JeremiahZ/simcse_unsup_wiki · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 1 2.56k
The design team at Pininfarina consisted of Ian Cameron, Guido Campoli, Diego Ottina and Emanuele Nicosia.
They were led by design chief Leonardo Fioravanti, who also designed many other contemporary Ferrari models.
The design was originated by Nicosia, but the guidance of Fioravanti was equally important.
Being a trained aerodynamist, Fioravanti applied his know-how to set the aerodynamics layout of the car.
The designers were originally trying to minimize the necessary side intakes, which also could not be left open due to American safety legislation, but then decided on making them a statement of style instead - one that ended up becoming emblematic of the late eighties.
The Testarossa did not need a rear spoiler.
The aerodynamic drag coefficient of was significantly lower than the Lamborghini Countach's 0.42.
The styling was a departure from the curvaceous boxer—one which caused some controversy.
The side strakes sometimes referred to as "cheese graters" or "egg slicers," that spanned from the doors to the rear fenders were needed for rules in several countries outlawing large openings on cars.
Unlike the Berlinetta Boxer, the Testarossa had twin side radiators near the engine at the rear instead of a single radiator up-front - eliminating lots of piping and allowing for a much cooler cabin.
After passing through the engine bay, the cooling air exited through the vents at the engine lid and the tail.
The strakes also made the Testarossa wider at the rear than at the front, thus increasing stability and handling.
One last unique addition to the new design was a single high mounted side view mirror on the driver's side.
On US based cars, the mirror was lowered to a more normal placement for the 1987 model year and was quickly joined by a passenger side view mirror for the driver to be able to make safe lane changes.
Like its predecessor, the Testarossa used double wishbone front and rear suspension systems.
Ferrari improved traction by adding 10-inch-wide alloy rear wheels.
The Testarossa's drivetrain was also an evolution of the BB 512i.
Its engine used near identical displacement and compression ratio, but unlike the BB 512i had four-valve cylinder heads that were finished in red.
The Testarossa has a naturally aspirated longitudinally-mounted, 180° Ferrari flat-12 engine.
The engine has DOHC 4 valves per cylinder (48 valves in total) and is lubricated via a dry sump system.
The engine has a compression ratio of 9.20:1.
These combine to provide a maximum power of at 6,300 rpm and maximum torque of at 4,500 rpm.
Early U.S. versions of the car had the same engine, but had slightly less power, which stood at .
The Testarossa can accelerate from 0– in 5.3 seconds and from 0– in 5.2 seconds and on to in 11.4 seconds (though Motor Trend Magazine managed 5.29 seconds and 11.3 seconds, respectively).
It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile ~ in 13.5 seconds and a standing kilometre in 23.8 seconds.
The top speed of the Testarossa is estimated at .
When introduced for the 1985 model year, the Testarossa had magnesium single bolt "knockoff" wheels with a 16.33 inches (415 mm) diameter.
These wheels used the Michelin TRX tyres having sizes of size 240/45 VR 415 at the front and 280/45 VR 415 at the rear.
In the 1986 model year, the wheels kept the same design but were changed to a standard 16 inches (406 mm) diameter, with a width of 8 inches at the front and 10 inches at the rear.
Goodyear Gatorback 225/50 VR 16 front tyres and 255/50 VR 16 rear tyres were fitted.
However, for the US market the cars were delivered with the metric sized TRX wheels until the 1989 model year.
The rear suspension consisted of independent, unequal-length wishbones, coil springs, twin telescopic shock absorbers on each side, and an anti-roll bar.
The entire drivetrain and suspension was designed to be removed as a unit from underneath the car so the engine and timing belts could be serviced.
In the mid of the 1988 model year, the suspension was redesigned and the wheels were changed again from the single bolt knockoff setup to the standard Ferrari five bolt pattern.
The wheel design still resembled the ones installed at the Testarossa's debut.
The front brakes have a diameter of and the rear brakes have a diameter of .
The car received a positive reception from the automotive press - it was featured on the cover of "Road & Track" magazine nine times in just five years.
It lost comparison tests to Lamborghini Countach, Alpina B10 Bi-Turbo and BMW M5.
Well-known Testarossa owners included Jordan Belfort, Elton John, Marti Pellow, Alain Delon, O.J.
Simpson, Rod Stewart, Michael Jordan, Mike Tyson, John Carmack, Dr. Dre, Suge Knight, Austrian Formula One racing driver Gerhard Berger, and Gary Monsieur.
Don Johnson, who famously drove a white Testarossa on "Miami Vice", was gifted a brand-new silver 1989 Testarossa by Enzo Ferrari himself, who was a fan of "Miami Vice".
Michael Mann, executive producer of the series, also had a custom painted, blue metallic Testarossa.
Jack Nerad of "Driving Today" states, the Testarossa "... [was] a car designed and built to cash in on an image.
And since cashing in was what the Eighties were all about, it was the perfect vehicle for its time.
The saving grace was, it was also a damn good automobile."
As Ferrari's flagship model during the 1980s, the car made numerous appearances in pop culture, most notably in the arcade game "OutRun", and in the third, fourth, and fifth seasons of "Miami Vice".
The car has subsequently become synonymous with 1980s "yuppies" and is an icon of 1980s retro culture.
Its signature side strakes have become a popular aftermarket body component for wide arch aesthetic body kits.
The side strakes also spawned body kits that were designed for cars such as the Pontiac Fiero and the Mazda B-Series pickup trucks (these were referred to as "Truxtarossa" kits), in addition to a wide variety of Japanese and American sports cars and motorcycles such as the Honda VFR.
