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Natural History Society of Northumbria Dr Marie Victoire Lebour (1876–1971) studied the life cycles of many aquatic organisms, rearing them from eggs to larvae and on through metamorphosis to adulthood, using the newly invented plunger jars which kept water flowing and full of oxygen. Her knowledge has contributed to our understanding of marine organisms from herring fish to single-cell diatoms. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35372106 | Natural History Society of Northumbria |
Raymond Laurent Raymond Ferdinand Louis-Philippe Laurent (16 May 1917 – 3 February 2005) was a Belgian herpetologist, who specialized in African and South American amphibians and reptiles. He published more than 200 scientific articles and book chapters. Several species have been named after him, most recently "Phymaturus laurenti" in 2010. Additional species of reptiles named in his honor include "Chironius laurenti", "Liolaemus laurenti", and "Mehelya laurenti". | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35389165 | Raymond Laurent |
Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing or biotechnology that utilizes biological systems to produce commercially important biomaterials and biomolecules for use in medicines, food and beverage processing, and industrial applications. products are recovered from natural sources, such as blood, or from cultures of microbes, animal cells, or plant cells grown in specialized equipment. The cells used during the production may have been naturally occurring or derived using genetic engineering techniques. There are thousands of biomanufacturing products on the market today | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35438992 | Biomanufacturing |
Biomanufacturing Some examples of general classes are listed below: A partial listing of unit operations utilized during biomanufacturing includes the following: Equipment and facility requirements are dictated by the product(s) being manufactured. Process equipment is typically constructed of stainless steel or plastic. Stainless steel equipment can be cleaned and reused. Some plastic equipment is disposed of after a single use. Products manufactured for medical or food use must be produced in facilities designed and operated according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations. Cleanrooms are often required to control the levels of particulates and microorganisms. Sterilization and aseptic processing equipment are required for production of injectable products | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35438992 | Biomanufacturing |
Biomanufacturing Skilled professionals are required for positions throughout the life cycle of a biomanufacturing product, which includes: Details for some of these positions are listed in “The Model Employee,” published by the North Carolina Biotechnology Center. In addition, the North Carolina Association for Biomedical Research (NCABR) maintains the website "About Bioscience" that offers free online videos on various careers. Several academic institutions have developed curricula and built facilities to provide education and training in biomanufacturing to students from community colleges, universities, and/or industry. NCBioImpact, established in 2004, is an example of a comprehensive state-wide training network | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35438992 | Biomanufacturing |
Biomanufacturing Member institutions Golden LEAF Training and Education Center (BTEC) at North Carolina State University, (BRITE) at North Carolina Central University, and North Carolina Community College System’s BioNetwork operate multidisciplinary centers dedicated to workforce development for the biomanufacturing industry. MiraCosta College and Solano College in California developed the first bachelor of science degree in biomanufacturing. The degree is largely lab-based and is built on a contextualized science and statistics backbone. The upper division classes recognize the unique environment of biological production where the process sciences and technology thrive in partnership with quality and regulatory compliance. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35438992 | Biomanufacturing |
Magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) describes a class of fusion devices which combine aspects of magnetic confinement fusion and inertial confinement fusion in an attempt to lower the cost of fusion devices. MIF uses magnetic fields to confine an initial warm, low-density plasma, then compresses that plasma to fusion conditions using an impulsive driver or "liner." approaches differ in the degree of magnetic organization present in the initial target, as well as the nature and speed of the imploding liner. Laser, solid, liquid and plasma liners have all been proposed. begins with a warm dense plasma target containing a magnetic field. Plasma's conductivity prevents it from crossing magnetic field lines. As a result, compressing the target amplifies the magnetic field | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35461390 | Magneto-inertial fusion |
Magneto-inertial fusion The starships in Mike Kupari's novel "Her Brother's Keeper" are propelled in part by magneto-inertial fusion rockets. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35461390 | Magneto-inertial fusion |
David Hirst (arachnologist) David B. Hirst is an arachnologist previously based at the South Australian Museum in Adelaide. He left the Museum on 22 February 2011. He has described more than 40 species and genera in the Sparassidae (huntsman spider) family, and was regularly called on by New Zealand authorities to identify huntsman spiders that entered their country. Hirst's work includes revision of many Sparassid genera including Delena, Holconia, Isopeda, Isopedella, Keilira, Pediana, Rhacocnemis, Thomasettia and Typostola. Hirst has been a consultant in cases where spiders were said to have been found in bottles of wine from South Australia. The finders of the spiders were from the United Kingdom | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35466480 | David Hirst (arachnologist) |
David Hirst (arachnologist) In some cases he was able to rule out the bottles as the source of the spider because the specimens presented were not found in Australia. He however found a "Clubiona" sac spider more likely to have been in the bottle when filled because he was able to find the species present in wine growing areas. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35466480 | David Hirst (arachnologist) |
Birks' law (named after British physicist John B. Birks) is an empirical formula for the light yield per path length as a function of the energy loss per path length for a particle traversing a scintillator, and gives a relation that is not linear at high loss rates. The relation is: where "L" is the light yield, "S" is the scintillation efficiency, "dE/dx" is the energy loss of the particle per path length, and "k" is Birks' constant, which depends on the material. "k" is 0.126 mm/MeV for polystyrene-based scintillators and 1.26–2.07 × 10 g/(MeV cm) for polyvinyltoluene-based scintillators. Birks speculated that the loss of linearity is due to recombination and quenching effects between the excited molecules and the surrounding substrate | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35475501 | Birks' law |
