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10491763
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-6: associations between genetic variability and type II diabetes and between genetic variability and estimates of insulin secretion. The transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-6 is an upstream regulator of several genes involved in the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. We therefore tested the hypothesis that variability in the HNF-6 gene is associated with subsets of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and estimates of insulin secretion in glucose tolerant subjects. We cloned the coding region as well as the intron-exon boundaries of the HNF-6 gene. We then examined them on genomic DNA in six MODY probands without mutations in the MODY1, MODY3 and MODY4 genes and in 54 patients with late-onset Type II diabetes by combined single strand conformational polymorphism-heteroduplex analysis followed by direct sequencing of identified variants. An identified missense variant was examined in association studies and genotype-phenotype studies. We identified two silent and one missense (Pro75 Ala) variant. In an association study the allelic frequency of the Pro75Ala polymorphism was 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.9-4.5) in 330 patients with Type II diabetes mellitus compared with 4.2% (2.4-6.0) in 238 age-matched glucose tolerant control subjects. Moreover, in studies of 238 middle-aged glucose tolerant subjects, of 226 glucose tolerant offspring of Type II diabetic patients and of 367 young healthy subjects, the carriers of the polymorphism did not differ from non-carriers in glucose induced serum insulin or C-peptide responses. Mutations in the coding region of the HNF-6 gene are not associated with Type II diabetes or with changes in insulin responses to glucose among the Caucasians examined.
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10661407
Langerin, a novel C-type lectin specific to Langerhans cells, is an endocytic receptor that induces the formation of Birbeck granules. We have identified a type II Ca2+-dependent lectin displaying mannose-binding specificity, exclusively expressed by Langerhans cells (LC), and named Langerin. LC are uniquely characterized by Birbeck granules (BG), which are organelles consisting of superimposed and zippered membranes. Here, we have shown that Langerin is constitutively associated with BG and that antibody to Langerin is internalized into these structures. Remarkably, transfection of Langerin cDNA into fibroblasts created a compact network of membrane structures with typical features of BG. Langerin is thus a potent inducer of membrane superimposition and zippering leading to BG formation. Our data suggest that induction of BG is a consequence of the antigen-capture function of Langerin, allowing routing into these organelles and providing access to a nonclassical antigen-processing pathway.
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10788334
Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer. We have undertaken a hospital-based study, to identify possible BRCA1 and BRCA2 founder mutations in the Polish population. The study group consisted of 66 Polish families with cancer who have at least three related females affected with breast or ovarian cancer and who had cancer diagnosed, in at least one of the three affected females, at age < 50 years. A total of 26 families had both breast and ovarian cancers, 4 families had ovarian cancers only, and 36 families had breast cancers only. Genomic DNA was prepared from the peripheral blood leukocytes of at least one affected woman from each family. The entire coding region of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was screened for the presence of germline mutations, by use of SSCP followed by direct sequencing of observed variants. Mutations were found in 35 (53%) of the 66 families studied. All but one of the mutations were detected within the BRCA1 gene. BRCA1 abnormalities were identified in all four families with ovarian cancer only, in 67% of 27 families with both breast and ovarian cancer, and in 34% of 35 families with breast cancer only. The single family with a BRCA2 mutation had the breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. Seven distinct mutations were identified; five of these occurred in two or more families. In total, recurrent mutations were found in 33 (94%) of the 35 families with detected mutations. Three BRCA1 abnormalities - 5382insC, C61G, and 4153delA - accounted for 51%, 20%, and 11% of the identified mutations, respectively..
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11009181
Apomorphine: an underutilized therapy for Parkinson's disease. Apomorphine was the first dopaminergic drug ever used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease. While powerful antiparkinsonian effects had been observed as early as 1951, the potential of treating fluctuating Parkinson's disease by subcutaneous administration of apomorphine has only recently become the subject of systematic study. A number of small scale clinical trials have unequivocally shown that intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine injections produce antiparkinsonian benefit close if not identical to that seen with levodopa and that apomorphine rescue injections can reliably revert off-periods even in patients with complex on-off motor swings. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions can reduce daily off-time by more than 50% in this group of patients, which appears to be a stronger effect than that generally seen with add-on therapy with oral dopamine agonists or COMT inhibitors. Extended follow-up studies of up to 8 years have demonstrated long-term persistence of apomorphine efficacy. In addition, there is convincing clinical evidence that monotherapy with continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions is associated with marked reductions of preexisting levodopa-induced dyskinesias. The main side effects of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment are related to cutaneous tolerability problems, whereas sedation and psychiatric complications play a lesser role. Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment in fluctuating Parkinson's disease, this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use.
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11054569
Rab6c, a new member of the rab gene family, is involved in drug resistance in MCF7/AdrR cells. A new Rab6 homolog cDNA, Rab6c, was discovered by a hypermethylated DNA fragment probe that was isolated from a human multidrug resistant (MDR) breast cancer cell line, MCF7/AdrR, by the methylation sensitive-representational difference analysis (MS-RDA) technique. Rab6c was found to be under-expressed in MCF7/AdrR and MES-SA/Dx5 (a human MDR uterine sarcoma cell line) compared with their non-MDR parental cell lines. MCF7/AdrR cells expressing the exogenous Rab6c exhibited less resistance to several anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin (DOX), taxol, vinblastine, and vincristine, than the control cells containing the empty vector. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that the transfectants' diminished resistance to DOX was caused by increased drug accumulation induced by the exogenous Rab6c. These results indicate that Rab6c is involved in drug resistance in MCF7/AdrR cells.
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11773892
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) using calcineurin-based immunotherapy: risk of development and treatment. BACKGROUND: The calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus are both known to be nephrotoxic. Their use in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) has dramatically improved success rates. Recently, however, we have had an increase of patients who are presenting after OLTX with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This retrospective study examines the incidence and treatment of ESRD and chronic renal failure (CRF) in OLTX patients. METHODS: Patients receiving an OLTX only from June 1985 through December of 1994 who survived 6 months postoperatively were studied (n=834). Our prospectively collected database was the source of information. Patients were divided into three groups: Controls, no CRF or ESRD, n=748; CRF, sustained serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dl, n=41; and ESRD, n=45. Groups were compared for preoperative laboratory variables, diagnosis, postoperative variables, survival, type of ESRD therapy, and survival from onset of ESRD. RESULTS: At 13 years after OLTX, the incidence of severe renal dysfunction was 18.1% (CRF 8.6% and ESRD 9.5%). Compared with control patients, CRF and ESRD patients had higher preoperative serum creatinine levels, a greater percentage of patients with hepatorenal syndrome, higher percentage requirement for dialysis in the first 3 months postoperatively, and a higher 1-year serum creatinine. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis using preoperative and postoperative variables identified that an increase of serum creatinine compared with average at 1 year, 3 months, and 4 weeks postoperatively were independent risk factors for the development of CRF or ESRD with odds ratios of 2.6, 2.2, and 1.6, respectively. Overall survival from the time of OLTX was not significantly different among groups, but by year 13, the survival of the patients who had ESRD was only 28.2% compared with 54.6% in the control group. Patients developing ESRD had a 6-year survival after onset of ESRD of 27% for the patients receiving hemodialysis versus 71.4% for the patients developing ESRD who subsequently received kidney transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are more than 10 years post-OLTX have CRF and ESRD at a high rate. The development of ESRD decreases survival, particularly in those patients treated with dialysis only. Patients who develop ESRD have a higher preoperative and 1-year serum creatinine and are more likely to have hepatorenal syndrome. However, an increase of serum creatinine at various times postoperatively is more predictive of the development of CRF or ESRD. New strategies for long-term immunosuppression may be needed to decrease this complication.
[ "End", "-", "stage", "renal", "disease", "(", "ESRD", ")", "after", "orthotopic", "liver", "transplantation", "(", "OLTX", ")", "using", "calcineurin", "-", "based", "immunotherapy", ":", "risk", "of", "development", "and", "treatment", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "The", "calcineurin", "inhibitors", "cyclosporine", "and", "tacrolimus", "are", "both", "known", "to", "be", "nephrotoxic", ".", "Their", "use", "in", "orthotopic", "liver", "transplantation", "(", "OLTX", ")", "has", "dramatically", "improved", "success", "rates", ".", "Recently", ",", "however", ",", "we", "have", "had", "an", "increase", "of", "patients", "who", "are", "presenting", "after", "OLTX", "with", "end", "-", "stage", "renal", "disease", "(", "ESRD", ")", ".", "This", "retrospective", "study", "examines", "the", "incidence", "and", "treatment", "of", "ESRD", "and", "chronic", "renal", "failure", "(", "CRF", ")", "in", "OLTX", "patients", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Patients", "receiving", "an", "OLTX", "only", "from", "June", "1985", "through", "December", "of", "1994", "who", "survived", "6", "months", "postoperatively", "were", "studied", "(", "n=834", ")", ".", "Our", "prospectively", "collected", "database", "was", "the", "source", "of", "information", ".", "Patients", "were", "divided", "into", "three", "groups", ":", "Controls", ",", "no", "CRF", "or", "ESRD", ",", "n=748", ";", "CRF", ",", "sustained", "serum", "creatinine", ">", "2", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "n=41", ";", "and", "ESRD", ",", "n=45", ".", "Groups", "were", "compared", "for", "preoperative", "laboratory", "variables", ",", "diagnosis", ",", "postoperative", "variables", ",", "survival", ",", "type", "of", "ESRD", "therapy", ",", "and", "survival", "from", "onset", "of", "ESRD", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "At", "13", "years", "after", "OLTX", ",", "the", "incidence", "of", "severe", "renal", "dysfunction", "was", "18", ".", "1", "%", "(", "CRF", "8", ".", "6", "%", "and", "ESRD", "9", ".", "5", "%", ")", ".", "Compared", "with", "control", "patients", ",", "CRF", "and", "ESRD", "patients", "had", "higher", "preoperative", "serum", "creatinine", "levels", ",", "a", "greater", "percentage", "of", "patients", "with", "hepatorenal", "syndrome", ",", "higher", "percentage", "requirement", "for", "dialysis", "in", "the", "first", "3", "months", "postoperatively", ",", "and", "a", "higher", "1", "-", "year", "serum", "creatinine", ".", "Multivariate", "stepwise", "logistic", "regression", "analysis", "using", "preoperative", "and", "postoperative", "variables", "identified", "that", "an", "increase", "of", "serum", "creatinine", "compared", "with", "average", "at", "1", "year", ",", "3", "months", ",", "and", "4", "weeks", "postoperatively", "were", "independent", "risk", "factors", "for", "the", "development", "of", "CRF", "or", "ESRD", "with", "odds", "ratios", "of", "2", ".", "6", ",", "2", ".", "2", ",", "and", "1", ".", "6", ",", "respectively", ".", "Overall", "survival", "from", "the", "time", "of", "OLTX", "was", "not", "significantly", "different", "among", "groups", ",", "but", "by", "year", "13", ",", "the", "survival", "of", "the", "patients", "who", "had", "ESRD", "was", "only", "28", ".", "2", "%", "compared", "with", "54", ".", "6", "%", "in", "the", "control", "group", ".", "Patients", "developing", "ESRD", "had", "a", "6", "-", "year", "survival", "after", "onset", "of", "ESRD", "of", "27", "%", "for", "the", "patients", "receiving", "hemodialysis", "versus", "71", ".", "4", "%", "for", "the", "patients", "developing", "ESRD", "who", "subsequently", "received", "kidney", "transplants", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Patients", "who", "are", "more", "than", "10", "years", "post", "-", "OLTX", "have", "CRF", "and", "ESRD", "at", "a", "high", "rate", ".", "The", "development", "of", "ESRD", "decreases", "survival", ",", "particularly", "in", "those", "patients", "treated", "with", "dialysis", "only", ".", "Patients", "who", "develop", "ESRD", "have", "a", "higher", "preoperative", "and", "1", "-", "year", "serum", "creatinine", "and", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "have", "hepatorenal", "syndrome", ".", "However", ",", "an", "increase", "of", "serum", "creatinine", "at", "various", "times", "postoperatively", "is", "more", "predictive", "of", "the", "development", "of", "CRF", "or", "ESRD", ".", "New", "strategies", "for", "long", "-", "term", "immunosuppression", "may", "be", "needed", "to", "decrease", "this", "complication", "." ]
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12442272
D90A-SOD1 mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a single founder for all cases with evidence for a Cis-acting disease modifier in the recessive haplotype. More than 100 different heterozygous mutations in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been found in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Uniquely, D90A-SOD1 has been identified in recessive, dominant and apparently sporadic pedigrees. The phenotype of homozygotes is stereotyped with an extended survival, whereas that of affected heterozygotes varies. The frequency of D90A-SOD1 is 50 times higher in Scandinavia (2.5%) than elsewhere, though ALS prevalence is not raised there. Our earlier study indicated separate founders for recessive and dominant/sporadic ALS and we proposed a disease-modifying factor linked to the recessive mutation. Here we have doubled our sample set and employed novel markers to characterise the mutation's origin and localise any modifying factor. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicates that D90A homozygotes and heterozygotes share a rare haplotype and are all descended from a single ancient founder (alpha 0.974) c.895 generations ago. Homozygotes arose subsequently only c.63 generations ago (alpha 0.878). Recombination has reduced the region shared by recessive kindreds to 97-265 kb around SOD1, excluding all neighbouring genes. We propose that a cis-acting regulatory polymorphism has arisen close to D90A-SOD1 in the recessive founder, which decreases ALS susceptibility in heterozygotes and slows disease progression.
[ "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "mediated", "amyotrophic", "lateral", "sclerosis", ":", "a", "single", "founder", "for", "all", "cases", "with", "evidence", "for", "a", "Cis", "-", "acting", "disease", "modifier", "in", "the", "recessive", "haplotype", ".", "More", "than", "100", "different", "heterozygous", "mutations", "in", "copper", "/", "zinc", "superoxide", "dismutase", "(", "SOD1", ")", "have", "been", "found", "in", "patients", "with", "amyotrophic", "lateral", "sclerosis", "(", "ALS", ")", ",", "a", "fatal", "neurodegenerative", "disease", ".", "Uniquely", ",", "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "has", "been", "identified", "in", "recessive", ",", "dominant", "and", "apparently", "sporadic", "pedigrees", ".", "The", "phenotype", "of", "homozygotes", "is", "stereotyped", "with", "an", "extended", "survival", ",", "whereas", "that", "of", "affected", "heterozygotes", "varies", ".", "The", "frequency", "of", "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "is", "50", "times", "higher", "in", "Scandinavia", "(", "2", ".", "5", "%", ")", "than", "elsewhere", ",", "though", "ALS", "prevalence", "is", "not", "raised", "there", ".", "Our", "earlier", "study", "indicated", "separate", "founders", "for", "recessive", "and", "dominant", "/", "sporadic", "ALS", "and", "we", "proposed", "a", "disease", "-", "modifying", "factor", "linked", "to", "the", "recessive", "mutation", ".", "Here", "we", "have", "doubled", "our", "sample", "set", "and", "employed", "novel", "markers", "to", "characterise", "the", "mutation", "'s", "origin", "and", "localise", "any", "modifying", "factor", ".", "Linkage", "disequilibrium", "analysis", "indicates", "that", "D90A", "homozygotes", "and", "heterozygotes", "share", "a", "rare", "haplotype", "and", "are", "all", "descended", "from", "a", "single", "ancient", "founder", "(", "alpha", "0", ".", "974", ")", "c", ".", "895", "generations", "ago", ".", "Homozygotes", "arose", "subsequently", "only", "c", ".", "63", "generations", "ago", "(", "alpha", "0", ".", "878", ")", ".", "Recombination", "has", "reduced", "the", "region", "shared", "by", "recessive", "kindreds", "to", "97", "-", "265", "kb", "around", "SOD1", ",", "excluding", "all", "neighbouring", "genes", ".", "We", "propose", "that", "a", "cis", "-", "acting", "regulatory", "polymorphism", "has", "arisen", "close", "to", "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "in", "the", "recessive", "founder", ",", "which", "decreases", "ALS", "susceptibility", "in", "heterozygotes", "and", "slows", "disease", "progression", "." ]
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1353340
Late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy: molecular pathology in two siblings. We report on a new allele at the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) locus causing late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). In that allele arginine84, a residue that is highly conserved in the arylsulfatase gene family, is replaced by glutamine. In contrast to alleles that cause early-onset MLD, the arginine84 to glutamine substitution is associated with some residual ARSA activity. A comparison of genotypes, ARSA activities, and clinical data on 4 individuals carrying the allele of 81 patients with MLD examined, further validates the concept that different degrees of residual ARSA activity are the basis of phenotypical variation in MLD..
[ "Late", "-", "onset", "metachromatic", "leukodystrophy", ":", "molecular", "pathology", "in", "two", "siblings", ".", "We", "report", "on", "a", "new", "allele", "at", "the", "arylsulfatase", "A", "(", "ARSA", ")", "locus", "causing", "late", "-", "onset", "metachromatic", "leukodystrophy", "(", "MLD", ")", ".", "In", "that", "allele", "arginine84", ",", "a", "residue", "that", "is", "highly", "conserved", "in", "the", "arylsulfatase", "gene", "family", ",", "is", "replaced", "by", "glutamine", ".", "In", "contrast", "to", "alleles", "that", "cause", "early", "-", "onset", "MLD", ",", "the", "arginine84", "to", "glutamine", "substitution", "is", "associated", "with", "some", "residual", "ARSA", "activity", ".", "A", "comparison", "of", "genotypes", ",", "ARSA", "activities", ",", "and", "clinical", "data", "on", "4", "individuals", "carrying", "the", "allele", "of", "81", "patients", "with", "MLD", "examined", ",", "further", "validates", "the", "concept", "that", "different", "degrees", "of", "residual", "ARSA", "activity", "are", "the", "basis", "of", "phenotypical", "variation", "in", "MLD", ".", "." ]
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14722929
Low frequency of deafness-associated GJB2 variants in Kenya and Sudan and novel GJB2 variants. A large proportion of non-syndromic autosomal recessive deafness (NSARD) in many populations is caused by variants of the GJB2 gene. Here, the frequency of GJB2 variants was studied in 406 and 183 apparently unrelated children from Kenya and Sudan, respectively, with mostly severe to profound non-syndromic deafness. Nine (2.2 %) Kenyan and 12 (6.6 %) of the Sudanese children only were carriers of variants within the coding sequence of the GJB2 gene. Variants in the 5'-adjacent region were detected in further 115 individuals. A total of 10 novel variants was recognized, among them four variants in the adjacent 5'-region of the GJB2 coding exon 2 (g.3318-6T>A, g.3318-15C>T, g.3318-34C>T, g.3318-35T>G), a 6 base-pair deletion (g.3455_3460del [p.Asp46_Gln48delinsGlu]), a variant leading to a stop codon (g.3512C>A [p.Tyr65X]), synonymous variants (g.3395C>T [p.Thr26], g.3503C>T [p.Asn62], g.3627A>C [p.Arg104]), and one non-synonymous variant (g.3816C>A [p.Val167Met]). In addition, the previously described variants g.3352delG (commonly designated 30delG or 35 delG), g.3426G>A [p.Val37Ile], g.3697G>A [p.Arg127His], g.3774G>A [p.Val153Ile], and g.3795G>A [p.Gly160Ser] were identified. With the exception of g.3318-34C>T and g.3352delG, all variants occurred heterozygously. For most of the variants identified in the Kenyan and Sudanese study population, a causative association with NSARD appears to be unlikely. Compared to many other ethnic groups, deafness-associated variants of the coding region of GJB2 are rare in Sudan and Kenya, suggesting a role of other genetic, or epigenetic factors as a cause for deafness in these countries.
[ "Low", "frequency", "of", "deafness", "-", "associated", "GJB2", "variants", "in", "Kenya", "and", "Sudan", "and", "novel", "GJB2", "variants", ".", "A", "large", "proportion", "of", "non", "-", "syndromic", "autosomal", "recessive", "deafness", "(", "NSARD", ")", "in", "many", "populations", "is", "caused", "by", "variants", "of", "the", "GJB2", "gene", ".", "Here", ",", "the", "frequency", "of", "GJB2", "variants", "was", "studied", "in", "406", "and", "183", "apparently", "unrelated", "children", "from", "Kenya", "and", "Sudan", ",", "respectively", ",", "with", "mostly", "severe", "to", "profound", "non", "-", "syndromic", "deafness", ".", "Nine", "(", "2", ".", "2", "%", ")", "Kenyan", "and", "12", "(", "6", ".", "6", "%", ")", "of", "the", "Sudanese", "children", "only", "were", "carriers", "of", "variants", "within", "the", "coding", "sequence", "of", "the", "GJB2", "gene", ".", "Variants", "in", "the", "5", "'", "-", "adjacent", "region", "were", "detected", "in", "further", "115", "individuals", ".", "A", "total", "of", "10", "novel", "variants", "was", "recognized", ",", "among", "them", "four", "variants", "in", "the", "adjacent", "5", "'", "-", "region", "of", "the", "GJB2", "coding", "exon", "2", "(", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "6T", ">", "A", ",", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "15C", ">", "T", ",", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "34C", ">", "T", ",", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "35T", ">", "G", ")", ",", "a", "6", "base", "-", "pair", "deletion", "(", "g", ".", "3455_3460del", "[", "p", ".", "Asp46_Gln48delinsGlu", "]", ")", ",", "a", "variant", "leading", "to", "a", "stop", "codon", "(", "g", ".", "3512C", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Tyr65X", "]", ")", ",", "synonymous", "variants", "(", "g", ".", "3395C", ">", "T", "[", "p", ".", "Thr26", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3503C", ">", "T", "[", "p", ".", "Asn62", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3627A", ">", "C", "[", "p", ".", "Arg104", "]", ")", ",", "and", "one", "non", "-", "synonymous", "variant", "(", "g", ".", "3816C", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Val167Met", "]", ")", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "previously", "described", "variants", "g", ".", "3352delG", "(", "commonly", "designated", "30delG", "or", "35", "delG", ")", ",", "g", ".", "3426G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Val37Ile", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3697G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Arg127His", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3774G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Val153Ile", "]", ",", "and", "g", ".", "3795G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Gly160Ser", "]", "were", "identified", ".", "With", "the", "exception", "of", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "34C", ">", "T", "and", "g", ".", "3352delG", ",", "all", "variants", "occurred", "heterozygously", ".", "For", "most", "of", "the", "variants", "identified", "in", "the", "Kenyan", "and", "Sudanese", "study", "population", ",", "a", "causative", "association", "with", "NSARD", "appears", "to", "be", "unlikely", ".", "Compared", "to", "many", "other", "ethnic", "groups", ",", "deafness", "-", "associated", "variants", "of", "the", "coding", "region", "of", "GJB2", "are", "rare", "in", "Sudan", "and", "Kenya", ",", "suggesting", "a", "role", "of", "other", "genetic", ",", "or", "epigenetic", "factors", "as", "a", "cause", "for", "deafness", "in", "these", "countries", "." ]
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15099351
Mutations in the PCSK9 gene in Norwegian subjects with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is at a locus for autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia, and recent data indicate that the PCSK9 gene is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations within this gene have previously been found to segregate with hypercholesterolemia. In this study, DNA sequencing of the 12 exons of the PCSK9 gene has been performed in 51 Norwegian subjects with a clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia where mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene and mutation R3500Q in the apolipoprotein B-100 gene had been excluded. Two novel missense mutations were detected in the catalytic subdomain of the PCSK9 gene. Two patients were heterozygotes for D374Y, and one patient was a double heterozygote for D374Y and N157K. D374Y segregated with hypercholesterolemia in the two former families where family members were available for study. Our findings support the notion that mutations in the PCSK9 gene cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia.
[ "Mutations", "in", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "in", "Norwegian", "subjects", "with", "autosomal", "dominant", "hypercholesterolemia", ".", "Proprotein", "convertase", "subtilisin", "/", "kexin", "type", "9", "(", "PCSK9", ")", "is", "at", "a", "locus", "for", "autosomal", "dominant", "hypercholesterolemia", ",", "and", "recent", "data", "indicate", "that", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "is", "involved", "in", "cholesterol", "biosynthesis", ".", "Mutations", "within", "this", "gene", "have", "previously", "been", "found", "to", "segregate", "with", "hypercholesterolemia", ".", "In", "this", "study", ",", "DNA", "sequencing", "of", "the", "12", "exons", "of", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "has", "been", "performed", "in", "51", "Norwegian", "subjects", "with", "a", "clinical", "diagnosis", "of", "familial", "hypercholesterolemia", "where", "mutations", "in", "the", "low", "-", "density", "lipoprotein", "receptor", "gene", "and", "mutation", "R3500Q", "in", "the", "apolipoprotein", "B", "-", "100", "gene", "had", "been", "excluded", ".", "Two", "novel", "missense", "mutations", "were", "detected", "in", "the", "catalytic", "subdomain", "of", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", ".", "Two", "patients", "were", "heterozygotes", "for", "D374Y", ",", "and", "one", "patient", "was", "a", "double", "heterozygote", "for", "D374Y", "and", "N157K", ".", "D374Y", "segregated", "with", "hypercholesterolemia", "in", "the", "two", "former", "families", "where", "family", "members", "were", "available", "for", "study", ".", "Our", "findings", "support", "the", "notion", "that", "mutations", "in", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "cause", "autosomal", "dominant", "hypercholesterolemia", "." ]
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15122708
Desmin-related myopathy with Mallory body-like inclusions is caused by mutations of the selenoprotein N gene. Desmin-related myopathies (DRMs) are a heterogeneous group of muscle disorders, morphologically defined by intrasarcoplasmic aggregates of desmin. Mutations in the desmin and the alpha-B crystallin genes account for approximately one third of the DRM cases. The genetic basis of the other forms remain unknown, including the early-onset, recessive form with Mallory body-like inclusions (MB-DRMs), first described in five related German patients. Recently, we identified the selenoprotein N gene (SEPN1) as responsible for SEPN-related myopathy (SEPN-RM), a unique early-onset myopathy formerly divided in two different nosological categories: rigid spine muscular dystrophy and the severe form of classical multiminicore disease. The finding of Mallory body-like inclusions in two cases of genetically documented SEPN-RM led us to suspect a relationship between MB-DRM and SEPN1. In the original MB-DRM German family, we demonstrated a linkage of the disease to the SEPN1 locus (1p36), and subsequently a homozygous SEPN1 deletion (del 92 nucleotide -19/+73) in the affected patients. A comparative reevaluation showed that MB-DRM and SEPN-RM share identical clinical features. Therefore, we propose that MB-DRM should be categorized as SEPN-RM. These findings substantiate the molecular heterogeneity of DRM, expand the morphological spectrum of SEPN-RM, and implicate a necessary reassessment of the nosological boundaries in early-onset myopathies.
[ "Desmin", "-", "related", "myopathy", "with", "Mallory", "body", "-", "like", "inclusions", "is", "caused", "by", "mutations", "of", "the", "selenoprotein", "N", "gene", ".", "Desmin", "-", "related", "myopathies", "(", "DRMs", ")", "are", "a", "heterogeneous", "group", "of", "muscle", "disorders", ",", "morphologically", "defined", "by", "intrasarcoplasmic", "aggregates", "of", "desmin", ".", "Mutations", "in", "the", "desmin", "and", "the", "alpha", "-", "B", "crystallin", "genes", "account", "for", "approximately", "one", "third", "of", "the", "DRM", "cases", ".", "The", "genetic", "basis", "of", "the", "other", "forms", "remain", "unknown", ",", "including", "the", "early", "-", "onset", ",", "recessive", "form", "with", "Mallory", "body", "-", "like", "inclusions", "(", "MB", "-", "DRMs", ")", ",", "first", "described", "in", "five", "related", "German", "patients", ".", "Recently", ",", "we", "identified", "the", "selenoprotein", "N", "gene", "(", "SEPN1", ")", "as", "responsible", "for", "SEPN", "-", "related", "myopathy", "(", "SEPN", "-", "RM", ")", ",", "a", "unique", "early", "-", "onset", "myopathy", "formerly", "divided", "in", "two", "different", "nosological", "categories", ":", "rigid", "spine", "muscular", "dystrophy", "and", "the", "severe", "form", "of", "classical", "multiminicore", "disease", ".", "The", "finding", "of", "Mallory", "body", "-", "like", "inclusions", "in", "two", "cases", "of", "genetically", "documented", "SEPN", "-", "RM", "led", "us", "to", "suspect", "a", "relationship", "between", "MB", "-", "DRM", "and", "SEPN1", ".", "In", "the", "original", "MB", "-", "DRM", "German", "family", ",", "we", "demonstrated", "a", "linkage", "of", "the", "disease", "to", "the", "SEPN1", "locus", "(", "1p36", ")", ",", "and", "subsequently", "a", "homozygous", "SEPN1", "deletion", "(", "del", "92", "nucleotide", "-", "19", "/", "+", "73", ")", "in", "the", "affected", "patients", ".", "A", "comparative", "reevaluation", "showed", "that", "MB", "-", "DRM", "and", "SEPN", "-", "RM", "share", "identical", "clinical", "features", ".", "Therefore", ",", "we", "propose", "that", "MB", "-", "DRM", "should", "be", "categorized", "as", "SEPN", "-", "RM", ".", "These", "findings", "substantiate", "the", "molecular", "heterogeneity", "of", "DRM", ",", "expand", "the", "morphological", "spectrum", "of", "SEPN", "-", "RM", ",", "and", "implicate", "a", "necessary", "reassessment", "of", "the", "nosological", "boundaries", "in", "early", "-", "onset", "myopathies", "." ]
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15177686
Altered replication timing of the HIRA/Tuple1 locus in the DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes. DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes (DGS/VCFS) are endowed by a similar complex phenotype including cardiovascular, craniofacial, and thymic malformations, and are associated with heterozygous deletions of 22q11 chromosomal band. The Typically Deleted Region in the 22q11.21 subband (here called TDR22) is very gene-dense, and the extent of the deletion has been defined precisely in several studies. However, to date there is no evidence for a mechanism of haploinsufficiency that can fully explain the DGS/VCFS phenotype. In this study, we show that the candidate gene HIRA/Tuple1 mapping on the non-deleted TDR22, in DGS/VCFS subjects presents a delayed replication timing. Moreover, we observed an increase in the cell ratio showing the HIRA/Tuple1 locus localised toward the nuclear periphery. It is known that replication timing and nuclear location are generally correlated to the transcription activity of the relative DNA region. We propose that the alteration in the replication/nuclear location pattern of the non-deleted TDR22 indicates an altered gene regulation hence an altered transcritpion in DGS/VCFS.
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15188772
Severe reversible left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction due to accidental iatrogenic epinephrine overdose. Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy due to chronic excess of endogenous catecholamines has been recognized for decades as a clinical phenomenon. In contrast, reports of myocardial dysfunction due to acute iatrogenic overdose are rare. A 35-year-old woman whose cervix uteri was inadvertently injected with 8 mg of epinephrine developed myocardial stunning that was characterized by severe hemodynamic compromise, profound, albeit transient, left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and only modestly elevated biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis. Our case illustrates the serious consequences of medical errors that can be avoided through improved medication labeling and staff supervision.
[ "Severe", "reversible", "left", "ventricular", "systolic", "and", "diastolic", "dysfunction", "due", "to", "accidental", "iatrogenic", "epinephrine", "overdose", ".", "Catecholamine", "-", "induced", "cardiomyopathy", "due", "to", "chronic", "excess", "of", "endogenous", "catecholamines", "has", "been", "recognized", "for", "decades", "as", "a", "clinical", "phenomenon", ".", "In", "contrast", ",", "reports", "of", "myocardial", "dysfunction", "due", "to", "acute", "iatrogenic", "overdose", "are", "rare", ".", "A", "35", "-", "year", "-", "old", "woman", "whose", "cervix", "uteri", "was", "inadvertently", "injected", "with", "8", "mg", "of", "epinephrine", "developed", "myocardial", "stunning", "that", "was", "characterized", "by", "severe", "hemodynamic", "compromise", ",", "profound", ",", "albeit", "transient", ",", "left", "ventricular", "systolic", "and", "diastolic", "dysfunction", ",", "and", "only", "modestly", "elevated", "biochemical", "markers", "of", "myocardial", "necrosis", ".", "Our", "case", "illustrates", "the", "serious", "consequences", "of", "medical", "errors", "that", "can", "be", "avoided", "through", "improved", "medication", "labeling", "and", "staff", "supervision", "." ]
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15266215
Effects of the cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor valdecoxib versus nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and placebo on cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with arthritis. There have been concerns that the risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events may be higher with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-specific inhibitors than nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We evaluated cardiovascular event data for valdecoxib, a new COX-2-specific inhibitor in approximately 8000 patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis treated with this agent in randomized clinical trials. The incidence of cardiovascular thrombotic events (cardiac, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular, or arterial thrombotic) was determined by analyzing pooled valdecoxib (10-80 mg daily), nonselective NSAID (diclofenac 75 mg bid, ibuprofen 800 mg tid, or naproxen 500 mg bid) and placebo data from 10 randomized osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis trials that were 6-52 weeks in duration. The incidence rates of events were determined in all patients (n = 7934) and in users of low-dose (< or =325 mg daily) aspirin (n = 1051) and nonusers of aspirin (n = 6883). Crude and exposure-adjusted incidences of thrombotic events were similar for valdecoxib, NSAIDs, and placebo. The risk of serious thrombotic events was also similar for each valdecoxib dose. Thrombotic risk was consistently higher for users of aspirin users than nonusers of aspirin (placebo, 1.4% vs. 0%; valdecoxib, 1.7% vs. 0.2%; NSAIDs, 1.9% vs. 0.5%). The rates of events in users of aspirin were similar for all 3 treatment groups and across valdecoxib doses. Short- and intermediate-term treatment with therapeutic (10 or 20 mg daily) and supratherapeutic (40 or 80 mg daily) valdecoxib doses was not associated with an increased incidence of thrombotic events relative to nonselective NSAIDs or placebo in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients in controlled clinical trials.
[ "Effects", "of", "the", "cyclooxygenase", "-", "2", "specific", "inhibitor", "valdecoxib", "versus", "nonsteroidal", "antiinflammatory", "agents", "and", "placebo", "on", "cardiovascular", "thrombotic", "events", "in", "patients", "with", "arthritis", ".", "There", "have", "been", "concerns", "that", "the", "risk", "of", "cardiovascular", "thrombotic", "events", "may", "be", "higher", "with", "cyclooxygenase", "(", "COX", ")", "-", "2", "-", "specific", "inhibitors", "than", "nonselective", "nonsteroidal", "antiinflammatory", "drugs", "(", "NSAIDs", ")", ".", "We", "evaluated", "cardiovascular", "event", "data", "for", "valdecoxib", ",", "a", "new", "COX", "-", "2", "-", "specific", "inhibitor", "in", "approximately", "8000", "patients", "with", "osteoarthritis", "and", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "treated", "with", "this", "agent", "in", "randomized", "clinical", "trials", ".", "The", "incidence", "of", "cardiovascular", "thrombotic", "events", "(", "cardiac", ",", "cerebrovascular", "and", "peripheral", "vascular", ",", "or", "arterial", "thrombotic", ")", "was", "determined", "by", "analyzing", "pooled", "valdecoxib", "(", "10", "-", "80", "mg", "daily", ")", ",", "nonselective", "NSAID", "(", "diclofenac", "75", "mg", "bid", ",", "ibuprofen", "800", "mg", "tid", ",", "or", "naproxen", "500", "mg", "bid", ")", "and", "placebo", "data", "from", "10", "randomized", "osteoarthritis", "and", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "trials", "that", "were", "6", "-", "52", "weeks", "in", "duration", ".", "The", "incidence", "rates", "of", "events", "were", "determined", "in", "all", "patients", "(", "n", "=", "7934", ")", "and", "in", "users", "of", "low", "-", "dose", "(", "<", "or", "=325", "mg", "daily", ")", "aspirin", "(", "n", "=", "1051", ")", "and", "nonusers", "of", "aspirin", "(", "n", "=", "6883", ")", ".", "Crude", "and", "exposure", "-", "adjusted", "incidences", "of", "thrombotic", "events", "were", "similar", "for", "valdecoxib", ",", "NSAIDs", ",", "and", "placebo", ".", "The", "risk", "of", "serious", "thrombotic", "events", "was", "also", "similar", "for", "each", "valdecoxib", "dose", ".", "Thrombotic", "risk", "was", "consistently", "higher", "for", "users", "of", "aspirin", "users", "than", "nonusers", "of", "aspirin", "(", "placebo", ",", "1", ".", "4", "%", "vs", ".", "0", "%", ";", "valdecoxib", ",", "1", ".", "7", "%", "vs", ".", "0", ".", "2", "%", ";", "NSAIDs", ",", "1", ".", "9", "%", "vs", ".", "0", ".", "5", "%", ")", ".", "The", "rates", "of", "events", "in", "users", "of", "aspirin", "were", "similar", "for", "all", "3", "treatment", "groups", "and", "across", "valdecoxib", "doses", ".", "Short", "-", "and", "intermediate", "-", "term", "treatment", "with", "therapeutic", "(", "10", "or", "20", "mg", "daily", ")", "and", "supratherapeutic", "(", "40", "or", "80", "mg", "daily", ")", "valdecoxib", "doses", "was", "not", "associated", "with", "an", "increased", "incidence", "of", "thrombotic", "events", "relative", "to", "nonselective", "NSAIDs", "or", "placebo", "in", "osteoarthritis", "and", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "patients", "in", "controlled", "clinical", "trials", "." ]
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16005363
Identification of a novel WFS1 mutation (AFF344-345ins) in Japanese patients with Wolfram syndrome. Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset diabetes mellitus, progressive optic atrophy, sensorineural deafness and diabetes insipidus. Affected individuals may also have renal tract abnormalities as well as neurogical and psychiatric syndromes. WFS1 encoding a transmembrane protein was identified as the gene responsible for WFS. We report herein a Japanese family, of which two members had this syndrome. In the WFS1 gene of these patients, we identified a novel mutation, a nine nucleotide insertion (AFF344-345ins). In addition, one of these patients had preclinical hypopituitarism, which is an unusual feature of WFS. As only the two family members homozygous for the mutation showed WFS, these data support the notion that this mutation is the cause of WFS.
[ "Identification", "of", "a", "novel", "WFS1", "mutation", "(", "AFF344", "-", "345ins", ")", "in", "Japanese", "patients", "with", "Wolfram", "syndrome", ".", "Wolfram", "syndrome", "(", "WFS", ")", "is", "an", "autosomal", "recessive", "disorder", "characterized", "by", "early", "onset", "diabetes", "mellitus", ",", "progressive", "optic", "atrophy", ",", "sensorineural", "deafness", "and", "diabetes", "insipidus", ".", "Affected", "individuals", "may", "also", "have", "renal", "tract", "abnormalities", "as", "well", "as", "neurogical", "and", "psychiatric", "syndromes", ".", "WFS1", "encoding", "a", "transmembrane", "protein", "was", "identified", "as", "the", "gene", "responsible", "for", "WFS", ".", "We", "report", "herein", "a", "Japanese", "family", ",", "of", "which", "two", "members", "had", "this", "syndrome", ".", "In", "the", "WFS1", "gene", "of", "these", "patients", ",", "we", "identified", "a", "novel", "mutation", ",", "a", "nine", "nucleotide", "insertion", "(", "AFF344", "-", "345ins", ")", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "one", "of", "these", "patients", "had", "preclinical", "hypopituitarism", ",", "which", "is", "an", "unusual", "feature", "of", "WFS", ".", "As", "only", "the", "two", "family", "members", "homozygous", "for", "the", "mutation", "showed", "WFS", ",", "these", "data", "support", "the", "notion", "that", "this", "mutation", "is", "the", "cause", "of", "WFS", "." ]
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16200390
A genetic analysis of serotonergic biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes in migraine using a DNA pooling approach. Migraine is a common debilitating primary headache disorder with significant mental, physical and social health implications. The brain neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) is involved in nociceptive pathways and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. With few genetic studies investigating biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes governing the rate of 5-HT activity and their relationship to migraine, it was the objective of this study to assess genetic variants within the human tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genes in migraine susceptibility. This objective was undertaken using a high-throughput DNA pooling experimental design, which proved to be a very accurate, sensitive and specific method of estimating allele frequencies for single nucleotide polymorphism, insertion deletion and variable number tandem repeat loci. Application of DNA pooling to a wide array of genetic loci provides greater scope in the assessment of population-based genetic association study designs. Despite the application of this high-throughput genotyping method, negative results from the two-stage DNA pooling design used to screen loci within the TPH, AADC and MAOA genes did not support their role in migraine susceptibility.
[ "A", "genetic", "analysis", "of", "serotonergic", "biosynthetic", "and", "metabolic", "enzymes", "in", "migraine", "using", "a", "DNA", "pooling", "approach", ".", "Migraine", "is", "a", "common", "debilitating", "primary", "headache", "disorder", "with", "significant", "mental", ",", "physical", "and", "social", "health", "implications", ".", "The", "brain", "neurotransmitter", "5", "-", "hydroxytryptamine", "(", "5", "-", "HT", ";", "serotonin", ")", "is", "involved", "in", "nociceptive", "pathways", "and", "has", "been", "implicated", "in", "the", "pathophysiology", "of", "migraine", ".", "With", "few", "genetic", "studies", "investigating", "biosynthetic", "and", "metabolic", "enzymes", "governing", "the", "rate", "of", "5", "-", "HT", "activity", "and", "their", "relationship", "to", "migraine", ",", "it", "was", "the", "objective", "of", "this", "study", "to", "assess", "genetic", "variants", "within", "the", "human", "tryptophan", "hydroxylase", "(", "TPH", ")", ",", "amino", "acid", "decarboxylase", "(", "AADC", ")", "and", "monoamine", "oxidase", "A", "(", "MAOA", ")", "genes", "in", "migraine", "susceptibility", ".", "This", "objective", "was", "undertaken", "using", "a", "high", "-", "throughput", "DNA", "pooling", "experimental", "design", ",", "which", "proved", "to", "be", "a", "very", "accurate", ",", "sensitive", "and", "specific", "method", "of", "estimating", "allele", "frequencies", "for", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", ",", "insertion", "deletion", "and", "variable", "number", "tandem", "repeat", "loci", ".", "Application", "of", "DNA", "pooling", "to", "a", "wide", "array", "of", "genetic", "loci", "provides", "greater", "scope", "in", "the", "assessment", "of", "population", "-", "based", "genetic", "association", "study", "designs", ".", "Despite", "the", "application", "of", "this", "high", "-", "throughput", "genotyping", "method", ",", "negative", "results", "from", "the", "two", "-", "stage", "DNA", "pooling", "design", "used", "to", "screen", "loci", "within", "the", "TPH", ",", "AADC", "and", "MAOA", "genes", "did", "not", "support", "their", "role", "in", "migraine", "susceptibility", "." ]
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16369751
5-Fluorouracil cardiotoxicity induced by alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine. Cardiotoxicity is a rare complication occurring during 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment for malignancies. We herein report the case of a 70-year-old man with 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity, in whom a high serum level of alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) was observed. The patient, who had unresectable colon cancer metastases to the liver and lung, was referred to us for chemotherapy from an affiliated hospital; he had no cardiac history. After admission, the patient received a continuous intravenous infusion of 5-FU (1000 mg/day), during which precordial pain with right bundle branch block occurred concomitantly with a high serum FBAL concentration of 1955 ng/ml. Both the precordial pain and the electrocardiographic changes disappeared spontaneously after the discontinuation of 5-FU. As the precordial pain in this patient was considered to have been due to 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity, the administration of 5-FU was abandoned. Instead, oral administration of S-1 (a derivative of 5-FU), at 200 mg/day twice a week, was instituted, because S-1 has a strong inhibitory effect on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the degradative of 5-FU into FBAL. The serum FBAL concentration subsequently decreased to 352 ng/ml, the same as the value measured on the first day of S-1 administration. Thereafter, no cardiac symptoms were observed. The patient achieved a partial response 6 months after the initiation of the S-1 treatment. The experience of this case, together with a review of the literature, suggests that FBAL is related to 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity. S-1 may be administered safely to patients with 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity.
[ "5", "-", "Fluorouracil", "cardiotoxicity", "induced", "by", "alpha", "-", "fluoro", "-", "beta", "-", "alanine", ".", "Cardiotoxicity", "is", "a", "rare", "complication", "occurring", "during", "5", "-", "fluorouracil", "(", "5", "-", "FU", ")", "treatment", "for", "malignancies", ".", "We", "herein", "report", "the", "case", "of", "a", "70", "-", "year", "-", "old", "man", "with", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", ",", "in", "whom", "a", "high", "serum", "level", "of", "alpha", "-", "fluoro", "-", "beta", "-", "alanine", "(", "FBAL", ")", "was", "observed", ".", "The", "patient", ",", "who", "had", "unresectable", "colon", "cancer", "metastases", "to", "the", "liver", "and", "lung", ",", "was", "referred", "to", "us", "for", "chemotherapy", "from", "an", "affiliated", "hospital", ";", "he", "had", "no", "cardiac", "history", ".", "After", "admission", ",", "the", "patient", "received", "a", "continuous", "intravenous", "infusion", "of", "5", "-", "FU", "(", "1000", "mg", "/", "day", ")", ",", "during", "which", "precordial", "pain", "with", "right", "bundle", "branch", "block", "occurred", "concomitantly", "with", "a", "high", "serum", "FBAL", "concentration", "of", "1955", "ng", "/", "ml", ".", "Both", "the", "precordial", "pain", "and", "the", "electrocardiographic", "changes", "disappeared", "spontaneously", "after", "the", "discontinuation", "of", "5", "-", "FU", ".", "As", "the", "precordial", "pain", "in", "this", "patient", "was", "considered", "to", "have", "been", "due", "to", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", ",", "the", "administration", "of", "5", "-", "FU", "was", "abandoned", ".", "Instead", ",", "oral", "administration", "of", "S", "-", "1", "(", "a", "derivative", "of", "5", "-", "FU", ")", ",", "at", "200", "mg", "/", "day", "twice", "a", "week", ",", "was", "instituted", ",", "because", "S", "-", "1", "has", "a", "strong", "inhibitory", "effect", "on", "dihydropyrimidine", "dehydrogenase", ",", "which", "catalyzes", "the", "degradative", "of", "5", "-", "FU", "into", "FBAL", ".", "The", "serum", "FBAL", "concentration", "subsequently", "decreased", "to", "352", "ng", "/", "ml", ",", "the", "same", "as", "the", "value", "measured", "on", "the", "first", "day", "of", "S", "-", "1", "administration", ".", "Thereafter", ",", "no", "cardiac", "symptoms", "were", "observed", ".", "The", "patient", "achieved", "a", "partial", "response", "6", "months", "after", "the", "initiation", "of", "the", "S", "-", "1", "treatment", ".", "The", "experience", "of", "this", "case", ",", "together", "with", "a", "review", "of", "the", "literature", ",", "suggests", "that", "FBAL", "is", "related", "to", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", ".", "S", "-", "1", "may", "be", "administered", "safely", "to", "patients", "with", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", "." ]
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16596970
Pilocarpine seizures cause age-dependent impairment in auditory location discrimination. Children who have status epilepticus have continuous or rapidly repeating seizures that may be life-threatening and may cause life-long changes in brain and behavior. The extent to which status epilepticus causes deficits in auditory discrimination is unknown. A naturalistic auditory location discrimination method was used to evaluate this question using an animal model of status epilepticus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with saline on postnatal day (P) 20, or a convulsant dose of pilocarpine on P20 or P45. Pilocarpine on either day induced status epilepticus; status epilepticus at P45 resulted in CA3 cell loss and spontaneous seizures, whereas P20 rats had no cell loss or spontaneous seizures. Mature rats were trained with sound-source location and sound-silence discriminations. Control (saline P20) rats acquired both discriminations immediately. In status epilepticus (P20) rats, acquisition of the sound-source location discrimination was moderately impaired. Status epilepticus (P45) rats failed to acquire either sound-source location or sound-silence discriminations. Status epilepticus in rat causes an age-dependent, long-term impairment in auditory discrimination. This impairment may explain one cause of impaired auditory location discrimination in humans.
