Datasets:

Jingbiao

/

aravqa

like 0

[ "WikiWeb_Wasenbourg_1", "WikiWeb_Louis XIV_3" ]

[ "The castle is quoted first time in a charter dated 1335 during a division of the Licthenberg family possessions. It is enfeoffed by these last ones to Guillaume de Born (or of Burne) in 1378. In 1398, during a Fehde, Wasenbourg is besieged by the gathered troops of the bishop and the city of Strasbourg. Afterward, it will be used as residence by the vassals of the Lichtenberg, notably Hofwart de Kirchheim ( 1407 ) and Simon de Zeiskam ( 1453 ).\nWith the extinction of the Lichtenberg lineage in 1480, it passes by inheritance to Simon Wecker IV of Two Deux-Ponts-Bitche. Seriously damaged during the Peasants' War in 1525, it will be raised from its ruins by Jacques de Deux-Ponts-Bitche in 1535.\nIn 1570, a quarrel of inheritance sets Linange against Hanau-Lichtenberg, both of them successors of Deux-Ponts-Bitche. Jean-Jacob Niedheimer, baillif of Hanau, takes advantage of it to occupy the place and assumes even the title of nobility \"of Wasenbourg\". The castle seems to have been saved during the War of Thirty Years (1618-1648) but will be finally dismantled by the troops of Louis XIV in 1677.\nThe site was outstandingly emphasized by recent works of consolidation and of restoration. The castle presents the peculiarity not to possess a keep. An 18 metre high, 14 metre long and 3 metre thick shield walloverhanging a deep ditch is enough to protect the lodging house towards the attack. A plate overhanging the entrance of the castle commemorates the visit of Goethe of 1771.\nEast of the lower yard raises a rock known as \"le Wachtfelsen\", testimony of a Roman worship dedicated to the god Mercury. Having crossed the lower yard, we penetrate into the enclosure wall itself. An oriel window overhangs the East wall of the castle. The access to the lodging house is made by a door in broken bow overhung by a sculptured head integrated into a Gothic frieze.", "Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, when Louis XIV was four years old. In defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Anne's political abilities was his primary rationale. He did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council.\nLouis XIII died on 14 May 1643, and on 18 May, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the Parlement de Paris (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). This action abolished the regency council and made Anne the sole Regent of France. Anne exiled some of her husband's ministers (Chavigny, Bouthilier), and she nominated Brienne as her minister of foreign affairs.\nAnne kept the direction of religious policy strongly in her hand until 1661; her most important political decisions were to nominate Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister and the continuation of her late husband's and Cardinal Richelieu's policy, despite their persecution of her, for the sake of her son. Anne wanted to give her son absolute authority and a victorious kingdom. Her rationales for choosing Mazarin were mainly his ability and his total dependence on her, at least until 1653 when she was no longer regent. Anne protected Mazarin by arresting and exiling her followers who conspired against him in 1643: the Duke of Beaufort and Marie de Rohan. She left the direction of the daily administration of policy to Cardinal Mazarin.\nThe best example of Anne's statesmanship and the partial change in her heart towards her native Spain is seen in her keeping of one of Richelieu's men, the Chancellor of France Pierre Séguier, in his post. Séguier was the person who had interrogated Anne in 1637, treating her like a \"common criminal\" as she described her treatment following the discovery that she was giving military secrets and information to Spain. Anne was virtually under house arrest for a number of years during her husband's rule. By keeping him in his post, Anne was giving a sign that the interests of France and her son Louis were the guiding spirit of all her political and legal actions. Though not necessarily opposed to Spain, she sought to end the war with a French victory, in order to establish a lasting peace between the Catholic nations.\nThe Queen also gave a partial Catholic orientation to French foreign policy. This was felt by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in 1648.\nIn 1648, Anne and Mazarin successfully negotiated the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War. Its terms ensured Dutch independence from Spain, awarded some autonomy to the various German princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and granted Sweden seats on the Imperial Diet and territories to control the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser rivers. France, however, profited most from the settlement. Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul. Moreover, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg domination, petty German states sought French protection. This anticipated the formation of the 1658 League of the Rhine, leading to the further diminution of Imperial power." ]

[ "anticipated" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wasenbourg_1", "WikiWeb_Louis XIV_3" ]

[ "The castle is quoted first time in a charter dated 1335 during a division of the Licthenberg family possessions. It is enfeoffed by these last ones to Guillaume de Born (or of Burne) in 1378. In 1398, during a Fehde, Wasenbourg is besieged by the gathered troops of the bishop and the city of Strasbourg. Afterward, it will be used as residence by the vassals of the Lichtenberg, notably Hofwart de Kirchheim ( 1407 ) and Simon de Zeiskam ( 1453 ).\nWith the extinction of the Lichtenberg lineage in 1480, it passes by inheritance to Simon Wecker IV of Two Deux-Ponts-Bitche. Seriously damaged during the Peasants' War in 1525, it will be raised from its ruins by Jacques de Deux-Ponts-Bitche in 1535.\nIn 1570, a quarrel of inheritance sets Linange against Hanau-Lichtenberg, both of them successors of Deux-Ponts-Bitche. Jean-Jacob Niedheimer, baillif of Hanau, takes advantage of it to occupy the place and assumes even the title of nobility \"of Wasenbourg\". The castle seems to have been saved during the War of Thirty Years (1618-1648) but will be finally dismantled by the troops of Louis XIV in 1677.\nThe site was outstandingly emphasized by recent works of consolidation and of restoration. The castle presents the peculiarity not to possess a keep. An 18 metre high, 14 metre long and 3 metre thick shield walloverhanging a deep ditch is enough to protect the lodging house towards the attack. A plate overhanging the entrance of the castle commemorates the visit of Goethe of 1771.\nEast of the lower yard raises a rock known as \"le Wachtfelsen\", testimony of a Roman worship dedicated to the god Mercury. Having crossed the lower yard, we penetrate into the enclosure wall itself. An oriel window overhangs the East wall of the castle. The access to the lodging house is made by a door in broken bow overhung by a sculptured head integrated into a Gothic frieze.", "Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, when Louis XIV was four years old. In defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Anne's political abilities was his primary rationale. He did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council.\nLouis XIII died on 14 May 1643, and on 18 May, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the Parlement de Paris (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). This action abolished the regency council and made Anne the sole Regent of France. Anne exiled some of her husband's ministers (Chavigny, Bouthilier), and she nominated Brienne as her minister of foreign affairs.\nAnne kept the direction of religious policy strongly in her hand until 1661; her most important political decisions were to nominate Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister and the continuation of her late husband's and Cardinal Richelieu's policy, despite their persecution of her, for the sake of her son. Anne wanted to give her son absolute authority and a victorious kingdom. Her rationales for choosing Mazarin were mainly his ability and his total dependence on her, at least until 1653 when she was no longer regent. Anne protected Mazarin by arresting and exiling her followers who conspired against him in 1643: the Duke of Beaufort and Marie de Rohan. She left the direction of the daily administration of policy to Cardinal Mazarin.\nThe best example of Anne's statesmanship and the partial change in her heart towards her native Spain is seen in her keeping of one of Richelieu's men, the Chancellor of France Pierre Séguier, in his post. Séguier was the person who had interrogated Anne in 1637, treating her like a \"common criminal\" as she described her treatment following the discovery that she was giving military secrets and information to Spain. Anne was virtually under house arrest for a number of years during her husband's rule. By keeping him in his post, Anne was giving a sign that the interests of France and her son Louis were the guiding spirit of all her political and legal actions. Though not necessarily opposed to Spain, she sought to end the war with a French victory, in order to establish a lasting peace between the Catholic nations.\nThe Queen also gave a partial Catholic orientation to French foreign policy. This was felt by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in 1648.\nIn 1648, Anne and Mazarin successfully negotiated the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War. Its terms ensured Dutch independence from Spain, awarded some autonomy to the various German princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and granted Sweden seats on the Imperial Diet and territories to control the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser rivers. France, however, profited most from the settlement. Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul. Moreover, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg domination, petty German states sought French protection. This anticipated the formation of the 1658 League of the Rhine, leading to the further diminution of Imperial power." ]