Birks' law has mostly been tested for organic scintillators. Its applicability to inorganic scintillators is debated. A good discussion can be found in "Particle Detectors at Accelerators: Organic scintillators". A compilation of Birks' constant for various materials can be found in "Semi-empirical calculation of quenching factors for ions in scintillators". A more complete theory of scintillation saturation, that gives when only unimolecular de-excitation is included, can be found in a paper by Blanc, Cambou, and De Laford. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35475501 | Birks' law |
Herbert Gleiter (born 13 October 1938 in Stuttgart) is a German researcher in physics and nanotechnology. In 1966, he received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Stuttgart in Germany. He received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize in 1988 for contributions to the field of nanotechnology. He became the Chair Professor of the Institute of Material Science at Saarland University, Germany in 1979. He has also held positions at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of Bochum. Since 2012, he is Director and Chair Professor of the 'Institute of Nanoscience' of 'Nanjing University of Science and Technology' of Nanjing in China. In 2019, he received the Advanced Materials Laureate during the 30th IAAM Award Assembly | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35487375 | Herbert Gleiter |
Herbert Gleiter In 2019, he received the Advanced Materials Laureate during the 30th IAAM Award Assembly. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35487375 | Herbert Gleiter |
Gravitational soliton A gravitational soliton is a soliton solution of the Einstein field equation. It can be separated into two kinds, a soliton of the vacuum Einstein equation generated by the Belinski-Zakharov transform, and a soliton of the Maxwell-Einstein equations generated by the Belinski-Zakharov-Alekseev transform. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35489100 | Gravitational soliton |
Einstein–Rosen metric The is an exact solution of Einstein's field equation. It was derived by Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen in 1937. It is the first exact solution of Einstein's equation that described the propagation of a gravitational wave. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35489153 | Einstein–Rosen metric |
Anatoly Rusanov Anatoly Ivanovich Rusanov () (20 April 1932, Leningrad) is a Russian chemist. He is a member of the Russian Academy of Science since 1990. He is graduated from Leningrad State University and currently is the head of the Colloid Chemistry Department of St. Petersburg State University. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35493063 | Anatoly Rusanov |
Dmitry Kharitonov Dmitry Evstratievich Kharitonov (; 1896-1970), also spelt Charitonov, was the first native Russian arachnologist. In 1916 he founded the arachnological school of Perm State University, the oldest arachnology research group in Russia. The culmination of his work was the comprehensive "Katalog der russischen Spinnen" (en: "Catalogue of Russian spiders"), published bilingually in 1932, with an addition published in 1936. He grew up under the supervision of Dmitry Mikhailovich Fedotov, an arachnologist from St. Petersburg. One of his postgraduates, T.S. Mkheidze, has been working in Georgia since the 1930s. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35502498 | Dmitry Kharitonov |
Cabled observatory Cabled observatories are seabed oceanographic research platforms connected to the surface by undersea cables. Such cables supply both power and telecommunications to instruments. By removing the limitations of undersea power sources and sonar or RF communications, cabled observatories allow persistent study of underwater phenomena. A single cable can support multiple observation sites via individual "drops;" multiple or branching cables may then provide data in 2D or 3D. The extent of coverage is limited by the high cost of laying dedicated undersea cable. Initial experiments used abandoned communications cables; efforts are in progress to extend observations at lower cost by accessing more such cables | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35509452 | Cabled observatory |
Cabled observatory Despite their advantages, cabled observatories can (and do) relay compromised data to scientists, particularly when located in remote parts of the ocean. Factors such as instrumental malfunction and biofouling are often responsible for this. Systematic improvements, to lessen the impacts of such factors, are currently being studied by groups such as Ocean Networks Canada. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35509452 | Cabled observatory |
Photometeor In atmospheric optics, a photometeor is a bright object or other optical phenomenon appearing in the Earth's atmosphere when sunlight or moonlight creates a reflection, refraction, diffraction or interference under particular circumstances. The most common examples include halos, rainbows, fogbows, cloud iridescences (or irisation), glories, Bishop's rings, coronas, crepuscular rays, sun dogs, light pillars, mirages, scintillations, and green flashes. Photometeors are not reported in routine weather observation. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35516605 | Photometeor |
S. T. Satyamurthi S. Thomas Satyamurthi was an Indian zoologist who served as Superintendent of the Government Museum, Chennai and the Connemara Public Library from 1960 to 1978. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35525414 | S. T. Satyamurthi |
Pulkovo meridian The Pulkovo meridian, which passes through the center of the main building of the Pulkovo Observatory and is at 30°19,6‘ east of Greenwich, was the point of departure for all former geographical maps of Russia. This meridian was used as the reference in the Russian Empire before the Prime meridian (Greenwich). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35536188 | Pulkovo meridian |
Antônio Brescovit Antônio Domingos Brescovit (born 1959) is a Brazilian arachnologist. His first name, Antônio (the spelling used in Brazil) may also be spelt António (the spelling used in Portugal). He develops academic activities at the 'arthropodae laboratorium' at the Butantan Institute, and he is a specialist in Neotropical Arachnida. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35540806 | Antônio Brescovit |
Repulsive state In quantum mechanics, a repulsive state is an electronic state of a molecule for which there is no minimum in the potential energy. This means that the state is unstable and unbound since the potential energy smoothly decreases with the interatomic distance and the atoms repel one another. In such a state there are no discrete vibrational energy levels; instead, these levels form a continuum. This should not be confused with an excited state, which is a metastable electronic state containing a minimum in the potential energy, and may be short or long-lived | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35548904 | Repulsive state |
Repulsive state When a molecule is excited by means such as UV/VIS spectroscopy it can undergo a molecular electronic transition: if such a transition brings the molecule into a repulsive state, it will spontaneously dissociate. This condition is also known as predissociation since the chemical bond is broken at an energy which is lower than what might be expected. In electronic spectroscopy, this often appears as a strong, continuous feature in the absorption or emission spectrum, making repulsive states easy to detect. For example, triatomic hydrogen has a repulsive ground state, which means it can only exist in an excited state: if it drops down to the ground state, it will immediately break up into one of the several possible dissociation products. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35548904 | Repulsive state |
