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<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Some of the best known types of fungi are mushrooms, which can be edible or poisonous ( Figure below ). Many species are grown commercially, but others are harvested from the wild. When you order a pizza with mushrooms or add them to your salad, you are most likely eating Agaricus bisporus , known as white or button mushrooms, the most commonly eaten species. Other mushroom species are gathered from the wild for people to eat or for commercial sale. Many mushroom species are poisonous to humans. Some mushrooms will simply give you a stomachache, while others may kill you. Some mushrooms you can eat when they are cooked but are poisonous when raw. So if you find mushrooms in the wild, don't eat them until you are certain they are safe!. [/INST] [question]: Mushrooms are an example of what type of organism, which includes beneficial and toxic specimens? [answer]: fungi</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: 21.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development. [/INST] [question]: Comparing what sequences provides clues to evolution and development? [answer]: genome</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: There are other units in chemistry that are important, and we will cover others in the course of the entire book. One of the fundamental quantities in science is temperature. Temperature is a measure of the average amount of energy of motion, or kinetic energy, a system contains. Temperatures are expressed using scales that use units called degrees, and there are several temperature scales in use. In the United States, the commonly used temperature scale is the Fahrenheit scale (symbolized by °F and spoken as “degrees Fahrenheit”). On this scale, the freezing point of liquid water (the temperature at which liquid water turns to solid ice) is 32°F, and the boiling point of water (the temperature at which liquid water turns to steam) is 212°F. Science also uses other scales to express temperature. The Celsius scale (symbolized by °C and spoken as “degrees Celsius”) is a temperature scale where 0°C is the freezing point of water and 100°C is the boiling point of water; the scale is divided into 100 divisions between these two landmarks and extended higher and lower. By comparing the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales, a conversion between the two scales can be determined: °C=(°F–32) × 59° Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. [/INST] [question]: What is a measure of the average amount of energy of motion, or kinetic energy, a system contains called? [answer]: temperature</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Many hydrocarbons are cyclic and adopt specific three-dimensional structures that influence their physical and chemical properties. [/INST] [question]: Many hydrocarbons are cyclic and adopt specific three-dimensional structures that influence their physical and what properties? [answer]: chemical</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Microtubules guide the formation of the plant cell wall. Cellulose is laid down by enzymes to form the primary cell wall. Some plants also have a secondary cell wall. The secondary wall contains a lignin, a secondary cell component in plant cells that have completed cell growth/expansion. [/INST] [question]: The secondary wall contains _________ , a secondary cell component in plant cells that have completed cell growth/expansion. [answer]: lignin</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Bacteria can also be chemotrophs. Chemosynthetic bacteria, or chemotrophs , obtain energy by breaking down chemical compounds in their environment. An example of one of these chemicals broken down by bacteria is nitrogen-containing ammonia. These bacteria are important because they help cycle nitrogen through the environment for other living things to use. Nitrogen cannot be made by living organisms, so it must be continually recycled. Organisms need nitrogen to make organic compounds, such as DNA. [/INST] [question]: Bacteria can be chemotrophs, which obtain what by breaking down chemical compounds in their environment? [answer]: energy</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: distinctly differ from the adult form, spending 3 to 15 years as suspension feeders. Once they attain sexual maturity, the adults reproduce and die within days. Lampreys possess a notochord as adults; however, this notochord is surrounded by a cartilaginous structure called an arcualia, which may resemble an evolutionarily early form of the vertebral column. [/INST] [question]: What do we call the cartilaginous structure that surrounds the notochrod? [answer]: arcualia</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Recall from the kinetic-molecular theory that gas particles move randomly and in straight lines until they elastically collide with either other gas particles or with one of the walls of the container. It is these collisions with the walls of the container that defines the pressure of the gas. Four variables are used to describe the condition of a gas. They are pressure , volume , temperature , and the amount of the gas as measured by the number moles . We will examine separately how the volume, temperature, and amount of gas each affect the pressure of an enclosed gas sample. [/INST] [question]: How many variables are used to describe the condition of a gas? [answer]: four</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: In order to explain the observed phenomenon, scientists develop a number of possible explanations, or hypotheses. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for a phenomenon or a suggested explanation for a relationship between many phenomena. Hypotheses are always based on evidence that can be tested by observation or experimentation. Scientific investigations are required to test hypotheses. Scientists mostly base hypotheses on prior observations or on extensions of existing scientific explanations. [/INST] [question]: What is a suggested explanation for a phenomenon or a suggested explanation for a relationship between many phenomena called? [answer]: hypothesis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The Major Divisions of Land Plants Land plants are classified into two major groups according to the absence or presence of vascular tissue, as detailed in Figure 14.8. Plants that lack vascular tissue formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients are referred to as nonvascular plants. The bryophytes, liverworts, mosses, and hornworts are seedless and nonvascular, and likely appeared early in land plant evolution. Vascular plants developed a network of cells that conduct water and solutes through the plant body. The first vascular plants appeared in the late Ordovician (461–444 million years ago) and were probably similar to lycophytes, which include club mosses (not to be confused with the mosses) and the pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns). Lycophytes and pterophytes are referred to as seedless vascular plants. They do not produce seeds, which are embryos with their stored food reserves protected by a hard casing. The seed plants form the largest group of all existing plants and, hence, dominate the landscape. Seed plants include gymnosperms, most notably conifers, which produce “naked. [/INST] [question]: Land plants are classified into two major groups according to the absence or presence of what tissue? [answer]: vascular</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: In some people, a food allergy can trigger a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Emergency treatment is critical for anaphylaxis. Untreated, anaphylaxis can cause a coma or death. Anaphylaxis is vary rare. The vast majority of people will never have an anaphylactic reaction. The life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis include:. [/INST] [question]: What type of treatment is necessary for anaphylaxis? [answer]: emergency</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Salts