[ "anticipated" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Bangkok_4" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Bangkok covers an area of 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi), ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area. The city's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Bangkok_4" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Bangkok covers an area of 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi), ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area. The city's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Bangkok_4" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Bangkok covers an area of 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi), ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area. The city's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Bangkok_4" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Bangkok covers an area of 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi), ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area. The city's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Bangkok_4" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Bangkok covers an area of 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi), ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area. The city's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_3" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "There are seven medical museums at Siriraj Hospital. They are the Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, Ellis Pathological Museum, Congdons Anatomical Museum, Songkran Niyomsan Forensic Medicine Museum, Parasitological Museum, Touch Museum in Honor of Queen Mother Sirikit, and Sood Sangvichien Prehistoric Museum Laboratory. The permanent exhibits include sections on anatomy, pathology, congenital disorders, toxicology, techniques of Thai traditional medicine, and forensic pathology. In 2008, the temporary exhibit featured the role of Siriraj Hospital during the 2004 tsunami that devastated the Andaman coastline of Thailand and other countries. The latest museum is Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, opened in early 2013. The museum is housed in the renovated vintage architecture of the old Bangkok Noi railway station, next to Siriraj's newly opened private subsidiary Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital. The museum exhibits history of medicine in Thailand from traditional medicine to modern, and includes history of the Bangkok Noi area where the museum and the hospital are situated." ]

[ "tsunami" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_3" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "There are seven medical museums at Siriraj Hospital. They are the Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, Ellis Pathological Museum, Congdons Anatomical Museum, Songkran Niyomsan Forensic Medicine Museum, Parasitological Museum, Touch Museum in Honor of Queen Mother Sirikit, and Sood Sangvichien Prehistoric Museum Laboratory. The permanent exhibits include sections on anatomy, pathology, congenital disorders, toxicology, techniques of Thai traditional medicine, and forensic pathology. In 2008, the temporary exhibit featured the role of Siriraj Hospital during the 2004 tsunami that devastated the Andaman coastline of Thailand and other countries. The latest museum is Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, opened in early 2013. The museum is housed in the renovated vintage architecture of the old Bangkok Noi railway station, next to Siriraj's newly opened private subsidiary Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital. The museum exhibits history of medicine in Thailand from traditional medicine to modern, and includes history of the Bangkok Noi area where the museum and the hospital are situated." ]

[ "tsunami" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_3" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "There are seven medical museums at Siriraj Hospital. They are the Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, Ellis Pathological Museum, Congdons Anatomical Museum, Songkran Niyomsan Forensic Medicine Museum, Parasitological Museum, Touch Museum in Honor of Queen Mother Sirikit, and Sood Sangvichien Prehistoric Museum Laboratory. The permanent exhibits include sections on anatomy, pathology, congenital disorders, toxicology, techniques of Thai traditional medicine, and forensic pathology. In 2008, the temporary exhibit featured the role of Siriraj Hospital during the 2004 tsunami that devastated the Andaman coastline of Thailand and other countries. The latest museum is Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, opened in early 2013. The museum is housed in the renovated vintage architecture of the old Bangkok Noi railway station, next to Siriraj's newly opened private subsidiary Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital. The museum exhibits history of medicine in Thailand from traditional medicine to modern, and includes history of the Bangkok Noi area where the museum and the hospital are situated." ]

[ "tsunami" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_3" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "There are seven medical museums at Siriraj Hospital. They are the Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, Ellis Pathological Museum, Congdons Anatomical Museum, Songkran Niyomsan Forensic Medicine Museum, Parasitological Museum, Touch Museum in Honor of Queen Mother Sirikit, and Sood Sangvichien Prehistoric Museum Laboratory. The permanent exhibits include sections on anatomy, pathology, congenital disorders, toxicology, techniques of Thai traditional medicine, and forensic pathology. In 2008, the temporary exhibit featured the role of Siriraj Hospital during the 2004 tsunami that devastated the Andaman coastline of Thailand and other countries. The latest museum is Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, opened in early 2013. The museum is housed in the renovated vintage architecture of the old Bangkok Noi railway station, next to Siriraj's newly opened private subsidiary Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital. The museum exhibits history of medicine in Thailand from traditional medicine to modern, and includes history of the Bangkok Noi area where the museum and the hospital are situated." ]

[ "tsunami" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_3" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "There are seven medical museums at Siriraj Hospital. They are the Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, Ellis Pathological Museum, Congdons Anatomical Museum, Songkran Niyomsan Forensic Medicine Museum, Parasitological Museum, Touch Museum in Honor of Queen Mother Sirikit, and Sood Sangvichien Prehistoric Museum Laboratory. The permanent exhibits include sections on anatomy, pathology, congenital disorders, toxicology, techniques of Thai traditional medicine, and forensic pathology. In 2008, the temporary exhibit featured the role of Siriraj Hospital during the 2004 tsunami that devastated the Andaman coastline of Thailand and other countries. The latest museum is Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, opened in early 2013. The museum is housed in the renovated vintage architecture of the old Bangkok Noi railway station, next to Siriraj's newly opened private subsidiary Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital. The museum exhibits history of medicine in Thailand from traditional medicine to modern, and includes history of the Bangkok Noi area where the museum and the hospital are situated." ]

[ "tsunami" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_2" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "The hospital was founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, two years after a worldwide cholera outbreak. It is named after the king's 18-month-old son, Prince Siriraj Kakudhabhand, who had died from dysentery a year before the opening of the hospital. The medical school was established two years later in 1890.\nPrince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti was also born here.\nSiriraj was the residence of the late King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, from September 2009 to August 2013. He entered the hospital for treatment of a respiratory condition. In October 2014 King Bhumibol had gall bladder surgery at Siriraj. He died there on 13 October 2016." ]