John F. Eisenberg (1935–2003) was an American zoologist. Eisenberg was born in 1935, in Everett, Washington. As a boy, he trapped and studied rodents, which intrigued him, so he decided to obtain a scholarship to study zoology at a university. He graduated from Washington State University and earned his master's and doctorate degrees in zoology at the University of California in Berkeley. In 1965, he took a position at the National Zoo and also taught graduate courses at the University of Maryland University of Maryland. He left the zoo in 1982, when he was the zoo's assistant director, to take a position teaching at the University of Florida University of Florida. In 2000, he retired and moved back to Washington State | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35553315 | John F. Eisenberg |
John F. Eisenberg Even during his retirement, he maintained his passion for mice and other rodents, and even went to Sri Lanka to study mammals of various sizes, including elephants. He was married and divorced 2 times. He died on July 6, 2003 at the age of 68 at his home in Bellingham, Washington. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35553315 | John F. Eisenberg |
Richard E. Grant (paleontologist) Richard E. Grant (1927–1994) was an American paleontologist. Grant was born in 1927. From 1972 till his death he served as a Chairman, Curator, and a Senior Geologist in the Department of Paleobiology and National Museum of Natural History. He is most famous for studying Brachiopods of Permian period in 1979. He died in 1994. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35554613 | Richard E. Grant (paleontologist) |
Sklodowskite is a uranium mineral with the chemical formula: Mg(UO)(HSiO)·5HO. It is a secondary mineral which contains magnesium and is a bright yellow colour, its crystal habit is acicular, but can form in other shapes. It has a Mohs hardness of about 2-3. It is named after the maiden name of Marie Skłodowska Curie. It is the magnesium analogue of the much more common uranium mineral Cuprosklodowskite, which contains copper instead. It was discovered by (1881–1966) in 1924. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571278 | Sklodowskite |
Ramiflory In plant biology, ramiflory is the production of fruit and flowers on the woody branches of a plant, formed in a previous season. The corresponding condition for the trunk of the plant is known as cauliflory. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571378 | Ramiflory |
Hilbrand Boschma (22 April 1893 – 22 July 1976) was a Dutch zoologist and director of the Rijksmuseum of Natural History in Leiden. Boschma studied botany and zoology at the University of Amsterdam. He went to the former Dutch East Indies, where he studied embryology, functional morphology in reptiles and amphibians, and stony corals. He joined a Danish expedition to the Kai Islands in 1922 as an associate of the Danish zoologist Dr. Th. Mortensen and sampled and studied corals. He is taxon author of (among other invertebrate organisms) several different species of fire corals. Thereafter Boschma went back to The Netherlands to take up the post of chief assistant at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University at Leiden | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571520 | Hilbrand Boschma |
Hilbrand Boschma In 1925 he started giving lectures in general zoology for medical students, and in 1931 he became professor of general zoology. In 1934 Boschma became director of the Rijksmuseum of Natural History in Leiden. He was the first director who was specialized in invertebrate animals. He was also a Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1946, Foreign Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, Honorary Foreign Member of the "Société zoologique de France", and member of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. He retired at age 65 in 1958, but continued giving lectures until 1963 and writing scientific articles until 1974 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571520 | Hilbrand Boschma |
Hilbrand Boschma Boschma is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of reptile ("Cryptophis boschmai" and "Draco boschmai"), a lobster ("Metanephrops boschmai"), and a fish ("Lophichthys boschmai"). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571520 | Hilbrand Boschma |
Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia (SMED) is a rare autosomal-recessive disease which causes skeletal disorders. SMED is thought to be caused by a mutation in the Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) gene. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35594200 | Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia |
Franz Joseph Hugi (1791–1855) was a Swiss geologist and teacher who was called the "father of winter mountaineering," and was author of two pioneer works on glacier phenomena. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35613537 | Franz Joseph Hugi |
Tarpeia (crater) Tarpeia is a crater on the asteroid 4 Vesta located at 69.5°S and 29°E, within the ridged and grooved terrain of Vesta's southern hemisphere. It has a diameter of 41 km. It is irregularly shaped and has a sharp, fresh rim. It contains many small craters less than a kilometer across and its steep slopes shows brilliant layers of minerals. It was named after Tarpeia, a maiden from Roman mythology, on 27 December 2011. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35624344 | Tarpeia (crater) |
Forecast verification is a subfield of the climate, atmospheric and ocean sciences dealing with validating, verifying and determining the predictive power of prognostic model forecasts. Because of the complexity of these models, forecast verification goes a good deal beyond simple measures of statistical association or mean error calculations. To determine the value of a forecast, we need to measure it against some baseline, or minimally accurate forecast. There are many types of forecast that, while producing impressive-looking skill scores, are nonetheless naive. A "persistence" forecast can still rival even those of the most sophisticated models. An example is: "What is the weather going to be like today? Same as it was yesterday | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35632302 | Forecast verification |
Forecast verification " This could be considered analogous to a "control" experiment. Another example would be a climatological forecast: "What is the weather going to be like today? The same as it was, on average, for all the previous days this time of year for the past 75 years". The second example suggests a good method of normalizing a forecast before applying any skill measure. Most weather situations will cycle, since the Earth is forced by a highly regular energy source. A numerical weather model must accurately model both the seasonal cycle and (if finely resolved enough) the diurnal cycle. This output, however, adds no information content, since the same cycles are easily predicted from climatological data | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35632302 | Forecast verification |