The Testarossa Spider, serial number 62897, is the sole official convertible variant of the Testarossa commissioned in 1986 by the then Fiat chairman Gianni Agnelli to commemorate his 20 years of chairmanship of the company.
The Testarossa Spider had an Argento Nurburgring exterior, a white magnolia leather interior with a dark blue stripe running above the matte black sills, and a white electronically operated soft top that could be manually stowed away.
The vehicle was delivered to Agnelli in four months, and had a solid silver Ferrari logo on the hood instead of an aluminium one.
The silver theme refers to elemental silver's periodic table abbreviation, Ag, the first two letters of Agnelli's name.
Despite many requests from interested customers for a Testarossa Spider, Ferrari refused to produce the car as a regular production variant of the Testarossa on the grounds of spatial and structural challenges that would be difficult to resolve, and so Pininfarina and other after market firms such as Pavesi, Lorentz and Rankel and Koenig Specials offered unofficial Spider conversions on special consumer requests.
The official Spider was no different mechanically than the normal Testarossa available in the European market.
It had a standard 4.9 L flat-12 engine with a power output of , though the top speed was reduced because of the excessive weight arising due to the reinforced chassis.
The only differences, other than being a convertible, were that the Spider's front window and door windows were both shorter than those of the normal car and the spider had a special transmission manufactured by Valeo installed which is convertible to both automatic and the standard 5-speed manual versions with the push of a button, a technology ahead of its time.
The transmission was installed on special request of Agnelli as he suffered from a chronic leg injury.
A red Testarossa Spider was famously featured in SEGA's best-selling arcade and home-console video-game franchise "Out Run".
The original car owned by Agnelli's family friend was auctioned off in 2016 at a price of US$1 million.
The 512 TR sports a 4.9-litre () longitudinally rear-mounted flat-12 engine.
Each cylinder of the engine has four valves, with forty-eight valves total.
The engine is lubricated via a dry sump system, and has a compression ratio of 10.00:1.
These combine to provide a maximum of at 5,500 rpm and a maximum power output of at 6,750 rpm.
The car can accelerate from 0– in 4.80 seconds and on to in 10.70 seconds.
It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile in 13.20 seconds or a standing kilometre in 23.40 seconds.The 512 TR has a top speed of .
A recall was issued in 1995, regarding fuel hose fitting issues.
Over 400 cars had this defect which was caused by variances in temperature and environment.
Another recall was issued in relation to the passive restraint system on seat belts not functioning properly, on over 2,000 cars.
If the restraint system suffered a mechanical or electrical failure only the lap belt would provide safety to the occupant.
The 512 TR's engine was extensively reworked.
Nikasil liners were added, along with a new air intake system, Bosch engine management system, larger intake valves, and a revised exhaust system.
In addition to the higher peak power, the modifications delivered a more broad power band for better acceleration.
Gearshifting effort, a prolonged complaint about the Testarossa, was eased with a new single-plate clutch, sliding ball bearings, and better angle for the gearshift knob.
The braking system included larger cross-drilled front rotors.
Quicker steering, lower-profile tyres, and new shock settings improved handling.
Most importantly, engine and gearbox position was rethought, which improved the centre of gravity, aiding the handling and making the car easier to drive.
The interior also received updates, with the centre console split from the dashboard, and the climate controls relocated.
at Pininfarina was tasked with redesigning the body of the car for better integration of the newly included spoilers and the new engine cover.
The design was updated in line with the recently introduced 348.
The 512 TR has wheels with a width of at the front and at the rear.
The tyre for the front wheels are 235/40 ZR 18 and 295/35 ZR 18 for the rear.
The front brakes have a diameter of and the rear brakes have a diameter of .
The 512 TR is featured on the cover and in the 1994 arcade racing video game The Need For Speed.
The F512 M was the last version of the Testarossa.
501 cars were produced in total, of which 75 were right hand drive.
The F512 M sports a 4.9-litre () "Tipo F113 G" longitudinally mid mounted flat-12 engine.
This provides a maximum torque of at 5,500 rpm and a maximum power output of at 6,750 rpm.
The engine features four valves per-cylinder, for forty-eight valves total and is lubricated via a dry sump system, with a compression ratio of 10.40:1.
Due to new titanium connecting rods and a new crankshaft that together weighs less than those that they replace, the engine has a 7,500 rpm electronic rev limit.
The Ferrari F512 M can accelerate from 0 to in 4.70 seconds, on to in 10.20 seconds, and can complete a standing quarter mile in 12.70 seconds or a standing kilometre in 22.70 seconds.
The F512 M has a top speed of .
The front and rear lamps received a design change.
The pop-up headlamps were replaced by two fixed square units.
The rear taillamps were round and the bumpers had been restyled to yield a more unified look.
The car featured a different front lid with twin NACA ducts.
The F512 M's interior received a minor update from the 512 TR.
The gearshift knob had a chromed finish, the aluminum pedals were drilled, and air conditioning was now included as standard.
Carbon fibre racing bucket seats were also available at no extra cost, weighing only ; much less than the standard seats.
Pininfarina and Ferrari flags line the dash board.

