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From the archives of Liberal’s hometown newspaper since 1886. Researched and compiled by A.J. Coleman, L&T Reporter Liberal mayor Charles Brisendine encouraged local residents to observe Independence Day by ringing bells in the “Let Freedom Ring” observance at 1 p.m. on July 4. The observance originated in Philadelphia, where organizers planned to ring the Liberty Bell for Independence Day. Liberal’s own “old bell” had its own story, and the newspaper described the history in a front-page article. A large bell originally installed in the Fargo Springs School, was to be rung as part of the July 4 festivities, by the Liberal Woman’s Club. The bell had moved around the county and town over the years. The Fargo Springs school building had been constructed in 1880, and the bell was part of the building until the town was abandoned. The bell was given to “The Little White Church” (The First Christian Church) in Liberal “through the efforts of the late W. H. Feather,” the Times related. That building, constructed in 1889, sat on the corner of Fourth and Kansas. Later, First Christian built a new facility at Third and Sherman in 1911, and the bell went with it. In 1963, on the nation’s 187th birthday, the bell would sound once more. A smaller hand bell was scheduled to ring as well. Mrs. F.O. Rindom planned to ring an old brass hand bell brought by her husband, the late Judge F.O. Rindom, in 1908, when he came to Liberal to teach at the old Lincoln School. The bell was used at various schools until 1958, when the USD 480 Board of Education gave the bell to Mrs. Rindom. A large advertisement urged people to “think young” on the Fourth of July by drinking Pepsi. “This is all America’s outdoor day — when people go all-out for Pepsi!” the advertisement said. “Light bracing Pepsi-Cola matches your modern activities with a sparkling-clean taste that’s never too sugary or sweet. And nothing drenches your thirst better than a cold, inviting Pepsi. So think young — say “Pepsi, please!” On the sports page, news that Arnold Palmer, “with his fifth tour victory and a bushel basket full of money,” was headed to England for another tournament, was no surprise. Palmer had just won the Cleveland open, earning a sum that brought his 1963 earnings to more than $85,000. His 10-year total, the article said, “was an unapproached $430,323.” Former President Ike Eisenhower made a quiet stop in his hometown in Abilene, during a trip from Gettysburg, Pa., to Denver. The visit was not a public one, though a small banner that said “Welcome Home, Ike” was hoisted at the train depot by the Chamber of Commerce. Eisenhower visited his parents’ graves, toured the town and countryside, and visited a park near the edge of town. Later, Mrs. Eisenhower and other tour group members visited his boyhood home, spending more than a half hour in the two-story, wooden house, before they went to the museum. The week before July 4, 1963, store owners across the state were upset about a new law that required them to close on Sundays. The “blue law” prohibited the sale of various products on Sundays. Only food, medicine and “necessary items” could be sold, under the proposed law. Seward County Attorney Harold Greenleaf was scheduled to appear on television channel 6 in a discussion about the new law. Their worries were relieved when a Kansas District Court Judge ruled the Blue Laws unconstitutional.

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I think I’ve talked before about how the concept of neurodiversity is – as well as being heavily personal – not necessarily something that most people know actually exists as a defined word. What I mean is, some people do things or hold views that are quite obviously neurodiverse but might never have heard of the word or concept. Googe Alerts sent me a fantastic blog post this morning which was about a story I’d missed due to personal illness. It seems a young autistic girl had gone to a restaurant with her family and were ejected because the girl had a meltdown and another family refused to pay for their meal until the family of the autistic girl were removed. Renee, the blog owner, makes it clear how repugnant the attitude of both the restaurant (and this intolerant person who demanded the girls family were ejected) were: Now I will admit that I don’t know much about autism but I do know enough to realize that those that have it deserve the same respect and dignity as anyone else. I would _love_ it, if that was everyones starting point. How nice would it be to have that attitude as the prevailing one when it comes to autism (or disability in general)? Thats Neurodiversity right there folks. Renee, goes on to detail some very intolerant responses to the reported story. They’re nothing that most of us who are either autistic or parents of autistic people have not heard in one shape or other before: I don’t care if a child is autistic or what, the child needs behaviour modification. In this case, the child should have been removed from the restaurant by a parent until the child calmed down. Thats someone who doesn’t get it. Thats someone whos probable priority as far as disability goes is not to respect the persons essential difference but to try and ignore it and make sure it does’t inconvenience them. Thats what Neurodiversity challenges. I’ll leave the last word to Renee, along with my thanks: When we refuse to see people who are living with a form of disability whether it be physical, or mental as worthy of sharing our space we are constructing them as less than. It is in this disharmony of worth and value that ‘othering’ occurs. Our ability to project difference onto others leads to dire consequences for those that are unable to fit into a model of what society has accepted as “normal.” Despite the fact that we are individuals and no true norm exists, socially what we expect is conformity to preconceived ideas of what validates personhood.

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Social Media and Geolocation Users May Face Higher Insurance Premiums Even if robbers don't hit your house as a result of your desire to repeatedly announce your location to the world using Foursquare or Brightkite, insurance companies may soon hit your wallet. A post on Slaw.ca yesterday notes that, according to an article in the Telegraph, homeowners who use such gelolocation services may see their insurance premiums rise by up to 10 percent to reflect the supposed "inherent risk" in such conduct. Darren Black, the head of home insurance at a price comparison service called Confused.com told the Telegraph that he wouldn’t be surprised if the growth of social media and geolocation services led to premium increases of up to 10 percent for people who use these sites. "Criminals are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their information gathering, even using Google Earth and Streetview to plan their burglaries with military precision. Insurance providers are starting to take this into account when they are assessing claims and we may in future see insurers declining claims if they believe the customer was negligent,” he stated. Confused.com suggests that users of social networking Web sites should "turn off location-based services on Twitter and Facebook unless you absolutely need to use them." I don't know that this is necessary, but I do have a question for users of services like Foursquare: Why? What value/joy/benefit do you get out of announcing your location? Could a Foursquare fan please explain to the uninitiated what you like about it? Posted by Bruce Carton on February 22, 2010 at 02:47 PM | Permalink | Comments (6)

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On July 1-2, 2015, the East Asia Library of Stanford University Libraries will host an international academic conference titled Beyond the Book: A Conference on Unique and Rare Primary Sources for East Asian Studies Collected in North America. The conference will bring librarians, archivists, and scholars from all over North America to present research papers on less-known materials, mostly in non-book formats. It is our hope that the conference will draw scholarly attention to those scattered, yet valuable, resources for East Asian Studies. Thursday, June 18, 2015 Wednesday, June 17, 2015 Global consortium forms to standardize and improve sharing and displaying of image-based scholarly resources on the web Leaders from eleven research libraries, national libraries, and nonprofit image repositories met at Oxford University to form the International Image Interoperability Framework Consortium. Access to image-based resources is fundamental to research, scholarship and the transmission of cultural knowledge. Until now, much of the Internet’s image-based resources have been locked up in silos, with access restricted to custom-built applications. The International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) supports uniform display of images of books, maps, scrolls, manuscripts, musical scores and archival material from participating institutions for display, manipulation, measurement and annotation by scholars and students working individually or in groups around the world. In “The quest to save today’s gaming history from being lost forever: Changes in digital distribution, rights management increasingly make preservation tough” (ars technica, June 2, 2015), Henry Lowood, curator for the History of Science & Technology Collections and Film & Media Collections in the Stanford University Libraries, said: "If you want to know how the game was played in 2014, you will need documentation about how the game was played in 2014. Having the game available to you in 2064 so that you can play it yourself won't tell you anything about that. It just tells you how you, 50 years later in a completely different environment, will play that game. The Boston Globe featured the LOCKSS program in a recent article: “What was once a race to rescue information from going-extinct media (think of old files trapped on floppy disks) has morphed into a mounting need to copy and curate massive troves of data, says Dr. David Rosenthal, the founder of a library-led digital preservation network run out of the Stanford University Libraries. Digital information decays over time and files grow corrupt from ‘bit rot,’ which Rosenthal says is best fended off by creating copies of data in multiple virtual and physical locations.”

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Denial may be the biggest way we lie to ourselves. While it can help, we often do more harm than good when we refuse to accept the truth and enable maladaptive behaviors and relationships. Here's how denial works, how it affects your choices, and what you can do to fix the problem. What Is Denial? Denial is a psychological defense mechanism that helps a person avoid a potentially distressing truth. It can also be looked at as a form of "avoidance", which is another psychological term that indicates a person is doing all they can to not deal with a given situation. However you choose to frame it, recognizing its presence in your behavior can do wonders for your ability to know when to look at a situation differently from the way that comes naturally to you. Denial Can Be Healthy Everyone engages in denial at one point or another. It's a normal way of protecting our egos that can get us through some pretty tough situations. Without it, we would probably blindly accept the "noise" our bodies make when we're tired and don't want to finish a workout instead of ignoring the fact that fatigue is eating away at our stamina. Denial Can Be Harmful When denying reality enables us to continue engaging in an unhealthy behavior (e.g. addiction, impulsive risk-taking, etc.) or when it facilitates the continuation of a harmful situation (e.g. abusive relationship, a job that exploits you, etc.) then it's pretty safe to say that it is harmful. Unfortunately, most people won't recognize the harmful effects of denial until they are knee-deep in a bad situation. If the same bad outcomes keep happening to us and we can't seem to figure out why, there's a good chance that we are denying reality in some way. How to Recognize and Address Denial Pay Attention to Recurring Negative Themes Recurring negative themes (e.g. a series of harmful relationships, negative side effects related to an addictive behavior, etc.) are good red flags for denial. Chances are that we are either creating an environment that is conducive to the negative outcome we don't want or fooling ourselves into thinking that we have control over a situation that we really are helpless to affect. If you see a recurring theme, know that you're probably denying a truth. Don't Blame Groups of People If you find yourself saying things like "all [insert adjective here] people are no good," then you're probably denying your role in a situation. It's highly unlikely that everyone else in the world is colluding against you so you're probably doing something to contribute to the negative outcome you're whining about. Take note whenever you use superlatives (e.g. 'always', 'never', 'every', 'nobody', etc.) to describe what you think is the cause of your dilemma because it's probably those occasions that you need to take inventory of YOUR behaviors... after all, the one common thread in all of your dilemmas is YOU. Consult Different Thinkers Keep someone who thinks very differently from you available. People are likely to surround themselves with like-minded people so if you're denying something, your like-minded friends may just reinforce your denial because they may see things the same way you do. Having someone who challenges your opinions and assumptions can do wonders for learning what questions you have to ask yourself about a given situation because they are probably going to question why you feel the way you do. In other words, if you're a liberal-leaning person then it may be a good idea to keep your conservative uncle on speed dial. Remember that denial is normal and we all engage in it. If we keep finding ourselves in the same negative situation and clueless as to why, then we are probably in denial about something. Look for the red flags and question your assumptions and hopefully you'll break a negative cycle.

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The holidays can, and should, be a time of bliss. Unfortunately, they are often a time of tragedy. There are many dangers at home, on the roads and at the malls that can turn an otherwise happy holiday season upside down. Christmas decorations are a delight, but they can also create some significant risks. One of the greatest potential dangers is the Christmas tree. If you have a live tree, water it regularly. It should not be positioned near a heater or fireplace, and don’t allow lit candles near it. Make sure all decorative lights are UL-approved and do not glow too hot. And check to see that your tree is securely anchored in its stand — especially if you have pets. If you use an artificial tree, make sure it is flame-retardant. If you have small children at home, avoid using ornaments that are sharp or easily breakable. Keep any decorations with small, removable parts away from the bottom of the tree. Tinsel can be a great finishing touch, but to cats it is a sparkly, irresistible toy, and they can easily swallow and choke on it. In a house with a playful cat, tinsel is best avoided, at least on a tree’s lower branches. Your outdoor lights have probably been up for a couple of weeks now, but just because none have gone dark doesn’t mean you can ignore them until it’s time to take them down in January. Check the wires regularly to make sure they’re in good condition. There should be no kinks or fraying, and wires should never be hot to the touch. Check the connections as well; they should be covered with electrical tape to avoid damage from rain or snow. Be a safe shopper There may be only a few days left until Christmas, but there’s plenty of time left for shopping. Then the time will come to spend all those gift cards. Protect yourself when you go shopping. Avoid carrying large amounts of cash, and what you do bring, keep in your front pocket. Your credit cards should be in a safe place, and the issuing company should be notified immediately if one is lost or stolen. Be aware of your surroundings. Try to do your shopping during the day, but if you have to go at night, bring a companion if possible, park in a well-lit spot and beware of strangers.

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CentOS as a group is a community of open source contributors and users. Typical CentOS users are organisations and individuals that do not need strong commercial support in order to achieve successful operation. CentOS is 100% compatible rebuild of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux, in full compliance with Red Hat's redistribution requirements. CentOS is for people who need an enterprise class operating system stability without the cost of certification and support. CentOS is developed by a small but growing team of core developers.In turn the core developers are supported by an active user community including system administrators, network administrators, enterprise users, managers, core Linux contributors and Linux enthusiasts from around the world. CentOS has numerous advantages over some of the other clone projects including:an active and growing user community, quickly rebuilt, tested, and QA'ed errata packages, an extensive mirror network, developers who are contactable and responsive, multiple free support avenues including IRC Chat, Mailing Lists, Forums, a dynamic FAQ.

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Home > About > Articles The first entry in my challenge to infect my Linux desktop machine came from Roberto Antonio Ferreira de Almeida. Here is his devilishly clever entry: From: Roberto Antonio Ferreira de Almeida Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 11:17:10 -0200 In order to get your advice, I ask you to do the following: su -c "touch /etc/VIRUS-WAS-HERE" echo "Hi" | mail -s "I GET THE PRIZE" firstname.lastname@example.org echo "Hi" | mail -s "I GET THE PRIZE" email@example.com 2. That's it! Thank you for your cooperation! Note the extremely clever nature of the virus: The request was written in a friendly tone, all the better to force a social engineering attack. The attack required only two steps, thereby making it much more likely In fact, if I had not been so flustered by this clever virus and momentarily forgotten my system's root password, it could very well In order to protect innocent Linux users from this virus, I am recommending that McAfee, Trend Micro and all the other anti-virus vendors immediately release products for Linux, and in particular, block all e-mail with the words "su", "touch", "echo", "mail", and "Hi" in them. Consider those my contribution to the first Linux Virus Signature Database. On to Entry 2 David F. Skoll

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"An Evening with 9-11 Deniers" - Introduction and summary. "The Questionnaire at the 9/11 Denier Event" - The content of a questionnaire given out at the event, which participants were supposed to fill out at the beginning and again at the end. "An Open Letter to Richard Borshay Lee" - A letter from Shallit to the event moderator about his performance at the event. "A.K. Dewdney at the 9/11 Denier Event (Part 1)" - A detailed summary of Dewdney's presentation at the event, part 1. "A.K. Dewdney at the 9/11 Denier Event (Part 2)" - Part 2. "Graeme MacQueen at the 9/11 Denier Event" - A summary of MacQueen's presentation at the event. "The Question-and-Answer Period at the 9/11 Deniers Evening" - Summary of the Q&A. Of particular note among the comments at Shallit's blog is a lengthy description of the details of the WTC collapses from Arthur Scheuerman, Retired FDNY Battalion Chief.

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The National Electrical Code specifies wire size for antennas (I realize the US NEC does not apply to ON land), though the concern in the NEC is mostly mechanical - i.e. it will stay up, not fall and give someone an RF burn or electrical shock. The NEC recognizes 3 categories: Receive only antenna up to 35 feet: #18 hard drawn copper or copper clad steel. Antenna with under 150 feet long span: #14 " Antenna over 150 feet: #12 " While I have put antennas that don't meet these guidelines, they also tended to a few years. >From the point of view of losses, even #24 would only take 5 or 10% off efficiency for an 80m dipole. Legal limit power in a 50 ohm antenna would be under 6 amps which would require #18 to #20 in an extension cord, but a wire in free air has problems than bundled or in conduit so somewhat smaller wire would still stay FAQ on WWW: http://www.contesting.com/towertalkfaq.html Administrative requests: towertalk-REQUEST@contesting.com

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Thread pitch = threads per inch in the US system. Roger Halstead (K8RI, EN73 & ARRL Life Member) N833R, World's Oldest Debonair (S# CD-2) > Hi Mel, > The diameter of the head of both bolts is 9/16". > I can't tell you the thread pitch since I am not familiar with that > I am very skeptical of these bolts sold to me as "Rohn Hardware", > but I wanted to inquire of those more knowledgeable than I. > Tnx & 73 > Bob KQ2M > Hi BOB: > Thread pitch is the number of "threads per inch", usually stated as > My R25G bolts all came with "fine" threads or SAE threads as some call > The size of your bolt head, 9/16", makes me think these are 5/16" or even > bolts. R25G uses 2 sizes per leg - so, I would have to guess that R45/55 > series would too...The 5/16" size is the only one common to both, but > compare those threads. Most Home Depot/Lowes stores have a display with > sizes mounted so you can match what you have... Fine thread, like 24 > galv bolts is rare to find in common home owner type stores...they usually > only carry course threads. IF they are grade 5, there will be 3 little > the head of the bolt" lines or ridges...kind of like a 3-blade airplane > This is the universal sign for high strength steel bolts. IF you don't see > those, don't use them. > Regards, 73 > Mel Frost > See: http://www.mscomputer.com for "Self Supporting Towers", "Wireless Weather Stations", and lot's more. Call Toll Free, 1-800-333-9041 with any questions and ask for Sherman, W2FLA. > TowerTalk mailing list See: http://www.mscomputer.com for "Self Supporting Towers", "Wireless Weather Stations", and lot's more. Call Toll Free, 1-800-333-9041 with any questions and ask for Sherman, W2FLA. TowerTalk mailing list

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As many of you know, I not only feel compelled to promote literacy to children and families, but also to bring awareness to childhood and adult mental health issues. Today I welcome my guest blogger, Karen, who has a very personal story to share with you about her husband's Bipolar diagnosis. As teachers we all know we have an impact on the lives of children, but I’m not sure we realize just how much we can change the futures of our students. I was a new teacher when a personal experience changed the way I will view my profession forever. It as through my husband’s diagnosis when he was 34-years-old that I came to see just what an important role we play. In March 2012, my husband was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The psychiatrist also suspected ADD, which was later removed and replaced with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. This diagnosis came after the two of us being married for more than 10 years, never knowing that the ups and downs we experienced in our marriage directly correlated to the troubles he was experiencing. At first, it was terrifying to realize my husband had a mental illness, but once we started learning and he started stabilizing, it just became part of our lives. THIS is what the marriage vows mean when they say “through sickness and in health.” How did this open my eyes as a teacher? Well, we started putting two and two together, and the doctor agreed that my husband has probably been experiencing symptoms from the time he was about nine-years-old. He has for sure been exhibiting bipolar behavior since he was an adolescent. Teachers, parents, and other adults in his life didn’t listen- not because they didn’t care, I’m sure, but because they weren’t aware. My husband’s grandmother saw the signs when he was a child, but she didn’t realize the pain he was experiencing. The women on my husband’s side of the family used to meet for Bible study once each week, and I got to learn a lot about my husband’s childhood during these sessions. I remember one time Grandma told me that Daniel was “the sweetest and most loving boy ever, right up until he was nine or ten.” She said he changed suddenly, like a light switch had been flipped. He became withdrawn and uninterested. Grandma never did find out that her stories led to the psychiatrist putting together the puzzle that led to Daniel’s diagnosis. When we were first going to the doctor, though, my husband was terrified. He wasn’t afraid that he was going to find out something was wrong with him. He was afraid he was going to be told yet again to “suck it up” and to take responsibility. Daniel told me stories of attempting to explain to teachers what was in his mind. He told them he thought he was different from other kids. He thought maybe he felt more or got angry for longer. They told him to learn to handle his emotions. Daniel’s parents were the worst. They egged him on, told him he was making excuses, and were less than supportive. They are the same today, two years later. They don’t believe in mental illness, and I think this has been the biggest blow to my husband’s esteem and self-image. When we came out of the doctor’s office with a diagnosis of mental illness and a prescription for medication, my husband had tears in his eyes. “Someone finally believed me.” I could see the 10-year-old inside of him who had been calling out for help all those years. It took almost a quarter of a century for my husband to be heard. It was a stroke of luck that led to an extremely frank discussion and a call to a doctor, but Daniel had finally gotten the treatment he deserved. As teachers, we are not trained mental health professionals, but we ARE trained to listen to our students. We need to be sure our eyes and ears are open and to be sure to have open dialogue with the parents of our students. We need to be their voices at a time when they can’t speak for themselves. If you would like to read more about the experience of Daniel’s diagnosis, please see the blog post What Bipolar Looked Like in Our Family, written in April 2012. Although this is written from the adult perspective, I hope it will give you some insight on how bipolar touches families. Thank you for taking the time to learn about bipolar disorder. Together we can make a difference! Karen is a 6th grade teacher in the Phoenix, Arizona area. She has been married to Daniel for almost fourteen years and has two children, ages thirteen and eleven. She returned to school to get her teaching degree when her youngest daughter started Kindergarten. She is now in her third year of teaching and says that her favorite part of the job is learning something new every day.

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You are here: HOME > SHOW LISTING / SCHEDULE > TREASURE ISLAND Rrrrrrrh production of "Treasure Island" made it's Off-Broadway debut on February 8, 2009 at the Players Theatre located at 115 MacDougal Street in the heart of Greenwich Village. Back by popular demand, Treasure Island will sail at the Players Theatre again July 7 to July 28, 2013! The Players Theatre - 115 MacDougal Street in the Village. Thursdays & Fridays at 11a Click here to see what audiences said about the show! A rrrrrrollicking musical adventure through the pages of Robert Louis Stevenson’s most beloved novel "Treasure Island". Join Jim Hawkins as he takes the journey of a lifetime. While seeking buried pirate treasure, he comes to find the real treasure – within himself. This is a tale about courage, discovery and the voyage everyone must make to find their true self. Colorful characters and costumes make this a swashbuckling production you will never forget! About Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Lewis (later: 'Louis') Balfour Stevenson was born in Edinburgh on 13 November 1850. In 1857 the family moved to 17 Heriot Row, a solid respectable house in Edinburgh's New Town. A fortuitous turning-point in Stevenson's life had occurred when on holiday in Scotland in the summer of 1881. The cold rainy weather forced the family to amuse themselves indoors, and one day Stevenson and his twelve-year-old stepson, Lloyd (Fanny's son by her first marriage), drew, coloured and annotated the map of an imaginary 'Treasure Island'. The map stimulated Stevenson's imagination and, 'On a chill September morning, by the cheek of a brisk fire' he began to write a story based on it as an entertainment for the rest of the family. Treasure Island (published in book form in 1883) marks the beginning of his popularity and his career as a profitable writer, it was his first volume-length fictional narrative, and the first of his writings 'for children' (or rather, the first of writings manipulating the genres associated with children). Later works that fit into this category are A Child's Garden of Verses (1885), The Black Arrow (1883), Kidnapped (1886) and its continuation Catriona (1893). The four narrative works mentioned in this paragraph, though they all have youthful protagonists and were all first published in magazines for young people, are also clearly intended for adult readers. The last three, based on careful documentary research, are fictions exploring history and culture; and the last two are interesting studies of Scottish culture and could also be placed in the following section. Click here to return to the current season schedule.