Forecast verification Climatological cycles may be removed from both the model output and the "truth" data. Thus, the skill score, applied afterward, is more meaningful. One way of thinking about it is, "how much does the forecast reduce our "uncertainty"?" Christensen et al. (1981) used entropy minimax entropy minimax pattern discovery based on information theory to advance the science of long range weather prediction. Previous computer models of weather were based on persistence alone and reliable to only 5-7 days into the future. Long range forecasting was essentially random. Christensen et al | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35632302 | Forecast verification |
Forecast verification demonstrated the ability to predict the probability that precipitation will be below or above average with modest but statistically significant skill one, two and even three years into the future. Notably, this pioneering work discovered the influence of El Nino El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on U.S. weather forecasting. Tang et al. (2005) used the conditional entropy to characterize the uncertainty of ensemble predictions of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO): where "p" is the ensemble distribution and "q" is the climatological distribution. The World Meteorological Organization maintains a webpage on forecast verification | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35632302 | Forecast verification |
Forecast verification For more in-depth information on how to verify forecasts see the book by Jolliffe and Stephenson or the book chapter by Daniel Wilks. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35632302 | Forecast verification |
Vibidia (crater) Vibidia is a crater on the asteroid 4 Vesta located at 26.9°S and 139.9°W. It has a diameter of 7.1 km. There is a distinctive ray-like pattern of bright and dark material, with the bright rays extending circularly for 15 km around Vibidia, and the dark rays mostly restricted to within the crater and on the rim. The rays cut across older craters, whereas a few younger craters have formed on top of them. It was named after the Roman Vestal Virgin Vibidia on 27 December 2011. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35635251 | Vibidia (crater) |
Szymon Syrski (24 October 1824, Łubnie – 13 January 1882, Lwów) was a Polish zoologist. He was a professor of zoology at Lviv University. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35637621 | Szymon Syrski |
Paul Géroudet (1917–2006) was a notable Swiss ornithologist. He was the chief editor of Nos Oiseaux from 1939 to 1994. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35645642 | Paul Géroudet |
Aethrioscope An aethrioscope (or æthrioscope) is a meteorological device invented by Sir John Leslie in 1818 for measuring the chilling effect of a clear sky. The name is from the Greek word for clear – "αίθριος". It consists of a metallic cup standing upon a tall hollow pedestal, with a differential thermometer placed so that one of its bulbs is in the focus of the paraboloid formed by the cavity of the cup. The interior of the cup is highly polished and is kept covered by a plate of metal, being opened when an observation is made. The second bulb is always screened from the sky and so is not affected by the radiative effect of the clear sky, the action of which is concentrated upon the first bulb | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35650011 | Aethrioscope |
Aethrioscope The contraction of the air in the second bulb by its sudden exposure to a clear sky causes the liquid in the stem to rise. The device will respond in a contrary fashion when exposed to heat radiation and so may be used as a pyrometer too. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35650011 | Aethrioscope |
Richard Blome (1635-1705) was an engraver, cartographer, and publisher in the Kingdom of England. Richard Blome's cartography flourished in the second half of the seventeenth century. He produced a great number of maps, but none were original, and he was often accused of plagiarism although usually made no attempt to hide his sources. His maps were attractive and quaintly designed, and they still retain their nostalgic look. Blome's series of county maps were combined in the "Britannia", based on the latest editions of mapmaker, John Speed, and was published in 1673 but was not a success. It was followed in 1681 by an issue of smaller maps entitled "Speed's Maps Epitomiz'd" | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35672193 | Richard Blome |
Richard Blome Most of his work was engraved by Wenceslaus Hollar, "Richard Palmer", and "Francis Lamb", and embellished with dedications to county dignitaries which were added or omitted in later editions. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35672193 | Richard Blome |
Orlando Mendes Orlando Marques de Almeida Mendes (Island of Mozambique, August 4, 1916 – Maputo, January 11, 1990) was a Mozambican biologist and writer. He lived the Portuguese decolonisation of Mozambique. In 1944, he moved with his wife and daughter to Coimbra, where he studied biology at the University of Coimbra. He worked as a biologist in Lourenço Marques and wrote for several publications such as: "Tempo", "Itinerário", "Vértice" and "África". In spite of being European, he strongly criticized colonial treatment towards black people and Salazar's administration. During the Portuguese Colonial War, he was with FRELIMO nationalist party. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35681165 | Orlando Mendes |
Extremotroph An extremotroph (from Latin ' meaning "extreme" and Greek ' () meaning "food") is an organism that feeds on matter that is not typically considered to be food to most life on Earth. "These anthropocentric definitions that we make of extremophily and extremotrophy focus on a single environmental extreme but many extremophiles may fall into multiple categories, for example, organisms living inside hot rocks deep under the Earth's surface." Extremotrophs are used as bioremediation and biodegradation agents. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35689039 | Extremotroph |
Particle deposition is the spontaneous attachment of particles to surfaces. The particles in question are normally colloidal particles, while the surfaces involved may be planar, curved, or may represent particles much larger in size than the depositing ones (e.g., sand grains). Deposition processes may be triggered by appropriate hydrodynamic flow conditions and favorable particle-surface interactions. Depositing particles may just form a monolayer which further inhibits additional particle deposition, and thereby one refers to "surface blocking". Initially attached particles may also serve as seeds for further particle deposition, which leads to the formation of thicker particle deposits, and this process is termed as "surface ripening" or "fouling" | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition While deposition processes are normally irreversible, initially deposited particles may also detach. The latter process is known as "particle release" and is often triggered by the addition of appropriate chemicals or a modification in flow conditions. Microorganisms may deposit to surfaces in a similar fashion as colloidal particles. When macromolecules, such as proteins, polymers or polyelectrolytes attach to surfaces, one rather calls this process adsorption. While adsorption of macromolecules largely resembles particle deposition, macromolecules may substantially deform during adsorption. The present article mainly deals with particle deposition from liquids, but similar process occurs when aerosols or dust deposit from the gas phase | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition A particle may diffuse to a surface in quiescent conditions, but this process is inefficient as a thick depletion layer develops, which leads to a progressive