[ "king chulalongkorn" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_2" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "The hospital was founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, two years after a worldwide cholera outbreak. It is named after the king's 18-month-old son, Prince Siriraj Kakudhabhand, who had died from dysentery a year before the opening of the hospital. The medical school was established two years later in 1890.\nPrince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti was also born here.\nSiriraj was the residence of the late King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, from September 2009 to August 2013. He entered the hospital for treatment of a respiratory condition. In October 2014 King Bhumibol had gall bladder surgery at Siriraj. He died there on 13 October 2016." ]

[ "king chulalongkorn" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_2" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "The hospital was founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, two years after a worldwide cholera outbreak. It is named after the king's 18-month-old son, Prince Siriraj Kakudhabhand, who had died from dysentery a year before the opening of the hospital. The medical school was established two years later in 1890.\nPrince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti was also born here.\nSiriraj was the residence of the late King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, from September 2009 to August 2013. He entered the hospital for treatment of a respiratory condition. In October 2014 King Bhumibol had gall bladder surgery at Siriraj. He died there on 13 October 2016." ]

[ "king chulalongkorn" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_2" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "The hospital was founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, two years after a worldwide cholera outbreak. It is named after the king's 18-month-old son, Prince Siriraj Kakudhabhand, who had died from dysentery a year before the opening of the hospital. The medical school was established two years later in 1890.\nPrince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti was also born here.\nSiriraj was the residence of the late King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, from September 2009 to August 2013. He entered the hospital for treatment of a respiratory condition. In October 2014 King Bhumibol had gall bladder surgery at Siriraj. He died there on 13 October 2016." ]

[ "king chulalongkorn" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_2" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "The hospital was founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, two years after a worldwide cholera outbreak. It is named after the king's 18-month-old son, Prince Siriraj Kakudhabhand, who had died from dysentery a year before the opening of the hospital. The medical school was established two years later in 1890.\nPrince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti was also born here.\nSiriraj was the residence of the late King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, from September 2009 to August 2013. He entered the hospital for treatment of a respiratory condition. In October 2014 King Bhumibol had gall bladder surgery at Siriraj. He died there on 13 October 2016." ]

[ "king chulalongkorn" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_0" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Siriraj Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลศิริราช; RTGS: Rong Phayaban Sirirat) is the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand. It is in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, opposite Thammasat University's Tha Phrachan campus. It is the primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University." ]

[ "teaching" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_0" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Siriraj Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลศิริราช; RTGS: Rong Phayaban Sirirat) is the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand. It is in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, opposite Thammasat University's Tha Phrachan campus. It is the primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University." ]

[ "teaching" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_0" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Siriraj Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลศิริราช; RTGS: Rong Phayaban Sirirat) is the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand. It is in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, opposite Thammasat University's Tha Phrachan campus. It is the primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University." ]

[ "teaching" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_0" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Siriraj Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลศิริราช; RTGS: Rong Phayaban Sirirat) is the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand. It is in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, opposite Thammasat University's Tha Phrachan campus. It is the primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University." ]

[ "teaching" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_0" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "Siriraj Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลศิริราช; RTGS: Rong Phayaban Sirirat) is the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand. It is in Bangkok on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, opposite Thammasat University's Tha Phrachan campus. It is the primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University." ]

[ "teaching" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wat Rakhangkhositaram_0", "WikiWeb_Siriraj Hospital_1" ]

[ "Wat Rakhangkhositaram Woramahaviharn (Thai: วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม วรมหาวิหาร) or usually shortened to Wat Rakhangkhositaram (วัดระฆังโฆสิตาราม), familiarly known as Wat Rakhang (วัดระฆัง) is a second-class royal monastery in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located at 250/1 Arun Amarin Road, Siri Rat Subdistrict, Bangkok Noi District, Thonburi side on the west bank of Chao Phraya River near Siriraj Hospital, Wang Lang Market and Ban Khamin Junction.\nThe temple, formerly named \"Wat Bangwayai\" (วัดบางหว้าใหญ่; lit: big black plum temple), was built in the Ayutthaya period. It was restored and appointed a royal temple by King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, who sponsored the revision of the tripitaka scriptures at the temple. During the reign of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), a melodious rakhang or bell was found in the temple compound. The king order it to be moved to the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew), and had five new bells sent back in exchange. The king then changed the temple's name to Wat Rakhangkositaram. In the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name was to be changed again to \"Wat Rajkanthiyaram\" (วัดราชคัณฑิยาราม; \"kanthi\" meaning bell). But people don't accept this name, and the temple is still called Wat Rakhang today.\nHighly venerable monk, Somdej Toh was once the abbot of this temple (1852–72). At present, the temple has an old tripitaka hall, which inside, there're beautiful and precious Thai paintings. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) have encouraged Wat Rakhangkhositaram as one of the nine temple-based campaign \"Respect to the Nine Temples\" (ไหว้พระ 9 วัด) along with other temples in Bangkok including (Phra Nakhon side): Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Pho, Wat Chana Songkhram, Wat Suthat, City Pillar Shrine, San Chao Pho Suea (Thonburi side): Wat Arun and Wat Kalayanamitr.", "With a capacity of more than 2,000 beds and visited by more than three million patients per year Siriraj is one of the largest and busiest medical centers in Southeast Asia. The medical school accepts about 250 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. Siriraj is the largest public hospital in Thailand. Thanks to its excellent reputation, its tertiary care unit is the referral center for all hospitals in Thailand.\nThe logo of the Siriraj Hospital is the Naga curled into a shape of \"ศ\" (pronounce as \"Sor-Sala\"), the first Thai alphabet of the hospital name with the Royal Diadem on top of the Naga." ]

[ "thailand" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "munich" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "munich" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "munich" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "munich" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "munich" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_6" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II. At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles. The Einsatzgruppen (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II. Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the Einsatzgruppen units—now repurposed as death squads—followed the Heer (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and Heer units also took part in these killings. Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps.\nGermany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East); the plan was finalised in July 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by one thousand kilometres (600 miles). Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of 67 billion ℛℳ. Himmler stated openly: \"It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply.\"\nHimmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the \"Godless Bolshevik hordes\". Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units. Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000 from the Netherlands to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600). After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard.\nIn late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname \"the Butcher of Prague\". This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm.\nWith Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the Einsatzgruppen in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership. His special directive, the \"Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)\", read: \"In the operations area of the army, the Reichsführer-SS has been given special tasks on the orders of the Führer, in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the Reichsführer-SS acts independently and on his own responsibility.\" Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring Einsatzgruppen leaders to trial for the murders they had committed.\nFollowing the army into the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state. Hitler was sent frequent reports. In addition, 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed. By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour. Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death." ]