[ "Pilocarpine", "seizures", "cause", "age", "-", "dependent", "impairment", "in", "auditory", "location", "discrimination", ".", "Children", "who", "have", "status", "epilepticus", "have", "continuous", "or", "rapidly", "repeating", "seizures", "that", "may", "be", "life", "-", "threatening", "and", "may", "cause", "life", "-", "long", "changes", "in", "brain", "and", "behavior", ".", "The", "extent", "to", "which", "status", "epilepticus", "causes", "deficits", "in", "auditory", "discrimination", "is", "unknown", ".", "A", "naturalistic", "auditory", "location", "discrimination", "method", "was", "used", "to", "evaluate", "this", "question", "using", "an", "animal", "model", "of", "status", "epilepticus", ".", "Male", "Sprague", "-", "Dawley", "rats", "were", "injected", "with", "saline", "on", "postnatal", "day", "(", "P", ")", "20", ",", "or", "a", "convulsant", "dose", "of", "pilocarpine", "on", "P20", "or", "P45", ".", "Pilocarpine", "on", "either", "day", "induced", "status", "epilepticus", ";", "status", "epilepticus", "at", "P45", "resulted", "in", "CA3", "cell", "loss", "and", "spontaneous", "seizures", ",", "whereas", "P20", "rats", "had", "no", "cell", "loss", "or", "spontaneous", "seizures", ".", "Mature", "rats", "were", "trained", "with", "sound", "-", "source", "location", "and", "sound", "-", "silence", "discriminations", ".", "Control", "(", "saline", "P20", ")", "rats", "acquired", "both", "discriminations", "immediately", ".", "In", "status", "epilepticus", "(", "P20", ")", "rats", ",", "acquisition", "of", "the", "sound", "-", "source", "location", "discrimination", "was", "moderately", "impaired", ".", "Status", "epilepticus", "(", "P45", ")", "rats", "failed", "to", "acquire", "either", "sound", "-", "source", "location", "or", "sound", "-", "silence", "discriminations", ".", "Status", "epilepticus", "in", "rat", "causes", "an", "age", "-", "dependent", ",", "long", "-", "term", "impairment", "in", "auditory", "discrimination", ".", "This", "impairment", "may", "explain", "one", "cause", "of", "impaired", "auditory", "location", "discrimination", "in", "humans", "." ]
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17000021
No independent role of the -1123 G>C and+2740 A>G variants in the association of PTPN22 with type 1 diabetes and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in two Caucasian populations. INTRODUCTION: The PTPN22 is a negative regulator of the T cell response. Its +1858C>T (R620W) polymorphism has been shown to associate with a risk for multiple autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The minor (susceptibility) allele is absent in Asian populations, but a recent study suggested an independent involvement of another polymorphism located within the promoter -1123 nucleotides relative to the translational start site. AIMS: We aimed to analyse the association of three PTPN22 polymorphisms in two distinct Caucasian populations, the Czechs (with T1D and with JIA) and Azeri (with T1D). METHODS: The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at positions -1123 (rs2488457), +1858 (rs2476601, the R620W substitution), and +2740 (rs1217412) were genotyped using TaqMan assays in 372 subjects with childhood-onset T1D, 130 subjects with JIA, and 400 control subjects of Czech origin, and in 160 subjects with T1D and 271 healthy controls of Azeri origin. RESULTS: In the Czechs, all three SNPs were in a tight linkage disequlibrium, while in the Azeri, the linkage disequlibrium was limited to between the promoter and 3'-UTR polymorphism, D'(-1123, +2740)=0.99, r(2)=0.72. Haplotype reconstruction via the expectation-maximization algorithm showed in both populations that only the haplotype containing the minor (W) allele at codon 620 was associated with T1D (OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.68-3.02 in Czechs, OR=14.8, 95% CI 2.0-651 in Azeri) or JIA (OR=2.43, 95% CI 1.66-3.56 in Czechs). The haplotypes having the wild-type (R) allele at codon 620 and minor alleles at -1123 and/or +2740 were neutral as to the risk of autoimmune conditions in both populations. CONCLUSIONS: In two different Caucasian populations, the Czechs and the Azeri, no independent contribution can be detected either of the -1123 promoter SNP or the +2740 3'-UTR SNP, and only the minor allele at PTPN22 codon 620 contributes to the risk of autoimmunity.
[ "No", "independent", "role", "of", "the", "-", "1123", "G", ">", "C", "and", "+", "2740", "A", ">", "G", "variants", "in", "the", "association", "of", "PTPN22", "with", "type", "1", "diabetes", "and", "juvenile", "idiopathic", "arthritis", "in", "two", "Caucasian", "populations", ".", "INTRODUCTION", ":", "The", "PTPN22", "is", "a", "negative", "regulator", "of", "the", "T", "cell", "response", ".", "Its", "+", "1858C", ">", "T", "(", "R620W", ")", "polymorphism", "has", "been", "shown", "to", "associate", "with", "a", "risk", "for", "multiple", "autoimmune", "diseases", ",", "including", "type", "1", "diabetes", "(", "T1D", ")", "and", "juvenile", "idiopathic", "arthritis", "(", "JIA", ")", ".", "The", "minor", "(", "susceptibility", ")", "allele", "is", "absent", "in", "Asian", "populations", ",", "but", "a", "recent", "study", "suggested", "an", "independent", "involvement", "of", "another", "polymorphism", "located", "within", "the", "promoter", "-", "1123", "nucleotides", "relative", "to", "the", "translational", "start", "site", ".", "AIMS", ":", "We", "aimed", "to", "analyse", "the", "association", "of", "three", "PTPN22", "polymorphisms", "in", "two", "distinct", "Caucasian", "populations", ",", "the", "Czechs", "(", "with", "T1D", "and", "with", "JIA", ")", "and", "Azeri", "(", "with", "T1D", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "The", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "(", "SNP", ")", "at", "positions", "-", "1123", "(", "rs2488457", ")", ",", "+", "1858", "(", "rs2476601", ",", "the", "R620W", "substitution", ")", ",", "and", "+", "2740", "(", "rs1217412", ")", "were", "genotyped", "using", "TaqMan", "assays", "in", "372", "subjects", "with", "childhood", "-", "onset", "T1D", ",", "130", "subjects", "with", "JIA", ",", "and", "400", "control", "subjects", "of", "Czech", "origin", ",", "and", "in", "160", "subjects", "with", "T1D", "and", "271", "healthy", "controls", "of", "Azeri", "origin", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "In", "the", "Czechs", ",", "all", "three", "SNPs", "were", "in", "a", "tight", "linkage", "disequlibrium", ",", "while", "in", "the", "Azeri", ",", "the", "linkage", "disequlibrium", "was", "limited", "to", "between", "the", "promoter", "and", "3", "'", "-", "UTR", "polymorphism", ",", "D", "'", "(", "-", "1123", ",", "+", "2740", ")", "=0", ".", "99", ",", "r", "(", "2", ")", "=0", ".", "72", ".", "Haplotype", "reconstruction", "via", "the", "expectation", "-", "maximization", "algorithm", "showed", "in", "both", "populations", "that", "only", "the", "haplotype", "containing", "the", "minor", "(", "W", ")", "allele", "at", "codon", "620", "was", "associated", "with", "T1D", "(", "OR=2", ".", "26", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "68", "-", "3", ".", "02", "in", "Czechs", ",", "OR=14", ".", "8", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "2", ".", "0", "-", "651", "in", "Azeri", ")", "or", "JIA", "(", "OR=2", ".", "43", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "66", "-", "3", ".", "56", "in", "Czechs", ")", ".", "The", "haplotypes", "having", "the", "wild", "-", "type", "(", "R", ")", "allele", "at", "codon", "620", "and", "minor", "alleles", "at", "-", "1123", "and", "/", "or", "+", "2740", "were", "neutral", "as", "to", "the", "risk", "of", "autoimmune", "conditions", "in", "both", "populations", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "In", "two", "different", "Caucasian", "populations", ",", "the", "Czechs", "and", "the", "Azeri", ",", "no", "independent", "contribution", "can", "be", "detected", "either", "of", "the", "-", "1123", "promoter", "SNP", "or", "the", "+", "2740", "3", "'", "-", "UTR", "SNP", ",", "and", "only", "the", "minor", "allele", "at", "PTPN22", "codon", "620", "contributes", "to", "the", "risk", "of", "autoimmunity", "." ]
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17006606
A polymorphism of C-to-T substitution at -31 IL1B is associated with the risk of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma in a Japanese population. Proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms have been demonstrated to associate with gastric cancer risk, of which IL1B-31T/C and -511C/T changes have been well investigated due to the possibility that they may alter the IL1B transcription. The signal transduction target upon interleukin 1 beta (IL1beta) stimulation, the nuclear factor of kappa B (NFkappaB) activation, supports cancer development, signal transduction in which is mediated by FS-7 cell-associated cell surface antigen (FAS) signaling. Based on recent papers describing the prognostic roles of the polymorphisms and the NFkappaB functions on cancer development, we sought to determine if Japanese gastric cancer patients were affected by the IL1B -31/-511 and FAS-670 polymorphisms. A case-control study was conducted on incident gastric adenocarcinoma patients (n=271) and age-gender frequency-matched control subjects (n=271). We observed strong linkage disequilibrium between the T allele at -511 and the C allele at -31 and between the C allele at -511 and the T allele at -31 in IL1B in both the cases and controls (R (2)=0.94). Neither IL1B-31, -511 nor FAS-670 polymorphisms showed significantly different risks of gastric adenocarcinoma. Though FAS-670 polymorphisms did not show any significant difference, the proportion of subjects with IL1B-31TT (or IL1B-511CC) increased according to stage (trend P=0.019). In particular, subjects with stage IV had a two times higher probability of having either IL1B-31TT (or IL1B-511CC) genotype compared with stage I subjects. These observations suggest that IL1B-31TT and IL1B-511CC are associated with disease progression.
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17035713
Chloroacetaldehyde as a sulfhydryl reagent: the role of critical thiol groups in ifosfamide nephropathy. Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) is a metabolite of the alkylating agent ifosfamide (IFO) and putatively responsible for renal damage following anti-tumor therapy with IFO. Depletion of sulfhydryl (SH) groups has been reported from cell culture, animal and clinical studies. In this work the effect of CAA on human proximal tubule cells in primary culture (hRPTEC) was investigated. Toxicity of CAA was determined by protein content, cell number, LDH release, trypan blue exclusion assay and caspase-3 activity. Free thiols were measured by the method of Ellman. CAA reduced hRPTEC cell number and protein, induced a loss in free intracellular thiols and an increase in necrosis markers. CAA but not acrolein inhibited the cysteine proteases caspase-3, caspase-8 and cathepsin B. Caspase activation by cisplatin was inhibited by CAA. In cells stained with fluorescent dyes targeting lysosomes, CAA induced an increase in lysosomal size and lysosomal leakage. The effects of CAA on cysteine protease activities and thiols could be reproduced in cell lysate. Acidification, which slowed the reaction of CAA with thiol donors, could also attenuate effects of CAA on necrosis markers, thiol depletion and cysteine protease inhibition in living cells. Thus, CAA directly reacts with cellular protein and non-protein thiols, mediating its toxicity on hRPTEC. This effect can be reduced by acidification. Therefore, urinary acidification could be an option to prevent IFO nephropathy in patients.
[ "Chloroacetaldehyde", "as", "a", "sulfhydryl", "reagent", ":", "the", "role", "of", "critical", "thiol", "groups", "in", "ifosfamide", "nephropathy", ".", "Chloroacetaldehyde", "(", "CAA", ")", "is", "a", "metabolite", "of", "the", "alkylating", "agent", "ifosfamide", "(", "IFO", ")", "and", "putatively", "responsible", "for", "renal", "damage", "following", "anti", "-", "tumor", "therapy", "with", "IFO", ".", "Depletion", "of", "sulfhydryl", "(", "SH", ")", "groups", "has", "been", "reported", "from", "cell", "culture", ",", "animal", "and", "clinical", "studies", ".", "In", "this", "work", "the", "effect", "of", "CAA", "on", "human", "proximal", "tubule", "cells", "in", "primary", "culture", "(", "hRPTEC", ")", "was", "investigated", ".", "Toxicity", "of", "CAA", "was", "determined", "by", "protein", "content", ",", "cell", "number", ",", "LDH", "release", ",", "trypan", "blue", "exclusion", "assay", "and", "caspase", "-", "3", "activity", ".", "Free", "thiols", "were", "measured", "by", "the", "method", "of", "Ellman", ".", "CAA", "reduced", "hRPTEC", "cell", "number", "and", "protein", ",", "induced", "a", "loss", "in", "free", "intracellular", "thiols", "and", "an", "increase", "in", "necrosis", "markers", ".", "CAA", "but", "not", "acrolein", "inhibited", "the", "cysteine", "proteases", "caspase", "-", "3", ",", "caspase", "-", "8", "and", "cathepsin", "B", ".", "Caspase", "activation", "by", "cisplatin", "was", "inhibited", "by", "CAA", ".", "In", "cells", "stained", "with", "fluorescent", "dyes", "targeting", "lysosomes", ",", "CAA", "induced", "an", "increase", "in", "lysosomal", "size", "and", "lysosomal", "leakage", ".", "The", "effects", "of", "CAA", "on", "cysteine", "protease", "activities", "and", "thiols", "could", "be", "reproduced", "in", "cell", "lysate", ".", "Acidification", ",", "which", "slowed", "the", "reaction", "of", "CAA", "with", "thiol", "donors", ",", "could", "also", "attenuate", "effects", "of", "CAA", "on", "necrosis", "markers", ",", "thiol", "depletion", "and", "cysteine", "protease", "inhibition", "in", "living", "cells", ".", "Thus", ",", "CAA", "directly", "reacts", "with", "cellular", "protein", "and", "non", "-", "protein", "thiols", ",", "mediating", "its", "toxicity", "on", "hRPTEC", ".", "This", "effect", "can", "be", "reduced", "by", "acidification", ".", "Therefore", ",", "urinary", "acidification", "could", "be", "an", "option", "to", "prevent", "IFO", "nephropathy", "in", "patients", "." ]
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1711760
Delayed institution of hypertension during focal cerebral ischemia: effect on brain edema. The effect of induced hypertension instituted after a 2-h delay following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on brain edema formation and histochemical injury was studied. Under isoflurane anesthesia, the MCA of 14 spontaneously hypertensive rats was occluded. In the control group (n = 7), the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was not manipulated. In the hypertensive group (n = 7), the MAP was elevated by 25-30 mm Hg beginning 2 h after MCAO. Four hours after MCAO, the rats were killed and the brains harvested. The brains were sectioned along coronal planes spanning the distribution of ischemia produced by MCAO. Specific gravity (SG) was determined in the subcortex and in two sites in the cortex (core and periphery of the ischemic territory). The extent of neuronal injury was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining. In the ischemic core, there was no difference in SG in the subcortex and cortex in the two groups. In the periphery of the ischemic territory, SG in the cortex was greater (less edema accumulation) in the hypertensive group (1.041 +/- 0.001 vs 1.039 +/- 0.001, P less than 0.05). The area of histochemical injury (as a percent of the cross-sectional area of the hemisphere) was less in the hypertensive group (33 +/- 3% vs 21 +/- 2%, P less than 0.05). The data indicate that phenylephrine-induced hypertension instituted 2 h after MCAO does not aggravate edema in the ischemic core, that it improves edema in the periphery of the ischemic territory, and that it reduces the area of histochemical neuronal dysfunction.
[ "Delayed", "institution", "of", "hypertension", "during", "focal", "cerebral", "ischemia", ":", "effect", "on", "brain", "edema", ".", "The", "effect", "of", "induced", "hypertension", "instituted", "after", "a", "2", "-", "h", "delay", "following", "middle", "cerebral", "artery", "occlusion", "(", "MCAO", ")", "on", "brain", "edema", "formation", "and", "histochemical", "injury", "was", "studied", ".", "Under", "isoflurane", "anesthesia", ",", "the", "MCA", "of", "14", "spontaneously", "hypertensive", "rats", "was", "occluded", ".", "In", "the", "control", "group", "(", "n", "=", "7", ")", ",", "the", "mean", "arterial", "pressure", "(", "MAP", ")", "was", "not", "manipulated", ".", "In", "the", "hypertensive", "group", "(", "n", "=", "7", ")", ",", "the", "MAP", "was", "elevated", "by", "25", "-", "30", "mm", "Hg", "beginning", "2", "h", "after", "MCAO", ".", "Four", "hours", "after", "MCAO", ",", "the", "rats", "were", "killed", "and", "the", "brains", "harvested", ".", "The", "brains", "were", "sectioned", "along", "coronal", "planes", "spanning", "the", "distribution", "of", "ischemia", "produced", "by", "MCAO", ".", "Specific", "gravity", "(", "SG", ")", "was", "determined", "in", "the", "subcortex", "and", "in", "two", "sites", "in", "the", "cortex", "(", "core", "and", "periphery", "of", "the", "ischemic", "territory", ")", ".", "The", "extent", "of", "neuronal", "injury", "was", "determined", "by", "2,3,5", "-", "triphenyltetrazolium", "staining", ".", "In", "the", "ischemic", "core", ",", "there", "was", "no", "difference", "in", "SG", "in", "the", "subcortex", "and", "cortex", "in", "the", "two", "groups", ".", "In", "the", "periphery", "of", "the", "ischemic", "territory", ",", "SG", "in", "the", "cortex", "was", "greater", "(", "less", "edema", "accumulation", ")", "in", "the", "hypertensive", "group", "(", "1", ".", "041", "+", "/", "-", "0", ".", "001", "vs", "1", ".", "039", "+", "/", "-", "0", ".", "001", ",", "P", "less", "than", "0", ".", "05", ")", ".", "The", "area", "of", "histochemical", "injury", "(", "as", "a", "percent", "of", "the", "cross", "-", "sectional", "area", "of", "the", "hemisphere", ")", "was", "less", "in", "the", "hypertensive", "group", "(", "33", "+", "/", "-", "3", "%", "vs", "21", "+", "/", "-", "2", "%", ",", "P", "less", "than", "0", ".", "05", ")", ".", "The", "data", "indicate", "that", "phenylephrine", "-", "induced", "hypertension", "instituted", "2", "h", "after", "MCAO", "does", "not", "aggravate", "edema", "in", "the", "ischemic", "core", ",", "that", "it", "improves", "edema", "in", "the", "periphery", "of", "the", "ischemic", "territory", ",", "and", "that", "it", "reduces", "the", "area", "of", "histochemical", "neuronal", "dysfunction", "." ]
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17391797
The phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene V175M single nucleotide polymorphism confers the susceptibility to NASH in Japanese population. BACKGROUND/AIMS: The genetic predisposition on the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been poorly understood. A functional polymorphism Val175Met was reported in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the carriers of Val175Met variant impaired in PEMT activity are more susceptible to NASH. METHODS: Blood samples of 107 patients with biopsy-proven NASH and of 150 healthy volunteers were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Val175Met variant allele of the PEMT gene was significantly more frequent in NASH patients than in healthy volunteers (p<0.001), and carriers of Val175Met variant were significantly more frequent in NASH patients than in healthy volunteers (p<0.01). Among NASH patients, body mass index was significantly lower (p<0.05), and non-obese patients were significantly more frequent (p<0.001) in carriers of Val175Met variant than in homozygotes of wild type PEMT. CONCLUSIONS: Val175Met variant of PEMT could be a candidate molecule that determines the susceptibility to NASH, because it is more frequently observed in NASH patients and non-obese persons with Val175Met variant of PEMT are facilitated to develop NASH.
[ "The", "phosphatidylethanolamine", "N", "-", "methyltransferase", "gene", "V175M", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "confers", "the", "susceptibility", "to", "NASH", "in", "Japanese", "population", ".", "BACKGROUND", "/", "AIMS", ":", "The", "genetic", "predisposition", "on", "the", "development", "of", "nonalcoholic", "steatohepatitis", "(", "NASH", ")", "has", "been", "poorly", "understood", ".", "A", "functional", "polymorphism", "Val175Met", "was", "reported", "in", "phosphatidylethanolamine", "N", "-", "methyltransferase", "(", "PEMT", ")", "that", "catalyzes", "the", "conversion", "of", "phosphatidylethanolamine", "to", "phosphatidylcholine", ".", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "investigate", "whether", "the", "carriers", "of", "Val175Met", "variant", "impaired", "in", "PEMT", "activity", "are", "more", "susceptible", "to", "NASH", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Blood", "samples", "of", "107", "patients", "with", "biopsy", "-", "proven", "NASH", "and", "of", "150", "healthy", "volunteers", "were", "analyzed", "by", "the", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", "and", "restriction", "fragment", "length", "polymorphism", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Val175Met", "variant", "allele", "of", "the", "PEMT", "gene", "was", "significantly", "more", "frequent", "in", "NASH", "patients", "than", "in", "healthy", "volunteers", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "001", ")", ",", "and", "carriers", "of", "Val175Met", "variant", "were", "significantly", "more", "frequent", "in", "NASH", "patients", "than", "in", "healthy", "volunteers", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "01", ")", ".", "Among", "NASH", "patients", ",", "body", "mass", "index", "was", "significantly", "lower", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "05", ")", ",", "and", "non", "-", "obese", "patients", "were", "significantly", "more", "frequent", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "001", ")", "in", "carriers", "of", "Val175Met", "variant", "than", "in", "homozygotes", "of", "wild", "type", "PEMT", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Val175Met", "variant", "of", "PEMT", "could", "be", "a", "candidate", "molecule", "that", "determines", "the", "susceptibility", "to", "NASH", ",", "because", "it", "is", "more", "frequently", "observed", "in", "NASH", "patients", "and", "non", "-", "obese", "persons", "with", "Val175Met", "variant", "of", "PEMT", "are", "facilitated", "to", "develop", "NASH", "." ]
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17495183
Tenomodulin is associated with obesity and diabetes risk: the Finnish diabetes prevention study. We recently showed that long-term weight reduction changes the gene expression profile of adipose tissue in overweight individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). One of the responding genes was X-chromosomal tenomodulin (TNMD), a putative angiogenesis inhibitor. Our aim was to study the associations of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes with adiposity, glucose metabolism, and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms from two different haploblocks were genotyped from 507 participants of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Sex-specific genotype effects were observed. Three markers of haploblock 1 were associated with features of adiposity in women (rs5966709, rs4828037) and men (rs11798018). Markers rs2073163 and rs1155794 from haploblock 2 were associated with 2-hour plasma glucose levels in men during the 3-year follow-up. The same two markers together with rs2073162 associated with the conversion of IGT to T2D in men. The risk of developing T2D was approximately 2-fold in individuals with genotypes associated with higher 2-hour plasma glucose levels; the hazard ratios were 2.192 (p = 0.025) for rs2073162-A, 2.191 (p = 0.027) for rs2073163-C, and 1.998 (p = 0.054) for rs1155974-T. These results suggest that TNMD polymorphisms are associated with adiposity and also with glucose metabolism and conversion from IGT to T2D in men.
[ "Tenomodulin", "is", "associated", "with", "obesity", "and", "diabetes", "risk", ":", "the", "Finnish", "diabetes", "prevention", "study", ".", "We", "recently", "showed", "that", "long", "-", "term", "weight", "reduction", "changes", "the", "gene", "expression", "profile", "of", "adipose", "tissue", "in", "overweight", "individuals", "with", "impaired", "glucose", "tolerance", "(", "IGT", ")", ".", "One", "of", "the", "responding", "genes", "was", "X", "-", "chromosomal", "tenomodulin", "(", "TNMD", ")", ",", "a", "putative", "angiogenesis", "inhibitor", ".", "Our", "aim", "was", "to", "study", "the", "associations", "of", "individual", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "and", "haplotypes", "with", "adiposity", ",", "glucose", "metabolism", ",", "and", "the", "risk", "of", "type", "2", "diabetes", "(", "T2D", ")", ".", "Seven", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "from", "two", "different", "haploblocks", "were", "genotyped", "from", "507", "participants", "of", "the", "Finnish", "Diabetes", "Prevention", "Study", "(", "DPS", ")", ".", "Sex", "-", "specific", "genotype", "effects", "were", "observed", ".", "Three", "markers", "of", "haploblock", "1", "were", "associated", "with", "features", "of", "adiposity", "in", "women", "(", "rs5966709", ",", "rs4828037", ")", "and", "men", "(", "rs11798018", ")", ".", "Markers", "rs2073163", "and", "rs1155794", "from", "haploblock", "2", "were", "associated", "with", "2", "-", "hour", "plasma", "glucose", "levels", "in", "men", "during", "the", "3", "-", "year", "follow", "-", "up", ".", "The", "same", "two", "markers", "together", "with", "rs2073162", "associated", "with", "the", "conversion", "of", "IGT", "to", "T2D", "in", "men", ".", "The", "risk", "of", "developing", "T2D", "was", "approximately", "2", "-", "fold", "in", "individuals", "with", "genotypes", "associated", "with", "higher", "2", "-", "hour", "plasma", "glucose", "levels", ";", "the", "hazard", "ratios", "were", "2", ".", "192", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "025", ")", "for", "rs2073162", "-", "A", ",", "2", ".", "191", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "027", ")", "for", "rs2073163", "-", "C", ",", "and", "1", ".", "998", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "054", ")", "for", "rs1155974", "-", "T", ".", "These", "results", "suggest", "that", "TNMD", "polymorphisms", "are", "associated", "with", "adiposity", "and", "also", "with", "glucose", "metabolism", "and", "conversion", "from", "IGT", "to", "T2D", "in", "men", "." ]
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17595233
Mutations in pattern recognition receptor genes modulate seroreactivity to microbial antigens in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A number of antibodies against microbial epitopes or self-antigens have been associated with Crohn's disease. The development of antibodies reflects a loss of tolerance to intestinal bacteria that underlies Crohn's disease, resulting in an exaggerated adaptive immune response to these bacteria. It was hypothesised that the development of antimicrobial antibodies is influenced by the presence of genetic variants in pattern recognition receptor genes. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of mutations in these innate immune receptor genes (nucleotide oligomerisation domain (NOD) 2/caspase recruitment domain (CARD) 15, NOD1/CARD4, TUCAN/CARDINAL/CARD8, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6) on the development of antimicrobial and antiglycan antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Materials and METHODS: A cohort of 1163 unrelated patients with IBD (874 Crohn's disease, 259 ulcerative colitis, 30 indeterminate colitis) and 312 controls were analysed for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (gASCA) IgG, anti-laminaribioside antibodies (ALCA) IgG, anti-chitobioside antibodies (ACCA) IgA, anti-mannobioside antibodies (AMCA) IgG and outer membrane porin (Omp) IgA and were genotyped for variants in NOD2/CARD15, TUCAN/CARDINAL/CARD8, NOD1/CARD4, TLR4, TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6. RESULTS: When compared with Crohn's disease patients without CARD15 mutations, the presence of at least one CARD15 variant in Crohn's disease patients more frequently led to gASCA positivity (66.1% versus 51.5%, p < 0.0001) and ALCA positivity (43.3% versus 34.9%, p = 0.018) and higher gASCA titers (85.7 versus 51.8 ELISA units, p < 0.0001), independent of ileal involvement. A gene dosage effect, with increasing gASCA and ALCA positivity for patients carrying none, one and two CARD15 variants, respectively, was seen for both markers. Similarly, Crohn's disease patients carrying NOD1/CARD4 indel had a higher prevalence of gASCA antibodies than wild-type patients (63.8% versus 55.2%, p = 0.014), also with a gene dosage effect. An opposite effect was observed for the TLR4 D299G and TLR2 P631H variants, with a lower prevalence of ACCA antibodies (23.4% versus 35%, p = 0.013) and Omp antibodies (20.5% versus 34.6%, p = 0.009), respectively. CONCLUSION: Variants in innate immune receptor genes were found to influence antibody formation against microbial epitopes. In this respect, it is intriguing that an opposite effect of CARD15 and TLR4 variants was observed. These findings may contribute to an understanding of the aetiology of the seroreactivity observed in IBD.
[ "Mutations", "in", "pattern", "recognition", "receptor", "genes", "modulate", "seroreactivity", "to", "microbial", "antigens", "in", "patients", "with", "inflammatory", "bowel", "disease", ".", "BACKGROUND", "AND", "AIMS", ":", "A", "number", "of", "antibodies", "against", "microbial", "epitopes", "or", "self", "-", "antigens", "have", "been", "associated", "with", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", ".", "The", "development", "of", "antibodies", "reflects", "a", "loss", "of", "tolerance", "to", "intestinal", "bacteria", "that", "underlies", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", ",", "resulting", "in", "an", "exaggerated", "adaptive", "immune", "response", "to", "these", "bacteria", ".", "It", "was", "hypothesised", "that", "the", "development", "of", "antimicrobial", "antibodies", "is", "influenced", "by", "the", "presence", "of", "genetic", "variants", "in", "pattern", "recognition", "receptor", "genes", ".", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "study", "was", "therefore", "to", "investigate", "the", "influence", "of", "mutations", "in", "these", "innate", "immune", "receptor", "genes", "(", "nucleotide", "oligomerisation", "domain", "(", "NOD", ")", "2", "/", "caspase", "recruitment", "domain", "(", "CARD", ")", "15", ",", "NOD1", "/", "CARD4", ",", "TUCAN", "/", "CARDINAL", "/", "CARD8", ",", "Toll", "-", "like", "receptor", "(", "TLR", ")", "4", ",", "TLR2", ",", "TLR1", "and", "TLR6", ")", "on", "the", "development", "of", "antimicrobial", "and", "antiglycan", "antibodies", "in", "inflammatory", "bowel", "disease", "(", "IBD", ")", ".", "Materials", "and", "METHODS", ":", "A", "cohort", "of", "1163", "unrelated", "patients", "with", "IBD", "(", "874", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", ",", "259", "ulcerative", "colitis", ",", "30", "indeterminate", "colitis", ")", "and", "312", "controls", "were", "analysed", "for", "anti", "-", "Saccharomyces", "cerevisiae", "antibodies", "(", "gASCA", ")", "IgG", ",", "anti", "-", "laminaribioside", "antibodies", "(", "ALCA", ")", "IgG", ",", "anti", "-", "chitobioside", "antibodies", "(", "ACCA", ")", "IgA", ",", "anti", "-", "mannobioside", "antibodies", "(", "AMCA", ")", "IgG", "and", "outer", "membrane", "porin", "(", "Omp", ")", "IgA", "and", "were", "genotyped", "for", "variants", "in", "NOD2", "/", "CARD15", ",", "TUCAN", "/", "CARDINAL", "/", "CARD8", ",", "NOD1", "/", "CARD4", ",", "TLR4", ",", "TLR1", ",", "TLR2", "and", "TLR6", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "When", "compared", "with", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", "patients", "without", "CARD15", "mutations", ",", "the", "presence", "of", "at", "least", "one", "CARD15", "variant", "in", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", "patients", "more", "frequently", "led", "to", "gASCA", "positivity", "(", "66", ".", "1", "%", "versus", "51", ".", "5", "%", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "0001", ")", "and", "ALCA", "positivity", "(", "43", ".", "3", "%", "versus", "34", ".", "9", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "018", ")", "and", "higher", "gASCA", "titers", "(", "85", ".", "7", "versus", "51", ".", "8", "ELISA", "units", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "0001", ")", ",", "independent", "of", "ileal", "involvement", ".", "A", "gene", "dosage", "effect", ",", "with", "increasing", "gASCA", "and", "ALCA", "positivity", "for", "patients", "carrying", "none", ",", "one", "and", "two", "CARD15", "variants", ",", "respectively", ",", "was", "seen", "for", "both", "markers", ".", "Similarly", ",", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", "patients", "carrying", "NOD1", "/", "CARD4", "indel", "had", "a", "higher", "prevalence", "of", "gASCA", "antibodies", "than", "wild", "-", "type", "patients", "(", "63", ".", "8", "%", "versus", "55", ".", "2", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "014", ")", ",", "also", "with", "a", "gene", "dosage", "effect", ".", "An", "opposite", "effect", "was", "observed", "for", "the", "TLR4", "D299G", "and", "TLR2", "P631H", "variants", ",", "with", "a", "lower", "prevalence", "of", "ACCA", "antibodies", "(", "23", ".", "4", "%", "versus", "35", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "013", ")", "and", "Omp", "antibodies", "(", "20", ".", "5", "%", "versus", "34", ".", "6", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "009", ")", ",", "respectively", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Variants", "in", "innate", "immune", "receptor", "genes", "were", "found", "to", "influence", "antibody", "formation", "against", "microbial", "epitopes", ".", "In", "this", "respect", ",", "it", "is", "intriguing", "that", "an", "opposite", "effect", "of", "CARD15", "and", "TLR4", "variants", "was", "observed", ".", "These", "findings", "may", "contribute", "to", "an", "understanding", "of", "the", "aetiology", "of", "the", "seroreactivity", "observed", "in", "IBD", "." ]
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17683901
An improved tetra-primer PCR approach for the detection of the FGFR3 G380R mutation responsible for achondroplasia. Achondroplasia is the most common form of dwarfism and has an incidence of approximately 1/7500. In more than 98% of cases, the disease is associated with a G to A or G to C substitution at nucleotide position 1138 (p.G380R) of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. We have developed a sensitive single tube tetra-primer PCR assay to detect both the c.1138G>A and c.1138G>C mutations and can successfully distinguish DNA samples that are homozygous and heterozygous for the c.1138G>A mutation. Titration studies showed that the assay could reliably detect one copy of the mutant allele in a mix of 100 wild-type alleles. The assay has been tested in 50 healthy controls, 3 known patients with achondroplasia, and 5 amniotic fluids suspected of having achondroplasia and for whom we had previously determined the genotypes for the c.1138G>A mutation by PCR-RFLP. We have observed complete concordance between methods. Our tetra-primer PCR assay is sensitive, low-cost, and easy to use method for FGFR3 p.G380R genotyping, which could be used even in "low-tech" laboratories.
[ "An", "improved", "tetra", "-", "primer", "PCR", "approach", "for", "the", "detection", "of", "the", "FGFR3", "G380R", "mutation", "responsible", "for", "achondroplasia", ".", "Achondroplasia", "is", "the", "most", "common", "form", "of", "dwarfism", "and", "has", "an", "incidence", "of", "approximately", "1", "/", "7500", ".", "In", "more", "than", "98", "%", "of", "cases", ",", "the", "disease", "is", "associated", "with", "a", "G", "to", "A", "or", "G", "to", "C", "substitution", "at", "nucleotide", "position", "1138", "(", "p", ".", "G380R", ")", "of", "the", "fibroblast", "growth", "factor", "receptor", "3", "(", "FGFR3", ")", "gene", ".", "We", "have", "developed", "a", "sensitive", "single", "tube", "tetra", "-", "primer", "PCR", "assay", "to", "detect", "both", "the", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "A", "and", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "C", "mutations", "and", "can", "successfully", "distinguish", "DNA", "samples", "that", "are", "homozygous", "and", "heterozygous", "for", "the", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "A", "mutation", ".", "Titration", "studies", "showed", "that", "the", "assay", "could", "reliably", "detect", "one", "copy", "of", "the", "mutant", "allele", "in", "a", "mix", "of", "100", "wild", "-", "type", "alleles", ".", "The", "assay", "has", "been", "tested", "in", "50", "healthy", "controls", ",", "3", "known", "patients", "with", "achondroplasia", ",", "and", "5", "amniotic", "fluids", "suspected", "of", "having", "achondroplasia", "and", "for", "whom", "we", "had", "previously", "determined", "the", "genotypes", "for", "the", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "A", "mutation", "by", "PCR", "-", "RFLP", ".", "We", "have", "observed", "complete", "concordance", "between", "methods", ".", "Our", "tetra", "-", "primer", "PCR", "assay", "is", "sensitive", ",", "low", "-", "cost", ",", "and", "easy", "to", "use", "method", "for", "FGFR3", "p", ".", "G380R", "genotyping", ",", "which", "could", "be", "used", "even", "in", "``", "low", "-", "tech", "''", "laboratories", "." ]
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18166824
Genetic investigation of four meiotic genes in women with premature ovarian failure. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether mutations of meiotic genes, such as disrupted meiotic cDNA (DMC1), MutS homolog (MSH4), MSH5, and S. cerevisiae homolog (SPO11), were associated with premature ovarian failure (POF). DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: Blood sampling, karyotype, hormonal dosage, ultrasound, and ovarian biopsy were carried out on most patients. However, the main outcome measure was the sequencing of genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples of 41 women with POF and 36 fertile women (controls). RESULTS: A single heterozygous missense mutation, substitution of a cytosine residue with thymidine in exon 2 of MSH5, was found in two Caucasian women in whom POF developed at 18 and 36 years of age. This mutation resulted in replacement of a non-polar amino acid (proline) with a polar amino acid (serine) at position 29 (P29S). Neither 36 control women nor 39 other patients with POF possessed this genetic perturbation. Another POF patient of African origin showed a homozygous nucleotide change in the tenth of DMC1 gene that led to an alteration of the amino acid composition of the protein (M200V). CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of infertility observed in the DMC1 homozygote mutation carrier and in both patients with a heterozygous substitution in exon 2 of the MSH5 gene provide indirect evidence of the role of genes involved in meiotic recombination in the regulation of ovarian function. MSH5 and DMC1 mutations may be one explanation for POF, albeit uncommon.
[ "Genetic", "investigation", "of", "four", "meiotic", "genes", "in", "women", "with", "premature", "ovarian", "failure", ".", "OBJECTIVE", ":", "The", "goal", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "determine", "whether", "mutations", "of", "meiotic", "genes", ",", "such", "as", "disrupted", "meiotic", "cDNA", "(", "DMC1", ")", ",", "MutS", "homolog", "(", "MSH4", ")", ",", "MSH5", ",", "and", "S", ".", "cerevisiae", "homolog", "(", "SPO11", ")", ",", "were", "associated", "with", "premature", "ovarian", "failure", "(", "POF", ")", ".", "DESIGN", ":", "Case", "-", "control", "study", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Blood", "sampling", ",", "karyotype", ",", "hormonal", "dosage", ",", "ultrasound", ",", "and", "ovarian", "biopsy", "were", "carried", "out", "on", "most", "patients", ".", "However", ",", "the", "main", "outcome", "measure", "was", "the", "sequencing", "of", "genomic", "DNA", "from", "peripheral", "blood", "samples", "of", "41", "women", "with", "POF", "and", "36", "fertile", "women", "(", "controls", ")", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "A", "single", "heterozygous", "missense", "mutation", ",", "substitution", "of", "a", "cytosine", "residue", "with", "thymidine", "in", "exon", "2", "of", "MSH5", ",", "was", "found", "in", "two", "Caucasian", "women", "in", "whom", "POF", "developed", "at", "18", "and", "36", "years", "of", "age", ".", "This", "mutation", "resulted", "in", "replacement", "of", "a", "non", "-", "polar", "amino", "acid", "(", "proline", ")", "with", "a", "polar", "amino", "acid", "(", "serine", ")", "at", "position", "29", "(", "P29S", ")", ".", "Neither", "36", "control", "women", "nor", "39", "other", "patients", "with", "POF", "possessed", "this", "genetic", "perturbation", ".", "Another", "POF", "patient", "of", "African", "origin", "showed", "a", "homozygous", "nucleotide", "change", "in", "the", "tenth", "of", "DMC1", "gene", "that", "led", "to", "an", "alteration", "of", "the", "amino", "acid", "composition", "of", "the", "protein", "(", "M200V", ")", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "The", "symptoms", "of", "infertility", "observed", "in", "the", "DMC1", "homozygote", "mutation", "carrier", "and", "in", "both", "patients", "with", "a", "heterozygous", "substitution", "in", "exon", "2", "of", "the", "MSH5", "gene", "provide", "indirect", "evidence", "of", "the", "role", "of", "genes", "involved", "in", "meiotic", "recombination", "in", "the", "regulation", "of", "ovarian", "function", ".", "MSH5", "and", "DMC1", "mutations", "may", "be", "one", "explanation", "for", "POF", ",", "albeit", "uncommon", "." ]
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18408250
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the IRF5 promoter region is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population. OBJECTIVES: Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a member of the IRF family of transcription factors, which regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Polymorphisms in the IRF5 gene have been associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) in Caucasian and Asian populations, but their involvement in other autoimmune diseases is still uncertain. Here, we assessed the genetic role of IRF5 in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Japanese subjects. METHODS: We selected 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a CGGGG insertion-deletion polymorphism in the IRF5 gene. We performed 2 sets of case-control comparisons using Japanese subjects (first set: 830 patients with RA and 658 controls; second set: 1112 patients with RA and 940 controls), and then performed a stratified analysis using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) status. We genotyped the SNPs using TaqMan assays. RESULTS: A significant association of the rs729302 A allele with RA susceptibility was found in both sets (odds ratio (OR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.35, p<0.001 in the combined analysis). When the patients were stratified by the SE, the rs729302 A allele was found to confer increased risk to RA in patients that were SE negative (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.92, p = 0.001) as compared with patients carrying the SE (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.33, p = 0.24). In both sets, no genotyped polymorphisms were significantly associated with RA susceptibility, but rs729302 was significantly associated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the promoter polymorphism of IRF5 is a genetic factor conferring predisposition to RA, and that it contributes considerably to disease pathogenesis in patients that were SE negative.
[ "A", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "IRF5", "promoter", "region", "is", "associated", "with", "susceptibility", "to", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "in", "the", "Japanese", "population", ".", "OBJECTIVES", ":", "Interferon", "regulatory", "factor", "5", "(", "IRF5", ")", "is", "a", "member", "of", "the", "IRF", "family", "of", "transcription", "factors", ",", "which", "regulate", "the", "production", "of", "proinflammatory", "cytokines", ".", "Polymorphisms", "in", "the", "IRF5", "gene", "have", "been", "associated", "with", "susceptibility", "to", "systemic", "lupus", "erythaematosus", "(", "SLE", ")", "in", "Caucasian", "and", "Asian", "populations", ",", "but", "their", "involvement", "in", "other", "autoimmune", "diseases", "is", "still", "uncertain", ".", "Here", ",", "we", "assessed", "the", "genetic", "role", "of", "IRF5", "in", "susceptibility", "to", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "(", "RA", ")", "in", "Japanese", "subjects", ".", "METHODS", ":", "We", "selected", "13", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "(", "SNPs", ")", "and", "a", "CGGGG", "insertion", "-", "deletion", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "IRF5", "gene", ".", "We", "performed", "2", "sets", "of", "case", "-", "control", "comparisons", "using", "Japanese", "subjects", "(", "first", "set", ":", "830", "patients", "with", "RA", "and", "658", "controls", ";", "second", "set", ":", "1112", "patients", "with", "RA", "and", "940", "controls", ")", ",", "and", "then", "performed", "a", "stratified", "analysis", "using", "human", "leukocyte", "antigen", "(", "HLA", ")", "-", "DRB1", "shared", "epitope", "(", "SE", ")", "status", ".", "We", "genotyped", "the", "SNPs", "using", "TaqMan", "assays", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "A", "significant", "association", "of", "the", "rs729302", "A", "allele", "with", "RA", "susceptibility", "was", "found", "in", "both", "sets", "(", "odds", "ratio", "(", "OR", ")", "1", ".", "22", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "09", "to", "1", ".", "35", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "001", "in", "the", "combined", "analysis", ")", ".", "When", "the", "patients", "were", "stratified", "by", "the", "SE", ",", "the", "rs729302", "A", "allele", "was", "found", "to", "confer", "increased", "risk", "to", "RA", "in", "patients", "that", "were", "SE", "negative", "(", "OR", "1", ".", "50", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "17", "to", "1", ".", "92", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "001", ")", "as", "compared", "with", "patients", "carrying", "the", "SE", "(", "OR", "1", ".", "11", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "93", "to", "1", ".", "33", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "24", ")", ".", "In", "both", "sets", ",", "no", "genotyped", "polymorphisms", "were", "significantly", "associated", "with", "RA", "susceptibility", ",", "but", "rs729302", "was", "significantly", "associated", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "These", "findings", "indicate", "that", "the", "promoter", "polymorphism", "of", "IRF5", "is", "a", "genetic", "factor", "conferring", "predisposition", "to", "RA", ",", "and", "that", "it", "contributes", "considerably", "to", "disease", "pathogenesis", "in", "patients", "that", "were", "SE", "negative", "." ]
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18439317
Association between promoter -1607 polymorphism of MMP1 and lumbar disc disease in Southern Chinese. BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc. A SNP for guanine insertion/deletion (G/D), the -1607 promoter polymorphism, of the MMP1 gene was found significantly affecting promoter activity and corresponding transcription level. Hence it is a good candidate for genetic studies in DDD. METHODS: Southern Chinese volunteers between 18 and 55 years were recruited from the population. DDD in the lumbar spine was defined by MRI using Schneiderman's classification. Genomic DNA was isolated from the leukocytes and genotyping was performed using the Sequenom platform. Association and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium checking were assessed by Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Our results showed substantial evidence of association between -1607 promoter polymorphism of MMP1 and DDD in the Southern Chinese subjects. D allelic was significantly associated with DDD (p value = 0.027, odds ratio = 1.41 with 95% CI = 1.04-1.90) while Genotypic association on the presence of D allele was also significantly associated with DDD (p value = 0.046, odds ratio = 1.50 with 95% CI = 1.01-2.24). Further age stratification showed significant genotypic as well as allelic association in the group of over 40 years (genotypic: p value = 0.035, odds ratio = 1.617 with 95% CI = 1.033-2.529; allelic: p value = 0.033, odds ratio = 1.445 with 95% CI = 1.029-2.029). Disc bulge, annular tears and the Schmorl's nodes were not associated with the D allele. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that individuals with the presence of D allele for the -1607 promoter polymorphism of MMP1 are about 1.5 times more susceptible to develop DDD when compared with those having G allele only. Further association was identified in individuals over 40 years of age. Disc bulge, annular tear as well as Schmorl's nodes were not associated with this polymorphism.