slowing down of the deposition. When particle deposition is efficient, it proceeds almost exclusively in a system under flow. In such conditions, the hydrodynamic flow will transport the particles close to the surface. Once a particle is situated close to the surface, it will attach spontaneously, when the particle-surface interactions are attractive. In this situation, one refers to "favorable deposition conditions". When the interaction is repulsive at larger distances, but attractive at shorter distances, deposition will still occur but it will be slowed down | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition One refers to "unfavorable deposition conditions" here. The initial stages of the deposition process can be described with the rate equation where Γ is the number density of deposited particles, "t" is the time, "c" the particle number concentration, and "k" the deposition rate coefficient. The rate coefficient depends on the flow velocity, flow geometry, and the interaction potential of the depositing particle with the substrate. In many situations, this potential can be approximated by a superposition of attractive van der Waals forces and repulsive electrical double layer forces and can be described by DLVO theory | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition When the charge of the particles is of the same sign as the substrate, deposition will be favorable at high salt levels, while it will be unfavorable at lower salt levels. When the charge of the particles is of the opposite sign as the substrate, deposition is favorable for all salt levels, and one observes a small enhancement of the deposition rate with decreasing salt level due to attractive electrostatic double layer forces. Initial stages of the deposition process are relatively similar to the early stages of particle heteroaggregation, whereby one of the particles is much larger than the other. When depositing particles repel each other, the deposition will stop by the time when enough particles have deposited | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition At one point, such a surface layer will repel any particles that may still make attempts to deposit. The surface is said to be "saturated" or "blocked" by the deposited particles. The blocking process can be described by the following equation where "B"(Γ) is the surface blocking function. When there are no deposited particles, Γ = 0 and "B"(0) = 1. With increasing number density of deposited particles, the blocking function decreases. The surface saturates at Γ=Γ and "B"(Γ) = 0. The simplest blocking function is and it is referred to as the Langmuir blocking function, as it is related to the Langmuir isotherm. The blocking process has been studied in detail in terms of the "random sequential adsorption" (RSA) model | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition The simplest RSA model related to deposition of spherical particles considers irreversible adsorption of circular disks. One disk after another is placed randomly at a surface. Once a disk is placed, it sticks at the same spot, and cannot be removed. When an attempt to deposit a disk would result in an overlap with an already deposited disk, this attempt is rejected. Within this model, the surface is initially filled rapidly, but the more one approaches saturation the slower the surface is being filled. Within the RSA model, saturation is referred to as jamming. For circular disks, jamming occurs at a coverage of 0.547 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition When the depositing particles are polydisperse, much higher surface coverage can be reached, since the small particles will be able to deposit into the holes in between the larger deposited particles. On the other hand, rod like particles may lead to much smaller coverage, since a few misaligned rods may block a large portion of the surface. Since the repulsion between particles in aqueous suspensions originates from electric double layer forces, the presence of salt has an important effect on surface blocking. For small particles and low salt, the diffuse layer will extend far beyond the particle, and thus create an exclusion zone around it. Therefore, the surface will be blocked at a much lower coverage than what would be expected based on the RSA model | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition At higher salt and for larger particles, this effect is less important, and the deposition can be well described by the RSA model. When the depositing particles attract each other, they will deposit and aggregate at the same time. This situation will result in a porous layer made of particle aggregates at the surface, and is referred to as ripening. The porosity of this layer will depend whether the particle aggregation process is fast or slow. Slow aggregation will lead to a more compact layer, while fast aggregation to a more porous one. The structure of the layer will resemble the structure of the aggregates formed in the later stages of the aggregation process. can be followed by various experimental techniques | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition Direct observation of deposited particles is possible with an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, or the atomic force microscope. Optical microscopy has the advantage that the deposition of particles can be followed in real time by video techniques and the sequence of images can be analyzed quantitatively. On the other hand, the resolution of optical microscopy requires that the particle size investigated exceeds at least 100 nm. An alternative is to use surface sensitive techniques to follow particle deposition, such as reflectivity, ellipsometry, surface plasmon resonance, or quartz crystal microbalance | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition These techniques can provide information on the amount of particles deposited as a function of time with good accuracy, but they do not permit to obtain information concerning the lateral arrangement of the particles. Another approach to study particle deposition is to investigate their transport in a chromatographic column. The column is packed with large particles or with a porous medium to be investigated. Subsequently, the column is flushed with the solvent to be investigated, and the suspension of the small particles is injected at the column inlet. The particles are detected at the outlet with a standard chromatographic detector | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition When particles deposit in the porous medium, they will not arrive at the outlet, and from the observed difference the deposition rate coefficient can be inferred. occurs in numerous natural and industrial systems. Few examples are given below. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Ernst Suffert (fl. 1900) was a German entomologist who specialised in studies of Lepidoptera. He is not to be confused with Fritz Süffert, who was also a German lepidopterist. described many new species of African butterflies and moths, including "Papilio chrapkowskii", "Papilio filaprae", "Mylothris ertli" and "Mylothris schumanni". His collection was purchased by James John Joicey. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35706568 | Ernst Suffert |
Fritz Süffert (1891–1945) was a German entomologist who specialised in studies of butterflies. He is not to be confused with Ernst Suffert, who was also a German lepidopterist. was an expert on adaptive colouration. He died in the Battle of Berlin. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35706608 | Fritz Süffert |