[ "67" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_6" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II. At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles. The Einsatzgruppen (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II. Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the Einsatzgruppen units—now repurposed as death squads—followed the Heer (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and Heer units also took part in these killings. Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps.\nGermany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East); the plan was finalised in July 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by one thousand kilometres (600 miles). Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of 67 billion ℛℳ. Himmler stated openly: \"It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply.\"\nHimmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the \"Godless Bolshevik hordes\". Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units. Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000 from the Netherlands to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600). After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard.\nIn late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname \"the Butcher of Prague\". This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm.\nWith Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the Einsatzgruppen in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership. His special directive, the \"Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)\", read: \"In the operations area of the army, the Reichsführer-SS has been given special tasks on the orders of the Führer, in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the Reichsführer-SS acts independently and on his own responsibility.\" Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring Einsatzgruppen leaders to trial for the murders they had committed.\nFollowing the army into the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state. Hitler was sent frequent reports. In addition, 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed. By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour. Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death." ]

[ "67" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_6" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II. At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles. The Einsatzgruppen (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II. Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the Einsatzgruppen units—now repurposed as death squads—followed the Heer (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and Heer units also took part in these killings. Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps.\nGermany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East); the plan was finalised in July 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by one thousand kilometres (600 miles). Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of 67 billion ℛℳ. Himmler stated openly: \"It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply.\"\nHimmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the \"Godless Bolshevik hordes\". Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units. Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000 from the Netherlands to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600). After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard.\nIn late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname \"the Butcher of Prague\". This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm.\nWith Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the Einsatzgruppen in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership. His special directive, the \"Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)\", read: \"In the operations area of the army, the Reichsführer-SS has been given special tasks on the orders of the Führer, in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the Reichsführer-SS acts independently and on his own responsibility.\" Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring Einsatzgruppen leaders to trial for the murders they had committed.\nFollowing the army into the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state. Hitler was sent frequent reports. In addition, 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed. By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour. Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death." ]

[ "67" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_6" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II. At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles. The Einsatzgruppen (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II. Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the Einsatzgruppen units—now repurposed as death squads—followed the Heer (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and Heer units also took part in these killings. Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps.\nGermany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East); the plan was finalised in July 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by one thousand kilometres (600 miles). Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of 67 billion ℛℳ. Himmler stated openly: \"It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply.\"\nHimmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the \"Godless Bolshevik hordes\". Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units. Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000 from the Netherlands to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600). After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard.\nIn late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname \"the Butcher of Prague\". This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm.\nWith Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the Einsatzgruppen in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership. His special directive, the \"Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)\", read: \"In the operations area of the army, the Reichsführer-SS has been given special tasks on the orders of the Führer, in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the Reichsführer-SS acts independently and on his own responsibility.\" Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring Einsatzgruppen leaders to trial for the murders they had committed.\nFollowing the army into the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state. Hitler was sent frequent reports. In addition, 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed. By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour. Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death." ]

[ "67" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_6" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II. At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians, including Jews and ethnic Poles. The Einsatzgruppen (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II. Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the Einsatzgruppen units—now repurposed as death squads—followed the Heer (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and Heer units also took part in these killings. Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps.\nGermany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East); the plan was finalised in July 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by one thousand kilometres (600 miles). Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of 67 billion ℛℳ. Himmler stated openly: \"It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply.\"\nHimmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the \"Godless Bolshevik hordes\". Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units. Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000 from the Netherlands to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600). After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard.\nIn late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname \"the Butcher of Prague\". This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm.\nWith Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the Einsatzgruppen in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership. His special directive, the \"Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)\", read: \"In the operations area of the army, the Reichsführer-SS has been given special tasks on the orders of the Führer, in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the Reichsführer-SS acts independently and on his own responsibility.\" Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring Einsatzgruppen leaders to trial for the murders they had committed.\nFollowing the army into the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state. Hitler was sent frequent reports. In addition, 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed. By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour. Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death." ]

[ "67" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_8" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the Gau and Reich leaders—Himmler referred explicitly to the \"extermination\" (German: Ausrottung) of the Jewish people.\nA translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads:\nI also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on 30 June 1934, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary.\nI am talking about the \"Jewish evacuation\": the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. \"The Jewish people is being exterminated\", every Party member will tell you, \"perfectly clear, it's part of our plans, we're eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter.\" And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person—with exceptions due to human weaknesses—has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and '17 ...\nBecause the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings." ]

[ "posen speeches" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_8" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the Gau and Reich leaders—Himmler referred explicitly to the \"extermination\" (German: Ausrottung) of the Jewish people.\nA translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads:\nI also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on 30 June 1934, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary.\nI am talking about the \"Jewish evacuation\": the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. \"The Jewish people is being exterminated\", every Party member will tell you, \"perfectly clear, it's part of our plans, we're eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter.\" And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person—with exceptions due to human weaknesses—has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and '17 ...\nBecause the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings." ]

[ "posen speeches" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_8" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the Gau and Reich leaders—Himmler referred explicitly to the \"extermination\" (German: Ausrottung) of the Jewish people.\nA translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads:\nI also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on 30 June 1934, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary.\nI am talking about the \"Jewish evacuation\": the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. \"The Jewish people is being exterminated\", every Party member will tell you, \"perfectly clear, it's part of our plans, we're eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter.\" And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person—with exceptions due to human weaknesses—has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and '17 ...\nBecause the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings." ]

[ "posen speeches" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_8" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the Gau and Reich leaders—Himmler referred explicitly to the \"extermination\" (German: Ausrottung) of the Jewish people.\nA translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads:\nI also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on 30 June 1934, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary.\nI am talking about the \"Jewish evacuation\": the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. \"The Jewish people is being exterminated\", every Party member will tell you, \"perfectly clear, it's part of our plans, we're eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter.\" And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person—with exceptions due to human weaknesses—has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and '17 ...\nBecause the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings." ]

[ "posen speeches" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_8" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the Gau and Reich leaders—Himmler referred explicitly to the \"extermination\" (German: Ausrottung) of the Jewish people.\nA translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads:\nI also want to refer here very frankly to a very difficult matter. We can now very openly talk about this among ourselves, and yet we will never discuss this publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on 30 June 1934, to perform our duty as ordered and put comrades who had failed up against the wall and execute them, we also never spoke about it, nor will we ever speak about it. Let us thank God that we had within us enough self-evident fortitude never to discuss it among us, and we never talked about it. Every one of us was horrified, and yet every one clearly understood that we would do it next time, when the order is given and when it becomes necessary.\nI am talking about the \"Jewish evacuation\": the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. \"The Jewish people is being exterminated\", every Party member will tell you, \"perfectly clear, it's part of our plans, we're eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter.\" And then they turn up, the upstanding 80 million Germans, and each one has his decent Jew. They say the others are all swines, but this particular one is a splendid Jew. But none has observed it, endured it. Most of you here know what it means when 100 corpses lie next to each other, when there are 500 or when there are 1,000. To have endured this and at the same time to have remained a decent person—with exceptions due to human weaknesses—has made us tough, and is a glorious chapter that has not and will not be spoken of. Because we know how difficult it would be for us if we still had Jews as secret saboteurs, agitators and rabble-rousers in every city, what with the bombings, with the burden and with the hardships of the war. If the Jews were still part of the German nation, we would most likely arrive now at the state we were at in 1916 and '17 ...\nBecause the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings." ]