The design team at Pininfarina consisted of Ian Cameron, Guido Campoli, Diego Ottina and Emanuele Nicosia.

They were led by design chief Leonardo Fioravanti, who also designed many other contemporary Ferrari models.

The design was originated by Nicosia, but the guidance of Fioravanti was equally important.

Being a trained aerodynamist, Fioravanti applied his know-how to set the aerodynamics layout of the car.

The designers were originally trying to minimize the necessary side intakes, which also could not be left open due to American safety legislation, but then decided on making them a statement of style instead - one that ended up becoming emblematic of the late eighties.

The Testarossa did not need a rear spoiler.

The aerodynamic drag coefficient of was significantly lower than the Lamborghini Countach's 0.42.

The styling was a departure from the curvaceous boxer—one which caused some controversy.

The side strakes sometimes referred to as "cheese graters" or "egg slicers," that spanned from the doors to the rear fenders were needed for rules in several countries outlawing large openings on cars.

Unlike the Berlinetta Boxer, the Testarossa had twin side radiators near the engine at the rear instead of a single radiator up-front - eliminating lots of piping and allowing for a much cooler cabin.

After passing through the engine bay, the cooling air exited through the vents at the engine lid and the tail.

The strakes also made the Testarossa wider at the rear than at the front, thus increasing stability and handling.

One last unique addition to the new design was a single high mounted side view mirror on the driver's side.

On US based cars, the mirror was lowered to a more normal placement for the 1987 model year and was quickly joined by a passenger side view mirror for the driver to be able to make safe lane changes.

Like its predecessor, the Testarossa used double wishbone front and rear suspension systems.

Ferrari improved traction by adding 10-inch-wide alloy rear wheels.

The Testarossa's drivetrain was also an evolution of the BB 512i.

Its engine used near identical displacement and compression ratio, but unlike the BB 512i had four-valve cylinder heads that were finished in red.

The Testarossa has a naturally aspirated longitudinally-mounted, 180° Ferrari flat-12 engine.

The engine has DOHC 4 valves per cylinder (48 valves in total) and is lubricated via a dry sump system.