[ "Association", "between", "promoter", "-", "1607", "polymorphism", "of", "MMP1", "and", "lumbar", "disc", "disease", "in", "Southern", "Chinese", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Matrix", "metalloproteinases", "(", "MMPs", ")", "are", "involved", "in", "the", "degradation", "of", "the", "extracellular", "matrix", "of", "the", "intervertebral", "disc", ".", "A", "SNP", "for", "guanine", "insertion", "/", "deletion", "(", "G", "/", "D", ")", ",", "the", "-", "1607", "promoter", "polymorphism", ",", "of", "the", "MMP1", "gene", "was", "found", "significantly", "affecting", "promoter", "activity", "and", "corresponding", "transcription", "level", ".", "Hence", "it", "is", "a", "good", "candidate", "for", "genetic", "studies", "in", "DDD", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Southern", "Chinese", "volunteers", "between", "18", "and", "55", "years", "were", "recruited", "from", "the", "population", ".", "DDD", "in", "the", "lumbar", "spine", "was", "defined", "by", "MRI", "using", "Schneiderman", "'s", "classification", ".", "Genomic", "DNA", "was", "isolated", "from", "the", "leukocytes", "and", "genotyping", "was", "performed", "using", "the", "Sequenom", "platform", ".", "Association", "and", "Hardy", "-", "Weinberg", "equilibrium", "checking", "were", "assessed", "by", "Chi", "-", "square", "test", "and", "Mann", "-", "Whitney", "U", "test", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Our", "results", "showed", "substantial", "evidence", "of", "association", "between", "-", "1607", "promoter", "polymorphism", "of", "MMP1", "and", "DDD", "in", "the", "Southern", "Chinese", "subjects", ".", "D", "allelic", "was", "significantly", "associated", "with", "DDD", "(", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "027", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "41", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "04", "-", "1", ".", "90", ")", "while", "Genotypic", "association", "on", "the", "presence", "of", "D", "allele", "was", "also", "significantly", "associated", "with", "DDD", "(", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "046", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "50", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "01", "-", "2", ".", "24", ")", ".", "Further", "age", "stratification", "showed", "significant", "genotypic", "as", "well", "as", "allelic", "association", "in", "the", "group", "of", "over", "40", "years", "(", "genotypic", ":", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "035", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "617", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "033", "-", "2", ".", "529", ";", "allelic", ":", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "033", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "445", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "029", "-", "2", ".", "029", ")", ".", "Disc", "bulge", ",", "annular", "tears", "and", "the", "Schmorl", "'s", "nodes", "were", "not", "associated", "with", "the", "D", "allele", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "We", "demonstrated", "that", "individuals", "with", "the", "presence", "of", "D", "allele", "for", "the", "-", "1607", "promoter", "polymorphism", "of", "MMP1", "are", "about", "1", ".", "5", "times", "more", "susceptible", "to", "develop", "DDD", "when", "compared", "with", "those", "having", "G", "allele", "only", ".", "Further", "association", "was", "identified", "in", "individuals", "over", "40", "years", "of", "age", ".", "Disc", "bulge", ",", "annular", "tear", "as", "well", "as", "Schmorl", "'s", "nodes", "were", "not", "associated", "with", "this", "polymorphism", "." ]
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18657397
Detailed spectral profile analysis of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in anesthetized rats. Penicillin model is a widely used experimental model for epilepsy research. In the present study we aimed to portray a detailed spectral analysis of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in comparison with basal brain activity in anesthetized Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with i.p. urethane and connected to an electrocorticogram setup. After a short period of basal activity recording, epileptic focus was induced by injecting 400IU/2 microl penicillin-G potassium into the left lateral ventricle while the cortical activity was continuously recorded. Basal activity, latent period and the penicillin-induced epileptiform activity periods were then analyzed using both conventional methods and spectral analysis. Spectral analyses were conducted by dividing the whole spectrum into different frequency bands including delta, theta (slow and fast), alpha-sigma, beta (1 and 2) and gamma (1 and 2) bands. Our results show that the most affected frequency bands were delta, theta, beta-2 and gamma-2 bands during the epileptiform activity and there were marked differences in terms of spectral densities between three investigated episodes (basal activity, latent period and epileptiform activity). Our results may help to analyze novel data obtained using similar experimental models and the simple analysis method described here can be used in similar studies to investigate the basic neuronal mechanism of this or other types of experimental epilepsies.
[ "Detailed", "spectral", "profile", "analysis", "of", "penicillin", "-", "induced", "epileptiform", "activity", "in", "anesthetized", "rats", ".", "Penicillin", "model", "is", "a", "widely", "used", "experimental", "model", "for", "epilepsy", "research", ".", "In", "the", "present", "study", "we", "aimed", "to", "portray", "a", "detailed", "spectral", "analysis", "of", "penicillin", "-", "induced", "epileptiform", "activity", "in", "comparison", "with", "basal", "brain", "activity", "in", "anesthetized", "Wistar", "rats", ".", "Male", "Wistar", "rats", "were", "anesthetized", "with", "i", ".", "p", ".", "urethane", "and", "connected", "to", "an", "electrocorticogram", "setup", ".", "After", "a", "short", "period", "of", "basal", "activity", "recording", ",", "epileptic", "focus", "was", "induced", "by", "injecting", "400IU", "/", "2", "microl", "penicillin", "-", "G", "potassium", "into", "the", "left", "lateral", "ventricle", "while", "the", "cortical", "activity", "was", "continuously", "recorded", ".", "Basal", "activity", ",", "latent", "period", "and", "the", "penicillin", "-", "induced", "epileptiform", "activity", "periods", "were", "then", "analyzed", "using", "both", "conventional", "methods", "and", "spectral", "analysis", ".", "Spectral", "analyses", "were", "conducted", "by", "dividing", "the", "whole", "spectrum", "into", "different", "frequency", "bands", "including", "delta", ",", "theta", "(", "slow", "and", "fast", ")", ",", "alpha", "-", "sigma", ",", "beta", "(", "1", "and", "2", ")", "and", "gamma", "(", "1", "and", "2", ")", "bands", ".", "Our", "results", "show", "that", "the", "most", "affected", "frequency", "bands", "were", "delta", ",", "theta", ",", "beta", "-", "2", "and", "gamma", "-", "2", "bands", "during", "the", "epileptiform", "activity", "and", "there", "were", "marked", "differences", "in", "terms", "of", "spectral", "densities", "between", "three", "investigated", "episodes", "(", "basal", "activity", ",", "latent", "period", "and", "epileptiform", "activity", ")", ".", "Our", "results", "may", "help", "to", "analyze", "novel", "data", "obtained", "using", "similar", "experimental", "models", "and", "the", "simple", "analysis", "method", "described", "here", "can", "be", "used", "in", "similar", "studies", "to", "investigate", "the", "basic", "neuronal", "mechanism", "of", "this", "or", "other", "types", "of", "experimental", "epilepsies", "." ]
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18681856
Expanding clinical spectrum of non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism due to an activating germline mutation, p.M453T, in the thyrotropin receptor gene. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical and genetic features of a Thai family with non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism (NAH) caused by an activating germline mutation in the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene. PATIENTS: Three affected individuals from the same family (a father and his two children) were studied. Clinical and imaging findings were reviewed and compared. GENETIC ANALYSIS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and mutation analysis of the entire coding sequence of the TSHR gene was performed in both children and their parents by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS: A heterozygous germline T to C transition in exon 10 of the TSHR gene (c.1358T-->C) resulting in the substitution of methionine (ATG) by threonine (ACG) at codon 453 (p.M453T) was identified in the father and his two children. They presented with different clinical severity and variable age of onset. In addition to hyperthyroidism, ventriculomegaly and bilateral shortening of the fifth metacarpal bones and the middle phalanges of the fifth fingers were consistently found in all affected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Ventriculomegaly and bilateral shortening of the fifth metacarpal bones and the middle phalanges of the fifth fingers might be characteristic features of NAH because of an activating TSHR germline mutation. In addition, the shortening of the middle phalanges of the fifth fingers has never been previously described, expanding the phenotypic spectrum of the disease.
[ "Expanding", "clinical", "spectrum", "of", "non", "-", "autoimmune", "hyperthyroidism", "due", "to", "an", "activating", "germline", "mutation", ",", "p", ".", "M453T", ",", "in", "the", "thyrotropin", "receptor", "gene", ".", "OBJECTIVE", ":", "To", "describe", "clinical", "and", "genetic", "features", "of", "a", "Thai", "family", "with", "non", "-", "autoimmune", "hyperthyroidism", "(", "NAH", ")", "caused", "by", "an", "activating", "germline", "mutation", "in", "the", "thyrotropin", "receptor", "(", "TSHR", ")", "gene", ".", "PATIENTS", ":", "Three", "affected", "individuals", "from", "the", "same", "family", "(", "a", "father", "and", "his", "two", "children", ")", "were", "studied", ".", "Clinical", "and", "imaging", "findings", "were", "reviewed", "and", "compared", ".", "GENETIC", "ANALYSIS", ":", "Genomic", "DNA", "was", "extracted", "from", "peripheral", "blood", "leukocytes", "and", "mutation", "analysis", "of", "the", "entire", "coding", "sequence", "of", "the", "TSHR", "gene", "was", "performed", "in", "both", "children", "and", "their", "parents", "by", "direct", "DNA", "sequencing", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "A", "heterozygous", "germline", "T", "to", "C", "transition", "in", "exon", "10", "of", "the", "TSHR", "gene", "(", "c", ".", "1358T", "-", "-", ">", "C", ")", "resulting", "in", "the", "substitution", "of", "methionine", "(", "ATG", ")", "by", "threonine", "(", "ACG", ")", "at", "codon", "453", "(", "p", ".", "M453T", ")", "was", "identified", "in", "the", "father", "and", "his", "two", "children", ".", "They", "presented", "with", "different", "clinical", "severity", "and", "variable", "age", "of", "onset", ".", "In", "addition", "to", "hyperthyroidism", ",", "ventriculomegaly", "and", "bilateral", "shortening", "of", "the", "fifth", "metacarpal", "bones", "and", "the", "middle", "phalanges", "of", "the", "fifth", "fingers", "were", "consistently", "found", "in", "all", "affected", "individuals", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Ventriculomegaly", "and", "bilateral", "shortening", "of", "the", "fifth", "metacarpal", "bones", "and", "the", "middle", "phalanges", "of", "the", "fifth", "fingers", "might", "be", "characteristic", "features", "of", "NAH", "because", "of", "an", "activating", "TSHR", "germline", "mutation", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "shortening", "of", "the", "middle", "phalanges", "of", "the", "fifth", "fingers", "has", "never", "been", "previously", "described", ",", "expanding", "the", "phenotypic", "spectrum", "of", "the", "disease", "." ]
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19067809
Hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability during a tilt test in relation to gene polymorphism of renin-angiotensin and serotonin system. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the renin-angiotensin system and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in relation to hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability during a head-up tilt test (HUT) in patients with vasovagal syncope. METHODS: DNA was collected from 191 patients (mean age 44+/-18 years, 61 men, 130 women). The following gene polymorphisms were determined in genomic DNA: angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D ACE), angiotensinogen gene polymorphism (M 235), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ATR1) polymorphism (A 11666C), and polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR).Heart rate variability during HUT was assessed in 5-minute intervals by low frequency, high frequency, standard deviation of the normal-to-normal (SDNN), and root mean square successive difference parameters. RESULTS: AA genotype of A 1166C polymorphism was associated with lower minimal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during HUT compared with other genotypes (minimal SBP: AA 59.6+/-21,8, AC 79.9+/-22.7, CC 65.4+/-22.7 mmHg, P=0.007), (minimal DBP: AA 36.4+/-22.7, AC 52.3+/-22.9, CC 45.4+/-19.5 mmHg, P=0.007).AA genotype was also associated with higher SDNN compared to other genotypes in the early phase of HUT (SDNN in 5 minutes of tilt: AA 59.7+/-24.6, AC 50.6+/-20.6, CC 46.0+/-13.2, P=0.01) and at syncope occurrence (SDNN: AA 71.0+/-20.9, AC 58.2+/-17.9, CC 58+/-10, P=0.04) CONCLUSION: AA genotype of A 1166C polymorphism in the ATR1 gene may be associated with hypotension and decline in sympathetic tone during HUT. Its role in genetic predisposition to vasovagal syncope cannot be excluded.
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19508969
Hypomorphic mutations in meckelin (MKS3/TMEM67) cause nephronophthisis with liver fibrosis (NPHP11). BACKGROUND: Nephronophthisis (NPHP), a rare recessive cystic kidney disease, is the most frequent genetic cause of chronic renal failure in children and young adults. Mutations in nine genes (NPHP1-9) have been identified. NPHP can be associated with retinal degeneration (Senior-Loken syndrome), brainstem and cerebellar anomalies (Joubert syndrome), or liver fibrosis. METHODS: To identify a causative gene for the subset of patients with associated liver fibrosis, the authors performed a genome wide linkage search in a consanguineous family with three affected patients using 50K SNP microarrays and homozygosity mapping. RESULTS: The authors obtained a significant maximum parametric LOD (logarithm of odds) score of Z(max) = 3.72 on chromosome 8q22 and identified a homozygous missense mutation in the gene MKS3/TMEM67. When examining a worldwide cohort of 62 independent patients with NPHP and associated liver fibrosis we identified altogether four novel mutations (p.W290L, p.C615R, p.G821S, and p.G821R) in five of them. Mutations of MKS3/TMEM67, found recently in Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) type 3 and Joubert syndrome (JBTS) type 6, are predominantly truncating mutations. In contrast, the mutations detected here in patients with NPHP and associated liver fibrosis are exclusively missense mutations. This suggests that they may represent hypomorphic alleles, leading to a milder phenotype compared with the more severe MKS or JBTS phenotype. Additionally, mutation analysis for MKS3/TMEM67 in 120 patients with JBTS yielded seven different (four novel) mutations in five patients, four of whom also presented with congenital liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Hypomorphic MKS3/TMEM67 mutations cause NPHP with liver fibrosis (NPHP11). This is the first report of MKS3 mutations in patients with no vermian agenesis and without neurological signs. Thus NPHP, JBTS, and MKS represent allelic disorders.
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19521089
Serotonin transporter gene polymorphic element 5-HTTLPR increases the risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in Italy. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder causing muscular rigidity, resting tremor and bradykinesia. We conducted an association study assessing how PD risk in Italy was influenced by the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphic region 5-HTTLPR, consisting of an insertion/deletion (long allele-L/short allele-S) of 43 bp in the SLC6A4 promoter region. The SLC6A4 promoter single nucleotide polymorphism rs25531(A-->G) was evaluated too. We collected 837 independent subjects (393 PD, 444 controls). An association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and risk of PD (S/S genotype OR [95% CI]: 1.7[1.2-2.5], p = 0.002) was found. The rs25531 and the haplotype 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 did not associate with risk of PD. Our data indicate that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphic element within the SLC6A4 promoter may govern the genetic risk of PD in Italians.
[ "Serotonin", "transporter", "gene", "polymorphic", "element", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "increases", "the", "risk", "of", "sporadic", "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "in", "Italy", ".", "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "(", "PD", ")", "is", "a", "neurodegenerative", "disorder", "causing", "muscular", "rigidity", ",", "resting", "tremor", "and", "bradykinesia", ".", "We", "conducted", "an", "association", "study", "assessing", "how", "PD", "risk", "in", "Italy", "was", "influenced", "by", "the", "serotonin", "transporter", "gene", "(", "SLC6A4", ")", "polymorphic", "region", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", ",", "consisting", "of", "an", "insertion", "/", "deletion", "(", "long", "allele", "-", "L", "/", "short", "allele", "-", "S", ")", "of", "43", "bp", "in", "the", "SLC6A4", "promoter", "region", ".", "The", "SLC6A4", "promoter", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "rs25531", "(", "A", "-", "-", ">", "G", ")", "was", "evaluated", "too", ".", "We", "collected", "837", "independent", "subjects", "(", "393", "PD", ",", "444", "controls", ")", ".", "An", "association", "between", "the", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "polymorphism", "and", "risk", "of", "PD", "(", "S", "/", "S", "genotype", "OR", "[", "95", "%", "CI", "]", ":", "1", ".", "7", "[", "1", ".", "2", "-", "2", ".", "5", "]", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "002", ")", "was", "found", ".", "The", "rs25531", "and", "the", "haplotype", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "/", "rs25531", "did", "not", "associate", "with", "risk", "of", "PD", ".", "Our", "data", "indicate", "that", "the", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "polymorphic", "element", "within", "the", "SLC6A4", "promoter", "may", "govern", "the", "genetic", "risk", "of", "PD", "in", "Italians", "." ]
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19728177
Prolonged hypothermia as a bridge to recovery for cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension associated with fulminant hepatic failure. BACKGROUND: To review evidence-based treatment options in patients with cerebral edema complicating fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and discuss the potential applications of hypothermia. METHOD: Case-based observations from a medical intensive care unit (MICU) in a tertiary care facility in a 27-year-old female with FHF from acetaminophen and resultant cerebral edema. RESULTS: Our patient was admitted to the MICU after being found unresponsive with presumed toxicity from acetaminophen which was ingested over a 2-day period. The patient had depressed of mental status lasting at least 24 h prior to admission. Initial evaluation confirmed FHF from acetaminophen and cerebral edema. The patient was treated with hyperosmolar therapy, hyperventilation, sedation, and chemical paralysis. Her intracranial pressure remained elevated despite maximal medical therapy. We then initiated therapeutic hypothermia which was continued for 5 days. At re-warming, patient had resolution of her cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. At discharge, she had complete recovery of neurological and hepatic functions. CONCLUSION: In patients with FHF and cerebral edema from acetaminophen overdose, prolonged therapeutic hypothermia could potentially be used as a life saving therapy and a bridge to hepatic and neurological recovery. A clinical trial of hypothermia in patients with this condition is warranted.
[ "Prolonged", "hypothermia", "as", "a", "bridge", "to", "recovery", "for", "cerebral", "edema", "and", "intracranial", "hypertension", "associated", "with", "fulminant", "hepatic", "failure", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "To", "review", "evidence", "-", "based", "treatment", "options", "in", "patients", "with", "cerebral", "edema", "complicating", "fulminant", "hepatic", "failure", "(", "FHF", ")", "and", "discuss", "the", "potential", "applications", "of", "hypothermia", ".", "METHOD", ":", "Case", "-", "based", "observations", "from", "a", "medical", "intensive", "care", "unit", "(", "MICU", ")", "in", "a", "tertiary", "care", "facility", "in", "a", "27", "-", "year", "-", "old", "female", "with", "FHF", "from", "acetaminophen", "and", "resultant", "cerebral", "edema", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Our", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "MICU", "after", "being", "found", "unresponsive", "with", "presumed", "toxicity", "from", "acetaminophen", "which", "was", "ingested", "over", "a", "2", "-", "day", "period", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "depressed", "of", "mental", "status", "lasting", "at", "least", "24", "h", "prior", "to", "admission", ".", "Initial", "evaluation", "confirmed", "FHF", "from", "acetaminophen", "and", "cerebral", "edema", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "treated", "with", "hyperosmolar", "therapy", ",", "hyperventilation", ",", "sedation", ",", "and", "chemical", "paralysis", ".", "Her", "intracranial", "pressure", "remained", "elevated", "despite", "maximal", "medical", "therapy", ".", "We", "then", "initiated", "therapeutic", "hypothermia", "which", "was", "continued", "for", "5", "days", ".", "At", "re", "-", "warming", ",", "patient", "had", "resolution", "of", "her", "cerebral", "edema", "and", "intracranial", "hypertension", ".", "At", "discharge", ",", "she", "had", "complete", "recovery", "of", "neurological", "and", "hepatic", "functions", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "In", "patients", "with", "FHF", "and", "cerebral", "edema", "from", "acetaminophen", "overdose", ",", "prolonged", "therapeutic", "hypothermia", "could", "potentially", "be", "used", "as", "a", "life", "saving", "therapy", "and", "a", "bridge", "to", "hepatic", "and", "neurological", "recovery", ".", "A", "clinical", "trial", "of", "hypothermia", "in", "patients", "with", "this", "condition", "is", "warranted", "." ]
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19881468
hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and risk of lung cancer by histological type. Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) has a major role in the repair of 8-hydroxyguanine, a major promutagenic DNA lesion. The genetic polymorphism rs1052133, which leads to substitution of the amino acid at codon 326 from Ser to Cys, shows functional differences, namely a decrease in enzyme activity in hOGG1-Cys326. Although several studies have investigated the association between rs1052133 and lung cancer susceptibility, the effect of this locus on lung cancer according to histology remains unclear. We therefore conducted a case-control study with 515 incident lung cancer cases and 1030 age- and sex-matched controls without cancer, and further conducted a meta-analysis. In overall analysis, the homozygous Cys/Cys genotype showed a significant association with lung cancer compared to Ser allele carrier status (odds ratio (OR)=1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.02-1.69). By histology-based analysis, the Cys/Cys genotype showed a significantly positive association with small-cell carcinoma (OR=2.40, 95% CI=1.32-4.49) and marginally significant association with adenocarcinoma (OR=1.32, 95% CI=0.98-1.77). A meta-analysis of previous and our present study revealed that this polymorphism is positively associated with adenocarcinoma, although suggestive associations were also found for squamous- and small-cell lung cancers. These results indicate that rs1052133 contributes to the risk of adenocarcinoma of lung.
[ "hOGG1", "Ser326Cys", "polymorphism", "and", "risk", "of", "lung", "cancer", "by", "histological", "type", ".", "Human", "8", "-", "oxoguanine", "DNA", "glycosylase", "1", "(", "hOGG1", ")", "has", "a", "major", "role", "in", "the", "repair", "of", "8", "-", "hydroxyguanine", ",", "a", "major", "promutagenic", "DNA", "lesion", ".", "The", "genetic", "polymorphism", "rs1052133", ",", "which", "leads", "to", "substitution", "of", "the", "amino", "acid", "at", "codon", "326", "from", "Ser", "to", "Cys", ",", "shows", "functional", "differences", ",", "namely", "a", "decrease", "in", "enzyme", "activity", "in", "hOGG1", "-", "Cys326", ".", "Although", "several", "studies", "have", "investigated", "the", "association", "between", "rs1052133", "and", "lung", "cancer", "susceptibility", ",", "the", "effect", "of", "this", "locus", "on", "lung", "cancer", "according", "to", "histology", "remains", "unclear", ".", "We", "therefore", "conducted", "a", "case", "-", "control", "study", "with", "515", "incident", "lung", "cancer", "cases", "and", "1030", "age", "-", "and", "sex", "-", "matched", "controls", "without", "cancer", ",", "and", "further", "conducted", "a", "meta", "-", "analysis", ".", "In", "overall", "analysis", ",", "the", "homozygous", "Cys", "/", "Cys", "genotype", "showed", "a", "significant", "association", "with", "lung", "cancer", "compared", "to", "Ser", "allele", "carrier", "status", "(", "odds", "ratio", "(", "OR", ")", "=1", ".", "31", ",", "95", "%", "confidence", "interval", "(", "CI", ")", "=1", ".", "02", "-", "1", ".", "69", ")", ".", "By", "histology", "-", "based", "analysis", ",", "the", "Cys", "/", "Cys", "genotype", "showed", "a", "significantly", "positive", "association", "with", "small", "-", "cell", "carcinoma", "(", "OR=2", ".", "40", ",", "95", "%", "CI=1", ".", "32", "-", "4", ".", "49", ")", "and", "marginally", "significant", "association", "with", "adenocarcinoma", "(", "OR=1", ".", "32", ",", "95", "%", "CI=0", ".", "98", "-", "1", ".", "77", ")", ".", "A", "meta", "-", "analysis", "of", "previous", "and", "our", "present", "study", "revealed", "that", "this", "polymorphism", "is", "positively", "associated", "with", "adenocarcinoma", ",", "although", "suggestive", "associations", "were", "also", "found", "for", "squamous", "-", "and", "small", "-", "cell", "lung", "cancers", ".", "These", "results", "indicate", "that", "rs1052133", "contributes", "to", "the", "risk", "of", "adenocarcinoma", "of", "lung", "." ]
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20005218
A potential regulatory single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the Klotho gene may be associated with essential hypertension in the Chinese Han population. BACKGROUND: Mice with defects in the Klotho gene exhibit multiple aging phenotypes including arteriosclerosis. We hypothesised that the G-395A polymorphism in the promoter region of the human Klotho gene may contribute to the prevalence of Essential Hypertension (EH). METHODS: We investigate whether the G-395A polymorphism of Klotho is associated with EH in a population consisting of 215 patients with EH and 220 non-hypertensive subjects. We also tested whether a G/A substitution at the G-395A site affected the transcription level in vitro through the dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: Differences in the genotype distributions of the G-395A polymorphism between the EH and non-hypertension groups are statistically significant (P=0.032). There are differential effects of age, gender and smoking status on the association of the G-395A polymorphism with EH; the G-395A polymorphism is significantly associated with EH in subjects over 60years old, in females and in nonsmokers. A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ratio for EH in the -395A allele carriers as compared with the control group was 0.593 (P=0.024) after adjusting for current traditional risk factors. The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that the -395A carrier of a 498-bp DNA fragment (containing the G-395A site) upstream of the Klotho gene has higher relative luciferase activity than the -395G carrier. CONCLUSIONS: The G-395A polymorphism of the human Klotho gene is associated with EH and may be a potential regulatory site.
[ "A", "potential", "regulatory", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "promoter", "of", "the", "Klotho", "gene", "may", "be", "associated", "with", "essential", "hypertension", "in", "the", "Chinese", "Han", "population", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Mice", "with", "defects", "in", "the", "Klotho", "gene", "exhibit", "multiple", "aging", "phenotypes", "including", "arteriosclerosis", ".", "We", "hypothesised", "that", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "promoter", "region", "of", "the", "human", "Klotho", "gene", "may", "contribute", "to", "the", "prevalence", "of", "Essential", "Hypertension", "(", "EH", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "We", "investigate", "whether", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "of", "Klotho", "is", "associated", "with", "EH", "in", "a", "population", "consisting", "of", "215", "patients", "with", "EH", "and", "220", "non", "-", "hypertensive", "subjects", ".", "We", "also", "tested", "whether", "a", "G", "/", "A", "substitution", "at", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "site", "affected", "the", "transcription", "level", "in", "vitro", "through", "the", "dual", "-", "luciferase", "reporter", "assay", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Differences", "in", "the", "genotype", "distributions", "of", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "between", "the", "EH", "and", "non", "-", "hypertension", "groups", "are", "statistically", "significant", "(", "P=0", ".", "032", ")", ".", "There", "are", "differential", "effects", "of", "age", ",", "gender", "and", "smoking", "status", "on", "the", "association", "of", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "with", "EH", ";", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "is", "significantly", "associated", "with", "EH", "in", "subjects", "over", "60years", "old", ",", "in", "females", "and", "in", "nonsmokers", ".", "A", "multiple", "logistic", "regression", "analysis", "indicated", "that", "the", "odds", "ratio", "for", "EH", "in", "the", "-", "395A", "allele", "carriers", "as", "compared", "with", "the", "control", "group", "was", "0", ".", "593", "(", "P=0", ".", "024", ")", "after", "adjusting", "for", "current", "traditional", "risk", "factors", ".", "The", "dual", "-", "luciferase", "reporter", "assay", "revealed", "that", "the", "-", "395A", "carrier", "of", "a", "498", "-", "bp", "DNA", "fragment", "(", "containing", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "site", ")", "upstream", "of", "the", "Klotho", "gene", "has", "higher", "relative", "luciferase", "activity", "than", "the", "-", "395G", "carrier", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "The", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "of", "the", "human", "Klotho", "gene", "is", "associated", "with", "EH", "and", "may", "be", "a", "potential", "regulatory", "site", "." ]
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20034406
Chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are increased in the hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation occurs after seizures and is implicated in epileptogenesis. CCR2 is a chemokine receptor for CCL2 and their interaction mediates monocyte infiltration in the neuroinflammatory cascade triggered in different brain pathologies. In this work CCR2 and CCL2 expression were examined following status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine injection. METHODS: SE was induced by pilocarpine injection. Control rats were injected with saline instead of pilocarpine. Five days after SE, CCR2 staining in neurons and glial cells was examined using imunohistochemical analyses. The number of CCR2 positive cells was determined using stereology probes in the hippocampus. CCL2 expression in the hippocampus was examined by molecular assay. RESULTS: Increased CCR2 was observed in the hippocampus after SE. Seizures also resulted in alterations to the cell types expressing CCR2. Increased numbers of neurons that expressed CCR2 was observed following SE. Microglial cells were more closely apposed to the CCR2-labeled cells in SE rats. In addition, rats that experienced SE exhibited CCR2-labeling in populations of hypertrophied astrocytes, especially in CA1 and dentate gyrus. These CCR2+ astroctytes were not observed in control rats. Examination of CCL2 expression showed that it was elevated in the hippocampus following SE. CONCLUSION: The data show that CCR2 and CCL2 are up-regulated in the hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced SE. Seizures also result in changes to CCR2 receptor expression in neurons and astrocytes. These changes might be involved in detrimental neuroplasticity and neuroinflammatory changes that occur following seizures.
[ "Chemokine", "CCL2", "and", "its", "receptor", "CCR2", "are", "increased", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "following", "pilocarpine", "-", "induced", "status", "epilepticus", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Neuroinflammation", "occurs", "after", "seizures", "and", "is", "implicated", "in", "epileptogenesis", ".", "CCR2", "is", "a", "chemokine", "receptor", "for", "CCL2", "and", "their", "interaction", "mediates", "monocyte", "infiltration", "in", "the", "neuroinflammatory", "cascade", "triggered", "in", "different", "brain", "pathologies", ".", "In", "this", "work", "CCR2", "and", "CCL2", "expression", "were", "examined", "following", "status", "epilepticus", "(", "SE", ")", "induced", "by", "pilocarpine", "injection", ".", "METHODS", ":", "SE", "was", "induced", "by", "pilocarpine", "injection", ".", "Control", "rats", "were", "injected", "with", "saline", "instead", "of", "pilocarpine", ".", "Five", "days", "after", "SE", ",", "CCR2", "staining", "in", "neurons", "and", "glial", "cells", "was", "examined", "using", "imunohistochemical", "analyses", ".", "The", "number", "of", "CCR2", "positive", "cells", "was", "determined", "using", "stereology", "probes", "in", "the", "hippocampus", ".", "CCL2", "expression", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "was", "examined", "by", "molecular", "assay", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Increased", "CCR2", "was", "observed", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "after", "SE", ".", "Seizures", "also", "resulted", "in", "alterations", "to", "the", "cell", "types", "expressing", "CCR2", ".", "Increased", "numbers", "of", "neurons", "that", "expressed", "CCR2", "was", "observed", "following", "SE", ".", "Microglial", "cells", "were", "more", "closely", "apposed", "to", "the", "CCR2", "-", "labeled", "cells", "in", "SE", "rats", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "rats", "that", "experienced", "SE", "exhibited", "CCR2", "-", "labeling", "in", "populations", "of", "hypertrophied", "astrocytes", ",", "especially", "in", "CA1", "and", "dentate", "gyrus", ".", "These", "CCR2", "+", "astroctytes", "were", "not", "observed", "in", "control", "rats", ".", "Examination", "of", "CCL2", "expression", "showed", "that", "it", "was", "elevated", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "following", "SE", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "The", "data", "show", "that", "CCR2", "and", "CCL2", "are", "up", "-", "regulated", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "after", "pilocarpine", "-", "induced", "SE", ".", "Seizures", "also", "result", "in", "changes", "to", "CCR2", "receptor", "expression", "in", "neurons", "and", "astrocytes", ".", "These", "changes", "might", "be", "involved", "in", "detrimental", "neuroplasticity", "and", "neuroinflammatory", "changes", "that", "occur", "following", "seizures", "." ]
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20105310
Association of adipocyte genes with ASP expression: a microarray analysis of subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in morbidly obese subjects. BACKGROUND: Prevalence of obesity is increasing to pandemic proportions. However, obese subjects differ in insulin resistance, adipokine production and co-morbidities. Based on fasting plasma analysis, obese subjects were grouped as Low Acylation Stimulating protein (ASP) and Triglyceride (TG) (LAT) vs High ASP and TG (HAT). Subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) adipose tissues (n = 21) were analysed by microarray, and biologic pathways in lipid metabolism and inflammation were specifically examined. METHODS: LAT and HAT groups were matched in age, obesity, insulin, and glucose, and had similar expression of insulin-related genes (InsR, IRS-1). ASP related genes tended to be increased in the HAT group and were correlated (factor B, adipsin, complement C3, p < 0.01 each). Differences between LAT and HAT group were almost exclusively in SC tissue, with little difference in OM tissue. Increased C5L2 (p < 0.01), an ASP receptor, in HAT suggests a compensatory ASP pathway, associated with increased TG storage. RESULTS: HAT adipose tissue demonstrated increased lipid related genes for storage (CD36, DGAT1, DGAT2, SCD1, FASN, and LPL), lipolysis (HSL, CES1, perilipin), fatty acid binding proteins (FABP1, FABP3) and adipocyte differentiation markers (CEBPalpha, CEBPbeta, PPARgamma). By contrast, oxidation related genes were decreased (AMPK, UCP1, CPT1, FABP7). HAT subjects had increased anti-inflammatory genes TGFB1, TIMP1, TIMP3, and TIMP4 while proinflammatory PIG7 and MMP2 were also significantly increased; all genes, p < 0.025. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the profile of C5L2 receptor, ASP gene expression and metabolic factors in adipose tissue from morbidly obese HAT subjects suggests a compensatory response associated with the increased plasma ASP and TG.
[ "Association", "of", "adipocyte", "genes", "with", "ASP", "expression", ":", "a", "microarray", "analysis", "of", "subcutaneous", "and", "omental", "adipose", "tissue", "in", "morbidly", "obese", "subjects", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Prevalence", "of", "obesity", "is", "increasing", "to", "pandemic", "proportions", ".", "However", ",", "obese", "subjects", "differ", "in", "insulin", "resistance", ",", "adipokine", "production", "and", "co", "-", "morbidities", ".", "Based", "on", "fasting", "plasma", "analysis", ",", "obese", "subjects", "were", "grouped", "as", "Low", "Acylation", "Stimulating", "protein", "(", "ASP", ")", "and", "Triglyceride", "(", "TG", ")", "(", "LAT", ")", "vs", "High", "ASP", "and", "TG", "(", "HAT", ")", ".", "Subcutaneous", "(", "SC", ")", "and", "omental", "(", "OM", ")", "adipose", "tissues", "(", "n", "=", "21", ")", "were", "analysed", "by", "microarray", ",", "and", "biologic", "pathways", "in", "lipid", "metabolism", "and", "inflammation", "were", "specifically", "examined", ".", "METHODS", ":", "LAT", "and", "HAT", "groups", "were", "matched", "in", "age", ",", "obesity", ",", "insulin", ",", "and", "glucose", ",", "and", "had", "similar", "expression", "of", "insulin", "-", "related", "genes", "(", "InsR", ",", "IRS", "-", "1", ")", ".", "ASP", "related", "genes", "tended", "to", "be", "increased", "in", "the", "HAT", "group", "and", "were", "correlated", "(", "factor", "B", ",", "adipsin", ",", "complement", "C3", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "01", "each", ")", ".", "Differences", "between", "LAT", "and", "HAT", "group", "were", "almost", "exclusively", "in", "SC", "tissue", ",", "with", "little", "difference", "in", "OM", "tissue", ".", "Increased", "C5L2", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "01", ")", ",", "an", "ASP", "receptor", ",", "in", "HAT", "suggests", "a", "compensatory", "ASP", "pathway", ",", "associated", "with", "increased", "TG", "storage", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "HAT", "adipose", "tissue", "demonstrated", "increased", "lipid", "related", "genes", "for", "storage", "(", "CD36", ",", "DGAT1", ",", "DGAT2", ",", "SCD1", ",", "FASN", ",", "and", "LPL", ")", ",", "lipolysis", "(", "HSL", ",", "CES1", ",", "perilipin", ")", ",", "fatty", "acid", "binding", "proteins", "(", "FABP1", ",", "FABP3", ")", "and", "adipocyte", "differentiation", "markers", "(", "CEBPalpha", ",", "CEBPbeta", ",", "PPARgamma", ")", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "oxidation", "related", "genes", "were", "decreased", "(", "AMPK", ",", "UCP1", ",", "CPT1", ",", "FABP7", ")", ".", "HAT", "subjects", "had", "increased", "anti", "-", "inflammatory", "genes", "TGFB1", ",", "TIMP1", ",", "TIMP3", ",", "and", "TIMP4", "while", "proinflammatory", "PIG7", "and", "MMP2", "were", "also", "significantly", "increased", ";", "all", "genes", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "025", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Taken", "together", ",", "the", "profile", "of", "C5L2", "receptor", ",", "ASP", "gene", "expression", "and", "metabolic", "factors", "in", "adipose", "tissue", "from", "morbidly", "obese", "HAT", "subjects", "suggests", "a", "compensatory", "response", "associated", "with", "the", "increased", "plasma", "ASP", "and", "TG", "." ]
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20606392
Atypical GH insensitivity syndrome and severe insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency resulting from compound heterozygous mutations of the GH receptor, including a novel frameshift mutation affecting the intracellular domain. BACKGROUND/AIMS: GH insensitivity and IGF deficiency may result from aberrations of the GH receptor (GHR). We describe a 4-year-old child with modest growth failure and normal serum concentrations of GH-binding protein (GHBP), but clinical evidence of GH insensitivity. METHOD: Serum and DNA samples from the proband and his parents were analyzed. RESULTS: The child had a height of -4 SD, elevated serum GH concentrations, abnormally low serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations and normal GHBP concentrations. DNA analysis revealed compound heterozygosity for mutations of GHR, including a previously reported R211H mutation and a novel duplication of a nucleotide in exon 9 (899dupC), the latter resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon. Treatment with recombinant DNA-derived IGF-I resulted in growth acceleration. CONCLUSION: Mutations affecting the intracellular domain of the GHR can result in GH insensitivity and IGF deficiency, despite normal serum concentrations of GHBP. The presence of clinical and biochemical evidence of GH resistance is sufficient to consider the possibility of aberrations of the GHR, even in the presence of normal serum GHBP concentrations.
[ "Atypical", "GH", "insensitivity", "syndrome", "and", "severe", "insulin", "-", "like", "growth", "factor", "-", "I", "deficiency", "resulting", "from", "compound", "heterozygous", "mutations", "of", "the", "GH", "receptor", ",", "including", "a", "novel", "frameshift", "mutation", "affecting", "the", "intracellular", "domain", ".", "BACKGROUND", "/", "AIMS", ":", "GH", "insensitivity", "and", "IGF", "deficiency", "may", "result", "from", "aberrations", "of", "the", "GH", "receptor", "(", "GHR", ")", ".", "We", "describe", "a", "4", "-", "year", "-", "old", "child", "with", "modest", "growth", "failure", "and", "normal", "serum", "concentrations", "of", "GH", "-", "binding", "protein", "(", "GHBP", ")", ",", "but", "clinical", "evidence", "of", "GH", "insensitivity", ".", "METHOD", ":", "Serum", "and", "DNA", "samples", "from", "the", "proband", "and", "his", "parents", "were", "analyzed", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "The", "child", "had", "a", "height", "of", "-", "4", "SD", ",", "elevated", "serum", "GH", "concentrations", ",", "abnormally", "low", "serum", "IGF", "-", "I", "and", "IGFBP", "-", "3", "concentrations", "and", "normal", "GHBP", "concentrations", ".", "DNA", "analysis", "revealed", "compound", "heterozygosity", "for", "mutations", "of", "GHR", ",", "including", "a", "previously", "reported", "R211H", "mutation", "and", "a", "novel", "duplication", "of", "a", "nucleotide", "in", "exon", "9", "(", "899dupC", ")", ",", "the", "latter", "resulting", "in", "a", "frameshift", "and", "a", "premature", "stop", "codon", ".", "Treatment", "with", "recombinant", "DNA", "-", "derived", "IGF", "-", "I", "resulted", "in", "growth", "acceleration", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Mutations", "affecting", "the", "intracellular", "domain", "of", "the", "GHR", "can", "result", "in", "GH", "insensitivity", "and", "IGF", "deficiency", ",", "despite", "normal", "serum", "concentrations", "of", "GHBP", ".", "The", "presence", "of", "clinical", "and", "biochemical", "evidence", "of", "GH", "resistance", "is", "sufficient", "to", "consider", "the", "possibility", "of", "aberrations", "of", "the", "GHR", ",", "even", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "normal", "serum", "GHBP", "concentrations", "." ]
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20708777
Association of DNA polymorphisms within the CYP11B2/CYP11B1 locus and postoperative hypertension risk in the patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas. OBJECTIVES: Hypertension often persists after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism. Traditional factors associated with postoperative hypertension were evaluated, but whether genetic determinants were involved remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of DNA polymorphisms within steroid synthesis genes (CYP11B2, CYP11B1) and the postoperative resolution of hypertension in Chinese patients undergoing adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA). METHODS: Ninety-three patients with APA were assessed for postoperative resolution of hypertension. All patients were genotyped for rs1799998 (C-344 T), intron 2 conversion, rs4539 (A2718G) within CYP11B2 and rs6410 (G22 5A), rs6387 (A2803G) within CYP11B1. The associations between CYPB11B2/CYP11B1 polymorphisms and persistent postoperative hypertension were assessed by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: CYP11B2-CYP11B1 haplotype was associated with persistent postoperative hypertension in Chinese patients undergoing adrenalectomy with APA (P = .006). Specifically, the rs4539 (AA) polymorphism was associated with persistent postoperative hypertension (P = .002). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the common haplotypes H1 (AGACT), H2 (AGAWT), and H3 (AGAWC) were associated with the persistent postoperative hypertension (P = .01, 0.03, 0.005 after Bonferroni correction). Additional predictors of persistent postoperative hypertension included duration of hypertension (P <.0005), family history of hypertension (P = .001), and elevated systolic blood pressure (P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: The rs4539 (AA), H1, H2, and H3 are genetic predictors for postoperative persistence of hypertension for Chinese patients treated by adrenalectomy with APA. DNA polymorphisms at CYP11B2/B1 locus may confer susceptibility to postoperative hypertension of patients with APA.
[ "Association", "of", "DNA", "polymorphisms", "within", "the", "CYP11B2", "/", "CYP11B1", "locus", "and", "postoperative", "hypertension", "risk", "in", "the", "patients", "with", "aldosterone", "-", "producing", "adenomas", ".", "OBJECTIVES", ":", "Hypertension", "often", "persists", "after", "adrenalectomy", "for", "primary", "aldosteronism", ".", "Traditional", "factors", "associated", "with", "postoperative", "hypertension", "were", "evaluated", ",", "but", "whether", "genetic", "determinants", "were", "involved", "remains", "poorly", "understood", ".", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "investigate", "the", "association", "of", "DNA", "polymorphisms", "within", "steroid", "synthesis", "genes", "(", "CYP11B2", ",", "CYP11B1", ")", "and", "the", "postoperative", "resolution", "of", "hypertension", "in", "Chinese", "patients", "undergoing", "adrenalectomy", "for", "aldosterone", "-", "producing", "adenomas", "(", "APA", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Ninety", "-", "three", "patients", "with", "APA", "were", "assessed", "for", "postoperative", "resolution", "of", "hypertension", ".", "All", "patients", "were", "genotyped", "for", "rs1799998", "(", "C", "-", "344", "T", ")", ",", "intron", "2", "conversion", ",", "rs4539", "(", "A2718G", ")", "within", "CYP11B2", "and", "rs6410", "(", "G22", "5A", ")", ",", "rs6387", "(", "A2803G", ")", "within", "CYP11B1", ".", "The", "associations", "between", "CYPB11B2", "/", "CYP11B1", "polymorphisms", "and", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "were", "assessed", "by", "multivariate", "analysis", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "CYP11B2", "-", "CYP11B1", "haplotype", "was", "associated", "with", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "in", "Chinese", "patients", "undergoing", "adrenalectomy", "with", "APA", "(", "P", "=", ".", "006", ")", ".", "Specifically", ",", "the", "rs4539", "(", "AA", ")", "polymorphism", "was", "associated", "with", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "(", "P", "=", ".", "002", ")", ".", "Multivariate", "logistic", "regression", "revealed", "the", "common", "haplotypes", "H1", "(", "AGACT", ")", ",", "H2", "(", "AGAWT", ")", ",", "and", "H3", "(", "AGAWC", ")", "were", "associated", "with", "the", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "(", "P", "=", ".", "01", ",", "0", ".", "03", ",", "0", ".", "005", "after", "Bonferroni", "correction", ")", ".", "Additional", "predictors", "of", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "included", "duration", "of", "hypertension", "(", "P", "<", ".", "0005", ")", ",", "family", "history", "of", "hypertension", "(", "P", "=", ".", "001", ")", ",", "and", "elevated", "systolic", "blood", "pressure", "(", "P", "=", ".", "015", ")", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "The", "rs4539", "(", "AA", ")", ",", "H1", ",", "H2", ",", "and", "H3", "are", "genetic", "predictors", "for", "postoperative", "persistence", "of", "hypertension", "for", "Chinese", "patients", "treated", "by", "adrenalectomy", "with", "APA", ".", "DNA", "polymorphisms", "at", "CYP11B2", "/", "B1", "locus", "may", "confer", "susceptibility", "to", "postoperative", "hypertension", "of", "patients", "with", "APA", "." ]
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20806042
A novel mutation in GJA8 causing congenital cataract-microcornea syndrome in a Chinese pedigree. PURPOSE: To identify the underlying genetic defect in a four-generation family of Chinese origin with autosomal dominant congenital cataract-microcornea syndrome (CCMC). METHODS: All individuals in the study underwent a full clinical examination and the details of history were collected . Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and the exons of all candidate genes were sequenced. RESULTS: Direct sequencing of the encoding regions of the candidate genes revealed a heterozygous mutation c.592C-->T in exon 2 of the gap junction protein, alpha 8 (GJA8) gene. This mutation was responsible for the familial disorder through the substitution of a highly conserved arginine to tryptophan at codon 198 (p.R198W). This change co-segregated with all affected members of the family, but was not detected either in the non-carrier relatives or in the 100 normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first to relate p.R198W mutation in GJA8 with CCMC. The result expands the mutation spectrum of GJA8 in associated with congenital cataract and microcornea, and implies that this gene has direct involvement with the development of the lens as well as the other anterior segment of the eye.
[ "A", "novel", "mutation", "in", "GJA8", "causing", "congenital", "cataract", "-", "microcornea", "syndrome", "in", "a", "Chinese", "pedigree", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "To", "identify", "the", "underlying", "genetic", "defect", "in", "a", "four", "-", "generation", "family", "of", "Chinese", "origin", "with", "autosomal", "dominant", "congenital", "cataract", "-", "microcornea", "syndrome", "(", "CCMC", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "All", "individuals", "in", "the", "study", "underwent", "a", "full", "clinical", "examination", "and", "the", "details", "of", "history", "were", "collected", ".", "Genomic", "DNA", "extracted", "from", "peripheral", "blood", "was", "amplified", "by", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", "method", "and", "the", "exons", "of", "all", "candidate", "genes", "were", "sequenced", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Direct", "sequencing", "of", "the", "encoding", "regions", "of", "the", "candidate", "genes", "revealed", "a", "heterozygous", "mutation", "c", ".", "592C", "-", "-", ">", "T", "in", "exon", "2", "of", "the", "gap", "junction", "protein", ",", "alpha", "8", "(", "GJA8", ")", "gene", ".", "This", "mutation", "was", "responsible", "for", "the", "familial", "disorder", "through", "the", "substitution", "of", "a", "highly", "conserved", "arginine", "to", "tryptophan", "at", "codon", "198", "(", "p", ".", "R198W", ")", ".", "This", "change", "co", "-", "segregated", "with", "all", "affected", "members", "of", "the", "family", ",", "but", "was", "not", "detected", "either", "in", "the", "non", "-", "carrier", "relatives", "or", "in", "the", "100", "normal", "controls", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "This", "report", "is", "the", "first", "to", "relate", "p", ".", "R198W", "mutation", "in", "GJA8", "with", "CCMC", ".", "The", "result", "expands", "the", "mutation", "spectrum", "of", "GJA8", "in", "associated", "with", "congenital", "cataract", "and", "microcornea", ",", "and", "implies", "that", "this", "gene", "has", "direct", "involvement", "with", "the", "development", "of", "the", "lens", "as", "well", "as", "the", "other", "anterior", "segment", "of", "the", "eye", "." ]
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21163864
The M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene in South Indian patients of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. INTRODUCTION: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex disorder and genetically transmitted cardiac disease with a diverse clinical course. The objective of the present study was to examine the association of the T704C polymorphism of exon 2 of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene with HCM in a South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh. Subjects and methods. One-hundred and fifty HCM (90 sporadic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [SHCM] and 60 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [FHCM]) patients and 165 age- and sex-matched normal healthy controls without known hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy were included in the study. DNA was isolated from peripheral leukocytes and the region of interest in the AGT gene bearing a missense mutation methionine to threonine substitution at codon 235 (M235T) of exon 2, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were subjected to restriction digestion with the enzyme SfaNI. RESULTS: Significant differences were detected in genotypic distribution (p = 0.04) as well as the allelic frequency (p = 0.003) between the SHCM patients and controls. The polymorphism did not show any association with FHCM. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the T allele of the AGT gene is significantly associated with SHCM in a South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh. However, we did not find significant association of this polymorphism with FHCM.