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A Beginners Guide to Loving the Bike There are several great articles out there letting beginners know how to get started in cycling, but we’re here to lay down ideas for how beginners can start loving it. Think of it as a “how to” love cycling so much that you’ll never want to stop. Today is officially “Bicycling” day over at bing.com as they continue with their #SummerofDoing promotion and this week’s theme of “Riding”. With the help of bing, we plan on getting a whole mess off people on bikes and help them discover just how incredible it can be. (Be sure to use the hashtag #bicycling as often as you can today in honor of bing’s designation of this day) Our cycling lifestyle website is generally focused on people who are already Loving the Bike, and are as pedal crazy as I am. But being strong advocates of cycling and promoters of how everything can be better when you live by bike, we’re focusing today’s post towards people new to the idea of cycling. We’re going to lay out all the goodness and show how to start Loving the Bike in no time. As part of my bio for this website, I mention reasons in which I personally am Loving the Bike: - I am loving the bike because it provides me with a means to keeping my body in good physical condition while enjoying every single minute of it. - I love it because of the solitude and meditative state that is brings me to every time I’m on it. - I love the connection it gives our family when out on a ride together. - I love the camaraderie and brotherhood among riders. - I love the speed and knowing that I am moving myself solely by my own power. - I love the fact that there is no better means of environmentally friendly transportation than the bike. - I am simply loving the bike. But enough about my own reasons….to really get things going, we asked some of our loyal followers to provide their suggestions on getting new cyclists addicted to our beloved sport. Here’s what they had to say: “Ride slowly enough to truly enjoy that you’re not enclosed by metal, glass, and plastic, not insulated from the smells and sounds and sights and all the other amazing sensations you experience on a bicycle. Be aware so you can turn around and explore those things you pass slowly enough to intrigue you. Ride for the riding, not for the getting there.” – Tee King “Find a road or path that isn’t very busy. Go out just as the sun is going down. Pedal your hardest for just a little bit, then coast…and just…listen.” – @AarontheStrong “Get a good quality bike. Those cheap ones from the box stores will not provide you with a comfortable and stress free ride. Pay a bit more and it will go far in helping you love cycling.” – Albert Schmidt “See the countryside properly at a slower pace, enjoy the company of your family, and get fit without noticing.” – @nuuutymel “Just start out slowly. Don’t worry about the miles or time. Ride with how you’re comfortable at first.” – Dan Beaman “Be confident on your bike and ‘own the road’. Hiding in the gutter is much more dangerous than making yourself visible to all the other traffic. Use bright reflective clothing and a good confident road position to stay safe.” – @steviedexter “Don’t feel like you have to spend money on expensive clothes and gear. Just wear what you are comfortable in.” – @naptowncycle “Find a local cycling group that likes to develop riders and not into riding like they’re competing in the Tour de France. It’s so much more fun to ride with people who have the same interest level as you. They will help you and you will love it!” – Jeff Wolach “Don’t worry about all the fancy technology stuff right away. Have fun learning to pedal, then add the technology after you already enjoy cycling.” – Twenty-niner Chick “Just ride at your own pace, enjoy the freedom, sights, smells and people you encounter. The rest will follow.” – Synthea Devery Okay, it is easily apparent that the list can go on and on. But let me give you one last nugget to start off your Loving the Bike journey. Find out what part of cycling speaks best to you, and go for it. Whether it’s riding along the beach on your cruiser, going off-road on your mountain bike, speeding along on a road bike, or just riding around your neighborhood…..get on your bike and ride. We’ll have more details posted later today, but be sure to head over to bing.com and enter to win a special edition public bike. They are giving away 5 prizes of $1,500 to put towards building your own sweet ride from Public Bikes. Enter now, and watch for more details on our site later this morning. Beginner’s Guide to Loving the Bike image c/o Scott Thigpen

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WASHINGTON — Frustrated by what they said are stalled efforts to free a U.S. soldier taken prisoner three years ago in Afghanistan, the man's parents have gone public with previously secret U.S. attempts to trade him for Taliban prisoners in U.S. hands. Bob Bergdahl and his wife, Jani Bergdahl, said in interviews that they are concerned the U.S. government hasn't done enough to secure the release of their son, 26-year-old Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl. "There is a dynamic here that has to change," Bob Bergdahl said in an interview with the Idaho Mountain Express. "Everybody is frustrated with how slowly the process has evolved." Bergdahl, of Hailey, Idaho, was captured in June 2009 and is believed held by the Haqqani network, an insurgent group affiliated with the Taliban, probably somewhere in Pakistan. He is the subject of a proposed prisoner swap in which the Obama administration would allow the transfer of five Taliban prisoners long held at the U.S. military prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The Obama administration had worked out a framework deal to send those prisoners to Qatar, where they would be under some form of loose house arrest or supervision, while Bergdahl would be returned to the U.S. military. The proposed deal has been in limbo for months and faces serious opposition in Congress if it ever gets off the ground. The Taliban walked away from talks in March, saying the U.S. had reneged on several promises. The Obama administration is trying several gambits to restart talks, including proposing looser terms for the detention or monitoring of at least one of the Guantanamo prisoners upon their release, two U.S. officials told The Associated Press. The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because the talks are sensitive and elements of the U.S. engagement with the Taliban are classified. The Associated Press has periodically reported on Bergdahl's case since his capture. But the news agency had agreed since last year not to report on the proposed prisoner swap and ongoing negotiations at the request of the Pentagon and White House, on the grounds that public discussion would endanger Bergdahl's life. With public discussion of the deal Wednesday by Bergdahl's parents, the AP and other news organizations reported the proposed swap. Bob Bergdahl told the Idaho newspaper that swapping Taliban prisoners at Guantanamo for his son represents a "win-win" for the United States. He said in addition to his son's safe return, the United States could foster good will with the Afghan people. The imprisonment of suspected militants at Guantanamo is an irritant in U.S. relations with Muslim nations including Afghanistan, which has long demanded the release of its citizens held since shortly after the U.S. invasion that toppled the Taliban government in Kabul in 2001. A senior U.S. military official said the Pentagon believes Bergdahl to be alive, in relatively good health and in captivity somewhere along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because efforts to free Bergdahl remain sensitive. A senior Obama administration official, also speaking on condition of anonymity because of concerns for Bergdahl's safety, told reporters that the case has been a topic at each of several direct meetings that U.S. officials have held with the Taliban. Direct contact, once taboo for the United States, began in secret last year in hopes that the channel could speed larger peace talks with the Afghan government of President Hamid Karzai and ultimately end the long Taliban insurgency. The official said the U.S. hopes to revive the Bergdahl deal with the Taliban. Bob Bergdahl said he and his wife are hoping for a peaceful resolution, preferably one that doesn't put other American soldiers in danger. "We don't want to see Americans killed," he told the Idaho paper. Even so, he said the time for a change in strategy has come, and that he hopes renewed public attention to their son's plight would help secure his release. "I'm pushing it hard," Bob Bergdahl said. The Bergdahls did not respond to a request for comment from the AP. Marine Col. David Lapan, spokesman for Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told reporters that the military has a "collaborative" relationship with Bergdahl's family, which is given quarterly updates from Washington. He said the family is not advised on whether to discuss the case with the news media. "Our message to them is: We are working hard to obtain Sgt. Bergdahl's release, to bring him back into U.S. hands," Lapan said. Asked about the family's complaint that the U.S. government has not done enough, Lapan said: "It's perfectly understandable that parents whose son has been kept in captivity for several years now are frustrated. We certainly understand that. That's why we do everything thing we can to try to keep them updated, to the extent we can." He added: "If they are angry and/or frustrated, that is certainly understandable. I would say that our leaders are frustrated as well." Bowe Bergdahl disappeared June 30, 2009, while deployed with his U.S. Army unit. He's spent three birthdays in captivity. To solicit support for further action, Bob Bergdahl plans to speak at an annual demonstration to recognize prisoners of war over Memorial Day weekend in Washington. The event, organized by the nonprofit POW support group Rolling Thunder, typically attracts more than 100,000 motorcyclists to the nation's capital. "With all that's going on, we really need a diplomatic path to get this resolved," Bob Bergdahl said. AP National Security Writer Robert Burns contributed to this report.

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Slideshow: Cultivating Success There's a saying that New Orleans is so far behind, it's ahead. According to Demetria Christo, co-owner of landscaping company Eco Urban (504-957-7706; www.ecourbanllc.com), that's true when it comes to the urban agriculture trend. While some New Orleanians are just now discovering the pleasures of backyard citrus groves and heirloom tomato patches, many residents are lifelong gardeners. "We're still in touch with our agricultural roots," says Christo, a New Orleans native who grew up in Virginia and majored in ecology at Tulane University. "People in New Orleans are very self-sufficient. So many people love growing, whether it's a young family or a veteran who's been composting for 70 years. ... And unlike other cities, we have the yard space." Christo and co-owner Travis Cleaver created Eco Urban in 2007 after meeting in a permaculture class at Tulane. "Permaculture is a style of landscaping that marries form with function," Christo says. "You build circular systems with the goal of eliminating waste and reintegrating it back into the system — for example, you have chickens, their poop fertilizes the soil, and you grow food." Even if clients don't want to delve into animal husbandry, Christo follows a similar principle with her sustainable landscaping company. "Sustainable landscaping describes a practice of transforming (regular landscaping) into productive ecological spaces," Christo says. This can be as simple as using a cistern to capture water that irrigates the yard, adding a small vegetable bed or composting. "If we have a yard with a lot of leaves and the resident is composting, we'll use it right there as fertilizer and reintegrate it back into the ecosystem," Christo says. "The client saves money and has the richest fertilizer they could possibly get, and they're using less energy because it doesn't have to be shipped." Several elements are necessary to create a healthy habitat in your backyard. First, thriving ecosystems have biodiversity: a range of animals, insects and plants. "The more healthy species you have, the more robust, complex and healthy the ecosystem," Christo says. Birds, lizards and beneficial insects like bees and butterflies also can keep pests in check naturally. You can attract them with water. "Birdbaths or a small pond are great," Christo says. Birds, bees and butterflies also need food sources. Flowers like milkweed attract monarch butterflies: "Their caterpillars eat only milkweed," Christo says. Butterflies and bees need different pollination sources, too: "There are these wonderful native wildflower mixes — you get your Louisiana native poppies, lantana, coreopsis. ... It's $65-$75 a pound and an inexpensive way to cover a bed quickly." For a food source for birds, Christo recommends American beautyberry. Last, these critters require a place to live: Trees are homes for birds, and perennials give insects a place to weather cold winters. Good soil is the foundation that supports the whole ecosystem. Eco Urban uses all-natural, clove- and citrus-oil-based herbicides so the soil's integrity isn't compromised. The company also recommends using compost to improve soil health. "Compost is hands-down the best thing anybody could use in their yard," Christo says. "It has a natural growth hormone that helps plants, and the microbes involved in it are incredible." Pervious (or permeable) hardscapes allow rainfall to sink into the soil. "Instead of running into storm drains and inundating our city's infrastructure, we need that water to go back into the soil and help keep New Orleans from sinking and strengthen trees," Christo says. "Soil can help purify the water, too." When yards have a healthy balance of flora and fauna, the sky is the limit for landscaping ideas. Christo says she does a lot of citrus groves around New Orleans, including navel oranges, blood oranges, satsumas, Key limes and Meyer lemons. "When we put in a citrus orchard, we put down Society garlic, which is a beautiful flower but also a good deterrent to pests," she says. Blueberries, thornless blackberries, persimmons, loquats, avocados, pecan trees, papayas, Louisiana plums, Muscadine grapes and pomegranates also do well in New Orleans' subtropical climate. For clients who want a low-maintenance landscape, Christo uses wood ferns as a ground cover. "I love ferns because they shade out other weeds, and you reduce the maintenance," Christo says. "You reduce your mulching and weeding time." Then she might line the border with shrubs and trees. "For small trees, I love Sweetbay magnolias," she says. "White fringe trees are an underused, wonderful native tree. They grow 15 to 20 feet (tall) and have these gorgeous white scented flowers every spring." Christo says the price range for an Eco Urban landscaping job is $3,000 to $10,000. "If you want to build patios, decks or hardscapes and more infrastructure, the cost can go up," she says. "We do like to customize everything to satisfy budgets and tastes." The company can gradually convert traditional landscaping into organic landscaping by introducing different plants and features like cisterns. "We love painting the picture of how all our yards are part of the bigger ecology here," Christo says. "It's just a matter of shifting focus and seeing the bigger picture."

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In that sense, Affeldt's book is autobiographical. But it's not strictly an autobiography. "I didn't want it to be the story of Jeremy and his life. There are plenty of those out there," said Affeldt, the left-hander who likely will be activated from the disabled list Friday before the Giants open a three-game series against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Rather, Affeldt shares his story to stimulate readers and prompt them to care more about the world around them. As the book's title indicates, he's profoundly serious about this. That should come as no surprise to anybody who's familiar with Affeldt. Through his youth ministry, Generation Alive, Affeldt supports Not For Sale, an organization dedicated to fighting human trafficking. Affeldt also strives to help the hungry, thirsty and disadvantaged by partnering with organizations such as Something to Eat, the Global Orphan Project, Living Water International and One World Futbol. "I truly believe in the concept of love your neighbor as yourself," Affeldt told MLB.com, referring to the familiar Scripture passage (Mark 12:31). "Whether you believe in God or not, that's still a concept we need, because it's the only way society can have any kind of sanity to it. Selfishness ruins a lot of things. I'm just trying to speak from that angle. "I don't want to be selfish. I don't want to be, 'It's all about me, not about anybody else.' I don't want to be about, 'Come cheer for me and then leave me alone.' I don't want to be that kind of athlete. I see people who don't have food, they don't have water, they're being trafficked, they don't have homes and they don't get the opportunity to become somebody great. So I believe it's those who have been given the opportunities to be great [should] help others." As the book reveals, Affeldt's singular upbringing prompted him to develop his philanthropic perspective. The son of a U.S. Air Force bombardier, Affeldt occasionally traveled through Asia while his father was stationed in Guam. On a family vacation to Thailand, Affeldt's alert father quickly saved him from being pulled into a strip club by a stranger. Affeldt observed that what amounted to an attempted kidnapping might have resulted in his becoming a sex slave were it not for his father's intervention. Affeldt, who began his professional career in the Kansas City organization, reserves heavy praise for ex-Royals slugger Mike Sweeney. The five-time All-Star's class and professionalism strongly influenced Affeldt. In an intriguing instance of timing, Affeldt became curious about human trafficking shortly after he joined the Giants as a free agent in the 2008-09 offseason. Affeldt contacted David Batstone, the co-founder and president of Not For Sale, who happened to be a Giants fan and was overjoyed to hear about the relief pitcher's interest. The book includes enough of Affeldt's baseball-related stories to satisfy zealous fans. Included among the reminiscences are his most enduring memories from the 2010 and 2012 postseasons when the Giants won it all. But, as Affeldt pointed out, this is not a typical baseball book. "It was written with the understanding that we've all been given a talent. We've all been given a gift," he said. "And what we do with that gift, what we do with that talent, to bring around positive change in the world is what's going to make you feel successful. I think that's what we're here on this planet to do." Many might suggest that Affeldt, who owns a 1.37 ERA in 22 postseason appearances, was placed on this planet to throw strikes and stabilize the Giants' bullpen. But excellence on the field never was enough for Affeldt, 33. As his career lengthened, he began to sense that just being a ballplayer wasn't enough. "I was trying to figure out at the time why I wasn't happy in the game," Affeldt said. "I figured out that doing things like this for other people and using my platform to do it gave me a lot of joy in the game. It gave me a sense of purpose in the game because, for me, just going out there and pitching every night and succeeding and winning -- or not succeeding and not winning -- there's something in me that says, 'This is it?' At the end of the day, what is the real reason for being an athlete on this scale? If it's just to say I'm an athlete on this scale, some people are fine with that. But for me it was a shallow life." Talkative by nature, Affeldt shared these thoughts with more and more people as time passed. As he recalled, "Someone came up to me and said, 'You know, you should write a book.'" Published by Beacon Hill Press, "To Stir a Movement" is available at Giants Dugout stores, Barnes and Noble and Costco, as well as online at beaconhillbooks.com, Amazon.com and iTunes.

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County leaders approved nearly $3 million in contracts to complete work on a water project in far east El Paso. The project aims to bring water to more than 100 families in the Colonia Revolucion. Currently the area has no running water, making tasks like showering, cooking and just drinking water a challenge. Commissioner Vince Perez, who represents the area, told ABC-7 the project is among the most important things going on in the county right now. “This project is hugely important to them and their quality of life,” said Perez. “Not only will they have clean drinking water, but they will be allowed to pay residential electric rates as well.” Perez said residential rates for electricity are not given unless a community has running water. That means families who are already paying a premium to get truckloads of water delivered every few days are also required to pay higher rates for electricity too. Those who live in the Colonia Revolucion neighborhood say they can pay more than $250 a month. “Sometimes we don’t have enough money,” said Darla Padilla. “Other times we’ll be taking a shower and the water stops and we have the soap in our hair. Yeah, it’s very hard.” Padilla has lived in the area for four years. She’s one of three generations living under one roof. Padilla said you get used to not having an endless supply of water, but the cost can make things challenging. Her mother-in-law, Yvette Romero, has been dealing with the water issues for nearly a decade longer. While she’s used to it, it hasn’t been easy. “The city started giving me problems because of the (lack of) running water,” said Romero, explaining how she opened up a store with hopes of adding a restaurant to the Colonia Revolucion area. “I wasn’t able to open up the restaurant so I went ahead and shut it down.” Romero said the lack of water created problems with the permitting process. She ran the store for a little more than a year, but had to abandon her dreams when she realized the water wasn’t going to make it to the community anytime soon. Years later, the county’s latest moves has made running water a reality. The county expects water to be running within 8-12 months.

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When Huun-Huur-Tu appear at the Buckman Performing and Fine Arts Center this week, there will be four men on stage. Despite that fact, there will be between eight and 10 voices singing at once. Huun-Huur-Tu are practitioners of throat singing, a vocalization that allows a single performer to produce multiple, distinct notes simultaneously. Throat singing -- a constant low pitch with a series of articulated harmonics above it -- sounds like a difficult skill, but as Huun-Huur-Tu founding member Sayan Bapa explains, it is a part of everyday life for the native Tuvan: "When you are a nomad, you hear your father and your grandfather sing like this, so you do it too." The nomadic lifestyle of Tuvan sheep and reindeer herders influenced both the sonic and representational qualities of throat singing. Traditionally, the Tuvan singer performed alone, each soloist specializing in a particular style of throat singing. "It was something you would do to keep yourself company when working or riding a horse," says Bapa. In addition, the Tuvans' surroundings dictated the sound. Ted Levin, an American who explored the Soviet Autonomous Republic of Tuva located north of Mongolia and made the first modern field recordings of throat singing, explains it this way: "By imitating the sounds of nature, the human music-makers seek to link themselves to the beings and forces that concern them." The throat singing of the Tuvans is thus a kind of onomatopoeia. The warbling of birds, rushing of winds, and grumbling of animals are all transformed and transfigured as song. According to Levin, the Tuvans not only imitate nature, they also use the songs as a form of oral topography, a way to pass on information to people governed by large-scale movement and perilous geography. The group playing at the Buckman is unique in that it performs as a quartet. It was formed in 1992 by Kaigal-ool Khovalyg, Alexander Bapa, his brother Sayan Bapa, and Albert Kuvezin. Since then Kuvezin and Alexander Bapa have left the group and have been replaced by Anatoli Kuular and Alexei Saryglar, respectively. The group joined forces as a means of concentrating on the presentation of traditional songs from their homeland. Originally, they were dubbed Kungurtuk but have since changed their name to Huun-Huur-Tu, which in English translates to the enigmatic phenomenon "sun propeller." The idea of a "sun propeller" is helpful in understanding the depth of the Tuvan connection to nature. It describes a particular moment, when the sky is clear enough and the sun, either ascending or dropping away for the evening, is briefly perched on the horizon. The rays of the sun divide and fan out like the blades of a propeller. Since their arrival in America in the early 1990s, Huun-Huur-Tu has attracted a legion of fans and collaborated with many notable musicians, including Frank Zappa, Ry Cooder, and the Kronos Quartet. Tickets to the group's Sunday-night performance in Memphis sold out quickly, so a Monday-night performance was added. "The tickets are going like crazy," says Cindi Younker of the Buckman. "We've just had an incredible response to this group." In addition to the concerts, Huun-Huur-Tu will visit Rhodes College on Monday afternoon to give a demonstration and lead a master class. Donna Kwan is a professor of ethnomusicology at Rhodes where she teaches a course titled "Global Pop: Asia and Beyond." "I'm a big fan of Huun-Huur-Tu," Kwan says. "They are not only amazing singers, they also have an incredible connection to nature." Memphians who want to learn how difficult it is to sing more than one note at a time can go to Rhodes' McCoy Theater Monday, January 30th, at 4 p.m. There will be a 45-minute demonstration by Huun-Huur-Tu, followed by a 45-minute master class, both of which are free and open to the public. 7 p.m. Sunday-Monday, January 29th-30th Buckman Performing and Fine Arts Center

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Ever since the United States issued an embargo on Cuba in 1962, the exchange of information, like the exchange of goods, has slowed to a trickle. The blockade, said Steven Certilman, has "left Americans deeply curious about Cuba." "They probably fill some of the voids with little pieces they've heard," he added. "But they're hardly getting the full picture." The Greenwich resident is hoping to color in the gaps with "Absolut Kuba!," an exhibition of contemporary Cuban art on view at the Carriage Barn Arts Center at Waveny Park in New Canaan. The exhibition runs through June 1. "Absolut Kuba!" features nearly 100 works from the collection of Certilman and his wife, Terri, who have been traveling to Cuba and acquiring Cuban art since the mid-1990s. The collection spans a variety of mediums and themes that reflect the Cuban experience: emigration, unemployment, geographic and political isolation and relations with the nation's much larger neighbor to the north. They are serious issues, and Cubans artists tend to address them the best way they know how -- with a wink and a smirk. "They have a great sense of humor," Certilman said of Cuban artists. "They use double entendre and subtle references with deeper meaning. The more you look, the more you understand about their experience." Abel Barroso's "Green Card" is a large-scale replica of America's elusive resident ID made with different-colored pencil shavings. Certilman said the piece illustrates the "arduous process by which one gets a green card," including traveling, typically by boat, to Central America, crossing the U.S. border and navigating the American immigration system. "The making of the piece runs parallel to the experience of getting a green card," Certilman said. "(Barroso) did it out of pencil shavings because it's a painstaking process to pick the right colors, organize them the right way and glue them onto a surface. He treats something that we don't think twice about, but that the average Cuban is acutely aware of, in a very humorous way." According to Certilman, the once-inchoate Cuban art scene has grown by leaps and bounds since the mid-1990s, when contemporary artists, aided by decades of government support, came into their own. "It created a whole new class of artisans," he said. The movement represents a facet of Cuban culture of which many Americans are unaware. For many people, Cuba is often synonymous with Fidel Castro, human rights abuses and "tugs of war over prisoners," Certilman said. "But that's not what it's all about," he continued. "By looking at the art of Cuba and considering what they're talking about, we have a much better impression of what's going on there and a greater understanding not just of the social, economic and political realities, but of the people, who face a lot of challenges and address them universally with a very positive attitude."Read Full Article The gallery is open Wednesday through Saturday from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. and Sunday from 1 to 5 p.m. For gala tickets, visit www.carriagebarn.org. For information, call 203-972-1895. Scott.firstname.lastname@example.org; Twitter: @scottgarg

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“Unshackling Richmond” (News & Features, May 6) failed to mention key facts about how the Richmond region is marketed as a historical tourism destination. As the official destination-marketing organization for the Richmond region (the city and Chesterfield, Hanover, Henrico and New Kent counties), the Richmond Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau successfully leverages history as a large part of what we have to offer to visitors. The bureau actively promotes the region as a historic yet vibrant destination to multiple target audiences: tourists, tour operators and meeting and convention planners. In 2007, the bureau launched the History creative ad campaign. Since then, the History message has consistently appeared on print ads, airport bin ads, billboards, online advertising promotions, collateral materials and, most recently, on our official tourism Web site, VisitRichmondVa.com. The consistent deployment of this creative campaign counters any concerns that Richmond's history branding is not reaching outside the city limits. In fact, a visitor study conducted just two months ago reveals that Richmond's history message is resonating with travelers. Secondly, we agree that the Civil War story presents a significant opportunity to focus visitor attention on Richmond as a tourism destination. The article's assertion that “the city lacks an articulate plan to capitalize on the expected tourism surge” is false. The Richmond Region Civil War Sesquicentennial Committee, formed 18 months ago by the bureau, area Civil War attractions and representatives from the area's city and county governments, developed a comprehensive marketing plan in 2008 outlining important strategies to position Richmond as ground zero for Civil War sesquicentennial tourism. This comprehensive marketing plan has already shown success. During a 2009 signature conference, America on the Eve of the Civil War, at the University of Richmond, House of Delegates Speaker William J. Howell announced to the audience of more than 2,000 that the Richmond Civil War 150th committee was one of only four recipients of initial sesquicentennial tourism marketing grants. The development of a comprehensive Richmond region Civil War sesquicentennial Web site — a key component of the committee's marketing plan — was the foundation for this grant. We would encourage the staff at Style Weekly and its readers to visit VisitRichmondVa.com and review our 2009—2010 marketing plan, which provides numerous examples of how we market the Richmond region as a destination rich with historical assets spanning more than 400 years. John F. Berry President and Chief Executive Richmond Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau

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Tuesday, the Congressional Budget Office released its analysis of The White House’s proposed $10.10 federal minimum wage, giving credence to Republican claims that the hike might have a negative effect on employment by costing 500,000 jobs. The CBO also estimates $10.10 would lift 900,000 families out of poverty and increase the incomes of more than 16 million low-wage workers. As with most policy proposals, there are some people who benefit and some who will be harmed by an increase in the minimum wage, and the CBO report seemed to find just that. The New York Times reported that: “Republicans contended the policy would be a job-killer, while Democrats asserted it would help alleviate poverty. Economists said both might be right. And the White House, in an unusual twist, openly disputed the budget office’s math.” An unusual twist, but not necessarily a surprising one. One doesn’t have to look hard for headlines from the past, declaring “White House Touts CBO Report” on any number of topics. “White House Touts CBO Immigration Report,” said one. “CBO: President’s Budget Will Bring Down The Deficit,” declares a White House press release from 2012 and shortly thereafter, the President’s budget would go down with zero “yes” votes in Congress from either party. When it is convenient, the CBO is the Nonpartisan Arbiter of Absolute Truth. When inconvenient, CBO is—well—pay no attention to that report they just released. Inconsistency in Washington politics today is the rule, not the exception, and it goes far beyond bill scoring. A filibuster is awful obstructionism, until it is used to stop a bill your side thinks is bad. “Dark shadowy money buying elections” is another person’s “important voter education campaign on a key issue.” When it’s a conservative group spreading the word about the downsides of the Affordable Care Act or the perils of our massive national debt, it’s bashed as a perversion of democracy; when the content changes to talking to the public about climate change, suddenly it seems to some like a great act of service to educate the voting public. More articles from The Daily Beast: - Dem’s the Breaks: GOP Investigation Gives the Left Another Reason to Point Fingers - Obama Administration Stiffs Chemical Survivors on New Claim - Wall Street Wolves Want to Bring their Big Bucks to the GOP Party © 2013 Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC

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For 100 local people, let the celebration begin. No matter where they were born, no matter where they lived before, they have taken the oath as new United States citizen. The Naturalization Ceremony was held on Thursday at Boone High school. Twenty-seven different countries were represented in the room, and for almost all of the people the process took years. They had to study and learn about the United States, about the responsibilities and opportunities that come with taking the oath. WESH 2 News talked with three of the 100 about their thoughts of finally reaching this goal. "It means that as of today, it means I have a right to engage in part of the history of the country, and also I have full ability to take care of my family and to be part of the community," Hugh Turner of Jamaica said. "You can vote, you have voter rights, and you are loyal, loyal to the United States," said Zhan Zhang of China. "This country give me opportunities for me and my sons," said Maria Perez of Colombia. "I have a Marine son, he's in the Marines so I'm happy." Everyone walked out of the room with a small American flag and a certificate saying they are a newly naturalized American citizen.

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A British man born without a penis is getting a helping hand from his arm. Andrew Wardle, 39, will undergo three surgeries over the next year to craft a male sex organ out of a large flap of skin on his forearm, The Sun reported. Wardle was born with his bladder outside his body, leaving him with just a small fold of skin where his penis would be. Several operations have corrected his bladder and kidney problems, but doctors have been stumped about how to fix Wardle's missing male member until now, according to the UK's South West News Service. Wardle hopes to have the first surgery this summer. The 12-hour procedure will take skin, muscle and nerves from his arm to build his appendage, according to The Sun. The next two operations will connect the tubes in his penis to his uretha and testicles. While rare, the procedure Wardle will undergo is not unheard of. A Scottish man underwent a similar set of operations just last month after losing his penis in a car accident, according to the International Business Times.

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(now Eric Rothoff v. Howell Education Association) (Editor's note: This case resulted in a disastrous Michigan Court of Appeals ruling that held that the emails sought under a Freedom of Information Act request were essentially personal records, not public records, and therefore beyond the reach of FOIA. The decision severely weakened the state’s FOIA law and thwarted disclosure of improper activity by public employees. Because the Michigan Supreme Court has refused to hear an appeal of the decision, the ruling can be corrected now only by the Legislature or by the Michigan Supreme Court in a future case.) A lower court's interpretation of what constitutes a "public record" under Michigan's Freedom of Information Act would shield criminal and other improper government activities from public scrutiny, according to this "friend of the court" brief jointly submitted to the Michigan Supreme Court by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy and the Michigan Press Association. Following the filing of this brief, the Mackinac Center and MPA have submitted two supplemental briefs to the Court. The first alerted the Court to a new U.S. Supreme Court ruling that is relevant to this case. The second supplemental brief brings up recent examples of how the Appeals Court’s disastrous ruling has been used by school districts to deny FOIA requests and potentially hide improper activities. Read the news release for more information. The Mackinac Center's original amicus brief for the Appeals Court hearing of this case, then named Howell Education Association v. Howell Board of Education, is available here.