The engine has a compression ratio of 9.20:1.

These combine to provide a maximum power of at 6,300 rpm and maximum torque of at 4,500 rpm.

Early U.S. versions of the car had the same engine, but had slightly less power, which stood at .

The Testarossa can accelerate from 0– in 5.3 seconds and from 0– in 5.2 seconds and on to in 11.4 seconds (though Motor Trend Magazine managed 5.29 seconds and 11.3 seconds, respectively).

It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile ~ in 13.5 seconds and a standing kilometre in 23.8 seconds.

The top speed of the Testarossa is estimated at .

When introduced for the 1985 model year, the Testarossa had magnesium single bolt "knockoff" wheels with a 16.33 inches (415 mm) diameter.

These wheels used the Michelin TRX tyres having sizes of size 240/45 VR 415 at the front and 280/45 VR 415 at the rear.

In the 1986 model year, the wheels kept the same design but were changed to a standard 16 inches (406 mm) diameter, with a width of 8 inches at the front and 10 inches at the rear.

Goodyear Gatorback 225/50 VR 16 front tyres and 255/50 VR 16 rear tyres were fitted.

However, for the US market the cars were delivered with the metric sized TRX wheels until the 1989 model year.

The rear suspension consisted of independent, unequal-length wishbones, coil springs, twin telescopic shock absorbers on each side, and an anti-roll bar.

The entire drivetrain and suspension was designed to be removed as a unit from underneath the car so the engine and timing belts could be serviced.

In the mid of the 1988 model year, the suspension was redesigned and the wheels were changed again from the single bolt knockoff setup to the standard Ferrari five bolt pattern.

The wheel design still resembled the ones installed at the Testarossa's debut.

The front brakes have a diameter of and the rear brakes have a diameter of .

The car received a positive reception from the automotive press - it was featured on the cover of "Road & Track" magazine nine times in just five years.

It lost comparison tests to Lamborghini Countach, Alpina B10 Bi-Turbo and BMW M5.

Well-known Testarossa owners included Jordan Belfort, Elton John, Marti Pellow, Alain Delon, O.J.

Simpson, Rod Stewart, Michael Jordan, Mike Tyson, John Carmack, Dr. Dre, Suge Knight, Austrian Formula One racing driver Gerhard Berger, and Gary Monsieur.

Don Johnson, who famously drove a white Testarossa on "Miami Vice", was gifted a brand-new silver 1989 Testarossa by Enzo Ferrari himself, who was a fan of "Miami Vice".

Michael Mann, executive producer of the series, also had a custom painted, blue metallic Testarossa.

Jack Nerad of "Driving Today" states, the Testarossa "... [was] a car designed and built to cash in on an image.

And since cashing in was what the Eighties were all about, it was the perfect vehicle for its time.

The saving grace was, it was also a damn good automobile."

As Ferrari's flagship model during the 1980s, the car made numerous appearances in pop culture, most notably in the arcade game "OutRun", and in the third, fourth, and fifth seasons of "Miami Vice".

The car has subsequently become synonymous with 1980s "yuppies" and is an icon of 1980s retro culture.

Its signature side strakes have become a popular aftermarket body component for wide arch aesthetic body kits.

The side strakes also spawned body kits that were designed for cars such as the Pontiac Fiero and the Mazda B-Series pickup trucks (these were referred to as "Truxtarossa" kits), in addition to a wide variety of Japanese and American sports cars and motorcycles such as the Honda VFR.

The Testarossa Spider, serial number 62897, is the sole official convertible variant of the Testarossa commissioned in 1986 by the then Fiat chairman Gianni Agnelli to commemorate his 20 years of chairmanship of the company.

The Testarossa Spider had an Argento Nurburgring exterior, a white magnolia leather interior with a dark blue stripe running above the matte black sills, and a white electronically operated soft top that could be manually stowed away.

The vehicle was delivered to Agnelli in four months, and had a solid silver Ferrari logo on the hood instead of an aluminium one.

The silver theme refers to elemental silver's periodic table abbreviation, Ag, the first two letters of Agnelli's name.

Despite many requests from interested customers for a Testarossa Spider, Ferrari refused to produce the car as a regular production variant of the Testarossa on the grounds of spatial and structural challenges that would be difficult to resolve, and so Pininfarina and other after market firms such as Pavesi, Lorentz and Rankel and Koenig Specials offered unofficial Spider conversions on special consumer requests.