[ "The", "M235T", "polymorphism", "of", "the", "angiotensinogen", "gene", "in", "South", "Indian", "patients", "of", "hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", ".", "INTRODUCTION", ":", "Hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", "(", "HCM", ")", "is", "a", "complex", "disorder", "and", "genetically", "transmitted", "cardiac", "disease", "with", "a", "diverse", "clinical", "course", ".", "The", "objective", "of", "the", "present", "study", "was", "to", "examine", "the", "association", "of", "the", "T704C", "polymorphism", "of", "exon", "2", "of", "the", "angiotensinogen", "(", "AGT", ")", "gene", "with", "HCM", "in", "a", "South", "Indian", "population", "from", "Andhra", "Pradesh", ".", "Subjects", "and", "methods", ".", "One", "-", "hundred", "and", "fifty", "HCM", "(", "90", "sporadic", "hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", "[", "SHCM", "]", "and", "60", "familial", "hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", "[", "FHCM", "]", ")", "patients", "and", "165", "age", "-", "and", "sex", "-", "matched", "normal", "healthy", "controls", "without", "known", "hypertension", "and", "left", "ventricular", "hypertrophy", "were", "included", "in", "the", "study", ".", "DNA", "was", "isolated", "from", "peripheral", "leukocytes", "and", "the", "region", "of", "interest", "in", "the", "AGT", "gene", "bearing", "a", "missense", "mutation", "methionine", "to", "threonine", "substitution", "at", "codon", "235", "(", "M235T", ")", "of", "exon", "2", ",", "was", "amplified", "by", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", ".", "The", "PCR", "products", "were", "subjected", "to", "restriction", "digestion", "with", "the", "enzyme", "SfaNI", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Significant", "differences", "were", "detected", "in", "genotypic", "distribution", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "04", ")", "as", "well", "as", "the", "allelic", "frequency", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "003", ")", "between", "the", "SHCM", "patients", "and", "controls", ".", "The", "polymorphism", "did", "not", "show", "any", "association", "with", "FHCM", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Our", "results", "suggest", "that", "the", "T", "allele", "of", "the", "AGT", "gene", "is", "significantly", "associated", "with", "SHCM", "in", "a", "South", "Indian", "population", "from", "Andhra", "Pradesh", ".", "However", ",", "we", "did", "not", "find", "significant", "association", "of", "this", "polymorphism", "with", "FHCM", "." ]
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21615796
Interleukin-17F gene polymorphism in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. INTRODUCTION: IL-17F is a novel inflammatory cytokine and plays an important role in some autoimmune diseases. We investigated the association between chronic ITP and the frequency of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs763780 (7488T/C), which causes a His-to-Arg substitution at amino acid 161. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined 102 patients (men/women, 40/62; median age, 42) diagnosed with chronic ITP and 188 healthy controls (men/women, 78/110; median age, 38). Genotyping was determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, patients with chronic ITP had a significantly lower frequency of the IL-17F 7488CC genotype (0% vs. 4.8%, P<0.05). The number of IL-17F 7488C alleles among the patients with chronic ITP was also significantly lower than in the control group (8.7% vs. 15.2% OR=0.48, 95%CI=0.27-0.84, P=0.016). Furthermore, patients with the IL-17F 7488TT genotype showed a severe thrombocytopenic state (platelet count<10 10(9) /L) at diagnosis than those with the IL-17F 7488TC genotype (20.9% vs. 0%, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the IL-17F 7488 T allele is significantly associated with the development of chronic ITP, suggesting a role for IL-17F in the pathogenesis of chronic ITP.
[ "Interleukin", "-", "17F", "gene", "polymorphism", "in", "patients", "with", "chronic", "immune", "thrombocytopenia", ".", "INTRODUCTION", ":", "IL", "-", "17F", "is", "a", "novel", "inflammatory", "cytokine", "and", "plays", "an", "important", "role", "in", "some", "autoimmune", "diseases", ".", "We", "investigated", "the", "association", "between", "chronic", "ITP", "and", "the", "frequency", "of", "the", "single", "-", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "rs763780", "(", "7488T", "/", "C", ")", ",", "which", "causes", "a", "His", "-", "to", "-", "Arg", "substitution", "at", "amino", "acid", "161", ".", "PATIENTS", "AND", "METHODS", ":", "We", "examined", "102", "patients", "(", "men", "/", "women", ",", "40", "/", "62", ";", "median", "age", ",", "42", ")", "diagnosed", "with", "chronic", "ITP", "and", "188", "healthy", "controls", "(", "men", "/", "women", ",", "78", "/", "110", ";", "median", "age", ",", "38", ")", ".", "Genotyping", "was", "determined", "by", "the", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "-", "restriction", "fragment", "length", "polymorphism", "(", "PCR", "-", "RFLP", ")", "technique", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Compared", "with", "the", "control", "group", ",", "patients", "with", "chronic", "ITP", "had", "a", "significantly", "lower", "frequency", "of", "the", "IL", "-", "17F", "7488CC", "genotype", "(", "0", "%", "vs", ".", "4", ".", "8", "%", ",", "P", "<", "0", ".", "05", ")", ".", "The", "number", "of", "IL", "-", "17F", "7488C", "alleles", "among", "the", "patients", "with", "chronic", "ITP", "was", "also", "significantly", "lower", "than", "in", "the", "control", "group", "(", "8", ".", "7", "%", "vs", ".", "15", ".", "2", "%", "OR=0", ".", "48", ",", "95", "%", "CI=0", ".", "27", "-", "0", ".", "84", ",", "P=0", ".", "016", ")", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "patients", "with", "the", "IL", "-", "17F", "7488TT", "genotype", "showed", "a", "severe", "thrombocytopenic", "state", "(", "platelet", "count", "<", "10", "10", "(", "9", ")", "/", "L", ")", "at", "diagnosis", "than", "those", "with", "the", "IL", "-", "17F", "7488TC", "genotype", "(", "20", ".", "9", "%", "vs", ".", "0", "%", ",", "P=0", ".", "04", ")", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "These", "findings", "suggest", "that", "the", "IL", "-", "17F", "7488", "T", "allele", "is", "significantly", "associated", "with", "the", "development", "of", "chronic", "ITP", ",", "suggesting", "a", "role", "for", "IL", "-", "17F", "in", "the", "pathogenesis", "of", "chronic", "ITP", "." ]
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21682595
XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene polymorphism and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Polish population. It has been shown that DNA repair is reduced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and that the X-ray repair cross-complementing (XRCC1) Arg399Gln (rs25487) polymorphism may contribute to DNA repair. We evaluated the frequency of the XRCC1 Arg399Gln substitution in patients with SLE (n=265) and controls (n=360) in a sample of the Polish population. The odds ratio (OR) for SLE patients with the Gln/Gln versus Gln/Arg or Arg/Arg genotypes was 1.553 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.9573-2.520; p=0.0729). OR for the Gln/Gln or Gln/Arg versus Arg/Arg genotype was 1.551 (95% CI=1.122-2.144, p=0.0077). The OR for the 399 Gln allele in patients with SLE was 1.406 (95% CI=1.111-1.779, p=0.0045). There was also a statistically significant p-value of the (2) test for the trend observed in the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism (ptrend=0.0048). We also found a significant contribution of the Gln/Gln or Arg/Gln versus Arg/Arg genotype to the presence of either the malar rash or photosensitivity manifestations of SLE OR=2.241 (1.328-3.781, p=0.0023, pcorr=0.0414). Moreover, the meta-analysis of Taiwanese Han Chinese, Brazilian, and Polish populations showed that the Gln/Gln or Gln/Arg genotype and Gln allele were associated with SLE incidence. OR for the Gln/Gln or Gln/Arg versus Arg/Arg genotype was 1.440 (95% CI=1.15-1.80, p=0.0019) and OR for the Gln allele was 1.27 (95% CI=1.08-1.51, p=0.0051). Our studies may confirm that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism may increase the risk of incidence of SLE and the occurrence of some SLE manifestations.
[ "XRCC1", "Arg399Gln", "gene", "polymorphism", "and", "the", "risk", "of", "systemic", "lupus", "erythematosus", "in", "the", "Polish", "population", ".", "It", "has", "been", "shown", "that", "DNA", "repair", "is", "reduced", "in", "patients", "with", "systemic", "lupus", "erythematosus", "(", "SLE", ")", "and", "that", "the", "X", "-", "ray", "repair", "cross", "-", "complementing", "(", "XRCC1", ")", "Arg399Gln", "(", "rs25487", ")", "polymorphism", "may", "contribute", "to", "DNA", "repair", ".", "We", "evaluated", "the", "frequency", "of", "the", "XRCC1", "Arg399Gln", "substitution", "in", "patients", "with", "SLE", "(", "n=265", ")", "and", "controls", "(", "n=360", ")", "in", "a", "sample", "of", "the", "Polish", "population", ".", "The", "odds", "ratio", "(", "OR", ")", "for", "SLE", "patients", "with", "the", "Gln", "/", "Gln", "versus", "Gln", "/", "Arg", "or", "Arg", "/", "Arg", "genotypes", "was", "1", ".", "553", "(", "95", "%", "confidence", "interval", "[", "CI", "]", "=0", ".", "9573", "-", "2", ".", "520", ";", "p=0", ".", "0729", ")", ".", "OR", "for", "the", "Gln", "/", "Gln", "or", "Gln", "/", "Arg", "versus", "Arg", "/", "Arg", "genotype", "was", "1", ".", "551", "(", "95", "%", "CI=1", ".", "122", "-", "2", ".", "144", ",", "p=0", ".", "0077", ")", ".", "The", "OR", "for", "the", "399", "Gln", "allele", "in", "patients", "with", "SLE", "was", "1", ".", "406", "(", "95", "%", "CI=1", ".", "111", "-", "1", ".", "779", ",", "p=0", ".", "0045", ")", ".", "There", "was", "also", "a", "statistically", "significant", "p", "-", "value", "of", "the", "(", "2", ")", "test", "for", "the", "trend", "observed", "in", "the", "XRCC1", "Arg399Gln", "polymorphism", "(", "ptrend=0", ".", "0048", ")", ".", "We", "also", "found", "a", "significant", "contribution", "of", "the", "Gln", "/", "Gln", "or", "Arg", "/", "Gln", "versus", "Arg", "/", "Arg", "genotype", "to", "the", "presence", "of", "either", "the", "malar", "rash", "or", "photosensitivity", "manifestations", "of", "SLE", "OR=2", ".", "241", "(", "1", ".", "328", "-", "3", ".", "781", ",", "p=0", ".", "0023", ",", "pcorr=0", ".", "0414", ")", ".", "Moreover", ",", "the", "meta", "-", "analysis", "of", "Taiwanese", "Han", "Chinese", ",", "Brazilian", ",", "and", "Polish", "populations", "showed", "that", "the", "Gln", "/", "Gln", "or", "Gln", "/", "Arg", "genotype", "and", "Gln", "allele", "were", "associated", "with", "SLE", "incidence", ".", "OR", "for", "the", "Gln", "/", "Gln", "or", "Gln", "/", "Arg", "versus", "Arg", "/", "Arg", "genotype", "was", "1", ".", "440", "(", "95", "%", "CI=1", ".", "15", "-", "1", ".", "80", ",", "p=0", ".", "0019", ")", "and", "OR", "for", "the", "Gln", "allele", "was", "1", ".", "27", "(", "95", "%", "CI=1", ".", "08", "-", "1", ".", "51", ",", "p=0", ".", "0051", ")", ".", "Our", "studies", "may", "confirm", "that", "the", "XRCC1", "Arg399Gln", "polymorphism", "may", "increase", "the", "risk", "of", "incidence", "of", "SLE", "and", "the", "occurrence", "of", "some", "SLE", "manifestations", "." ]
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22808010
Defining an EPOR- regulated transcriptome for primary progenitors, including Tnfr-sf13c as a novel mediator of EPO- dependent erythroblast formation. Certain concepts concerning EPO/EPOR action modes have been challenged by in vivo studies: Bcl-x levels are elevated in maturing erythroblasts, but not in their progenitors; truncated EPOR alleles that lack a major p85/PI3K recruitment site nonetheless promote polycythemia; and Erk1 disruption unexpectedly bolsters erythropoiesis. To discover novel EPO/EPOR action routes, global transcriptome analyses presently are applied to interrogate EPO/EPOR effects on primary bone marrow-derived CFUe-like progenitors. Overall, 160 EPO/EPOR target transcripts were significantly modulated 2-to 21.8-fold. A unique set of EPO-regulated survival factors included Lyl1, Gas5, Pim3, Pim1, Bim, Trib3 and Serpina 3g. EPO/EPOR-modulated cell cycle mediators included Cdc25a, Btg3, Cyclin-d2, p27-kip1, Cyclin-g2 and CyclinB1-IP-1. EPO regulation of signal transduction factors was also interestingly complex. For example, not only Socs3 plus Socs2 but also Spred2, Spred1 and Eaf1 were EPO-induced as negative-feedback components. Socs2, plus five additional targets, further proved to comprise new EPOR/Jak2/Stat5 response genes (which are important for erythropoiesis during anemia). Among receptors, an atypical TNF-receptor Tnfr-sf13c was up-modulated >5-fold by EPO. Functionally, Tnfr-sf13c ligation proved to both promote proerythroblast survival, and substantially enhance erythroblast formation. The EPOR therefore engages a sophisticated set of transcriptome response circuits, with Tnfr-sf13c deployed as one novel positive regulator of proerythroblast formation.
[ "Defining", "an", "EPOR", "-", "regulated", "transcriptome", "for", "primary", "progenitors", ",", "including", "Tnfr", "-", "sf13c", "as", "a", "novel", "mediator", "of", "EPO", "-", "dependent", "erythroblast", "formation", ".", "Certain", "concepts", "concerning", "EPO", "/", "EPOR", "action", "modes", "have", "been", "challenged", "by", "in", "vivo", "studies", ":", "Bcl", "-", "x", "levels", "are", "elevated", "in", "maturing", "erythroblasts", ",", "but", "not", "in", "their", "progenitors", ";", "truncated", "EPOR", "alleles", "that", "lack", "a", "major", "p85", "/", "PI3K", "recruitment", "site", "nonetheless", "promote", "polycythemia", ";", "and", "Erk1", "disruption", "unexpectedly", "bolsters", "erythropoiesis", ".", "To", "discover", "novel", "EPO", "/", "EPOR", "action", "routes", ",", "global", "transcriptome", "analyses", "presently", "are", "applied", "to", "interrogate", "EPO", "/", "EPOR", "effects", "on", "primary", "bone", "marrow", "-", "derived", "CFUe", "-", "like", "progenitors", ".", "Overall", ",", "160", "EPO", "/", "EPOR", "target", "transcripts", "were", "significantly", "modulated", "2", "-", "to", "21", ".", "8", "-", "fold", ".", "A", "unique", "set", "of", "EPO", "-", "regulated", "survival", "factors", "included", "Lyl1", ",", "Gas5", ",", "Pim3", ",", "Pim1", ",", "Bim", ",", "Trib3", "and", "Serpina", "3g", ".", "EPO", "/", "EPOR", "-", "modulated", "cell", "cycle", "mediators", "included", "Cdc25a", ",", "Btg3", ",", "Cyclin", "-", "d2", ",", "p27", "-", "kip1", ",", "Cyclin", "-", "g2", "and", "CyclinB1", "-", "IP", "-", "1", ".", "EPO", "regulation", "of", "signal", "transduction", "factors", "was", "also", "interestingly", "complex", ".", "For", "example", ",", "not", "only", "Socs3", "plus", "Socs2", "but", "also", "Spred2", ",", "Spred1", "and", "Eaf1", "were", "EPO", "-", "induced", "as", "negative", "-", "feedback", "components", ".", "Socs2", ",", "plus", "five", "additional", "targets", ",", "further", "proved", "to", "comprise", "new", "EPOR", "/", "Jak2", "/", "Stat5", "response", "genes", "(", "which", "are", "important", "for", "erythropoiesis", "during", "anemia", ")", ".", "Among", "receptors", ",", "an", "atypical", "TNF", "-", "receptor", "Tnfr", "-", "sf13c", "was", "up", "-", "modulated", ">", "5", "-", "fold", "by", "EPO", ".", "Functionally", ",", "Tnfr", "-", "sf13c", "ligation", "proved", "to", "both", "promote", "proerythroblast", "survival", ",", "and", "substantially", "enhance", "erythroblast", "formation", ".", "The", "EPOR", "therefore", "engages", "a", "sophisticated", "set", "of", "transcriptome", "response", "circuits", ",", "with", "Tnfr", "-", "sf13c", "deployed", "as", "one", "novel", "positive", "regulator", "of", "proerythroblast", "formation", "." ]
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24126708
Association of common genetic variants of HOMER1 gene with levodopa adverse effects in Parkinson's disease patients. Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic therapy for Parkinson's disease, but its chronic use could lead to chronic adverse outcomes, such as motor fluctuations, dyskinesia and visual hallucinations. HOMER1 is a protein with pivotal function in glutamate transmission, which has been related to the pathogenesis of these complications. This study investigates whether polymorphisms in the HOMER1 gene promoter region are associated with the occurrence of the chronic complications of levodopa therapy. A total of 205 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were investigated. Patients were genotyped for rs4704559, rs10942891 and rs4704560 by allelic discrimination with Taqman assays. The rs4704559 G allele was associated with a lower prevalence of dyskinesia (prevalence ratio (PR)=0.615, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.426-0.887, P=0.009) and visual hallucinations (PR=0.515, 95% CI 0.295-0.899, P=0.020). Our data suggest that HOMER1 rs4704559 G allele has a protective role for the development of levodopa adverse effects.
[ "Association", "of", "common", "genetic", "variants", "of", "HOMER1", "gene", "with", "levodopa", "adverse", "effects", "in", "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "patients", ".", "Levodopa", "is", "the", "most", "effective", "symptomatic", "therapy", "for", "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", ",", "but", "its", "chronic", "use", "could", "lead", "to", "chronic", "adverse", "outcomes", ",", "such", "as", "motor", "fluctuations", ",", "dyskinesia", "and", "visual", "hallucinations", ".", "HOMER1", "is", "a", "protein", "with", "pivotal", "function", "in", "glutamate", "transmission", ",", "which", "has", "been", "related", "to", "the", "pathogenesis", "of", "these", "complications", ".", "This", "study", "investigates", "whether", "polymorphisms", "in", "the", "HOMER1", "gene", "promoter", "region", "are", "associated", "with", "the", "occurrence", "of", "the", "chronic", "complications", "of", "levodopa", "therapy", ".", "A", "total", "of", "205", "patients", "with", "idiopathic", "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "were", "investigated", ".", "Patients", "were", "genotyped", "for", "rs4704559", ",", "rs10942891", "and", "rs4704560", "by", "allelic", "discrimination", "with", "Taqman", "assays", ".", "The", "rs4704559", "G", "allele", "was", "associated", "with", "a", "lower", "prevalence", "of", "dyskinesia", "(", "prevalence", "ratio", "(", "PR", ")", "=0", ".", "615", ",", "95", "%", "confidence", "interval", "(", "CI", ")", "0", ".", "426", "-", "0", ".", "887", ",", "P=0", ".", "009", ")", "and", "visual", "hallucinations", "(", "PR=0", ".", "515", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "295", "-", "0", ".", "899", ",", "P=0", ".", "020", ")", ".", "Our", "data", "suggest", "that", "HOMER1", "rs4704559", "G", "allele", "has", "a", "protective", "role", "for", "the", "development", "of", "levodopa", "adverse", "effects", "." ]
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2422478
Midline B3 serotonin nerves in rat medulla are involved in hypotensive effect of methyldopa. Previous experiments in this laboratory have shown that microinjection of methyldopa onto the ventrolateral cells of the B3 serotonin neurons in the medulla elicits a hypotensive response mediated by a projection descending into the spinal cord. The present experiments were designed to investigate the role of the midline cells of the B3 serotonin neurons in the medulla, coinciding with the raphe magnus. In spontaneously hypertensive, stroke-prone rats, microinjection of methyldopa into the area of the midline B3 serotonin cell group in the ventral medulla caused a potent hypotension of 30-40 mm Hg, which was maximal 2-3 h after administration and was abolished by the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) injected intracerebroventricularly. However, intraspinal injection of 5,7-DHT to produce a more selective lesion of only descending serotonin projections in the spinal cord did not affect this hypotension. Further, 5,7-DHT lesion of serotonin nerves travelling in the median forebrain bundle, one of the main ascending pathways from the B3 serotonin cells, did not affect the fall in blood pressure associated with a midline B3 serotonin methyldopa injection. It is concluded therefore that, unlike the ventrolateral B3 cells which mediate a methyldopa-induced hypotension via descending projections, the midline serotonin B3 cells in the medulla contribute to the hypotensive action of methyldopa, either by way of an ascending projection which does not pass through the median forebrain bundle, or through a projection restricted to the caudal brainstem.
[ "Midline", "B3", "serotonin", "nerves", "in", "rat", "medulla", "are", "involved", "in", "hypotensive", "effect", "of", "methyldopa", ".", "Previous", "experiments", "in", "this", "laboratory", "have", "shown", "that", "microinjection", "of", "methyldopa", "onto", "the", "ventrolateral", "cells", "of", "the", "B3", "serotonin", "neurons", "in", "the", "medulla", "elicits", "a", "hypotensive", "response", "mediated", "by", "a", "projection", "descending", "into", "the", "spinal", "cord", ".", "The", "present", "experiments", "were", "designed", "to", "investigate", "the", "role", "of", "the", "midline", "cells", "of", "the", "B3", "serotonin", "neurons", "in", "the", "medulla", ",", "coinciding", "with", "the", "raphe", "magnus", ".", "In", "spontaneously", "hypertensive", ",", "stroke", "-", "prone", "rats", ",", "microinjection", "of", "methyldopa", "into", "the", "area", "of", "the", "midline", "B3", "serotonin", "cell", "group", "in", "the", "ventral", "medulla", "caused", "a", "potent", "hypotension", "of", "30", "-", "40", "mm", "Hg", ",", "which", "was", "maximal", "2", "-", "3", "h", "after", "administration", "and", "was", "abolished", "by", "the", "serotonin", "neurotoxin", "5,7", "-", "dihydroxytryptamine", "(", "5,7", "-", "DHT", ")", "injected", "intracerebroventricularly", ".", "However", ",", "intraspinal", "injection", "of", "5,7", "-", "DHT", "to", "produce", "a", "more", "selective", "lesion", "of", "only", "descending", "serotonin", "projections", "in", "the", "spinal", "cord", "did", "not", "affect", "this", "hypotension", ".", "Further", ",", "5,7", "-", "DHT", "lesion", "of", "serotonin", "nerves", "travelling", "in", "the", "median", "forebrain", "bundle", ",", "one", "of", "the", "main", "ascending", "pathways", "from", "the", "B3", "serotonin", "cells", ",", "did", "not", "affect", "the", "fall", "in", "blood", "pressure", "associated", "with", "a", "midline", "B3", "serotonin", "methyldopa", "injection", ".", "It", "is", "concluded", "therefore", "that", ",", "unlike", "the", "ventrolateral", "B3", "cells", "which", "mediate", "a", "methyldopa", "-", "induced", "hypotension", "via", "descending", "projections", ",", "the", "midline", "serotonin", "B3", "cells", "in", "the", "medulla", "contribute", "to", "the", "hypotensive", "action", "of", "methyldopa", ",", "either", "by", "way", "of", "an", "ascending", "projection", "which", "does", "not", "pass", "through", "the", "median", "forebrain", "bundle", ",", "or", "through", "a", "projection", "restricted", "to", "the", "caudal", "brainstem", "." ]
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24623966
Endothelial NADPH oxidase 4 mediates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-induced intravitreal neovascularization in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. PURPOSE: NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in angiogenesis. Isoforms of NADPH oxidase NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 are reported to be expressed in endothelial cells (ECs). Of these, NOX1 and NOX2 have been reported to contribute to intravitreal neovascularization (IVNV) in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) models. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the isoform NOX4 in ECs contributed to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis and IVNV. METHODS: Isoforms of NADPH oxidase MRNA were measured in several types of cultured vascular ecs: human retinal microvascular ECs (hRMVECs), choroidal ECs (CECs), and human umbilical vascular ECs (HUVECs) using real-time PCR. Newborn rat pups and dams were placed into an OIR model that cycled oxygen concentration between 50% and 10% every 24 h for 14 days, and then were placed in room air (RA) for an additional 4 days (rat OIR model). NOX4 expression in retinal lysates from the RA-raised pups at postnatal day 0 (P0), P14, and P18 was determined with western blots. STAT3 activation was determined as the ratio of phosphorylated STAT3 to total STAT3 with western blot analysis of retinal lysates from pups raised in RA or from the rat OIR model at P18. Semiquantitative assessment of the density of NOX4 colabeling with lectin-stained retinal ECs was determined by immunolabeling of retinal cryosections from P18 pups in OIR or in RA. In hRMVECs transfected with NOX4 siRNA and treated with VEGF or control, 1) ROS generation was measured using the 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester fluorescence assay and 2) phosphorylated VEGF receptor 2 and STAT3, and total VEGFR2 and STAT3 were measured in western blot analyses. VEGF-stimulated hRMVEC proliferation was measured following transfection with NOX4 siRNA or STAT3 siRNA, or respective controls. RESULTS: NOX4 was the most prevalent isoform of NADPH oxidase in vascular ECs. NOX4 expression in retinal lysates was significantly decreased during development in RA. Compared to RA, the expression of retinal NOX4 increased at P18. At p18 OIR, semiquantitative assessment of the density of lectin and NOX4 colabeling in retinal vascular ECs was greater in retinal cryosections and activated STAT3 was greater in retinal lysates when compared to the RA-raised pups. In cultured hRMVECs, knockdown of NOX4 by siRNA transfection inhibited VEGF-induced ROS generation. VEGF induced a physical interaction of phosphorylated-VEGFR2 and NOX4. Knockdown of NOX4: 1) reduced VEGFR2 activation but did not abolish it and 2) abolished STAT3 activation in response to VEGF. Knockdown of either NOX4 or STAT3 inhibited VEGF-induced EC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that in a model representative of human retinopathy of prematurity, NOX4 was increased at a time point when IVNV developed. VEGF-activated NOX4 led to an interaction between VEGF-activated VEGFR2 and NOX4 that mediated EC proliferation via activation of STAT3. Altogether, our results suggest that NOX4 may regulate VEGFR2-mediated IVNV through activated STAT3.
[ "Endothelial", "NADPH", "oxidase", "4", "mediates", "vascular", "endothelial", "growth", "factor", "receptor", "2", "-", "induced", "intravitreal", "neovascularization", "in", "a", "rat", "model", "of", "retinopathy", "of", "prematurity", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "NADPH", "oxidase", "-", "generated", "reactive", "oxygen", "species", "(", "ROS", ")", "are", "implicated", "in", "angiogenesis", ".", "Isoforms", "of", "NADPH", "oxidase", "NOX1", ",", "NOX2", ",", "and", "NOX4", "are", "reported", "to", "be", "expressed", "in", "endothelial", "cells", "(", "ECs", ")", ".", "Of", "these", ",", "NOX1", "and", "NOX2", "have", "been", "reported", "to", "contribute", "to", "intravitreal", "neovascularization", "(", "IVNV", ")", "in", "oxygen", "-", "induced", "retinopathy", "(", "OIR", ")", "models", ".", "In", "this", "study", ",", "we", "tested", "the", "hypothesis", "that", "the", "isoform", "NOX4", "in", "ECs", "contributed", "to", "vascular", "endothelial", "growth", "factor", "(", "VEGF", ")", "-", "induced", "angiogenesis", "and", "IVNV", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Isoforms", "of", "NADPH", "oxidase", "MRNA", "were", "measured", "in", "several", "types", "of", "cultured", "vascular", "ecs", ":", "human", "retinal", "microvascular", "ECs", "(", "hRMVECs", ")", ",", "choroidal", "ECs", "(", "CECs", ")", ",", "and", "human", "umbilical", "vascular", "ECs", "(", "HUVECs", ")", "using", "real", "-", "time", "PCR", ".", "Newborn", "rat", "pups", "and", "dams", "were", "placed", "into", "an", "OIR", "model", "that", "cycled", "oxygen", "concentration", "between", "50", "%", "and", "10", "%", "every", "24", "h", "for", "14", "days", ",", "and", "then", "were", "placed", "in", "room", "air", "(", "RA", ")", "for", "an", "additional", "4", "days", "(", "rat", "OIR", "model", ")", ".", "NOX4", "expression", "in", "retinal", "lysates", "from", "the", "RA", "-", "raised", "pups", "at", "postnatal", "day", "0", "(", "P0", ")", ",", "P14", ",", "and", "P18", "was", "determined", "with", "western", "blots", ".", "STAT3", "activation", "was", "determined", "as", "the", "ratio", "of", "phosphorylated", "STAT3", "to", "total", "STAT3", "with", "western", "blot", "analysis", "of", "retinal", "lysates", "from", "pups", "raised", "in", "RA", "or", "from", "the", "rat", "OIR", "model", "at", "P18", ".", "Semiquantitative", "assessment", "of", "the", "density", "of", "NOX4", "colabeling", "with", "lectin", "-", "stained", "retinal", "ECs", "was", "determined", "by", "immunolabeling", "of", "retinal", "cryosections", "from", "P18", "pups", "in", "OIR", "or", "in", "RA", ".", "In", "hRMVECs", "transfected", "with", "NOX4", "siRNA", "and", "treated", "with", "VEGF", "or", "control", ",", "1", ")", "ROS", "generation", "was", "measured", "using", "the", "5", "-", "(", "and", "-", "6", ")", "-", "chloromethyl", "-", "2',7", "'", "-", "dichlorodihydrofluorescein", "diacetate", ",", "acetyl", "ester", "fluorescence", "assay", "and", "2", ")", "phosphorylated", "VEGF", "receptor", "2", "and", "STAT3", ",", "and", "total", "VEGFR2", "and", "STAT3", "were", "measured", "in", "western", "blot", "analyses", ".", "VEGF", "-", "stimulated", "hRMVEC", "proliferation", "was", "measured", "following", "transfection", "with", "NOX4", "siRNA", "or", "STAT3", "siRNA", ",", "or", "respective", "controls", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "NOX4", "was", "the", "most", "prevalent", "isoform", "of", "NADPH", "oxidase", "in", "vascular", "ECs", ".", "NOX4", "expression", "in", "retinal", "lysates", "was", "significantly", "decreased", "during", "development", "in", "RA", ".", "Compared", "to", "RA", ",", "the", "expression", "of", "retinal", "NOX4", "increased", "at", "P18", ".", "At", "p18", "OIR", ",", "semiquantitative", "assessment", "of", "the", "density", "of", "lectin", "and", "NOX4", "colabeling", "in", "retinal", "vascular", "ECs", "was", "greater", "in", "retinal", "cryosections", "and", "activated", "STAT3", "was", "greater", "in", "retinal", "lysates", "when", "compared", "to", "the", "RA", "-", "raised", "pups", ".", "In", "cultured", "hRMVECs", ",", "knockdown", "of", "NOX4", "by", "siRNA", "transfection", "inhibited", "VEGF", "-", "induced", "ROS", "generation", ".", "VEGF", "induced", "a", "physical", "interaction", "of", "phosphorylated", "-", "VEGFR2", "and", "NOX4", ".", "Knockdown", "of", "NOX4", ":", "1", ")", "reduced", "VEGFR2", "activation", "but", "did", "not", "abolish", "it", "and", "2", ")", "abolished", "STAT3", "activation", "in", "response", "to", "VEGF", ".", "Knockdown", "of", "either", "NOX4", "or", "STAT3", "inhibited", "VEGF", "-", "induced", "EC", "proliferation", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Our", "data", "suggest", "that", "in", "a", "model", "representative", "of", "human", "retinopathy", "of", "prematurity", ",", "NOX4", "was", "increased", "at", "a", "time", "point", "when", "IVNV", "developed", ".", "VEGF", "-", "activated", "NOX4", "led", "to", "an", "interaction", "between", "VEGF", "-", "activated", "VEGFR2", "and", "NOX4", "that", "mediated", "EC", "proliferation", "via", "activation", "of", "STAT3", ".", "Altogether", ",", "our", "results", "suggest", "that", "NOX4", "may", "regulate", "VEGFR2", "-", "mediated", "IVNV", "through", "activated", "STAT3", "." ]
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24632946
Disruption of the temporally regulated cloaca endodermal b-catenin signaling causes anorectal malformations. The cloaca is temporally formed and eventually divided by the urorectal septum (URS) during urogenital and anorectal organ development. Although congenital malformations, such as anorectal malformations (ARMs), are frequently observed during this process, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. b-Catenin is a critical component of canonical Wnt signaling and is essential for the regulation of cell differentiation and morphogenesis during embryogenesis. The expression of b-catenin is observed in endodermal epithelia, including URS epithelia. We modulated the b-catenin gene conditionally in endodermal epithelia by utilizing tamoxifen-inducible Cre driver line (Shh(CreERT2)). Both b-catenin loss- and gain-of-function (LOF and GOF) mutants displayed abnormal clefts in the perineal region and hypoplastic elongation of the URS. The mutants also displayed reduced cell proliferation in the URS mesenchyme. In addition, the b-catenin GOF mutants displayed reduced apoptosis and subsequently increased apoptosis in the URS epithelium. This instability possibly resulted in reduced expression levels of differentiation markers, such as keratin 1 and filaggrin, in the perineal epithelia. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) genes, such as Bmp4 and Bmp7, was also ectopically induced in the epithelia of the URS in the b-catenin GOF mutants. The expression of the Msx2 gene and phosphorylated-Smad1/5/8, possible readouts of Bmp signaling, was also increased in the mutants. Moreover, we introduced an additional mutation for a Bmp receptor gene: BmprIA. The Shh(CreERT2/+); b-catenin(flox(ex3)/+); BmprIA(flox/-) mutants displayed partial restoration of URS elongation compared with the b-catenin GOF mutants. These results indicate that some ARM phenotypes in the b-catenin GOF mutants were caused by abnormal Bmp signaling. The current analysis revealed the close relation of endodermal b-catenin signaling to the ARM phenotypes. These results are considered to shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms of human ARMs.
[ "Disruption", "of", "the", "temporally", "regulated", "cloaca", "endodermal", "b", "-", "catenin", "signaling", "causes", "anorectal", "malformations", ".", "The", "cloaca", "is", "temporally", "formed", "and", "eventually", "divided", "by", "the", "urorectal", "septum", "(", "URS", ")", "during", "urogenital", "and", "anorectal", "organ", "development", ".", "Although", "congenital", "malformations", ",", "such", "as", "anorectal", "malformations", "(", "ARMs", ")", ",", "are", "frequently", "observed", "during", "this", "process", ",", "the", "underlying", "pathogenic", "mechanisms", "remain", "unclear", ".", "b", "-", "Catenin", "is", "a", "critical", "component", "of", "canonical", "Wnt", "signaling", "and", "is", "essential", "for", "the", "regulation", "of", "cell", "differentiation", "and", "morphogenesis", "during", "embryogenesis", ".", "The", "expression", "of", "b", "-", "catenin", "is", "observed", "in", "endodermal", "epithelia", ",", "including", "URS", "epithelia", ".", "We", "modulated", "the", "b", "-", "catenin", "gene", "conditionally", "in", "endodermal", "epithelia", "by", "utilizing", "tamoxifen", "-", "inducible", "Cre", "driver", "line", "(", "Shh", "(", "CreERT2", ")", ")", ".", "Both", "b", "-", "catenin", "loss", "-", "and", "gain", "-", "of", "-", "function", "(", "LOF", "and", "GOF", ")", "mutants", "displayed", "abnormal", "clefts", "in", "the", "perineal", "region", "and", "hypoplastic", "elongation", "of", "the", "URS", ".", "The", "mutants", "also", "displayed", "reduced", "cell", "proliferation", "in", "the", "URS", "mesenchyme", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "b", "-", "catenin", "GOF", "mutants", "displayed", "reduced", "apoptosis", "and", "subsequently", "increased", "apoptosis", "in", "the", "URS", "epithelium", ".", "This", "instability", "possibly", "resulted", "in", "reduced", "expression", "levels", "of", "differentiation", "markers", ",", "such", "as", "keratin", "1", "and", "filaggrin", ",", "in", "the", "perineal", "epithelia", ".", "The", "expression", "of", "bone", "morphogenetic", "protein", "(", "Bmp", ")", "genes", ",", "such", "as", "Bmp4", "and", "Bmp7", ",", "was", "also", "ectopically", "induced", "in", "the", "epithelia", "of", "the", "URS", "in", "the", "b", "-", "catenin", "GOF", "mutants", ".", "The", "expression", "of", "the", "Msx2", "gene", "and", "phosphorylated", "-", "Smad1", "/", "5", "/", "8", ",", "possible", "readouts", "of", "Bmp", "signaling", ",", "was", "also", "increased", "in", "the", "mutants", ".", "Moreover", ",", "we", "introduced", "an", "additional", "mutation", "for", "a", "Bmp", "receptor", "gene", ":", "BmprIA", ".", "The", "Shh", "(", "CreERT2", "/", "+", ")", ";", "b", "-", "catenin", "(", "flox", "(", "ex3", ")", "/", "+", ")", ";", "BmprIA", "(", "flox", "/", "-", ")", "mutants", "displayed", "partial", "restoration", "of", "URS", "elongation", "compared", "with", "the", "b", "-", "catenin", "GOF", "mutants", ".", "These", "results", "indicate", "that", "some", "ARM", "phenotypes", "in", "the", "b", "-", "catenin", "GOF", "mutants", "were", "caused", "by", "abnormal", "Bmp", "signaling", ".", "The", "current", "analysis", "revealed", "the", "close", "relation", "of", "endodermal", "b", "-", "catenin", "signaling", "to", "the", "ARM", "phenotypes", ".", "These", "results", "are", "considered", "to", "shed", "light", "on", "the", "pathogenic", "mechanisms", "of", "human", "ARMs", "." ]
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24911645
Behavioral and neurochemical studies in mice pretreated with garcinielliptone FC in pilocarpine-induced seizures. Garcinielliptone FC (GFC) isolated from hexanic fraction seed extract of species Platonia insignis Mart. It is widely used in folk medicine to treat skin diseases in both humans and animals as well as the seed decoction has been used to treat diarrheas and inflammatory diseases. However, there is no research on GFC effects in the central nervous system of rodents. The present study aimed to evaluate the GFC effects at doses of 25, 50 or 75 mg/kg on seizure parameters to determine their anticonvulsant activity and its effects on amino acid (r-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, aspartate and glutathione) levels as well as on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in mice hippocampus after seizures. GFC produced an increased latency to first seizure, at doses 25mg/kg (20.12 + 2.20 min), 50mg/kg (20.95 + 2.21 min) or 75 mg/kg (23.43 + 1.99 min) when compared with seized mice. In addition, GABA content of mice hippocampus treated with GFC75 plus P400 showed an increase of 46.90% when compared with seized mice. In aspartate, glutamine and glutamate levels detected a decrease of 5.21%, 13.55% and 21.80%, respectively in mice hippocampus treated with GFC75 plus P400 when compared with seized mice. Hippocampus mice treated with GFC75 plus P400 showed an increase in AChE activity (63.30%) when compared with seized mice. The results indicate that GFC can exert anticonvulsant activity and reduce the frequency of installation of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, as demonstrated by increase in latency to first seizure and decrease in mortality rate of animals. In conclusion, our data suggest that GFC may influence in epileptogenesis and promote anticonvulsant actions in pilocarpine model by modulating the GABA and glutamate contents and of AChE activity in seized mice hippocampus. This compound may be useful to produce neuronal protection and it can be considered as an anticonvulsant agent.
[ "Behavioral", "and", "neurochemical", "studies", "in", "mice", "pretreated", "with", "garcinielliptone", "FC", "in", "pilocarpine", "-", "induced", "seizures", ".", "Garcinielliptone", "FC", "(", "GFC", ")", "isolated", "from", "hexanic", "fraction", "seed", "extract", "of", "species", "Platonia", "insignis", "Mart", ".", "It", "is", "widely", "used", "in", "folk", "medicine", "to", "treat", "skin", "diseases", "in", "both", "humans", "and", "animals", "as", "well", "as", "the", "seed", "decoction", "has", "been", "used", "to", "treat", "diarrheas", "and", "inflammatory", "diseases", ".", "However", ",", "there", "is", "no", "research", "on", "GFC", "effects", "in", "the", "central", "nervous", "system", "of", "rodents", ".", "The", "present", "study", "aimed", "to", "evaluate", "the", "GFC", "effects", "at", "doses", "of", "25", ",", "50", "or", "75", "mg", "/", "kg", "on", "seizure", "parameters", "to", "determine", "their", "anticonvulsant", "activity", "and", "its", "effects", "on", "amino", "acid", "(", "r", "-", "aminobutyric", "acid", "(", "GABA", ")", ",", "glutamine", ",", "aspartate", "and", "glutathione", ")", "levels", "as", "well", "as", "on", "acetylcholinesterase", "(", "AChE", ")", "activity", "in", "mice", "hippocampus", "after", "seizures", ".", "GFC", "produced", "an", "increased", "latency", "to", "first", "seizure", ",", "at", "doses", "25mg", "/", "kg", "(", "20", ".", "12", "+", "2", ".", "20", "min", ")", ",", "50mg", "/", "kg", "(", "20", ".", "95", "+", "2", ".", "21", "min", ")", "or", "75", "mg", "/", "kg", "(", "23", ".", "43", "+", "1", ".", "99", "min", ")", "when", "compared", "with", "seized", "mice", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "GABA", "content", "of", "mice", "hippocampus", "treated", "with", "GFC75", "plus", "P400", "showed", "an", "increase", "of", "46", ".", "90", "%", "when", "compared", "with", "seized", "mice", ".", "In", "aspartate", ",", "glutamine", "and", "glutamate", "levels", "detected", "a", "decrease", "of", "5", ".", "21", "%", ",", "13", ".", "55", "%", "and", "21", ".", "80", "%", ",", "respectively", "in", "mice", "hippocampus", "treated", "with", "GFC75", "plus", "P400", "when", "compared", "with", "seized", "mice", ".", "Hippocampus", "mice", "treated", "with", "GFC75", "plus", "P400", "showed", "an", "increase", "in", "AChE", "activity", "(", "63", ".", "30", "%", ")", "when", "compared", "with", "seized", "mice", ".", "The", "results", "indicate", "that", "GFC", "can", "exert", "anticonvulsant", "activity", "and", "reduce", "the", "frequency", "of", "installation", "of", "pilocarpine", "-", "induced", "status", "epilepticus", ",", "as", "demonstrated", "by", "increase", "in", "latency", "to", "first", "seizure", "and", "decrease", "in", "mortality", "rate", "of", "animals", ".", "In", "conclusion", ",", "our", "data", "suggest", "that", "GFC", "may", "influence", "in", "epileptogenesis", "and", "promote", "anticonvulsant", "actions", "in", "pilocarpine", "model", "by", "modulating", "the", "GABA", "and", "glutamate", "contents", "and", "of", "AChE", "activity", "in", "seized", "mice", "hippocampus", ".", "This", "compound", "may", "be", "useful", "to", "produce", "neuronal", "protection", "and", "it", "can", "be", "considered", "as", "an", "anticonvulsant", "agent", "." ]
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24971338
Conversion to sirolimus ameliorates cyclosporine-induced nephropathy in the rat: focus on serum, urine, gene, and protein renal expression biomarkers. Protocols of conversion from cyclosporin A (CsA) to sirolimus (SRL) have been widely used in immunotherapy after transplantation to prevent CsA-induced nephropathy, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these protocols remain nuclear. This study aimed to identify the molecular pathways and putative biomarkers of CsA-to-SRL conversion in a rat model. Four animal groups (n = 6) were tested during 9 weeks: control, CsA, SRL, and conversion (CsA for 3 weeks followed by SRL for 6 weeks). Classical and emergent serum, urinary, and kidney tissue (gene and protein expression) markers were assessed. Renal lesions were analyzed in hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome stains. SRL-treated rats presented proteinuria and NGAL (serum and urinary) as the best markers of renal impairment. Short CsA treatment presented slight or even absent kidney lesions and TGF-b, NF- kb, mTOR, PCNA, TP53, KIM-1, and CTGF as relevant gene and protein changes. Prolonged CsA exposure aggravated renal damage, without clear changes on the traditional markers, but with changes in serums TGF- b and IL-7, TBARs clearance, and kidney TGF-b and mTOR. Conversion to SRL prevented CsA-induced renal damage evolution (absent/mild grade lesions), while NGAL (serum versus urine) seems to be a feasible biomarker of CsA replacement to SRL.