Recall that salts are formed when ions form ionic bonds. In these reactions, one atom gives up one or more electrons, and thus becomes positively charged, whereas the other accepts one or more electrons and becomes negatively charged. You can now define a salt as a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates into ions other than H+ or OH–. This fact is important in distinguishing salts from acids and bases, discussed next. A typical salt, NaCl, dissociates completely in water (Figure 2.15). The positive and negative regions on the water molecule (the hydrogen and oxygen ends respectively) attract the negative chloride and positive sodium ions, pulling them away from each other. Again, whereas nonpolar and polar covalently bonded compounds break apart into molecules in solution, salts dissociate into ions. These ions are electrolytes; they are capable of conducting an electrical current in solution. This property is critical to the function of ions in transmitting nerve impulses and prompting muscle contraction. [/INST] [question]: What substances, which are distinct from acids and bases, form when ions form ionic bonds? [answer]: salts</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Proteins are biochemical compounds that consist of one or more chains of small molecules called amino acids. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. There are only about 20 different amino acids. The sequence of amino acids in chains and the number of chains in a protein determine the protein’s shape. Shapes may be very complex. You can learn more about the shapes of proteins at this link:. [/INST] [question]: What is the name for biochemical compounds that consist of one or more chains of small molecules called amino acids? [answer]: proteins</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Bases are ionic compounds that produce negative hydroxide ions (OH - ) when dissolved in water. An ionic compound contains positive metal ions and negative nonmetal ions held together by ionic bonds. (Ions are atoms that have become charged particles because they have either lost or gained electrons. ) An example of a base is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). When it dissolves in water, it produces negative hydroxide ions and positive sodium ions (Na + ). This can be represented by the equation:. [/INST] [question]: What are the ionic compounds that produce negative hydroxide ions when dissolved in water? [answer]: bases</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Examples of behaviors with annual cycles include migration and hibernation. Both are innate behaviors. They are triggered by changes in the environment, such as the days growing shorter in the fall. [/INST] [question]: Triggered by changes in the environment, migration and hibernation occur as cycles on what temporal basis? [answer]: annual</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Mendel investigated seven different characteristics in pea plants. In this chart, cotyledons refer to the tiny leaves inside seeds. Axial pods are located along the stems. Terminal pods are located at the ends of the stems. [/INST] [question]: Terminal pods are located at the end of what? [answer]: stems</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Sexual reproduction occurs when spores from two parents fuse and form a zygospore. [/INST] [question]: What forms when the spores from two parents fuse during sexual reproduction? [answer]: zygospore</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Ferns are the most common seedless vascular plants ( Figure below ). They usually have large divided leaves called fronds. In most ferns, fronds develop from a curled-up formation called a fiddlehead ( Figure below ). The fiddlehead looks like the curled decoration on the end of a stringed instrument, such as a fiddle. Leaves unroll as the fiddleheads grow and expand. Ferns grow in a variety of habitats, ranging in size from tiny aquatic species to giant tropical plants. [/INST] [question]: What are the most common seedless vascular plants? [answer]: ferns</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Visit this website (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/sex_selection) for informative videos on sexual selection. In monogamous systems, one male and one female are paired for at least one breeding season. In some animals, such as the gray wolf, these associations can last much longer, even a lifetime. Several explanations have been proposed for this type of. [/INST] [question]: In a monogamous pairing, a male individual is generally paired with what other type of individual in a sexual relationship? [answer]: female</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Wind-blown pollen might land anywhere and be wasted. Another adaptation solved this problem. Plants evolved traits that attract specific animal pollinators. Like the bee in Figure below , a pollinator picks up pollen on its body and carries it directly to another plant of the same species. This greatly increases the chance that fertilization will occur. [/INST] [question]: What does a pollinator pick up from its body and carry directly to another plant of the same species? [answer]: pollen</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Life is complex, and there are millions of species alive today. Many millions more lived in the past and then went extinct. Organisms include microscopic, single-celled organisms. They also include complex, multicellular animals such as you. Clearly, life science is a huge science. That’s why a life scientist usually specializes in just one field within life science. Dr. Smith, for example, specializes in ecology. You can see the focus of ecology and several other life science fields in Table below . Click on the links provided if you want to learn about careers in these fields. [/INST] [question]: What do you call a species that has died out in the past? [answer]: extinct</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: When using measuring devices, we often use a technique called calibration to increase the accuracy of our measurements. Calibration is a method of setting or correcting a measuring device by matching it to known measurement standards. To better understand calibration, we will look at the example of calibrating a thermometer. All thermometers are slightly different in their temperature readings. One way to calibrate a thermometer is by using the freezing point and boiling point of water ( Figure below ). If we know that water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C, we can calibrate our thermometer by measuring the temperature of ice water and of boiling water. We place the thermometer in ice water and wait for the thermometer liquid to reach a stable height, then place a mark at this height which represents 0°C. Then we place the thermometer in boiling water, and after waiting for the thermometer liquid to reach a stable height, we place a mark at this height which represents 100°C. We can then place 100 equally spaced divisions between our 0 and 100°C marks to each represent 1°C. Our thermometer has now been calibrated using the known values for the freezing point and boiling point of water, and can be used to measure temperatures of objects between 0 and 100°C. [/INST] [question]: What is the method of setting or correcting a measuring device by matching it to known measurement standards called? [answer]: calibration</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The branch of biology that studies animal behavior is called ethology. Ethologists usually study how animals behave in their natural environment. They try to determine the cause of behaviors, how behaviors develop, and how and why behaviors evolve. [/INST] [question]: Which branch of biology studies animal behavior? [answer]: ethology</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Power may be measured in a unit called the horsepower. One horsepower is the amount of work a horse can do in 1 minute, which equals 745 watts of power. [/INST] [question]: What unit of