The official Spider was no different mechanically than the normal Testarossa available in the European market.

It had a standard 4.9 L flat-12 engine with a power output of , though the top speed was reduced because of the excessive weight arising due to the reinforced chassis.

The only differences, other than being a convertible, were that the Spider's front window and door windows were both shorter than those of the normal car and the spider had a special transmission manufactured by Valeo installed which is convertible to both automatic and the standard 5-speed manual versions with the push of a button, a technology ahead of its time.

The transmission was installed on special request of Agnelli as he suffered from a chronic leg injury.

A red Testarossa Spider was famously featured in SEGA's best-selling arcade and home-console video-game franchise "Out Run".

The original car owned by Agnelli's family friend was auctioned off in 2016 at a price of US$1 million.

The 512 TR sports a 4.9-litre () longitudinally rear-mounted flat-12 engine.

Each cylinder of the engine has four valves, with forty-eight valves total.

The engine is lubricated via a dry sump system, and has a compression ratio of 10.00:1.

These combine to provide a maximum of at 5,500 rpm and a maximum power output of at 6,750 rpm.

The car can accelerate from 0– in 4.80 seconds and on to in 10.70 seconds.

It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile in 13.20 seconds or a standing kilometre in 23.40 seconds.The 512 TR has a top speed of .

A recall was issued in 1995, regarding fuel hose fitting issues.

Over 400 cars had this defect which was caused by variances in temperature and environment.

Another recall was issued in relation to the passive restraint system on seat belts not functioning properly, on over 2,000 cars.

If the restraint system suffered a mechanical or electrical failure only the lap belt would provide safety to the occupant.

The 512 TR's engine was extensively reworked.

Nikasil liners were added, along with a new air intake system, Bosch engine management system, larger intake valves, and a revised exhaust system.

In addition to the higher peak power, the modifications delivered a more broad power band for better acceleration.

Gearshifting effort, a prolonged complaint about the Testarossa, was eased with a new single-plate clutch, sliding ball bearings, and better angle for the gearshift knob.

The braking system included larger cross-drilled front rotors.

Quicker steering, lower-profile tyres, and new shock settings improved handling.

Most importantly, engine and gearbox position was rethought, which improved the centre of gravity, aiding the handling and making the car easier to drive.

The interior also received updates, with the centre console split from the dashboard, and the climate controls relocated.

at Pininfarina was tasked with redesigning the body of the car for better integration of the newly included spoilers and the new engine cover.

The design was updated in line with the recently introduced 348.

The 512 TR has wheels with a width of at the front and at the rear.

The tyre for the front wheels are 235/40 ZR 18 and 295/35 ZR 18 for the rear.

The front brakes have a diameter of and the rear brakes have a diameter of .

The 512 TR is featured on the cover and in the 1994 arcade racing video game The Need For Speed.

The F512 M was the last version of the Testarossa.

501 cars were produced in total, of which 75 were right hand drive.

The F512 M sports a 4.9-litre () "Tipo F113 G" longitudinally mid mounted flat-12 engine.

This provides a maximum torque of at 5,500 rpm and a maximum power output of at 6,750 rpm.

The engine features four valves per-cylinder, for forty-eight valves total and is lubricated via a dry sump system, with a compression ratio of 10.40:1.

Due to new titanium connecting rods and a new crankshaft that together weighs less than those that they replace, the engine has a 7,500 rpm electronic rev limit.

The Ferrari F512 M can accelerate from 0 to in 4.70 seconds, on to in 10.20 seconds, and can complete a standing quarter mile in 12.70 seconds or a standing kilometre in 22.70 seconds.

The F512 M has a top speed of .

The front and rear lamps received a design change.

The pop-up headlamps were replaced by two fixed square units.

The rear taillamps were round and the bumpers had been restyled to yield a more unified look.

The car featured a different front lid with twin NACA ducts.

The F512 M's interior received a minor update from the 512 TR.

The gearshift knob had a chromed finish, the aluminum pedals were drilled, and air conditioning was now included as standard.

Carbon fibre racing bucket seats were also available at no extra cost, weighing only ; much less than the standard seats.

Pininfarina and Ferrari flags line the dash board.