[ "posen speeches" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "early" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "early" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "early" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "early" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_1" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945).\nHimmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and awkward in social situations.\nHimmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agronomy at the Munich Technische Hochschule (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness.\nAlthough many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).\nIn 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923." ]

[ "early" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_2" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Himmler joined the Nazi Party in August 1923, receiving party number 14303. As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch, but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as an agronomist, and had to move in with his parents in Munich. Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members.\nIn 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party, and he later admired and even worshipped him. To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925.\nThat same year, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) as an SS-Führer (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168. The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA. Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of SS-Gauführer (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy. In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy Reichsführer-SS, with the rank of SS-Oberführer.\nAround this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a Völkisch youth group. There he met Rudolf Höss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Walther Darré, whose book The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler." ]

[ "nazi" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_2" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Himmler joined the Nazi Party in August 1923, receiving party number 14303. As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch, but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as an agronomist, and had to move in with his parents in Munich. Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members.\nIn 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party, and he later admired and even worshipped him. To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925.\nThat same year, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) as an SS-Führer (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168. The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA. Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of SS-Gauführer (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy. In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy Reichsführer-SS, with the rank of SS-Oberführer.\nAround this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a Völkisch youth group. There he met Rudolf Höss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Walther Darré, whose book The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler." ]

[ "nazi" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_2" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Himmler joined the Nazi Party in August 1923, receiving party number 14303. As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch, but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as an agronomist, and had to move in with his parents in Munich. Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members.\nIn 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party, and he later admired and even worshipped him. To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925.\nThat same year, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) as an SS-Führer (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168. The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA. Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of SS-Gauführer (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy. In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy Reichsführer-SS, with the rank of SS-Oberführer.\nAround this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a Völkisch youth group. There he met Rudolf Höss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Walther Darré, whose book The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler." ]

[ "nazi" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_2" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Himmler joined the Nazi Party in August 1923, receiving party number 14303. As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch, but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as an agronomist, and had to move in with his parents in Munich. Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members.\nIn 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party, and he later admired and even worshipped him. To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925.\nThat same year, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) as an SS-Führer (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168. The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA. Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of SS-Gauführer (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy. In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy Reichsführer-SS, with the rank of SS-Oberführer.\nAround this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a Völkisch youth group. There he met Rudolf Höss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Walther Darré, whose book The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler." ]

[ "nazi" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wewelsburg_22", "WikiWeb_Heinrich Himmler_2" ]

[ "Heinrich Himmler: Aegis\nErich Schupping: Commandant\nSiegfried Taubert: Commandant\nKarl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner\nWalter Muller: Hauptsturmführer\nJosef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi\nWalter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935\nKarl Lasch\nDr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939\nDr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg\nDr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer\nWilhelm Jordan\nElfriede Wippermann", "Himmler joined the Nazi Party in August 1923, receiving party number 14303. As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch, but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as an agronomist, and had to move in with his parents in Munich. Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members.\nIn 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party, and he later admired and even worshipped him. To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925.\nThat same year, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) as an SS-Führer (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168. The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA. Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of SS-Gauführer (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy. In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy Reichsführer-SS, with the rank of SS-Oberführer.\nAround this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a Völkisch youth group. There he met Rudolf Höss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Walther Darré, whose book The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler." ]

[ "nazi" ]

[ "WikiWeb_William Pitt Union_3", "WikiWeb_Enrico Caruso_5" ]

[ "Full of marble, chandeliers, and Louis XV architecture, the Schenley quickly became the Pittsburgh home to the great and the near-great. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the register at the Schenley, as did Eleanor Roosevelt.\nSinger-actress Lillian Russell lived in suite 437 and married Pittsburgh publisher Alexander Moore in the French Room (now a dining room on the first floor). Dramatic tenor Enrico Caruso and his entourage occupied seven suites during their stay. Sarah Bernhardt, Nelson Eddy, Jeanette MacDonald, Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy stayed at the Schenley. Italian tragedian Eleonora Duse succumbed to pneumonia in suite 524.\nThe Schenley was not just the place to stay in Pittsburgh as the 20th century began: it was where the young ladies of society \"came out,\" where couples married, and where one could dine on the \"haute cuisine\" of the day. It was also the place where Pittsburgh power brokers met and many of the discussions leading to the birth of the U.S. Steel Corporation were held at the Schenley. Its formation was celebrated at the \"Meal of Millionaires\" in 1901. Later in 1914, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) was organized at the Schenley Hotel. The state of Pennsylvania dedicated a historical marker outside of union in 1967 to commemorate the event. Many famous industrialists and businessmen, including Andrew Carnegie and Diamond Jim Brady, had eaten at various times at the hotel.\n1909 was a year that changed the Hotel Schenley forever. That summer, Forbes Field opened just down the street and the University of Pittsburgh moved from its Northside location to Oakland. From that time on, the \"Waldorf of Pittsburgh\" gradually became the home of the National League baseball players in town to play the Pittsburgh Pirates, and students and faculty took their place among the Pittsburgh elite. Now added to the register were names such as Babe Ruth, Casey Stengel, Ty Cobb, and Rogers Hornsby. The deals struck over dinner at the Schenley now included baseball trades.\nFor the next 40-plus years the Schenley continued to operate albeit on a less grand scale. Pittsburgh's Renaissance I brought modern hotels to downtown Pittsburgh and, ironically, Frank Nicola's dream of an Oakland civic center turned out to be a nightmare for the Schenley. The turn-of-the-century marvel had been built in rural Pittsburgh. The 1950s Schenley was surrounded by hospitals, educational facilities, concert halls, and private clubs with no parking to serve the hotel's mobile guests.", "Caruso's success in the Metropolitan Opera drew the attention of Black Hand extortionists. They threatened to injure his throat with lye or harm him and his family if he did not pay them money. He initially paid their extortion fee of $2,000 expecting the matter to be settled, but his willingness to pay made them more brazen. They subsequently demanded an even larger sum of $15,000.\" He was aided by New York City police detective Joseph Petrosino who, impersonating Caruso, captured the extortionists. Two Italian men, Antonio Misiano and Antonio Cincotto, would be later specifically accused of the crime." ]

[ "new york city police detective joseph petrosino" ]

[ "WikiWeb_William Pitt Union_3", "WikiWeb_Enrico Caruso_5" ]