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Divided into three main areas the Gulf Coast, which generally receives wind swell across a small fetch. The Southern Atlantic coast which receives the best swell and the Northern Atlantic coast, which is considered to be less consistent in comparison. The Florida Keys are also considered to be inconsistent. The climate is subtropical with hot summers and mild winters. The region was first surfed in the 1930s and despite having a reputation for poor waves, Florida produces excellent surfers, to which Kelly Slater certainly can attest. In the main the whole coast is beach breaks of varying quality with notable exceptions such as Jupiter Inlet in the south and New Smyrna in the north. Autumn brings the hurricane season and by far the best waves. For the rest of the year much of the power is sucked from the waves by the extensive continental shelf, though some long period swells do arrive with summer being the least consistent season. Surf camps can offer a variety of types of accommodation such as apartments, hotels, rooms, camping or dormitories together with food, surf lessons and group activities. Often included are guided surf tours of the best local spots along with surf hire, videos, photography, professional coaching and even some night life.

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[Numpy-discussion] wiki page for record arrays Stefan van der Walt stefan at sun.ac.za Tue Feb 21 07:56:09 CST 2006 Thanks for your suggestions. I incorporated them. On Wed, Feb 22, 2006 at 01:24:24AM +1100, Gary Ruben wrote: > 1. I'd put 'assumes from numpy import *' in the preamble. > 2. Is it possible to change the formatting to make it more obvious what > is input and what is output? I think it is better to show the input and > output with a standard Python prompt a'la idle or possibly ipython. > 3. I think it might be worth pointing out that > img = array([(0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)], [('r',Float32),('g',F > is valid syntax that can be replaced by the 2-line version you present. > 4. Can you explain dtype=(void,12)? > 5. When the page's name is changed, a link should be put to it in the > 'Getting Started and Tutorial' section of the Documentation page. More information about the Numpy-discussion

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NRA Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre speaking at the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference. If there’s a must-read story today, it’s the Huffington Post’s long look at the National Rifle Association and its connection to gun manufacturers. In short, the NRA isn’t so much an advocate for gun owners as it is a lobbying vehicle for gunmakers and distributors. There’s too much to quote, but this passage stuck out as illustrative: Close ties between the NRA and gunmakers go back at least to 1999, when the NRA publicly declared its support for the firearms industry as it prepared to defend itself from a rash of liability lawsuits filed by cities and municipalities. “Your fight has become our fight,” then-NRA president Charlton Heston declared before a crowd of gun company executives at the annual SHOT Show, the industry’s biggest trade show. “Your legal threat has become our constitutional threat," he said. From then on, the NRA has collected millions of dollars in support from the gun industry, and categorically opposed any efforts to regulate the sale and use of guns. Indeed, just seven years ago, it managed to shoot down a law that would have attached liability to gun manufacturers if their weapons were used in mass shootings. Indeed, as the White House and its allies gears up for a big push on new control laws, it’s worth highlighting the extent to which the NRA is far more committed to the interests of gunmakers than it is the actual rights of gun owners. As Greg Sargent writes for The Washington Post, “The NRA is putting an enormous amount of firepower into defending what can only be described as an extreme worldview, one that encourages resistance to even the most sensible regulatory and public safety efforts, with the apparent goal of ensuring that the country is awash in as many guns as possible.” To wit, this is what the NRA had to say after a meeting with Vice President Joe Biden on the question of new gun safety measures: We were disappointed with how little this meeting had to do with keeping our children safe and how much it had to do with an agenda to attack the Second Amendment. […] It is unfortunate that this Administration continues to insist on pushing failed solutions to our nation’s most pressing problems. We will not allow law-abiding gun owners to be blamed for the acts of criminals and madmen. In the past, this approach has been enough to shoot down new gun laws. But after a steady spate of mass shootings, Americans might not entertain the usual “gun rights” rhetoric. Already, according to Public Policy Polling, the NRA’s standing has seen a serious decline: It now has a negative favorability rating, with 42 percent of voters seeing it positively, while 45 percent have an unfavorable view. This is a near-reversal from a month earlier, when the NRA had a positive rate of 48/41. The more the NRA yells about threats to gun rights—and ignores actual threats to human life—the more the public is likely to turn against them, and the more lawmakers are likely to take action. The best move for the NRA would be to quietly agree to small bore measures. As it stands, it’s virtually ensuring that the White House—and its allies—will try something a little more ambitious. You may also like: You need to be logged in to comment. (If there's one thing we know about comment trolls, it's that they're lazy)

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Real (Child-Sized) Tools Prices vary For kids just getting used to tying their own shoes and coloring inside the lines, a set of real tools, made smaller for tiny hands, can be a great way to introduce them to the world of wood construction. If you’re willing to supervise, real tools are superior to plastic safety tools. True, there is real danger. But there’s also real power. “Part of learning how to use tools is to respect that they can hurt you,” someone smart told me recently.

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1. ButtonsButtons were first used in Mohenjo-daro for ornamental purpose rather than for fastening. They were first used in the Indus Valley Civilization by 2000 BCE. 2. ChessChess developed out of Chaturanga, which is an ancient strategy board game developed during the Gupta Empire in India around the 6th century AD. Now you know why Vishwanathan Anand is such a pro, rag rag me is tarah… 3. Prefabricated home and movable structure Rulers were first used by the Indus Valley Civilization prior to 1500 BCE. Made of ivory, the rulers found during excavation, reveal the amazing accuracy of decimal subdivisions on it. 5. ShampooThe word ‘Shampoo’ is derived from chāmpo (चाँपो). It was initially used as a head massage oil for the Nawabs of Bengal during the Mughal Empire around 1762. It evolved into shampoo over the years. 6. Snakes and LaddersThe game, Snakes & Ladders, was invented in India as a game of morals. Later it spread to England and eventually introduced in the USA by game pioneer Milton Bradley in 1943. 7. Cotton cultivation (We clothed the world, yay!) The ancient Greeks used to wear animal skins and were not even aware of cotton. But Indians were sort of cool and started cultivating cotton during the 5th – 4th millennium BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization. The word spread to the Mediterranean and beyond and soon everyone was ordering one from Flipkart. Well, pretty much. 8. Fibonacci Numbers The Fibonacci numbers were first described by Virahanka, Gopala and Hemachandra as an outgrowth of earlier writings by Pingala. 9. Decimal System, Quadratic formula and Zero! It was in 7th century CE when Brahmagupta found the first general formula for solving quadratic equations. The decimal system (or the Hindu number system), which was a precursor of the Arabic numeric system, was developed in India between the 1st and 6th centuries CE. 10. Suits Game The popular game of cards originated from India & was known as Krida-patram (which literally means “painted rags for playing”). 11. Cataract SurgeryIndian physician Sushruta (6th century BCE) had the knowledge of performing cataract surgery. It spread to China from India. Greek scientists would visit India to get operations done and also to learn the nitty-gritties. 12. Diamond Mining Worldwide, India was the only source of diamonds until the discovery of mines in Brazil in the 18th century. Almost 5000 years ago, diamonds were first recognized and mined in central India. 13. Water on MoonISRO’s Chandrayaan-1 made the startling discovery that our moon is not a dry ball of rocks. The discovery of lunar water is attributed to the Chandrayaan mission. 14. Radio/Wireless communicationWe all know that Marconi received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy. But the first public demonstration of radio waves for communication was made by Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose in 1895, two years prior to Marconi’s similar demonstration in England. Sir Bose was posthumously credited (more than a century later) for his achievement. The fact remains that this discovery truly shaped the face of modern wireless communication. 15. Flush Toilets Flush toilets were first used in the Indus Valley Civilization. These existed in most homes and were connected to a sophisticated sewage mechanism. The civilization was prominent in hydraulic engineering. 16. Binary CodeBinary numbers were first described by Pingala (c. 200 BC). Pingala is the traditional name of the author of the Chandaḥśāstra, the earliest known Sanskrit treatise on prosody. Many ancient cultures and civilizations independently discovered and prepared ink for writing purposes. The source of carbon pigment used in Indian Ink (called musi) used in ancient India, was India. Since 4th century BC, the practice of writing with ink with a sharp pointed needle was common in South India. 18. Steel & Metal worksAncient Indians were pioneers in metallurgy. High quality steel was produced, almost two thousand years before it was understood by the West. One of the most remarkable feat in metallurgy: creating a seamless celestial globe, was invented in Kashmir. It was earlier considered impossible to create a metal globe without seams. So thanks to India, Iron Man can wear his suit now. 19. Fiber OpticsNamed as one of the 7 ‘Unsung Heroes’ by Fortune Magazine, Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany, is widely recognized as the ‘Father of Fiber Optics’ for his pioneering work in Fiber Optics technology. Watch him speak eloquently on his entrepreneurial journey. 20. Plastic SurgeryYes, you heard it right. Indians were pioneers in Plastic Surgery too. It was carried out in India as early as 2000 BCE. So, we’ve always been a cool country. History is testimony to it. So what’s stopping you from being innovative? Go, win the world.

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Limitations of Marketing Research Following are the main limitations of Marketing Research: - Marketing Research (MR) is not an exact science though it uses the techniques of science. Thus, the results and conclusions drawn upon by using MR are not very accurate. - The results of MR are very vague as MR is carried out on consumers, suppliers, intermediaries, etc. who are humans. Humans have a tendency to behave artificially when they know that they are being observed. Thus, the consumers and respondents upon whom the research is carried behave artificially when they are aware that their attitudes, beliefs, views, etc are being observed. - MR is not a complete solution to any marketing issue as there are many dominant variables between research conclusions and market response. - MR is not free from bias. The research conclusions cannot be verified. The reproduction of the same project on the same class of respondents give different research results. - Inappropriate training to researchers can lead to misapprehension of questions to be asked for data collection. - Many business executives and researchers have ambiguity about the research problem and its objectives. They have limited experience of the notion of the decision-making process. This leads to carelessness in research and researchers are not able to do anything real. - There is less interaction between the MR department and the main research executives. The research department is in segregation. This all makes research ineffective. - MR faces time constraint. The firms are required to maintain a balance between the requirement for having a broader perspective of customer needs and the need for quick decision making so as to have competitive advantage. - Huge cost is involved in MR as collection and processing of data can be costly. Many firms do not have the proficiency to carry wide surveys for collecting primary data, and might not also able to hire specialized market experts and research agencies to collect primary data. Thus, in that case, they go for obtaining secondary data that is cheaper to obtain. - MR is conducted in open marketplace where numerous variables act on research settings. Management Study Guide (MSG) is an educational portal launched with the vision of providing students and corporate workforces worldwide with access to rich, easy to understand, frequently updated instruction on many management related topics. MSG team comprises experienced faculty and professionals who develop the content for the portal. We collectively refer to our team as - MSG Experts. To Know more, click on About Us. A Smarter Way to Study....short presentations, real results - Optimum lively Graphics and Animation to make the concept easy to understand - Engaging PPTs which are a fast, effective, short and concise, with lots of examples to help you master the subject quickly - Enter Your Email Id & Download 9 FREE Powerpoint Presentations Now!

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For many he was a brother in faith, for others a spiritual guide, and for still others a companion in ideological, political and cultural battles, with the courage of his convictions and great foresight. Ernesto Balducci was all of these and one of the great intellectuals of our time. This booklet contains a selection of words written and spoken by him. Whoever had the opportunity to listen to Father Balducci even once and cannot forget him, will find these pages franked with the same mark of his passion and intelligence which fascinated them. These articles are translated without permission from some of those reproduced in ``Balducci: Le sue parole'', a supplement to the Italian periodical `Avvenimenti' (`Events'), published in April 1993. Martin Guy, Catania, 25th April 1994. Ernesto Balducci was born in 1922 in the mining town of Santa Flora on the slopes of Mount Amiata in the province of Grosseto in Tuscany. When he was twelve, his father was laid off and Ernesto left home to work for a blacksmith, name of Manfredi, ``an anarchist persecuted by fascists''. But in November of the same year the Scolopi, a religious foundation for the education of the poor, offered him a free place in seminary. He studied theology at Rome, and Letters and Philosophy at Florence. The foundation of the Centre for Christian Commitment in 1952 gave him the opportunity to deepen both his friendship with Giorgio La Pira and his relationship with the author-priests of Milan and the disciples of Maritain, known as the `Little Brothers'. In 1958 Balducci founded the monthly review `Testimonianze' (`Testimonies'), which he directed for thirty- four years. In 1963 he publicly defended the first Italian conscientious objector, Giuseppe Gozzini. This, and the subsequent trial, gave the bishop of Florence, monsignor Florit, the opportunity to `exile' Balducci. He stayed in Rome until 1965 when, thanks to the direct intervention of Pope Montini, he returned to Tuscany. Not in Florence, though, where bishop Florit was still involved in his battle against La Pira, but at Fiesolana Abbey, two hundred yards from the border of the diocese of Florence. However, he was able to dedicate less and less time to his studies within the tranquil abbey walls. Most of his days were stolen by the review `Testimonianze', by the publishing house `Cultura della pace' (`Peace culture'), by his collaboration with daily papers and other reviews and by his direct and generous presence at dozens of demonstrations and debates all over Italy. He campaigned against the madness of war, both before and after the Gulf war, and used the five hundredth anniversary in 1992 of the discovery of America, as the occasion to put the very foundations of modern culture in question, and these campaigns became a point of reference for the exterminated `peaceful people'. It was, in fact, while returning from one of these debates that Father Balducci was involved in a car accident. He was admitted to hospital in coma, and died on the 25th of April 1992. Ernesto Balducci is buried in Santa Flora cemetery. (From ``The Closed Circle'', an interview held by Luciano Martini, pub. Marietti, 1988) When I was twelve, instead of preaching in the temple like Jesus, I put on a little overall and went into a blacksmith's workshop. I did my eight hours' work every day for almost six months. I helped shoe horses and donkeys, build bed frames, weld bits of iron together, shape reinforcing rods on the anvil and finish pieces of work off, file in hand, in the vice. Some of my friends smile at these memories as if I were just trying to attract attention, but in reality I know what it's like to carry the yoke of hardship. I remember the day when I was sitting on the steps of our house and mu father told me that I'd have to give up my mania for book for ever because he'd already found me a job. He was unemployed at the time and couldn't make ends meet. I cried, but without rebellion. I started my new life, which would have been definitive, but the Scolopi heard about me through a friend of my mother, Domenico Bulgarini, writer and literary agent (and later a publisher himself), and offered me a free place in November 1934. The truth of the matter is that I had abandoned my deepest aspirations without reservations. I had made the same sacrifice as Abraham, and those six months were an extraordinary schooling. The blacksmith, name of Manfredi, was an anarchist persecuted by fascism. He was profoundly wise and of robust moral dignity, and taught me to look at things from below with an open mind and with anger, but also with a sense of humour. In the toilet of the workshop the following writing stood out: ``Saranno grandi i papi, / saran potenti i re, / ma quando qui si seggono, / son tutti come me'' (``The popes might be great, / the kings might be mighty, / but when they sit down here, / they're all just like me''). And he swore with great imagination while he beat the iron on the anvil. My mother had warned me about this, but in the long run, thanks to Manfredi, I was able to tell the difference between working-class swearing, which is a religious phenomenon, and middle-class swearing, which is repulsive cynicism. When I told him that I was leaving for the Scolopi's College the following day, he put his hands on my shoulders and said solemnly: ``Don't let yourself be fooled by the priests!''. Thirty years later, when the newspapers were talking about my conviction for the defence of conscientious objection, I happened to be in the graveyard in front of my father's gravestone. I hadn't seen Manfredi any more. He came up to me, touched my shoulder and said, as if we had parted company the day before, ``Ernesto, they didn't manage it!''. His pride touched me deeply like a blessing from God. (from ``The World of the Hidden Man'', lectures held in the parish of St Bellarmino in Rome, published by Borla, 1991) The outline I've presented so far also lets me explain - and here we come closer to purely evangelical matters - the fact that one can address a man in two languages. The first is the cultural language, as I am doing with you now. At the moment I am seeking to use a language laid down by our linguistic conventions, by the dominant semantics, by our culture. What I want is to make myself understood. However, I address myself to the educated man, to the man that is familiar with certain premises that I can take for granted, such as the syntax and vocabulary that I use and the cultural references that I have made. However, there is another language that addresses the hidden man, and it's not the cultural one. The cultural language, among other things, requires people ready for work. The prophetic language is addressed to the hidden man, who is not satisfied with the codified language that we use every day because that language doesn't say anything. The hidden man is an infant. Anthropologically speaking, `infant' means `that does not speak', but he can't find the right words because the ones he uses are drawn from those that the educated man has beaten into shape in his linguistic forges. Even so-called human reasoning is reasoning that is fine for the educated man, but not for the sic et simpliciter man in absolute. The hidden man doesn't adapt himself to the language of reason because it doesn't translate all his expectations and isn't fit to express his intuitions. The real language is the prophetic one which, by cultural standards, is an unacceptable and mythological language. When I make the announcement, not to an assembly like this one - in which I presume that there is consensus on many values, even at the level of faith - but to any assembly, ``Blessed are the poor, blessed are the meek'' some people might feel uneasy but in reality something responds inside each of us. It's the hidden man who gets to his feet, who hears an announcement of which he's already had forebodings. That's why prophetic language brings joy. It declares that the impossible is possible, which is sacrilege for the common culture because culture has its highest point in the distinction between the possible and the impossible. When is it that a child is educated to be as one should, to be a man like us? When he learns along the way that you can do this and that you can't do that. Once he's understood it all, the child adapts and remains within the confines laid down by his culture. He won't have many dreams, except for the ones he goes to recount on the psychoanalyst's couch. The hidden man's dreams, said Bloch, are not the ones dreamed with one's eyes shut - those are fruit of the subconscious that is the residue of the present, they are the things we have rejected, the larvae that walk the night - but the ones dreamed with your eyes open, the forbidden ones. Things dreamed with your eyes closed feed a respectable profession like psychoanalysis, and do no more than permit the psychoanalyst to explore a man's archaeology, but not his future. In the hidden man instead, there's the future. His time is the future, not the past. The prophetic language is the one that puts the hidden man in touch with his future. That's why even people without the Christian faith hear the sound of music that they cannot ignore, music that responds to their expectations. Then the cultured man takes over and one acknowledges one's faults. As D'Annunzio said in a famous letter from France, ``I come bearing good news. I have returned pagan''. When one returns pagan, one returns more tranquil. Since the hidden man, by which I mean a collection of possibilities projected onto a future, is to be found in each of us, the evangelical announcement is for each of us. The culture passes but the Gospel remains. I don't even want to sacralize the Gospel here because the words of which it is made up are also cultural. Whoever wrote the Gospel used the words of the culture of his time, so much so that now it doesn't suit me to use some of them any more and it's not for nothing that, with prophetic liberty, I abandon them. I am not tied to words, and let this be said to the custodians of orthodoxy. It's not words that count because, as Paul says, ``The letter kills. It is the Spirit that gives life''. Even the letter of the Gospel can kill. Heaven only knows how many it has killed! It is the Spirit, that is to say the true meaning that can be comprehended in the osmosis between the spoken word and the expectations of the hidden man. (from ``Francesco d'Assisi'', published by Cultura della pace, 1989) It's difficult to imagine what the world will be like seen from not just the male viewpoint. Because one thing is sure, that, so far, the eye that has looked at the world to give it form and meaning has been the male one. Women too have learned to look at themselves and to pose according to the requirements of the male eye. Now that the world, as seen by the males, has become unlivable, we can warn that, if there will ever be a world free of violence, in which respect for life is the first principle of humanity's new `religio naturalis', then that dark force that our biophysical structure harbours and whose primary act is to be found in sexual violence against women, whether carried out or desired, will have been brought to light and definitively eliminated. What's more, the ideal woman, with which male chauvinist culture, both sacred and profane, has enriched our memory, doesn't convince us any more. It was the male that constructed those ideals, during his uninterrupted domination of the world, including the ideal of the Mary the Virgin. Those ideals, whether we're talking about Taide or Teresa of Lisieux always reflect the vision of that eye, sometimes invisible but always omnipresent, that humiliates women or exalts them according to the cunning versatility of Eros. If anyone appeared in the past intent on extricating themselves from their culture's mechanisms - always and everywhere a sexist culture - to propose a man-woman relationship independent of that structural bond that governs us, his followers soon took steps to bring the transgression back within the prevailing order. From the lines and between the lines of the gospel it's easy to tell that, in his way of life and in his preaching, Jesus of Nazareth completely broke the sexist rules that are so dear to legalists, libertines and ascetics, and raised women to the full dignity of personhood. But as soon as he became a memory, the substance of his teaching was integrated into the rigid requirements of the culture of the greek-roman world, modified just enough to be able to call itself a Christian culture. Saint Francis of Assisi was not Jesus, and was much more integrated into the culture of his time than the Messiah. And who would be surprised? However, his return to the gospel `sine glossa', that is without the additional interpretations made by the male hand, couldn't fail to affect radically his way of thinking and of treating women. It's just that he had to invent his new way of life within an institution whose doctrine on women came under the heading of `contemptus mundi' and within a social context where, for example, it was quite inconceivable that women could lead a friar's life, dedicated to manual work, to living together with no guarantee of privacy and to moving about without a fixed home. Such women were conceivable, but only as prostitutes. Every culture has a certain systemic cohesiveness, in that its legal, economic, ethical and religious elements all condition each other so that, if one of them changes, the system reacts either to reinstate it or to drive it out. You can't change the way you treat women and leave the rest of the cultural system intact. To a certain extent, the same thing happened to Saint Francis as happened to Jesus. Almost the only memory we have of him is the one his disciples passed down to us and, even though his disciples meant to respect the truth of the matter, they told it in a way that conformed to the culture of the time, also because they wanted to edify and consolidate the conventional discipline. However, they weren't able to suppress women like Chiara and Jacomina of the Seven Suns from Francis' affectional life. And what they have recounted is enough to put forward the conjecture, with good foundations, that when, after his conversion, Francis took leave of the world, he did not, as one might imagine, take leave of women. He rediscovered them, but not just, as one might have thought, within the sphere of his rigid ascetic battles, that is to say as a peril, but at a higher level, where his eyes contemplated the ``Highest, omnipotent good Lord'', who has made all things good - and therefore women too. On this level all creatures live together in a loving relationship in which neither the dynamics of biological necessity nor aggressive and lustful impulses come in to it, and in which, without making any concessions to our genital differences, men and women are integrated in line with that human completeness to which the Bible alludes mysteriously when it says that God created man, ``and created him male and female''. But the eye of God, let it be known, is not male as was the eye of Pope Innocence III, who loved to call himself his vicar. (from ``Avvenimenti'', special edition, 23 January 1991) The 17th of January 1991 is a date that will be remembered as the end of a long phase in human history, that of Western supremacy. The bombs that fell on Baghdad were supposed to be, as Bush said, the start of the liberation of Kuwait but in the real dynamics that are tearing down the old hierarchy of the nations, they signal the dismal start of the war between North and South. It's a war signed with trembling hand by Italy, and with firm hand by England and France, the two nations that created the countenance and the rules of the modern age. The modern age probably ends with the genocide of the Middle East, just as it started five hundred years ago with the genocide of the American Indians in the far West. ``It's terrifying and it's wonderful, we're making history!'' said the American soldiers in the front line the other night, on hearing the roar of the bombers heading for Iraq. It's true, we're making history, but we're making it after an arrogant and wily tyrant like Saddam succeeded in dragging the great nations of the West step by step into the circle of his own madness. Now the immense Arab community can see the splendour of the Western world with its own eyes and understands what it had already guessed, that it's no longer the case to trust the institutions which are supposed to uphold International Law, but which only listen to the voice of the law when it coincides with the peremptory voice of the market. Islam has tried the ways of western modernization for a decade or so, but now it has all the proof it needs that those are not its ways and is in danger of taking the threatening ways of fundamentalism. It's quite likely that, in the short term, the wonderful and terrifying brute force of the western coalition has had the upper hand, but it is certain that it has forever cut off, in the deep consciousness of the peoples of the South, the hope for a peaceful conquest of the right to take control of their own history. At this moment I find myself, with suffering and humility, asking the offended peoples - the Kurds, the Palestinians, the Eritreans, the Somali and every other people of the Earth whose rights have been left unheard - for the grace to consider me one of them. ``Don't despair'', I would like to say to them, ``there are millions and millions of us within the steel walls of the West living your desperation as if it were our own, and preparing to create a new world together with you, held together by rights and not by terror of the Great Gendarme''. (from ``Avvenimenti'', 15th May 1991) I advise readers to go and fish out page 17 of `La Repubblica' of the 4th of this month. Look at it with a single glimpse, as you would a poster. Appropriately enlarged, it could be used in elementary schools as a useful teaching aid to explain the arduous problems of North/South relations. The pictures on this page speak for themselves. Bang in the middle, the advertisement for ``Nivea for men'' stands out. Four fingers move voluptuously (you can tell by the slight smile on the lips) from collar to chin, brushing the shaved skin with well-visible fingertips. Gaudy writing at chin height reads ``Discover the pleasures of the flesh''. It's the emblematic image of a civilization that now goes as far as to propose the ideal of erotic narcissism in its most innocent offshoots and on the most unthinkable occasions, according to the unfathomable market genius. Right above it, under the title of a blood-curdling article - ``Half a million dead in Bangladesh'' (in the column of the article, at the same height as the tempting slogan, I read ``...one can clearly smell the acrid stench of rotting bodies and meat...'') - there are three photos of the ``biblical drama''. Butted up against the ecstatic face, the tiny body of a baby plunges into the water with its arms splayed like an inverted cross behind the huge carcass of a drowned animal. The two pictures ended up side by side by chance, but chance is often the instrument of genius. Explain in class, if you please, that the little body that is drowning is the South of the world (the majority of humanity) that is drowning, explain that in the disconcerting serenity on the face of that new-born child falling asleep in its underwater grave, there is the infinite patience of the world's poor, the patience that permits us to live in this splendid forgetfulness, with our beautiful ``soft and elastic facial skin'' that radiates perfume and health. Of course, you'll be accused of demagogy, but don't let yourself be intimidated. You're on the side of truth, the harsh truth that has statistical evidence on its side. And if you say, passing from ethics to politics, that to judge any party programme or any government project, one should confront it directly with the intolerable contrast between these two worlds, the North discovering the pleasures of the flesh and the South discovering the horrors of the abyss more and more every day, you will have indicated the path of justice, off which there is no hope of salvation. There's no hope of salvation, I say, in this world because, as believers know, in the other world these children, rising up out of the abyss, will fly as angels. (Father Balducci's last sermon, at Fiesolana Abbey on Easter Day 1992) Year after year we reread the same narration of the faith's central event but we always have the impression of staying on the outside of that humanly incredible event. At least, that's what I suspect, because it can't be demonstrated. We can't demonstrate that the meaning of our existence over time and the meaning of the resurrection are one and the same. We can only go by what has been testified: Jesus of Nazareth was freed from death, not according to his own personal destiny, but as the first-born of a new creation that affects us all. It's a fundamental point because if that event was projected onto the whole universe, our duty takes on a new meaning. Otherwise we are in Death's sepulchre with all our fables, and when time ends, the void will take up absolute sway again. In our most intimate selves we are always on the horns of the dilemma between life as the meaning of it all and death as the meaning of it all. But a way out of this dilemma has been shown to us, and it's a way that we shy away from. What am I trying to say? We tend to limit the fact to that one magical, miraculous moment - in some way miracles always fascinate or perturb us - but we haven't fully accepted the circumstances in which that fact came about, described crudely by Peter in his first epistle in these words, ``He who came back to life is a delinquent hung on a piece of wood''. He is condemned by common accord of two powers, the religious and the political. His crime was that he liberated the oppressed from the power of the devil which, in mythological language, means oppressive power such as illness, hunger and marginalization. He had dared to pronounce words of praise specifically for the excluded ones. He said ``Blessed are the peacemakers, blessed are the persecuted, blessed are the poor...''. He pronounced unacceptable words which, if accepted, make the established order crumble, both the established order of his time and the established order of 1992. If the poor of the Earth get to their feet we are all ruined. We are well off because they are sitting in the shade, in the power of the devil. If, by chance, someone should break that spell, it would be the end for us. We always crucify Christ! This is the truth. Even in 1492, the Church read these phrases and Christians wept with compassion, while at the same time they were crucifying Christ all over the place, and on the other side of the Atlantic for sure. A page of testimony from that epoch was read here on Good Friday, written by Bartholomew de Las Casas in which he tells of incredible crimes committed by Christians, cross in hand. There was one that has left an impression on me for its cruelty, and that would be quite unbelievable if it weren't for the authenticity conferred by a witness. Amongst other crimes, thirteen gallows were erected to hang innocent indians. Twelve were consecrated to the twelve apostles and the thirteenth to Jesus Christ. How is such madness possible? The logic of this madness can be found by following the chain of deductions that lead to a premise. The premise from which that crime derived is that Christians, inasmuch as they believe in Christ, Lord of all the Earth, have the right to possess whatever there is on the Earth. The logic of the crucifixion is turned on its head and becomes the logic of domination. This premise made possible the extermination of the American Indians, even more terrible than the gas ovens. But we forget all this. Our religious faith shrugs off ugly memories and marginalizes them so as to carry on living in self-satisfaction. But this way we will never find faith in the resurrection. It doesn't surprise me that there is a lot of misbelief amongst us. It's obvious. Sometimes non-believers have an advantage: at least they're sincere. We don't really believe in the resurrection. We don't accept the implications. We're happy that someone has been freed from death. Among other things, although we have many blessings on this earth, it's very nice to think that there will be another one after our death. We insert it into our consumerist and hedonistic ethics. How nice! We can be free from death! Our faith is not true faith because true faith is the full acceptance of the plan for this liberation that Jesus carried out and paid for with his life. We are believers in the resurrection in this sense and since we are living on the frontier of the historical epoch in which we grew up, we must pick out the many messages that arrive on this frontier. When we talk about the grace of God we must not - and here too we have been misled - think of some invisible interior event that the Holy Spirit makes happen inside us and then, maybe, each of us is very content that the eye of God has come to rest on him. There's a hidden narcissism in this way of thinking. No, God's messages are alarming and they come from the whole of humanity. When we meet the poor of the Earth and they speak to us, it's God's Grace that comes to greet us. When they speak to us without anger, but with love, like brothers, you almost forget the abuse they have suffered and Grace gathers us up inside itself. We know what resurrection means for humanity. It's when most people come out of the grasp of the devil. I don't want to recite the names of the devil, although I have many in mind. However, they are names that signify a heel standing on the heads of the poor, the plugged mouth of he who has truth to speak and, amid public euphoria, forgetting about those who cannot share our banquet, even within the opulent society. I have read that in well-off Europe there are thirty million poor below the minimum subsistence level. Who remembers them? Being free of the devil means freeing ourselves too, freeing ourselves from this lie. That is to say, in Paul's symbolic words, it means ``to celebrate this feast not with the leavening of malice and perversity but with unleavened sincerity and truth''. Year after year Easter rolls round, but they don't form a sequence. They're not repetitive. I was struck by a painting of Oscar Romero that is all over Latin America. He was killed precisely because he announced the resurrection. He said ``I rise again with my people''. The people's devotion to him is based on this phrase: ``You have risen again in your people''. Our worry is that it'll slip into politics. These themes have wide impact, both in the religious and civil spheres. But we mustn't go into politics. Jesus didn't go into politics. He addressed himself to the common man. He wanted to free the common man, and announced this liberation. We must open our hearts to this announcement, otherwise we are a perverse generation and we won't be forgiven. Let us, therefore, open our hearts to the cosmic breadth of the Easter message and thank the poor that they speak to us, remembering our crimes, without resentment, awaiting the day when we will all be able to walk together, hand in hand, on the Earth created by God for our joy. (from ``Legenda'', April 1992) I was a child when, in the rigid and ascetic environment of my youth, I was told this edifying story. Saint Luigi Gonzaga was playing (did Saint Luigi Gonzaga really know how to play?) when a severe master came up to him and said ``If you knew that you would die this evening, what would you do now?''. ``I'd carry on playing'', replied the youth. What would I do? I often ask myself. I know the canonical response well: whoever performs the will of God need not worry about the time he has left. Nestling in His will, living or dying is the same thing and we are wrapped in eternity, which engulfs the moments that scare us as if they were nothing. But this is the head's answer, so to speak. When I count the years that I probably have left, I feel in me the ancient, deaf fever of the desire to live, that masquerades as the reckoning of all the things I have to do. Freud put it well: in their heart of hearts, no one really believes in their own death. The death we talk or think about is always other people's. And one of his followers, Franco Fornari, with whom I enjoyed a fleeting friendship, was convinced that the evil that eats away at us inside is all caused by our rejection of death. One begins to live with the sombre feeling of the threat inherent in life, specifically that of death. This is where our folly of living without taking account of life's brief time span comes from, almost as if it were eternal. It's the most radical repression. But death is cunning, and we see it in the face of each one of our enemies. It's said that the idea of `the enemy' forms the basis of our civilization. That idea doesn't spring from the fact that there are enemies; enemies exist because that idea exists in us and inevitably gives rise to aggressive impulses. Destroying the enemy - it doesn't matter whether physically or not - is equivalent, in our heart of hearts, to destroying death, to cancelling the end of our time on earth. Peace would blossom in us like a spring of pure water if we were able to reconcile ourselves with death, as did Saint Francis of Assisi, who called it `Sister'. Maybe this is where perfect joy can be found. It's from this mixture of lay and Christian reflections - Freudian and Franciscan - that for some time now I have derived the nourishment to live the time that is left to me. It is, however, a wisdom that not only I, but also the world in which I live needs. It must mean something, too, that scientists keep telling us every now and then just how precarious life on earth is. When I was studying at University, even though the bomb had just exploded at Hiroshima, the official culture was dominated by the crusading idea of History as a prospect without end. The individual passes, but History remains. A well-educated lay conscience lived its brief time without anguish, sacrificing itself to the absolute Conscience whose time is History. But today, science has destroyed even this myth. We now know that the time left to humanity, closed within the inexorable law of entropy, is brief. What is more, we know that the aggression intrinsic in the same technology has abbreviated history's time span (someone has reduced it to a decade!) simply because it has thinned out the resources of energy with faustian arrogance and therefore with criminal folly. I am certain that, in the collective psyche (there is also a collective subconscious) this extreme precariousness of the future has caused a collapse in joie de vivre and, by reflection, a boost to endemic aggressiveness. But this is only the external situation in which I must live the time I have left. I try to do just that, training myself to make gestures of friendship towards death, which is quite a different thing from flirting with the death instinct. The desire to live is, paradoxically, the gift offered to whoever is reconciled to death, to whoever lives each day that comes as a gift without worrying about tomorrow. One's works and one's days then gain their own inner light and fill up with fervour, that is to say with a calm care for life itself, with no need for illusions. The time that is left is the space within which I will be able serve the world, so that its vital potential develops in favour of human dignity. Every other illusion regarding the ``magnificent destiny of progress'' has been snuffed out. Every day I receive news of peoples all around me that are tumbling into death, newly-born babies that, without having yet opened their eyes to life, fall back into the oceanic inertia of death. I feel that I am enjoying an illicit privilege when I realise, with joy, that I have time at my disposition to live and to fill with meaning. If we concentrate on our own ego, we enter into the fable of presumption because the ego is nothing more than the embodiment of primitive narcissism. The real self is behind that mask, where subjectivity implies in itself an `us' that includes the infinite galaxy of human and non-human subjects, the entire network of creation. I would like to live the time I have left abandoning myself to this invisible communion with everything. Might dying not be - as Heraclito said of old - like waking up?