Anton Polenec (7 October 1910 – 30 October 2000) was a Slovene zoologist and specialist arachnologist. Polenec was born in Puštal near Škofja Loka in 1910. He studied at the University of Ljubljana and later taught zoology and was head of the Natural History Museum of Slovenia from 1955 to 1980. He studied and described over 500 species of spiders including a new genus "Centrophantes". The spider genus "Polenecia" is named after Polenec. Apart from scientific contributions he also wrote numerous popular science books for young readers and won the Levstik Award twice, in 1950 for his book "Iz življenja žuželk" (The Lives of Insects) and in 1952 for "Iz življenja pajkov" (The Life of Spiders). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35715592 | Anton Polenec |
Chirp mass In astrophysics the chirp mass of a compact binary system determines the leading-order orbital evolution of the system as a result of energy loss from emitting gravitational waves. Because the gravitational wave frequency is determined by orbital frequency, the chirp mass also determines the frequency evolution of the gravitational wave signal emitted during a binary's inspiral phase. In gravitational wave data analysis it is easier to measure the chirp mass than the two component masses alone | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35733284 | Chirp mass |
Chirp mass A two-body system with component masses formula_1 and formula_2 has a chirp mass of The chirp mass may also be expressed in terms of the total mass of the system formula_4 and other common mass parameters: In general relativity, the phase evolution of a binary orbit can be computed using a post-Newtonian expansion, a perturbative expansion in powers of the orbital velocity formula_20. The first order gravitational wave frequency, formula_21, evolution is described by the differential equation where formula_23 and formula_24 are the speed of light and Newton's gravitational constant, respectively. Integrating equation () with respect to time gives: where C is the constant of integration | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35733284 | Chirp mass |
Chirp mass Furthermore, on identifying formula_27 and formula_28, the chirp mass can be calculated from the slope of the line fitted through the data points (x, y). To disentangle the individual component masses in the system one must additionally measure higher order terms in the post-Newtonian expansion. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35733284 | Chirp mass |
Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry In chemistry, the capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where nine atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a gyroelongated square pyramid. The gyroelongated square pyramid is a square pyramid with a square antiprism connected to the square base. In this respect, it can be seen as a "capped" square antiprism (a square antiprism with a pyramid erected on one of the square faces). It is very similar to the tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry, and there is some dispute over the specific geometry exhibited by certain molecules. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35740250 | Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry |
Incyte Corp is an American pharmaceutical company based in Alapocas, Delaware. The company was founded in Palo Alto, California in 1991 and went public in 1993. has one drug, Jakafi, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has been prescribed to patients in the United States. As of 2014, the company was developing baricitinib, an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor drug for rheumatoid arthritis in partnership with Eli Lilly. It gained EU approval in February 2017. In April 2017, the US FDA issued a rejection, citing concerns about dosing and safety | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741235 | Incyte |
Incyte As of 2016 epacadostat, an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibitor, was in development for various cancers and was in combination trials with Merck's pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and Bristol Myers Squibb's nivolumab (Opdivo). Novartis acquired Incyte's c-Met inhibitor capmatinib (INC280, INCB028060), which is in Phase II clinical trial as monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2014, named Hervé Hoppenot president and CEO. Hoppenot had previously served as the president of Novartis Oncology; he had been with Novartis since 2003. In September 2015, the company announced it had gained exclusive development and commercial right pertaining to Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741235 | Incyte |
Incyte , Ltd's anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, SHR-1210, in a deal worth $795+ million. In January 2020, signed a collaboration and license agreement for the global development and commercialization of tafasitamab with MorphoSys. On March 3, 2020, the agreement received antitrust clearance and thus became effective. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741235 | Incyte |
Bioconcentration is the accumulation of a chemical in or on an organism when the source of chemical is solely water. is a term that was created for use in the field of aquatic toxicology. can also be defined as the process by which a chemical concentration in an aquatic organism exceeds that in water as a result of exposure to a waterborne chemical. There are several ways in which to measure and assess bioaccumulation and bioconcentration. These include: octanol-water partition coefficients (K), bioconcentration factors (BCF), bioaccumulation factors (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). Each of these can be calculated using either empirical data or measurements as well as from mathematical models | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration One of these mathematical models is a fugacity-based BCF model developed by Don Mackay. factor can also be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical in an organism to the concentration of the chemical in the surrounding environment. The BCF is a measure of the extent of chemical sharing between an organism and the surrounding environment. In surface water, the BCF is the ratio of a chemical's concentration in an organism to the chemical's aqueous concentration. BCF is often expressed in units of liter per kilogram (ratio of mg of chemical per kg of organism to mg of chemical per liter of water). BCF can simply be an observed ratio, or it can be the prediction of a partitioning model | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration A partitioning model is based on assumptions that chemicals partition between water and aquatic organisms as well as the idea that chemical equilibrium exists between the organisms and the aquatic environment in which it is found can be described by a bioconcentration factor (BCF), which is the ratio of the chemical concentration in an organism or biota to the concentration in water: formula_1 factors can also be related to the octanol-water partition coefficient, K | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration The octanol-water partition coefficient (K) is correlated with the potential for a chemical to bioaccumulate in organisms; the BCF can be predicted from log K, via computer programs based on structure activity relationship (SAR) or through the linear equation: formula_2 Where: formula_3 at equilibrium Fugacity and BCF relate to each other in the following equation: formula_4 where Z is equal to the Fugacity capacity