[ "Full of marble, chandeliers, and Louis XV architecture, the Schenley quickly became the Pittsburgh home to the great and the near-great. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the register at the Schenley, as did Eleanor Roosevelt.\nSinger-actress Lillian Russell lived in suite 437 and married Pittsburgh publisher Alexander Moore in the French Room (now a dining room on the first floor). Dramatic tenor Enrico Caruso and his entourage occupied seven suites during their stay. Sarah Bernhardt, Nelson Eddy, Jeanette MacDonald, Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy stayed at the Schenley. Italian tragedian Eleonora Duse succumbed to pneumonia in suite 524.\nThe Schenley was not just the place to stay in Pittsburgh as the 20th century began: it was where the young ladies of society \"came out,\" where couples married, and where one could dine on the \"haute cuisine\" of the day. It was also the place where Pittsburgh power brokers met and many of the discussions leading to the birth of the U.S. Steel Corporation were held at the Schenley. Its formation was celebrated at the \"Meal of Millionaires\" in 1901. Later in 1914, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) was organized at the Schenley Hotel. The state of Pennsylvania dedicated a historical marker outside of union in 1967 to commemorate the event. Many famous industrialists and businessmen, including Andrew Carnegie and Diamond Jim Brady, had eaten at various times at the hotel.\n1909 was a year that changed the Hotel Schenley forever. That summer, Forbes Field opened just down the street and the University of Pittsburgh moved from its Northside location to Oakland. From that time on, the \"Waldorf of Pittsburgh\" gradually became the home of the National League baseball players in town to play the Pittsburgh Pirates, and students and faculty took their place among the Pittsburgh elite. Now added to the register were names such as Babe Ruth, Casey Stengel, Ty Cobb, and Rogers Hornsby. The deals struck over dinner at the Schenley now included baseball trades.\nFor the next 40-plus years the Schenley continued to operate albeit on a less grand scale. Pittsburgh's Renaissance I brought modern hotels to downtown Pittsburgh and, ironically, Frank Nicola's dream of an Oakland civic center turned out to be a nightmare for the Schenley. The turn-of-the-century marvel had been built in rural Pittsburgh. The 1950s Schenley was surrounded by hospitals, educational facilities, concert halls, and private clubs with no parking to serve the hotel's mobile guests.", "Caruso's success in the Metropolitan Opera drew the attention of Black Hand extortionists. They threatened to injure his throat with lye or harm him and his family if he did not pay them money. He initially paid their extortion fee of $2,000 expecting the matter to be settled, but his willingness to pay made them more brazen. They subsequently demanded an even larger sum of $15,000.\" He was aided by New York City police detective Joseph Petrosino who, impersonating Caruso, captured the extortionists. Two Italian men, Antonio Misiano and Antonio Cincotto, would be later specifically accused of the crime." ]

[ "new york city police detective joseph petrosino" ]

[ "WikiWeb_William Pitt Union_3", "WikiWeb_Enrico Caruso_5" ]

[ "Full of marble, chandeliers, and Louis XV architecture, the Schenley quickly became the Pittsburgh home to the great and the near-great. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the register at the Schenley, as did Eleanor Roosevelt.\nSinger-actress Lillian Russell lived in suite 437 and married Pittsburgh publisher Alexander Moore in the French Room (now a dining room on the first floor). Dramatic tenor Enrico Caruso and his entourage occupied seven suites during their stay. Sarah Bernhardt, Nelson Eddy, Jeanette MacDonald, Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy stayed at the Schenley. Italian tragedian Eleonora Duse succumbed to pneumonia in suite 524.\nThe Schenley was not just the place to stay in Pittsburgh as the 20th century began: it was where the young ladies of society \"came out,\" where couples married, and where one could dine on the \"haute cuisine\" of the day. It was also the place where Pittsburgh power brokers met and many of the discussions leading to the birth of the U.S. Steel Corporation were held at the Schenley. Its formation was celebrated at the \"Meal of Millionaires\" in 1901. Later in 1914, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) was organized at the Schenley Hotel. The state of Pennsylvania dedicated a historical marker outside of union in 1967 to commemorate the event. Many famous industrialists and businessmen, including Andrew Carnegie and Diamond Jim Brady, had eaten at various times at the hotel.\n1909 was a year that changed the Hotel Schenley forever. That summer, Forbes Field opened just down the street and the University of Pittsburgh moved from its Northside location to Oakland. From that time on, the \"Waldorf of Pittsburgh\" gradually became the home of the National League baseball players in town to play the Pittsburgh Pirates, and students and faculty took their place among the Pittsburgh elite. Now added to the register were names such as Babe Ruth, Casey Stengel, Ty Cobb, and Rogers Hornsby. The deals struck over dinner at the Schenley now included baseball trades.\nFor the next 40-plus years the Schenley continued to operate albeit on a less grand scale. Pittsburgh's Renaissance I brought modern hotels to downtown Pittsburgh and, ironically, Frank Nicola's dream of an Oakland civic center turned out to be a nightmare for the Schenley. The turn-of-the-century marvel had been built in rural Pittsburgh. The 1950s Schenley was surrounded by hospitals, educational facilities, concert halls, and private clubs with no parking to serve the hotel's mobile guests.", "Caruso's success in the Metropolitan Opera drew the attention of Black Hand extortionists. They threatened to injure his throat with lye or harm him and his family if he did not pay them money. He initially paid their extortion fee of $2,000 expecting the matter to be settled, but his willingness to pay made them more brazen. They subsequently demanded an even larger sum of $15,000.\" He was aided by New York City police detective Joseph Petrosino who, impersonating Caruso, captured the extortionists. Two Italian men, Antonio Misiano and Antonio Cincotto, would be later specifically accused of the crime." ]

[ "the matter" ]

[ "WikiWeb_William Pitt Union_3", "WikiWeb_Enrico Caruso_5" ]

