother owned the local beauty shop and her grandparents were sharecroppers. As a child, she was severely affected by her mother's bouts of depression and was hospitalized and given electroshock treatments. Davis and her family were simple country people who attended church faithfully. When she was twenty years old, she married her high school sweetheart, Larry Norris, and together they had one son, Matthew. By 1975, at just 25 years old, she had divorced her first husband and had worked several jobs including working in a pickle factory and as a bookkeeper. | wiki:360 |
Norris Church Mailer | Early life | Shortly after her divorce from Norris, she claimed to have "had a fling" with future U.S. President Bill Clinton. Norris and her young son moved to Russellville, Arkansas and she explored her love of the arts by working as a high school art teacher; however, everything changed when she met Norman Mailer. | wiki:361 |
Norris Church Mailer | Writing | Norris was interested in writing and wrote about a hundred pages of a novel loosely based on herself as a young girl growing up in Arkansas. Still in the early days of their relationship, Norris showed her rough draft to Mailer for his opinion, to which he responded, "It's not as bad as I thought it would be", causing Norris to put her work aside for the next several decades. Years later, amidst a successful career as a Wilhelmina model and accomplished artist, Norris reshaped her rough draft into her first novel, "Windchill Summer", which was published in 2000. "Windchill Summer" illustrates the challenges of a young girl struggling to grow up in Arkansas during the Vietnam War era. | wiki:362 |
Norris Church Mailer | Writing | In 2007, Norris followed with the sequel, "Cheap Diamonds", a story about a young woman leaving her small town home and moving to New York to become a model in the tumultuous 1970s. Church's last work was her own memoir, "A Ticket to the Circus", published in 2010, explaining that the title described her life with Mailer, his seven children by his other wives, and her own two children: "Well, I bought a ticket to the circus. I don't know why I was surprised to see elephants". | wiki:363 |
Norris Church Mailer | Life with Norman Mailer | Barbara Davis, then a single mother living in Russellville, Arkansas and teaching high-school art, met her soon-to-be second husband, Pulitzer Prize winning author Norman Mailer, at a book signing event. Although Davis was married when she met him, she and her son moved to New York to continue her relationship with Mailer. Davis gave birth to Mailer's son, John Buffalo Mailer, in 1978 and eventually married Mailer in 1980, becoming Mailer's sixth and final wife. She also became stepmother to two stepsons and five stepdaughters, and spent the next three decades juggling successful careers as an artist/actress/writer, managing her home life, and her husband's career demands. | wiki:364 |
Norris Church Mailer | Life with Norman Mailer | She described Norman Mailer as "the Henry Higgins to my Eliza Doolittle," and often defended Norman against critics who claimed he was a misogynist; she also asked for his feedback on drafts of her novels, though his response was sometimes negative. | wiki:365 |
Norris Church Mailer | Model, actress, and artist | After moving to New York, Barbara Davis changed her first name to Norris (her first husband's last name), and her middle name to Church as suggested by Mailer, who decided the name suitable because of her faithful attendance of church while growing up. Norris soon began a successful career as a Wilhelmina model. Although Norris Church Mailer dedicated much of her time during the 1980s to caring for her extended family, she had a keen interest in the arts and held several successful one-woman showings of her art and worked as an actress in several films and television. Mailer's work as an actress included "Jet Lag" (1981), "Ragtime" (1981), "The Executioner's Song" (1982), "Exposed" (1983) and "Chinese Coffee" (2000). | wiki:366 |
Norris Church Mailer | Model, actress, and artist | In 2010, Mailer portrayed herself in the documentary, "Norman Mailer: The American". She also played in the daytime soap "All My Children." | wiki:367 |
Norris Church Mailer | Health issues and death | In 2000, Norris was diagnosed with a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor and was told she would probably only live for two more years. Norris beat the odds and over the next 11 years had six major operations to fight the cancer, while taking care of her ailing husband. Norris died on November 21, 2010, aged 61, at her home in Brooklyn Heights in New York City. | wiki:368 |
Norris Church Mailer | Legacy | On June 26, 2004, Wilkes University established the Norris Church Mailer Fellowship in Creative Writing. This is a summer workshop program to honor Norris Church Mailer as a writer and a board member. The workshop is an annual opportunity for creative writing students to receive financial assistance. | wiki:369 |
KOAC-FM | Introduction | KOAC-FM (89.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Astoria, Oregon, United States. The station is owned by Oregon Public Broadcasting, and airs OPBs news and talk programming, consisting of syndicated programming from NPR, APM and PRI, as well as locally produced offerings. | wiki:370 |