[ "Conversion", "to", "sirolimus", "ameliorates", "cyclosporine", "-", "induced", "nephropathy", "in", "the", "rat", ":", "focus", "on", "serum", ",", "urine", ",", "gene", ",", "and", "protein", "renal", "expression", "biomarkers", ".", "Protocols", "of", "conversion", "from", "cyclosporin", "A", "(", "CsA", ")", "to", "sirolimus", "(", "SRL", ")", "have", "been", "widely", "used", "in", "immunotherapy", "after", "transplantation", "to", "prevent", "CsA", "-", "induced", "nephropathy", ",", "but", "the", "molecular", "mechanisms", "underlying", "these", "protocols", "remain", "nuclear", ".", "This", "study", "aimed", "to", "identify", "the", "molecular", "pathways", "and", "putative", "biomarkers", "of", "CsA", "-", "to", "-", "SRL", "conversion", "in", "a", "rat", "model", ".", "Four", "animal", "groups", "(", "n", "=", "6", ")", "were", "tested", "during", "9", "weeks", ":", "control", ",", "CsA", ",", "SRL", ",", "and", "conversion", "(", "CsA", "for", "3", "weeks", "followed", "by", "SRL", "for", "6", "weeks", ")", ".", "Classical", "and", "emergent", "serum", ",", "urinary", ",", "and", "kidney", "tissue", "(", "gene", "and", "protein", "expression", ")", "markers", "were", "assessed", ".", "Renal", "lesions", "were", "analyzed", "in", "hematoxylin", "and", "eosin", ",", "periodic", "acid", "-", "Schiff", ",", "and", "Masson", "'s", "trichrome", "stains", ".", "SRL", "-", "treated", "rats", "presented", "proteinuria", "and", "NGAL", "(", "serum", "and", "urinary", ")", "as", "the", "best", "markers", "of", "renal", "impairment", ".", "Short", "CsA", "treatment", "presented", "slight", "or", "even", "absent", "kidney", "lesions", "and", "TGF", "-", "b", ",", "NF", "-", "kb", ",", "mTOR", ",", "PCNA", ",", "TP53", ",", "KIM", "-", "1", ",", "and", "CTGF", "as", "relevant", "gene", "and", "protein", "changes", ".", "Prolonged", "CsA", "exposure", "aggravated", "renal", "damage", ",", "without", "clear", "changes", "on", "the", "traditional", "markers", ",", "but", "with", "changes", "in", "serums", "TGF", "-", "b", "and", "IL", "-", "7", ",", "TBARs", "clearance", ",", "and", "kidney", "TGF", "-", "b", "and", "mTOR", ".", "Conversion", "to", "SRL", "prevented", "CsA", "-", "induced", "renal", "damage", "evolution", "(", "absent", "/", "mild", "grade", "lesions", ")", ",", "while", "NGAL", "(", "serum", "versus", "urine", ")", "seems", "to", "be", "a", "feasible", "biomarker", "of", "CsA", "replacement", "to", "SRL", "." ]
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25054547
Characterization of a novel BCHE "silent" allele: point mutation (p.Val204Asp) causes loss of activity and prolonged apnea with suxamethonium. Butyrylcholinesterase deficiency is characterized by prolonged apnea after the use of muscle relaxants (suxamethonium or mivacurium) in patients who have mutations in the BCHE gene. Here, we report a case of prolonged neuromuscular block after administration of suxamethonium leading to the discovery of a novel BCHE variant (c.695T>A, p.Val204Asp). Inhibition studies, kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics were undertaken to understand how this mutation disrupts the catalytic triad and determines a "silent" phenotype. Low activity of patient plasma butyrylcholinesterase with butyrylthiocholine (BTC) and benzoylcholine, and values of dibucaine and fluoride numbers fit with heterozygous atypical silent genotype. Electrophoretic analysis of plasma BChE of the proband and his mother showed that patient has a reduced amount of tetrameric enzyme in plasma and that minor fast-moving BChE components: monomer, dimer, and monomer-albumin conjugate are missing. Kinetic analysis showed that the p.Val204Asp/p.Asp70Gly-p.Ala539Thr BChE displays a pure Michaelian behavior with BTC as the substrate. Both catalytic parameters Km = 265 uM for BTC, two times higher than that of the atypical enzyme, and a low Vmax are consistent with the absence of activity against suxamethonium. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations showed that the overall effect of the mutation p.Val204Asp is disruption of hydrogen bonding between Gln223 and Glu441, leading Ser198 and His438 to move away from each other with subsequent disruption of the catalytic triad functionality regardless of the type of substrate. MD also showed that the enzyme volume is increased, suggesting a pre-denaturation state. This fits with the reduced concentration of p.Ala204Asp/p.Asp70Gly-p.Ala539Thr tetrameric enzyme in the plasma and non-detectable fast moving-bands on electrophoresis gels.
[ "Characterization", "of", "a", "novel", "BCHE", "``", "silent", "''", "allele", ":", "point", "mutation", "(", "p", ".", "Val204Asp", ")", "causes", "loss", "of", "activity", "and", "prolonged", "apnea", "with", "suxamethonium", ".", "Butyrylcholinesterase", "deficiency", "is", "characterized", "by", "prolonged", "apnea", "after", "the", "use", "of", "muscle", "relaxants", "(", "suxamethonium", "or", "mivacurium", ")", "in", "patients", "who", "have", "mutations", "in", "the", "BCHE", "gene", ".", "Here", ",", "we", "report", "a", "case", "of", "prolonged", "neuromuscular", "block", "after", "administration", "of", "suxamethonium", "leading", "to", "the", "discovery", "of", "a", "novel", "BCHE", "variant", "(", "c", ".", "695T", ">", "A", ",", "p", ".", "Val204Asp", ")", ".", "Inhibition", "studies", ",", "kinetic", "analysis", "and", "molecular", "dynamics", "were", "undertaken", "to", "understand", "how", "this", "mutation", "disrupts", "the", "catalytic", "triad", "and", "determines", "a", "``", "silent", "''", "phenotype", ".", "Low", "activity", "of", "patient", "plasma", "butyrylcholinesterase", "with", "butyrylthiocholine", "(", "BTC", ")", "and", "benzoylcholine", ",", "and", "values", "of", "dibucaine", "and", "fluoride", "numbers", "fit", "with", "heterozygous", "atypical", "silent", "genotype", ".", "Electrophoretic", "analysis", "of", "plasma", "BChE", "of", "the", "proband", "and", "his", "mother", "showed", "that", "patient", "has", "a", "reduced", "amount", "of", "tetrameric", "enzyme", "in", "plasma", "and", "that", "minor", "fast", "-", "moving", "BChE", "components", ":", "monomer", ",", "dimer", ",", "and", "monomer", "-", "albumin", "conjugate", "are", "missing", ".", "Kinetic", "analysis", "showed", "that", "the", "p", ".", "Val204Asp", "/", "p", ".", "Asp70Gly", "-", "p", ".", "Ala539Thr", "BChE", "displays", "a", "pure", "Michaelian", "behavior", "with", "BTC", "as", "the", "substrate", ".", "Both", "catalytic", "parameters", "Km", "=", "265", "uM", "for", "BTC", ",", "two", "times", "higher", "than", "that", "of", "the", "atypical", "enzyme", ",", "and", "a", "low", "Vmax", "are", "consistent", "with", "the", "absence", "of", "activity", "against", "suxamethonium", ".", "Molecular", "dynamic", "(", "MD", ")", "simulations", "showed", "that", "the", "overall", "effect", "of", "the", "mutation", "p", ".", "Val204Asp", "is", "disruption", "of", "hydrogen", "bonding", "between", "Gln223", "and", "Glu441", ",", "leading", "Ser198", "and", "His438", "to", "move", "away", "from", "each", "other", "with", "subsequent", "disruption", "of", "the", "catalytic", "triad", "functionality", "regardless", "of", "the", "type", "of", "substrate", ".", "MD", "also", "showed", "that", "the", "enzyme", "volume", "is", "increased", ",", "suggesting", "a", "pre", "-", "denaturation", "state", ".", "This", "fits", "with", "the", "reduced", "concentration", "of", "p", ".", "Ala204Asp", "/", "p", ".", "Asp70Gly", "-", "p", ".", "Ala539Thr", "tetrameric", "enzyme", "in", "the", "plasma", "and", "non", "-", "detectable", "fast", "moving", "-", "bands", "on", "electrophoresis", "gels", "." ]
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25983002
Inhibition of LDHA suppresses tumor progression in prostate cancer. A key hallmark of cancer cells is their altered metabolism, known as Warburg effect. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) executes the final step of aerobic glycolysis and has been reported to be involved in the tumor progression. However, the function of LDHA in prostate cancer has not been studied. In current study, we observed overexpression of LDHA in the clinical prostate cancer samples compared with benign prostate hyperplasia tissues as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and real-time qPCR. Attenuated expression of LDHA by siRNA or inhibition of LDHA activities by FX11 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis of PC-3 and DU145 cells. Mechanistically, decreased Warburg effect as demonstrated by reduced glucose consumption and lactate secretion and reduced expression of MMP-9, PLAU, and cathepsin B were found after LDHA knockdown or FX11 treatment in PC-3 and DU145 cells. Taken together, our study revealed the oncogenic role of LDHA in prostate cancer and suggested that LDHA might be a potential therapeutic target.
[ "Inhibition", "of", "LDHA", "suppresses", "tumor", "progression", "in", "prostate", "cancer", ".", "A", "key", "hallmark", "of", "cancer", "cells", "is", "their", "altered", "metabolism", ",", "known", "as", "Warburg", "effect", ".", "Lactate", "dehydrogenase", "A", "(", "LDHA", ")", "executes", "the", "final", "step", "of", "aerobic", "glycolysis", "and", "has", "been", "reported", "to", "be", "involved", "in", "the", "tumor", "progression", ".", "However", ",", "the", "function", "of", "LDHA", "in", "prostate", "cancer", "has", "not", "been", "studied", ".", "In", "current", "study", ",", "we", "observed", "overexpression", "of", "LDHA", "in", "the", "clinical", "prostate", "cancer", "samples", "compared", "with", "benign", "prostate", "hyperplasia", "tissues", "as", "demonstrated", "by", "immunohistochemistry", "and", "real", "-", "time", "qPCR", ".", "Attenuated", "expression", "of", "LDHA", "by", "siRNA", "or", "inhibition", "of", "LDHA", "activities", "by", "FX11", "inhibited", "cell", "proliferation", ",", "migration", ",", "invasion", ",", "and", "promoted", "cell", "apoptosis", "of", "PC", "-", "3", "and", "DU145", "cells", ".", "Mechanistically", ",", "decreased", "Warburg", "effect", "as", "demonstrated", "by", "reduced", "glucose", "consumption", "and", "lactate", "secretion", "and", "reduced", "expression", "of", "MMP", "-", "9", ",", "PLAU", ",", "and", "cathepsin", "B", "were", "found", "after", "LDHA", "knockdown", "or", "FX11", "treatment", "in", "PC", "-", "3", "and", "DU145", "cells", ".", "Taken", "together", ",", "our", "study", "revealed", "the", "oncogenic", "role", "of", "LDHA", "in", "prostate", "cancer", "and", "suggested", "that", "LDHA", "might", "be", "a", "potential", "therapeutic", "target", "." ]
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27640183
Erythropoietin does not activate erythropoietin receptor signaling or lipolytic pathways in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue in vivo. BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin (Epo) exerts direct effects on white adipose tissue (WAT) in mice in addition to its erythropoietic effects, and in humans Epo increases resting energy expenditure and affect serum lipid levels, but direct effects of Epo in human WAT have not been documented. We therefore investigated the effects of acute and prolonged Epo exposure on human WAT in vivo. METHOD: Data were obtained from two clinical trials: 1) acute Epo exposure (rHuEpo, 400 IU/kg) followed by WAT biopsies after 1 h and 2) 10 weeks treatment with the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) Darbepoietin-alpha. Biopsies were analyzed by PCR for Epo receptor (Epo-R) mRNA. A new and highly specific antibody (A82, Amgen) was used to evaluate the presence of Epo-R by western blot analysis in addition to Epo-R signaling proteins (Akt, STAT5, p70s6k, LYN, and p38MAPK), activation of lipolytic pathways (ATGL, HSL, CGI-58, G0S2, Perilipin, Cidea, Cidec, AMPK, and ACC), and mitochondrial biogenesis (VDAC, HSP90, PDH, and SDHA). RESULTS: No evidence of in vivo activation of the Epo-R in WAT could be documented despite detectable levels of Epo-R mRNA. CONCLUSION: Thus, in contradiction to animal studies, Epo treatment within a physiological relevant range in humans does not exert direct effects in a subcutaneous WAT.
[ "Erythropoietin", "does", "not", "activate", "erythropoietin", "receptor", "signaling", "or", "lipolytic", "pathways", "in", "human", "subcutaneous", "white", "adipose", "tissue", "in", "vivo", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Erythropoietin", "(", "Epo", ")", "exerts", "direct", "effects", "on", "white", "adipose", "tissue", "(", "WAT", ")", "in", "mice", "in", "addition", "to", "its", "erythropoietic", "effects", ",", "and", "in", "humans", "Epo", "increases", "resting", "energy", "expenditure", "and", "affect", "serum", "lipid", "levels", ",", "but", "direct", "effects", "of", "Epo", "in", "human", "WAT", "have", "not", "been", "documented", ".", "We", "therefore", "investigated", "the", "effects", "of", "acute", "and", "prolonged", "Epo", "exposure", "on", "human", "WAT", "in", "vivo", ".", "METHOD", ":", "Data", "were", "obtained", "from", "two", "clinical", "trials", ":", "1", ")", "acute", "Epo", "exposure", "(", "rHuEpo", ",", "400", "IU", "/", "kg", ")", "followed", "by", "WAT", "biopsies", "after", "1", "h", "and", "2", ")", "10", "weeks", "treatment", "with", "the", "erythropoiesis", "-", "stimulating", "agent", "(", "ESA", ")", "Darbepoietin", "-", "alpha", ".", "Biopsies", "were", "analyzed", "by", "PCR", "for", "Epo", "receptor", "(", "Epo", "-", "R", ")", "mRNA", ".", "A", "new", "and", "highly", "specific", "antibody", "(", "A82", ",", "Amgen", ")", "was", "used", "to", "evaluate", "the", "presence", "of", "Epo", "-", "R", "by", "western", "blot", "analysis", "in", "addition", "to", "Epo", "-", "R", "signaling", "proteins", "(", "Akt", ",", "STAT5", ",", "p70s6k", ",", "LYN", ",", "and", "p38MAPK", ")", ",", "activation", "of", "lipolytic", "pathways", "(", "ATGL", ",", "HSL", ",", "CGI", "-", "58", ",", "G0S2", ",", "Perilipin", ",", "Cidea", ",", "Cidec", ",", "AMPK", ",", "and", "ACC", ")", ",", "and", "mitochondrial", "biogenesis", "(", "VDAC", ",", "HSP90", ",", "PDH", ",", "and", "SDHA", ")", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "No", "evidence", "of", "in", "vivo", "activation", "of", "the", "Epo", "-", "R", "in", "WAT", "could", "be", "documented", "despite", "detectable", "levels", "of", "Epo", "-", "R", "mRNA", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Thus", ",", "in", "contradiction", "to", "animal", "studies", ",", "Epo", "treatment", "within", "a", "physiological", "relevant", "range", "in", "humans", "does", "not", "exert", "direct", "effects", "in", "a", "subcutaneous", "WAT", "." ]
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27999109
A Critical Role for the Type I Interferon Receptor in Virus-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes in Rats. The pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes, characterized by immune-mediated damage of insulin-producing b-cells of pancreatic islets, may involve viral infection. Essential components of the innate immune antiviral response, including type I interferon (IFN) and IFN receptor-mediated signaling pathways, are candidates for determining susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes. Numerous aspects of human type 1 diabetes pathogenesis are recapitulated in the LEW.1WR1 rat model. Diabetes can be induced in LEW.1WR1 weanling rats challenged with virus or with the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). We hypothesized that disrupting the cognate type I IFN receptor (type I IFN a/b receptor [IFNAR]) to interrupt IFN signaling would prevent or delay the development of virus-induced diabetes. We generated IFNAR1 subunit-deficient LEW.1WR1 rats using CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9) genome editing and confirmed functional disruption of the Ifnar1 gene. IFNAR1 deficiency significantly delayed the onset and frequency of diabetes and greatly reduced the intensity of insulitis after poly I:C treatment. The occurrence of Kilham rat virus-induced diabetes was also diminished in IFNAR1-deficient animals. These findings firmly establish that alterations in innate immunity influence the course of autoimmune diabetes and support the use of targeted strategies to limit or prevent the development of type 1 diabetes.
[ "A", "Critical", "Role", "for", "the", "Type", "I", "Interferon", "Receptor", "in", "Virus", "-", "Induced", "Autoimmune", "Diabetes", "in", "Rats", ".", "The", "pathogenesis", "of", "human", "type", "1", "diabetes", ",", "characterized", "by", "immune", "-", "mediated", "damage", "of", "insulin", "-", "producing", "b", "-", "cells", "of", "pancreatic", "islets", ",", "may", "involve", "viral", "infection", ".", "Essential", "components", "of", "the", "innate", "immune", "antiviral", "response", ",", "including", "type", "I", "interferon", "(", "IFN", ")", "and", "IFN", "receptor", "-", "mediated", "signaling", "pathways", ",", "are", "candidates", "for", "determining", "susceptibility", "to", "human", "type", "1", "diabetes", ".", "Numerous", "aspects", "of", "human", "type", "1", "diabetes", "pathogenesis", "are", "recapitulated", "in", "the", "LEW", ".", "1WR1", "rat", "model", ".", "Diabetes", "can", "be", "induced", "in", "LEW", ".", "1WR1", "weanling", "rats", "challenged", "with", "virus", "or", "with", "the", "viral", "mimetic", "polyinosinic", ":", "polycytidylic", "acid", "(", "poly", "I", ":", "C", ")", ".", "We", "hypothesized", "that", "disrupting", "the", "cognate", "type", "I", "IFN", "receptor", "(", "type", "I", "IFN", "a", "/", "b", "receptor", "[", "IFNAR", "]", ")", "to", "interrupt", "IFN", "signaling", "would", "prevent", "or", "delay", "the", "development", "of", "virus", "-", "induced", "diabetes", ".", "We", "generated", "IFNAR1", "subunit", "-", "deficient", "LEW", ".", "1WR1", "rats", "using", "CRISPR", "-", "Cas9", "(", "clustered", "regularly", "interspaced", "short", "palindromic", "repeats", "-", "associated", "protein", "9", ")", "genome", "editing", "and", "confirmed", "functional", "disruption", "of", "the", "Ifnar1", "gene", ".", "IFNAR1", "deficiency", "significantly", "delayed", "the", "onset", "and", "frequency", "of", "diabetes", "and", "greatly", "reduced", "the", "intensity", "of", "insulitis", "after", "poly", "I", ":", "C", "treatment", ".", "The", "occurrence", "of", "Kilham", "rat", "virus", "-", "induced", "diabetes", "was", "also", "diminished", "in", "IFNAR1", "-", "deficient", "animals", ".", "These", "findings", "firmly", "establish", "that", "alterations", "in", "innate", "immunity", "influence", "the", "course", "of", "autoimmune", "diabetes", "and", "support", "the", "use", "of", "targeted", "strategies", "to", "limit", "or", "prevent", "the", "development", "of", "type", "1", "diabetes", "." ]
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28411266
Genetic Variation at the Sulfonylurea Receptor, Type 2 Diabetes, and Coronary Heart Disease. Despite widespread clinical use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the impact of sulfonylurea therapy on cardiovascular outcomes remains uncertain. Studies of naturally occurring genetic variation can be used to anticipate the expected clinical consequences of a pharmacological therapy. A common missense variant in the gene encoding a component of the sulfonylurea receptor (ABCC8 p.A1369S) promotes closure of the target channel of sulfonylurea therapy and is associated with increased insulin secretion, thus mimicking the effects of sulfonylurea therapy. Using individual-level data from 120,286 participants in the UK Biobank and summary association results from four large-scale genome-wide association studies, we examined the impact of this variant on cardiometabolic traits, type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease. The p.A1369S variant was associated with a significantly lower risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 0.93; 95% CI 0.91, 0.95; P = 1.2 x 10(-11)). The variant was associated with increased BMI (+0.062 kg/m(2); 95% CI 0.037, 0.086; P = 8.1 x 10(-7)) but lower waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI, a marker of abdominal fat distribution. Furthermore, p.A1369S was associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.99; P = 5.9 x 10(-4)). These results suggest that, despite a known association with increased weight, long-term sulfonylurea therapy may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
[ "Genetic", "Variation", "at", "the", "Sulfonylurea", "Receptor", ",", "Type", "2", "Diabetes", ",", "and", "Coronary", "Heart", "Disease", ".", "Despite", "widespread", "clinical", "use", "in", "the", "treatment", "of", "type", "2", "diabetes", ",", "the", "impact", "of", "sulfonylurea", "therapy", "on", "cardiovascular", "outcomes", "remains", "uncertain", ".", "Studies", "of", "naturally", "occurring", "genetic", "variation", "can", "be", "used", "to", "anticipate", "the", "expected", "clinical", "consequences", "of", "a", "pharmacological", "therapy", ".", "A", "common", "missense", "variant", "in", "the", "gene", "encoding", "a", "component", "of", "the", "sulfonylurea", "receptor", "(", "ABCC8", "p", ".", "A1369S", ")", "promotes", "closure", "of", "the", "target", "channel", "of", "sulfonylurea", "therapy", "and", "is", "associated", "with", "increased", "insulin", "secretion", ",", "thus", "mimicking", "the", "effects", "of", "sulfonylurea", "therapy", ".", "Using", "individual", "-", "level", "data", "from", "120,286", "participants", "in", "the", "UK", "Biobank", "and", "summary", "association", "results", "from", "four", "large", "-", "scale", "genome", "-", "wide", "association", "studies", ",", "we", "examined", "the", "impact", "of", "this", "variant", "on", "cardiometabolic", "traits", ",", "type", "2", "diabetes", ",", "and", "coronary", "heart", "disease", ".", "The", "p", ".", "A1369S", "variant", "was", "associated", "with", "a", "significantly", "lower", "risk", "of", "type", "2", "diabetes", "(", "odds", "ratio", "[", "OR", "]", "0", ".", "93", ";", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "91", ",", "0", ".", "95", ";", "P", "=", "1", ".", "2", "x", "10", "(", "-", "11", ")", ")", ".", "The", "variant", "was", "associated", "with", "increased", "BMI", "(", "+", "0", ".", "062", "kg", "/", "m", "(", "2", ")", ";", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "037", ",", "0", ".", "086", ";", "P", "=", "8", ".", "1", "x", "10", "(", "-", "7", ")", ")", "but", "lower", "waist", "-", "to", "-", "hip", "ratio", "adjusted", "for", "BMI", ",", "a", "marker", "of", "abdominal", "fat", "distribution", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "p", ".", "A1369S", "was", "associated", "with", "a", "reduced", "risk", "of", "coronary", "heart", "disease", "(", "OR", "0", ".", "98", ";", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "96", ",", "0", ".", "99", ";", "P", "=", "5", ".", "9", "x", "10", "(", "-", "4", ")", ")", ".", "These", "results", "suggest", "that", ",", "despite", "a", "known", "association", "with", "increased", "weight", ",", "long", "-", "term", "sulfonylurea", "therapy", "may", "reduce", "the", "risk", "of", "coronary", "heart", "disease", "." ]
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28428256
Regulation of lung endothelial permeability and inflammatory responses by prostaglandin A2: role of EP4 receptor. The role of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) in modulation of vascular endothelial function is unknown. We investigated effects of PGA2 on pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) permeability and inflammatory activation and identified a receptor mediating these effects. PGA2 enhanced the EC barrier and protected against barrier dysfunction caused by vasoactive peptide thrombin and proinflammatory bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Receptor screening using pharmacological and molecular inhibitory approaches identified EP4 as a novel PGA2 receptor. EP4 mediated barrier-protective effects of PGA2 by activating Rap1/Rac1 GTPase and protein kinase A targets at cell adhesions and cytoskeleton: VE-cadherin, p120-catenin, ZO-1, cortactin, and VASP. PGA2 also suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory signaling by inhibiting the NFkB pathway and expression of EC adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1. These effects were abolished by pharmacological or molecular inhibition of EP4. In vivo, PGA2 was protective in two distinct models of acute lung injury (ALI): LPS-induced inflammatory injury and two-hit ALI caused by suboptimal mechanical ventilation and injection of thrombin receptor-activating peptide. These protective effects were abolished in mice with endothelial-specific EP4 knockout. The results suggest a novel role for the PGA2-EP4 axis in vascular EC protection that is critical for improvement of pathological states associated with increased vascular leakage and inflammation.
[ "Regulation", "of", "lung", "endothelial", "permeability", "and", "inflammatory", "responses", "by", "prostaglandin", "A2", ":", "role", "of", "EP4", "receptor", ".", "The", "role", "of", "prostaglandin", "A2", "(", "PGA2", ")", "in", "modulation", "of", "vascular", "endothelial", "function", "is", "unknown", ".", "We", "investigated", "effects", "of", "PGA2", "on", "pulmonary", "endothelial", "cell", "(", "EC", ")", "permeability", "and", "inflammatory", "activation", "and", "identified", "a", "receptor", "mediating", "these", "effects", ".", "PGA2", "enhanced", "the", "EC", "barrier", "and", "protected", "against", "barrier", "dysfunction", "caused", "by", "vasoactive", "peptide", "thrombin", "and", "proinflammatory", "bacterial", "wall", "lipopolysaccharide", "(", "LPS", ")", ".", "Receptor", "screening", "using", "pharmacological", "and", "molecular", "inhibitory", "approaches", "identified", "EP4", "as", "a", "novel", "PGA2", "receptor", ".", "EP4", "mediated", "barrier", "-", "protective", "effects", "of", "PGA2", "by", "activating", "Rap1", "/", "Rac1", "GTPase", "and", "protein", "kinase", "A", "targets", "at", "cell", "adhesions", "and", "cytoskeleton", ":", "VE", "-", "cadherin", ",", "p120", "-", "catenin", ",", "ZO", "-", "1", ",", "cortactin", ",", "and", "VASP", ".", "PGA2", "also", "suppressed", "LPS", "-", "induced", "inflammatory", "signaling", "by", "inhibiting", "the", "NFkB", "pathway", "and", "expression", "of", "EC", "adhesion", "molecules", "ICAM1", "and", "VCAM1", ".", "These", "effects", "were", "abolished", "by", "pharmacological", "or", "molecular", "inhibition", "of", "EP4", ".", "In", "vivo", ",", "PGA2", "was", "protective", "in", "two", "distinct", "models", "of", "acute", "lung", "injury", "(", "ALI", ")", ":", "LPS", "-", "induced", "inflammatory", "injury", "and", "two", "-", "hit", "ALI", "caused", "by", "suboptimal", "mechanical", "ventilation", "and", "injection", "of", "thrombin", "receptor", "-", "activating", "peptide", ".", "These", "protective", "effects", "were", "abolished", "in", "mice", "with", "endothelial", "-", "specific", "EP4", "knockout", ".", "The", "results", "suggest", "a", "novel", "role", "for", "the", "PGA2", "-", "EP4", "axis", "in", "vascular", "EC", "protection", "that", "is", "critical", "for", "improvement", "of", "pathological", "states", "associated", "with", "increased", "vascular", "leakage", "and", "inflammation", "." ]
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28487437
Hypoglycemic Effect of Combined Ghrelin and Glucagon Receptor Blockade. Glucagon receptor (GcgR) blockade has been proposed as an alternative to insulin monotherapy for treating type 1 diabetes since deletion or inhibition of GcgRs corrects hyperglycemia in models of diabetes. The factors regulating glycemia in a setting devoid of insulin and glucagon function remain unclear but may include the hormone ghrelin. Not only is ghrelin release controlled by glucose but also ghrelin has many actions that can raise or reduce falls in blood glucose level. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ghrelin rises to prevent hypoglycemia in the absence of glucagon function. Both GcgR knockout (Gcgr(-/-)) mice and db/db mice that were administered GcgR monoclonal antibody displayed lower blood glucose levels accompanied by elevated plasma ghrelin levels. Although treatment with the pancreatic b-cell toxin streptozotocin induced hyperglycemia and raised plasma ghrelin levels in wild-type mice, hyperglycemia was averted in similarly treated Gcgr(-/-) mice and the plasma ghrelin level was further increased. Notably, administration of a ghrelin receptor antagonist further reduced blood glucose levels into the markedly hypoglycemic range in overnight-fasted, streptozotocin-treated Gcgr(-/-) mice. A lowered blood glucose level also was observed in overnight-fasted, streptozotocin-treated ghrelin receptor-null mice that were administered GcgR monoclonal antibody. These data suggest that when glucagon activity is blocked in the setting of type 1 diabetes, the plasma ghrelin level rises, preventing hypoglycemia.
[ "Hypoglycemic", "Effect", "of", "Combined", "Ghrelin", "and", "Glucagon", "Receptor", "Blockade", ".", "Glucagon", "receptor", "(", "GcgR", ")", "blockade", "has", "been", "proposed", "as", "an", "alternative", "to", "insulin", "monotherapy", "for", "treating", "type", "1", "diabetes", "since", "deletion", "or", "inhibition", "of", "GcgRs", "corrects", "hyperglycemia", "in", "models", "of", "diabetes", ".", "The", "factors", "regulating", "glycemia", "in", "a", "setting", "devoid", "of", "insulin", "and", "glucagon", "function", "remain", "unclear", "but", "may", "include", "the", "hormone", "ghrelin", ".", "Not", "only", "is", "ghrelin", "release", "controlled", "by", "glucose", "but", "also", "ghrelin", "has", "many", "actions", "that", "can", "raise", "or", "reduce", "falls", "in", "blood", "glucose", "level", ".", "Here", ",", "we", "tested", "the", "hypothesis", "that", "ghrelin", "rises", "to", "prevent", "hypoglycemia", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "glucagon", "function", ".", "Both", "GcgR", "knockout", "(", "Gcgr", "(", "-", "/", "-", ")", ")", "mice", "and", "db", "/", "db", "mice", "that", "were", "administered", "GcgR", "monoclonal", "antibody", "displayed", "lower", "blood", "glucose", "levels", "accompanied", "by", "elevated", "plasma", "ghrelin", "levels", ".", "Although", "treatment", "with", "the", "pancreatic", "b", "-", "cell", "toxin", "streptozotocin", "induced", "hyperglycemia", "and", "raised", "plasma", "ghrelin", "levels", "in", "wild", "-", "type", "mice", ",", "hyperglycemia", "was", "averted", "in", "similarly", "treated", "Gcgr", "(", "-", "/", "-", ")", "mice", "and", "the", "plasma", "ghrelin", "level", "was", "further", "increased", ".", "Notably", ",", "administration", "of", "a", "ghrelin", "receptor", "antagonist", "further", "reduced", "blood", "glucose", "levels", "into", "the", "markedly", "hypoglycemic", "range", "in", "overnight", "-", "fasted", ",", "streptozotocin", "-", "treated", "Gcgr", "(", "-", "/", "-", ")", "mice", ".", "A", "lowered", "blood", "glucose", "level", "also", "was", "observed", "in", "overnight", "-", "fasted", ",", "streptozotocin", "-", "treated", "ghrelin", "receptor", "-", "null", "mice", "that", "were", "administered", "GcgR", "monoclonal", "antibody", ".", "These", "data", "suggest", "that", "when", "glucagon", "activity", "is", "blocked", "in", "the", "setting", "of", "type", "1", "diabetes", ",", "the", "plasma", "ghrelin", "level", "rises", ",", "preventing", "hypoglycemia", "." ]
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28777492
Gankyrin induces STAT3 activation in tumor microenvironment and sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) develop as a result of chronic liver inflammation. We have shown that the oncoprotein gankyrin is critical for inflammation-induced tumorigenesis in the colon. Although the in vitro function of gankyrin is well known, its role in vivo remains to be elucidated. We investigated the effect of gankyrin in the tumor microenvironment of mice with liver parenchymal cell-specific gankyrin ablation (Alb-Cre;gankyrin(f/f) ) and gankyrin deletion both in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (Mx1-Cre;gankyrin(f/f) ). Gankyrin upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor cells. Gankyrin binds to Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), mainly expressed in liver non-parenchymal cells, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Gankyrin deficiency in non-parenchymal cells, but not in parenchymal cells, reduced STAT3 activity, interleukin (IL)-6 production, and cancer stem cell marker (Bmi1 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule [EpCAM]) expression, leading to attenuated tumorigenic potential. Chronic inflammation enhances gankyrin expression in the human liver. Gankyrin expression in the tumor microenvironment is negatively correlated with progression-free survival in patients undergoing sorafenib treatment for HCC. Thus, gankyrin appears to play a critical oncogenic function in tumor microenvironment and may be a potential target for developing therapeutic and preventive strategies against HCC.
[ "Gankyrin", "induces", "STAT3", "activation", "in", "tumor", "microenvironment", "and", "sorafenib", "resistance", "in", "hepatocellular", "carcinoma", ".", "Most", "hepatocellular", "carcinomas", "(", "HCC", ")", "develop", "as", "a", "result", "of", "chronic", "liver", "inflammation", ".", "We", "have", "shown", "that", "the", "oncoprotein", "gankyrin", "is", "critical", "for", "inflammation", "-", "induced", "tumorigenesis", "in", "the", "colon", ".", "Although", "the", "in", "vitro", "function", "of", "gankyrin", "is", "well", "known", ",", "its", "role", "in", "vivo", "remains", "to", "be", "elucidated", ".", "We", "investigated", "the", "effect", "of", "gankyrin", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", "of", "mice", "with", "liver", "parenchymal", "cell", "-", "specific", "gankyrin", "ablation", "(", "Alb", "-", "Cre", ";", "gankyrin", "(", "f", "/", "f", ")", ")", "and", "gankyrin", "deletion", "both", "in", "liver", "parenchymal", "and", "non", "-", "parenchymal", "cells", "(", "Mx1", "-", "Cre", ";", "gankyrin", "(", "f", "/", "f", ")", ")", ".", "Gankyrin", "upregulates", "vascular", "endothelial", "growth", "factor", "expression", "in", "tumor", "cells", ".", "Gankyrin", "binds", "to", "Src", "homology", "2", "domain", "-", "containing", "protein", "tyrosine", "phosphatase", "-", "1", "(", "SHP", "-", "1", ")", ",", "mainly", "expressed", "in", "liver", "non", "-", "parenchymal", "cells", ",", "resulting", "in", "phosphorylation", "and", "activation", "of", "signal", "transducer", "and", "activator", "of", "transcription", "3", "(", "STAT3", ")", ".", "Gankyrin", "deficiency", "in", "non", "-", "parenchymal", "cells", ",", "but", "not", "in", "parenchymal", "cells", ",", "reduced", "STAT3", "activity", ",", "interleukin", "(", "IL", ")", "-", "6", "production", ",", "and", "cancer", "stem", "cell", "marker", "(", "Bmi1", "and", "epithelial", "cell", "adhesion", "molecule", "[", "EpCAM", "]", ")", "expression", ",", "leading", "to", "attenuated", "tumorigenic", "potential", ".", "Chronic", "inflammation", "enhances", "gankyrin", "expression", "in", "the", "human", "liver", ".", "Gankyrin", "expression", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", "is", "negatively", "correlated", "with", "progression", "-", "free", "survival", "in", "patients", "undergoing", "sorafenib", "treatment", "for", "HCC", ".", "Thus", ",", "gankyrin", "appears", "to", "play", "a", "critical", "oncogenic", "function", "in", "tumor", "microenvironment", "and", "may", "be", "a", "potential", "target", "for", "developing", "therapeutic", "and", "preventive", "strategies", "against", "HCC", "." ]
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7018927
Pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone during haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinemia. The effects of a 6-hour infusion with haloperidol on serum prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels was studied in a group of male subjects. Five hours after starting the infusions, a study of the pituitary responses to LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was carried out. Control patients received infusions of 0.9% NaCl solution. During the course of haloperidol infusions, significant hyperprolactinemia was found, together with an abolished pituitary response to LH-RH, as compared with responses of control subjects.
[ "Pituitary", "response", "to", "luteinizing", "hormone", "-", "releasing", "hormone", "during", "haloperidol", "-", "induced", "hyperprolactinemia", ".", "The", "effects", "of", "a", "6", "-", "hour", "infusion", "with", "haloperidol", "on", "serum", "prolactin", "and", "luteinizing", "hormone", "(", "LH", ")", "levels", "was", "studied", "in", "a", "group", "of", "male", "subjects", ".", "Five", "hours", "after", "starting", "the", "infusions", ",", "a", "study", "of", "the", "pituitary", "responses", "to", "LH", "-", "releasing", "hormone", "(", "LH", "-", "RH", ")", "was", "carried", "out", ".", "Control", "patients", "received", "infusions", "of", "0", ".", "9", "%", "NaCl", "solution", ".", "During", "the", "course", "of", "haloperidol", "infusions", ",", "significant", "hyperprolactinemia", "was", "found", ",", "together", "with", "an", "abolished", "pituitary", "response", "to", "LH", "-", "RH", ",", "as", "compared", "with", "responses", "of", "control", "subjects", "." ]
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7468724
Cardiovascular complications associated with terbutaline treatment for preterm labor. Severe cardiovascular complications occurred in eight of 160 patients treated with terbutaline for preterm labor. Associated corticosteroid therapy and twin gestations appear to be predisposing factors. Potential mechanisms of the pathophysiology are briefly discussed.
[ "Cardiovascular", "complications", "associated", "with", "terbutaline", "treatment", "for", "preterm", "labor", ".", "Severe", "cardiovascular", "complications", "occurred", "in", "eight", "of", "160", "patients", "treated", "with", "terbutaline", "for", "preterm", "labor", ".", "Associated", "corticosteroid", "therapy", "and", "twin", "gestations", "appear", "to", "be", "predisposing", "factors", ".", "Potential", "mechanisms", "of", "the", "pathophysiology", "are", "briefly", "discussed", "." ]
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7668252
Cloning of human very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase and molecular characterization of its deficiency in two patients. Two overlapping cDNA clones (1, 991 bp and 736 bp, respectively) encoding the precursor of human mitochondrial very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) were cloned and sequenced. The cDNA inserts of these clones together encompass a region of 2, 177 bases, encoding the entire protein of 655 amino acids, including a 40-amino acid leader peptide and a 615-amino acid mature polypeptide. PCR-amplified VLCAD cDNAs were sequenced in cultured fibroblasts from two VLCAD-deficient patients. In both patients, a 105-bp deletion encompassing bases 1078-1182 in VLCAD cDNA was identified. The deletion seems to occur due to exon skipping during processing of VLCAD pre-mRNA. This is the first demonstration of a mutation causing VLCAD deficiency. Quantitative cDNA expression of normal human VLCAD was performed in the patients fibroblasts, using vaccinia viral system, which demonstrated that the deficiency of the normal VLCAD protein causes impaired long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation activity in the patients fibroblasts. In patient fibroblasts, raising VLCAD activity to approximately 20% of normal control fibroblast activity raised palmitic acid beta-oxidation flux to the level found in control fibroblasts, which may offer important information for the rational design of future somatic gene therapy for VLCAD deficiency..
[ "Cloning", "of", "human", "very", "-", "long", "-", "chain", "acyl", "-", "coenzyme", "A", "dehydrogenase", "and", "molecular", "characterization", "of", "its", "deficiency", "in", "two", "patients", ".", "Two", "overlapping", "cDNA", "clones", "(", "1", ",", "991", "bp", "and", "736", "bp", ",", "respectively", ")", "encoding", "the", "precursor", "of", "human", "mitochondrial", "very", "-", "long", "-", "chain", "acyl", "-", "coenzyme", "A", "dehydrogenase", "(", "VLCAD", ")", "were", "cloned", "and", "sequenced", ".", "The", "cDNA", "inserts", "of", "these", "clones", "together", "encompass", "a", "region", "of", "2", ",", "177", "bases", ",", "encoding", "the", "entire", "protein", "of", "655", "amino", "acids", ",", "including", "a", "40", "-", "amino", "acid", "leader", "peptide", "and", "a", "615", "-", "amino", "acid", "mature", "polypeptide", ".", "PCR", "-", "amplified", "VLCAD", "cDNAs", "were", "sequenced", "in", "cultured", "fibroblasts", "from", "two", "VLCAD", "-", "deficient", "patients", ".", "In", "both", "patients", ",", "a", "105", "-", "bp", "deletion", "encompassing", "bases", "1078", "-", "1182", "in", "VLCAD", "cDNA", "was", "identified", ".", "The", "deletion", "seems", "to", "occur", "due", "to", "exon", "skipping", "during", "processing", "of", "VLCAD", "pre", "-", "mRNA", ".", "This", "is", "the", "first", "demonstration", "of", "a", "mutation", "causing", "VLCAD", "deficiency", ".", "Quantitative", "cDNA", "expression", "of", "normal", "human", "VLCAD", "was", "performed", "in", "the", "patients", "fibroblasts", ",", "using", "vaccinia", "viral", "system", ",", "which", "demonstrated", "that", "the", "deficiency", "of", "the", "normal", "VLCAD", "protein", "causes", "impaired", "long", "-", "chain", "fatty", "acid", "beta", "-", "oxidation", "activity", "in", "the", "patients", "fibroblasts", ".", "In", "patient", "fibroblasts", ",", "raising", "VLCAD", "activity", "to", "approximately", "20", "%", "of", "normal", "control", "fibroblast", "activity", "raised", "palmitic", "acid", "beta", "-", "oxidation", "flux", "to", "the", "level", "found", "in", "control", "fibroblasts", ",", "which", "may", "offer", "important", "information", "for", "the", "rational", "design", "of", "future", "somatic", "gene", "therapy", "for", "VLCAD", "deficiency", ".", "." ]
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7905839
Human mu opiate receptor. cDNA and genomic clones, pharmacologic characterization and chromosomal assignment. A human mu opiate receptor cDNA has been identified from a cerebral cortical cDNA library using sequences from the rat mu opiate receptor cDNA. The human mu opiate receptor (h mu OR1) shares 95% amino acid identity with the rat sequence. The expressed mu OR1 recognized tested opiate drugs and opioid peptides in a sodium- and GTP-sensitive fashion with affinities virtually identical to those displayed by the rat mu opiate receptor. Effects on cyclic AMP are similar to those noted for the rat mu opiate receptor. An 18 kb genomic clone hybridizing with the h mu OR1 cDNA contains 63 and 489 bp exonic sequences flanked by splice donor/acceptor sequences. Analysis of hybridization to DNA prepared from human rodent hybrid cell lines and chromosomal in situ hybridization studies indicate localization to 6q24-25. An MspI polymorphism, producing a 3.7 kb band, may prove useful in assessing this gene's involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders involving opiatergic systems.
[ "Human", "mu", "opiate", "receptor", ".", "cDNA", "and", "genomic", "clones", ",", "pharmacologic", "characterization", "and", "chromosomal", "assignment", ".", "A", "human", "mu", "opiate", "receptor", "cDNA", "has", "been", "identified", "from", "a", "cerebral", "cortical", "cDNA", "library", "using", "sequences", "from", "the", "rat", "mu", "opiate", "receptor", "cDNA", ".", "The", "human", "mu", "opiate", "receptor", "(", "h", "mu", "OR1", ")", "shares", "95", "%", "amino", "acid", "identity", "with", "the", "rat", "sequence", ".", "The", "expressed", "mu", "OR1", "recognized", "tested", "opiate", "drugs", "and", "opioid", "peptides", "in", "a", "sodium", "-", "and", "GTP", "-", "sensitive", "fashion", "with", "affinities", "virtually", "identical", "to", "those", "displayed", "by", "the", "rat", "mu", "opiate", "receptor", ".", "Effects", "on", "cyclic", "AMP", "are", "similar", "to", "those", "noted", "for", "the", "rat", "mu", "opiate", "receptor", ".", "An", "18", "kb", "genomic", "clone", "hybridizing", "with", "the", "h", "mu", "OR1", "cDNA", "contains", "63", "and", "489", "bp", "exonic", "sequences", "flanked", "by", "splice", "donor", "/", "acceptor", "sequences", ".", "Analysis", "of", "hybridization", "to", "DNA", "prepared", "from", "human", "rodent", "hybrid", "cell", "lines", "and", "chromosomal", "in", "situ", "hybridization", "studies", "indicate", "localization", "to", "6q24", "-", "25", ".", "An", "MspI", "polymorphism", ",", "producing", "a", "3", ".", "7", "kb", "band", ",", "may", "prove", "useful", "in", "assessing", "this", "gene", "'s", "involvement", "in", "neuropsychiatric", "disorders", "involving", "opiatergic", "systems", "." ]
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8002973
Adrenoleukodystrophy gene encodes an 80 kDa membrane protein. An antibody against the synthetic C-terminal peptides deduced from the cDNA of the gene responsible for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) was produced to characterize the product of the ALD gene. The antibody reacted with the 80 kDa band protein in control fibroblasts, while no bands were detected in the fibroblasts from a patient with ALD (# 163), in which mRNA of the ALD gene was undetectable based on Northern blot analysis. The 293T cells transfected with the full-coding cDNA inserted in the expression vector produced a new 80 kDa protein, as detected by Western blot. In an immunocytological study, the staining was in a punctate pattern, in the normal fibroblasts. However, there was no punctate staining in the # 163 cells. These data thus indicate that the ALD gene encodes an 80 kDa membrane protein..
[ "Adrenoleukodystrophy", "gene", "encodes", "an", "80", "kDa", "membrane", "protein", ".", "An", "antibody", "against", "the", "synthetic", "C", "-", "terminal", "peptides", "deduced", "from", "the", "cDNA", "of", "the", "gene", "responsible", "for", "X", "-", "linked", "adrenoleukodystrophy", "(", "ALD", ")", "was", "produced", "to", "characterize", "the", "product", "of", "the", "ALD", "gene", ".", "The", "antibody", "reacted", "with", "the", "80", "kDa", "band", "protein", "in", "control", "fibroblasts", ",", "while", "no", "bands", "were", "detected", "in", "the", "fibroblasts", "from", "a", "patient", "with", "ALD", "(", "#", "163", ")", ",", "in", "which", "mRNA", "of", "the", "ALD", "gene", "was", "undetectable", "based", "on", "Northern", "blot", "analysis", ".", "The", "293T", "cells", "transfected", "with", "the", "full", "-", "coding", "cDNA", "inserted", "in", "the", "expression", "vector", "produced", "a", "new", "80", "kDa", "protein", ",", "as", "detected", "by", "Western", "blot", ".", "In", "an", "immunocytological", "study", ",", "the", "staining", "was", "in", "a", "punctate", "pattern", ",", "in", "the", "normal", "fibroblasts", ".", "However", ",", "there", "was", "no", "punctate", "staining", "in", "the", "#", "163", "cells", ".", "These", "data", "thus", "indicate", "that", "the", "ALD", "gene", "encodes", "an", "80", "kDa", "membrane", "protein", ".", "." ]
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8755918
Mutations associated with variant phenotypes in ataxia-telangiectasia. We have identified 14 families with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) in which mutation of the ATM gene is associated with a less severe clinical and cellular phenotype (approximately 10% -15% of A-T families identified in the United Kingdom). In 10 of these families, all the homozygotes have a 137-bp insertion in their cDNA caused by a point mutation in a sequence resembling a splice-donor site. The second A-T allele has a different mutation in each patient. We show that the less severe phenotype in these patients is caused by some degree of normal splicing, which occurs as an alternative product from the insertion-containing allele. The level of the 137-bp PCR product containing the insertion was lowest in two patients who showed a later onset of cerebellar ataxia. A further four families who do not have this insertion have been identified. Mutations detected in two of four of these are missense mutations, normally rare in A-T patients. The demonstration of mutations giving rise to a slightly milder phenotype in A-T raises the interesting question of what range of phenotypes might occur in individuals in whom both mutations are milder. One possibility might be that individuals who are compound heterozygotes for ATM mutations are more common than we realize..