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On December 16, 2011, Maryland received a four-year, $50 million grant award from the US Department of Education under the national Race To the Top - Early Learning Challenge (RTT-ELC) grant competition. Maryland was one of only nine states receiving an award; a total of 35 states submitted grant applications. Click here for a PowerPoint overview of Maryland's RTT-ELC grant and the initiatives being pursued under the grant. Click here for the RTT-ELC Year 1 Status Report (January 1 - December 31, 2012), as included in a report to the Maryland State Board of Education. Click here for full text of the RTT-ELC Annual Performance Report 2012 – Year 1, submitted to the US Department of Education on February 15, 2013. Click here for full text of the RTT-ELC Annual Performance Report 2013 – Year 2, submitted to the US Department of Education on February 15, 2014. RTT-ELC Monthly Progress Updates – click on the links below for progress reports on the 10 projects comprising Maryland’s RTT-ELC State Plan: September 2012 Progress Update October 2012 Progress Update December 2012 Progress Update January 2013 Progress Update February 2013 Progress Update March 2013 Progress Update April 2013 Progress Update May 2013 Progress Update June 2013 Progress Update July 2013 Progress Update August 2013 Progress Update September 2013 Progress Update October 2013 Progress Update November 2013 Progress Update December 2013 Progress Update January 2014 Progress Update February 2014 Progress Update March 2014 Progress Update April 2014 Progress Update May 2014 Progress Update June 2014 Progress Update July 2014 Progress Update August 2014 Progress Update September 2014 Progress Update October 2014 Progress Update November 2014 Progress Update December 2014 Progress Update January February 2015 Progress Update March-June 2015 Progress Update Click here for a webinar presentation describing the purpose and projects of the Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge grant. To post questions and comments regarding the webinar, click here to go to our RTT-ELC “We’d Like to Hear from You” blog site. Click here for information about the mission and activities of the Family Engagement Project, which is one of Maryland's 10 main initiatives under its RTT-ELC grant. The Task Force on Early Learning Teacher Education is a part of the Race to the Top – Early Learning Challenge Grant workforce development objectives. Click here for the final report Click here for the report appendix Join the MSDE Division of Early Childhood Development’s ListServe to receive updates on the Early Learning Challenge grant and related activities. Click on listsrv.msde.state.md.us, then select EARLY CHILDHOOD from the list and follow the instructions to subscribe. Click here for information on how Maryland’s Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge Grant supports children and families of Hispanic origin and children learning English. NOTE: Click here for Race to the Top – Early Learning Challenge Grant Employment Opportunities! · Click here for the MSDE press release announcing Maryland's award. · Click here for a brief description of the ten projects included in Maryland’s Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge Grant. · Click here for the full text of Maryland's application. · Click here for the complete set of appendix material submitted with Maryland’s application. (NOTE: This is a very large file – 180.2 MB – so it may take several moments to display.) · Click here to go to the US Department of Education (USDE) website page that contains links to all 35 states’ grant applications and scores, along with comments on those applications made by USDE reviewers.

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The following problem is from the semifinals of the Federation Francaise des Jeux Mathematiques: One draws randomly an infinite sequence with digits 0, 1 or 2. Afterwards, one reads it in the order of the drawing. What is the probability that one reads "2,0,1,2" without having read "0,1,2" beforehand? Besides the obvious assumption that digits are drawn independently with equidistribution, I am primarily interested in the following interpretation: *) If the sequence starts with 0,1,2,0,1,2 one regards this as having read 0,1,2 before 2,0,1,2 because the first pattern is finished before the second. In addition, I would also like a solution to the following alternative interpretation, especially if it turns out to be easier to calculate: *) If the sequence starts with 0,1,2,0,1,2 one regards this as NOT read 0,1,2 before 2,0,1,2 at this point because the first pattern has not finished before the second starts.

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Suppose $p(x)=x^2+5x+3$ and $q(x)=3x^3-3x+7$. Write the expression $(q \circ p)(x)$ as a sum of terms, each which is a constant times the power of $x$. Here is my work for the problem: Did I do something wrong while working with this problem? The final answer I got wasn't in the multiple choice answers. I went over this problem 3 times and cannot find what I am doing wrong.

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Nothing, that is, except for a societal predilection to think that mathematics is too much effort for too little value. I suspect that that predilection is probably as important as any flaws in curriculum in explaining why so many students do so poorly at mathematics. On Mon, Nov 5, 2012 at 12:36 PM, Robert Hansen <email@example.com> wrote: > I've certainly thought of this before. Weighing heavily against this > suggestion is the sheer size of my sample. If what you say is possible, and > considering that students are socially promoted, we would have seen some > evidence. I mean, nothing stops a student from not getting arithmetic and > then going on to be successful with algebra. I started the study looking > for such anomalies. > > Bob Hansen > > On Nov 2, 2012, at 2:06 AM, Louis Talman <firstname.lastname@example.org> wrote: > > > Your "natural progression" completely ignores a significant > possibility: The primacy of arithmetic is simply an artifact of a > curriculum that denies entry to those who haven't acquired proficiency at > arithmetic. > -- --Louis A. Talman Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences Metropolitan State College of Denver

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Date: Dec 12, 2012 10:08 AM Author: GS Chandy Subject: Re: How to Be a Successful Human Haim posted Dec 12, 2012 7:24 PM: > GS Chandy Posted: Dec 12, 2012 1:37 AM > >Even further emphasis might be useful with respect > >to 'the case for humanities': > >- -- "a handle on what we value (philosophy)" > >- -- "what mistakes we've learned from (history)" > >- -- "how to understand other cultures (comparative > >- -- "how to interpret and describe what we > >from day to day (English)" [English; US English; > >English; Australian English; Hindi; Russian; > >I observe that a fair bit of the above is, in the > >contrary to a number of the values that Haim has not > >unexpectedly expressed at > >and elsewhere. > Do you feel that OPMS can assist in reading > ing comprehension? > No representation without taxation. To 'discover' the answer to your question, it would be advisable to read the OPMS documentation already put up. If you had done that, you would have known that the OPMS is an aid to problem solving and decision making that depends on inherent human capabilities to resolve any kind of problems confronted (including, I'd believe, those of "reading comprehension"). It does demand: i) recognition by the 'owner' that a problem exists; and then ii) desire to resolve it. ("Still Shoveling Away!")

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How many chips did they have at the start? - Game of 24 [7/15/1996] A student takes four numbers and combines them by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or a combination thereof to produce an answer - Getting All the Utilities to Each House [5/17/1995] There are three houses and three different utilities. Can you connect each utility to each home WITHOUT crossing any lines? - The Gift of the Magi [09/08/2002] What mathematical error can be found in the first paragraph of O. Henry's 'The Gift of the Magi'? - Girls and Coins [01/29/2001] Five girls stopped for a soda on the way home from school. The girls were amazed to find that each of them had exactly six coins... - Grandfather Clock and 7-Second Chime [06/06/2002] If it takes a grandfather clock 7 seconds to chime 7 o'clock, how long will it take the same clock to chime 10 o'clock? - Grid Game [07/20/2001] This game for two players is played on a rectangular grid with a fixed number of rows and columns. Play begins in the bottom left-hand square... - Guess and Check - How Many Coins? [10/03/2002] Jeremy has seven fewer coins than Hanna. If together they have 83 coins, how many coins does Hanna have? - Half of Five is Four? [11/04/2004] What's the only number system where half of five is four? - Heads and Legs [07/25/2001] Joe counts 48 heads and 134 legs among the chickens and dogs on his farm. How many dogs and how many chickens does he have? - A Hen and a Half [09/23/1998] If a hen and a half lays an egg and a half in a day and a half, how many eggs will five hens lay in 6 days? - Hidden Faces in a Set of Cubes [10/04/2000] Can you give us a hint for a formula that will tell you the number of hidden faces in an arrangement of a cubes if you know the number of - Hit-and-Run Prime Number Problem [12/10/2002] Did you get his license number? - How Does the Crystal Ball Know What Number I Chose? [01/05/2010] Doctor Ian reveals how a mind-reading crystal ball "knows" the number you've chosen: represent any two-digit number 'ab' as 10*a + b.... - How Does the Fido Puzzle Work? [05/12/2004] Can you give me the mathematical explanation of how the Fido puzzle works? You can find the puzzle at http://digicc.com/fido/. - How Heavy is the Brick? [11/15/1997] If a brick weighs a kilogram plus half a brick, how heavy is the brick? - How Many Games Were Tied? [06/07/1999] How many games are tied if each team receives 3 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, and no points for a loss, and after 4 rounds the accumulated points are: Lions 22, Tigers 19, Mounties 14, Royals 12? - How Many Hidden Faces? [07/07/2002] When you place a number of cubes in a row on a surface, how many of the faces can't be seen from any position? Is there a formula for this? - How Many Pencils? [09/05/2001] How many pencils does Al have if all of them are blue except 2, all of them are yellow except 2, and all of them are red except 2? - How Many People Went on the Cruise? [12/03/2001] At the end of a special cruise, the employees could not remember the total number of people who were on board. However, they had the following data from the passenger list: 520 European females... - How Much Money? [08/16/2001] A man has 3 daughters, 4 sons, and a sum of money. If he divides the money equally among his daughters $2 will be left over... - How Old is Korinth? [09/09/1997] Korinth is twice as old as Marin was when Korinth was as old as Marin is now. Marin is 18.

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See also the Dr. Math FAQ: 3D and higher Browse Middle School Word Problems Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. Selected answers to common questions: - Combining Rates of Work [10/27/1998] Jones takes 12 hours to complete a task. Marco arrives, and they finish in 2 hours. How long would Marco have needed to do the job alone? - Combining Rates of Work: From Unit Rates to a General Model [12/23/2013] A student solves a problem about combined rates of work, but struggles to understand "units of work per man-hour" and the other ratios it entails. Doctor Ian approaches the problem first by simplifying it into unit rates, then distinguishes the direct proportions from the inverse ones en route to a general template that would model the combination of any work rates. - Combining Rates of Work, Revealing Constants of Word Problems [11/13/2011] An adult wonders how to logically reason through problems that entail combining rates of work. Moved to re-examine the mechanics he learned in high school, Doctor Jerry introduces a constant tacitly assumed in the wording of such problems. - Commissions [03/19/2002] Mildred receives a 5% commission on her sales of exercise equipment and a 6% commission on her sales of weight training equipment... - Comparing Prices [09/29/2003] Which of these is the better buy: a 6-ounce can of tuna that sells for $1.59, or a package of three 3-ounce cans for $2.19? - Comparing Running Rates [01/20/2005] Jack and Jane ran the 100 yard dash. When Jane won, Jack was 10 yards behind her. They raced again, but this time Jane started 10 yards behind the starting line. If they both ran at the same rate as in the first race, who won the second race? - Comparison of On-line Rates [5/20/1996] Jack is interested in two on-line companies, Easy Comp and Destruct - Complicated Age Problem [02/04/2002] Eight years ago Mary was half as old as Jane will be when Jane is one year older than Tim will be at that time when Mary will be five times as old as Tim will be two years from now... - Concept of Farmer Crossing a River [04/30/2002] What concept does the farmer, fox, and chicken problem use, and how does it relate to the sheriffs and outlaws problem, husband and wives problem, and missionaries and cannibals problem? - A Container Holds 5/8 Gallon... [11/05/1997] If the container is 4/5 full and then 25 percent of the liquid is lost due to evaporation, how much liquid is left in the container? - Converting Miles/Hour to Feet [08/14/1997] If my father is traveling in his car at 45 mph, how long will it take him to travel 100 feet? - Converting to an Equation [06/13/1999] How can I convert "the square of a number is 96 more than 10 times the number" into an equation? - Cooking at a Set Rate [6/13/1996] If a 10 pound turkey takes four hours to cook, how long will it take a 14 pound turkey to cook? - Cost of a Ruler [08/01/1997] Alice and Betty want to buy the same kind of ruler but Alice is 22 cents short and Betty is 3 cents short... - Cost of Pencils [6/26/1996] Drawing pencils cost ... and coloured pencils cost... Two dozen assorted pencils cost $2.16. How many coloured pencils are there? - Cost, Overhead, Selling Price, and Profit [06/24/2008] Larry's Lamp Shop buys lamps for $18 each. If Larry's overhead is $7.29 per lamp and he makes a profit of $3.38 per lamp, what is the selling price of each lamp? - Counting Students [10/06/1998] In a class, 3/4 of the students are less than 16 years old, 2/3 are less than 15 years old, .... How many students are in the class? - A Crabby Word Problem [2/13/1996] A crab is trying to swim to its home, 35 meters out in the ocean. It takes the crab one minute to swim ten meters; then a wave washes it back five meters, where it rests for one minute before trying again. How long will it take the crab to get home? - Crossing a River: Cannibals and Missionaries [10/15/2001] Three missionaries and three cannibals wish to cross a river using a single boat that will hold only two people. If at any time the cannibals outnumber the missionaries, those missionaries will be eaten... - Crossing the Desert [05/22/2001] A truck gets one mile per gallon, and can hold 400 gallons at a time. How much is the minimum amount to cross a 1000-mile desert? - Crossing the Desert [08/19/1998] One person can carry a 4-day supply of food and water for a trip across a desert that takes 6 days to cross... - Cutting a Pipe [06/24/2003] You have a pipe that is 21 1/8' long. How many 2' segments can be made of this pipe if 1/8' waste is created from each cut? - Cutting Equal Strips [09/08/2005] Given five 4 ft by 8 ft rectangular sheets of plywood, how many strips that are 7 1/2 inches wide and 8 feet long could you cut? Each saw cut eliminates 1/16 inch of the plywood as sawdust, and you are not able to glue any strips together. - Cycling Motion Problem [6/26/1996] A cyclist travels from A to B over a high pass... - Cycling Uphill [7/8/1996] I don't know how to handle the unknown speed at which the cyclist travels - Dart Data [02/29/2012] A mother and daughter struggle to enumerate possible scores from throwing four darts at three scoring rings. Doctor Peterson suggests another way to tabulate the tosses: methodically organize the data into groups of four outcomes rather than treating each dart individually. - Delivering Papers [11/15/1999] How many papers will Juni deliver if Uri delivers 5 newspapers in the same time that Juni delivers 4 newspapers, and they have a total of 54 papers to deliver? - Density Equation Family [03/27/2002] I need to know how to solve for mass using volume and density. - Dependent and Independent Variables [12/26/2001] Identify the dependent and independent variable: time it takes to travel 50 miles and the speed of the vehicle. - Depth of a Tank [09/04/1997] A tank 100' long and 10' wide holds 15,000 cu. ft. of water... - Determining Which Number to Divide by Which [10/04/2004] Julia plans to use a recipe that yields 15 pounds of fudge. She intends to wrap the fudge she makes in 3/4 pound boxes and give one box to each of her friends and relatives for gifts. How many gifts will she have? Should I divide 15 by 3/4 or 3/4 by 15? - The Difference of x and y... [06/05/2003] The difference of a number and its square is 42. Is the equation x^2 - x = 42 or x - x^2 = 42? - Different Combinations of Coins [2/18/1996] Francisco has some change in his pocket. He gives his friends three clues to see if they can guess how much he has: the coins equal exactly one dollar; he has no more than 100 coins; he has at least one coin. What combination of coins can Francisco have in his pocket? - Diophantus' Lifespan [05/14/1997] Diophantus' youth lasted 1/6 of his life. He grew a beard after 1/12 more of his life. After 1/7 more of his life, he married. Five years later he had a son. How many years did Diophantus live? - Direct and Indirect Variation [07/09/1998] Can you explain the difference between direct and indirect variation? How would you interpret them in a word problem? - Direct and Inverse Variation [04/25/2001] An example of each type of problem. - Distance, Rate and Time [6/3/1995] Ian travelled by train at 80km/h and then by car at 90 km/h. It took him 3 hours to travel the total distance of 265km. How far did he travel during each phase of his journey, and how long did each phase take? - Distance, Rate, and Time Problems [3/22/1995] Liza and Tamar leave the same camp and run in opposite directions. Liza runs 2m/s and Tamar runs 3m/s. How far apart are they after 1 hour? - Distance/Time [12/8/1995] Bernice is cycling around a track at 15 mph. Betty starts at the same time, but only goes 12 mph. How many minutes after they start will Bernice pass Betty if the track is 1/2 mile long? - Dividing 17 Rings [10/22/1996] How was the inheritance divided?

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Do you know if there are any links between the property of matrix determinants and Complex numbers. - a complex number being z=x+yi, where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary number which represents sqrt(-1) - a matrix being a 2x2 representation of a Complex number, written as: x -y y x I know how to find the determinant of a matrix, but I don't know if there is a property in Complex number operations etc that corresponds to this determinant property in Matrices. ie. if you perform both operations in their different forms with the same complex number/matrix, you should end up with the same result. I've tried and tried different things, but I can't think of anything that is similar. I need help! Please and thankyou

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Yes, but I don't see why we should include the empty set in counting. So I think it should be 2^k-1. Is it because in n =rm^2 we need to also throw in the possibility that no prime occurs in the factorization of r because r = 1? Also, I would like to see a proof that n can always be written as rm^2. That's not clear to me. As for representation of integers as the product of a squarefree integer and a square : Suppose is the canonical representation of as a product of prime-powers. Using the division algorithm, write , , for . Then , where is squarefree and . I'll let you show that this representation is unique. If you know a bit about algebra, we can state this situation in more abstract terms. Consider (excluding ) as a commutative monoid. The set of powers is a sub-monoid, and the quotient monoid is isomorphic to to (this is actually a group, since every element in this monoid has finite order at most ). In the case , which is your case, the monoid can in fact be considered as a countably infinite vector space over the field with two elements. Thanks! That clears up all of my problems. Now, I'm studying another proof of Erdos. This time, the proof of Bertrand's postulate. I'm following wikipedia's outline of the argument. I've made it quite far without getting confused. However, I don't understand the part that says " When p > sqrt(2n), the number (2n, n) has at most one factor of p. I would like to see a proof of that. Second, I don't see how that plays into the following argument using Lemma 2.

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Yes. Also, you probably got that t = 9 / (4 - a). The latter graph looks like this. So, for a > 4 the time to meeting is negative, which means that the meeting must have been in the past and will not happen in the future (this is natural since if B moves right faster than A, they cannot meet). For a < 4, the function t(a) is increasing. Since we need to find the smallest t, we need to find the smallest allowed a. Since the maximum speed of B is 8 km/h, the vector (a, b), when its beginning is at (0, 0), lies inside a circle of radius 8. Also, b= -2a+7. The circle carves a segment on the line b = -2a+7, and we need to take the left end of that segment, which corresponds to the smallest a.