Take My Tip | Introduction | Take My Tip is a 1937 British musical comedy film directed by Herbert Mason (who stage managed some musical revues in the past), produced by Michael Balcon and starring Jack Hulbert, Cicely Courtneidge, Harold Huth and Frank Cellier. It was made at the Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd's Bush. The film's sets were designed by art director Ernö Metzner. Songs featured include "I Was Anything but Sentimental" and "I'm Like a Little Birdie out of My Cage". | wiki:371 |
Take My Tip | Premise | A pair of aristocrats adopt various disguises to unmask a confidence trickster. | wiki:372 |
Take My Tip | Critical reception | "Britmovie" called the film a "hilarious rapid-fire musical farce." | wiki:373 |
Blotch-necked moray eel | Introduction | The blotch-necked moray eel ("Gymnothorax margaritophorus") is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Pieter Bleeker in 1864, and is also commonly known as the blackpearl moray, pearly moray, pearly reef-eel, or the trunk-eyed moray. | wiki:374 |
KLJN | Introduction | KLJN (105.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Coos Bay, Oregon, United States. The station is currently owned by Roger Morgan and Jim Deatherage, through licensee Coos Radio Incorporated. From 2001, the station was branded as "105.9 The Wave" as a smooth jazz format. After a 15-year run, John Hunt bought this station from Lighthouse Radio Group in October 2015 and flipped to an adult alternative format on January 18, 2016 while retaining its current identity. The purchase was consummated on April 1, 2016, at a price of $135,000. John Hunt, who is also the D.J. for the station in the morning hours, will attempt to break the Guinness World Record for the longest, continuous shift. | wiki:375 |
KLJN | Introduction | The record stands at 8 days and 6 hours. | wiki:376 |
Blairdaff | Introduction | Blairdaff is a parish in Garioch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, next to the villages of Kemnay and Monymusk. Until 1986, Blairdaff had a grocery store, a post office, and both gas and diesel pumps until they were relocated to Blindburn Farm. Blairdaff Parish Church (Church of Scotland) is linked to the church in the Chapel of Garioch. The original church is located in Blairdaff's courtyard. After a fire in the 1950s, the old church had the roof removed, however, there is a tradition of open air services in the summer months, which continues to this day. | wiki:377 |
Chad–China relations | Introduction | Chad–China relations (also, Sino-Chadian relations) refers to the current and historical relationship between the Republic of Chad and the People's Republic of China. Bilateral relations were initially established in 1972 but were severed by China in 1997 due to Chad's recognition of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Relations resumed in August 2006 when Chad ended its relationship with Taiwan and pledged adherence to the One China Policy. The ties between the two nations are primarily economic, although there is some cooperation in security. The economic ties are profitable for both countries, with China providing aid and investment in exchange for natural resources to fuel its economic growth. | wiki:378 |
Chad–China relations | Development of Relations | Chad–China relations have played an important role in the economic development of Chad. The Republic of Chad is a poor, landlocked country in West Africa. A former French colony, it gained independence on August 11, 1960, under President Francois Tombalbaye. Following independence, Chad has oscillated between engaging in foreign relations with either Taiwan or China. Chad had diplomatic relations with Taiwan from 1962 to 1972. By 1965, Tombalbaye's anti-Muslim policies increased opposition to his government and led to an extended civil war, which further damaged the economy. When low-quality crude oil was discovered in the 1960s, investors were hesitant to develop the resource because of the political instability in the region. | wiki:379 |
Chad–China relations | Development of Relations | During this time, The People's Republic of China supported the Chadian National Union (CNU), a revolutionary group opposed to the French-backed government. Despite this, by 1972, France and China had established ambassadorial level diplomatic relations, and, soon after, the Tombalbaye government established diplomatic relations with China. Trade agreements were signed between China and Chad in 1973, along with a US$10 million loan. These funds contributed to many projects to improve Chad's infrastructure, including the National Assembly Building and medical facilities. In 1997, Chad profited by switching its diplomatic relations back to Taiwan as it received financial support in the form of a US$125 million loan, which was used for the construction of infrastructures such as roads and water distributions systems. | wiki:380 |
Chad–China relations | Development of Relations | Taiwan's support allowed Chad to develop its infrastructure and expand its oil industry. In return, Chad acknowledged Taiwan's government and Taiwan gained potential access to markets and resources as they were developed. However, in August 2006, Chad informed Taiwan that it would resume relations with China, and Taiwan's reaction was to break off relations with Chad. Chad professed the One China principle, supporting the goal of creating one China. On a state visit to China in 2007, President Deby voiced his support for reunification. Other analysts emphasized the attraction of trade and investment deals from China in exchange for oil and other raw materials from Chad. | wiki:381 |