[ "Mutations", "associated", "with", "variant", "phenotypes", "in", "ataxia", "-", "telangiectasia", ".", "We", "have", "identified", "14", "families", "with", "ataxia", "-", "telangiectasia", "(", "A", "-", "T", ")", "in", "which", "mutation", "of", "the", "ATM", "gene", "is", "associated", "with", "a", "less", "severe", "clinical", "and", "cellular", "phenotype", "(", "approximately", "10", "%", "-", "15", "%", "of", "A", "-", "T", "families", "identified", "in", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ")", ".", "In", "10", "of", "these", "families", ",", "all", "the", "homozygotes", "have", "a", "137", "-", "bp", "insertion", "in", "their", "cDNA", "caused", "by", "a", "point", "mutation", "in", "a", "sequence", "resembling", "a", "splice", "-", "donor", "site", ".", "The", "second", "A", "-", "T", "allele", "has", "a", "different", "mutation", "in", "each", "patient", ".", "We", "show", "that", "the", "less", "severe", "phenotype", "in", "these", "patients", "is", "caused", "by", "some", "degree", "of", "normal", "splicing", ",", "which", "occurs", "as", "an", "alternative", "product", "from", "the", "insertion", "-", "containing", "allele", ".", "The", "level", "of", "the", "137", "-", "bp", "PCR", "product", "containing", "the", "insertion", "was", "lowest", "in", "two", "patients", "who", "showed", "a", "later", "onset", "of", "cerebellar", "ataxia", ".", "A", "further", "four", "families", "who", "do", "not", "have", "this", "insertion", "have", "been", "identified", ".", "Mutations", "detected", "in", "two", "of", "four", "of", "these", "are", "missense", "mutations", ",", "normally", "rare", "in", "A", "-", "T", "patients", ".", "The", "demonstration", "of", "mutations", "giving", "rise", "to", "a", "slightly", "milder", "phenotype", "in", "A", "-", "T", "raises", "the", "interesting", "question", "of", "what", "range", "of", "phenotypes", "might", "occur", "in", "individuals", "in", "whom", "both", "mutations", "are", "milder", ".", "One", "possibility", "might", "be", "that", "individuals", "who", "are", "compound", "heterozygotes", "for", "ATM", "mutations", "are", "more", "common", "than", "we", "realize", ".", "." ]
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9294109
Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase is involved in the modulation of the Ca2+ homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells. Myotonic dystrophy (DM), the most prevalent muscular disorder in adults, is caused by (CTG) n-repeat expansion in a gene encoding a protein kinase (DM protein kinase; DMPK) and involves changes in cytoarchitecture and ion homeostasis. To obtain clues to the normal biological role of DMPK in cellular ion homeostasis, we have compared the resting [Ca2 +] i, the amplitude and shape of depolarization-induced Ca2 + transients, and the content of ATP-driven ion pumps in cultured skeletal muscle cells of wild-type and DMPK [-/-] knockout mice. In vitro-differentiated DMPK [-/-] myotubes exhibit a higher resting [Ca2 +] i than do wild-type myotubes because of an altered open probability of voltage-dependent l-type Ca2 + and Na + channels. The mutant myotubes exhibit smaller and slower Ca2 + responses upon triggering by acetylcholine or high external K +. In addition, we observed that these Ca2 + transients partially result from an influx of extracellular Ca2 + through the l-type Ca2 + channel. Neither the content nor the activity of Na +/K + ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 + -ATPase are affected by DMPK absence. In conclusion, our data suggest that DMPK is involved in modulating the initial events of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle..
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9647766
cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of the remaining three human nuclear encoded iron sulphur protein (IP) subunits of complex I: the human IP fraction is completed. NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain can be fragmented in a flavoprotein (FP), iron-sulfur protein (IP), and hydrophobic protein (HP) subfraction. The IP subfraction is hypothesized to be significant, since it contains important prosthetic groups highly conserved among species. We cloned the cDNA of three remaining human NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunits of this IP fraction: the NDUFS2 (49 kDa), NDUFS3 (30 kDa), and NDUFS6 (13 kDa) subunits. All presented cDNAs include the complete open reading frame (ORF), which consist of 1392, 795, and 375 base pairs, coding for 463, 264, and 124 amino acids, respectively. The latter show 96, 90, and 83% homology with the corresponding bovine translation products. The 3' untranslated regions (UTR) are complete in all three cDNAs. Polymerase chain reaction performed with DNA isolated from somatic human-rodent cell hybrids containing defined human chromosomes as template gave a human-specific signal which mapped the NDUFS2 and NDUFS3 subunits to chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. In the case of the NDUFS6 subunit a pseudogene may be present since signals were seen in the lanes containing chromosomes 5 and 6. The NDUFS2 contains a highly conserved protein kinase C phosphorylation site and the NDUFS3 subunit contains a highly conserved casein kinase II phosphorylation site which make them strong candidates for future mutation detection studies in enzymatic complex I-deficient patients.
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9746003
Inappropriate use of carbamazepine and vigabatrin in typical absence seizures. Carbamazepine and vigabatrin are contraindicated in typical absence seizures. Of 18 consecutive referrals of children with resistant typical absences only, eight were erroneously treated with carbamazepine either as monotherapy or as an add-on. Vigabatrin was also used in the treatment of two children. Frequency of absences increased in four children treated with carbamazepine and two of these developed myoclonic jerks, which resolved on withdrawal of carbamazepine. Absences were aggravated in both cases where vigabatrin was added on to concurrent treatment. Optimal control of the absences was achieved with sodium valproate, lamotrigine, or ethosuximide alone or in combination.
[ "Inappropriate", "use", "of", "carbamazepine", "and", "vigabatrin", "in", "typical", "absence", "seizures", ".", "Carbamazepine", "and", "vigabatrin", "are", "contraindicated", "in", "typical", "absence", "seizures", ".", "Of", "18", "consecutive", "referrals", "of", "children", "with", "resistant", "typical", "absences", "only", ",", "eight", "were", "erroneously", "treated", "with", "carbamazepine", "either", "as", "monotherapy", "or", "as", "an", "add", "-", "on", ".", "Vigabatrin", "was", "also", "used", "in", "the", "treatment", "of", "two", "children", ".", "Frequency", "of", "absences", "increased", "in", "four", "children", "treated", "with", "carbamazepine", "and", "two", "of", "these", "developed", "myoclonic", "jerks", ",", "which", "resolved", "on", "withdrawal", "of", "carbamazepine", ".", "Absences", "were", "aggravated", "in", "both", "cases", "where", "vigabatrin", "was", "added", "on", "to", "concurrent", "treatment", ".", "Optimal", "control", "of", "the", "absences", "was", "achieved", "with", "sodium", "valproate", ",", "lamotrigine", ",", "or", "ethosuximide", "alone", "or", "in", "combination", "." ]
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15459183
CD72 polymorphisms associated with alternative splicing modify susceptibility to human systemic lupus erythematosus through epistatic interaction with FCGR2B. We previously reported association of FCGR2B-Ile232Thr with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in three Asian populations. Because polymorphism of CD72, another inhibitory receptor of B cells, was associated with murine SLE, we identified human CD72 polymorphisms, tested their association with SLE and examined genetic interaction with FCGR2B in the Japanese (160 SLE, 277 controls), Thais (87 SLE, 187 controls) and Caucasians (94 families containing SLE members). Four polymorphisms and six rare variations were detected. The former constituted two major haplotypes that contained one or two repeats of 13 nucleotides in intron 8 (designated as *1 and *2, respectively). Although association with susceptibility to SLE was not detected, the *1 allele was significantly associated with nephritis among the Japanese patients (P=0.024). RT-PCR identified a novel alternatively spliced (AS) transcript that was expressed at the protein level in COS-7 transfectants. The ratio of AS/common isoforms was strikingly increased in individuals with *2/*2 genotype when compared with *1/*1 (P=0.000038) or *1/*2 (P=0.0085) genotypes. Using the two Asian cohorts, significant association of FCGR2B-232Thr/Thr with SLE was observed only in the presence of CD72-*1/*1 genotype (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.47-14.6, P=0.009 versus FCGR2B-232Ile/Ile plus CD72-*2/*2). Minigene assays demonstrated that the 13-nucleotide repeat and 4 bp deletion within the same haplotype of intron 8 could regulate alternative splicing. The AS isoform lacks exon 8, and is deduced to contain 49 amino acid changes in the membrane-distal portion of the extracellular domain, where considerable amino acid changes are known in CD72(c) allele associated with murine SLE. These results indicated that the presence of CD72-*2 allele decreases risk for human SLE conferred by FCGR2B-232Thr, possibly by increasing the AS isoform of CD72.
[ "CD72", "polymorphisms", "associated", "with", "alternative", "splicing", "modify", "susceptibility", "to", "human", "systemic", "lupus", "erythematosus", "through", "epistatic", "interaction", "with", "FCGR2B", ".", "We", "previously", "reported", "association", "of", "FCGR2B", "-", "Ile232Thr", "with", "systemic", "lupus", "erythematosus", "(", "SLE", ")", "in", "three", "Asian", "populations", ".", "Because", "polymorphism", "of", "CD72", ",", "another", "inhibitory", "receptor", "of", "B", "cells", ",", "was", "associated", "with", "murine", "SLE", ",", "we", "identified", "human", "CD72", "polymorphisms", ",", "tested", "their", "association", "with", "SLE", "and", "examined", "genetic", "interaction", "with", "FCGR2B", "in", "the", "Japanese", "(", "160", "SLE", ",", "277", "controls", ")", ",", "Thais", "(", "87", "SLE", ",", "187", "controls", ")", "and", "Caucasians", "(", "94", "families", "containing", "SLE", "members", ")", ".", "Four", "polymorphisms", "and", "six", "rare", "variations", "were", "detected", ".", "The", "former", "constituted", "two", "major", "haplotypes", "that", "contained", "one", "or", "two", "repeats", "of", "13", "nucleotides", "in", "intron", "8", "(", "designated", "as", "*", "1", "and", "*", "2", ",", "respectively", ")", ".", "Although", "association", "with", "susceptibility", "to", "SLE", "was", "not", "detected", ",", "the", "*", "1", "allele", "was", "significantly", "associated", "with", "nephritis", "among", "the", "Japanese", "patients", "(", "P=0", ".", "024", ")", ".", "RT", "-", "PCR", "identified", "a", "novel", "alternatively", "spliced", "(", "AS", ")", "transcript", "that", "was", "expressed", "at", "the", "protein", "level", "in", "COS", "-", "7", "transfectants", ".", "The", "ratio", "of", "AS", "/", "common", "isoforms", "was", "strikingly", "increased", "in", "individuals", "with", "*", "2", "/", "*", "2", "genotype", "when", "compared", "with", "*", "1", "/", "*", "1", "(", "P=0", ".", "000038", ")", "or", "*", "1", "/", "*", "2", "(", "P=0", ".", "0085", ")", "genotypes", ".", "Using", "the", "two", "Asian", "cohorts", ",", "significant", "association", "of", "FCGR2B", "-", "232Thr", "/", "Thr", "with", "SLE", "was", "observed", "only", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "CD72", "-", "*", "1", "/", "*", "1", "genotype", "(", "OR", "4", ".", "63", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "47", "-", "14", ".", "6", ",", "P=0", ".", "009", "versus", "FCGR2B", "-", "232Ile", "/", "Ile", "plus", "CD72", "-", "*", "2", "/", "*", "2", ")", ".", "Minigene", "assays", "demonstrated", "that", "the", "13", "-", "nucleotide", "repeat", "and", "4", "bp", "deletion", "within", "the", "same", "haplotype", "of", "intron", "8", "could", "regulate", "alternative", "splicing", ".", "The", "AS", "isoform", "lacks", "exon", "8", ",", "and", "is", "deduced", "to", "contain", "49", "amino", "acid", "changes", "in", "the", "membrane", "-", "distal", "portion", "of", "the", "extracellular", "domain", ",", "where", "considerable", "amino", "acid", "changes", "are", "known", "in", "CD72", "(", "c", ")", "allele", "associated", "with", "murine", "SLE", ".", "These", "results", "indicated", "that", "the", "presence", "of", "CD72", "-", "*", "2", "allele", "decreases", "risk", "for", "human", "SLE", "conferred", "by", "FCGR2B", "-", "232Thr", ",", "possibly", "by", "increasing", "the", "AS", "isoform", "of", "CD72", "." ]
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15599941
Polymorphic forms of prostate specific antigen and their interaction with androgen receptor trinucleotide repeats in prostate cancer. BACKGROUND: Recent data has suggested that polymorphisms in the prostate specific antigen (PSA) may increase prostate cancer (PC) risk. The PSA gene contains a G/A substitution in the androgen response element (ARE) 1 region. The androgen receptor (AR) gene has polymorphic regions containing variable length glutamine and glycine repeats and these are believed to be associated with PC risk. The effect on PC risks from PSA polymorphisms alone and synergistically with the AR gene was examined in this report. METHODS: One hundred PC patients and an age matched cohort of 79 benign prostate hyperplasia and 67 population controls were entered in this study. DNA was extracted from blood and PSA/ARE promoter region amplified by PCR. PCR products were cut with Nhe 1 restriction enzyme to distinguish G/A alleles. AR/CAG and GGC repeat length was detected by automated fluorescence from PCR products. RESULTS: We found a significantly higher PSA/GG distribution in PC (30%) than either benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (18%) or population controls (16%) (P = 0.025). Furthermore the GG distribution within cases was even greater in younger men (< 65 years; 42%; P = 0.012). Additionally, when PSA genotype was cross classified with CAG repeat, significantly more cases than both BPH and population controls were observed to have a short (< 22) CAG/GG genotype (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the PSA/ARE GG genotype confers an increased risk of PC especially among younger men. Moreover, we confirm previous results that a short glutamine repeat in conjunction with GG genotype significantly increases the risk of malignant disease.
[ "Polymorphic", "forms", "of", "prostate", "specific", "antigen", "and", "their", "interaction", "with", "androgen", "receptor", "trinucleotide", "repeats", "in", "prostate", "cancer", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Recent", "data", "has", "suggested", "that", "polymorphisms", "in", "the", "prostate", "specific", "antigen", "(", "PSA", ")", "may", "increase", "prostate", "cancer", "(", "PC", ")", "risk", ".", "The", "PSA", "gene", "contains", "a", "G", "/", "A", "substitution", "in", "the", "androgen", "response", "element", "(", "ARE", ")", "1", "region", ".", "The", "androgen", "receptor", "(", "AR", ")", "gene", "has", "polymorphic", "regions", "containing", "variable", "length", "glutamine", "and", "glycine", "repeats", "and", "these", "are", "believed", "to", "be", "associated", "with", "PC", "risk", ".", "The", "effect", "on", "PC", "risks", "from", "PSA", "polymorphisms", "alone", "and", "synergistically", "with", "the", "AR", "gene", "was", "examined", "in", "this", "report", ".", "METHODS", ":", "One", "hundred", "PC", "patients", "and", "an", "age", "matched", "cohort", "of", "79", "benign", "prostate", "hyperplasia", "and", "67", "population", "controls", "were", "entered", "in", "this", "study", ".", "DNA", "was", "extracted", "from", "blood", "and", "PSA", "/", "ARE", "promoter", "region", "amplified", "by", "PCR", ".", "PCR", "products", "were", "cut", "with", "Nhe", "1", "restriction", "enzyme", "to", "distinguish", "G", "/", "A", "alleles", ".", "AR", "/", "CAG", "and", "GGC", "repeat", "length", "was", "detected", "by", "automated", "fluorescence", "from", "PCR", "products", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "We", "found", "a", "significantly", "higher", "PSA", "/", "GG", "distribution", "in", "PC", "(", "30", "%", ")", "than", "either", "benign", "prostatic", "hyperplasia", "(", "BPH", ")", "(", "18", "%", ")", "or", "population", "controls", "(", "16", "%", ")", "(", "P", "=", "0", ".", "025", ")", ".", "Furthermore", "the", "GG", "distribution", "within", "cases", "was", "even", "greater", "in", "younger", "men", "(", "<", "65", "years", ";", "42", "%", ";", "P", "=", "0", ".", "012", ")", ".", "Additionally", ",", "when", "PSA", "genotype", "was", "cross", "classified", "with", "CAG", "repeat", ",", "significantly", "more", "cases", "than", "both", "BPH", "and", "population", "controls", "were", "observed", "to", "have", "a", "short", "(", "<", "22", ")", "CAG", "/", "GG", "genotype", "(", "P", "=", "0", ".", "006", ")", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Our", "results", "indicate", "that", "the", "PSA", "/", "ARE", "GG", "genotype", "confers", "an", "increased", "risk", "of", "PC", "especially", "among", "younger", "men", ".", "Moreover", ",", "we", "confirm", "previous", "results", "that", "a", "short", "glutamine", "repeat", "in", "conjunction", "with", "GG", "genotype", "significantly", "increases", "the", "risk", "of", "malignant", "disease", "." ]
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15609295
Compound heterozygosity for a novel nine-nucleotide deletion and the Asn45Ser missense mutation in the glycoprotein IX gene in a patient with Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder due to quantitative or qualitative abnormalities in the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib/IX/V complex, the major von Willebrand factor receptor. The complex comprises four subunits, each encoded by a separate gene. Several mutations have been described for each of the subunits, except for GPV, as a cause of BSS. We describe here the genetic basis of the disorder in a child with BSS. Flow-cytometric analysis of the patient's platelets showed a markedly reduced surface expression of all three glycoproteins of the GPIb/IX/V complex. DNA sequencing analysis showed the patient to be a compound heterozygote for two mutations in the GPIX gene, a novel nine-nucleotide deletion starting at position 1952 of the gene that changes asparagine 86 for alanine and eliminates amino acids 87, 88, and 89 (arginine, threonine, and proline) and a previously reported point mutation that changes the codon asparagine (AAC) for serine (AGC) at residue 45. Her mother was heterozygous for the Asn45Ser mutation, and her father, for the nine-nucleotide deletion. Our findings suggest that the additive effects of both mutations in the GPIX gene are responsible for the BSS phenotype of the patient.
[ "Compound", "heterozygosity", "for", "a", "novel", "nine", "-", "nucleotide", "deletion", "and", "the", "Asn45Ser", "missense", "mutation", "in", "the", "glycoprotein", "IX", "gene", "in", "a", "patient", "with", "Bernard", "-", "Soulier", "syndrome", ".", "Bernard", "-", "Soulier", "syndrome", "(", "BSS", ")", "is", "a", "rare", "inherited", "bleeding", "disorder", "due", "to", "quantitative", "or", "qualitative", "abnormalities", "in", "the", "platelet", "glycoprotein", "(", "GP", ")", "Ib", "/", "IX", "/", "V", "complex", ",", "the", "major", "von", "Willebrand", "factor", "receptor", ".", "The", "complex", "comprises", "four", "subunits", ",", "each", "encoded", "by", "a", "separate", "gene", ".", "Several", "mutations", "have", "been", "described", "for", "each", "of", "the", "subunits", ",", "except", "for", "GPV", ",", "as", "a", "cause", "of", "BSS", ".", "We", "describe", "here", "the", "genetic", "basis", "of", "the", "disorder", "in", "a", "child", "with", "BSS", ".", "Flow", "-", "cytometric", "analysis", "of", "the", "patient", "'s", "platelets", "showed", "a", "markedly", "reduced", "surface", "expression", "of", "all", "three", "glycoproteins", "of", "the", "GPIb", "/", "IX", "/", "V", "complex", ".", "DNA", "sequencing", "analysis", "showed", "the", "patient", "to", "be", "a", "compound", "heterozygote", "for", "two", "mutations", "in", "the", "GPIX", "gene", ",", "a", "novel", "nine", "-", "nucleotide", "deletion", "starting", "at", "position", "1952", "of", "the", "gene", "that", "changes", "asparagine", "86", "for", "alanine", "and", "eliminates", "amino", "acids", "87", ",", "88", ",", "and", "89", "(", "arginine", ",", "threonine", ",", "and", "proline", ")", "and", "a", "previously", "reported", "point", "mutation", "that", "changes", "the", "codon", "asparagine", "(", "AAC", ")", "for", "serine", "(", "AGC", ")", "at", "residue", "45", ".", "Her", "mother", "was", "heterozygous", "for", "the", "Asn45Ser", "mutation", ",", "and", "her", "father", ",", "for", "the", "nine", "-", "nucleotide", "deletion", ".", "Our", "findings", "suggest", "that", "the", "additive", "effects", "of", "both", "mutations", "in", "the", "GPIX", "gene", "are", "responsible", "for", "the", "BSS", "phenotype", "of", "the", "patient", "." ]
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16288197
Genetic homogeneity for inherited congenital microcoria loci in an Asian Indian pedigree. PURPOSE: Congenital microcoria is a rare autosomal dominant developmental disorder of the iris associated with myopia and juvenile open angle glaucoma. Linkage to the chromosomal locus 13q31-q32 has previously been reported in a large French family. In the current study, a three generation Asian Indian family with 15 congenital microcoria (pupils with a diameter <2 mm) affected members was studied for linkage to candidate microsatellite markers at the 13q31-q32 locus. METHODS: Twenty-four members of the family were clinically examined and genomic DNA was extracted. Microsatellite markers at 13q31-q32 were PCR amplified and run on an ABI Prism 310 genetic analyzer and genotyped with the GeneScan analysis. Two point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed using the MLINK and SUPERLINK programs. RESULTS: Peak two point LOD scores of 3.5, 4.7, and 5.3 were found co-incident with consecutive markers D13S154, DCT, and D13S1280. Multipoint analysis revealed a 4 cM region encompassing D13S1300 to D13S1280 where the LOD remains just over 6.0 Thus we confirm localization of the congenital microcoria locus to chromosomal locus 13q31-q32. In addition, eight individuals who had both microcoria and glaucoma were screened for glaucoma genes: myocilin (MYOC), optineurin (OPTN) and CYP1B1. Using direct sequencing a point mutation (144 G>A) resulting in a Q48H substitution in exon 1 of the MYOC gene was observed in five of the eight glaucoma patients, but not in unaffected family members and 100 unrelated controls. CONCLUSIONS: We have confirmed the localization of the congenital microcoria locus (MCOR) to 13q31-q32 in a large Asian Indian family and conclude that current information suggests this is a single locus disorder and genetically homogeneous. When combined with the initial linkage paper our haplotype and linkage data map the MCOR locus to a 6-7 cM region between D13S265 and D13S1280. The DCT locus, a member of the tyrosinase family involved in pigmentation, maps within this region. Data presented here supports the hypothesis that congenital microcoria is a potential risk factor for glaucoma, although this observation is complicated by the partial segregation of MYOC Q48H (1q24.3-q25.2), a mutation known to be associated with glaucoma in India. Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis continues with the hope that characterizing the micocoria gene will lead to a better understanding of microcoria and glaucoma causation. The relationship between microcoria, glaucoma, and the MYOC Q48H mutation in this family is discussed.
[ "Genetic", "homogeneity", "for", "inherited", "congenital", "microcoria", "loci", "in", "an", "Asian", "Indian", "pedigree", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "Congenital", "microcoria", "is", "a", "rare", "autosomal", "dominant", "developmental", "disorder", "of", "the", "iris", "associated", "with", "myopia", "and", "juvenile", "open", "angle", "glaucoma", ".", "Linkage", "to", "the", "chromosomal", "locus", "13q31", "-", "q32", "has", "previously", "been", "reported", "in", "a", "large", "French", "family", ".", "In", "the", "current", "study", ",", "a", "three", "generation", "Asian", "Indian", "family", "with", "15", "congenital", "microcoria", "(", "pupils", "with", "a", "diameter", "<", "2", "mm", ")", "affected", "members", "was", "studied", "for", "linkage", "to", "candidate", "microsatellite", "markers", "at", "the", "13q31", "-", "q32", "locus", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Twenty", "-", "four", "members", "of", "the", "family", "were", "clinically", "examined", "and", "genomic", "DNA", "was", "extracted", ".", "Microsatellite", "markers", "at", "13q31", "-", "q32", "were", "PCR", "amplified", "and", "run", "on", "an", "ABI", "Prism", "310", "genetic", "analyzer", "and", "genotyped", "with", "the", "GeneScan", "analysis", ".", "Two", "point", "and", "multipoint", "linkage", "analyses", "were", "performed", "using", "the", "MLINK", "and", "SUPERLINK", "programs", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Peak", "two", "point", "LOD", "scores", "of", "3", ".", "5", ",", "4", ".", "7", ",", "and", "5", ".", "3", "were", "found", "co", "-", "incident", "with", "consecutive", "markers", "D13S154", ",", "DCT", ",", "and", "D13S1280", ".", "Multipoint", "analysis", "revealed", "a", "4", "cM", "region", "encompassing", "D13S1300", "to", "D13S1280", "where", "the", "LOD", "remains", "just", "over", "6", ".", "0", "Thus", "we", "confirm", "localization", "of", "the", "congenital", "microcoria", "locus", "to", "chromosomal", "locus", "13q31", "-", "q32", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "eight", "individuals", "who", "had", "both", "microcoria", "and", "glaucoma", "were", "screened", "for", "glaucoma", "genes", ":", "myocilin", "(", "MYOC", ")", ",", "optineurin", "(", "OPTN", ")", "and", "CYP1B1", ".", "Using", "direct", "sequencing", "a", "point", "mutation", "(", "144", "G", ">", "A", ")", "resulting", "in", "a", "Q48H", "substitution", "in", "exon", "1", "of", "the", "MYOC", "gene", "was", "observed", "in", "five", "of", "the", "eight", "glaucoma", "patients", ",", "but", "not", "in", "unaffected", "family", "members", "and", "100", "unrelated", "controls", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "We", "have", "confirmed", "the", "localization", "of", "the", "congenital", "microcoria", "locus", "(", "MCOR", ")", "to", "13q31", "-", "q32", "in", "a", "large", "Asian", "Indian", "family", "and", "conclude", "that", "current", "information", "suggests", "this", "is", "a", "single", "locus", "disorder", "and", "genetically", "homogeneous", ".", "When", "combined", "with", "the", "initial", "linkage", "paper", "our", "haplotype", "and", "linkage", "data", "map", "the", "MCOR", "locus", "to", "a", "6", "-", "7", "cM", "region", "between", "D13S265", "and", "D13S1280", ".", "The", "DCT", "locus", ",", "a", "member", "of", "the", "tyrosinase", "family", "involved", "in", "pigmentation", ",", "maps", "within", "this", "region", ".", "Data", "presented", "here", "supports", "the", "hypothesis", "that", "congenital", "microcoria", "is", "a", "potential", "risk", "factor", "for", "glaucoma", ",", "although", "this", "observation", "is", "complicated", "by", "the", "partial", "segregation", "of", "MYOC", "Q48H", "(", "1q24", ".", "3", "-", "q25", ".", "2", ")", ",", "a", "mutation", "known", "to", "be", "associated", "with", "glaucoma", "in", "India", ".", "Fine", "mapping", "and", "candidate", "gene", "analysis", "continues", "with", "the", "hope", "that", "characterizing", "the", "micocoria", "gene", "will", "lead", "to", "a", "better", "understanding", "of", "microcoria", "and", "glaucoma", "causation", ".", "The", "relationship", "between", "microcoria", ",", "glaucoma", ",", "and", "the", "MYOC", "Q48H", "mutation", "in", "this", "family", "is", "discussed", "." ]
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17177139
A novel mutation (E333D) in the thyroid hormone beta receptor causing resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome. Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an inherited syndrome characterized by elevated serum thyroid hormones (TH), failure to suppress pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion, and variable peripheral tissue responsiveness to TH. The disorder is associated with diverse mutations in the thyroid hormone beta receptor (TRbeta). Here, we report a novel natural RTH mutation (E333D) located in the large carboxy-terminal ligand binding domain of TRbeta. The mutation was identified in a 22-year-old French woman coming to medical attention because of an increasing overweight. Biochemical tests showed elevated free thyroxine (T4: 20.8 pg/ml (normal, 8.5-18)) and triiodothyronine (T3: 5.7 pg/ml (normal, 1.4-4)) in the serum, together with an inappropriately nonsuppressed TSH level of 4.7 mU/ml (normal, 0.4-4). Her father and her brother's serum tests also showed biochemical abnormalities consistent with RTH. Direct sequencing of the TRbeta gene revealed a heterozygous transition 1284A>C in exon 9 resulting in substitution of glutamic acid 333 by aspartic acid residue (E333D). Further functional analyses of the novel TRbeta mutant were conducted. We found that the E333D mutation neither significantly affected the affinity of the receptor for T3 nor modified heterodimer formation with retinoid X receptor (RXR) when bound to DNA. However, in transient transfection assays, the E333D TRbeta mutant exhibited impaired transcriptional regulation on two distinct positively regulated thyroid response elements (F2- and DR4-TREs) as well as on the negatively regulated human TSHalpha promoter. Moreover, a dominant inhibition of the wild-type TRbeta counterpart transactivation function was observed on both a positive (F2-TRE) and a negative (TSHalpha) promoter. These results strongly suggest that the E333D TRbeta mutation is responsible for the RTH phenotype in the proposita's family.
[ "A", "novel", "mutation", "(", "E333D", ")", "in", "the", "thyroid", "hormone", "beta", "receptor", "causing", "resistance", "to", "thyroid", "hormone", "syndrome", ".", "Resistance", "to", "thyroid", "hormone", "(", "RTH", ")", "is", "an", "inherited", "syndrome", "characterized", "by", "elevated", "serum", "thyroid", "hormones", "(", "TH", ")", ",", "failure", "to", "suppress", "pituitary", "thyroid", "stimulating", "hormone", "(", "TSH", ")", "secretion", ",", "and", "variable", "peripheral", "tissue", "responsiveness", "to", "TH", ".", "The", "disorder", "is", "associated", "with", "diverse", "mutations", "in", "the", "thyroid", "hormone", "beta", "receptor", "(", "TRbeta", ")", ".", "Here", ",", "we", "report", "a", "novel", "natural", "RTH", "mutation", "(", "E333D", ")", "located", "in", "the", "large", "carboxy", "-", "terminal", "ligand", "binding", "domain", "of", "TRbeta", ".", "The", "mutation", "was", "identified", "in", "a", "22", "-", "year", "-", "old", "French", "woman", "coming", "to", "medical", "attention", "because", "of", "an", "increasing", "overweight", ".", "Biochemical", "tests", "showed", "elevated", "free", "thyroxine", "(", "T4", ":", "20", ".", "8", "pg", "/", "ml", "(", "normal", ",", "8", ".", "5", "-", "18", ")", ")", "and", "triiodothyronine", "(", "T3", ":", "5", ".", "7", "pg", "/", "ml", "(", "normal", ",", "1", ".", "4", "-", "4", ")", ")", "in", "the", "serum", ",", "together", "with", "an", "inappropriately", "nonsuppressed", "TSH", "level", "of", "4", ".", "7", "mU", "/", "ml", "(", "normal", ",", "0", ".", "4", "-", "4", ")", ".", "Her", "father", "and", "her", "brother", "'s", "serum", "tests", "also", "showed", "biochemical", "abnormalities", "consistent", "with", "RTH", ".", "Direct", "sequencing", "of", "the", "TRbeta", "gene", "revealed", "a", "heterozygous", "transition", "1284A", ">", "C", "in", "exon", "9", "resulting", "in", "substitution", "of", "glutamic", "acid", "333", "by", "aspartic", "acid", "residue", "(", "E333D", ")", ".", "Further", "functional", "analyses", "of", "the", "novel", "TRbeta", "mutant", "were", "conducted", ".", "We", "found", "that", "the", "E333D", "mutation", "neither", "significantly", "affected", "the", "affinity", "of", "the", "receptor", "for", "T3", "nor", "modified", "heterodimer", "formation", "with", "retinoid", "X", "receptor", "(", "RXR", ")", "when", "bound", "to", "DNA", ".", "However", ",", "in", "transient", "transfection", "assays", ",", "the", "E333D", "TRbeta", "mutant", "exhibited", "impaired", "transcriptional", "regulation", "on", "two", "distinct", "positively", "regulated", "thyroid", "response", "elements", "(", "F2", "-", "and", "DR4", "-", "TREs", ")", "as", "well", "as", "on", "the", "negatively", "regulated", "human", "TSHalpha", "promoter", ".", "Moreover", ",", "a", "dominant", "inhibition", "of", "the", "wild", "-", "type", "TRbeta", "counterpart", "transactivation", "function", "was", "observed", "on", "both", "a", "positive", "(", "F2", "-", "TRE", ")", "and", "a", "negative", "(", "TSHalpha", ")", "promoter", ".", "These", "results", "strongly", "suggest", "that", "the", "E333D", "TRbeta", "mutation", "is", "responsible", "for", "the", "RTH", "phenotype", "in", "the", "proposita", "'s", "family", "." ]
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17634480
Common germline genetic variation in antioxidant defense genes and survival after diagnosis of breast cancer. PURPOSE: The prognosis of breast cancer varies considerably among individuals, and inherited genetic factors may help explain this variability. Of particular interest are genes involved in defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) because ROS are thought to cause DNA damage and contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined associations between 54 polymorphisms that tag the known common variants (minor allele frequency > 0.05) in 10 genes involved in oxidative damage repair (CAT, SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX4, GSR, TXN, TXN2, TXNRD1, and TXNRD2) and survival in 4,470 women with breast cancer. RESULTS: Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GPX4 (rs713041 and rs757229) were associated with all-cause mortality even after adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing (adjusted P = .0041 and P = .0035). These SNPs are correlated with each other (r2 = 0.61). GPX4 rs713041 is located near the selenocysteine insertion sequence element in the GPX4 3' untranslated region, and the rare allele of this SNP is associated with an increased risk of death, with a hazard ratio of 1.27 per rare allele carried (95% CI, 1.13 to 11.43). This effect was not attenuated after adjusting for tumor stage, grade, or estrogen receptor status. We found that the common allele is preferentially expressed in normal lymphocytes, normal breast, and breast tumors compared with the rare allele, but there were no differences in total levels of GPX4 mRNA across genotypes. CONCLUSION: These data provide strong support for the hypothesis that common variation in GPX4 is associated with prognosis after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
[ "Common", "germline", "genetic", "variation", "in", "antioxidant", "defense", "genes", "and", "survival", "after", "diagnosis", "of", "breast", "cancer", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "The", "prognosis", "of", "breast", "cancer", "varies", "considerably", "among", "individuals", ",", "and", "inherited", "genetic", "factors", "may", "help", "explain", "this", "variability", ".", "Of", "particular", "interest", "are", "genes", "involved", "in", "defense", "against", "reactive", "oxygen", "species", "(", "ROS", ")", "because", "ROS", "are", "thought", "to", "cause", "DNA", "damage", "and", "contribute", "to", "the", "pathogenesis", "of", "cancer", ".", "PATIENTS", "AND", "METHODS", ":", "We", "examined", "associations", "between", "54", "polymorphisms", "that", "tag", "the", "known", "common", "variants", "(", "minor", "allele", "frequency", ">", "0", ".", "05", ")", "in", "10", "genes", "involved", "in", "oxidative", "damage", "repair", "(", "CAT", ",", "SOD1", ",", "SOD2", ",", "GPX1", ",", "GPX4", ",", "GSR", ",", "TXN", ",", "TXN2", ",", "TXNRD1", ",", "and", "TXNRD2", ")", "and", "survival", "in", "4,470", "women", "with", "breast", "cancer", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Two", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "(", "SNPs", ")", "in", "GPX4", "(", "rs713041", "and", "rs757229", ")", "were", "associated", "with", "all", "-", "cause", "mortality", "even", "after", "adjusting", "for", "multiple", "hypothesis", "testing", "(", "adjusted", "P", "=", ".", "0041", "and", "P", "=", ".", "0035", ")", ".", "These", "SNPs", "are", "correlated", "with", "each", "other", "(", "r2", "=", "0", ".", "61", ")", ".", "GPX4", "rs713041", "is", "located", "near", "the", "selenocysteine", "insertion", "sequence", "element", "in", "the", "GPX4", "3", "'", "untranslated", "region", ",", "and", "the", "rare", "allele", "of", "this", "SNP", "is", "associated", "with", "an", "increased", "risk", "of", "death", ",", "with", "a", "hazard", "ratio", "of", "1", ".", "27", "per", "rare", "allele", "carried", "(", "95", "%", "CI", ",", "1", ".", "13", "to", "11", ".", "43", ")", ".", "This", "effect", "was", "not", "attenuated", "after", "adjusting", "for", "tumor", "stage", ",", "grade", ",", "or", "estrogen", "receptor", "status", ".", "We", "found", "that", "the", "common", "allele", "is", "preferentially", "expressed", "in", "normal", "lymphocytes", ",", "normal", "breast", ",", "and", "breast", "tumors", "compared", "with", "the", "rare", "allele", ",", "but", "there", "were", "no", "differences", "in", "total", "levels", "of", "GPX4", "mRNA", "across", "genotypes", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "These", "data", "provide", "strong", "support", "for", "the", "hypothesis", "that", "common", "variation", "in", "GPX4", "is", "associated", "with", "prognosis", "after", "a", "diagnosis", "of", "breast", "cancer", "." ]
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18699851
Integrated genomic and expression profiling in mantle cell lymphoma: identification of gene-dosage regulated candidate genes. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation and several other cytogenetic aberrations, including heterozygous loss of chromosomal arms 1p, 6q, 11q and 13q and/or gains of 3q and 8q. The common intervals of chromosomal imbalance have been narrowed down using array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). However, the chromosomal intervals still contain many genes potentially involved in MCL pathogeny. Combined analysis of tiling-resolution array-CGH with gene expression profiling on 11 MCL tumours enabled the identification of genomic alterations and their corresponding gene expression profiles. Only subsets of genes located within given cytogenetic anomaly-intervals showed a concomitant change in mRNA expression level. The genes that showed consistent correlation between DNA copy number and RNA expression levels are likely to be important in MCL pathology. Besides several 'anonymous genes', we also identified various fully annotated genes, whose gene products are involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated pathways (PRKACB), DNA damage repair, maintenance of chromosome stability and prevention of rereplication (ATM, ERCC5, FBXO5), energy metabolism (such as genes that are involved in the synthesis of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome) and signal transduction (ARHGAP29). Deregulation of these gene products may interfere with the signalling pathways that are involved in MCL tumour development and maintenance.
[ "Integrated", "genomic", "and", "expression", "profiling", "in", "mantle", "cell", "lymphoma", ":", "identification", "of", "gene", "-", "dosage", "regulated", "candidate", "genes", ".", "Mantle", "cell", "lymphoma", "(", "MCL", ")", "is", "characterized", "by", "the", "t", "(", "11", ";", "14", ")", "(", "q13", ";", "q32", ")", "translocation", "and", "several", "other", "cytogenetic", "aberrations", ",", "including", "heterozygous", "loss", "of", "chromosomal", "arms", "1p", ",", "6q", ",", "11q", "and", "13q", "and", "/", "or", "gains", "of", "3q", "and", "8q", ".", "The", "common", "intervals", "of", "chromosomal", "imbalance", "have", "been", "narrowed", "down", "using", "array", "-", "comparative", "genomic", "hybridization", "(", "CGH", ")", ".", "However", ",", "the", "chromosomal", "intervals", "still", "contain", "many", "genes", "potentially", "involved", "in", "MCL", "pathogeny", ".", "Combined", "analysis", "of", "tiling", "-", "resolution", "array", "-", "CGH", "with", "gene", "expression", "profiling", "on", "11", "MCL", "tumours", "enabled", "the", "identification", "of", "genomic", "alterations", "and", "their", "corresponding", "gene", "expression", "profiles", ".", "Only", "subsets", "of", "genes", "located", "within", "given", "cytogenetic", "anomaly", "-", "intervals", "showed", "a", "concomitant", "change", "in", "mRNA", "expression", "level", ".", "The", "genes", "that", "showed", "consistent", "correlation", "between", "DNA", "copy", "number", "and", "RNA", "expression", "levels", "are", "likely", "to", "be", "important", "in", "MCL", "pathology", ".", "Besides", "several", "'anonymous", "genes", "'", ",", "we", "also", "identified", "various", "fully", "annotated", "genes", ",", "whose", "gene", "products", "are", "involved", "in", "cyclic", "adenosine", "monophosphate", "-", "regulated", "pathways", "(", "PRKACB", ")", ",", "DNA", "damage", "repair", ",", "maintenance", "of", "chromosome", "stability", "and", "prevention", "of", "rereplication", "(", "ATM", ",", "ERCC5", ",", "FBXO5", ")", ",", "energy", "metabolism", "(", "such", "as", "genes", "that", "are", "involved", "in", "the", "synthesis", "of", "proteins", "encoded", "by", "the", "mitochondrial", "genome", ")", "and", "signal", "transduction", "(", "ARHGAP29", ")", ".", "Deregulation", "of", "these", "gene", "products", "may", "interfere", "with", "the", "signalling", "pathways", "that", "are", "involved", "in", "MCL", "tumour", "development", "and", "maintenance", "." ]
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20086182
The six-nucleotide deletion/insertion variant in the CASP8 promoter region is inversely associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Caspase 8 (CASP8) is an apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase involved in the death receptor pathway and likely in the mitochondrial pathway. A CASP8 promoter region six-nucleotide deletion/insertion (-652 6N ins/del) variant and a coding region D302H polymorphism are reportedly important in cancer development, but no reported study has assessed the associations of these genetic variations with risk of head and neck cancer. In a hospital-based study of non-Hispanic whites, we genotyped CASP8 -652 6N del and 302H variants in 1,023 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and 1,052 cancer-free controls. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. The CASP8 -652 6N del variant genotypes or haplotypes were inversely associated with SCCHN risk (adjusted OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57-0.85 for the ins/del + del/del genotypes compared with the ins/ins genotype; adjusted OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55-0.97 for the del-D haplotype compared with the ins-D haplotype). Furthermore, the number of the CASP8 -652 6N del (but not 302H) variant allele tended to correlate with increased levels of camptothecin-induced p53-mediated apoptosis in T lymphocytes from 170 cancer-free controls. We concluded that the CASP8 -652 6N del variant allele may contribute to the risk of developing SCCHN in non-Hispanic white populations. Further validation by population-based case-control studies and rigorous mechanistic studies is warranted.
[ "The", "six", "-", "nucleotide", "deletion", "/", "insertion", "variant", "in", "the", "CASP8", "promoter", "region", "is", "inversely", "associated", "with", "risk", "of", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", "of", "the", "head", "and", "neck", ".", "Caspase", "8", "(", "CASP8", ")", "is", "an", "apoptosis", "-", "related", "cysteine", "peptidase", "involved", "in", "the", "death", "receptor", "pathway", "and", "likely", "in", "the", "mitochondrial", "pathway", ".", "A", "CASP8", "promoter", "region", "six", "-", "nucleotide", "deletion", "/", "insertion", "(", "-", "652", "6N", "ins", "/", "del", ")", "variant", "and", "a", "coding", "region", "D302H", "polymorphism", "are", "reportedly", "important", "in", "cancer", "development", ",", "but", "no", "reported", "study", "has", "assessed", "the", "associations", "of", "these", "genetic", "variations", "with", "risk", "of", "head", "and", "neck", "cancer", ".", "In", "a", "hospital", "-", "based", "study", "of", "non", "-", "Hispanic", "whites", ",", "we", "genotyped", "CASP8", "-", "652", "6N", "del", "and", "302H", "variants", "in", "1,023", "patients", "with", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", "of", "the", "head", "and", "neck", "(", "SCCHN", ")", "and", "1,052", "cancer", "-", "free", "controls", ".", "Crude", "and", "adjusted", "odds", "ratios", "(", "OR", ")", "and", "95", "%", "confidence", "intervals", "(", "CI", ")", "were", "estimated", "using", "unconditional", "logistic", "regression", "models", ".", "The", "CASP8", "-", "652", "6N", "del", "variant", "genotypes", "or", "haplotypes", "were", "inversely", "associated", "with", "SCCHN", "risk", "(", "adjusted", "OR", ",", "0", ".", "70", ";", "95", "%", "CI", ",", "0", ".", "57", "-", "0", ".", "85", "for", "the", "ins", "/", "del", "+", "del", "/", "del", "genotypes", "compared", "with", "the", "ins", "/", "ins", "genotype", ";", "adjusted", "OR", ",", "0", ".", "73", ";", "95", "%", "CI", ",", "0", ".", "55", "-", "0", ".", "97", "for", "the", "del", "-", "D", "haplotype", "compared", "with", "the", "ins", "-", "D", "haplotype", ")", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "number", "of", "the", "CASP8", "-", "652", "6N", "del", "(", "but", "not", "302H", ")", "variant", "allele", "tended", "to", "correlate", "with", "increased", "levels", "of", "camptothecin", "-", "induced", "p53", "-", "mediated", "apoptosis", "in", "T", "lymphocytes", "from", "170", "cancer", "-", "free", "controls", ".", "We", "concluded", "that", "the", "CASP8", "-", "652", "6N", "del", "variant", "allele", "may", "contribute", "to", "the", "risk", "of", "developing", "SCCHN", "in", "non", "-", "Hispanic", "white", "populations", ".", "Further", "validation", "by", "population", "-", "based", "case", "-", "control", "studies", "and", "rigorous", "mechanistic", "studies", "is", "warranted", "." ]
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24914936
Thyroid hormone receptor a mutation causes a severe and thyroxine-resistant skeletal dysplasia in female mice. A new genetic disorder has been identified that results from mutation of THRA, encoding thyroid hormone receptor a1 (TRa1). Affected children have a high serum T3:T4 ratio and variable degrees of intellectual deficit and constipation but exhibit a consistently severe skeletal dysplasia. In an attempt to improve developmental delay and alleviate symptoms of hypothyroidism, patients are receiving varying doses and durations of T4 treatment, but responses have been inconsistent so far. Thra1(PV/+) mice express a similar potent dominant-negative mutant TRa1 to affected individuals, and thus represent an excellent disease model. We hypothesized that Thra1(PV/+) mice could be used to predict the skeletal outcome of human THRA mutations and determine whether prolonged treatment with a supraphysiological dose of T4 ameliorates the skeletal abnormalities. Adult female Thra1(PV/+) mice had short stature, grossly abnormal bone morphology but normal bone strength despite high bone mass. Although T4 treatment suppressed TSH secretion, it had no effect on skeletal maturation, linear growth, or bone mineralization, thus demonstrating profound tissue resistance to thyroid hormone. Despite this, prolonged T4 treatment abnormally increased bone stiffness and strength, suggesting the potential for detrimental consequences in the long term. Our studies establish that TRa1 has an essential role in the developing and adult skeleton and predict that patients with different THRA mutations will display variable responses to T4 treatment, which depend on the severity of the causative mutation.