of a chemical in the fish, P is equal to the density of the fish (mass/length), BCF is the partition coefficient between the fish and the water (length/mass) and H is equal to the Henry's law constant (Length/Time) Through the use of the PBT Profiler and using criteria set forth by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Toxic | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration Substances Control Act (TSCA), a substance is considered to be not bioaccumulative if it has a BCF less than 1000, bioaccumulative if it has a BCF from 1000–5000 and very bioaccumulative if it has a BCF greater than 5,000. The thresholds under REACH are a BCF of > 2000 l/kg bzw. for the B and 5000 l/kg for vB criteria. A bioconcentration factor greater than 1 is indicative of a hydrophobic or lipophilic chemical. It is an indicator of how probable a chemical is to bioaccumulate. These chemicals have high lipid affinities and will concentrate in tissues with high lipid content instead of in an aqueous environment like the cytosol | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration Models are used to predict chemical partitioning in the environment which in turn allows the prediction of the biological fate of lipophilic chemicals. Based on an assumed steady state scenario, the fate of a chemical in a system is modeled giving predicted endpoint phases and concentrations. It needs to be considered that reaching steady state may need a substantial amount of time as estimated using the following equation (in hours). formula_5 For a substance with a log(K) of 4, it thus takes approximately five days to reach effective steady state. For a log(K) of 6, the equilibrium time increases to nine months. Fugacity is another predictive criterion for equilibrium among phases that has units of pressure | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration It is equivalent to partial pressure for most environmental purposes. It is the absconding propensity of a material. BCF can be determined from output parameters of a fugacity model and thus used to predict the fraction of chemical immediately interacting with and possibly having an effect on an organism. If organism-specific fugacity values are available, it is possible to create a food web model which takes trophic webs into consideration. This is especially pertinent for conservative chemicals that are not easily metabolized into degradation products. Biomagnification of conservative chemicals such as toxic metals can be harmful to apex predators like orca whales, osprey, and bald eagles | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration factors facilitate predicting contamination levels in an organism based on chemical concentration in surrounding water. BCF in this setting only applies to aquatic organisms. Air breathing organisms do not take up chemicals in the same manner as other aquatic organisms. Fish, for example uptake chemicals via ingestion and osmotic gradients in gill lamellae. When working with benthic macroinvertebrates, both water and benthic sediments may contain chemical that affects the organism. Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and biomagnification factor (BMF) also influence toxicity in aquatic environments | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration BCF does not explicitly take metabolism into consideration so it needs to be added to models at other points through uptake, elimination or degradation equations for a selected organism. Chemicals with high BCF values are more lipophilic, and at equilibrium organisms will have greater concentrations of chemical than other phases in the system. Body burden is the total amount of chemical in the body of an organism, and body burdens will be greater when dealing with a lipophilic chemical. In determining the degree at which bioconcentration occurs biological factors have to be kept in mind | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration The rate at which an organism is exposed through respiratory surfaces and contact with dermal surfaces of the organism, competes against the rate of excretion from an organism. The rate of excretion is a loss of chemical from the respiratory surface, growth dilution, fecal excretion, and metabolic biotransformation. Growth dilution is not an actual process of excretion but due to the mass of the organism increasing while the contaminant concentration remains constant dilution occurs. The interaction between inputs and outputs is shown here: formula_6 The variables are defined as: Cis the concentration in the organism (g*kg). t represents a unit of time (d). k is the rate constant for chemical uptake from water at the respiratory surface (L*kg*d) | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration C is the chemical concentration dissolved in water (g*L). k,k,k,k are rate constants that represent excretion from the organism from the respiratory surface, fecal excretion, metabolic transformation, and growth dilution (d). Static variables influence BCF as well. Because organisms are modeled as bags of fat, lipid to water ratio is a factor that needs to be considered. Size also plays a role as the surface to volume ratio influence the rate of uptake from the surrounding water. The species of concern is a primary factor in influencing BCF values due to it determining all of the biological factors that alter a BCF. Temperature may affect metabolic transformation, and bioenergetics | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration An example of this is the movement of the organism may change as well as rates of excretion. If a contaminant is ionic, the change in pH that is influenced by a change in temperature may also influence the bioavailability The natural particle content as well as organic carbon content in water can affect the bioavailability. The contaminant can bind to the particles in the water, making uptake more difficult, as well as become ingested by the organism. This ingestion could consist of contaminated particles which would cause the source of contamination to be from more than just water. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Kantowski–Sachs metric In general relativity the Kantowski-Sachs metric (named after Ronald Kantowski and Rainer K. Sachs) describes a homogeneous but anisotropic universe whose spatial section has the topology of formula_1. The metric is: The isometry group of this spacetime is formula_3. Remarkably, the isometry group does not act simply transitively on spacetime, nor does it possess a subgroup with simple transitive action. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35752296 | Kantowski–Sachs metric |
Richard S. Boardman was an American paleontologist and curator of the Department of Paleobiology at the United States National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History). Boardman worked for the museum from 1957 to 1985 and subsequently became a founding member of the International Bryozoology Association (IBA). Boardman is best known for the hard/soft thin-sectioning technique that he developed in order to compare the internal morphology of living and fossilized bryozoans which have revealed new information about bryozoan life history. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35760811 | Richard S. Boardman |
Mackenzie Gordon Jr. (1913–1992) was an American invertebrate paleontologist. He was an expert on Carboniferous fossils. Gordon worked for the United States Geological Survey for 40 years, from 1941–1981. He was a research associate at the National Museum of Natural History from 1981 to his death in 1992. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35760852 | Mackenzie Gordon Jr. |