[ "Full of marble, chandeliers, and Louis XV architecture, the Schenley quickly became the Pittsburgh home to the great and the near-great. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the register at the Schenley, as did Eleanor Roosevelt.\nSinger-actress Lillian Russell lived in suite 437 and married Pittsburgh publisher Alexander Moore in the French Room (now a dining room on the first floor). Dramatic tenor Enrico Caruso and his entourage occupied seven suites during their stay. Sarah Bernhardt, Nelson Eddy, Jeanette MacDonald, Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy stayed at the Schenley. Italian tragedian Eleonora Duse succumbed to pneumonia in suite 524.\nThe Schenley was not just the place to stay in Pittsburgh as the 20th century began: it was where the young ladies of society \"came out,\" where couples married, and where one could dine on the \"haute cuisine\" of the day. It was also the place where Pittsburgh power brokers met and many of the discussions leading to the birth of the U.S. Steel Corporation were held at the Schenley. Its formation was celebrated at the \"Meal of Millionaires\" in 1901. Later in 1914, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) was organized at the Schenley Hotel. The state of Pennsylvania dedicated a historical marker outside of union in 1967 to commemorate the event. Many famous industrialists and businessmen, including Andrew Carnegie and Diamond Jim Brady, had eaten at various times at the hotel.\n1909 was a year that changed the Hotel Schenley forever. That summer, Forbes Field opened just down the street and the University of Pittsburgh moved from its Northside location to Oakland. From that time on, the \"Waldorf of Pittsburgh\" gradually became the home of the National League baseball players in town to play the Pittsburgh Pirates, and students and faculty took their place among the Pittsburgh elite. Now added to the register were names such as Babe Ruth, Casey Stengel, Ty Cobb, and Rogers Hornsby. The deals struck over dinner at the Schenley now included baseball trades.\nFor the next 40-plus years the Schenley continued to operate albeit on a less grand scale. Pittsburgh's Renaissance I brought modern hotels to downtown Pittsburgh and, ironically, Frank Nicola's dream of an Oakland civic center turned out to be a nightmare for the Schenley. The turn-of-the-century marvel had been built in rural Pittsburgh. The 1950s Schenley was surrounded by hospitals, educational facilities, concert halls, and private clubs with no parking to serve the hotel's mobile guests.", "Caruso's success in the Metropolitan Opera drew the attention of Black Hand extortionists. They threatened to injure his throat with lye or harm him and his family if he did not pay them money. He initially paid their extortion fee of $2,000 expecting the matter to be settled, but his willingness to pay made them more brazen. They subsequently demanded an even larger sum of $15,000.\" He was aided by New York City police detective Joseph Petrosino who, impersonating Caruso, captured the extortionists. Two Italian men, Antonio Misiano and Antonio Cincotto, would be later specifically accused of the crime." ]

[ "the matter" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wisconsin State Capitol_6", "WikiWeb_Daniel Chester French_3" ]

[ "Construction of the present capitol, the third in Madison, began in late 1906 and was completed in 1917 at a cost of $7.25 million. The architect was George B. Post & Sons from New York. Because of financial limitations and the need for immediate office space to house state government employees, the construction of the new building was extended over several years and emphasized building one wing at a time.\nThe Capitol is 284 feet, 5 inches tall from the ground floor to the top of the Wisconsin statue on the dome.\nThe Wisconsin statue on the dome was sculpted during 1920 by Daniel Chester French of New York. Its left hand holds a globe surmounted by an eagle and her right arm is outstretched to symbolize the state motto, \"Forward\". It wears a helmet with the state animal, the badger, on top. It is made of hollow bronze covered with gold leaf. Wisconsin is 15 feet, 5 inches tall and weighs three tons. The statue is commonly misidentified as Lady Forward or Miss Forward, which is the name of another statue on the capitol grounds.\nThe capitol ceiling, visible from the center of the building, features Resources of Wisconsin, a mural by Edwin Howland Blashfield. Due to the domed shape of the ceiling, the mural was painted in pieces and was assembled similarly to a jigsaw puzzle. It features a woman sitting on a throne of clouds, representing Wisconsin. Wisconsin is surrounded by other women, wrapped in a large American Flag, who are reaching for goods such as tobacco, lead, and fruits.\nThe capitol was constructed of 43 types of stone from six countries and eight states. The exterior stone is Bethel white granite from Vermont, making the exterior dome the largest granite dome in the world. The corridor floors, walls and columns are of marble from the states of Tennessee, Missouri, Vermont, Georgia, New York, and Maryland; granite from the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota; and limestone from the states of Minnesota and Illinois. Marble from the countries of France, Italy, Greece, Algeria and Germany, and syenite from Norway are also represented. Other Wisconsin granites are located throughout the public hallways on the ground, first, and second floors.\nThe building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001. A 1990 state law prevents any building within one mile of the capitol from being taller than the base of the columns surrounding and supporting its dome.", "Chesterwood, French's summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend and frequent collaborator Henry Bacon – is now a historic site owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.\nIn 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp \"Famous Americans\" series.\nChester French was an American indie band named for the artist.\n\"Daniel Chester French: American Sculptor\" (2022) is a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley produced in association with Chesterwood and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.HD, 60 minutes." ]

[ "summer home and studio" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wisconsin State Capitol_6", "WikiWeb_Daniel Chester French_3" ]

[ "Construction of the present capitol, the third in Madison, began in late 1906 and was completed in 1917 at a cost of $7.25 million. The architect was George B. Post & Sons from New York. Because of financial limitations and the need for immediate office space to house state government employees, the construction of the new building was extended over several years and emphasized building one wing at a time.\nThe Capitol is 284 feet, 5 inches tall from the ground floor to the top of the Wisconsin statue on the dome.\nThe Wisconsin statue on the dome was sculpted during 1920 by Daniel Chester French of New York. Its left hand holds a globe surmounted by an eagle and her right arm is outstretched to symbolize the state motto, \"Forward\". It wears a helmet with the state animal, the badger, on top. It is made of hollow bronze covered with gold leaf. Wisconsin is 15 feet, 5 inches tall and weighs three tons. The statue is commonly misidentified as Lady Forward or Miss Forward, which is the name of another statue on the capitol grounds.\nThe capitol ceiling, visible from the center of the building, features Resources of Wisconsin, a mural by Edwin Howland Blashfield. Due to the domed shape of the ceiling, the mural was painted in pieces and was assembled similarly to a jigsaw puzzle. It features a woman sitting on a throne of clouds, representing Wisconsin. Wisconsin is surrounded by other women, wrapped in a large American Flag, who are reaching for goods such as tobacco, lead, and fruits.\nThe capitol was constructed of 43 types of stone from six countries and eight states. The exterior stone is Bethel white granite from Vermont, making the exterior dome the largest granite dome in the world. The corridor floors, walls and columns are of marble from the states of Tennessee, Missouri, Vermont, Georgia, New York, and Maryland; granite from the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota; and limestone from the states of Minnesota and Illinois. Marble from the countries of France, Italy, Greece, Algeria and Germany, and syenite from Norway are also represented. Other Wisconsin granites are located throughout the public hallways on the ground, first, and second floors.\nThe building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001. A 1990 state law prevents any building within one mile of the capitol from being taller than the base of the columns surrounding and supporting its dome.", "Chesterwood, French's summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend and frequent collaborator Henry Bacon – is now a historic site owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.\nIn 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp \"Famous Americans\" series.\nChester French was an American indie band named for the artist.\n\"Daniel Chester French: American Sculptor\" (2022) is a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley produced in association with Chesterwood and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.HD, 60 minutes." ]

[ "summer home and studio" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wisconsin State Capitol_6", "WikiWeb_Daniel Chester French_3" ]