[ "Thyroid", "hormone", "receptor", "a", "mutation", "causes", "a", "severe", "and", "thyroxine", "-", "resistant", "skeletal", "dysplasia", "in", "female", "mice", ".", "A", "new", "genetic", "disorder", "has", "been", "identified", "that", "results", "from", "mutation", "of", "THRA", ",", "encoding", "thyroid", "hormone", "receptor", "a1", "(", "TRa1", ")", ".", "Affected", "children", "have", "a", "high", "serum", "T3", ":", "T4", "ratio", "and", "variable", "degrees", "of", "intellectual", "deficit", "and", "constipation", "but", "exhibit", "a", "consistently", "severe", "skeletal", "dysplasia", ".", "In", "an", "attempt", "to", "improve", "developmental", "delay", "and", "alleviate", "symptoms", "of", "hypothyroidism", ",", "patients", "are", "receiving", "varying", "doses", "and", "durations", "of", "T4", "treatment", ",", "but", "responses", "have", "been", "inconsistent", "so", "far", ".", "Thra1", "(", "PV", "/", "+", ")", "mice", "express", "a", "similar", "potent", "dominant", "-", "negative", "mutant", "TRa1", "to", "affected", "individuals", ",", "and", "thus", "represent", "an", "excellent", "disease", "model", ".", "We", "hypothesized", "that", "Thra1", "(", "PV", "/", "+", ")", "mice", "could", "be", "used", "to", "predict", "the", "skeletal", "outcome", "of", "human", "THRA", "mutations", "and", "determine", "whether", "prolonged", "treatment", "with", "a", "supraphysiological", "dose", "of", "T4", "ameliorates", "the", "skeletal", "abnormalities", ".", "Adult", "female", "Thra1", "(", "PV", "/", "+", ")", "mice", "had", "short", "stature", ",", "grossly", "abnormal", "bone", "morphology", "but", "normal", "bone", "strength", "despite", "high", "bone", "mass", ".", "Although", "T4", "treatment", "suppressed", "TSH", "secretion", ",", "it", "had", "no", "effect", "on", "skeletal", "maturation", ",", "linear", "growth", ",", "or", "bone", "mineralization", ",", "thus", "demonstrating", "profound", "tissue", "resistance", "to", "thyroid", "hormone", ".", "Despite", "this", ",", "prolonged", "T4", "treatment", "abnormally", "increased", "bone", "stiffness", "and", "strength", ",", "suggesting", "the", "potential", "for", "detrimental", "consequences", "in", "the", "long", "term", ".", "Our", "studies", "establish", "that", "TRa1", "has", "an", "essential", "role", "in", "the", "developing", "and", "adult", "skeleton", "and", "predict", "that", "patients", "with", "different", "THRA", "mutations", "will", "display", "variable", "responses", "to", "T4", "treatment", ",", "which", "depend", "on", "the", "severity", "of", "the", "causative", "mutation", "." ]
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27014915
NF-kB functions as a molecular link between tumor cells and Th1/Tc1 T cells in the tumor microenvironment to exert radiation-mediated tumor suppression. Radiation modulates both tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to exert its anti-tumor activity; however, the molecular connection between tumor cells and immune cells that mediates radiation-exerted tumor suppression activity in the tumor microenvironment is largely unknown. We report here that radiation induces rapid activation of the p65/p50 and p50/p50 NF-kB complexes in human soft tissue sarcoma (STS) cells. Radiation-activated p65/p50 and p50/p50 bind to the TNFa promoter to activate its transcription in STS cells. Radiation-induced TNFa induces tumor cell death in an autocrine manner. A sublethal dose of Smac mimetic BV6 induces cIAP1 and cIAP2 degradation to increase tumor cell sensitivity to radiation-induced cell death in vitro and to enhance radiation-mediated suppression of STS xenografts in vivo. Inhibition of caspases, RIP1, or RIP3 blocks radiation/TNFa-induced cell death, whereas inhibition of RIP1 blocks TNFa-induced caspase activation, suggesting that caspases and RIP1 act sequentially to mediate the non-compensatory cell death pathways. Furthermore, we determined in a syngeneic sarcoma mouse model that radiation up-regulates IRF3, IFNb, and the T cell chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 in the tumor microenvironment, which are associated with activation and increased infiltration of Th1/Tc1 T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating T cells are in their active form since both the perforin and FasL pathways are activated in irradiated tumor tissues. Consequently, combined BV6 and radiation completely suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, radiation-induced NF-kB functions as a molecular link between tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment for radiation-mediated tumor suppression.
[ "NF", "-", "kB", "functions", "as", "a", "molecular", "link", "between", "tumor", "cells", "and", "Th1", "/", "Tc1", "T", "cells", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", "to", "exert", "radiation", "-", "mediated", "tumor", "suppression", ".", "Radiation", "modulates", "both", "tumor", "cells", "and", "immune", "cells", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", "to", "exert", "its", "anti", "-", "tumor", "activity", ";", "however", ",", "the", "molecular", "connection", "between", "tumor", "cells", "and", "immune", "cells", "that", "mediates", "radiation", "-", "exerted", "tumor", "suppression", "activity", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", "is", "largely", "unknown", ".", "We", "report", "here", "that", "radiation", "induces", "rapid", "activation", "of", "the", "p65", "/", "p50", "and", "p50", "/", "p50", "NF", "-", "kB", "complexes", "in", "human", "soft", "tissue", "sarcoma", "(", "STS", ")", "cells", ".", "Radiation", "-", "activated", "p65", "/", "p50", "and", "p50", "/", "p50", "bind", "to", "the", "TNFa", "promoter", "to", "activate", "its", "transcription", "in", "STS", "cells", ".", "Radiation", "-", "induced", "TNFa", "induces", "tumor", "cell", "death", "in", "an", "autocrine", "manner", ".", "A", "sublethal", "dose", "of", "Smac", "mimetic", "BV6", "induces", "cIAP1", "and", "cIAP2", "degradation", "to", "increase", "tumor", "cell", "sensitivity", "to", "radiation", "-", "induced", "cell", "death", "in", "vitro", "and", "to", "enhance", "radiation", "-", "mediated", "suppression", "of", "STS", "xenografts", "in", "vivo", ".", "Inhibition", "of", "caspases", ",", "RIP1", ",", "or", "RIP3", "blocks", "radiation", "/", "TNFa", "-", "induced", "cell", "death", ",", "whereas", "inhibition", "of", "RIP1", "blocks", "TNFa", "-", "induced", "caspase", "activation", ",", "suggesting", "that", "caspases", "and", "RIP1", "act", "sequentially", "to", "mediate", "the", "non", "-", "compensatory", "cell", "death", "pathways", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "we", "determined", "in", "a", "syngeneic", "sarcoma", "mouse", "model", "that", "radiation", "up", "-", "regulates", "IRF3", ",", "IFNb", ",", "and", "the", "T", "cell", "chemokines", "CCL2", "and", "CCL5", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", ",", "which", "are", "associated", "with", "activation", "and", "increased", "infiltration", "of", "Th1", "/", "Tc1", "T", "cells", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", ".", "Moreover", ",", "tumor", "-", "infiltrating", "T", "cells", "are", "in", "their", "active", "form", "since", "both", "the", "perforin", "and", "FasL", "pathways", "are", "activated", "in", "irradiated", "tumor", "tissues", ".", "Consequently", ",", "combined", "BV6", "and", "radiation", "completely", "suppressed", "tumor", "growth", "in", "vivo", ".", "Therefore", ",", "radiation", "-", "induced", "NF", "-", "kB", "functions", "as", "a", "molecular", "link", "between", "tumor", "cells", "and", "immune", "cells", "in", "the", "tumor", "microenvironment", "for", "radiation", "-", "mediated", "tumor", "suppression", "." ]
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27959382
Bach1 siRNA attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by modulating oxidative stress in mice. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in inflammation and fibrosis. Bach1 is an important transcriptional repressor that acts by modulating oxidative stress and represents a potential target in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). In this study, we knocked down Bach1 using adenovirus-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) to determine whether the use of Bach1 siRNA is an effective therapeutic strategy in mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF. Mouse lung fibroblasts (MLFs) were incubated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1 (5 ng/ml) and subsequently infected with recombined adenovirus-like Bach1 siRNA1 and Bach1 siRNA2, while an empty adenovirus vector was used as the negative control. The selected Bach1 siRNA with higher interference efficiency was used for the animal experiments. A mouse model of BLM-induced PF was established, and Bach1 siRNA (1x109 pfu) was administered to the mice via the tail vein. The results revealed that the Bach1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly downregulated by Bach1 siRNA. Furthermore, the MLFs infected with Bach1 siRNA exhibited increased mRNA and protein expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione peroxidase 1, but decreased levels of TGF-b1 and interleukin-6 in the cell supernatants compared with the cells exposed to TGF-b1 alone. Bach1 knockdown by siRNA also enhanced the expression of antioxidant factors, but suppressed that of fibrosis-related cytokines in mice compared with the BLM group. Finally, the inflammatory infiltration of alveolar and interstitial cells and the destruction of lung structure were significantly attenuated in the mide administered Bach1 siRNA compared with those in the BLM group. On the whole, our findings demonstrate that Bach1 siRNA exerts protective effects against BLM-induced PF in mice. Our data may provide the basis for the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies for PF.
[ "Bach1", "siRNA", "attenuates", "bleomycin", "-", "induced", "pulmonary", "fibrosis", "by", "modulating", "oxidative", "stress", "in", "mice", ".", "Oxidative", "stress", "plays", "an", "essential", "role", "in", "inflammation", "and", "fibrosis", ".", "Bach1", "is", "an", "important", "transcriptional", "repressor", "that", "acts", "by", "modulating", "oxidative", "stress", "and", "represents", "a", "potential", "target", "in", "the", "treatment", "of", "pulmonary", "fibrosis", "(", "PF", ")", ".", "In", "this", "study", ",", "we", "knocked", "down", "Bach1", "using", "adenovirus", "-", "mediated", "small", "interfering", "RNA", "(", "siRNA", ")", "to", "determine", "whether", "the", "use", "of", "Bach1", "siRNA", "is", "an", "effective", "therapeutic", "strategy", "in", "mice", "with", "bleomycin", "(", "BLM", ")", "-", "induced", "PF", ".", "Mouse", "lung", "fibroblasts", "(", "MLFs", ")", "were", "incubated", "with", "transforming", "growth", "factor", "(", "TGF", ")", "-", "b1", "(", "5", "ng", "/", "ml", ")", "and", "subsequently", "infected", "with", "recombined", "adenovirus", "-", "like", "Bach1", "siRNA1", "and", "Bach1", "siRNA2", ",", "while", "an", "empty", "adenovirus", "vector", "was", "used", "as", "the", "negative", "control", ".", "The", "selected", "Bach1", "siRNA", "with", "higher", "interference", "efficiency", "was", "used", "for", "the", "animal", "experiments", ".", "A", "mouse", "model", "of", "BLM", "-", "induced", "PF", "was", "established", ",", "and", "Bach1", "siRNA", "(", "1x109", "pfu", ")", "was", "administered", "to", "the", "mice", "via", "the", "tail", "vein", ".", "The", "results", "revealed", "that", "the", "Bach1", "mRNA", "and", "protein", "levels", "were", "significantly", "downregulated", "by", "Bach1", "siRNA", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "MLFs", "infected", "with", "Bach1", "siRNA", "exhibited", "increased", "mRNA", "and", "protein", "expression", "levels", "of", "heme", "oxygenase", "-", "1", "and", "glutathione", "peroxidase", "1", ",", "but", "decreased", "levels", "of", "TGF", "-", "b1", "and", "interleukin", "-", "6", "in", "the", "cell", "supernatants", "compared", "with", "the", "cells", "exposed", "to", "TGF", "-", "b1", "alone", ".", "Bach1", "knockdown", "by", "siRNA", "also", "enhanced", "the", "expression", "of", "antioxidant", "factors", ",", "but", "suppressed", "that", "of", "fibrosis", "-", "related", "cytokines", "in", "mice", "compared", "with", "the", "BLM", "group", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "inflammatory", "infiltration", "of", "alveolar", "and", "interstitial", "cells", "and", "the", "destruction", "of", "lung", "structure", "were", "significantly", "attenuated", "in", "the", "mide", "administered", "Bach1", "siRNA", "compared", "with", "those", "in", "the", "BLM", "group", ".", "On", "the", "whole", ",", "our", "findings", "demonstrate", "that", "Bach1", "siRNA", "exerts", "protective", "effects", "against", "BLM", "-", "induced", "PF", "in", "mice", ".", "Our", "data", "may", "provide", "the", "basis", "for", "the", "development", "of", "novel", "targeted", "therapeutic", "strategies", "for", "PF", "." ]
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28368537
Tissue-Specific Ablation of the LIF Receptor in the Murine Uterine Epithelium Results in Implantation Failure. The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is essential for rendering the uterus receptive for blastocyst implantation. In mice, LIF receptor expression (LIFR) is largely restricted to the uterine luminal epithelium (LE). LIF, secreted from the endometrial glands (GEs), binds to the LIFR, activating the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 3 (Jak-Stat3) signaling pathway in the LE. JAK-STAT activation converts the LE to a receptive state so that juxtaposed blastocysts begin to implant. To specifically delete the LIFR in the LE, we derived a line of mice in which Cre recombinase was inserted into the endogenous lactoferrin gene (Ltf-Cre). Lactoferrin expression in the LE is induced by E2, and we demonstrate that Cre recombinase activity is restricted to the LE and GE. To determine the requirement of the LIFR in implantation, we derived an additional mouse line carrying a conditional (floxed) Lifr flx/flx gene. Crossing Ltf-Cre mice with Lifr flx/flx mice generated Lifr flx/D:Ltf Cre/+ females that were overtly normal but infertile. Many of these females, despite repeated matings, did not become pregnant. Unimplanted blastocysts were recovered from the Lifr flx/D:Ltf Cre/+ uteri and, when transferred to wild-type recipients, implanted normally, indicating that uterine receptivity rather than the embryo's competency is compromised. The loss of Lifr results in both the failure for STAT3 to translocate to the LE nuclei and a reduction in the expression of the LIF regulated gene Msx1 that regulates uterine receptivity. These results reveal that uterine expression of the LIFR is essential for embryo implantation and further define the components of the LIF signaling pathway necessary for effective implantation.
[ "Tissue", "-", "Specific", "Ablation", "of", "the", "LIF", "Receptor", "in", "the", "Murine", "Uterine", "Epithelium", "Results", "in", "Implantation", "Failure", ".", "The", "cytokine", "leukemia", "inhibitory", "factor", "(", "LIF", ")", "is", "essential", "for", "rendering", "the", "uterus", "receptive", "for", "blastocyst", "implantation", ".", "In", "mice", ",", "LIF", "receptor", "expression", "(", "LIFR", ")", "is", "largely", "restricted", "to", "the", "uterine", "luminal", "epithelium", "(", "LE", ")", ".", "LIF", ",", "secreted", "from", "the", "endometrial", "glands", "(", "GEs", ")", ",", "binds", "to", "the", "LIFR", ",", "activating", "the", "Janus", "kinase", "-", "signal", "transducer", "and", "activation", "of", "transcription", "(", "STAT", ")", "3", "(", "Jak", "-", "Stat3", ")", "signaling", "pathway", "in", "the", "LE", ".", "JAK", "-", "STAT", "activation", "converts", "the", "LE", "to", "a", "receptive", "state", "so", "that", "juxtaposed", "blastocysts", "begin", "to", "implant", ".", "To", "specifically", "delete", "the", "LIFR", "in", "the", "LE", ",", "we", "derived", "a", "line", "of", "mice", "in", "which", "Cre", "recombinase", "was", "inserted", "into", "the", "endogenous", "lactoferrin", "gene", "(", "Ltf", "-", "Cre", ")", ".", "Lactoferrin", "expression", "in", "the", "LE", "is", "induced", "by", "E2", ",", "and", "we", "demonstrate", "that", "Cre", "recombinase", "activity", "is", "restricted", "to", "the", "LE", "and", "GE", ".", "To", "determine", "the", "requirement", "of", "the", "LIFR", "in", "implantation", ",", "we", "derived", "an", "additional", "mouse", "line", "carrying", "a", "conditional", "(", "floxed", ")", "Lifr", "flx", "/", "flx", "gene", ".", "Crossing", "Ltf", "-", "Cre", "mice", "with", "Lifr", "flx", "/", "flx", "mice", "generated", "Lifr", "flx", "/", "D", ":", "Ltf", "Cre", "/", "+", "females", "that", "were", "overtly", "normal", "but", "infertile", ".", "Many", "of", "these", "females", ",", "despite", "repeated", "matings", ",", "did", "not", "become", "pregnant", ".", "Unimplanted", "blastocysts", "were", "recovered", "from", "the", "Lifr", "flx", "/", "D", ":", "Ltf", "Cre", "/", "+", "uteri", "and", ",", "when", "transferred", "to", "wild", "-", "type", "recipients", ",", "implanted", "normally", ",", "indicating", "that", "uterine", "receptivity", "rather", "than", "the", "embryo", "'s", "competency", "is", "compromised", ".", "The", "loss", "of", "Lifr", "results", "in", "both", "the", "failure", "for", "STAT3", "to", "translocate", "to", "the", "LE", "nuclei", "and", "a", "reduction", "in", "the", "expression", "of", "the", "LIF", "regulated", "gene", "Msx1", "that", "regulates", "uterine", "receptivity", ".", "These", "results", "reveal", "that", "uterine", "expression", "of", "the", "LIFR", "is", "essential", "for", "embryo", "implantation", "and", "further", "define", "the", "components", "of", "the", "LIF", "signaling", "pathway", "necessary", "for", "effective", "implantation", "." ]
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28650467
Genome-wide loss-of-function genetic screening identifies opioid receptor u1 as a key regulator of L-asparaginase resistance in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-asparaginase is a critical chemotherapeutic agent for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It hydrolyzes plasma asparagine into aspartate and NH3, causing asparagine deficit and inhibition of protein synthesis and eventually, leukemic cell death. However, patient relapse often occurs due to development of resistance. The molecular mechanism by which ALL cells acquire resistance to L-asparaginase is unknown. Therefore, we sought to identify genes that are involved in L-asparaginase resistance in primary leukemic cells. By unbiased genome-wide RNAi screening, we found that among 10 resistant ALL clones, six hits were for opioid receptor mu 1 (oprm1), two hits were for carbonic anhydrase 1 (ca1) and another two hits were for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (ube2c). We also found that OPRM1 is expressed in all leukemic cells tested. Specific knockdown of OPRM1 confers L-asparaginase resistance, validating our genome-wide retroviral shRNA library screening data. Methadone, an agonist of OPRM1, enhances the sensitivity of parental leukemic cells, but not OPRM1-depleted cells, to L-asparaginase treatment, indicating that OPRM1 is required for the synergistic action of L-asparaginase and methadone, and that OPRM1 loss promotes leukemic cell survival likely through downregulation of the OPRM1-mediated apoptotic pathway. Consistent with this premise, patient leukemic cells with relatively high levels of OPRM1 are more sensitive to L-asparaginase treatment compared to OPRM1-depleted leukemic cells, further indicating that OPRM1 loss has a crucial role in L-asparaginase resistance in leukemic patients. Thus, our study demonstrates for the first time, a novel OPRM1-mediated mechanism for L-asparaginase resistance in ALL, and identifies OPRM1 as a functional biomarker for defining high-risk subpopulations and for the detection of evolving resistant clones. Oprm1 may also be utilized for effective treatment of L-asparaginase-resistant ALL.Oncogene advance online publication, 26 June 2017; doi:10.1038/onc.2017.211.
[ "Genome", "-", "wide", "loss", "-", "of", "-", "function", "genetic", "screening", "identifies", "opioid", "receptor", "u1", "as", "a", "key", "regulator", "of", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "resistance", "in", "pediatric", "acute", "lymphoblastic", "leukemia", ".", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "is", "a", "critical", "chemotherapeutic", "agent", "for", "acute", "lymphoblastic", "leukemia", "(", "ALL", ")", ".", "It", "hydrolyzes", "plasma", "asparagine", "into", "aspartate", "and", "NH3", ",", "causing", "asparagine", "deficit", "and", "inhibition", "of", "protein", "synthesis", "and", "eventually", ",", "leukemic", "cell", "death", ".", "However", ",", "patient", "relapse", "often", "occurs", "due", "to", "development", "of", "resistance", ".", "The", "molecular", "mechanism", "by", "which", "ALL", "cells", "acquire", "resistance", "to", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "is", "unknown", ".", "Therefore", ",", "we", "sought", "to", "identify", "genes", "that", "are", "involved", "in", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "resistance", "in", "primary", "leukemic", "cells", ".", "By", "unbiased", "genome", "-", "wide", "RNAi", "screening", ",", "we", "found", "that", "among", "10", "resistant", "ALL", "clones", ",", "six", "hits", "were", "for", "opioid", "receptor", "mu", "1", "(", "oprm1", ")", ",", "two", "hits", "were", "for", "carbonic", "anhydrase", "1", "(", "ca1", ")", "and", "another", "two", "hits", "were", "for", "ubiquitin", "-", "conjugating", "enzyme", "E2C", "(", "ube2c", ")", ".", "We", "also", "found", "that", "OPRM1", "is", "expressed", "in", "all", "leukemic", "cells", "tested", ".", "Specific", "knockdown", "of", "OPRM1", "confers", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "resistance", ",", "validating", "our", "genome", "-", "wide", "retroviral", "shRNA", "library", "screening", "data", ".", "Methadone", ",", "an", "agonist", "of", "OPRM1", ",", "enhances", "the", "sensitivity", "of", "parental", "leukemic", "cells", ",", "but", "not", "OPRM1", "-", "depleted", "cells", ",", "to", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "treatment", ",", "indicating", "that", "OPRM1", "is", "required", "for", "the", "synergistic", "action", "of", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "and", "methadone", ",", "and", "that", "OPRM1", "loss", "promotes", "leukemic", "cell", "survival", "likely", "through", "downregulation", "of", "the", "OPRM1", "-", "mediated", "apoptotic", "pathway", ".", "Consistent", "with", "this", "premise", ",", "patient", "leukemic", "cells", "with", "relatively", "high", "levels", "of", "OPRM1", "are", "more", "sensitive", "to", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "treatment", "compared", "to", "OPRM1", "-", "depleted", "leukemic", "cells", ",", "further", "indicating", "that", "OPRM1", "loss", "has", "a", "crucial", "role", "in", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "resistance", "in", "leukemic", "patients", ".", "Thus", ",", "our", "study", "demonstrates", "for", "the", "first", "time", ",", "a", "novel", "OPRM1", "-", "mediated", "mechanism", "for", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "resistance", "in", "ALL", ",", "and", "identifies", "OPRM1", "as", "a", "functional", "biomarker", "for", "defining", "high", "-", "risk", "subpopulations", "and", "for", "the", "detection", "of", "evolving", "resistant", "clones", ".", "Oprm1", "may", "also", "be", "utilized", "for", "effective", "treatment", "of", "L", "-", "asparaginase", "-", "resistant", "ALL", ".", "Oncogene", "advance", "online", "publication", ",", "26", "June", "2017", ";", "doi:10", ".", "1038", "/", "onc", ".", "2017", ".", "211", "." ]
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15748645
Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet B signaling and photocarcinogenesis. Exposure to solar radiation, particularly its ultraviolet (UV) B component, has a variety of harmful effects on human health. Some of these effects include sunburn cell formation, basal and squamous cell cancers, melanoma, cataracts, photoaging of the skin, and immune suppression. Amongst these various adverse effects of UV radiation, skin cancer is of the greatest concern. Over the years, changes in lifestyle has led to a significant increase in the amount of UV radiation that people receive, and this consequently has led to a surge in the incidence of skin cancer. The development of skin cancer is a complex multistage phenomenon involving three distinct stages exemplified by initiation, promotion and progression stages. Each of these stages is mediated via alterations in various cellular, biochemical, and molecular changes. Initiation, the first step in the carcinogenesis process is essentially an irreversible step in which genetic alterations occur in genes that ultimately leads to DNA modification and fixation of mutation. Tumor promotion is the essential process in cancer development involving clonal expansion of initiated cells giving rise to pre-malignant and then to malignant lesions, essentially by alterations in signal transduction pathways. Tumor progression involves the conversion of pre-malignant and malignant lesions into an invasive and potentially metastatic malignant tumor. All these processes for skin cancer development involve stimulation of DNA synthesis, DNA damage and proliferation, inflammation, immunosuppression, epidermal hyperplasia, cell cycle dysregulation, depletion of antioxidant defenses, impairment of signal transduction pathways, induction of cyclooxygenase, increase in prostaglandin synthesis, and induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Photochemoprevention has been appreciated as a viable approach to reduce the occurrence of skin cancer and in recent years, the use of agents, especially botanical antioxidants, present in the common diet and beverages consumed by human population have gained considerable attention as photochemopreventive agents for human use. Many such agents have also found a place in skin care products. Although this is more common in oriental countries, its popularity is significantly growing in western countries. In this article, we have summarized the available information of laboratory studies on UVB-mediated signaling that can be exploited as targets for photochemoprevention. We suggest that the use of skin care products supplemented with proven chemopreventive agents in conjunction with the use of sunscreens along with educational efforts may be an effective strategy for reducing UV-induced photodamage and skin cancer in humans. The mechanistic basis for the use of such products is discussed.
[ "Photochemoprevention", "of", "ultraviolet", "B", "signaling", "and", "photocarcinogenesis", ".", "Exposure", "to", "solar", "radiation", ",", "particularly", "its", "ultraviolet", "(", "UV", ")", "B", "component", ",", "has", "a", "variety", "of", "harmful", "effects", "on", "human", "health", ".", "Some", "of", "these", "effects", "include", "sunburn", "cell", "formation", ",", "basal", "and", "squamous", "cell", "cancers", ",", "melanoma", ",", "cataracts", ",", "photoaging", "of", "the", "skin", ",", "and", "immune", "suppression", ".", "Amongst", "these", "various", "adverse", "effects", "of", "UV", "radiation", ",", "skin", "cancer", "is", "of", "the", "greatest", "concern", ".", "Over", "the", "years", ",", "changes", "in", "lifestyle", "has", "led", "to", "a", "significant", "increase", "in", "the", "amount", "of", "UV", "radiation", "that", "people", "receive", ",", "and", "this", "consequently", "has", "led", "to", "a", "surge", "in", "the", "incidence", "of", "skin", "cancer", ".", "The", "development", "of", "skin", "cancer", "is", "a", "complex", "multistage", "phenomenon", "involving", "three", "distinct", "stages", "exemplified", "by", "initiation", ",", "promotion", "and", "progression", "stages", ".", "Each", "of", "these", "stages", "is", "mediated", "via", "alterations", "in", "various", "cellular", ",", "biochemical", ",", "and", "molecular", "changes", ".", "Initiation", ",", "the", "first", "step", "in", "the", "carcinogenesis", "process", "is", "essentially", "an", "irreversible", "step", "in", "which", "genetic", "alterations", "occur", "in", "genes", "that", "ultimately", "leads", "to", "DNA", "modification", "and", "fixation", "of", "mutation", ".", "Tumor", "promotion", "is", "the", "essential", "process", "in", "cancer", "development", "involving", "clonal", "expansion", "of", "initiated", "cells", "giving", "rise", "to", "pre", "-", "malignant", "and", "then", "to", "malignant", "lesions", ",", "essentially", "by", "alterations", "in", "signal", "transduction", "pathways", ".", "Tumor", "progression", "involves", "the", "conversion", "of", "pre", "-", "malignant", "and", "malignant", "lesions", "into", "an", "invasive", "and", "potentially", "metastatic", "malignant", "tumor", ".", "All", "these", "processes", "for", "skin", "cancer", "development", "involve", "stimulation", "of", "DNA", "synthesis", ",", "DNA", "damage", "and", "proliferation", ",", "inflammation", ",", "immunosuppression", ",", "epidermal", "hyperplasia", ",", "cell", "cycle", "dysregulation", ",", "depletion", "of", "antioxidant", "defenses", ",", "impairment", "of", "signal", "transduction", "pathways", ",", "induction", "of", "cyclooxygenase", ",", "increase", "in", "prostaglandin", "synthesis", ",", "and", "induction", "of", "ornithine", "decarboxylase", ".", "Photochemoprevention", "has", "been", "appreciated", "as", "a", "viable", "approach", "to", "reduce", "the", "occurrence", "of", "skin", "cancer", "and", "in", "recent", "years", ",", "the", "use", "of", "agents", ",", "especially", "botanical", "antioxidants", ",", "present", "in", "the", "common", "diet", "and", "beverages", "consumed", "by", "human", "population", "have", "gained", "considerable", "attention", "as", "photochemopreventive", "agents", "for", "human", "use", ".", "Many", "such", "agents", "have", "also", "found", "a", "place", "in", "skin", "care", "products", ".", "Although", "this", "is", "more", "common", "in", "oriental", "countries", ",", "its", "popularity", "is", "significantly", "growing", "in", "western", "countries", ".", "In", "this", "article", ",", "we", "have", "summarized", "the", "available", "information", "of", "laboratory", "studies", "on", "UVB", "-", "mediated", "signaling", "that", "can", "be", "exploited", "as", "targets", "for", "photochemoprevention", ".", "We", "suggest", "that", "the", "use", "of", "skin", "care", "products", "supplemented", "with", "proven", "chemopreventive", "agents", "in", "conjunction", "with", "the", "use", "of", "sunscreens", "along", "with", "educational", "efforts", "may", "be", "an", "effective", "strategy", "for", "reducing", "UV", "-", "induced", "photodamage", "and", "skin", "cancer", "in", "humans", ".", "The", "mechanistic", "basis", "for", "the", "use", "of", "such", "products", "is", "discussed", "." ]
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16543197
A G1103R mutation in CRB1 is co-inherited with high hyperopia and Leber congenital amaurosis. PURPOSE: To identify the genetic basis of recessive inheritance of high hyperopia and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) in a family of Middle Eastern origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were examined using standard ophthalmic techniques. DNA samples were obtained and genetic linkage was carried out using polymorphic markers flanking the known genes and loci for LCA. Exons were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS: All four members of this family affected by LCA showed high to extreme hyperopia, with average spherical refractive errors ranging from +5.00 to +10.00. Linkage was obtained to 1q31.3 with a maximal LOD score of 5.20 and a mutation found in exon 9 of the CRB1 gene, causing a G1103R substitution at a highly conserved site in the protein. CRB1 is a vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila crumbs gene, which is required for photoreceptor morphogenesis, and has been associated with either retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or LCA. This sequence variant has previously been reported as a compound heterozygote in one sporadic LCA patient. CONCLUSION: Although hyperopia has been associated with LCA, it is typically moderate and variable between patients with the same mutation. In addition, some CRB1 mutations can be associated with either RP or LCA. We have shown that hyperopia and LCA are linked to the mutant CRB1 gene itself and are not dependent on unlinked modifiers.
[ "A", "G1103R", "mutation", "in", "CRB1", "is", "co", "-", "inherited", "with", "high", "hyperopia", "and", "Leber", "congenital", "amaurosis", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "To", "identify", "the", "genetic", "basis", "of", "recessive", "inheritance", "of", "high", "hyperopia", "and", "Leber", "congenital", "amaurosis", "(", "LCA", ")", "in", "a", "family", "of", "Middle", "Eastern", "origin", ".", "MATERIALS", "AND", "METHODS", ":", "The", "patients", "were", "examined", "using", "standard", "ophthalmic", "techniques", ".", "DNA", "samples", "were", "obtained", "and", "genetic", "linkage", "was", "carried", "out", "using", "polymorphic", "markers", "flanking", "the", "known", "genes", "and", "loci", "for", "LCA", ".", "Exons", "were", "amplified", "and", "sequenced", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "All", "four", "members", "of", "this", "family", "affected", "by", "LCA", "showed", "high", "to", "extreme", "hyperopia", ",", "with", "average", "spherical", "refractive", "errors", "ranging", "from", "+", "5", ".", "00", "to", "+", "10", ".", "00", ".", "Linkage", "was", "obtained", "to", "1q31", ".", "3", "with", "a", "maximal", "LOD", "score", "of", "5", ".", "20", "and", "a", "mutation", "found", "in", "exon", "9", "of", "the", "CRB1", "gene", ",", "causing", "a", "G1103R", "substitution", "at", "a", "highly", "conserved", "site", "in", "the", "protein", ".", "CRB1", "is", "a", "vertebrate", "homolog", "of", "the", "Drosophila", "crumbs", "gene", ",", "which", "is", "required", "for", "photoreceptor", "morphogenesis", ",", "and", "has", "been", "associated", "with", "either", "retinitis", "pigmentosa", "(", "RP", ")", "or", "LCA", ".", "This", "sequence", "variant", "has", "previously", "been", "reported", "as", "a", "compound", "heterozygote", "in", "one", "sporadic", "LCA", "patient", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Although", "hyperopia", "has", "been", "associated", "with", "LCA", ",", "it", "is", "typically", "moderate", "and", "variable", "between", "patients", "with", "the", "same", "mutation", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "some", "CRB1", "mutations", "can", "be", "associated", "with", "either", "RP", "or", "LCA", ".", "We", "have", "shown", "that", "hyperopia", "and", "LCA", "are", "linked", "to", "the", "mutant", "CRB1", "gene", "itself", "and", "are", "not", "dependent", "on", "unlinked", "modifiers", "." ]
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16574712
MDMA polydrug users show process-specific central executive impairments coupled with impaired social and emotional judgement processes. In recent years working memory deficits have been reported in users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy). The current study aimed to assess the impact of MDMA use on three separate central executive processes (set shifting, inhibition and memory updating) and also on "prefrontal" mediated social and emotional judgement processes. Fifteen polydrug ecstasy users and 15 polydrug non-ecstasy user controls completed a general drug use questionnaire, the Brixton Spatial Anticipation task (set shifting), Backward Digit Span procedure (memory updating), Inhibition of Return (inhibition), an emotional intelligence scale, the Tromso Social Intelligence Scale and the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). Compared with MDMA-free polydrug controls, MDMA polydrug users showed impairments in set shifting and memory updating, and also in social and emotional judgement processes. The latter two deficits remained significant after controlling for other drug use. These data lend further support to the proposal that cognitive processes mediated by the prefrontal cortex may be impaired by recreational ecstasy use.
[ "MDMA", "polydrug", "users", "show", "process", "-", "specific", "central", "executive", "impairments", "coupled", "with", "impaired", "social", "and", "emotional", "judgement", "processes", ".", "In", "recent", "years", "working", "memory", "deficits", "have", "been", "reported", "in", "users", "of", "MDMA", "(", "3,4", "-", "methylenedioxymethamphetamine", ",", "ecstasy", ")", ".", "The", "current", "study", "aimed", "to", "assess", "the", "impact", "of", "MDMA", "use", "on", "three", "separate", "central", "executive", "processes", "(", "set", "shifting", ",", "inhibition", "and", "memory", "updating", ")", "and", "also", "on", "``", "prefrontal", "''", "mediated", "social", "and", "emotional", "judgement", "processes", ".", "Fifteen", "polydrug", "ecstasy", "users", "and", "15", "polydrug", "non", "-", "ecstasy", "user", "controls", "completed", "a", "general", "drug", "use", "questionnaire", ",", "the", "Brixton", "Spatial", "Anticipation", "task", "(", "set", "shifting", ")", ",", "Backward", "Digit", "Span", "procedure", "(", "memory", "updating", ")", ",", "Inhibition", "of", "Return", "(", "inhibition", ")", ",", "an", "emotional", "intelligence", "scale", ",", "the", "Tromso", "Social", "Intelligence", "Scale", "and", "the", "Dysexecutive", "Questionnaire", "(", "DEX", ")", ".", "Compared", "with", "MDMA", "-", "free", "polydrug", "controls", ",", "MDMA", "polydrug", "users", "showed", "impairments", "in", "set", "shifting", "and", "memory", "updating", ",", "and", "also", "in", "social", "and", "emotional", "judgement", "processes", ".", "The", "latter", "two", "deficits", "remained", "significant", "after", "controlling", "for", "other", "drug", "use", ".", "These", "data", "lend", "further", "support", "to", "the", "proposal", "that", "cognitive", "processes", "mediated", "by", "the", "prefrontal", "cortex", "may", "be", "impaired", "by", "recreational", "ecstasy", "use", "." ]
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16575011
Tumor thymidylate synthase 1494del6 genotype as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients receiving fluorouracil-based adjuvant treatment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the value of germline and tumor thymidylate synthase (TS) genotyping as a prognostic marker in a series of colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant fluorouracil (FU) -based treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-nine colorectal cancer patients homogeneously treated with FU plus levamisole or leucovorin in the adjuvant setting were included. TS enhancer region, 3R G > C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and TS 1494del6 polymorphisms were assessed in both fresh-frozen normal mucosa and tumor. Mutational analyses of TS and allelic imbalances were studied in all primary tumors and in 18 additional metachronic metastases. TS protein immunostaining was assessed in an expanded series of 214 tumors. Multivariate Cox models were adjusted for stage, differentiation, and location. RESULTS: Tumor genotyping (frequency of allelic loss, 26%) showed that the 3R/3R genotype was associated with a better outcome (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.93; P = .020 for the recessive model). 3R G > C SNP genotyping did not add prognostic information. Tumor TS 1494del6 allele (frequency of allelic loss, 36%) was protective (for each allele with the deletion, based on an additive model, HR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.82; P = .0034). Both polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.71, P < .001), and the 3R/-6 base pair (bp) haplotype showed a significant overall survival benefit compared with the most prevalent haplotype 2R/+6bp (HR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.85; P = .017). No TS point mutation was detected in primary tumors or metastases. TS protein immunostaining was not associated with survival or any of the genotypes analyzed. CONCLUSION: Tumor TS 1494del6 genotype may be a prognostic factor in FU-based adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer patients.
[ "Tumor", "thymidylate", "synthase", "1494del6", "genotype", "as", "a", "prognostic", "factor", "in", "colorectal", "cancer", "patients", "receiving", "fluorouracil", "-", "based", "adjuvant", "treatment", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "The", "purpose", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "analyze", "the", "value", "of", "germline", "and", "tumor", "thymidylate", "synthase", "(", "TS", ")", "genotyping", "as", "a", "prognostic", "marker", "in", "a", "series", "of", "colorectal", "cancer", "patients", "receiving", "adjuvant", "fluorouracil", "(", "FU", ")", "-", "based", "treatment", ".", "PATIENTS", "AND", "METHODS", ":", "One", "hundred", "twenty", "-", "nine", "colorectal", "cancer", "patients", "homogeneously", "treated", "with", "FU", "plus", "levamisole", "or", "leucovorin", "in", "the", "adjuvant", "setting", "were", "included", ".", "TS", "enhancer", "region", ",", "3R", "G", ">", "C", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "(", "SNP", ")", ",", "and", "TS", "1494del6", "polymorphisms", "were", "assessed", "in", "both", "fresh", "-", "frozen", "normal", "mucosa", "and", "tumor", ".", "Mutational", "analyses", "of", "TS", "and", "allelic", "imbalances", "were", "studied", "in", "all", "primary", "tumors", "and", "in", "18", "additional", "metachronic", "metastases", ".", "TS", "protein", "immunostaining", "was", "assessed", "in", "an", "expanded", "series", "of", "214", "tumors", ".", "Multivariate", "Cox", "models", "were", "adjusted", "for", "stage", ",", "differentiation", ",", "and", "location", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Tumor", "genotyping", "(", "frequency", "of", "allelic", "loss", ",", "26", "%", ")", "showed", "that", "the", "3R", "/", "3R", "genotype", "was", "associated", "with", "a", "better", "outcome", "(", "hazard", "ratio", "[", "HR", "]", "=", "0", ".", "38", ";", "95", "%", "CI", ",", "0", ".", "16", "to", "0", ".", "93", ";", "P", "=", ".", "020", "for", "the", "recessive", "model", ")", ".", "3R", "G", ">", "C", "SNP", "genotyping", "did", "not", "add", "prognostic", "information", ".", "Tumor", "TS", "1494del6", "allele", "(", "frequency", "of", "allelic", "loss", ",", "36", "%", ")", "was", "protective", "(", "for", "each", "allele", "with", "the", "deletion", ",", "based", "on", "an", "additive", "model", ",", "HR", "=", "0", ".", "42", ";", "95", "%", "CI", ",", "0", ".", "22", "to", "0", ".", "82", ";", "P", "=", ".", "0034", ")", ".", "Both", "polymorphisms", "were", "in", "strong", "linkage", "disequilibrium", "(", "D", "'", "=", "0", ".", "71", ",", "P", "<", ".", "001", ")", ",", "and", "the", "3R", "/", "-", "6", "base", "pair", "(", "bp", ")", "haplotype", "showed", "a", "significant", "overall", "survival", "benefit", "compared", "with", "the", "most", "prevalent", "haplotype", "2R", "/", "+", "6bp", "(", "HR", "=", "0", ".", "42", ";", "95", "%", "CI", ",", "0", ".", "20", "to", "0", ".", "85", ";", "P", "=", ".", "017", ")", ".", "No", "TS", "point", "mutation", "was", "detected", "in", "primary", "tumors", "or", "metastases", ".", "TS", "protein", "immunostaining", "was", "not", "associated", "with", "survival", "or", "any", "of", "the", "genotypes", "analyzed", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Tumor", "TS", "1494del6", "genotype", "may", "be", "a", "prognostic", "factor", "in", "FU", "-", "based", "adjuvant", "treatment", "of", "colorectal", "cancer", "patients", "." ]
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17074608
Valproate-induced chorea and encephalopathy in atypical nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Nonketotic hyperglycinemia is a disorder of amino acid metabolism in which a defect in the glycine cleavage system leads to an accumulation of glycine in the brain and other body compartments. In the classical form it presents as neonatal apnea, intractable seizures, and hypotonia, followed by significant psychomotor retardation. An important subset of children with nonketotic hyperglycinemia are atypical variants who present in a heterogeneous manner. This report describes a patient with mild language delay and mental retardation, who was found to have nonketotic hyperglycinemia following her presentation with acute encephalopathy and chorea shortly after initiation of valproate therapy.
[ "Valproate", "-", "induced", "chorea", "and", "encephalopathy", "in", "atypical", "nonketotic", "hyperglycinemia", ".", "Nonketotic", "hyperglycinemia", "is", "a", "disorder", "of", "amino", "acid", "metabolism", "in", "which", "a", "defect", "in", "the", "glycine", "cleavage", "system", "leads", "to", "an", "accumulation", "of", "glycine", "in", "the", "brain", "and", "other", "body", "compartments", ".", "In", "the", "classical", "form", "it", "presents", "as", "neonatal", "apnea", ",", "intractable", "seizures", ",", "and", "hypotonia", ",", "followed", "by", "significant", "psychomotor", "retardation", ".", "An", "important", "subset", "of", "children", "with", "nonketotic", "hyperglycinemia", "are", "atypical", "variants", "who", "present", "in", "a", "heterogeneous", "manner", ".", "This", "report", "describes", "a", "patient", "with", "mild", "language", "delay", "and", "mental", "retardation", ",", "who", "was", "found", "to", "have", "nonketotic", "hyperglycinemia", "following", "her", "presentation", "with", "acute", "encephalopathy", "and", "chorea", "shortly", "after", "initiation", "of", "valproate", "therapy", "." ]
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18310445
Bone morphogenetic protein-4 interacts with activin and GnRH to modulate gonadotrophin secretion in LbetaT2 gonadotrophs. We have shown previously that, in sheep primary pituitary cells, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-4 inhibits FSHbeta mRNA expression and FSH release. In contrast, in mouse LbetaT2 gonadotrophs, others have shown a stimulatory effect of BMPs on basal or activin-stimulated FSHbeta promoter-driven transcription. As a species comparison with our previous results, we used LbetaT2 cells to investigate the effects of BMP-4 on gonadotrophin mRNA and secretion modulated by activin and GnRH. BMP-4 alone had no effect on FSH production, but enhanced the activin+GnRH-induced stimulation of FSHbeta mRNA and FSH secretion, without any effect on follistatin mRNA. BMP-4 reduced LHbeta mRNA up-regulation in response to GnRH (+/-activin) and decreased GnRH receptor expression, which would favour FSH, rather than LH, synthesis and secretion. In contrast to sheep pituitary gonadotrophs, which express only BMP receptor types IA (BMPRIA) and II (BMPRII), LbetaT2 cells also express BMPRIB. Smad1/5 phosphorylation induced by BMP-4, indicating activation of BMP signalling, was the same whether BMP-4 was used alone or combined with activin+/-GnRH. We hypothesized that activin and/or GnRH pathways may be modulated by BMP-4, but neither the activin-stimulated phosphorylation of Smad2/3 nor the GnRH-induced ERK1/2 or cAMP response element-binding phosphorylation were modified. However, the GnRH-induced activation of p38 MAPK was decreased by BMP-4. This was associated with increased FSHbeta mRNA levels and FSH secretion, but decreased LHbeta mRNA levels. These results confirm 1. BMPs as important modulators of activin and/or GnRH-stimulated gonadotrophin synthesis and release and 2. important species differences in these effects, which could relate to differences in BMP receptor expression in gonadotrophs.
[ "Bone", "morphogenetic", "protein", "-", "4", "interacts", "with", "activin", "and", "GnRH", "to", "modulate", "gonadotrophin", "secretion", "in", "LbetaT2", "gonadotrophs", ".", "We", "have", "shown", "previously", "that", ",", "in", "sheep", "primary", "pituitary", "cells", ",", "bone", "morphogenetic", "proteins", "(", "BMP", ")", "-", "4", "inhibits", "FSHbeta", "mRNA", "expression", "and", "FSH", "release", ".", "In", "contrast", ",", "in", "mouse", "LbetaT2", "gonadotrophs", ",", "others", "have", "shown", "a", "stimulatory", "effect", "of", "BMPs", "on", "basal", "or", "activin", "-", "stimulated", "FSHbeta", "promoter", "-", "driven", "transcription", ".", "As", "a", "species", "comparison", "with", "our", "previous", "results", ",", "we", "used", "LbetaT2", "cells", "to", "investigate", "the", "effects", "of", "BMP", "-", "4", "on", "gonadotrophin", "mRNA", "and", "secretion", "modulated", "by", "activin", "and", "GnRH", ".", "BMP", "-", "4", "alone", "had", "no", "effect", "on", "FSH", "production", ",", "but", "enhanced", "the", "activin", "+", "GnRH", "-", "induced", "stimulation", "of", "FSHbeta", "mRNA", "and", "FSH", "secretion", ",", "without", "any", "effect", "on", "follistatin", "mRNA", ".", "BMP", "-", "4", "reduced", "LHbeta", "mRNA", "up", "-", "regulation", "in", "response", "to", "GnRH", "(", "+", "/", "-", "activin", ")", "and", "decreased", "GnRH", "receptor", "expression", ",", "which", "would", "favour", "FSH", ",", "rather", "than", "LH", ",", "synthesis", "and", "secretion", ".", "In", "contrast", "to", "sheep", "pituitary", "gonadotrophs", ",", "which", "express", "only", "BMP", "receptor", "types", "IA", "(", "BMPRIA", ")", "and", "II", "(", "BMPRII", ")", ",", "LbetaT2", "cells", "also", "express", "BMPRIB", ".", "Smad1", "/", "5", "phosphorylation", "induced", "by", "BMP", "-", "4", ",", "indicating", "activation", "of", "BMP", "signalling", ",", "was", "the", "same", "whether", "BMP", "-", "4", "was", "used", "alone", "or", "combined", "with", "activin", "+", "/", "-", "GnRH", ".", "We", "hypothesized", "that", "activin", "and", "/", "or", "GnRH", "pathways", "may", "be", "modulated", "by", "BMP", "-", "4", ",", "but", "neither", "the", "activin", "-", "stimulated", "phosphorylation", "of", "Smad2", "/", "3", "nor", "the", "GnRH", "-", "induced", "ERK1", "/", "2", "or", "cAMP", "response", "element", "-", "binding", "phosphorylation", "were", "modified", ".", "However", ",", "the", "GnRH", "-", "induced", "activation", "of", "p38", "MAPK", "was", "decreased", "by", "BMP", "-", "4", ".", "This", "was", "associated", "with", "increased", "FSHbeta", "mRNA", "levels", "and", "FSH", "secretion", ",", "but", "decreased", "LHbeta", "mRNA", "levels", ".", "These", "results", "confirm", "1", ".", "BMPs", "as", "important", "modulators", "of", "activin", "and", "/", "or", "GnRH", "-", "stimulated", "gonadotrophin", "synthesis", "and", "release", "and", "2", ".", "important", "species", "differences", "in", "these", "effects", ",", "which", "could", "relate", "to", "differences", "in", "BMP", "receptor", "expression", "in", "gonadotrophs", "." ]
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19082493
Combination of polymorphisms within 5' and 3' untranslated regions of thymidylate synthase gene modulates survival in 5 fluorouracil-treated colorectal cancer patients. In the present study we explored the effect of three polymorphisms of the TS gene on overall and progression- free survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients subjected to 5FU chemotherapy. A 28 bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), a G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and a deletion of 6 bp at position 1494 were studied. The possible combined effect of these DNA polymorphisms on the clinical outcome of patients was also evaluated. A retrospective study was carried out on paraffin-embedded sections from 113 patients diagnosed of advanced CRC. TS genotyping methods were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for VNTR and PCR, followed by restriction length fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for SNP and ins/del 6 bp. To study the combined effect of TS polymorphisms, four categories were defined accordingly to the level of expression attributed to SNP and ins/del 6 bp genotypes: C_allele 6-, C_6+/6+, G_allele6- and G_6+/6+. VNTR and ins/del 6 bp genotypes varied with tumour anatomical site: 2R/2R genotype was rare in left-sided tumours (7.0% vs. 26.3% of right-sided and 24.1% of rectal cancers; P<0.01), where the variant allele 6- was very frequent (69.0%). Instead, most patients with right-sided tumours were wild-type homozygous 6+/6+ (63.9%) (P<0.01). Heterozygous 6+/6- genotype was more frequent among tumours classified as C (50.0%) and D (76.5%) Dukes stages (P=0.05). None of the studied polymorphisms alone affected overall or progression-free survival (PFS). C_6+/6+ and G_6+/6+ combined genotypes were respectively associated to the best and worst PFS (P=0.03 when compared with each other), while combinations carrying the allele 6- determined an intermediate evolution that might be indicative of a variable response to chemotherapy. The rate of Dukes B stage tumours was unexpectedly high (59.1%) among patients with the unfavourable G_6+/6+ combination. In our study the combination of high TS expression genotypes G_6+/6+ identifies a group of high risk within CRC patients treated with 5FU.