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Each of the 10 people have a choice of 5 floors.Ten people get on an elevator on the first floor of a six-story building. Assume that each of the 10 people get off at random at any one of the five upper floors. a) What is the probability that 3 or more people get off at least one floor? . . There are possible outcomes. The opposite of "three or more people" is "two or less people". The only way that two or less people get off on all the floors . . is if two people get off on each floor. This can happen in ways. I'll let you reduce the fraction . . . The families are: .b) Assume that the 10 people are actually 4 couples and 2 of the couples have 1 child each. Assume also that families get off at the same floor. What is the probability that 3 or more people get off at least one or more floors? A family-of-three will get off on one the floors, right? The probability is: 1.00 = 100%. There are four families: .c) Again assume the 10 people are 4 couples and 2 children. What is the probability that the 2 children get off on different floors? . . They can get off in ways. Suppose the two children get off on the same floor. Then we have three "families": . . . They can get off in: ways. Hence, the two children get off on different floors in: ways.

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Trees are something that everyone has in their backyard. Woods which have beans in it are not that popular however. Origin coffee is really a quite interesting topic and you will be shocked what whatever you cando with Melbourne coffee beans best. lots of people consume this just for pure pleasure. They drink it if they and somebody visit. They occasionally also put it to use to dunk biscuits or rusks in. But where all achieved it start.. Many individuals take for granted this great dust as possible buyin the store today. Few of them think of it got there.. They would wait for the trees to not become empty of beans and then they will start picking the beans in the bushes. They’ll make certain that all-the beans which can be natural are being chosen from these bushes. Do You Think About Buying a Coffee Bean Roaster Jan 31, 20120 Ads by Google Online Forex Trading Make profit within 5 minutes! Get bonus 30% for each deposit www.instaforex.com 20thAICC CoffeeConference Asia Largest Coffee industry event coffee policy Production projection www.asiainternationalcoffee.com Gene Cafe Coffee Roaster Asean Appointed Distributor for Gene Cafe Coffee Roaster www.thecoffeescent.com.sg Dragon’s Prophet spielen Jetzt anmelden und spielen! Mehr als 300 Drachen erwarten Dich. www.dragonspropheteurope.com Korean coffee Looking for korean coffee? Many kinds of korean coffee here! www.agrotrade.net A coffee bean roaster will allow you to enjoy a cup of coffee that is incredibly fresh and full of flavor. Chances are pretty good that once you enjoy a cup of coffee made from fresh roasted beans, you will never go back to regular coffee again. In fact, you will probably run out and buy your very own coffee bean roaster. Process of Coffee Roasting Machines The different roasting times and techniques Coffee Roasters in a different shapes and sizes Tips to Buy Green Coffee Beans for the Home Coffee Roaster What Does a Coffee Bean Roaster Do? Coffee Bean RoasterA coffee bean roaster is necessary for roasting coffee beans before you can use them to make that wonderful morning beverage we all love. Before you can make coffee, the beans must be roasted. The beans react to the heat in several ways. Physical and chemical changes take place inside the beans. They dry out and get bigger. A coffee bean roaster causes them to change color and caramelize. Why Should You Get a Coffee Bean Roaster For Your Home? The biggest reason to get a coffee bean roaster for your home is to roast beans at home. That makes a lot of sense, right? You want to roast your own beans so you can enjoy the freshest cup of coffee possible. First off, green coffee beans are cheaper than roasted coffee beans and they will keep longer until you are ready to throw them into your coffee bean roaster. A coffee bean roaster lets you roast the beans immediately before you are going to use them. This way the beans have no time to oxidize. They are about as fresh as you can get them. The cup you brew using the beans cooked in a home coffee roaster will be full of flavor. What Kind of Coffee Bean Roaster Should You Buy? There are three main types of coffee bean roasters you can buy. They are stovetop, airflow, and drum coffee ean roasters. A stovetop coffee bean roaster looks like a sauce pan. It has a lid that seals tight to keep in the heat. Good models will have a thermometer and all models have a hand crank. You will have to pay attention and constantly turn the crank and monitor the temperature inside the coffee bean roaster. The second one is an airflow coffee bean roaster. These work like a popcorn popper. They use hot air to roast the beans. These usually are small and have pre-sets so you can choose how long to cook your beans. Most models have a window so you can watch and keep track of how the beans are roasting. However, once you load the beans, you don’t have to stand there and watch the coffee bean roaster work. The last kind is a drum coffee roaster. These machines are bigger and can hold more beans. They used to only be used in coffee shops and other similar businesses. Today they are made and sold to be used in homes like yours. You just throw your beans in the drum and it use convection heating to roast the beans while the drum moves the beans around inside the coffee bean roaster. http://www.iroast.com.au/ When they’ve picked most of the beans from these trees, they will go and rinse the beans they have picked. An excessive cleansing procedure will be gone through by the beans. That is when every one of the soil and also the toxins will soon be removed from the green beans that have simply been selected. Once all the beans have now been picked, they’ll undergo a method that is cleanup. They are presented to dry, once they happen to be cleaned. They can grow the bushes. The beans will likely then be picked when the tree begin having beans. The beans are now being harvested they don’t wait for the vegetable to fall off from the tree., they will proceed through an activity to be dried. They’ll be spread open across a dish and after that they will enter a fireplace range. While in the hearth range, they’ll get roasting. They’re being placed in a range where they get roasted. The level at what they are roasted can ascertain just how strong it will be and the way the end-product may taste. The conclusion solution is going to be most of the beans happen to be selected from the trees, when the bean has been roasted to your very dark-brown shade, the folks will likely then begin the washing procedure. It is a method where all of the toxins will be taken off the beans. They time that they can stay in the stove all can rely on what sort of strength they need the conclusion item to become. When they desire preference and an extremely robust smell, they’ll abandon the beans inside the fire until it’s a dark-roasted color. Whenever they wish a very gentle perfume and preference, they will leave the beans compared to the additional vegetable within the stove considerably shorter to obtain a light-brown roasted shade. Once the beans are not all wet and clear they’ll go through the roasting process. Once they are put available over a plate that is and they are being roasted. Depending on what type of flavor you desire, it will be like distinct skills of this cocktail in the fireplace for a long time or even a short time.. If it is mild and some enjoy it some want it when it is very strong. Many people have become delicate towards the coffee that is within this item. That’s why you will discover that there is something like a decaffeinated solution. This is also called decaffeinated. Many people are vulnerable to caffeine the reason why they’ll choose the merchandise without coffee and also this is. Many people believe this may also be reasons why they’d buy the merchandise that does not contain caffeine., many people thought that the bean could be eaten by them. Only in The very first saving which was built about that solution was manufactured somewhere inside the century. Just next did the item start spreading. It had been discovered in east Africa. The history with this solution may go back as far as somewhere within the thirteenth century. This is not less or less when the recoding was manufactured from the product’s use. It may be further back at the same time, than simply building a beverage Many persons use the powder for other items but there’s no saving of the use of this product. In presenting a particular taste to different varieties of points, people use is. These things can vary from biscuits, to icecream. From bubble bath to place, spray is available. Today you can find not many individuals who really can live without it. It is something which also if they have to study school students will drink to not remain asleep. It certainly has become a requirement.

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UPDATE - St. Louis area angler catches 130-pound blue catfish, breaks state and world records St. Louis — It’s not every day you go out to fish on the waters of the Missouri River and come back swimming in a media frenzy. Of course it could happen if, like Greg Bernal, you manage to topple a Missouri state — and quite probably a world —record. That’s just what did happen to the Florissant angler after he reeled in a 130-pound monster blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) in the early morning hours of Tuesday, July 20. Bernal and his fishing companion, Janet Momphard of St. Charles, set out Monday night for a catfishing trip on the Missouri River in St. Louis County near Columbia Bottom Conservation Area. They were in place by around 9:00 p.m. that evening. For reasons obvious to most anglers, they are keeping the exact location between them and the Big Muddy. Bernal was fishing from his boat using rod, reel, and 40-pound test line. Cut silver carp was on the hook for bait. With storms approaching, the two decided to call it quits by 1:00 a.m. Then, at around 12:45 a.m., Bernal‘s line tightened. “There was no movement at first,” reported Bernal. “I didn’t even know it was a fish. He was hung up on the bottom.” The fish soon worked its way out and the fight began. It was a difficult struggle. “But I had my footing on him,” said Bernal. After 15 minutes, Bernal managed to pull the fish to the boat. From there it took him and Momphard a half hour to wrestle the behemoth from the water. Momphard knew right away her companion had landed a big one. “He’s got his almost 80-pounder on the wall, and I’m like, that’s much bigger,” she said. “We lift a 125-pound generator all the time, and when we went to lift that thing up, I said this thing weighs close to the generator.” Tuesday morning the two took their catch to the Missouri Department of Conservation’s Regional Office at the August A. Busch Memorial Conservation Area in St. Charles. There, Fisheries Management Biologist Sarah Peper set out to weigh and measure the fish. The blue cat was taken to the Straatmann Feed Store in nearby New Melle, the nearest state-certified weighing scale. “When the weigh master started pushing the sliding weights up the scale, he got past 100 pounds and just kept going,” Peper remembered. “When the scale finally balanced out at 130 pounds, we were in shock. It was amazing.” The final official stats on Bernal’s blue cat were: - Weight: 130-pounds - Length: 57-inches - Girth: 45-inches. - Fisheries biologists estimate its age at 20-30 years. The monster cat easily displaced the previous Missouri state record — a 103-pounder landed in 1991 — allowing Peper to officially certify Bernal’s catch as the new Missouri state record blue catfish caught on pole and line. The lunker also bested the 124-pound standing world record blue cat — caught in May 2005 from the Mississippi River near Alton — by 6 pounds, making Bernal’s fish the new world record, pending official confirmation. Peper completed the world-record application for Bernal to have notarized and submit to the International Game Fish Association, the organization responsible for declaring the fish’s official status. Bernal and Momphard returned to the Conservation Department office where they were greeted by a flurry of news media. As a Fisheries Biologist, Peper sees Bernal’s prize as good news for all Show-Me State anglers. “The fact that this fish, and the standing world record blue catfish, were both caught near the same area goes to show the kind of world-class fishing we have in Missouri,” she noted. But to Bernal, it comes down to something more visceral. “It’s an adrenaline rush,” he said. “Man, you hit a big fish down there and he just starts rippin’ drag off... It’s like, oh my gosh!” As for Momphard, “I told him, the bigger ones, I’ll just hand the pole to you.”

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And, like Ahab, their preoccupation is all about revenge, even though Republicans joined Democrats in demanding that Nixon resign. Recall that shortly before Nixon was re-elected in 1972, news broke of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington’s iconic Watergate Complex. Thanks to a pair of intrepid reporters, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward of the Washington Post, the small-time burglary became a big time scandal reaching all the way to President Nixon’s Oval Office. The burglars, it seems, were in the pay of the GOP campaign and the president, we now know, worked tirelessly to hide his ties to the break-in, giving birth to the cliché, “the cover-up is always worse than the crime.” Funny thing is, if you take away Watergate, Nixon was a pretty good chief executive. On his own initiative he began a dialogue with Red China and started negotiations to end the Vietnam War. Nixon conceived and signed into existence the Environmental Protection Agency. He was the president when men first landed on the moon. Sadly, Nixon will be remembered for Watergate, forced to resign his office in disgrace. Even though it was self-inflicted, the Watergate humiliation has haunted Republicans evermore. In 1992, Bill Clinton was elected president, his reputation as a voluptuary preceding him to Washington. Republicans eagerly embarked on a hunt for their white whale, looking for the scandal that would force the young Democratic president from office and, more important, finally even the score. And this time the GOP had Fox News, Rush Limbaugh and the rest of the conservative entertainment complex to echo and amplify any and all accusations they made against Clinton, true or not. Thus, what began as an investigation into an allegedly crooked real estate deal, many years and many more taxpayer millions later, led Republican Special Prosecutor Ken Starr to … a stained blue dress. But in an amazing ju-jitsu move, instead of Clinton being driven from office, it was Republican House Speaker and chief Clinton antagonist Newt Gingrich who resigned, along with his heir apparent, Rep. Bob Livingston, after the pair’s extramarital affairs were exposed. Clinton went on to complete his term and remains one of the most popular politicians in American history. His wife, Hillary, is our exemplary Secretary of State and possible 2016 presidential candidate. Enter Barack Obama. From almost his first day, Senate and House Republicans began searching for any whiff of scandal in the president’s White House. They thought they had something with their bogus Fast and Furious investigation; “Obama’s Watergate,” cried Forbes, before F&F fizzled. Now they’ve seized on the Sept. 11 tragedy in Benghazi as the “scandal” that will finally ruin a Democratic president. Politicizing the terrorist attack — something Democrats never did after 9/11 — Republicans have lowered the boats, with Sen. John McCain in the prow playing Captain Ahab, baselessly demanding a “Watergate-style” investigation while shamefully smearing U.N. Ambassador Susan Rice’s reputation. Ahab was out for payback in his maniacal search Moby Dick. McCain is no less unhinged, seemingly bent on revenge, bitter and frustrated that a little known and seemingly unaccomplished Illinois senator defeated him in 2008. It’s sad, even pathetic, watching the 76-year-old McCain blindly flailing about in the twilight of his career after sacrificing so much for the country he loves. The senator would do well to remember what happened to Ahab after he finally sunk his harpoon into Moby Dick. Kevin Foley is a public relations executive, author and writer who lives in Kennesaw.

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Rodman and three members of the Harlem Globetrotters were in Pyongyang at the invitation of third-generation dictator Kim Jong Un — an ardent basketball fan, as it turns out. Kim has refused to meet with regular U.S. diplomats, but he seemed to have all the time in the world for the tattooed and pierced Rodman. They sat together at a basketball game and Kim treated his American guests to what one member of Rodman’s party called an “epic feast,” a curiously insensitive gesture in a land for whom the normal condition of its people is starvation. Kim clearly snowed Rodman. The player known for his fearsome defensive skills called Kim “an awesome guy,” assured the North Korean leader that he had “a friend for life” and called his father and grandfather, the creators and perpetuators of a slave state, “great leaders.” Outside of North Korea, Rodman is probably alone in that assessment. “The North Korean regime has a horrific human-rights record, quite possibly the worst human-rights situation in the world,” said U.S. State Department spokesman Patrick Ventrell. The State Department took pains to establish that Rodman in no way represented the United States and that the player once known as “The Worm” was representing only himself. If Rodman was aware that North Korea had recently threatened to attack the United States for its “hostile attitude,” he gave no sign of it. On his return to the U.S., Rodman said that a good way for the U.S. to break the diplomatic ice was for President Barack Obama to pick up the phone and call Kim to talk basketball, one fan to another. This is an offer the president will refuse, even though it may cause Kim, who can’t stand to be ignored, to make more threats and perhaps even schedule one of those unsuccessful rocket launches Pyongyang seems to specialize in.

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Associated Wholesale Grocers’ lawsuit against United Potato Growers of America and two dozen other defendants was shifted this week to U.S. District Court in Idaho, America’s top potato-producing state with 30 percent of the nation’s supply. It’s unclear how much the alleged price-fixing has bumped up the cost of frozen french fries or a steaming spud served with a steak, but the case isn’t small potatoes: They’re America’s most popular vegetable, worth billions in sales each year, and their journey from the field to the table is complex. Farmers trying to make a profit dependent on weather, water and fuel costs are pitted against grocers who worry they’re getting gouged. And while the U.S. Department of Justice hasn’t joined this case, its lawyers have been examining how large, modern agricultural cooperatives like the United Potato Growers are employing almost century-old antitrust exemptions to strengthen their hands. In this lawsuit, the Kansas-based grocers association, a cooperative supplying more than 2,000 stores including IGA, Thriftway and Price Chopper in 24 states, contends potato growers have banded together for a decade to illegally inflate prices in a scheme akin to the petroleum-producing OPEC cartel, reducing planting acreages and destroying potatoes to restrict what is available for sale. “UPGA utilized predatory conduct and coercive conduct in ensuring compliance with the price-fixing scheme,” according to the lawsuit, which alleges tactics including use of “satellite imagery, fly-overs, GPS systems, and other methods to enforce its agreement to reduce potato supply.” The grocers are asking for triple damages, likely in the millions, and are focusing on growers of fresh potato varieties found in big bags, as well as potatoes processed into crinkle-cut fries, Tater Tots and other products and sold in freezer sections of the group’s stores. United Potato Growers of America has organized growers in 15 states — it has members in Alaska, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Washington and Wisconsin, representing three-quarters of the nation’s fresh potato production. United Potato Growers of America’s Salt Lake City-based attorney, Randon Wilson, contends his group is shielded by the Capper-Volstead Act. The 1922 federal law was meant as a limited exemption from antitrust rules for agricultural cooperatives, while still aiming to protect consumers from unduly high prices that could accompany a monopoly. “Right from the beginning, we did everything right, to qualify for Capper-Volstead,” Wilson said. “We know what you have to do to qualify for that limited exemption and we followed all those rules.” Dell Raybould, an owner of Raybould Farms and a Republican state representative, is a member of the co-op and has also been named in the lawsuit. Raybould, who grows Russet Burbanks and Norkotah Russets on 850 acres near Rexburg in Idaho’s far east, paints a bleak picture of potato farming before 2004: A haphazard industry where farmers inevitably grew too many tubers, pushing prices into the cellar. “I can remember when people hauled their potatoes out in the field with the manure spreader, dumped them and plowed them under,” said Raybould, who has been growing potatoes since 1953. “They did try to level out production, so we didn’t have the boom and bust thing all the time. And when they did, the co-op, they went about this the right way. They got the best co-op attorney in the nation, and they did it right.” However, Associated Wholesale Grocers contends the growers illegally sought to boost the price of potatoes. At secret meetings in Idaho Falls, according to the complaint, big Idaho growers like Albert Wada and members of the Raybould family, as well as North Dakota ag-multimillionaire Ronald Offutt, worked with Wilson to hatch a far-reaching price-fixing scheme, creating a powerful agricultural juggernaut capable of squeezing buyers. “None of the defendants ... is entitled to the limited protections found in the Capper-Volstead Act for their efforts to restrict potato supply and fix prices,” wrote Patrick J. Stueve, the grocers’ lawyer in Kansas City. Though the Justice Department didn’t return a phone call seeking comment Thursday, it’s clear Stueve’s basic contention — that Capper-Volstead is being used to illegally inflate potato prices — has emerged as an issue. The DOJ and U.S. Department of Agriculture held workshops in 2010 on large agricultural cooperatives and their use of the law. Litigation has been mounting, too. A similar federal lawsuit filed in 2010 targeting potato growers is now advancing in Idaho, a case that may eventually be combined with this one. Meanwhile, antitrust complaints, including from the DOJ, have been lodged against mushroom growers, dairy farmers, egg producers and the cranberry industry. Peter Carstensen, a University of Wisconsin Law School professor in Madison who focuses on antitrust cases, said a common gulf separates rival protagonists: On one side, large agricultural producers argue they’re legitimately using the power of the cooperative to create a more efficient market, while grocers and the government contend they’re inappropriately exploiting their antitrust protections. “Capper-Volstead was designed primarily to facilitate more efficient marketing of agricultural products,” Carstensen said. “There’s an increasing perception that Capper-Volstead is being abused.”

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The protein concentrate APOSEC, obtained from white blood cells, when given intravenously 40 minutes after an acute myocardial infarction, largely prevents scarring of the cardiac muscle. These were the findings of Hendrik Jan Ankersmit, Head of the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Diagnosis and Regeneration in Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases at the MedUni Vienna, which were unveiled back in the autumn of 2011. A study by a team of researchers led by Ankersmit has now unravelled further mechanisms responsible for how APOSEC works. A lack of oxygen, due to inflammation and "sticking" of the incoming blood supply caused by platelets in the blood can lead to microvascular obstruction (MVO) in the tissue of the affected organ. In ischaemic conditions (such as myocardial infarctions, strokes, etc.), an additional drug treatment that combines the effects of vasodilation, platelet aggregation inhibition and immunomodulation would be ideal. "Through fundamental research, we have demonstrated that APOSEC triggers several of these protective mechanisms at once. APOSEC contains, among others, nitrogen monoxide (NO), which is responsible for the vasodilating and platelet aggregation inhibiting effect after an acute myocardial infarction. In collaboration with the working groups led by Prof. Mariann Gyöngyösi (Cardiology, MedUni Vienna) and Prof. Ivo Volf (Medical Physiology, MedUni Vienna), we have been able to demonstrate in large animal experiments that ECG changes in animals treated with APOSEC resolved and the signs of MVO were prevented." APOSEC is a product containing soluble proteins that are excreted by white blood cells after they are irradiated. The recovery of white blood cells as 'bio-reactors' is simple and can be compared in terms of effort to a regular blood donation. The product can be produced in advance and is easily available if the worst happens. A GMP facility is currently being set up in collaboration with the Red Cross's Blood Donation Centre in Linz (Dr. Christian Gabriel) to manufacture this "biological" under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. As part of his PhD thesis, Dr. Konrad Hoetzenecker from the Department of Thoracic Surgery was also able to demonstrate that APOSEC has an immunosuppressive effect in an experimental cardiac muscle inflammation model. Working with Prof. Urs Eriksson from the University of Zürich, it was possible to demonstrate that CD4-positive T cells are forced under the influence of Caspase-8 to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). This explains a further fundamental scientific aspect of the effect of APOSEC. Explore further: Hormone reduces risk of heart failure from chemotherapy "Secretome of apoptotic peripheral blood cells (APOSEC) attenuates microvascluar obstruction in a porcine closed chest reperfused acute myocardial infarction model: role of platelet aggregation and vasodilation." K. Hoetzenecker, et al. Basic Res Cardiol (2012) 107:292; Article DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0292-2

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The generic drug gabapentin, which is already widely prescribed for epilepsy and some kinds of pain, appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of alcohol dependence. The finding comes from a 150-patient randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial conducted by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI). "Gabapentin's effect on drinking outcomes is at least as large or greater than those of existing FDA-approved treatments," said Barbara J. Mason, Pearson Family Professor and co-director of the Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research at TSRI, who led the new research. "Plus it's the only medication shown to improve sleep and mood in people who are quitting or reducing their drinking, and it's already widely used in primary care—that's an appealing combination." The new research was published by the journal JAMA Internal Medicine on November 4, 2013. Reducing Cravings, Depression, Sleeplessness As a relatively safe, effective and well-tolerated drug, gabapentin has the potential to fill a large gap in the treatment of alcohol dependence. About eight and a half-million Americans are thought to have the condition, yet each year only a tiny fraction of them are prescribed one of the FDA-approved medications for alcohol dependence, due in part to the limitations of the existing drugs used for treatment. The lack of treatment is striking in light of alcoholism's enormous adverse impact on society. In addition to its other effects on the lives of individuals and their families, alcoholism promotes cancer, liver disease, strokes and heart attacks, as well as various other disabilities. Worldwide, about one out of 25 deaths is attributable to alcohol misuse. In the new study, Mason and her colleagues randomly assigned each of 150 recently abstinent people with alcohol dependence to be treated with 900 mg or 1,800 mg of gabapentin or with a look-alike placebo. Over 12 weeks of treatment, the high-dose group ended up refraining from heavy drinking twice as often as the placebo group (45% vs. 23%) and entirely abstained four times as often (17% vs. 4%). The drug also significantly reduced the number of drinks consumed, as well as patient reports of cravings, depression and sleeplessness. None of the treated patients reported serious side effects. Patients who received the lower, 900-mg dose of gabapentin showed intermediate benefits compared to the high-dose group, likely reflecting what clinicians call a "dose-response effect"—a good indication that the treatment really is working. "I think that we can now have confidence in the pharmacological effect of this drug," Mason said. Filling a Gap Two FDA-approved therapies for alcohol dependence have been around for decades. The first, disulfiram (Antabuse®), interferes with the body's normal enzymatic breakdown of alcohol, making drinking an unpleasant experience. The second, naltrexone (ReVia®, Vivitrol®), blocks the opioid brain-cell receptors that help mediate the sense of reward during drinking. Both treatments aim to blunt the pleasure-seeking motivation that helps initiate alcohol dependence. But they are relatively ineffective against the anxiety, depression, sleeplessness and other protracted withdrawal symptoms that help maintain alcoholism once it has been established. They are also, by design, somewhat unpleasant—which often discourages patients from using them. A newer drug, acamprosate (Campral®), the only other medication approved by FDA for alcoholism treatment, does aim to normalize dysregulation in brain stress systems following acute withdrawal, similar to gabapentin. But it has shown only modest benefits on the whole in clinical trials, with no efficacy noted for mood or sleep. Gabapentin has a favorable safety profile and appears to work by normalizing levels of the neurotransmitter GABA in an emotion-mediating part of the brain called the amygdala, thereby reducing anxiety and other stress-related withdrawal symptoms. A previous, proof-of-concept study of gabapentin by Mason's group also found effects like those reported in this study in patients with cannabis dependence. Gabapentin's quieting effect on overactive brain areas has led to its approval by the FDA for treating epilepsy and neuropathic pain. It is also now widely prescribed "off-label" for other pain-related conditions, including migraines. "I'm excited about the possibility that now more people will get treatment," said Mason. "We really need to do more about treating alcohol dependence." Explore further: Scientists find anticonvulsant drug helps marijuana smokers kick the habit "Gabapentin Treatment for Alcohol Dependence: A Randomized Controlled Trial," JAMA Internal Medicine, 2013.

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Researchers in the Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute eradicated solid tumors in laboratory mice using a novel combination of two targeted agents. These two synergistic therapies stimulate an immune response, ultimately allowing solid tumors to act as their own cancer-fighting vaccine. The study's findings, published in the journal Cancer Research, are the first to use these combined agents as an immune stimulator and may have the potential to kill cancerous cells in solid tumors, including some of the most aggressive cancers that form in the lung and pancreas. Investigators hope to bring this science to early-phase clinical trials in coming months. "Instead of administering a cancer vaccine to destroy tumors, we hope to modify the immune system to allow the patient's own tumor to act as a cancer vaccine," said Hyung Lae Kim, MD, co-medical director of the Urologic Oncology Program and lead author of the study. "This approach differs from traditional methods, where the immune system is stimulated by administering a vaccine. Instead, we administer a combination therapy to allow immune cells, which are capable of killing tumors, to see tumors that were previously invisible to the immune system." When an immune system is working properly, diseased cells are captured and killed. However, cancerous tumors are formed when the immune system is unable to remove these diseased cells. Using an "mTOR inhibitor," which regulates cellular metabolism, and a CD4 antibody, which helps to initiate an immune response, researchers increased the immune system's "memory" and ability to recognize and fight off tumors. "With our approach, investigators simply combine an mTOR inhibitor and CD4 antibody to create an immunotherapy treatment, requiring no surgery and a drug with virtually no shelf life," said Robert Figlin, MD, deputy director of the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute and the Steven Spielberg Family Chair in Hematology-Oncology. "This broad implication is in contrast to a more traditional vaccine-based approach, which requires a specialist to surgically remove tumor samples from a patient's body then create a personalized vaccine approach for one specific patient." The combination of a CD4 antibody with an mTOR inhibitor may enhance immune memory and eradicate solid tumors. Additional research is being done to better understand how the drugs work and develop optimal strategies for applications in patients. Explore further: Researchers target cancer stem cells in malignant brain tumors Citation: Cancer Research. 2014 February: Foxp3+ T cells inhibit antitumor immune memory modulated by mTOR inhibition.