Janez Matjašič (14 May 1921 – 9 August 1996) was a Slovene zoologist. Matjašič was an associate member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1974 and a full member from 1989. Apart from scientific contributions he also wrote two popular science books "Nevidno življenje" (Invisible Life) and "Iz življenja najmanjših" (From the Lives of the Smallest). For the latter he won the Levstik Award in 1956. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35764931 | Janez Matjašič |
Bates–Guggenheim Convention In chemistry, the refers to a conventional method based on the Debye–Hückel theory to determine pH standard values. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35769512 | Bates–Guggenheim Convention |
Vincent Moncrief Vincent Edward Moncrief is an American mathematician and physicist at Yale University. He works in relativity and mathematical physics. Moncrief earned his doctorate in 1972 at the University of Maryland College Park under the supervision of Charles William Misner and worked subsequently at the University of California Berkeley and at the University of Utah. He grew up in Oklahoma City | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35783189 | Vincent Moncrief |
Vincent Moncrief A key result (obtained jointly with Arthur Fischer of the University of California at Santa Cruz) was to relate the reduced Hamiltonian for Einstein's equations to a topological invariant known as the Yamabe invariant (or sigma constant) for the spatial manifold and to show that the reduced Hamiltonian is monotonically decreasing along all solutions of the field equations (in the direction of cosmological expansion) and therefore evidently seeking to attain its infimum which in turn is expressible in terms of the sigma constant | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35783189 | Vincent Moncrief |
Vincent Moncrief A discussion of this and related work (with Lars Andersson of the University of Miami and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat of the Université Paris VI) may be found in Moncrief's and Choquet-Bruhat's lectures at the Cargese summer school on 50 years of the Cauchy Problem in General Relativity. Moncrief's own research is mainly concerned with the global existence and asymptotic properties of cosmological solutions of Einstein's equations and especially the question of how these properties depend upon the topology of spacetime. He is also interested in how a study of the "Einstein flow" on various manifolds might shed light on open questions in 3-manifold topology itself | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35783189 | Vincent Moncrief |
Vincent Moncrief Most of this research involves the treatment of sufficiently small but nevertheless fully non-linear perturbations of certain special backgrounds and includes an analysis of higher as well as lower-dimensional spacetimes in addition to physical (3 + 1)-dimensional spacetime. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35783189 | Vincent Moncrief |
Jeans's theorem In astrophysics and statistical mechanics, Jeans's theorem, named after James Jeans, states that any steady-state solution of the collisionless Boltzmann equation depends on the phase space coordinates only through integrals of motion in the given potential, and conversely any function of the integrals is a steady-state solution. is most often discussed in the context of potentials characterized by three, global integrals. In such potentials, all of the orbits are regular, i.e. non-chaotic; the Kepler potential is one example. In generic potentials, some orbits respect only one or two integrals and the corresponding motion is chaotic | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35784363 | Jeans's theorem |
Jeans's theorem can be generalized to such potentials as follows: The phase-space density of a stationary stellar system is constant within every well-connected region. A well-connected region is one that cannot be decomposed into two finite regions such that all trajectories lie, for all time, in either one or the other. Invariant tori of regular orbits are such regions, but so are the more complex parts of phase space associated with chaotic trajectories. Integrability of the motion is therefore not required for a steady state. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35784363 | Jeans's theorem |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct Function-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) Kode constructs (Kode Technology) are amphiphatic, water dispersible biosurface engineering constructs that can be used to engineer the surface of cells, viruses and organisms, or to modify solutions and non-biological surfaces with bioactives. FSL Kode constructs spontaneously and stably incorporate into cell membranes. FSL Kode constructs with all these aforementioned features are also known as Kode Constructs. The process of modifying surfaces with FSL Kode constructs is known as "koding" and the resultant "koded" cells, viruses and liposomes are respectively known as kodecytes, and kodevirions | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct All living surfaces are decorated with a diverse range of complex molecules, which are key modulators of chemical communications and other functions such as protection, adhesion, infectivity, apoptosis, etc. Functional-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) Kode constructs can be synthesized to mimic the bioactive components present on biological surfaces, and then re-present them in novel ways. The architecture of an FSL Kode construct, as implicit in the name, consists of three components - a functional head group, a spacer, and a lipid tail. This structure is analogous to a Lego minifigure in that, they have three structural components, with each component having a separate purpose. In the examples shown in all the figures, a Lego 'minifig' has been used for the analogy | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct However, it should be appreciated that this is merely a representation and the true structural similarity is significantly varied between Lego minifigures and FSL Kode constructs "(fig 1)". The functional group of an FSL is equivalent to a Lego minifigure head, with both being at the extremity and carrying the character functional components. The spacer of the FSL is equivalent to the body of the Lego minifigure and the arms on the minifigure are representative of substitutions which may be engineered into the chemical makeup of the spacer. The lipid of the FSL anchors it to lipid membranes and gives the FSL construct its amphiphatic nature which can cause it to self-assemble | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |
Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct Because the lipid tail can act directly as an anchor it is analogous to the legs of a Lego minifigure. The functional group, the spacer and the lipid tail components of the FSL Kode construct can each be individually designed resulting in FSL Kode constructs with specific biological functions. The functional head group is usually the bioactive component of the construct and the various spacers and lipids influence and effect its presentation, orientation and location on a surface. Critical to the definition of an FSL Kode construct is the requirement to be dispersible in water, and spontaneously and stably incorporate into cell membranes | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35823031 | Function-spacer-lipid Kode construct |