[ "Construction of the present capitol, the third in Madison, began in late 1906 and was completed in 1917 at a cost of $7.25 million. The architect was George B. Post & Sons from New York. Because of financial limitations and the need for immediate office space to house state government employees, the construction of the new building was extended over several years and emphasized building one wing at a time.\nThe Capitol is 284 feet, 5 inches tall from the ground floor to the top of the Wisconsin statue on the dome.\nThe Wisconsin statue on the dome was sculpted during 1920 by Daniel Chester French of New York. Its left hand holds a globe surmounted by an eagle and her right arm is outstretched to symbolize the state motto, \"Forward\". It wears a helmet with the state animal, the badger, on top. It is made of hollow bronze covered with gold leaf. Wisconsin is 15 feet, 5 inches tall and weighs three tons. The statue is commonly misidentified as Lady Forward or Miss Forward, which is the name of another statue on the capitol grounds.\nThe capitol ceiling, visible from the center of the building, features Resources of Wisconsin, a mural by Edwin Howland Blashfield. Due to the domed shape of the ceiling, the mural was painted in pieces and was assembled similarly to a jigsaw puzzle. It features a woman sitting on a throne of clouds, representing Wisconsin. Wisconsin is surrounded by other women, wrapped in a large American Flag, who are reaching for goods such as tobacco, lead, and fruits.\nThe capitol was constructed of 43 types of stone from six countries and eight states. The exterior stone is Bethel white granite from Vermont, making the exterior dome the largest granite dome in the world. The corridor floors, walls and columns are of marble from the states of Tennessee, Missouri, Vermont, Georgia, New York, and Maryland; granite from the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota; and limestone from the states of Minnesota and Illinois. Marble from the countries of France, Italy, Greece, Algeria and Germany, and syenite from Norway are also represented. Other Wisconsin granites are located throughout the public hallways on the ground, first, and second floors.\nThe building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001. A 1990 state law prevents any building within one mile of the capitol from being taller than the base of the columns surrounding and supporting its dome.", "Chesterwood, French's summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend and frequent collaborator Henry Bacon – is now a historic site owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.\nIn 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp \"Famous Americans\" series.\nChester French was an American indie band named for the artist.\n\"Daniel Chester French: American Sculptor\" (2022) is a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley produced in association with Chesterwood and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.HD, 60 minutes." ]

[ "summer home and studio" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wisconsin State Capitol_6", "WikiWeb_Daniel Chester French_3" ]

[ "Construction of the present capitol, the third in Madison, began in late 1906 and was completed in 1917 at a cost of $7.25 million. The architect was George B. Post & Sons from New York. Because of financial limitations and the need for immediate office space to house state government employees, the construction of the new building was extended over several years and emphasized building one wing at a time.\nThe Capitol is 284 feet, 5 inches tall from the ground floor to the top of the Wisconsin statue on the dome.\nThe Wisconsin statue on the dome was sculpted during 1920 by Daniel Chester French of New York. Its left hand holds a globe surmounted by an eagle and her right arm is outstretched to symbolize the state motto, \"Forward\". It wears a helmet with the state animal, the badger, on top. It is made of hollow bronze covered with gold leaf. Wisconsin is 15 feet, 5 inches tall and weighs three tons. The statue is commonly misidentified as Lady Forward or Miss Forward, which is the name of another statue on the capitol grounds.\nThe capitol ceiling, visible from the center of the building, features Resources of Wisconsin, a mural by Edwin Howland Blashfield. Due to the domed shape of the ceiling, the mural was painted in pieces and was assembled similarly to a jigsaw puzzle. It features a woman sitting on a throne of clouds, representing Wisconsin. Wisconsin is surrounded by other women, wrapped in a large American Flag, who are reaching for goods such as tobacco, lead, and fruits.\nThe capitol was constructed of 43 types of stone from six countries and eight states. The exterior stone is Bethel white granite from Vermont, making the exterior dome the largest granite dome in the world. The corridor floors, walls and columns are of marble from the states of Tennessee, Missouri, Vermont, Georgia, New York, and Maryland; granite from the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota; and limestone from the states of Minnesota and Illinois. Marble from the countries of France, Italy, Greece, Algeria and Germany, and syenite from Norway are also represented. Other Wisconsin granites are located throughout the public hallways on the ground, first, and second floors.\nThe building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001. A 1990 state law prevents any building within one mile of the capitol from being taller than the base of the columns surrounding and supporting its dome.", "Chesterwood, French's summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend and frequent collaborator Henry Bacon – is now a historic site owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.\nIn 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp \"Famous Americans\" series.\nChester French was an American indie band named for the artist.\n\"Daniel Chester French: American Sculptor\" (2022) is a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley produced in association with Chesterwood and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.HD, 60 minutes." ]

[ "summer home and studio" ]

[ "WikiWeb_Wisconsin State Capitol_6", "WikiWeb_Daniel Chester French_3" ]

[ "Construction of the present capitol, the third in Madison, began in late 1906 and was completed in 1917 at a cost of $7.25 million. The architect was George B. Post & Sons from New York. Because of financial limitations and the need for immediate office space to house state government employees, the construction of the new building was extended over several years and emphasized building one wing at a time.\nThe Capitol is 284 feet, 5 inches tall from the ground floor to the top of the Wisconsin statue on the dome.\nThe Wisconsin statue on the dome was sculpted during 1920 by Daniel Chester French of New York. Its left hand holds a globe surmounted by an eagle and her right arm is outstretched to symbolize the state motto, \"Forward\". It wears a helmet with the state animal, the badger, on top. It is made of hollow bronze covered with gold leaf. Wisconsin is 15 feet, 5 inches tall and weighs three tons. The statue is commonly misidentified as Lady Forward or Miss Forward, which is the name of another statue on the capitol grounds.\nThe capitol ceiling, visible from the center of the building, features Resources of Wisconsin, a mural by Edwin Howland Blashfield. Due to the domed shape of the ceiling, the mural was painted in pieces and was assembled similarly to a jigsaw puzzle. It features a woman sitting on a throne of clouds, representing Wisconsin. Wisconsin is surrounded by other women, wrapped in a large American Flag, who are reaching for goods such as tobacco, lead, and fruits.\nThe capitol was constructed of 43 types of stone from six countries and eight states. The exterior stone is Bethel white granite from Vermont, making the exterior dome the largest granite dome in the world. The corridor floors, walls and columns are of marble from the states of Tennessee, Missouri, Vermont, Georgia, New York, and Maryland; granite from the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota; and limestone from the states of Minnesota and Illinois. Marble from the countries of France, Italy, Greece, Algeria and Germany, and syenite from Norway are also represented. Other Wisconsin granites are located throughout the public hallways on the ground, first, and second floors.\nThe building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001. A 1990 state law prevents any building within one mile of the capitol from being taller than the base of the columns surrounding and supporting its dome.", "Chesterwood, French's summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend and frequent collaborator Henry Bacon – is now a historic site owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.\nIn 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp \"Famous Americans\" series.\nChester French was an American indie band named for the artist.\n\"Daniel Chester French: American Sculptor\" (2022) is a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley produced in association with Chesterwood and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.HD, 60 minutes." ]

[ "summer home and studio" ]