measure is equal to the amount of work a horse can do in 1 minute? [answer]: horsepower</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Cnidarians have an incomplete digestive system with a single opening. The opening is surrounded by tentacles, which are covered with nematocyst cells and used to capture prey. Digestion takes place in the digestive cavity. Nutrients are absorbed and gases are exchanged through the cells lining this cavity. Fluid in the cavity supports and stiffens the cnidarian body. [/INST] [question]: What organism is characterized by an incomplete digestive system and a single, tentacled opening? [answer]: cnidarians</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The second equation is equivalent to the first. Voltage is not the same as energy. Voltage is the energy per unit charge. Thus a motorcycle battery and a car battery can both have the same voltage (more precisely, the same potential difference between battery terminals), yet one stores much more energy than the other since ΔPE = qΔV . The car battery can move more charge than the motorcycle battery, although both are 12 V batteries. [/INST] [question]: What term is not the same as energy, but means the energy per unit charge? [answer]: voltage</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: There is not just one distinguishing feature that separates a living thing from a non-living thing. A cat moves but so does a car. A tree grows bigger, but so does a cloud. A cell has structure, but so does a crystal. Biologists define life by listing characteristics that living things share. Something that has all of the characteristics of life is considered to be alive. The duck decoy in Figure below may look like a duck, act like a duck in that it floats about, but it is not alive. The decoy cannot reproduce, respond to its environment, or breathe. [/INST] [question]: Something that has all of the characteristics of life is considered to be what? [answer]: alive</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Another exception to Mendel's laws is a phenomenon called codominance . For example, our blood type shows codominance. Do you know what your blood type is? Are you A? O? AB? Those letters actually represent alleles. Unlike other traits, your blood type has three alleles, instead of two!. [/INST] [question]: What do the letters in our blood types represent? [answer]: alleles</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: There are three main ocean zones based on distance from shore. They are the intertidal zone , neritic zone , and oceanic zone . Distance from shore influences how many nutrients are in the water. Why? Most nutrients are washed into ocean water from land. Therefore, water closer to shore tends to have more nutrients. Living things need nutrients. So distance from shore also influences how many organisms live in the water. [/INST] [question]: What do living things need to survive? [answer]: nutrients</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Some regions of the electron cloud are denser than others. The denser regions are areas where electrons are most likely to be. These regions are called orbitals . Each orbital has a maximum of just two electrons. Different energy levels in the cloud have different numbers of orbitals. Therefore, different energy levels have different maximum numbers of electrons. Table below lists the number of orbitals and electrons for the first four energy levels. Energy levels farther from the nucleus have more orbitals. Therefore, these levels can hold more electrons. [/INST] [question]: The denser regions of the electron cloud are called what? [answer]: orbitals</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics In studying energy, scientists use the term “system” to refer to the matter and its environment involved in energy transfers. Everything outside of the system is called the surroundings. Single cells are biological systems. Systems can be thought of as having a certain amount of order. It takes energy to make a system more ordered. The more ordered a system is, the lower its entropy. Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. As a system becomes more disordered, the lower its energy and the higher its entropy become. A series of laws, called the laws of thermodynamics, describe the properties and processes of energy transfer. The first law states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. This means that energy can’t be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer involves some loss of energy in an unusable form, such as heat energy, resulting in a more disordered system. In other words, no energy transfer is completely efficient and tends toward disorder. [/INST] [question]: In studying energy, what term do scientists use to refer to the matter and its environment involved in energy transfers? [answer]: system</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: (a) Initially, the system (a copper penny and concentrated nitric acid) is at atmospheric pressure. (b) When the penny is added to the nitric acid, the volume of NO2 gas that is formed causes the piston to move upward to maintain the system at atmospheric pressure. In doing so, the system is performing work on its surroundings. The symbol E in represents the internal energy of a system, which is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of all its components. It is the change in internal energy that produces heat plus work. To measure the energy changes that occur in chemical reactions, chemists usually use a related thermodynamic quantity calledenthalpy (H) (from the Greek enthalpein, meaning “to warm”). The enthalpy of a system is defined as the sum of its internal energy E plus the product of its pressure Pand volume V:. [/INST] [question]: To measure what changes that occur in chemical reactions, chemists usually use a related thermodynamic quantity, calledenthalpy? [answer]: energy</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Some predator species are known as keystone species. A keystone species is one that plays an especially important role in its community. Major changes in the numbers of a keystone species affect the populations of many other species in the community. For example, some sea star species are keystone species in coral reef communities. The sea stars prey on mussels and sea urchins, which have no other natural predators. If sea stars were removed from a coral reef community, mussel and sea urchin populations would have explosive growth. This, in turn, would drive out most other species. In the end, the coral reef community would be destroyed. [/INST] [question]: What is a species that plays an especially important role in it's community called? [answer]: keystone</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: All of the outer planets have numerous moons. They also have planetary rings made of dust and other small particles. Only the rings of Saturn can be easily seen from Earth. [/INST] [question]: The rings of what planet can be easily seen from earth? [answer]: saturn</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Uranus is a lot like Jupiter and Saturn. The planet is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. There is a thick layer of gas on the outside. Further on the inside is liquid. But Uranus has a higher percentage of icy materials than Jupiter and Saturn. These materials include water, ammonia, and methane. Uranus is also different because of its blue-green color. Clouds of methane filter out red light. This leaves a blue-green color. The atmosphere of Uranus has bands of clouds. These clouds are hard to see in normal light. The result is that the planet looks like a plain blue ball. [/INST] [question]: What planet is a blue green color? [answer]: uranus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: isolating the individual components, preservationists are better able to determine the condition of an object and those books and documents most in need of immediate protection. The simplest class of organic compounds is the hydrocarbons, which consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum and natural gas are complex, naturally occurring mixtures of many different hydrocarbons that furnish raw materials for the chemical industry. The four major classes of hydrocarbons are the alkanes, which contain only carbon–hydrogen and carbon–carbon single bonds; the alkenes, which contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond; the alkynes, which contain at least one carbon–carbon triple bond; and the aromatic hydrocarbons, which usually contain rings of six carbon atoms that can be drawn with alternating single and double bonds. Alkanes are also called saturated hydrocarbons, whereas hydrocarbons that contain multiple bonds (alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics) are unsaturated. [/INST] [question]: The simplest class of organic compounds is the what? [answer]: hydrocarbons</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Scientists study meteorites to learn about Earth’s interior. Meteorites formed in the early solar system. These objects represent early solar system materials. Some meteorites are made of iron and nickel. They are thought to be very similar to Earth's core ( Figure below ). An iron meteorite is the closest thing to a sample of the core that scientists can hold in their hands!. [/INST] [question]: Some meteorites are made of iron and nickel and are thought to be very similar to what part of the earth? [answer]: core</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The amount of kinetic energy in a moving object depends directly on its mass and velocity. An object with greater mass or greater velocity has more kinetic energy. You can calculate the kinetic energy of a moving object with this equation:. [/INST] [question]: The amount of kinetic energy in a moving object depends directly on its mass and what else? [answer]: velocity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: When done regularly, aerobic activities, such as cycling, make the heart stronger. Other aerobic activities include mowing lawn, shoveling snow and cross country skiing. [/INST] [question]: Cycling, shoveling snow and cross-country skiing are examples of what kind of heart-strengthening activity? [answer]: aerobic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The story is quite different for gases. Gases take the shape of their container, and they are relatively easy to compress. There are fewer gas particles per unit volume than for the same substance in the liquid or solid form. In fact, the liquid form of a given material is generally several hundred times more dense than the gas form at normal pressures. Despite the large amounts of empty space, a sample of a gas contains many particles moving around, colliding and imparting force on their surroundings. For example, in a one mole sample of gas at 0°C and 1 atm of pressure, each cubic centimeter contains roughly 2.7 × 10 19 molecules. Each molecule participates in several billion collisions every second, moving only about 10-100 nanometers between collisions. Additionally, these gas particles move at very high speeds. For example, at 25°C, the average speed of hydrogen molecules in a sample of hydrogen gas is 1960 m/s. [/INST] [question]: What take the shape of their container, and are relatively easy to compress? [answer]: gases</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Moving air, like moving water, causes erosion. Moving air is called wind. [/INST] [question]: What is moving air called? [answer]: wind</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Radiation has several important uses, including diagnosing and treating cancer. [/INST] [question]: Diagnosing and treating cancer is a beneficial use of what potentially dangerous energy? [answer]: radiation</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Many adults and some children suffer from a deficiency of lactase. These individuals are said to be lactose intolerant because they cannot digest the lactose found in milk. A more serious problem is the genetic disease galactosemia, which results from the absence of an enzyme needed to convert galactose to glucose. Certain bacteria can metabolize lactose, forming lactic acid as one of the products. This reaction is responsible for the “souring” of milk. [/INST] [question]: Many adults and some children suffer from a deficiency of lactase. these individuals are said to be lactose intolerant because they cannot digest the lactose found in what? [answer]: milk</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Because electricity can be so dangerous, safety features are built into modern electric circuits and devices. They include three-prong plugs, circuit breakers, and GFCI outlets. You can read about these three safety features in the Figure below . You can learn more about electric safety features in the home by watching the video at this URL: http://www. dailymotion. com/video/x6fg5i_basics-of-your-home-s-electrical-sy_school . [/INST] [question]: Three-prong plugs, circuit breakers, and gfci outlets are safety features that recognize the danger of what? [answer]: electricity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Selective precipitation can also be used in qualitative analysis. In this method, reagents are added to an unknown chemical mixture in order to induce precipitation. Certain reagents cause specific ions to precipitate out; therefore, the addition of the reagent can be used to determine whether the ion is present in the solution. [/INST] [question]: In qualitative analysis, reagents are added to an unknown chemical mixture in order to induce what? [answer]: precipitation</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Gravity keeps the Moon orbiting Earth. Gravity keeps the planets orbiting the Sun. [/INST] [question]: What keeps the moon orbiting earth? [answer]: gravity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The hypothalamus also produces hormones that directly regulate body processes. For example, it produces antidiuretic hormone. This hormone travels to the kidneys and stimulates them to conserve water by producing more concentrated urine. [/INST] [question]: What produces hormones that directly regulate body processes? [answer]: hypothalamus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Take a close look at this gorilla hand. The similarities to a human hand are remarkable. Comparing anatomy, and characterizing the similarities and differences, provides evidence of evolution. [/INST] [question]: Comparing anatomy, and characterizing the similarities and differences, provides evidence of what process? [answer]: evolution</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: What is this intricate orb? It is the greatly magnified skeleton of single-celled ocean organisms call radiolarian. The skeleton is made of an element that is extremely common on Earth. In fact, it is the second most abundant element in Earth’s crust. It is also one of the most common elements in the entire universe. What is this important element? Its name is silicon, and it belongs to a class of elements called metalloids. [/INST] [question]: What is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust? [answer]: silicon</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The majority of arthropods are insects (Class Insecta). In fact, more than half of all known organisms are insects. There may be more than 10 million insect species in the world, although most of them have not yet been identified. In terms of their numbers and diversity, insects clearly are the dominant animals in the world. [/INST] [question]: More than half of all known organisms are what? [answer]: insects</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Saturn’s composition is similar to Jupiter's. The planet is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. These elements are gases in the outer layers and liquids in the deeper layers. Saturn may also have a small solid core. Saturn's upper atmosphere has clouds in bands of different colors. These clouds rotate rapidly around the planet. But Saturn has fewer storms than Jupiter. Thunder