Chad–China relations | China's Role in the Chad-Sudan Conflict | In 2006, Chadian rebels backed by Sudan almost succeeded in ousting the Deby government. Although the rebels denied that they were linked to China, they carried weapons supplied by China to Sudan. In August 2006, as Chad resumed relations with China, Taiwan publicly stated that Chad reestablished relations with China because of the proxy war with Sudan. Minister of Foreign Affairs James Huang said that President Idriss Déby of Chad had engaged in secret meetings with China to ask for intervention in the conflict on its border. Upon resuming relations with Chad, China proclaimed that it supported Chad's efforts to safeguard sovereignty and promote economic development. | wiki:382 |
Chad–China relations | China's Role in the Chad-Sudan Conflict | Over time, as Chinese assets increased in Chad, it became more vulnerable to regional instability. In 2008, another coup attempt by rebels backed by Sudan forced the evacuation of over 210 Chinese nationals from the capital. China assumed a diplomatic role to improve Chad-Sudan relations as well as enhancing its military relations with Chad. | wiki:383 |
Chad–China relations | Contemporary Relations | China and Chad are working to expand their bilateral cooperation in the development of infrastructure, trade, and investment. More recently, Xi Jinping has offered China's assistance to Chad in strengthening its counter-terrorism efforts to ensure stability. | wiki:384 |
Chad–China relations | Impacts of Covid-19 on Sino-Chadian Relations | The COVID-19 Pandemic has introduced tension into the relations between African nations and China. China has been reluctant to support the G-20's decision to suspend payments on debt through the end of the year. During the 1990s, thousands of African Expatriates moved to China, especially to the city of Guangzhou, for better opportunities. Discrimination against their communities has been previously documented. However, the pandemic has raised new concerns. In China, Chadians and other Africans have been evicted from their residences, repeatedly tested for COVID-19, and forced to isolate based on their race. China has downplayed the situation, but multiple African ambassadors and representatives of the African Union, of which Chad is a member, have vocally complained to Beijing after incidents were posted on social media. | wiki:385 |
Chad–China relations | Impacts of Covid-19 on Sino-Chadian Relations | In response, Zhao Lijian, a Foreign Ministry spokesperson, issued conciliatory remarks calling for unity. The first case of COVID-19 in Chad occurred on March 19, 2020. The head of China's medical team in Chad was invited to help coordinate the response to the epidemic by the Chad National Anti-epidemic Technical Committee. China is donating medical supplies and medical expertise to fight the epidemic in Chad. | wiki:386 |
Chad–China relations | Economy | China has an influential role in Africa. Researchers have offered varying views of the phenomena. Some describe China as a rising hegemon that sees Africa as a means of exerting its diplomatic and political influence in the world order. AidData notes that China appears to reward African countries that vote with it at the United Nations. Some critics find parallels to colonialism in China's interactions with African nations. Others emphasize the mutual benefits. Whereas nations like Chad reap clear economic benefits in the form of numerous infrastructure programs funded by Chinese developmental assistance, China acquires much needed natural resources and new markets for its products. | wiki:387 |
Chad–China relations | Energy | In the 1990s, Western corporations had renewed interest in the oil deposits in Chad. The IFC, the World Bank, Western investors led by ExxonMobile, and the government of Chad under Idriss Deby, signed onto the Chad Cameroon Pipeline Project that would bring the crude oil from Chad to the Gulf of Guinea in Cameroon. The World Bank provided a loan on the condition that most of the money generated by the pipeline would be used to alleviate poverty among the people of Chad. However, President Deby's government funneled money from the pipeline into the purchases of arms. In 2006, while the World Bank was debating suspending the loans to Chad over violations of money usage, China presented Chad with alternative financing for the loan. | wiki:388 |
Chad–China relations | Energy | Chad took the Chinese offer and thus rejected the World Bank's conditionalized loans. In 2007, China purchased rights to explore for oil in Block H, in the Bongor Basin. China had an interest in obtaining oil from Chad to support its economic growth. In return, China would provide loans and expertise to improve the economy in Chad. Since 2003, Chad had exported crude oil through the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline; however, it had to import the refined product. In September 2007, China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC) reached an agreement with Chad to work together on the US$1 billion Rônier project. Completed in 2011, the project runs 300 km of pipeline from the oil fields of Chad to the N’Djamena JV Refinery outside the capital city of N’Djamena. | wiki:389 |