[ "Combination", "of", "polymorphisms", "within", "5", "'", "and", "3", "'", "untranslated", "regions", "of", "thymidylate", "synthase", "gene", "modulates", "survival", "in", "5", "fluorouracil", "-", "treated", "colorectal", "cancer", "patients", ".", "In", "the", "present", "study", "we", "explored", "the", "effect", "of", "three", "polymorphisms", "of", "the", "TS", "gene", "on", "overall", "and", "progression", "-", "free", "survival", "of", "colorectal", "cancer", "(", "CRC", ")", "patients", "subjected", "to", "5FU", "chemotherapy", ".", "A", "28", "bp", "variable", "number", "of", "tandem", "repeats", "(", "VNTR", ")", ",", "a", "G", "/", "C", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "(", "SNP", ")", ",", "and", "a", "deletion", "of", "6", "bp", "at", "position", "1494", "were", "studied", ".", "The", "possible", "combined", "effect", "of", "these", "DNA", "polymorphisms", "on", "the", "clinical", "outcome", "of", "patients", "was", "also", "evaluated", ".", "A", "retrospective", "study", "was", "carried", "out", "on", "paraffin", "-", "embedded", "sections", "from", "113", "patients", "diagnosed", "of", "advanced", "CRC", ".", "TS", "genotyping", "methods", "were", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", "for", "VNTR", "and", "PCR", ",", "followed", "by", "restriction", "length", "fragment", "polymorphism", "(", "PCR", "-", "RFLP", ")", "for", "SNP", "and", "ins", "/", "del", "6", "bp", ".", "To", "study", "the", "combined", "effect", "of", "TS", "polymorphisms", ",", "four", "categories", "were", "defined", "accordingly", "to", "the", "level", "of", "expression", "attributed", "to", "SNP", "and", "ins", "/", "del", "6", "bp", "genotypes", ":", "C_allele", "6", "-", ",", "C_6", "+", "/", "6", "+", ",", "G_allele6", "-", "and", "G_6", "+", "/", "6", "+", ".", "VNTR", "and", "ins", "/", "del", "6", "bp", "genotypes", "varied", "with", "tumour", "anatomical", "site", ":", "2R", "/", "2R", "genotype", "was", "rare", "in", "left", "-", "sided", "tumours", "(", "7", ".", "0", "%", "vs", ".", "26", ".", "3", "%", "of", "right", "-", "sided", "and", "24", ".", "1", "%", "of", "rectal", "cancers", ";", "P", "<", "0", ".", "01", ")", ",", "where", "the", "variant", "allele", "6", "-", "was", "very", "frequent", "(", "69", ".", "0", "%", ")", ".", "Instead", ",", "most", "patients", "with", "right", "-", "sided", "tumours", "were", "wild", "-", "type", "homozygous", "6", "+", "/", "6", "+", "(", "63", ".", "9", "%", ")", "(", "P", "<", "0", ".", "01", ")", ".", "Heterozygous", "6", "+", "/", "6", "-", "genotype", "was", "more", "frequent", "among", "tumours", "classified", "as", "C", "(", "50", ".", "0", "%", ")", "and", "D", "(", "76", ".", "5", "%", ")", "Dukes", "stages", "(", "P=0", ".", "05", ")", ".", "None", "of", "the", "studied", "polymorphisms", "alone", "affected", "overall", "or", "progression", "-", "free", "survival", "(", "PFS", ")", ".", "C_6", "+", "/", "6", "+", "and", "G_6", "+", "/", "6", "+", "combined", "genotypes", "were", "respectively", "associated", "to", "the", "best", "and", "worst", "PFS", "(", "P=0", ".", "03", "when", "compared", "with", "each", "other", ")", ",", "while", "combinations", "carrying", "the", "allele", "6", "-", "determined", "an", "intermediate", "evolution", "that", "might", "be", "indicative", "of", "a", "variable", "response", "to", "chemotherapy", ".", "The", "rate", "of", "Dukes", "B", "stage", "tumours", "was", "unexpectedly", "high", "(", "59", ".", "1", "%", ")", "among", "patients", "with", "the", "unfavourable", "G_6", "+", "/", "6", "+", "combination", ".", "In", "our", "study", "the", "combination", "of", "high", "TS", "expression", "genotypes", "G_6", "+", "/", "6", "+", "identifies", "a", "group", "of", "high", "risk", "within", "CRC", "patients", "treated", "with", "5FU", "." ]
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19218574
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85alpha regulatory subunit gene Met326Ile polymorphism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is a core feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase is an important enzyme in the early insulin signaling cascade and plays a key role in insulin-mediated glucose transport. In its regulatory subunit, p85alpha, there is a common amino acid substitution (the Met326Ile polymorphism), and this amino acid may be crucial for the function of the p85alpha regulatory subunit and PI3-kinase. METHODS: Analysis of the Met326Ile polymorphism was carried out on DNA samples from 256 PCOS patients and 283 controls. Clinical and biochemical profiles of participants were also compared. RESULTS: The genotype distribution of the Met326Ile polymorphism in the PCOS group was not different from that of the controls (Met326Met/Met326Ile/Ile326Ile rates were 73.4%/23.4%/3.2% and 70.3%/26.1%/3.6% for the PCOS and control groups, respectively, P = 0.72). The PCOS group was divided into two subgroups according to the presence of the variant 326Ile allele. Compared with those carrying at least one variant 326Ile allele, carriers with the Met326Met genotype had higher serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) {1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.3] ng/ml in those with the Met326Met genotype versus 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-1.0) ng/ml in those with Ile326Ile and Met326Ile genotypes, P = 0.0073} and free testosterone levels [1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.4) pg/ml for Met326Met genotype versus 0.9 (95% CI 0.6-1.3) pg/ml for Ile326Ile and Met326Ile genotypes, P = 0.038]. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the PI3-kinase gene Met326Ile polymorphism may not be a major determinant for the development of PCOS, but it may modulate the concentrations of serum 17-OHP or free testosterone in PCOS patients.
[ "Phosphatidylinositol", "3", "-", "kinase", "p85alpha", "regulatory", "subunit", "gene", "Met326Ile", "polymorphism", "in", "women", "with", "polycystic", "ovary", "syndrome", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Insulin", "resistance", "is", "a", "core", "feature", "of", "polycystic", "ovary", "syndrome", "(", "PCOS", ")", ".", "Phosphatidylinositol", "(", "PI", ")", "3", "-", "kinase", "is", "an", "important", "enzyme", "in", "the", "early", "insulin", "signaling", "cascade", "and", "plays", "a", "key", "role", "in", "insulin", "-", "mediated", "glucose", "transport", ".", "In", "its", "regulatory", "subunit", ",", "p85alpha", ",", "there", "is", "a", "common", "amino", "acid", "substitution", "(", "the", "Met326Ile", "polymorphism", ")", ",", "and", "this", "amino", "acid", "may", "be", "crucial", "for", "the", "function", "of", "the", "p85alpha", "regulatory", "subunit", "and", "PI3", "-", "kinase", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Analysis", "of", "the", "Met326Ile", "polymorphism", "was", "carried", "out", "on", "DNA", "samples", "from", "256", "PCOS", "patients", "and", "283", "controls", ".", "Clinical", "and", "biochemical", "profiles", "of", "participants", "were", "also", "compared", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "The", "genotype", "distribution", "of", "the", "Met326Ile", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "PCOS", "group", "was", "not", "different", "from", "that", "of", "the", "controls", "(", "Met326Met", "/", "Met326Ile", "/", "Ile326Ile", "rates", "were", "73", ".", "4", "%", "/", "23", ".", "4", "%", "/", "3", ".", "2", "%", "and", "70", ".", "3", "%", "/", "26", ".", "1", "%", "/", "3", ".", "6", "%", "for", "the", "PCOS", "and", "control", "groups", ",", "respectively", ",", "P", "=", "0", ".", "72", ")", ".", "The", "PCOS", "group", "was", "divided", "into", "two", "subgroups", "according", "to", "the", "presence", "of", "the", "variant", "326Ile", "allele", ".", "Compared", "with", "those", "carrying", "at", "least", "one", "variant", "326Ile", "allele", ",", "carriers", "with", "the", "Met326Met", "genotype", "had", "higher", "serum", "17", "-", "hydroxyprogesterone", "(", "17", "-", "OHP", ")", "{", "1", ".", "1", "[", "95", "%", "confidence", "interval", "(", "CI", ")", "1", ".", "1", "-", "1", ".", "3", "]", "ng", "/", "ml", "in", "those", "with", "the", "Met326Met", "genotype", "versus", "0", ".", "8", "(", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "7", "-", "1", ".", "0", ")", "ng", "/", "ml", "in", "those", "with", "Ile326Ile", "and", "Met326Ile", "genotypes", ",", "P", "=", "0", ".", "0073", "}", "and", "free", "testosterone", "levels", "[", "1", ".", "2", "(", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "1", "-", "1", ".", "4", ")", "pg", "/", "ml", "for", "Met326Met", "genotype", "versus", "0", ".", "9", "(", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "6", "-", "1", ".", "3", ")", "pg", "/", "ml", "for", "Ile326Ile", "and", "Met326Ile", "genotypes", ",", "P", "=", "0", ".", "038", "]", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Our", "results", "suggest", "that", "the", "PI3", "-", "kinase", "gene", "Met326Ile", "polymorphism", "may", "not", "be", "a", "major", "determinant", "for", "the", "development", "of", "PCOS", ",", "but", "it", "may", "modulate", "the", "concentrations", "of", "serum", "17", "-", "OHP", "or", "free", "testosterone", "in", "PCOS", "patients", "." ]
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19996135
High-dose tranexamic Acid is associated with nonischemic clinical seizures in cardiac surgical patients. BACKGROUND: In 2 separate centers, we observed a notable increase in the incidence of postoperative convulsive seizures from 1.3% to 3.8% in patients having undergone major cardiac surgical procedures. These events were temporally coincident with the initial use of high-dose tranexamic acid (TXA) therapy after withdrawal of aprotinin from general clinical usage. The purpose of this review was to perform a retrospective analysis to examine whether there was a relation between TXA usage and seizures after cardiac surgery. METHODS: An in-depth chart review was undertaken in all 24 patients who developed perioperative seizures. Electroencephalographic activity was recorded in 11 of these patients, and all patients had a formal neurological evaluation and brain imaging studies. RESULTS: Twenty-one of the 24 patients did not have evidence of new cerebral ischemic injury, but seizures were likely due to ischemic brain injury in 3 patients. All patients with seizures did not have permanent neurological abnormalities. All 24 patients with seizures received high doses of TXA intraoperatively ranging from 61 to 259 mg/kg, had a mean age of 69.9 years, and 21 of 24 had undergone open chamber rather than coronary bypass procedures. All but one patient were managed using cardiopulmonary bypass. No evidence of brain ischemic, metabolic, or hyperthermia-induced causes for their seizures was apparent. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that use of high-dose TXA in older patients in conjunction with cardiopulmonary bypass and open-chamber cardiac surgery is associated with clinical seizures in susceptible patients.
[ "High", "-", "dose", "tranexamic", "Acid", "is", "associated", "with", "nonischemic", "clinical", "seizures", "in", "cardiac", "surgical", "patients", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "In", "2", "separate", "centers", ",", "we", "observed", "a", "notable", "increase", "in", "the", "incidence", "of", "postoperative", "convulsive", "seizures", "from", "1", ".", "3", "%", "to", "3", ".", "8", "%", "in", "patients", "having", "undergone", "major", "cardiac", "surgical", "procedures", ".", "These", "events", "were", "temporally", "coincident", "with", "the", "initial", "use", "of", "high", "-", "dose", "tranexamic", "acid", "(", "TXA", ")", "therapy", "after", "withdrawal", "of", "aprotinin", "from", "general", "clinical", "usage", ".", "The", "purpose", "of", "this", "review", "was", "to", "perform", "a", "retrospective", "analysis", "to", "examine", "whether", "there", "was", "a", "relation", "between", "TXA", "usage", "and", "seizures", "after", "cardiac", "surgery", ".", "METHODS", ":", "An", "in", "-", "depth", "chart", "review", "was", "undertaken", "in", "all", "24", "patients", "who", "developed", "perioperative", "seizures", ".", "Electroencephalographic", "activity", "was", "recorded", "in", "11", "of", "these", "patients", ",", "and", "all", "patients", "had", "a", "formal", "neurological", "evaluation", "and", "brain", "imaging", "studies", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Twenty", "-", "one", "of", "the", "24", "patients", "did", "not", "have", "evidence", "of", "new", "cerebral", "ischemic", "injury", ",", "but", "seizures", "were", "likely", "due", "to", "ischemic", "brain", "injury", "in", "3", "patients", ".", "All", "patients", "with", "seizures", "did", "not", "have", "permanent", "neurological", "abnormalities", ".", "All", "24", "patients", "with", "seizures", "received", "high", "doses", "of", "TXA", "intraoperatively", "ranging", "from", "61", "to", "259", "mg", "/", "kg", ",", "had", "a", "mean", "age", "of", "69", ".", "9", "years", ",", "and", "21", "of", "24", "had", "undergone", "open", "chamber", "rather", "than", "coronary", "bypass", "procedures", ".", "All", "but", "one", "patient", "were", "managed", "using", "cardiopulmonary", "bypass", ".", "No", "evidence", "of", "brain", "ischemic", ",", "metabolic", ",", "or", "hyperthermia", "-", "induced", "causes", "for", "their", "seizures", "was", "apparent", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Our", "results", "suggest", "that", "use", "of", "high", "-", "dose", "TXA", "in", "older", "patients", "in", "conjunction", "with", "cardiopulmonary", "bypass", "and", "open", "-", "chamber", "cardiac", "surgery", "is", "associated", "with", "clinical", "seizures", "in", "susceptible", "patients", "." ]
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20477932
Cocaine causes memory and learning impairments in rats: involvement of nuclear factor kappa B and oxidative stress, and prevention by topiramate. Different mechanisms have been suggested for cocaine toxicity including an increase in oxidative stress but the association between oxidative status in the brain and cocaine induced-behaviour is poorly understood. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) is a sensor of oxidative stress and participates in memory formation that could be involved in drug toxicity and addiction mechanisms. Therefore NFkappaB activity, oxidative stress, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity, spatial learning and memory as well as the effect of topiramate, a previously proposed therapy for cocaine addiction, were evaluated in an experimental model of cocaine administration in rats. NFkappaB activity was decreased in the frontal cortex of cocaine treated rats, as well as GSH concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in the hippocampus, whereas nNOS activity in the hippocampus was increased. Memory retrieval of experiences acquired prior to cocaine administration was impaired and negatively correlated with NFkappaB activity in the frontal cortex. In contrast, learning of new tasks was enhanced and correlated with the increase of nNOS activity and the decrease of glutathione peroxidase. These results provide evidence for a possible mechanistic role of oxidative and nitrosative stress and NFkappaB in the alterations induced by cocaine. Topiramate prevented all the alterations observed, showing novel neuroprotective properties.
[ "Cocaine", "causes", "memory", "and", "learning", "impairments", "in", "rats", ":", "involvement", "of", "nuclear", "factor", "kappa", "B", "and", "oxidative", "stress", ",", "and", "prevention", "by", "topiramate", ".", "Different", "mechanisms", "have", "been", "suggested", "for", "cocaine", "toxicity", "including", "an", "increase", "in", "oxidative", "stress", "but", "the", "association", "between", "oxidative", "status", "in", "the", "brain", "and", "cocaine", "induced", "-", "behaviour", "is", "poorly", "understood", ".", "Nuclear", "factor", "kappa", "B", "(", "NFkappaB", ")", "is", "a", "sensor", "of", "oxidative", "stress", "and", "participates", "in", "memory", "formation", "that", "could", "be", "involved", "in", "drug", "toxicity", "and", "addiction", "mechanisms", ".", "Therefore", "NFkappaB", "activity", ",", "oxidative", "stress", ",", "neuronal", "nitric", "oxide", "synthase", "(", "nNOS", ")", "activity", ",", "spatial", "learning", "and", "memory", "as", "well", "as", "the", "effect", "of", "topiramate", ",", "a", "previously", "proposed", "therapy", "for", "cocaine", "addiction", ",", "were", "evaluated", "in", "an", "experimental", "model", "of", "cocaine", "administration", "in", "rats", ".", "NFkappaB", "activity", "was", "decreased", "in", "the", "frontal", "cortex", "of", "cocaine", "treated", "rats", ",", "as", "well", "as", "GSH", "concentration", "and", "glutathione", "peroxidase", "activity", "in", "the", "hippocampus", ",", "whereas", "nNOS", "activity", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "was", "increased", ".", "Memory", "retrieval", "of", "experiences", "acquired", "prior", "to", "cocaine", "administration", "was", "impaired", "and", "negatively", "correlated", "with", "NFkappaB", "activity", "in", "the", "frontal", "cortex", ".", "In", "contrast", ",", "learning", "of", "new", "tasks", "was", "enhanced", "and", "correlated", "with", "the", "increase", "of", "nNOS", "activity", "and", "the", "decrease", "of", "glutathione", "peroxidase", ".", "These", "results", "provide", "evidence", "for", "a", "possible", "mechanistic", "role", "of", "oxidative", "and", "nitrosative", "stress", "and", "NFkappaB", "in", "the", "alterations", "induced", "by", "cocaine", ".", "Topiramate", "prevented", "all", "the", "alterations", "observed", ",", "showing", "novel", "neuroprotective", "properties", "." ]
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24587916
Antioxidant effects of bovine lactoferrin on dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rat. Dexamethasone- (Dex-) induced hypertension is associated with enhanced oxidative stress. Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein with antihypertensive properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic administration of LF on oxidative stress and hypertension upon Dex administration. Male Wistar rats were treated by Dex (30 u g/kg/day subcutaneously) or saline for 14 days. Oral bovine LF (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) was given from day 8 to 14 in a reversal study. In a prevention study, rats received 4 days of LF treatment followed by Dex and continued during the test period. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using tail-cuff method. Thymus weight was used as a marker of glucocorticoid activity. Plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value were determined. Dexamethasone significantly increased SBP and plasma H2O2 level and decreased thymus and body weights. LF lowered (P < 0.01) and dose dependently prevented (P < 0.001) Dex-induced hypertension. LF prevented body weight loss and significantly reduced the elevated plasma H2O2 and increased FRAP values. Chronic administration of LF strongly reduced the blood pressure and production of ROS and improved antioxidant capacity in Dex-induced hypertension, suggesting the role of inhibition of oxidative stress as another mechanism of antihypertensive action of LF.
[ "Antioxidant", "effects", "of", "bovine", "lactoferrin", "on", "dexamethasone", "-", "induced", "hypertension", "in", "rat", ".", "Dexamethasone", "-", "(", "Dex", "-", ")", "induced", "hypertension", "is", "associated", "with", "enhanced", "oxidative", "stress", ".", "Lactoferrin", "(", "LF", ")", "is", "an", "iron", "-", "binding", "glycoprotein", "with", "antihypertensive", "properties", ".", "In", "this", "study", ",", "we", "investigated", "the", "effect", "of", "chronic", "administration", "of", "LF", "on", "oxidative", "stress", "and", "hypertension", "upon", "Dex", "administration", ".", "Male", "Wistar", "rats", "were", "treated", "by", "Dex", "(", "30", "u", "g", "/", "kg", "/", "day", "subcutaneously", ")", "or", "saline", "for", "14", "days", ".", "Oral", "bovine", "LF", "(", "30", ",", "100", ",", "300", "mg", "/", "kg", ")", "was", "given", "from", "day", "8", "to", "14", "in", "a", "reversal", "study", ".", "In", "a", "prevention", "study", ",", "rats", "received", "4", "days", "of", "LF", "treatment", "followed", "by", "Dex", "and", "continued", "during", "the", "test", "period", ".", "Systolic", "blood", "pressure", "(", "SBP", ")", "was", "measured", "using", "tail", "-", "cuff", "method", ".", "Thymus", "weight", "was", "used", "as", "a", "marker", "of", "glucocorticoid", "activity", ".", "Plasma", "hydrogen", "peroxide", "(", "H2O2", ")", "concentration", "and", "ferric", "reducing", "antioxidant", "power", "(", "FRAP", ")", "value", "were", "determined", ".", "Dexamethasone", "significantly", "increased", "SBP", "and", "plasma", "H2O2", "level", "and", "decreased", "thymus", "and", "body", "weights", ".", "LF", "lowered", "(", "P", "<", "0", ".", "01", ")", "and", "dose", "dependently", "prevented", "(", "P", "<", "0", ".", "001", ")", "Dex", "-", "induced", "hypertension", ".", "LF", "prevented", "body", "weight", "loss", "and", "significantly", "reduced", "the", "elevated", "plasma", "H2O2", "and", "increased", "FRAP", "values", ".", "Chronic", "administration", "of", "LF", "strongly", "reduced", "the", "blood", "pressure", "and", "production", "of", "ROS", "and", "improved", "antioxidant", "capacity", "in", "Dex", "-", "induced", "hypertension", ",", "suggesting", "the", "role", "of", "inhibition", "of", "oxidative", "stress", "as", "another", "mechanism", "of", "antihypertensive", "action", "of", "LF", "." ]
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24743235
IL-3 and CSF-1 interact to promote generation of CD11c+ IL-10-producing macrophages. Unraveling the mechanisms of hematopoiesis regulated by multiple cytokines remains a challenge in hematology. IL-3 is an allergic cytokine with the multilineage potential, while CSF-1 is produced in the steady state with restricted lineage coverage. Here, we uncovered an instructive role of CSF-1 in IL-3-mediated hematopoiesis. CSF-1 significantly promoted IL-3-driven CD11c+ cell expansion and dampened basophil and mast cell generation from C57BL/6 bone marrow. Further studies indicated that the CSF-1/CSF-1R axis contributed significantly to IL-3-induced CD11c+ cell generation through enhancing c-Fos-associated monopoiesis. CD11c+ cells induced by IL-3 or IL-3/CSF-1 were competent in cellular maturation and endocytosis. Both IL-3 and IL-3/CSF-1 cells lacked classical dendritic cell appearance and resembled macrophages in morphology. Both populations produced a high level of IL-10, in addition to IL-1, IL-6 and TNFa, in response to LPS, and were relatively poor T cell stimulators. Collectively, these findings reveal a role for CSF-1 in mediating the IL-3 hematopoietic pathway through monopoiesis, which regulates expansion of CD11c+ macrophages.
[ "IL", "-", "3", "and", "CSF", "-", "1", "interact", "to", "promote", "generation", "of", "CD11c", "+", "IL", "-", "10", "-", "producing", "macrophages", ".", "Unraveling", "the", "mechanisms", "of", "hematopoiesis", "regulated", "by", "multiple", "cytokines", "remains", "a", "challenge", "in", "hematology", ".", "IL", "-", "3", "is", "an", "allergic", "cytokine", "with", "the", "multilineage", "potential", ",", "while", "CSF", "-", "1", "is", "produced", "in", "the", "steady", "state", "with", "restricted", "lineage", "coverage", ".", "Here", ",", "we", "uncovered", "an", "instructive", "role", "of", "CSF", "-", "1", "in", "IL", "-", "3", "-", "mediated", "hematopoiesis", ".", "CSF", "-", "1", "significantly", "promoted", "IL", "-", "3", "-", "driven", "CD11c", "+", "cell", "expansion", "and", "dampened", "basophil", "and", "mast", "cell", "generation", "from", "C57BL", "/", "6", "bone", "marrow", ".", "Further", "studies", "indicated", "that", "the", "CSF", "-", "1", "/", "CSF", "-", "1R", "axis", "contributed", "significantly", "to", "IL", "-", "3", "-", "induced", "CD11c", "+", "cell", "generation", "through", "enhancing", "c", "-", "Fos", "-", "associated", "monopoiesis", ".", "CD11c", "+", "cells", "induced", "by", "IL", "-", "3", "or", "IL", "-", "3", "/", "CSF", "-", "1", "were", "competent", "in", "cellular", "maturation", "and", "endocytosis", ".", "Both", "IL", "-", "3", "and", "IL", "-", "3", "/", "CSF", "-", "1", "cells", "lacked", "classical", "dendritic", "cell", "appearance", "and", "resembled", "macrophages", "in", "morphology", ".", "Both", "populations", "produced", "a", "high", "level", "of", "IL", "-", "10", ",", "in", "addition", "to", "IL", "-", "1", ",", "IL", "-", "6", "and", "TNFa", ",", "in", "response", "to", "LPS", ",", "and", "were", "relatively", "poor", "T", "cell", "stimulators", ".", "Collectively", ",", "these", "findings", "reveal", "a", "role", "for", "CSF", "-", "1", "in", "mediating", "the", "IL", "-", "3", "hematopoietic", "pathway", "through", "monopoiesis", ",", "which", "regulates", "expansion", "of", "CD11c", "+", "macrophages", "." ]
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28348168
FGFR2 is required for airway basal cell self-renewal and terminal differentiation. Airway stem cells slowly self-renew and produce differentiated progeny to maintain homeostasis throughout the lifespan of an individual. Mutations in the molecular regulators of these processes may drive cancer or degenerative disease, but are also potential therapeutic targets. Conditionally deleting one copy of FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) in adult mouse airway basal cells results in self-renewal and differentiation phenotypes. We show that FGFR2 signalling correlates with maintenance of expression of a key transcription factor for basal cell self-renewal and differentiation: SOX2. This heterozygous phenotype illustrates that subtle changes in receptor tyrosine kinase signalling can have significant effects, perhaps providing an explanation for the numerous changes seen in cancer.
[ "FGFR2", "is", "required", "for", "airway", "basal", "cell", "self", "-", "renewal", "and", "terminal", "differentiation", ".", "Airway", "stem", "cells", "slowly", "self", "-", "renew", "and", "produce", "differentiated", "progeny", "to", "maintain", "homeostasis", "throughout", "the", "lifespan", "of", "an", "individual", ".", "Mutations", "in", "the", "molecular", "regulators", "of", "these", "processes", "may", "drive", "cancer", "or", "degenerative", "disease", ",", "but", "are", "also", "potential", "therapeutic", "targets", ".", "Conditionally", "deleting", "one", "copy", "of", "FGF", "receptor", "2", "(", "FGFR2", ")", "in", "adult", "mouse", "airway", "basal", "cells", "results", "in", "self", "-", "renewal", "and", "differentiation", "phenotypes", ".", "We", "show", "that", "FGFR2", "signalling", "correlates", "with", "maintenance", "of", "expression", "of", "a", "key", "transcription", "factor", "for", "basal", "cell", "self", "-", "renewal", "and", "differentiation", ":", "SOX2", ".", "This", "heterozygous", "phenotype", "illustrates", "that", "subtle", "changes", "in", "receptor", "tyrosine", "kinase", "signalling", "can", "have", "significant", "effects", ",", "perhaps", "providing", "an", "explanation", "for", "the", "numerous", "changes", "seen", "in", "cancer", "." ]
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28398555
Biophysical and functional characterization of hippocalcin mutants responsible for human dystonia. Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder that forces the body into twisting, repetitive movements or sometimes painful abnormal postures. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the homozygous mutations T71N and A190T in the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) hippocalcin were identified as the genetic cause of primary isolated dystonia (DYT2 dystonia). However, the effect of these mutations on the physiological role of hippocalcin has not yet been elucidated. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrated that hippocalcin oligomerises in a calcium-dependent manner and binds to voltage-gated calcium channels. Mutations T71N and A190T in hippocalcin did not affect stability, calcium-binding affinity or translocation to cellular membranes (Ca2+/myristoyl switch). We obtained the first crystal structure of hippocalcin and alignment with other NCS proteins showed significant variability in the orientation of the C-terminal part of the molecule, the region expected to be important for target binding. We demonstrated that the disease-causing mutations did not affect the structure of the protein, however both mutants showed a defect in oligomerisation. In addition, we observed an increased calcium influx in KCl-depolarised cells expressing mutated hippocalcin, mostly driven by N-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Our data demonstrate that the dystonia-causing mutations strongly affect hippocalcin cellular functions which suggest a central role for perturbed calcium signalling in DYT2 dystonia.
[ "Biophysical", "and", "functional", "characterization", "of", "hippocalcin", "mutants", "responsible", "for", "human", "dystonia", ".", "Dystonia", "is", "a", "neurological", "movement", "disorder", "that", "forces", "the", "body", "into", "twisting", ",", "repetitive", "movements", "or", "sometimes", "painful", "abnormal", "postures", ".", "With", "the", "advent", "of", "next", "-", "generation", "sequencing", "technologies", ",", "the", "homozygous", "mutations", "T71N", "and", "A190T", "in", "the", "neuronal", "calcium", "sensor", "(", "NCS", ")", "hippocalcin", "were", "identified", "as", "the", "genetic", "cause", "of", "primary", "isolated", "dystonia", "(", "DYT2", "dystonia", ")", ".", "However", ",", "the", "effect", "of", "these", "mutations", "on", "the", "physiological", "role", "of", "hippocalcin", "has", "not", "yet", "been", "elucidated", ".", "Using", "a", "multidisciplinary", "approach", ",", "we", "demonstrated", "that", "hippocalcin", "oligomerises", "in", "a", "calcium", "-", "dependent", "manner", "and", "binds", "to", "voltage", "-", "gated", "calcium", "channels", ".", "Mutations", "T71N", "and", "A190T", "in", "hippocalcin", "did", "not", "affect", "stability", ",", "calcium", "-", "binding", "affinity", "or", "translocation", "to", "cellular", "membranes", "(", "Ca2", "+", "/", "myristoyl", "switch", ")", ".", "We", "obtained", "the", "first", "crystal", "structure", "of", "hippocalcin", "and", "alignment", "with", "other", "NCS", "proteins", "showed", "significant", "variability", "in", "the", "orientation", "of", "the", "C", "-", "terminal", "part", "of", "the", "molecule", ",", "the", "region", "expected", "to", "be", "important", "for", "target", "binding", ".", "We", "demonstrated", "that", "the", "disease", "-", "causing", "mutations", "did", "not", "affect", "the", "structure", "of", "the", "protein", ",", "however", "both", "mutants", "showed", "a", "defect", "in", "oligomerisation", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "we", "observed", "an", "increased", "calcium", "influx", "in", "KCl", "-", "depolarised", "cells", "expressing", "mutated", "hippocalcin", ",", "mostly", "driven", "by", "N", "-", "type", "voltage", "-", "gated", "calcium", "channels", ".", "Our", "data", "demonstrate", "that", "the", "dystonia", "-", "causing", "mutations", "strongly", "affect", "hippocalcin", "cellular", "functions", "which", "suggest", "a", "central", "role", "for", "perturbed", "calcium", "signalling", "in", "DYT2", "dystonia", "." ]
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30442153
Ca2+-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress correlation with astrogliosis involves upregulation of KCa3.1 and inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling. BACKGROUND: The intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 was recently shown to control the phenotype switch of reactive astrogliosis (RA) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: KCa3.1 channels expression and cell localization in the brains of AD patients and APP/PS1 mice model were measured by immunoblotting and immunostaining. APP/PS1 mice and KCa3.1-/-/APP/PS1 mice were subjected to Morris water maze test to evaluate the spatial memory deficits. Glia activation and neuron loss was measured by immunostaining. Fluo-4AM was used to measure cytosolic Ca2+ level in beta-amyloid (Abeta) induced reactive astrocytes in vitro. RESULTS: KCa3.1 expression was markedly associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in both Abeta-stimulated primary astrocytes and brain lysates of AD patients and APP/PS1 AD mice. The KCa3.1 channel was shown to regulate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) through an interaction with the Ca2+ channel Orai1 in primary astrocytes. Gene deletion or pharmacological blockade of KCa3.1 protected against SOCE-induced Ca2+ overload and ER stress via the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway in astrocytes. Importantly, gene deletion or blockade of KCa3.1 restored AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling both in vivo and in vitro. Consistent with these in vitro data, expression levels of the ER stress markers 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, as well as that of the RA marker glial fibrillary acidic protein were increased in APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Elimination of KCa3.1 in KCa3.1-/-/APP/PS1 mice corrected these abnormal responses. Moreover, glial activation and neuroinflammation were attenuated in the hippocampi of KCa3.1-/-/APP/PS1 mice, as compared with APP/PS1 mice. In addition, memory deficits and neuronal loss in APP/PS1 mice were reversed in KCa3.1-/-/APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that KCa3.1 is involved in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in astrocytes and attenuation of the UPR and ER stress, thus contributing to memory deficits and neuronal loss.
[ "Ca2", "+", "-", "dependent", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "stress", "correlation", "with", "astrogliosis", "involves", "upregulation", "of", "KCa3", ".", "1", "and", "inhibition", "of", "AKT", "/", "mTOR", "signaling", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "The", "intermediate", "-", "conductance", "Ca2", "+", "-", "activated", "K", "+", "channel", "KCa3", ".", "1", "was", "recently", "shown", "to", "control", "the", "phenotype", "switch", "of", "reactive", "astrogliosis", "(", "RA", ")", "in", "Alzheimer", "'s", "disease", "(", "AD", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "KCa3", ".", "1", "channels", "expression", "and", "cell", "localization", "in", "the", "brains", "of", "AD", "patients", "and", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", "model", "were", "measured", "by", "immunoblotting", "and", "immunostaining", ".", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", "and", "KCa3", ".", "1", "-", "/", "-", "/", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", "were", "subjected", "to", "Morris", "water", "maze", "test", "to", "evaluate", "the", "spatial", "memory", "deficits", ".", "Glia", "activation", "and", "neuron", "loss", "was", "measured", "by", "immunostaining", ".", "Fluo", "-", "4AM", "was", "used", "to", "measure", "cytosolic", "Ca2", "+", "level", "in", "beta", "-", "amyloid", "(", "Abeta", ")", "induced", "reactive", "astrocytes", "in", "vitro", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "KCa3", ".", "1", "expression", "was", "markedly", "associated", "with", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "(", "ER", ")", "stress", "and", "unfolded", "protein", "response", "(", "UPR", ")", "in", "both", "Abeta", "-", "stimulated", "primary", "astrocytes", "and", "brain", "lysates", "of", "AD", "patients", "and", "APP", "/", "PS1", "AD", "mice", ".", "The", "KCa3", ".", "1", "channel", "was", "shown", "to", "regulate", "store", "-", "operated", "Ca2", "+", "entry", "(", "SOCE", ")", "through", "an", "interaction", "with", "the", "Ca2", "+", "channel", "Orai1", "in", "primary", "astrocytes", ".", "Gene", "deletion", "or", "pharmacological", "blockade", "of", "KCa3", ".", "1", "protected", "against", "SOCE", "-", "induced", "Ca2", "+", "overload", "and", "ER", "stress", "via", "the", "protein", "kinase", "B", "(", "AKT", ")", "signaling", "pathway", "in", "astrocytes", ".", "Importantly", ",", "gene", "deletion", "or", "blockade", "of", "KCa3", ".", "1", "restored", "AKT", "/", "mechanistic", "target", "of", "rapamycin", "signaling", "both", "in", "vivo", "and", "in", "vitro", ".", "Consistent", "with", "these", "in", "vitro", "data", ",", "expression", "levels", "of", "the", "ER", "stress", "markers", "78", "-", "kDa", "glucose", "-", "regulated", "protein", "and", "CCAAT", "/", "enhancer", "-", "binding", "protein", "homologous", "protein", ",", "as", "well", "as", "that", "of", "the", "RA", "marker", "glial", "fibrillary", "acidic", "protein", "were", "increased", "in", "APP", "/", "PS1", "AD", "mouse", "model", ".", "Elimination", "of", "KCa3", ".", "1", "in", "KCa3", ".", "1", "-", "/", "-", "/", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", "corrected", "these", "abnormal", "responses", ".", "Moreover", ",", "glial", "activation", "and", "neuroinflammation", "were", "attenuated", "in", "the", "hippocampi", "of", "KCa3", ".", "1", "-", "/", "-", "/", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", ",", "as", "compared", "with", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "memory", "deficits", "and", "neuronal", "loss", "in", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", "were", "reversed", "in", "KCa3", ".", "1", "-", "/", "-", "/", "APP", "/", "PS1", "mice", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Overall", ",", "these", "results", "suggest", "that", "KCa3", ".", "1", "is", "involved", "in", "the", "regulation", "of", "Ca2", "+", "homeostasis", "in", "astrocytes", "and", "attenuation", "of", "the", "UPR", "and", "ER", "stress", ",", "thus", "contributing", "to", "memory", "deficits", "and", "neuronal", "loss", "." ]
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16418600
Genetic investigation of the TSPYL1 gene in sudden infant death syndrome. BACKGROUND: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) constitutes the most frequent cause of death in the postperinatal period in Germany. Recently, a lethal phenotype characterized by sudden infant death with dysgenesis of the testes syndrome (SIDDT) was identified to be caused by loss of function mutations in the TSPYL1 gene. PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to reveal a possible role of TSPYL1 in SIDS. METHODS: DNA samples of 126 SIDS cases and 261 controls were investigated. RESULTS: We found five sequence variations, each of them causing an amino acid substitution. No Hardy Weinberg disequilibrium and no significant difference in allele frequencies between patients and controls were observed for any variation. In one female patient a p.F366L amino acid polymorphism was found heterozygous, which could not be displayed in controls. A pathogenic implication of this substitution, which is conserved in primates and rodents, cannot be ruled out completely. Because SIDDT is the result of homozygous TSPYL1 mutations, this heterozygous exchange cannot solely explain the sudden death in this child. The reported mutation associated with SIDDT (457_458insG) was not detectable in our cohort. CONCLUSION: No association of sequence variations in the TSPYL1 gene and SIDS has been found in a German cohort. Genetic analysis of TSPYL1 seems to be of limited significance in the differential diagnosis of SIDS without dysgenesis of the testes.
[ "Genetic", "investigation", "of", "the", "TSPYL1", "gene", "in", "sudden", "infant", "death", "syndrome", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Sudden", "infant", "death", "syndrome", "(", "SIDS", ")", "constitutes", "the", "most", "frequent", "cause", "of", "death", "in", "the", "postperinatal", "period", "in", "Germany", ".", "Recently", ",", "a", "lethal", "phenotype", "characterized", "by", "sudden", "infant", "death", "with", "dysgenesis", "of", "the", "testes", "syndrome", "(", "SIDDT", ")", "was", "identified", "to", "be", "caused", "by", "loss", "of", "function", "mutations", "in", "the", "TSPYL1", "gene", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "The", "study", "'s", "purpose", "was", "to", "reveal", "a", "possible", "role", "of", "TSPYL1", "in", "SIDS", ".", "METHODS", ":", "DNA", "samples", "of", "126", "SIDS", "cases", "and", "261", "controls", "were", "investigated", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "We", "found", "five", "sequence", "variations", ",", "each", "of", "them", "causing", "an", "amino", "acid", "substitution", ".", "No", "Hardy", "Weinberg", "disequilibrium", "and", "no", "significant", "difference", "in", "allele", "frequencies", "between", "patients", "and", "controls", "were", "observed", "for", "any", "variation", ".", "In", "one", "female", "patient", "a", "p", ".", "F366L", "amino", "acid", "polymorphism", "was", "found", "heterozygous", ",", "which", "could", "not", "be", "displayed", "in", "controls", ".", "A", "pathogenic", "implication", "of", "this", "substitution", ",", "which", "is", "conserved", "in", "primates", "and", "rodents", ",", "can", "not", "be", "ruled", "out", "completely", ".", "Because", "SIDDT", "is", "the", "result", "of", "homozygous", "TSPYL1", "mutations", ",", "this", "heterozygous", "exchange", "can", "not", "solely", "explain", "the", "sudden", "death", "in", "this", "child", ".", "The", "reported", "mutation", "associated", "with", "SIDDT", "(", "457_458insG", ")", "was", "not", "detectable", "in", "our", "cohort", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "No", "association", "of", "sequence", "variations", "in", "the", "TSPYL1", "gene", "and", "SIDS", "has", "been", "found", "in", "a", "German", "cohort", ".", "Genetic", "analysis", "of", "TSPYL1", "seems", "to", "be", "of", "limited", "significance", "in", "the", "differential", "diagnosis", "of", "SIDS", "without", "dysgenesis", "of", "the", "testes", "." ]
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16720068
Possible neuroleptic malignant syndrome related to concomitant treatment with paroxetine and alprazolam. A 74-year-old man with depressive symptoms was admitted to a psychiatric hospital due to insomnia, loss of appetite, exhaustion, and agitation. Medical treatment was initiated at a daily dose of 20 mg paroxetine and 1.2 mg alprazolam. On the 10th day of paroxetine and alprazolam treatment, the patient exhibited marked psychomotor retardation, disorientation, and severe muscle rigidity with tremors. The patient had a fever (38.2 degrees C), fluctuating blood pressure (between 165/90 and 130/70 mg mm Hg), and severe extrapyramidal symptoms. Laboratory tests showed an elevation of creatine phosphokinase (2218 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (134 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (78 IU/L), and BUN (27.9 mg/ml) levels. The patient received bromocriptine and diazepam to treat his symptoms. 7 days later, the fever disappeared and the patient's serum CPK levels were normalized (175 IU/L). This patient presented with symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), thus demonstrating that NMS-like symptoms can occur after combined paroxetine and alprazolam treatment. The adverse drug reaction score obtained by the Naranjo algorithm was 6 in our case, indicating a probable relationship between the patient's NMS-like adverse symptoms and the combined treatment used in this case. The involvement of physiologic and environmental aspects specific to this patient was suspected. Several risk factors for NMS should be noted in elderly depressive patients whose symptoms often include dehydration, agitation, malnutrition, and exhaustion. Careful therapeutic intervention is necessary in cases involving elderly patients who suffer from depression.
[ "Possible", "neuroleptic", "malignant", "syndrome", "related", "to", "concomitant", "treatment", "with", "paroxetine", "and", "alprazolam", ".", "A", "74", "-", "year", "-", "old", "man", "with", "depressive", "symptoms", "was", "admitted", "to", "a", "psychiatric", "hospital", "due", "to", "insomnia", ",", "loss", "of", "appetite", ",", "exhaustion", ",", "and", "agitation", ".", "Medical", "treatment", "was", "initiated", "at", "a", "daily", "dose", "of", "20", "mg", "paroxetine", "and", "1", ".", "2", "mg", "alprazolam", ".", "On", "the", "10th", "day", "of", "paroxetine", "and", "alprazolam", "treatment", ",", "the", "patient", "exhibited", "marked", "psychomotor", "retardation", ",", "disorientation", ",", "and", "severe", "muscle", "rigidity", "with", "tremors", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "a", "fever", "(", "38", ".", "2", "degrees", "C", ")", ",", "fluctuating", "blood", "pressure", "(", "between", "165", "/", "90", "and", "130", "/", "70", "mg", "mm", "Hg", ")", ",", "and", "severe", "extrapyramidal", "symptoms", ".", "Laboratory", "tests", "showed", "an", "elevation", "of", "creatine", "phosphokinase", "(", "2218", "IU", "/", "L", ")", ",", "aspartate", "aminotransferase", "(", "134", "IU", "/", "L", ")", ",", "alanine", "aminotransferase", "(", "78", "IU", "/", "L", ")", ",", "and", "BUN", "(", "27", ".", "9", "mg", "/", "ml", ")", "levels", ".", "The", "patient", "received", "bromocriptine", "and", "diazepam", "to", "treat", "his", "symptoms", ".", "7", "days", "later", ",", "the", "fever", "disappeared", "and", "the", "patient", "'s", "serum", "CPK", "levels", "were", "normalized", "(", "175", "IU", "/", "L", ")", ".", "This", "patient", "presented", "with", "symptoms", "of", "neuroleptic", "malignant", "syndrome", "(", "NMS", ")", ",", "thus", "demonstrating", "that", "NMS", "-", "like", "symptoms", "can", "occur", "after", "combined", "paroxetine", "and", "alprazolam", "treatment", ".", "The", "adverse", "drug", "reaction", "score", "obtained", "by", "the", "Naranjo", "algorithm", "was", "6", "in", "our", "case", ",", "indicating", "a", "probable", "relationship", "between", "the", "patient", "'s", "NMS", "-", "like", "adverse", "symptoms", "and", "the", "combined", "treatment", "used", "in", "this", "case", ".", "The", "involvement", "of", "physiologic", "and", "environmental", "aspects", "specific", "to", "this", "patient", "was", "suspected", ".", "Several", "risk", "factors", "for", "NMS", "should", "be", "noted", "in", "elderly", "depressive", "patients", "whose", "symptoms", "often", "include", "dehydration", ",", "agitation", ",", "malnutrition", ",", "and", "exhaustion", ".", "Careful", "therapeutic", "intervention", "is", "necessary", "in", "cases", "involving", "elderly", "patients", "who", "suffer", "from", "depression", "." ]
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16904497
Cauda equina syndrome after epidural steroid injection: a case report. OBJECTIVE: Conventional treatment methods of lumbusacral radiculopathy are physical therapy, epidural steroid injections, oral medications, and spinal manipulative therapy. Cauda equina syndrome is a rare complication of epidural anesthesia. The following case is a report of cauda equina syndrome possibly caused by epidural injection of triamcinolone and bupivacaine. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 50-year-old woman with low back and right leg pain was scheduled for epidural steroid injection. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: An 18-gauge Touhy needle was inserted until loss of resistance occurred at the L4-5 level. Spread of the contrast medium within the epidural space was determined by radiographic imaging. After verifying the epidural space, bupivacaine and triamcinolone diacetate were injected. After the injection, there was a reduction in radicular symptoms. Three hours later, she complained of perineal numbness and lower extremity weakness. The neurologic evaluation revealed loss of sensation in the saddle area and medial aspect of her right leg. There was a decrease in the perception of pinprick test. Deep-tendon reflexes were decreased especially in the right leg. She was unable to urinate. The patient's symptoms improved slightly over the next few hours. She had a gradual return of motor function and ability of feeling Foley catheter. All of the symptoms were completely resolved over the next 8 hours. CONCLUSION: Complications associated with epidural steroid injections are rare. Clinical examination and continued vigilance for neurologic deterioration after epidural steroid injections is important.
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