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A study of 8 European countries presented at this year's European Congress on Obesity (ECO)in Sofia, Bulgaria, shows that children consuming a diet more in line with the rules of the Mediterranean one are 15% less likely to be overweight or obese than those children who do not. The research is by Dr Gianluca Tognon, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and colleagues across the 8 countries: Sweden, Germany, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Belgium, Estonia and Hungary. The researchers used data from the IDEFICS study (Identification and Prevention of Dietary – and lifestyle – induced health effects in Children and infantS), funded by the European Commission. Weight, height, waist circumference, and percent body fat mass were measured in children from these eight countries. Vegetables, fruit, nuts and fish The parents of these children were interviewed by means of a questionnaire specifically designed for the IDEFICS study and enquiring about the consumption frequency of 43 foods. Additional dietary data have been complemented by a telephone interview performed on a sub-sample of parents. The adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet was assessed by a score calculating by giving one point for high intakes of each food group which was considered typical of the Mediterranean diet (vegetables, fruit and nuts, fish and cereal grains), as well as one point for low intakes of foods untypical of the Mediterranean diet (such as dairy and meat products). High scoring children were then considered high-adherent and compared to the others. Swedish children most Mediterranean Interestingly, the prevalence of high adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet was found to be independent of the geographical distribution, with the Swedish children scoring the highest (followed by the Italians) and the children from Cyprus scoring the lowest. The team found that children with a high adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet were 15% less likely to be overweight or obese than low-adherent children. The findings were independent of age, sex, socioeconomic status or country of residence. The children with high adherence at baseline were 10-15% less likely to be among those who went through major increases in BMI, waist circumference and body fat. "The promotion of a Mediterranean dietary pattern is no longer a feature of Mediterranean countries. Considering its potential beneficial effects on obesity prevention, this dietary pattern should be part of EU obesity prevention strategies and its promotion should be particularly intense in those countries where low levels of adherence are detected." says Gianluca Tognon, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy. Explore further: Mediterranean diet gives longer life

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mental_floss fashion week: Curse my metal body! Judging by the breathless reaction to the Balenciaga show yesterday, the Next Big Thing will be dressing like C-3PO. We'd like to take this moment to point out that while Nicolas Ghesquiere's tailoring is unequaled (just because we can't afford Balenciaga doesn't mean we can't appreciate it), the "protocol droid" look is likely to end up on the same list as the other ridiculous fashion fads from this year's January-February - Bermuda Shorts. Once the uniform of British soldiers stationed in (not surprisingly) Bermuda, the shorts were first appropriated by American tourists. Then fashion magazines got involved, and Bermuda shorts became the summer office wear of the 1950s -- tastefully paired with jacket and tie, of course. - The Conical Bra. Movie producer Howard Hughes touched off a decade-long fashion fad in 1943 when he designed a state-of-the-art cantilevered bra for actress Jane Russell -- thus allowing women to stride confidently into the 1950s lifted, separated, and pointed toward the future. - Leg Makeup. In 1941, the U.S. government banned sillk stockings. Why? After Japan cut off American's silk supply during World War II, it became apparent that parachute production outranked women's fashion needs. Fortunately, however, the gals on the home front were a crafty bunch. Women resorted to DIY hosiery, rubbing liquid foundation onto their legs to simulate the color of pantyhose, then using eyebrow pencil to draw a "seam" up the back. - Neon Hypercolor Shirts. Hypercolor blinded America with science in 1991. Using a revolutionary dye process, the shirts overlaid a traditional neon dye with a special dye that became colorless when hot, exposing patches of bright color underneath. But Hypercolor often stopped working after a couple of washes, which helps explain why the company that owned it was bankrupt by 1993. - Zoot Suits. Sometimes, youth rebellion requires just the right outfit. The zoot suit, popularized by African-American and Mexican-American teens during the late 1930s and early 1940s, didn't look like your average workday attire. It had broad shoulders, a tapered waist, and baggy pants that ended in neat, pegged cuffs. All that tailoring (and all that fabric) made the ensemble a kind of defiant luxury item -- a sign that the wearer wasn't affected by Depression-era poverty, World War II fabric rationing, or disapproving looks from Mom. By the way, here's proof that all fallen fads eventually rise again: Hypercolor manufacturer Generra is currently having a comeback, and the originals appear to be doing well on eBay. (Star Wars, of course, never went out of style.)

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The Department of Health and Human Services this week finalized regulations on a key element of health reform, the essential health benefits package. Background. Under the Affordable Care Act, certain types of health insurance plans must cover a minimum standard of benefits beginning in 2014: health plans sold in the state-based Exchanges, individual plans, small-group plans, and Medicaid benchmark plans for the expansion population. The ACA specified that these minimum benefits include ten categories of services, including mental health and addiction treatment services. Moreover, the ACA applied the standards of the 2008 parity law to these plans, meaning that they must provide behavioral health services on par with their medical/surgical coverage. The ACA left it up to the Department of Health and Human Services to further define essential benefits through the rulemaking process. Initial Guidance and Proposed Rule. In late 2011, HHS released a bulletin indicating that it intended to give states broad flexibility in defining their own essential benefits packages. Later informal guidance established the types of existing health plans that states could look to as the model for their essential benefits. Finally, in November 2012, HHS issued its first formal regulatory guidance outlining in more detail precisely how it expects states to define their essential benefits for the purposes of plans sold in the Exchanges. The National Council published a summary of that rule and submitted comments urging HHS to strengthen certain aspects related to the coverage mental health, addiction treatment, and habilitative benefits. Another proposed rule issued in January 2013 applied similar guidance to the establishment of essential benefits in Medicaid benchmark plans. Final Rule Issued This Week. Yesterday, HHS issued its final rule on essential benefits, including its responses to the nearly 6,000 comments that were submitted. The final rule includes few major changes to the earlier version. Continue reading for our summary of the final guidance. Inclusion of Behavioral Health Services at Parity. All plans that are required to cover essential benefits must include mental health and addiction treatment services at parity with medical/surgical. Plans that do not already include mental health and addiction benefits – or include these benefits but not at parity with medical/surgical benefits – must supplement their plans to come into compliance with parity. HHS did not offer specific guidance in the final rule on the process by which plans should augment behavioral health benefits. However, the final rule did specify that states would not be responsible for any costs associated with additional benefits needed to bring their essential benefits into compliance with parity. Supplementing Essential Benefits: Many healthcare advocates have expressed concern that the benchmark plans states have selected to use as the basis for essential benefits (known as the “base-benchmark plan”) do not include adequate coverage of certain types of services. Most commonly, these base-benchmark plans do not cover pediatric dental and vision; however, two states’ selected plans do not cover mental health or substance use disorder benefits and 19 states’ plans do not cover habilitative services. The final rule outlines a process by which states must supplement the base-benchmark plan if it fails to include a required category of essential benefits. For most benefits, this process is to draw that entire category of benefits from one of the other benchmark plan options. Many commenters, including the National Council, asked HHS to establish a minimum standard of benefits within each category so as to guard against inadequate coverage of certain types of benefits. HHS did not accede to this request in the final regulation, preferring to preserve “state flexibility” in determining the benefits that will best meet their residents’ needs. Benefit Substitutions: Consumer advocates have been wary of plans’ ability to substitute different benefits for those found in the base-benchmark plan. The final rule clarifies that plans are permitted to implement substitutions within – but not across – benefit categories. Any substitutions must be actuarially equivalent to the original benefits, and substitutions cannot result in a plan design that discriminates against particular groups of people. Plans are also permitted to substitute coverage limitations (for example, restrictions on the amount, duration, or scope of services) but these must be “substantially equal” to the original benchmark plan limitations and cannot discriminate against particular groups of people. The final rule also gives states authority for regulating and monitoring substitution of benefits so as to ensure that they are actuarially equivalent and non-discriminatory. Non-Discrimination in Plan Design. The proposed rule included language to assure non-discrimination in plan design, a major issue for people with chronic conditions. The rule prohibits cost-sharing structures, utilization management techniques, and benefit designs that discriminate against beneficiaries based on race, age, disability status, health status, quality of life, having high health care needs, or other characteristics. States must monitor and identify discriminatory benefit designs. The National Council and other commenters requested HHS to identify a non-discrimination standard that would provide a framework to ensure compliance. Noting that it has tried to ensure state flexibility at every turn, HHS opted not to provide additional clarifying language in the final rule. This means that responsibility for ensuring non-discrimination will rest squarely with the states. Habilitative and Rehabilitative Services. Here, HHS outlined a “transitional policy” designed to give states flexibility over their benefit packages. If the base-benchmark plan does not already include habilitative benefits, the state may create its own definition of required habilitative services. Should the state fail to do this, insurance plans may define and adopt their own set of habilitative services. The final rule clarified that habilitative services must be offered at parity with rehabilitative services. Drug Coverage. The final rule states that plans must cover the greater of: one drug in every category and class of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia; or the same number of drugs in every category and class that were covered in the base-benchmark plan. In practice, this means that few plans will have to modify their current formularies. However, the National Council had strongly encouraged HHS to adopt the Medicare Part D pharmacy coverage rules, which include even stronger protections for psychiatric medications. The final rule rejected this approach; however, it did specify that states must establish a process by which individuals may request access to non-formulary drugs. Application of Essential Benefits to Medicaid. The public comment period closed today on a behemoth proposed rule spanning nearly 500 pages that outlined the application of essential benefits to Medicaid, among other topics. The proposed approach closely mirrors that taken for essential benefits in the Exchange; it also includes a number of other changes related to current Medicaid policy. Most concerning are a series of proposed “updates” to cost-sharing policies that could result in Medicaid beneficiaries being charged more for the services they receive. The proposed rule also makes an important change to current policies defining which individuals are exempt from mandatory enrollment in Medicaid benchmark plans (vs. traditional Medicaid): for the first time, it specifically includes individuals with serious mental illness and children with serious emotional disturbances under the definition of “medically frail.” The National Council has submitted comments on these changes opposing the increases in cost sharing and urging HHS to expand the definition of medically frail to also include individuals with serious substance use disorders.

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Pack Bylaws are a list of rules specific to that pack, and describe how a pack will function. There is no specific standard for these bylaws, and should be customized to the specific needs for each pack. The Following Bylaws are an example listed by the Buckskin Council in West Virginia. Key Pack positions include the following: - Chartered Organization Representative - Pack Committee Chairman - Assistant Cubmaster - Advancement Chair - Membership & Registration Chair - Pack Trainer - Unit Fundraising Chair - Tiger Den Leader(s) - Wolf Den Leader(s) - Bear Den Leader(s) - 1st and 2nd year Webelos Den Leader(s) Persons to fill these positions will be elected yearly, and can be parents who are not leaders. The Pack cannot function without the active involvement of every parent. Accordingly, the Pack must ask each parent to volunteer for a committee or adult leader position, participate in organizing monthly Pack meetings, attend Parents and Leaders (PALS) meetings, and assist with special activities. PALS meetings will be held monthly (with the exception of July), and will include a Treasurer’s report. Parents assisting with the Pack meeting during an assigned month will need to attend the PALS meeting prior to the Pack meeting. Tiger Cub recruitment will be in May and August. Recharter of the Pack will be every January, as designated by the District. Rank Awards (grade to grade) will be each May. Crossover from the Pack to the Troop will be in February at the Blue and Gold Banquet. Year pins will be received at the Blue and Gold Banquet. Leaders are responsible for getting year pin needs to awards chairperson. Pack meetings will include a flag ceremony and a den skit/song. Families will be involved with and participate in setup and cleanup. An evaluation sheet for the Pack meeting will handed out at the end of each Pack meeting. Use of Pack funds for items other than stated in these by-laws must be discussed and voted on at a PALS meeting. If an immediate response is needed and the issue cannot wait until a PALS meeting, then there shall be at least three other committee members notified of the issue and allowed to discuss and make decisions accordingly. The top committee positions that need to be in on the decision making process are: Chartered Organization Representative, Committee Chairperson, Cub Master, Assistant Cub Master, Treasurer. If one of the people in these positions is the one making the request, he/she must contact three of the others. Two people living in the same household may only count as one voice. All Den Leaders must complete an Awards request form and turn it into the Awards Chairperson no later than the Wednesday prior to a Pack meeting. At least one fund-raiser will be held each year. 30% of each Scout’s profits will be tracked and paid towards Summer Camp. If the Scout has earned enough to send a parent to camp also, it will be allowed. This money can be held over year to year. If the Scout leaves the Pack, the money will go back into the Pack general funds. The top three sellers in the Pack as well as the top seller in each Den will be recognized with something special. All participants in the fund-raiser will receive a patch. 10% of fund-raiser will go to the Council, 10% of the fund-raiser will go to the First Christian Church as the Chartered Organization of our Pack. Camperships (Pack helps pay a boy’s way to camp) will be decided on a case by case basis. The Pack will run an “experienced” uniform closet with shirts and neckerchiefs to help cut the cost of scouting for new boys. Donations gladly accepted. Two adults (“2 deep leadership”) will be required for any meeting. If 2 adults are not present, the meeting or activity will not take place. Parents are responsible for checking with the leader to ensure 2 deep leadership is in place before leaving their scout. Den dues policy will be decided by each den individually. Permission slips will be required for field trips. Parent’s expenses will include: - Scout uniform - Scout book - Registration Fees - Book for Religious award(s) - Boy’s Life Magazine (if wanted) Pack expenses include: - Registration Fee for all Adults - Training for all BSA registered adults - Awards and pins - Awards include all belt loops/activity pins earned while a registered Cub Scout - Religious award knot & medallion - Prizes/Awards for fund-raiser - Food (partial) for campouts/dinners - Pinewood Derby (or other race) kits/ trophies/patches/medals

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Google celebrated another female scientist today with a nod to Rachel Carson, a marine biologist who is credited with starting the environmental movement. Carson, who was born on May 27, 1907, in Pennsylvania, wrote a book in 1962 credited with starting the modern environment movement. The book, called the Silent Spring due to the growing absence of birds singing in the countryside, looked at synthetic pesticides used in farming and their impact on the environment. The book caused public outcry when it was published, however it led to the global ban on DDTs for agricultural use. Rachel Carson is shown in the Google Doodle with animals including a turtle, seal, pelican, heron and a tern. A butterfly, trees, fish and other plants and animals in the eco-system are also shown. Carson herself has a pair of binoculars, rucksack and notebook. Rachel Carson died on April 14, 1964 aged 56 from a heart attack. She had battled breast cancer for many years.

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Jimmy Carter (1924 – ) [cite this] More images » Life in Brief: Jimmy Carter's one-term presidency is remembered for the events that overwhelmed it—inflation, energy crisis, war in Afghanistan, and hostages in Iran. After one term in office, voters strongly rejected Jimmy Carter's honest but gloomy … more life in brief » Essays about Jimmy Carter Life in Brief Life in Brief: Jimmy Carter's one-term presidency is remembered for the events that overwhelmed it—inflation, energy crisis, war in Afghanistan, and hostages in Iran. After one term in office, voters strongly rejected Jimmy Carter's honest but gloomy outlook in favor of Ronald Reagan's telegenic … Life Before the Presidency Life Before the Presidency: James Earl Carter's ancestors had lived in America since the 1630s. They were residents of Georgia since just after the Revolution. “Jimmy” Carter’s parents, Earl and Lillian Carter, owned a peanut farm and warehouse and a store outside the small town of Plains, Georgia. Earl was bright, h… Campaigns and Elections Campaigns and Elections: The Campaign and Election of 1976: Jimmy Carter took his first step on the road to the White House in 1972 by becoming chair of the Democratic Governor's Campaign Committee, and then his second step in 1974 by getting himself named as the campaign chairman of the Democratic National Committee. …Domestic Affairs Domestic Affairs: Jimmy Carter sought to run the country the way he had run his farm—with unassuming austerity. This would be no "imperial presidency" like those of Johnson and Nixon. On inauguration day, Carter got out of the limousine and walked to the White House, delighting the crowd and horri…Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs: Before assuming the presidency, Jimmy Carter had been a one-term governor of a southern state with no national or international experience. He did, however, have his own foreign policy goals. Carter believed in the rule of law in international affairs and in the principle of self-determinati…Life After the Presidency Life After the Presidency: To many people, Jimmy Carter has provided Americans with an ideal model of post-presidential life. In fact, some consider him to be the nation's greatest former President. He has emerged as a champion of human rights and worked for several charitable causes. To that end, Carter founded the C…Family Life Family Life: Of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter's four children, three were grown by the time he became president. His daughter Amy lived with her parents at the White House and attended public schools in Washington. She was later admitted to Brown University. The Carters were, by and large, unpretentious people.…The American Franchise The American Franchise: Although Jimmy Carter helped to restore faith in government after the Nixon Watergate debacle and the Ford pardon, during his presidency the authority of government declined. More Americans than ever before believed that government was being run for large interests not the common good, that America …Impact and Legacy Impact and Legacy: Jimmy Carter is much more highly regarded today than when he lost his bid for reelection in 1980. He has produced an exemplary post-presidency, and today there is an increased appreciation for the enormity of the task he took on in 1977, if not for the measures he took to deal with the crises th… About His Administration First Lady Rosalynn Carter Vice President Walter Mondale Secretary of State Edmund Muskie (1980–1981) Cyrus Vance (1977–1980) Secretary of Defense Harold Brown (1977–1981) Secretary of the Interior Cecil D. Andrus (1977–1981) Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti (1979–1981) Griffin Bell (1977–1979) Secretary of the Treasury G. William Miller (1979–1981) W. Michael Blumenthal (1977–1979) Secretary of Health and Human Services Patricia R. Harris (1980–1981) Secretary of Labor F. Ray Marshall (1977–1981) Secretary of Commerce Philip Klutznick (1979–1981) Juanita Kreps (1977–1979) Secretary of Agriculture Robert Bergland (1977–1981) Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Patricia R. Harris (1979–1980) Joseph A. Califano, Jr. (1977–1979) Secretary of Education Shirley Hufstedler (1980–1981) Secretary of Energy Charles Duncan, Jr. (1979–1981) James R. Schlesinger (1977–1979) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Moon Landrieu (1979–1981) Patricia R. Harris (1977–1979) Secretary of Transportion Neil Goldschmidt (1979–1981) Brock Adams (1977–1979) Jimmy Carter Oral History Interviews Lloyd Cutler Alfred E. Kahn James Schlesinger Stuart Eizenstat Hamilton Jordan view all interviews » Facts about Jimmy Carter Term: 39th President of the United States (1977 – 1981) Born: October 1, 1924, Plains, Georgia Political Party: Democratic Education: Georgia Southwestern College, 1941–1942; Georgia Institute of Technology, 1942–1943; United States Naval Academy, 1943–1946 (class of 1947); Union College, 1952–1953 Religion: Baptist Marriage: Eleanor Rosalynn Smith (b. August 18, 1927), July 7, 1946 Children: John William (Jack) (1947–), James Earl III (Chip) (1950–), Donnel Jeffrey (Jeff) (1952–), Amy Lynn (1967–) Career: Soldier; Farmer, Warehouseman, Public Official, Professor WritingsWhy Not the Best? (1975); A Government as Good as Its People (1977); The Wit and Wisdom of Jimmy Carter (1977); Keeping Faith (1982); Everything to Gain(1987); An Outdoor Journal (1988); Turning Point (1992); The Blood of Abraham(1993); Always a Reckoning (1995); Living Faith (1996); The Virtues of Aging (1998); An Hour Before Daylight (2001); The Hornet’s Nest (2003); Sharing Good Times (2004) Jimmy Carter Image Gallery More images » Featured video: Address to the Nation on Energy (April 18, 1977) Presidential Speech Archive Citation Information Consulting Editor Robert A. Strong Professor Strong is the William Lyne Wilson Professor of Politics at Washington and Lee University. He is also an associate editor of the White House Studies journal and has worked on the Presidential Oral History program at the Miller Center. His writings include: Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Louisiana State University Press, 2000) Decisions and Dilemmas: Case Studies in Presidential Foreign Policy Making (M.E. Sharpe, 2005) Ronald Reagan » « Gerald Ford American President has changed! Click here to take a short survey and tell us what you think!

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Hearing Loss Linked To Mental Decline In Elderly WebMD Medical News Reviewed by Laura J. Martin, MD Jan. 22, 2013 — Hearing loss and mental decline are two common conditions of aging, and now a new study finds that they may be related. Older people with hearing deficits were more likely than those with normal hearing to develop problems with memory and thinking over the course of the study. On average, the study participants with hearing issues had significant mental impairments three years earlier than those without them. Untreated Hearing Loss Common About two-thirds of adults over the age of 70 have some degree of hearing loss. And the number of people with dementia is projected to double over the next two decades as the population ages. The researchers now hope to study whether hearing aids can slow mental decline in the elderly. Otologist and epidemiologist Frank R. Lin, MD, PhD, led the study. He says only about 15% of people who need hearing aids get them. Lin is an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. “Our findings emphasize just how important it is for physicians to discuss hearing with their patients and to be proactive in addressing any hearing declines over time,” he says. The investigation included close to 2,000 men and women in their 70s and 80s who took part in an aging and health study that began in the late 1990s. Hearing was tested in year five of the study, and the men and women underwent a series of tests over the next six years to assess declines in memory and thinking. The men and women with hearing loss showed evidence of these declines 30% to 40% faster than the people with normal hearing. And those people with more hearing loss had steeper declines in mental function. The study was published online in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine. Social Isolation, Brain Overload May Explain Link While it did not address how age-related hearing loss may worsen problems with memory or thinking, Lin says there are several theories. One theory is that the social isolation common among people with untreated hearing loss leads to mental decline. Previous research has identified loneliness as a risk factor for such decline, he says. Another theory is the idea that the working memory is limited with respect to the amount of information it can hold and the operations it can perform. “The job of the inner ear is to take in sounds and encode them with accurate fidelity before the signal goes to the brain for decoding, but with hearing loss the brain has a very hard time doing that,” Lin says. “If the brain constantly has to expend more resources to decode sound, this may come at a cognitive cost.” Neurologist and Alzheimer’s researcher Marc L. Gordon, MD, calls the research compelling, but he says more studies are needed to confirm that hearing loss has a direct impact on mental decline and to understand the reasons for the link. He adds that the study emphasizes the importance of addressing not just hearing loss but also vision loss in the elderly. “This reinforces the notion that evaluating and treating these sensory impairments may be even more important for an aging person’s overall well-being than we have known,” he says.

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TURTLE LAKE - Lakes near here were among the first to be sampled this year by the North Dakota Game and Fish Department's North Central District. Netting was done this past week on Lake Holmes and Lake Brekken. "It is a standard adult population survey which we do every year," said Jason Lee, NDG&F biologist. "We place the same number of nets in the same locations. That way we can monitor the trends, changes in fish populations in the lake." Turtle Lake is located near several well-known fishing lakes that are targeted for annual sampling. Lakes Brekken and Holmes are located about one mile north of the community. Holmes covers about 400 acres, Brekken about 240. The two lakes are divided by a highway but connected by a large culvert that carries water when elevations are high. Trevor Gust, Minot, left, assists Jason Lee, NDG&F biologist, in recovering a net on Lake Brekken. Netting gives biologists a snapshot of a lake’s adult fish and forage base. Minnows captured in trap nets at Lake Brekken are examined by personnel from the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. The department annually conducts forage samples throughout the state. Photos by Kim "Today we captured mostly walleye and perch," said Lee while seated in a flat-bottomed work boat on Lake Brekken. "We like to see how the size structure has changed, whether we have a lot of big fish, small fish or medium fish." The results on Lake Brekken were very favorable. "It looks good," said Lee. "We've got a wide range of sizes as far as walleyes go. There's some up to four pounds and a bunch of 14- to 15-inchers out here. Perch are doing well with some in that 10- to 12-inch range that are preferred by anglers. It's nice to see that." According to Lee, little natural reproduction of walleyes occurs at Lake Brekken. Walleyes are regularly stocked there. Netting shows that walleyes are growing as expected. Lake Brekken received 10,000 walleye fingerlings in 2008 and another 22,100 in 2010. Fish from those stockings were among those showing up in the capture nets. Forage fish were sampled too at five different locations on Lake Brekken. Results showed a large population of fathead minnows and a much lesser amount of sticklebacks. Both are excellent food for walleyes and perch. Evidence of that could be seen in the healthy appearance of the walleyes that were netted. Lee reported similar results on Lake Holmes, which had been netted earlier. Both lakes are somewhat unique in that neither has a population of northern pike. That means one less species of predator to pressure forage and other gamefish. Lee said a northern pike was picked up in the nets a few years ago, a fish he suspects was dumped into the lake by someone other than a NDG&F biologist. The practice of introducing new fish into waters is illegal and often results in disrupting proper management of a fishery. In some cases lakes have had to be poisoned to rid them of unwanted species. "We kind of know what species will do best in certain lakes based on water conditions and habitat and what has worked in the past," said Lee. An example cited by Lee was Lightning Lake, a small 18-acre lake located a half mile east of Turtle Lake. Primarily a trout lake, Lee says there is now a growing population of perch in Lightning. Game and Fish has never stocked perch into Lightning Lake. Brush Lake, located three miles north of Mercer, was also netted recently. Lee said results there showed an impressive take of growing northern pike. Brush Lake also has a solid population of walleye and perch.

