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Lecture: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. Question: Which statement is true about the average monthly precipitation in Charlotte? Hint: Use the graph to answer the question below. Choices: A. January is the month with the highest average precipitation. B. June is wetter than July. C. Precipitation does not change much from month to month. Answer with the letter.

2C

Lecture: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. Question: Which of these states is farthest west? Choices: A. Mississippi B. Maine C. Virginia D. Vermont Answer with the letter.

0A

Lecture: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? Hint: The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes. Choices: A. The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. B. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2. C. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1. Answer with the letter.

1B

Lecture: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. Question: Based on the continuum scale, which planet is smaller? Hint: This continuum scale shows the sizes of the inner planets of our solar system. Choices: A. Mars B. Venus Answer with the letter.

0A

Question: Which country is highlighted? Choices: A. Samoa B. Nauru C. the Marshall Islands D. Tonga Answer with the letter.

0A

Lecture: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. Question: Is a horseshoe crab shell a mineral? Hint: A horseshoe crab shell has the following properties: no fixed crystal structure solid naturally occurring mixture of proteins and other substances body part of a marine organism Choices: A. yes B. no Answer with the letter.

1B

Lecture: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood. Question: Which material is this bicycle tire made of? Choices: A. concrete B. rubber Answer with the letter.

1B

Question: What can Liz and Pedro trade to each get what they want? Hint: Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another. Liz and Pedro open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Liz nor Pedro got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted: Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below. Liz's lunch Pedro's lunch Choices: A. Pedro can trade his broccoli for Liz's oranges. B. Liz can trade her tomatoes for Pedro's carrots. C. Pedro can trade his almonds for Liz's tomatoes. D. Liz can trade her tomatoes for Pedro's broccoli. Answer with the letter.

3D

Lecture: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. | F | f F | FF | Ff f | Ff | ff There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2. Question: What is the expected ratio of offspring with yellow fruit to offspring with red fruit? Choose the most likely ratio. Hint: In a group of tomato plants, some individuals have red fruit and others have yellow fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele for red fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for yellow fruit (f). This Punnett square shows a cross between two tomato plants. Choices: A. 3:1 B. 0:4 C. 4:0 D. 2:2 E. 1:3 Answer with the letter.

1B

Lecture: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Question: Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature? Hint: The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles. Choices: A. sample A B. sample B C. neither; the samples have the same temperature Answer with the letter.

1B

Lecture: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? Hint: The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material. Choices: A. The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2. B. The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. C. The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1. Answer with the letter.

2C

Lecture: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a "real person" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury Question: Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad? Choices: A. logos (reason) B. ethos (character) C. pathos (emotion) Answer with the letter.

1B

Lecture: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true? Hint: The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes. Choices: A. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1. B. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2. C. The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs. Answer with the letter.

0A

Question: Which country is highlighted? Choices: A. Nauru B. Solomon Islands C. the Federated States of Micronesia D. the Marshall Islands Answer with the letter.

2C

Lecture: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Question: Which property do these two objects have in common? Hint: Select the better answer. Choices: A. stretchy B. yellow Answer with the letter.

0A

Question: What is the capital of North Carolina? Choices: A. Raleigh B. Charlotte C. Jackson D. Atlanta Answer with the letter.

0A

Question: Which country is highlighted? Choices: A. Trinidad and Tobago B. Haiti C. the Dominican Republic D. Dominica Answer with the letter.

2C

Lecture: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. Question: Which of these states is farthest east? Choices: A. North Dakota B. Washington C. Pennsylvania D. New Mexico Answer with the letter.

2C