and lightning have been seen in the storms on Saturn ( Figure below ). [/INST] [question]: Saturn is made mostly of helium and what else? [answer]: hydrogen</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Alkenes Organic compounds that contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms are described as unsaturated. You have likely heard of unsaturated fats. These are complex organic molecules with long chains of carbon atoms, which contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules that contain one or more double bonds are called alkenes. Carbon atoms linked by a double bond are bound together by two bonds, one σ bond and one π bond. Double and triple bonds give rise to a different geometry around the carbon atom that participates in them, leading to important differences in molecular shape and properties. The differing geometries are responsible for the different properties of unsaturated versus saturated fats. Ethene, C2H4, is the simplest alkene. Each carbon atom in ethene, commonly called ethylene, has a trigonal planar structure. The second member of the series is propene (propylene) (Figure 20.7); the butene isomers follow in the series. Four carbon atoms in the chain of butene allows for the formation of isomers based on the position of the double bond, as well as a new form of isomerism. [/INST] [question]: What are alkenes organic compounds that contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms described as? [answer]: unsaturated</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Viscosity (η) is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Some liquids, such as gasoline, ethanol, and water, flow very readily and hence have a low viscosity. Others, such as motor oil, molasses, and maple syrup, flow very slowly and have a high viscosity. The two most common methods for evaluating the viscosity of a liquid are (1) to measure the time it takes for a quantity of liquid to flow through a narrow vertical tube and (2) to measure the time it takes steel balls to fall through a given volume of the liquid. The higher the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows through the tube and the steel balls fall. Viscosity is expressed in units of the poise (mPa·s); the higher the number, the higher the viscosity. The viscosities of some representative liquids are listed in Table 11.4 "Surface Tension, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure (at 25°C Unless Otherwise Indicated), and Normal Boiling Points of Common Liquids" and show a correlation between viscosity and intermolecular forces. Because a liquid can flow only if the molecules can move past one another with minimal resistance, strong intermolecular attractive forces make it more difficult for molecules to move with respect to one another. The addition of a second hydroxyl group to ethanol, for example, which produces ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), increases the viscosity 15-fold. This effect is due to the increased number of hydrogen bonds that can form between hydroxyl groups in adjacent molecules, resulting in dramatically stronger intermolecular attractive forces. [/INST] [question]: What is the resistance of a liquid to flow called? [answer]: viscosity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Atoms have a mass that is based largely on the number of protons and neutrons in their nucleus. [/INST] [question]: The mass of atoms is based on the number of protons and neutrons in what? [answer]: nucleus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Biogeography is the study of how and why plants and animals live where they do. It provides more evidence for evolution. Let’s consider the camel family as an example. [/INST] [question]: What is the study of how and why plants and animals live where they do? [answer]: biogeography</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Glucose is the energy-rich product of photosynthesis, a universal food for life. It is also the primary form in which your bloodstream delivers energy to every cell in your body. [/INST] [question]: What do we call the energy-rich product of photosynthesis? [answer]: glucose</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Fungi are simple eukaryotic organisms that consist of one or more cells. They include mushrooms and yeasts. Human diseases caused by fungi include ringworm and athlete’s foot. Both are skin diseases that are not usually serious. A ringworm infection is pictured below ( Figure below ). A more serious fungus disease is histoplasmosis. It is a lung infection. Though fungal infections can be annoying, they are rarely as serious or deadly as bacterial or viral infections. [/INST] [question]: Ringworm and athlete's foot are human diseases caused by what simple organisms? [answer]: fungi</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: A car’s gas pedal, like the one in Figure below , is sometimes called the accelerator. That’s because it controls the acceleration of the car. Pressing down on the gas pedal gives the car more gas and causes the car to speed up. Letting up on the gas pedal gives the car less gas and causes the car to slow down. Whenever an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction, it accelerates. Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. Acceleration occurs whenever an object is acted upon by an unbalanced force. [/INST] [question]: What is the measure of the change in the velocity of a moving object called? [answer]: acceleration</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi, the air passages that conduct air into the lungs. The bronchi become red and swollen with infection. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses or bacteria, and may last several days or weeks. It is characterized by a cough that produces phlegm, or mucus. Symptoms include shortness of breath and wheezing. Acute bronchitis is usually treated with antibiotics. [/INST] [question]: What is the usual treatment for acute bronchitis? [answer]: antibiotics</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Primates are generally divided into prosimian and non-prosimian primates. [/INST] [question]: What are generally divided into prosimian and non-prosimian? [answer]: primates</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: In some places, the oceanic crust comes up to a continent. The moving crust pushes that continent away from the ridge axis as well. If the moving oceanic crust reaches a deep sea trench, the crust sinks into the mantle. The creation and destruction of oceanic crust is the reason that continents move. [/INST] [question]: The creation and destruction of oceanic crust is the reason what moves? [answer]: continents</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: You can follow the operation of an electricity-generating fission reactor in the image above. The reactor core is submerged in a pool of water. The heat from the fission reaction heats the water, which is pumped into a heat exchange container. There the heated water boils the water in the heat exchanger. The produced steam is forced through a turbine that spins a generator and produces electricity. After the water passes through the turbine, it is condensed back to liquid water and pumped back to the heat exchanger. [/INST] [question]: A turbine that spins a generator will produce? [answer]: electricity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Metallic Solids Metals are characterized by their ability to reflect light, called luster, their high electrical and thermal conductivity, their high heat capacity, and their malleability and ductility. Every lattice point in a pure metallic element is occupied by an atom of the same metal. The packing efficiency in metallic crystals tends to be high, so the resulting metallic solids are dense, with each atom having as many as 12 nearest neighbors. Bonding in metallic solids is quite different from the bonding in the other kinds of solids we have discussed. Because all the atoms are the same, there can be no ionic bonding, yet metals always contain too few electrons