Chad–China relations | Energy | Ownership of the refinery is split 60-40 between China and Chad. The refinery produces 20,000 barrels a day of gasoline, diesel, and fuel oil, and its associated power system supplies electricity to the capital, allowing Chad to become more self-sufficient in energy. | wiki:390 |
Chad–China relations | Development Projects | In the mid-1970s before breaking ties with Chad, China provided a US$50 million loan to Chad to build a bridge across the Chari River to open a route to Cameroon. Over US$50 million of additional support was provided in the 1980s under agreements between China and the government of President Hissene Habre. After reestablishing relations in 2006, China deepened engagement in Chad by diversifying from the oil sector. It is making significant investments in high-profile infrastructure projects in Chad. A 25-kilometer square industrial park is being developed by Soluxe International, who has also advanced US$150 million for its construction. Other projects include a cement factory in Baore, which was completed in 2011 and is expected to cut infrastructure costs by manufacturing the product domestically. | wiki:391 |
Chad–China relations | Development Projects | This project was funded by a preferential loan from the Exim Bank of China. In 2011, Chad also signed a US$919 million deal with the Chinese Engineering Corporation (CAMC) to build a new international airport in Djermaya and the 40 km road to connect it to N’Djamena; the project is ongoing. China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC) has been building the US$5.6 million Chad railway network since 2012. Other assistance projects in Chad include road development, the construction of mobile telephone networks, the construction and renovation of hospitals, as well as the construction of a 30,000 seat stadium in N'Djamena. | wiki:392 |
Chad–China relations | Development Projects | All of these projects show the diverse and extensive involvement of China in Chad. | wiki:393 |
Chad–China relations | Trade | The trade between China and Chad is not one-directional. Chad's top exports are crude petroleum, insect resins, other oily seeds, and cotton. In 2017, China was the second-largest importer of goods from Chad, at an estimated US$251 million. In the same year, China exported US$114 million worth of goods to Chad, making it the top exporter to Chad. Overall, Chad has a positive trade balance with China since it exports more than it imports. | wiki:394 |
Chad–China relations | Humanitarian Efforts | Although China's support for countries in Africa, such as Chad, is met with much skepticism by some, others point out the contributions made to Africa. During the cholera epidemic of 1971, China donated cholera vaccines and US$2.5 million to Chad to fight the outbreak. In 1977, China and Chad signed an agreement to send Chinese medical personal to Chad. Since resuming relations with Chad in 2006, China has renovated the Freedom Hospital of Chad and built housing for Chinese medical personnel and provided needed supplies. In the agricultural sector, China has supplied farm machinery, fertilizers, seed, and technical expertise to help with the production of cotton and food. | wiki:395 |
Chad–China relations | Diplomatic Offices | The Chinese embassy is located in N'Djamena. The Chadian embassy is located in Beijing. There are no additional consulates in either country. | wiki:396 |
Algeria at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics | Introduction | Algeria participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. The Algerian team consisted of 21 athletes competing in 10 sports: Athletics, Badminton, Equestrian, Gymnastics, Judo, Sailing, Swimming, Table Tennis, Weightlifting and Wrestling. | wiki:397 |
Firdos Square statue destruction | Introduction | The destruction of the Firdos Square statue was an event in the invasion of Iraq in 2003 that marked the symbolic end of the Battle of Baghdad. The event occurred on April 9, 2003. | wiki:398 |
Firdos Square statue destruction | Significance | In April 2002, the statue was erected in honor of the 65th birthday of Saddam Hussein. In the afternoon of April 9, 2003, a group of Iraqi civilians began to attack the statue. One such futile attempt by sledgehammer-wielding weightlifter Kadhem Sharif particularly caught media attention. Shortly after, an advance unit of the United States Marine Corps arrived at Firdos Square, secured the area and made contact with the foreign journalists who had been quartered in the Palestine Hotel at the square. After a couple of hours, the US Marines toppled the statue with a M88 armored recovery vehicle. According to the book "Shooter", the first plan was to attach a cable between the M88 and the statue's torso area. | wiki:399 |
Firdos Square statue destruction | Significance | Someone pointed out that if the cable snapped, it might whiplash and kill people. The alternate method chosen was to wrap a chain around the neck. Eventually, the M88 was able to topple the statue which was jumped and stomped upon by Iraqi citizens who then decapitated the statue and dragged it through the streets of the city hitting it with their shoes. The destruction of the statue was shown live on cable news networks as it happened and made the front pages of newspapers and covers of magazines throughout the world – symbolizing the fall of Hussein's government. The images of the statue destruction provided a clear refutation of Information Minister Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf's reports that Iraq had been winning the war. | wiki:400 |