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http://www.endangeredworkingcattleman.org/date-location-mexican-wolf-human-interaction-wolf-behavior-land-ownership-2006-to-2013/ OK well I agree with Cindy up there at the top. Why is it so bad for the community to take the above documented habituated wolf problems and deal with it in a progressive manner to mitigate some of the problems. Is it because you don't want the world to know these animals can be a problem in proximity to rural populations. And although Maggie DWire is a very qualified biologist, she apparently has not been involved in FWS knowledge of the above report. She has chosen to be in the pens with wolves if that is what her life's goal is that is fine. Nobody allowed the residents of these impacted areas to choose whether their kids would be impacted by these animals or not. Do not compare Maggie's adult career choice with our children's forced proximity they are not the same thing at all. FWS has had ample time to investigate and mitigate these situations. They choose to pretend they don't happen. At least to the media, for the rest of us FWS are there watching the investigations, they just don't admit it. Missoula News/Independent Publishing | Powered by Foundation

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Sorry, this video has expired It's been almost two years since three truck drivers were killed in a ferocious bushfire near Coolgardie in the Goldfields. Officers from the Department of Environment had told the men it was safe to travel down Great Eastern Highway, despite weather forecasts which showed a fire front would engulf the road at the time the truckies entered the fire zone. An inquest by the coroner Alastair Hope has today found the actions of the officers amounted to extreme incompetence, and he said it was surprising more people didn't die. I spoke to the Environment Minister Donna Faragher. Donna Faragher, welcome to Stateline. DONNA FARAGHER, ENVIRONMENT MINISTER: Good to be with you. FRANCES BELL: The coroner has described your Department's handling of the Boorabbin bushfire as extreme incompetent. How can the WA public be confident in their ability to with handle a bushfire going in to this bushfire season? DONNA FARAGHER: Clearly, the coroner's findings are very damning, and my role as Minister is now to go through line-by-line those findings with my Department and the senior management within the Department. The Government, however, has taken a number of steps to improve fire management. We've seen the recent passage of the bushfire amendment bill, but it's clear from the coroner's findings that we do need to look at the work that is being done by the Department. I am discussing that with the Director-General and the senior management and we'll be responding very strongly. FRANCES BELL: The Department says it takes full responsibility for what happened and as you say it's implemented a raft of recommendations, but how can you be sure that this will never happen again? DONNA FARAGHER: I as Minister don't ever want to see a tragic situation like this ever happen again. The Department, following the tragic circumstances at Boorabbin, did undertake an independent inquiry. There was some 55 recommendations that were made. They have implemented all of those. Clearly the coroner has indicated that there are a number of other matters that do need to be addressed. If further work needs to be done, then it will be done. FRANCES BELL: The incident controller who came in for the fiercest criticism from the coroner, Barry Hooper, took a voluntary redundancy after 25 years and left the Department last week. Should he have been subject to a disciplinary process? DONNA FARAGHER: In terms of the voluntary severance, that is something that occurred prior to the inquest, that is something that occurred prior to the inquest, that is something that was agreed with the Director-General of the Department and approved by the public sector commission. That's not a role that I play in that regard, but it was obviously done quite appropriately and in line with normal procedures. FRANCES BELL: Is it appropriate though for - you say that it happened before the inquest, but it happened after the fire. And he was able to leave with a severance pay without facing a disciplinary process. Is that appropriate? DONNA FARAGHER: As I've said, this is situation where the Director-General of the Department is responsible for his staff. I can't intervene in those sorts of matters. They are matters quite clearly within the ambit of the Director-General. FRANCES BELL: Well, two other staff who are criticised by the coroner are still involved in fire management teams with the Department. The Opposition says they should all have been sacked. Do you agree? DONNA FARAGHER: Well in terms of the two other staff that were particularly mentioned in the coroner's findings, they have stood down from fire leadership roles. I will be discussing this further with the Director-General and the public sector commissioner. FRANCES BELL: Are their jobs safe? DONNA FARAGHER: As I've said, that is a matter for further discussion that I will be having with the Director-General and the public sector commissioner. As I say, there are clear roles that I have as Minister and that he has as the Director-General, and they must be followed. That's the appropriate course of action that will now be taken. FRANCES BELL: Shouldn't some of the more senior members of the Department, including the Director-General Kieran MacNamara, be held accountable for what happened? DONNA FARAGHER: I'm confident in my Director-General, but it's clear that his report has identified some very adverse findings with respect to the role and management of what occurred at Boorabbin. Now, I need to go through all of those recommendations and findings very closely with my Director-General and I will be doing that. FRANCES BELL: There was clearly a lot of tension between DEC and FESA both during and after this incident. Doesn't that need to be sorted out with this new legislation that you've talked about, where FESA will become the lead agency in a big bushfire. DONNA FARAGHER: Well, if that has been the case in the past, I don't see that that should be and should not ever be the case now. I work very closely with Minister Johnson, who's the Minister for Emergency Services. The fact is that we need to have all agencies, volunteer fire brigades, local government, all working together. We don't want tragedies to occur. FRANCES BELL: When will the Government make a decision on an ex gratia payment for the families of the victims? DONNA FARAGHER: The Government will obviously consider any form of ex gratia payment or compensation. That's a matter for the Attorney-General, but I'll be speaking to the Attorney-General in that regard. FRANCES BELL: Are you of the view that it should happen and should happen soon? DONNA FARAGHER: We would obviously need to be provided with the requests. They would be considered, and again, as I say, I'll be talking to the Attorney-General in relation to that. FRANCES BELL: Just on another matter, we've heard of further dolphin deaths this week on top of those in the Swan River. You've been Minister for over a year. How long have you known about this? DONNA FARAGHER: In relation to the dolphin deaths in the Swan River I was advised at the end of October that there had been six dolphin deaths and that further results were pending. There was a meeting last Thursday with a number of independent scientists and experts and departmental officials, and I was briefed more fully on that on the Thursday night and Friday morning. FRANCES BELL: What about the Bunbury deaths, because we've know that those first started two years ago? DONNA FARAGHER: I had a briefing on the work that's been undertaken by the researchers on Thursday morning at 8 o'clock. Some preliminary information was coming through on Wednesday afternoon. The researchers were still collating the information. On receipt of that, I asked for a meeting at 8 a.m. in the morning, and that information was released very soon after. FRANCES BELL: The Opposition has accused you of trying to cover up some of this information about the dolphin deaths. When were you planning to tell the WA public and the users of the river about what had been going on. DONNA FARAGHER: Well can I say that I was not aware of work that was being done in Bunbury. This information has only just come to light. And, you know, the Opposition might say that I knew about it. That is completely wrong. FRANCES BELL: Should you have known about it as the minister? DONNA FARAGHER: Well, it was research being done by Murdoch University. I'm very pleased that I now know about it, and, you know, the fact is all of this information is new research that is being done. All of this will actually help, hopefully, to identify why the dolphins are dying. FRANCES BELL: When do you think you will get to the bottom of the cause of the deaths? DONNA FARAGHER: Well as I've said, the scientists and government agencies are working overtime in relation to this. They are talking to both international and interstate researchers as well. In terms of Bunbury, they have also sent over some tissue samples over to Victoria. I understand they are hoping to get some advice back, particularly with respect to possible contaminants in around six weeks' time. So, the information as it comes through will certainly be provided to the public, because, as you say, I want to know as well.

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New South Wales Premier Barry O'Farrell has given in-principle support to an Opposition plan to allow childcare centres to ban unvaccinated children. The State Opposition says it will consult the childcare sector and public on the draft bill, which will allow preschools to choose whether to accept children who are not immunised. The change is being proposed to encourage parents to vaccinate their children and prevent the spread of preventable diseases. The Opposition's health spokesman Dr Andrew McDonald says he does not believe the proposed legislation will infringe on parental rights, with childcare options still available for parents. Labor Leader John Robertson is hoping to introduce a private member's bill but says he is happy to work with the Government. Mr O'Farrell says Cabinet agrees childcare operators should have the right to refuse entry to children who have not received their jabs. "I understand there's been legal advice under the anti-discrimination legislation," he said. "We don't rule out amendments to the anti-discrimination legislation if they are necessary to uphold existing and long-standing public health practice and policy, which is that children should be vaccinated." The NSW Health Minister Jillian Skinner said yesterday she has been discussing measures to amend legislation to allow operators to exclude non-vaccinated children with the Chief Health Officer. She says the legislation would make allowances for some children.

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NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- Engineering majors continue to boast fatter salary offers than their peers, according to the most recent survey from the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Majors in the engineering field dominated the association's list of top-paying degrees for the class of 2011, with four of the top five spots going to engineering majors. Each of these majors receive average starting salary offers of more than $60,000. The only non-engineering major among the top five was computer science, which earned graduating students average starting salary offers of $63,017. "The entire top-10 list underscores the interest employers have in hiring technical majors," said Marilyn Mackes, NACE executive director. And the interest in these majors isn't new. Engineering majors in last year's graduating class were also promised the most attractive salaries. Chemical engineers were offered the highest starting salaries this year -- an average of $66,886. Mechanical engineers received salary offers averaging $60,739, and electrical and communications engineering majors saw average offers of $60,646. Computer engineering was the fifth highest-paying major, with offers averaging $60,112. Rounding out the top ten best-paying majors were industrial engineering, systems engineering, engineering technology, information sciences and systems, and business systems networking or telecommunications. But even non-engineering majors are seeing more attractive offers this year, NACE reported in February. While not quite the $60,000-plus offers that engineers are getting, the average starting salary across all majors is $50,034 -- up 3.5% from last year. The survey, issued quarterly, monitors salary offers of graduating college students in 70 disciplines at the bachelor's degree level. NACE collects data from college career service offices nationwide. |Overnight Avg Rate||Latest||Change||Last Week| |30 yr fixed||3.83%||3.90%| |15 yr fixed||2.96%||3.00%| |30 yr refi||3.95%||4.03%| |15 yr refi||3.06%||3.11%| Today's featured rates: Mining companies are cutting jobs as China's economic slowdown causes prices to tumble. More Donald Trump finally gives more detail on his economic plans. More The Galaxy Note 5 costs about $700 in stores. But how much does it actually cost Samsung to make? More Smartphones are expensive. So using the one your employer gives you can save a lot of money. But in exchange you may be forfeiting control and privacy. More

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Joseph J. Thorndike is a contributing editor at Tax Analysts and a columnist for Tax Notes magazine. His new book, "The Fair Share: Taxing the Rich in the Age of FDR," will be published later this year by the Urban Institute Press. France's Socialist President François Hollande is the talk of Europe for his planned 75% tax rate on individual incomes over €1 million. When enacted, the new rate will catapult France to the top of the list of high-tax countries. Hollande has defended the new rate as part of his effort to shrink France's budget deficit. But the new "supertax" is about more than raising money. It is also designed to make a point. "It's symbolic," Hollande has said. "It will show an example." Indeed, that's the essential nature of very high rates on very rich people. They aren't really about raising money, although they can do that pretty well sometimes. Rather, they are designed to make a political statement about fairness and economic justice. In Washington, of course, the fight is over whether to raise the top rate to a level just over half the amount they are arguing about in France -- to 39.6% from 35%. By contrast, numerous countries have top rates in the low to mid-50s, including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Japan and Sweden. The world's highest rate is levied in sunny Aruba, where people making more than $171,000 face a top rate of 58.95%, according to figures compiled by KPMG. Still, that's a long way from Hollande's 75%. But U.S. history offers a refuge for Hollande and other fans of supertaxes on the rich. The United States had a top rate of 70% as recently as 1980. (Read more by this author: Nixon paid 6.1%) Famously, President Reagan convinced Congress to slash that rate (and others) dramatically. High rates were a drag on the economy and a barrier to prosperity, he argued. By the end of Reagan's second term, the economy was booming and the top rate was just 28%. Coincidence? Well, yes, at least according to fans of raising taxes on the rich. They point to the 1950s, when rates were as high as 90% and economic growth was solid. President Eisenhower was a genuine budget hawk, and he convinced his Republican Party colleagues to swallow hard and accept high rates as a fiscal necessity. (Related: 6 of richest in U.S. paid no tax) So high tax rates are good for the country, at least in the face of deficits, right? Not exactly. Most economists in the 1950s thought high rates were deeply pernicious. Sure, rich people would keep working in the face of high rates, but not quite as hard. Instead, they would focus their efforts on finding ways to avoid high tax rates. Worse, high rates had a tendency to make the public more tolerant of tax avoidance and push lawmakers into enacting more loopholes. Today, no one is arguing for a return to Eisenhower-era 90% rates. And reasonable people can disagree about where the bad effects of high rates really begin to show up. Is it at 40%? 50%? 75%? There's no easy or definitive answer, although some recent research from progressively minded economists would suggest that the number could be surprisingly close to Hollande's 75%. Ultimately, however, such research is immaterial, at least in political terms. The argument for raising tax rates on rich people has never really been about revenue, incentives, or even growth. It's been about fairness, plain and simple. Fans of "soaking the rich" are happy to embrace studies that support their policy agenda. But it seems fair to say they would still like supertaxes even if they slowed growth. Certainly that's been the lesson of U.S. history. Even the economists who crafted FDR's New Deal in the 1930s understood that big tax hikes on the rich came at a price. But, by and large, they also believed that such rates were necessary, politically if not fiscally. Ultimately, those high rates came down. But it took a long, long time, and the damage caused by those rates played a key role in shaping the conservative revival of the 1970s. By the late 1960s, Republicans were ready to challenge that system, and the new GOP rode an antitax wave into power. So if you're looking for the roots of modern antitax politics, you can start with the progressive tax rates of the 1930s. Soaking the rich can seem like a good idea, especially when times are tough. But it's a perilous agenda, at least for fans of progressive taxation.

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Happy New Year! The American economy kicked off 2013 with a small rise in new claims for unemployment benefits -- a closely-watched indicator of the health of the job market Initial jobless claims rose during the first week of the new year, as 371,000 people filed first-time claims for unemployment benefits, up 4,000 from the previous week. Over the last four years, the measure has improved dramatically. During the height of the recession, weekly claims had surged above 600,000, and then fell below 400,000 at the end of 2011. But over the last year, the improvements have slowed as numbers of new claims have stagnated. Aside from a temporary bump due to Hurricane Sandy, they've largely been stuck in the 350,000 to 400,000 range for more than a year. Claims at that level are consistent with hiring that adds roughly 150,000 jobs to the U.S. economy each month, as was the average in 2012. Hiring is expected to continue at that pace for the foreseeable future, barely keeping up with population growth. How low can they go? There's always a certain amount of temporary unemployment and turnover in the labor market. Even before the recession, it was not uncommon to see 300,000 initial claims being filed each week, so it's not as if claims will ever fall to zero. "Even when the U.S. economy was firing on all cylinders, there were always people moving in and out of jobs," said Robert Kavcic, senior economist with BMO Capital Markets. Kavcic believes the job market could improve enough to reduce weekly claims to between 320,000 and 350,000, but anything lower than that may be an unrealistic goal in 2013. Claims in that range could reflect hiring that adds about 250,000 jobs to the economy every month. In addition to tracking first-time claims, the Labor Department also tracks people who have filed for their second week or more of benefits. The latest data shows 3.1 million people filed continuing claims in the week ending December 29, down 127,000 from a week earlier. The unemployment rate, a measure calculated by separate data, was 7.8% in December, reflecting that 12.2 million Americans were officially counted as unemployed, regardless of whether they receive jobless benefits.

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Faith Drives A Father To Create A Test For Childhood Cancer When Bryan and Elizabeth Shaw learned that their son Noah had a potentially deadly eye cancer, like a lot of people, they turned to their religious faith to help sustain them. But faith is also impelling Bryan Shaw to create software to detect eye cancer in children as soon after birth as possible. The Shaws are Christians, and their faith is extremely important to them. When they were at their bleakest, "Bryan would pull out the Psalms and say, 'This is how King David suffered in the Psalms, and we're going through this," says Elizabeth. "This is God's plan for our family, and we just have to walk through it and trust in God." But their passionate faith in God was also a source of concern for Bryan Shaw. "What causes people's faith to be damaged," he told me, "is when bad things happen to them and they think, 'Oh, there can't be a God, because if there was, he wouldn't have done this bad thing to me.' " There's no doubt that a bad thing happened to Shaw's family. At 4 months of age, Noah was diagnosed with a rare form of eye cancer called retinoblastoma. Children with the disease form tumors at the back of their eyeballs. Children like Noah with the inherited form of retinoblastoma start to form tumors before they're even born. Bryan says his faith wasn't shaken by Noah's illness. "I believe there is no bad thing done to you," he says. "It may seem bad in the short term, it may seem bad in this life, but it's not bad. It happened for a reason. You may not figure it out in this life, but if you can, you're even more blessed." But he worried that Noah might have trouble understanding that. "When he gets older and he can think for himself, I don't want him to get mad at God, or stop believing that there is a God," Bryan says. So he was determined to find ways to prevent that from happening. He hopes the early detection software will do the trick. The technique has shown that it is possible to detect the signs of retinoblastoma as early as 12 days after birth. Bryan hopes to prove that such early detection will mean fewer children will lose an eye to the disease, as Noah did. "I want my son to believe that what happened to him happened to him for a reason," says Shaw. "And if I can make good come from this bad stuff that happened to my son, and I can show him when he grows, I know it's going to strengthen his faith." The Shaws were determined not to let another one of their children suffer from retinoblastoma. So to prevent that, they chose to have a second child using in vitro fertilization. That way they could screen the resulting embryos and only implant the ones that did not carry the damaged copy of the RB1 gene. Some Christians are uncomfortable with this because it can mean discarding viable embryos. The Shaws continue to struggle with this dilemma, too, but favor the belief that God gave them a tool to prevent retinoblastoma. In any event, baby Samuel won't face the health problems that afflicted his older brother. This story was produced by Rebecca Davis. STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: It's MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep. RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST: And I'm Renee Montagne. We've been hearing about how a scientist has been trying to help others after his own son was diagnosed with a rare cancer. Yesterday, we introduced you to Bryan Shaw, a chemist at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. Even before their infant son was diagnosed, Shaw and his wife were suspicious that something was wrong. It turned out that their son's baby pictures showed evidence of a cancer long before their doctors recognized it. Today, as part of his series Joe's Big Idea, NPR's Joe Palca tells how those baby pictures may lead to an invention that will help save thousands of other children. JOE PALCA, BYLINE: Noah Shaw is now five years old. (SOUNDBITE OF A CHILD SINGING) PALCA: Every six months, Bryan and Elizabeth Shaw come to Boston to see their son's cancer doctor, to find out if the tumors in his eye are under control or growing again. ELIZABETH SHAW: Yeah, I might get a little nauseous before his one o'clock checkup, because at that time, we'll find out if his cancer is still stable or of it's not. UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN: Going up. PALCA: At the upcoming appointment, Noah's going to need eye drops, and Noah hates eye drops. So Bryan is doing a sales job on him. BRYAN SHAW: When you're done getting drops, what are you going to get? NOAH SHAW: Twix. SHAW: That's right. PALCA: Bryan and Elizabeth saw hints of their son's disease, a rare eye cancer called retinoblastoma, in flash pictures when Noah was just three months old - a strange, white glow in some of the pictures. At first, they thought it was a problem with the camera, like red eye, only white eye. A month later, a doctor saw that same glow when she did an eye exam, and told the young couple their baby boy had tumors at the back of both eyes. Bryan was devastated. SHAW: The day he was diagnosed, that afternoon, I couldn't talk. I called up a help network and I said: Hi, my son has - my son. And the lady on the phone was, like, take your time. PALCA: Finally, he got the words out. SHAW: My son has cancer. PALCA: My son has cancer. At first, all Bryan could think about was doing whatever it took to save his son's life. There were months of chemotherapy and radiation and ultimately surgery to remove Noah's right eye, to keep the cancer from spreading to his brain. But at some point during all of this, Bryan told me he started thinking more like the scientist he is. He wondered: What if the camera had been programmed with software that could recognize the white eye? SHAW: If I would have had some software in telling me: Hey, go get this checked out, that would have sped up my son's diagnosis, and the tumors would have been just a little bit smaller when we got to them. There might have been fewer. PALCA: And maybe Noah's eye could have been saved. But there was no software. Now, for most of us, that would have been that. But Bryan, the inorganic chemist, figured: I can become a software designer. SHAW: I was trained in this funny lab at Harvard called the Whitesides Lab, where we scoffed at specialization. If you were just an inorganic chemist, you weren't cool. PALCA: To build the new software, Bryan needed to find the earliest instance of that white reflection in baby Noah's eyes. That would tell him just how early you could catch a sign of the disease. Luckily, his wife took a lot of pictures of their baby. SHAW: And I told my wife: Give me all your pictures. Give me all the pictures. I need all the pictures. PALCA: So Bryan sat at his laptop... SHAW: I was in my office. PALCA: ...and started sifting through the photographs. Turns out, there were thousands. SHAW: How many people take 9,000 pictures of their family, and then go back one day and look at every single one in chronological order? PALCA: Noah, as a newborn, Bryan and Noah curled up together on a couch, Noah with a patch where his right eye used to be. SHAW: When I was looking at all the photos, I cried. I don't mind crying when nobody's watching. Because I relived the whole - I just relived everything. What really hit me was my face looking at my face in some of the pictures, holding my son, and boy, I looked miserable. It's funny, because you don't feel so miserable. It's like - I've never been in combat, but I think it would be like this. You're just so hopped up that you really never have time to sit down and be sad. But when you look back at pictures of yourself going through that, you can see it on your face. You were pretty messed up. PALCA: After poring over these pictures for weeks, Bryan found what he was looking for. SHAW: We had white-eye showing up in pictures at 12 days old. PALCA: Twelve days. Months before the doctors diagnosed his cancer, these photos showed the tumors were there and growing when Noah was practically a newborn. SHAW: I mean, he still had the nasty thing hanging from his belly button. PALCA: Bryan is convinced if he can build this software, it'll speed up diagnoses and save lives and sight. SHAW: I would like this application, this software to be free and I would want it anywhere a picture of a kid is - your laptop computer, your Flickr account, your Facebook account, your phone, your camera. I don't care where. PALCA: When you hear Bryan speak this way you think: There's a man on a mission. Get out of my way, 'cause here I come. So Bryan has rounded up some computer science colleagues at Baylor, and they've come up with a prototype of the software. But it's a long way before it will be ready for the kind of distribution Bryan's hoping for, because there are lots of problems to solve. Proving it works for one thing. He'll need parents of kids with retinoblastoma to donate all their baby pictures so he can test his software on those and see how it does finding their cancers. And he'll need pictures of healthy kids to prove software won't accidentally say they have cancer, when they don't. SHAW: False positives - that's going to be the big problem, is false positives. PALCA: You said it. Imagine thousands of terrified parents pounding on doctors' doors because their cameras told them their kid might have cancer. Bryan thinks he can make software that will keep this from happening. But Noah's illness has made Bryan see the world differently SHAW: I've lived through this, you know. An ophthalmologist can say, oh, they'll be too many false positives, this will just annoy too many parents. Well, OK. You might get annoyed. But if I can save, let's see, 4,000 kids die a year from it, 8,000 get it, and almost all of them, whether you survive or die, you're going to have compromised vision, if this software can improve their life, well, maybe we can overlook the little bit that it might inconvenience some of the other families, I don't know. PALCA: There's another reason Bryan so passionately wants this software project to succeed, a reason that's more important really than all the rest. SHAW: Because I'm a Christian, and if I can make good come from this bad stuff that happened to my son, and I can show him when he grows up, what happened to you, son, isn't as bad as it might seem. PALCA: Because your disease, Noah, led to an invention that saves other kids' lives. SHAW: I know it's going to strengthen his faith, because it helped other people out. No money there. SHAW: I swing. SHAW: Yeah. You want to go sit in the chair? PALCA: Noah and his Mom and Dad have arrived at Dr. Shizuo Mukai's office at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and now they're waiting for the doctor. It's been 20 minutes and counting. (SOUNDBITE OF WAITING ROOM CHATTER) PALCA: Noah's gotten his eye drops, gotten his Twix, and now Noah is getting antsy. SHAW: I want to sing a song. PALCA: To help pass the time, we offer to record Noah singing a song. SHAW: How about Bob Marley? What's your favorite Bob Marley song? SHAW: "Three Little Birds." (Singing) Don't worry about a thing. PALCA: As they sing together, Bryan's eyes well up. SHAW: (Singing) Cause every little thing is going to be all right. SHAW: That's right, buddy. PALCA: Finally, Dr. Mukai arrives to do the exam that will tell whether Noah's cancer is back. DR. SHIZUO MUKAI: Do you want to scoot up there? PALCA: He says Noah in a chair... MUKAI: Can I take a little peak? PALCA: ...and peers into his eye. MUKAI: Yeah. It looks great. MUKAI: So, yeah, the back looks fine. SHAW: Oh, great. MUKAI: The tumors have regressed nicely. SHAW: It's a huge relief to hear that his cancer is still regressed, and we're happy about that. PALCA: So, Noah is in the clear. Now, what happens if Bryan's early detection system for retinoblastoma never pans out? Well, Bryan says he can handle that. SHAW: But you know what? It's such a good idea, that I believe even if I don't do it, if I just get the word out, somebody else will do it. That's really all that matters. PALCA: Joe Palca, NPR News. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THREE LITTLE BIRDS") BOB MARLEY: (Singing) Don't worry about a thing, 'cause every little thing gonna be all right. Singing don't worry about a thing, 'cause every little thing gonna be all right. MONTAGNE: You're listening to MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