or valence orbitals to form covalent bonds with each of their neighbors. Instead, the valence electrons are delocalized throughout the crystal, providing a strong cohesive force that holds the metal atoms together. [/INST] [question]: What category of elements are chacterized by their ability to reflect light, called luster, their high electrical and thermal conductivity, their high heat capacity, and their malleability and ductility? [answer]: metals</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: It is estimated that 100 trillion bacteria live in the gut. This is more than the human cells that make up you. It has also been estimated that there are more bacteria in your mouth than people on the planet. There are over 7 billion people on the planet. [/INST] [question]: An estimated 100 trillion of these live in the gut of an average person? [answer]: bacteria</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Oceanographers use bathymetric maps to show the features of the bottom of a body of water. [/INST] [question]: What kind of map can show the features of the bottom of a body of water? [answer]: bathymetric</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Migration Migration is the long-range seasonal movement of animals. It is an evolved, adapted response to variation in resource availability, and it is a common phenomenon found in all major groups of animals. Birds fly south for the winter to get to warmer climates with sufficient food, and salmon migrate to their spawning grounds. The popular 2005 documentary March of the Penguins followed the 62-mile migration of emperor penguins through Antarctica to bring food back to their breeding site and to their young. Wildebeests (Figure 45.35) migrate over 1800 miles each year in search of new grasslands. [/INST] [question]: What evolved, adapted response to resource availability is the long-range seasonal movement of animals? [answer]: migration</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Composite volcanoes are also called stratovolcanoes. This is because they are formed by alternating layers (strata) of magma and ash ( Figure below ). The magma that creates composite volcanoes tends to be thick. The steep sides form because the lava cannot flow too far from the vent. The thick magma may also create explosive eruptions. Ash and pyroclasts erupt into the air. Much of this material falls back down near the vent. This creates the steep sides of stratovolcanoes. The composition of magma that erupts at composite volcanoes is usually felsic (rhyolite) or intermediate (andesite). [/INST] [question]: What is another name for composite volcanos? [answer]: stratovolcanoes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: When geologic and climatic conditions are changing, evolution may occur more quickly. Thus, long periods of little change may be interrupted by bursts of rapid change. This model of the timing of evolution is called punctuated equilibrium . It is better supported by the fossil record than is gradualism. [/INST] [question]: Fossil records support the idea that periods of little change may be interrupted by bursts of rapid change, an evolutionary model contrasted by what? [answer]: gradualism</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Clouds block sunlight in the day. Clouds trap heat in the atmosphere at night. [/INST] [question]: What do clouds trap into the atmosphere at night? [answer]: heat</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The nervous system is made up of nerves. A nerve is a bundle of nerve cells. A nerve cell that carries messages is called a neuron. The messages carried by neurons are called nerve impulses. [/INST] [question]: A nerve cell that carries messages is called a? [answer]: neuron</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: There are several traits shared by all arthropods. Arthropods have a complete digestive system. They also have a circulatory system and a nervous system. In addition, they have special organs for breathing and excreting wastes. Other traits of arthropods include:. [/INST] [question]: What group of animals are the largest arthropods? [answer]: insects</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Complex Tissue Structure A hallmark trait of animals is specialized structures that are differentiated to perform unique functions. As multicellular organisms, most animals develop specialized cells that group together into tissues with specialized functions. A tissue is a collection of similar cells that had a common embryonic origin. There are four main types of animal tissues: nervous, muscle, connective, and epithelial. Nervous tissue contains neurons, or nerve cells, which transmit nerve impulses. Muscle tissue contracts to cause all types of body movement from locomotion of the organism to movements within the body itself. Animals also have specialized connective tissues that provide many functions, including transport and structural support. Examples of connective tissues include blood and bone. Connective tissue is comprised of cells separated by extracellular material made of organic and inorganic materials, such as the protein and mineral deposits of bone. Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of organs inside the animal body and the external surface of the body of the organism. [/INST] [question]: What term describes a collection of similar cells that had a common embryonic origin? [answer]: tissue</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Laboratory testing has come to the local drug store or grocery store because of developments in chemistry. You can test your blood glucose using a simple portable device that runs a chemical test on the blood sample and tells you how much glucose is present, allowing a diabetic patient to regulate how much insulin to administer (chemistry is also used to produce the insulin and the disposable syringe that administers the drug). [/INST] [question]: Tests for levels of what in blood allow a diabetic patient to regulate how much insulin to administer? [answer]: glucose</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: As food is pushed through the GI tract by peristalsis, it undergoes digestion. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into nutrients. There are two types of digestion: mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. [/INST] [question]: The process of breaking down food into nutrients is known as __________ [answer]: digestion</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Any useful hypothesis will allow predictions based on reasoning. Reasoning can be broken down into two categories: deduction and induction. Most reasoning in science is formed through induction. [/INST] [question]: Reasoning can be broken down into two categories: deduction and? [answer]: induction</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Density is an important physical property of matter. It reflects how closely packed the particles of matter are. When particles are packed together more tightly, matter has greater density. Differences in density of matter explain many phenomena, not just why helium balloons rise. For example, differences in density of cool and warm ocean water explain why currents such as the Gulf Stream flow through the oceans. You can see a colorful demonstration of substances with different densities at this URL:. [/INST] [question]: What term describes how closely packed the particles of matter are? [answer]: density</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Getting the same result when an experiment is repeated is called replication. If research results can be replicated, it means they are more likely to be correct. [/INST] [question]: What is it called when you get the same result after repeating an experiment? [answer]: replication</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: human body system that includes the skin, nails, and hair. [/INST] [question]: What is the largest human organ? [answer]: skin</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: In the chest, the trachea divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left bronchi . The bronchi contain cartilage, which prevents them from collapsing. Mucus in the bronchi traps any remaining particles in air. Tiny, hair-like structures called cilia line the bronchi and sweep the particles and mucus toward the throat so they can be expelled from the body. [/INST] [question]: In the chest, the trachea divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left what? [answer]: bronchi</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Many objects have color because they contain pigments. A pigment is a substance that colors materials by reflecting light of certain wavelengths and absorbing light of other wavelengths. A very common pigment is the dark green pigment called chlorophyll, which is found in plants. Chlorophyll absorbs all but green wavelengths of visible light. Pigments are also found in many manufactured products. They are used to color paints, inks, and dyes. Just three pigments, called primary pigments, can be combined to produce all other colors. The primary colors of pigments are the same as the secondary colors of light: cyan, magenta, and yellow. [/INST] [question]: Many objects have color because they contain what? [answer]: pigments</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Craters and rifts become lakes when they fill with water. Where does the water come from?. [/INST] [question]: What do craters and rifts become when the fill with water? [answer]: lakes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Nuclear power is a controversial subject in California and most other places. Nuclear power has no pollutants including no carbon emissions. However, power plants are not always safe. The long-term disposal of wastes is a problem that has not yet been solved. The future of nuclear power is murky. Find out more at: http://science. kqed. org/quest/audio/new-nuclear/. [/INST] [question]: What kind of power does not produce any pollutants, but produces waste that can be difficult to dispose of? [answer]: nuclear</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The esophagus is a long, narrow tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach. It has no other purpose. Food moves through the esophagus because of peristalsis. At the lower end of the esophagus, a circular muscle, called a sphincter, controls the opening to the stomach. The sphincter relaxes to let food pass into the stomach. Then the sphincter contracts to prevent food from passing back into the esophagus. [/INST] [question]: What is the long, narrow tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach by the mechanism of peristalsis? [answer]: esophagus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Weathering may concentrate some resources. In tropical climates, chemical weathering can be intense. Some minerals dissolve and water carries them away. This leaves behind the materials that are not soluble. Bauxite is aluminum oxide that collects this way. Bauxite is our main source of aluminum ore. [/INST] [question]: What is our main source of aluminum ore? [answer]: bauxite</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: In eukaryotic cells, DNA and RNA synthesis occur in a separate compartment from protein synthesis. In prokaryotic cells, both processes occur together. What advantages might there be to separating the processes? What advantages might there be to having them occur together? The size of the genome in one of the most well-studied prokaryotes, E. coli, is 4.6 million base pairs (approximately 1.1 mm, if cut and stretched out). So how does this fit inside a small bacterial cell? The DNA is twisted by what is known as supercoiling. Supercoiling means that DNA is either under-wound (less than one turn of the helix per 10 base pairs) or over-wound (more than 1 turn per 10 base pairs) from its normal relaxed state. Some proteins are known to be involved in the supercoiling; other proteins and enzymes such as DNA gyrase help in maintaining the supercoiled structure. Eukaryotes, whose chromosomes each consist of a linear DNA molecule, employ a different type of packing strategy to fit their DNA inside the nucleus (Figure 14.11). At the most basic level, DNA is wrapped around proteins known as histones to form structures called nucleosomes. The histones are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are rich in basic amino acids and form an octamer. The DNA (which is negatively charged because of the phosphate groups) is wrapped tightly around the histone core. This nucleosome is linked to the next one with the help of a linker DNA. This is also known as the “beads on a string” structure. This is further compacted into a 30 nm fiber, which is the diameter of the structure. At the metaphase stage, the chromosomes are at their most compact, are approximately 700 nm in width, and are found in association with scaffold proteins. In interphase, eukaryotic chromosomes have two distinct regions that can be distinguished by staining. The tightly packaged region is known as heterochromatin, and the less dense region is known as euchromatin. Heterochromatin usually contains genes that are not expressed, and is found in the regions of the centromere and telomeres. The euchromatin usually contains genes that are transcribed, with DNA packaged around nucleosomes but not further compacted. [/INST] [question]: Unlike prokaryotic cells, dna and rna synthesis in eukaryotic cells occurs in a separate compartment from synthesis of what? [answer]: protein</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Cell division is simpler in prokaryotes than eukaryotes because prokaryotic cells themselves are simpler. Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome, no nucleus, and few other organelles. Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, have multiple chromosomes contained within a nucleus, and many other organelles. All of these cell parts must be duplicated and then separated when the cell divides. A chromosome is a molecule of DNA, and will be the focus of a subsequent concept. [/INST] [question]: What important organelle (that would otherwise be centrally located and crucial to the cell's survival) do prokaryotic cells lack? [answer]: nucleus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Fossil evidence shows that amphibians evolved about 365 million years ago from a lobe-finned lungfish ancestor. As the earliest land vertebrates, they were highly successful. Some of them were much larger than today’s amphibians. For more than 100 million years, amphibians remained the dominant land vertebrates. Then some of them evolved into reptiles. Once reptiles appeared, with their amniotic eggs, they replaced amphibians as the dominant land vertebrates. [/INST] [question]: What creatures evolved from a lobe-finned lungfish ancestor? [answer]: amphibians</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Water is the main ingredient of many solutions. A solution is a mixture of two or more substances that has the same composition throughout. Some solutions are acids and some are bases. To understand acids and bases, you need to know more about pure water. In pure water (such as distilled water), a tiny fraction of water molecules naturally breaks down to form ions. An ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule. The breakdown of water is represented by the chemical equation. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for a mixture of two or more substances that has the same composition throughout? [answer]: solution</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Giardia are flagellate protozoa that cause giardiasis . The parasites enter the body through food or water that has been contaminated by feces of infected people or animals. The protozoa attach to the lining of the host’s small intestine, where they prevent the host from fully absorbing nutrients. They may also cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. A picture of a Giardia protozoan opens this concept. [/INST] [question]: What are flagellate protozoa that cause giardiasis? [answer]: giardia</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: 12.5 Communication Between Neurons The basis of the electrical signal within a neuron is the action potential that propagates down the axon. For a neuron to generate an action potential, it needs to receive input from another source, either another neuron or a sensory stimulus. That input will result in opening ion channels in the neuron, resulting in a graded potential based on the strength of the stimulus. Graded potentials can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing and can summate to affect the probability of the neuron reaching threshold. Graded potentials can be the result of sensory stimuli. If the sensory stimulus is received by the dendrites of a unipolar sensory neuron, such as the sensory neuron ending in the skin, the graded potential is called a generator potential because it can directly generate the action potential in the initial segment of the axon. If the sensory stimulus is received by a specialized sensory receptor cell, the graded potential is called a receptor potential. Graded potentials produced by interactions between neurons at synapses are called postsynaptic potentials (PSPs). A depolarizing graded potential at a synapse is called an excitatory PSP, and a hyperpolarizing graded potential at a synapse is called an inhibitory PSP. Synapses are the contacts between neurons, which can either be chemical or electrical in nature. Chemical synapses are far more common. At a chemical synapse, neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic element and diffuses across the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter binds to a receptor protein and causes a change in the postsynaptic membrane (the PSP). The neurotransmitter must be inactivated or removed from the synaptic cleft so that the stimulus is limited in time. The particular characteristics of a synapse vary based on the neurotransmitter system produced by that neuron. The cholinergic system is found at the neuromuscular junction and in certain places within the nervous system. Amino acids, such as glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are used as neurotransmitters. Other neurotransmitters are the result of amino acids being enzymatically changed, as in the biogenic amines, or being covalently bonded together, as in the neuropeptides. [/INST] [question]: What are the contacts between neurons called? [answer]: synapses</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Streak is the color of the powder of a mineral. To do a streak test, you scrape the mineral across an unglazed porcelain plate. The plate is harder than many minerals, causing the minerals to leave a streak of powder on the plate. The color of the streak often differs from the color of the larger mineral sample, as Figure below shows. [/INST] [question]: What is the color of the powder of a mineral? [answer]: streak</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Water is essential to life because chemical reactions within cells take place in water. Most people can survive only a few days without consuming water to replace their water losses. How do you lose water?. [/INST] [question]: What type of compound is essential to life? [answer]: water</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: 22.1 Introduction Viruses are the smallest biological particle (the tiniest are only 20 nm in diameter). However, they are not biological organisms so they are not classified in any kingdom of living things. They do not have any organelles and cannot respire or perform metabolic functions. Viruses are merely strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid. Viruses only come to life when they have invaded a cell. Outside of a host cell, viruses are completely inert. Since first being identified in 1935, viruses have been classified into more than 160 major groups. Viruses are classified based on their shape, replication properties, and the diseases that they cause. Furthermore, the shape of a virus is determined by the type and arrangement of proteins in its capsid. Viruses pathogenic to humans are currently classified into 21 groups. Viruses can also attack bacteria and infect bacterial cells. Such viruses are called bacteriophages. [/INST] [question]: The shape of a virus is determined by the type and arrangement of proteins in its what? [answer]: capsid</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: Hot lower mantle material rises upward ( Figure below ). As it rises, it cools. At the top of the mantle it moves horizontally. Over time it becomes cool and dense enough that it sinks. Back at the bottom of the mantle, it travels horizontally. Eventually the material gets to the location where warm mantle material is rising. The rising and sinking of warm and cooler material is called convection . [/INST] [question]: What is the rising and sinking of warm and cooler material called? [answer]: convection</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism. More complex organisms such as jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones have a tissue level of organization. For example, jellyfish have tissues that have separate protective, digestive, and sensory functions. [/INST] [question]: What is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism called? [answer]: tissue</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: As stated earlier, not all atoms of a given element are identical. Specifically, the number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary for many elements. As an example, naturally occurring carbon exists in three forms, which are illustrated in Figure below . [/INST] [question]: The number of what subatomic particles can vary between atoms of the same element? [answer]: neutrons</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called homeostasis . Keeping a stable internal environment requires constant adjustments. Here are just three of the many ways that human organ systems help the body maintain homeostasis:. [/INST] [question]: The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called what? [answer]: homeostasis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: The sun and other stars consist of plasma. Plasma is also found naturally in lightning and the northern and southern lights. Human-made plasma is found in fluorescent lights, plasma TV screens, and plasma spheres. [/INST] [question]: What material comprises the sun and other stars, as well as lightning and the northern lights? [answer]: plasma</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: All objects in the universe have an attraction to each other. This attraction is known as gravity ( Figure below ). The strength of the force of gravity depends on two things. One is the mass of the objects. The other is the distance between the objects. As an object's mass increases, the attraction increases. As the distance between the objects increases, the attraction decreases. [/INST] [question]: The attraction between all objects in the universe is known as ______. [answer]: gravity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>> Please generate a question and answer based on the provided context. The question should aim to elicit a specific piece of information or understanding from the passage, and the answer should be a precise response, limited to a maximum of two words. <</SYS>> [context]: You know that friction produces heat. That’s why rubbing your hands together makes them warmer. But do you know why the rubbing produces heat? Friction causes the molecules on rubbing surfaces to move faster, so they have more heat energy. Heat from friction can be useful. It not only warms your hands. It also lets you light a match (see Figure below ). On the other hand, heat from friction can be a problem inside a car engine. It can cause the car to overheat. To reduce friction, oil is added to the engine. Oil coats the surfaces of moving parts and makes them slippery so there is less friction. [/INST] [question]: Friction causes the molecules on rubbing surfaces to move faster, which produces what? [answer]: heat</s>