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Retiring Columbine Principal Turned Guilt Into Action SCOTT SIMON, HOST: Today is Graduation Day at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colo. And, of course, it will be an emotional time for the school's principal, Frank DeAngelis. He'll be giving his final sendoff to a senior class. Mr. DeAngelis is retiring at the end of this school year. He's one of just a few staffers who stayed on at Columbine after the 1999 mass shootings there. Fifteen people died, including the two gunmen, who were also students. As NPR's Kirk Siegler reports, the massacre and the school's response to it defined Mr. DeAngelis's career. KIRK SIEGLER, BYLINE: You can't miss what Frank DeAngelis calls The Wall of '99, in his narrow, windowless office. FRANK DEANGELIS: There's pictures of President Clinton and the support he gave us for raising funds. A picture... SIEGLER: From floor to ceiling, it's covered with memorabilia. Plaques, photos commemorating April 20th, 1999 - the day this suburban high school was put in the national spotlight. DEANGELIS: Now, many people ask me - how can you, day after day, look at those pictures as a constant reminder? And I said, I look at those pictures and I look at the names up there, and it gives me the reason for walking back in here. That what I want to do in their memory is to rebuild this school. SIEGLER: DeAngelis, who will turn 60 this fall, has a salt-and-pepper mustache and a warm smile. He's just about as a humble as they come. He's often praised for his decision to stay on as principal, helping the school rebuild and recover. But DeAngelis says he needed to stay. DEANGELIS: Something that I have to live with for the rest of my life is 13 people died on my watch. And the damage and the devastation that was done, was done by two of my kids. SIEGLER: DeAngelis has tried to channel his guilt into action. Today he's outspoken on school safety issues. He's one of the first people who gets called in for crisis counseling when there's a mass shooting. He's been to Virginia Tech and Sandy Hook. But it took him a while to be able to talk openly about his experiences. Early on, he even had a hard time leaving his office at Columbine. (SOUNDBITE OF SCHOOL HALL) SIEGLER: But he realized he needed to be the face of this school and just be there for his grieving students and staff. Today, walking the halls, dropping in on a class, knowing students on a first name basis, is still the thing he loves the most about his job. DEANGELIS: How are you? You have a good weekend. Thanks for the lunch. SIEGLER: One of the things he'll miss the most are Friday afternoons when he joins the choir outside his office to sing the school song. (SOUNDBITE OF SCHOOL CHOIR) SIEGLER: This has happened every week since the school reopened in the fall of 1999. Afterword, DeAngelis gives some high-fives and a few fist bumps to students and teachers. It's clear he'll be missed here. TOMMY TONELLI: To be honest with you, it's- it's crushing for us. SIEGLER: Social studies teacher Tommy Tonelli says DeAngelis deserves a lot of the credit for turning this school into a regular school again. TONELLI: It's hard, I know, for a lot of people to imagine that. Because what they know of us is so different. And that's certainly understandable 'cause that's part of the collective memory of our nation. But at the same time, you wish everybody could see what you're seeing today. And that's that we just have a great school and a great community. SIEGLER: Frank DeAngelis gets a lot of credit for helping Columbine rebound, but he also took some criticism over the years. The shootings drew attention to what some described as an environment of bullying that was long tolerated by administrators. Lawsuits accused DeAngelis of failing to heed warning signs about the two gunmen. Devon Adams was a sophomore when the shootings happened. She says DeAngelis rose to the occasion and became a different principal - one who truly listened to and treated teenagers with respect, including her. DEVON ADAMS: Mr. D. stepped out, and was willing to own up to his own failures. And he was willing to listen to students and teachers, and he was willing to make changes. SIEGLER: The two are still in touch today. In fact, DeAngelis still keeps in touch with a lot of his former students from 1999 and the years that followed. He says some are still struggling, battling alcoholism and drug abuse. DEANGELIS: Lessons learned that kids, or people, when they go through a traumatic experience, are going to be affected at different times of their life. And the funds ran out to provide mental health for these kids. And all of a sudden, 10 years out, students start calling me, saying, Mr. D., I'm struggling. Can you help me? SIEGLER: During retirement, DeAngelis wants to get more involved in helping his former students, but also take his counseling and advising work further. DEANGELIS: And I approach it from the standpoint, where, I think, money needs to be spent and programs need to be in place - is to identify these troubled kids. You know, these kids do not come out of their mother's womb hating. SIEGLER: He wants to devote his work to preventing future incidents, not just reacting to them. The other thing that DeAngelis hopes to do - you remember The Wall of '99 in his office? He's planning to write a book that tells the story behind every photo and memento on it. Kirk Siegler, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

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Somewhere in Minneapolis or Jackson or Baltimore, somewhere in America today, there is a young couple that is feeling vulnerable. Maybe one has been laid off due to outsourcing, and maybe, the other is working for something close to a minimum wage. They probably have no medical benefits. Today real income is lower for the typical family than in 2000, while the incomes of the wealthiest families have grown significantly. Things are tough for working people, but in America, we often turn to our faith in tough times.I'm not sure it's quite as simple or easy as Mr. Ellison says, but I have no doubt that we can and should be doing a lot more than we're doing now. The passage I bolded is an excellent example of the Republicans' skewed priorities, and what they choose to squander this country's abundance on. And that's without even mentioning the ongoing cost of the war and occupation in Iraq, which is probably enough to wipe out poverty all by itself. When our couple shows up for worship service, probably on a Sunday, there is no doubt that the preacher will tell them of God’s unyielding love. “God loves you.” But the next thing the preacher tells them is crucial - not only to the young couple, but to us all. The next message from the preacher may help to shape, not only the next election results, but the political landscape of the nation. Will the preacher tell our young couple, “God loves you – but only you and people like you?” Or will the preacher say “God loves you and you must love your neighbors of all colors, cultures, or faiths as yourselves”? One message will lead to be a stinginess of spirit, an exclusion of the “undeserving”, and the other will lead to a generosity of spirit and inclusion of all. In America today, we are encouraged to believe in the myth of scarcity - that there just isn't enough - of anything. But in the story of the miracle of the loaves and fishes, Jesus, who the Muslims call Isa, found himself preaching to 5000 (not including the women by the way) at dinner time, and there didn’t appear to be enough food. The disciples said that there were only five barley loaves and two fish. We just have to send them away hungry. We simply don't have enough. But Jesus took the loaves and the fish and started sharing food. There was enough for everyone. There was more than enough. What was perceived as scarcity was illusory as long as there was sharing, and not hoarding. If scarcity is a myth, then poverty is not necessary. America need not have 37 million Americans living below the poverty line. It is a choice. Hunger is a choice. Exclusion of the stranger, the immigrant, or the darker other is a choice. We can choose generosity. We live in a society which says that there is enough for a tax break for the wealthy but not enough for an increase in the minimum wage or for national health care. There is enough for subsidies to oil and coal companies but not for families who are struggling to afford child care or a college education. But it doesn’t have to be this way. We need a politics of generosity based on the reality of abundance as opposed to a politics of not-enough. The richest 1 percent of the nation, on average, owns 190 times as much as a typical household. The child poverty rate in the United States is the highest of 16 other industrialized nations. Employers are shifting health insurance costs onto workers. Not only are fewer employees receiving health insurance through their employers, but those who still do are paying more for it. Recently, I have become the focus of some criticism for my use of the Qu'ran for my ceremonial swearing in. Let me be clear, I am going to be sworn into office like all members of Congress. I am going to swear to uphold the United States Constitution. We seem to have lost the political vision of our founding document -- a vision of inclusion, tolerance and generosity. But I guess since he's a Muslim, our Christian nation doesn't have to listen to him. Hell, I'm sure I'm objectively pro-terrorist just for saying "What the Muslim said!" Oh well, I'm sure it wouldn't be the first time. UPDATE: There's quite the lively debate in the comments after Ellison's piece. There are some truly creepy xenophobes and bigots there (as well as some I-got-mine-fuck-you conservatarians), but they're getting their asses kicked pretty handily by the sane people.

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Now in its 37th year, the Journal of Social History has long been one of the most widely cited journals of historical research in the United States. The Journal continues to define new areas of historical coverage and to clarify major interpretive issues in the field, with articles on such subjects as: Emotion, childhood and family; Household composition; Material culture and family life; Violence and crime; Social history of the arts; Gender and labor protest; Explorations in new aspects of race, immigration, disability, and social movements; The AIDS Epidemic. The Journal is also looking to the future, with a special emphasis on defining the state of social history today and its prospects for the future, thus maintaining its role as a major outlet for historical research and thought. Use the simple Search box at the top of the page or the Advanced Search linked from the top of the page to find book and journal content. Refine results with the filtering options on the left side of the Advanced Search page or on your search results page. Click the Browse box to see a selection of books and journals by: Research Area, Titles A-Z, Publisher, Books only, or Journals only.

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The Georgia Museum of Natural History is an important center of natural history research. For almost a century, the University of Georgia has been a center of research in natural history related to the state, the region, and the world. To a large extent the quality of this research is based upon the information and knowledge associated with the 14 collections affiliated with the Georgia Museum of Natural History. These collections represent research conducted in dozens of fields of study. They are crucial for graduate research and training programs in their respective academic departments. Each year the personnel associated with these collections generate approximately 100 scientific publications and average over $1,500,000 in contracts and grants. The collections themselves represent voucher specimens for the research and the data associated with each of the collections contains an important base for future research. The research activities associated with the collections encompass both basic and applied fields of study. Though not exclusively so, much of this research relates to Georgia and the southeastern United States. Basic research in archaeology, zoology, botany, and geology is important in conducting applied research needed to manage Georgia's cultural and natural heritage wisely to ensure it will survive for future generations. Detailed knowledge is critical to the intelligent management of this heritage Much of this information is used by government agencies and private organizations. The Museum supports undergraduate and graduate research in natural history through the annual Joshua Laerm Academic Support award.

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(Just in case of any confusion, this answer was originally in response to a duplicate question about pinch harmonics used by Billy Gibbons of ZZTop - thanks for the merge, Dr Mayhem!) These are probably pinch harmonics. In which case, they are not produced by a particular amp or effects setting, but are produced by the picking hand while playing (although they are much easier to produce when using a lot of overdrive/distortion). Pinch harmonics are produced by creating a node with the picking hand as it picks, rather than creating a node above one of the frets (eg. 12, 9, 7, 5) with the fretting hand, which are natural harmonics. (See the end of this post, for an explanation of what nodes are and how to find and create them.) There are several ways to do this. Most players do pinch harmonics using the thumb of the picking hand; I touch lightly with the nail of my ring finger (3rd) on my picking hand. Either way, the thumb or finger should touch at exactly the same time as the pick and then move away from the string at the same time as the pick. You will need to experiment with moving your pick position along the string, to find different node positions for different pitches (and, of course, these change, depending upon which fret your L.H. is fretting). Like many players, I suspect, I first "discovered" pinch harmonics by accident (usually while using distortion). With a bit of practice, though, it becomes easy to create pinch harmonics for any fretted note. I must confess, I take a rather "non-scientific" approach to pinch harmonics, being able to find them somewhat intuitively. However, there are plenty of guitarists who know exactly where to create the R.H. node to create exactly the harmonics they want for any particular fretted note. Another term for harmonics created when playing fretted notes is artificial harmonics. In particular, this term is used when playing classical guitar. Obviously, no pick is used for classical guitar, so the method of production is different. The node is created by the R.H. index finger; the string is then usually played with the R.H. ring finger. (Although, this may need to be different if playing chords containing an artificial harmonic.) When producing these kind of artificial harmonics on classical guitar a hit-and-miss approach is not useful; the R.H. index finger needs to be placed exactly at the node point on the string (usually half the length of the fretted string, to produce a harmonic an octave higher than the fretted note, although other harmonics can be effectively produced too). The lack of distortion and volume when playing classical guitar means that only "exact" harmonics sound effectively, whereas, with plenty of volume and distortion, pinch harmonics can almost be produced accidentally as a kind of "effect" when playing electric guitar. ADDITIONAL INFO: What are nodes? How do I find and create them, to produce harmonics? As requested, here is some additional info about finding node points on strings to create harmonics. Node points for harmonics can be found at points along a string by dividing the total length by an integer (whole number) value. For instance, there is a node point at 1/2 way along the string (in other words, it is found by dividing the total length by 2). Dividing the total string length by 3 gives two node points, producing the same harmonic; one is a 1/3 of the string length from the nut, the other is a 1/3 of the string length from the bridge. If a vibrating string is touched at a node point (while or after it is plucked) the string vibrates "in sections", with the node point (and other equal node points) being still. This creates a harmonic, a higher pitched overtone, present in the open or fretted pitch (the fundamental frequency). The pitch of the harmonic is directly related to the integer value of the string division. For instance, playing the harmonic with a node at the halfway point along the string doubles the frequency, which makes it an octave higher. If the node point is found by dividing the string length by 3, the frequency is 3 times the fundamental frequency, which makes it an octave and a fifth higher. The wikipedia article here gives a good, detailed explanation (and illustration) of how strings vibrate when touched at these different node points, and how this affects the frequency of the harmonics produced. How does this relate to playing pinch/artificial harmonics on guitar? When playing an artificial or pinch harmonic, the node points are now a division of the fretted length of the string; in other words, the distance between the bridge and the fret being pressed with the fretting hand. If using the R.H. thumb to play pinch harmonics, the point of the thumb closest to the string (usually the left side of the thumb's tip), touches the string at a node point, at the same time as the pick touches the string. The pick will be plucking the string slightly to the right of where the thumb touches the string. The images at this webpage illustrate this well. If using a R.H. finger to play pinch harmonics, it's tip (or nail) will again touch at a harmonic node-point, but the pick will now be plucking to the left of where the finger touches the string. I use my R.H. ring finger to do this, but it is possible to use the index, middle or little fingers, too. To produce artificial harmonics on classical guitar, the R.H. index finger usually touches the node point (by "pointing" somewhat towards the neck), while the R.H. ring finger plucks the string. The image below illustrates this well: EDIT: one last point. The technique of using the ring finger to pluck the string is helpful on classical guitar, as it means you pluck the string some distance from where you touch the node. As classical guitar is acoustic (and so, obviously, doesn't use distortion either!) it is harder to produce a strong harmonic. Plucking further from the node helps to do this. I illustrate this in my answer to another question, here.

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Ali Tabari ARTICLES Figure 1a-c: Three pages from Al-Juz' al-thalith min kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb (The third part of the comprehensive book on medicine) by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (ca. 865-ca. 925). (Source). Medical Sciences in the Islamic CivilizationLEARN MORE The medical sciences and related fields have enjoyed great...

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Taliban for Peace? Supreme Leader Signals Willingness To Talk Peace By Stephen Grey in Kandahar Taliban fighters pose in front of a burning German military vehicle in Isaa Khail village of Char Dara district of the northern Kunduz Province April 3, 2010. Three German soldiers were killed and five others seriously injured in fighting in Kunduz, the German Army Command in Potsdam said on Friday. REUTERS/Wahdat April 18, 2010 “The Times†— The supreme leader of the Taliban, Mullah Mohammed Omar, has indicated that he and his followers may be willing to hold peace talks with western politicians. In an interview with The Sunday Times, two of the movement’s senior Islamic scholars have relayed a message from the Quetta shura, the Taliban’s ruling council, that Mullah Omar no longer aims to rule Afghanistan. They said he was prepared to engage in “sincere and honest†talks. A senior US military source said the remarks reflected a growing belief that a “breakthrough†was possible. “There is evidence from many intelligence sources [that] the Taliban are ready for some kind of peace process,†the source said. At a meeting held at night deep inside Taliban-controlled territory, the Taliban leaders told this newspaper that their military campaign had only three objectives: the return of sharia (Islamic law), the expulsion of foreigners and the restoration of security. “[Mullah Omar] is no longer interested in being involved in politics or government,†said Mullah “Abdul Rashidâ€, the elder of the two commanders, who used a pseudonym to protect his identity. “All the mujaheddin seek is to expel the foreigners, these invaders, from our country and then to repair the country’s constitution. We are not interested in running the country as long as these things are achieved.†The interview was conducted by a reputable Afghan journalist employed by The Sunday Times with two members of the shura that directs Taliban activity across the whole of southern Afghanistan, including Helmand and Kandahar provinces. It was arranged through a well established contact with the Taliban’s supreme leadership. Looking back on five years in government until they were ousted after the attacks in America on September 11, 2001, the Taliban leaders said their movement had become too closely involved in politics. Abdul Rashid said: “We didn’t have the capability to govern the country and we were surprised by how things went. We lacked people with either experience or technical expertise in government. “Now all we’re doing is driving the invader out. We will leave politics to civil society and return to our madrasahs [religious schools].†The Taliban’s position emerged as an American official said colleagues in Washington were discussing whether President Barack Obama could reverse a long-standing US policy and permit direct American talks with the Taliban. If the Taliban’s military aims no longer included a takeover of the Afghan government, this would represent “a major and important shiftâ€, the US official said. The Taliban objectives specified on their website had already shifted, Nato officials said, from the overthrow of the “puppet government†to the more moderate goal of establishing a government wanted by the Afghan people. In the interview, the two leaders insisted that reports of contact between the Taliban and the Kabul government were a “fraud†and stemmed from claims made by “charlatansâ€. Up to now, no officially sanctioned talks have taken place, they said. They laid down no preconditions for substantive negotiations, saying simply that the Taliban were ready for “honest dialogueâ€. Another Taliban source with close links to the Quetta shura said the movement was willing to talk directly to “credible†western politicians, including Americans, but not to intelligence agencies such as the CIA. This source said that although the Taliban’s unwavering objective remained the withdrawal of all foreign troops, their preconditions for talks might now be limited to guarantees of security for their delegates and a Nato ceasefire. According to a Nato intelligence source, Taliban representatives have established direct contact with several ministers in President Hamid Karzai’s government. But they refuse to have any direct contact with Karzai, whom they regard as an “illegitimate puppetâ€. During an interview that lasted for several hours and was interrupted only by the coming and going of messengers on motorbikes, our reporter heard nothing from the Taliban leaders to suggest that the movement was weary of war, as some western analysts have claimed. Instead, he was told that the Taliban believe they are winning and are able to negotiate from a position of strength. Asked about a forthcoming Nato offensive in the Kandahar region, a local Taliban commander who sat alongside the two scholars boasted: “We’re ready for this. We’re going to break the Americans’ teeth.†The Taliban leaders said that lessons had been learnt from Nato’s last big offensive in the Marjah area of Helmand province earlier this year. When Nato gave advance notice of the operation, the Taliban were lured into sending too many fighters to the area, some of whom died. The leaders said that in Kandahar a plan to counter Nato had already been prepared. “There will be no surprise there,†said Abdul Rashid. “We have our people inside all positions in the city, in the government and the security forces.†He added that America already had enough problems “to haunt her†and fighting in Kandahar would only turn more people against it. “People don’t trust the foreigners because they are backing the warlords. People are fed up with crime and brutality and that’s a big problem for the Americans. We’re well positioned, with supporters everywhere.†As they prepare for the traditional summer fighting season, the Taliban leaders are placing as much emphasis as Nato on winning the hearts and minds of the population. Abdul Rashid said there had been Taliban commanders who had financed their campaigns by taking bribes to give safe passage to Nato supply convoys or from drug smugglers. But the Taliban’s leadership had ordered a halt to this. “What we do is not for a worldly cause — it is for the sake of Allah. More important than the fighting for us now is the process of purification. We are getting rid of all the rotten apples,†he said. 12-17 April 22, 2010 by TMO 0 comments 25 viewson *The Muslim Observer, 12-17, International, Volume 12 Share this post Facebook Twitter Google plus Pinterest Linkedin Mail this article Print this article Tags: Abdul Rashid, Afghanistan, America, Char, Dara, Government, Helmand, interview, Kabul, Kandahar, kunduz province, Mohammed Omar, Mullah, mullah mohammed omar, mullah omar, northern Kunduz Province, Omar, Potsdam, President Hamid Karzai, Quetta, source, southern Afghanistan, Stephen Grey, Taliban, taliban mullah, US, Washington, western politicians Next: Muslim Business Leaders Invited by Democrats Previous: Negotiating with the Taliban?

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Diagnosis&Treatment of Head&Neck Cancer - Dr Burkey Online Health Chat with Dr. Brian Burkey April 15, 2010 Cleveland_Clinic_Host: Head and neck cancers account for 5 to 10 percent of all cancers in the United States. Head and neck cancer is more common in people over age 50 and three times more common in men than in women. If detected early, head and neck cancer is often curable. In fact, it can be prevented easily through some basic lifestyle changes. Because head and neck cancers may involve the digestive and respiratory tracts, tumors – if left untreated – can interfere with eating, swallowing, and breathing, and can invade other parts of the body. The larger a tumor becomes the more life-threatening it is. Twelve thousand Americans die from head and neck cancer each year. Early detection and treatment are critical and can save lives. Cleveland Clinic head and neck surgeon, Brian Burkey, MD answers questions about the signs, symptoms and treatment options for head and neck cancers, which include the following areas: - Oral cavity: the lips, tongue, gums, lining of the cheeks and lips, bottom and top of the mouth, and behind the wisdom teeth. This is the most common type of head and neck cancer. - Salivary glands: These produce the saliva that keeps your mouth and throat moist. The main glands are on the bottom of the mouth and near the jawbone. - Sinuses: the hollow spaces in the bones surrounding the nose - Nasal cavity: the hollow area inside the nose - Throat (pharynx) - Voicebox (larynx) - Lymph nodes in the upper part of the neck Brian Burkey, MD, was recently recruited from Vanderbilt Medical Center in Nashville, TN and appointed Head of the Section of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology in the Head & Neck Institute of Cleveland Clinic. Patients are benefiting from the institute model, which integrates most of the specialties needed in the comprehensive care of patients with complex head and neck tumors (i.e., head and neck ablative surgeons, microvascular and reconstructive surgeons, dentists and maxillofacial prosthetic experts, speech and language pathologists, and dedicated nurses and advanced practice nurses). Dr. Burkey has been listed in Best Doctors and America's Top Doctors, since 2001; America's Top Doctors for Cancer, since 2005; America's Top Surgeons, since 2008 and he received the Distinguished Service Award of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2009. Cleveland_Clinic_Host: Welcome to our Online Health Chat with Cleveland Clinic surgeon Dr. Brian Burkey. We are thrilled to have Dr. Burkey here today for this chat. Let’s begin with the questions. Head & Neck Cancers: General Information blanek2: What types of cancers are categorized as head and neck cancer? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Usually, the term head and neck cancer is used for those cancers originating in the upper aerodigestive tract, which includes the air and food passages from the lips and nose to the upper trachea and esophagus. Other cancers also include those of the thyroid, lymph nodes and soft tissues of the face and neck. Brain tumors are separate and are treated by neurosurgeons and other cancer specialists. weed: For thyroid cancer, how long does it take for thyroid cancer to turn into lymph cancer? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Thyroid cancer may travel to lymph nodes and require treatment at that site. Not all cancers will travel to lymph nodes and even small cancers may travel quickly, so there is not a perfect answer to your question. However, in general, the lymph nodes should be evaluated in the workup of all thyroid cancer. weed: Have you any knowledge of head or neck cancerous masses resolving, without medical intervention? Like a miracle cure or it just goes away? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: There are always sporadic reports of tumors which resolve on their own, but these are very rare indeed. The tumor where this is most commonly reported is melanoma of the head and neck skin, where spontaneous resolution will occur in a very small subset of patients. However, this again is a very rare occurrence and active treatment of cancer is always preferable, where cure is desired. Head & Neck Cancers: Treatment Options stevie: If there are no side effects, does that mean it is not working? Can one person tolerate the treatments better than someone else? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Please clarify which treatments to which you are referring--I am uncertain what you are asking exactly. Thank you. jr: With cancer of the tongue and/or throat, what is done with swallowing/eating problems? Also, my brother is waiting almost 2 months for treatment to begin. Why would this be so? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: In treatment of cancers of the tongue and throat, swallowing and eating is almost always affected. Specialists rely on speech and swallowing pathologists to help in the diagnosis and treatment of these functions caused by either surgical or nonsurgical treatment of head and neck tumors. They are a vital part of the treatment team. The beginning of treatment is sometimes delayed due to the need to assess tumor spread and for the removal of nonviable teeth that are in radiation fields, along with healing time. weed: A young family member contracted thyroid cancer at 17. The thyroid was removed. She was given radiology isotope treatment. She is now diagnosed with lymph cancer. What are the options for treatment, and what CCF departments would treat her.? Endocrinology is for the thyroid, but she doesn't have a thyroid anymore. How can they help? Should she also see someone in oncology? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Your family member should be evaluated by a thyroid surgeon and the endocrinologist together. Most probably, the best treatment will include surgical removal of lymph nodes and additional radioactive iodine. At Cleveland Clinic, both the endocrine and head and neck institutes have surgeons specializing in the treatment of thyroid cancer and they all work closely with the endocrinologists, including presentations at a multidisciplinary thyroid tumor board. ks2: Can you please explain what exactly is done in a Retropharyngeal Node resection? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: This is an uncommon procedure where the lymph nodes behind the pharynx are removed via an incision in the neck and dissection down to the throat and then removal of the nodes along with associated fat and fibrous tissue. Care is taken to avoid injury to the great vessels of the neck, including the carotid and jugular vessels. lexie: How successful is surgery (removing the cancerous gland) in treating cancer? My cousin has cancer in a salivary gland and is having it removed. Will she have to go through chemo and radiation too or does it depend on the stage of the cancer? What would cause someone who is only 20 to get this kind of cancer? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Salivary gland cancer is relatively uncommon and there is no known reason or risk factor for this disease. Treatment includes surgical removal of the gland and sometimes the nearby lymph nodes.Depending on the pathology found at the time of surgery, additional radiation and/or chemotherapy may be indicated. kate: What do you consider the worst (most difficult to treat) head and neck cancer? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Any head and neck cancer may be difficult to treat if it is diagnosed at a late stage, which is why it is important to see a head and neck specialist if you are having worrisome symptoms. Head and neck cancer awareness week is an annual event that occurs in many locations all over the country. The event includes free screenings for head and neck cancer, including screenings at the Cleveland Clinic on April 14, 2010 (all day - two locations). Please check the Internet for more information by searching Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Week, 2010. For Cleveland Clinic activities, go to clevelandclinic.org for more information. weed: If cancer is found in a lymph node in another area of the body, in this case the chest, what specialty would be included in the care of the patient? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: In thyroid cancer, chest metastases are treated with radioactive iodine and this is overseen by endocrinologists and nuclear medicine specialists. sassy: Do all types of head and neck cancer require surgery? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Head and neck cancer can be treated in three general ways: surgery, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Surgery may be done through an incision or endoscopically. The best treatment is determined by the type of cancer, its site and its stage. Again, specialists in head and neck cancer are best able to provide this information once all the factors have been evaluated. seek9: Do you work in conjunction with oncology? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Most all head and neck surgeons work closely with a medical and radiation oncologist, and I am no exception. The team approach to patient care invariably will provide the best cancer and functional results. billoviatt: My brother has squamous cell cancer. I have read medical journal articles on the benefits of advanced nutraceutical supplementation before, during and after chemotherapy and radiation - makes the good cells stronger and the cancer cells weaker.. I know this concept does not have much credibility within typical US oncologists being the fear of weakening the free radical effect of the chemo and radiation. What is your thinking here?? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: This is an emerging field in the adjuvant treatment of head and neck cancer. However, the research is certainly in its infancy and many people in this country are wary of potential side effects and dilution of more standard treatments. I would never substitute unproven treatments for proven treatments, but I am supportive of anything that may improve the overall immune capabilities of an individual without causing significant side effects. The details of the potential treatment depend on the specifics, as always the devil is in the details. Head & Neck Cancers: Prevention arobert6: Is there a way to avoid thyroid cancer? Some say dental xrays play a role? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: Thyroid cancer is quite common and is more common as people age. For many types, there is no obvious cause.There are certain types of thyroid cancer that are associated with a familial tendency, and so a family history of thyroid cancer may put a person at increased risk. Also, exposure to low level radiation also predisposes a person to thyroid cancer, that is, increases that person's risk of cancer. Examples include radiation given in the past for acne or tonsillitis, treatments that are now obsolete. Dental x-rays are very low level radiation and are probably safe in low numbers, and so should be used when the information is worth the radiation exposure. jenjen: What can you do to prevent head and neck cancers? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: The best ways to prevent head and neck cancers is to avoid tobacco use in all forms, smoking and chewing, and to drink in moderation. When you smoke and drink together, this increases your risk significantly. These two factors make up the greatest risk factors for head and neck cancer--over 80% of head and neck cancers are preventable with these lifestyle choices. If you currently smoke and stop, your chance of developing cancer will continue to decrease every year, over a 20 year period. Symptoms of Throat Cancer kpazdernik: What are the key symptoms in throat cancer? For a couple months now I have been feeling like I am swallowing "past something" in the right side of my throat. I do not feel it when I swallow food or drink, only saliva. It is not painful, it’s just there. I will add that my grandfather died of throat cancer at a young age (around 60, I think) Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: The keys symptoms of throat cancer are trouble swallowing, painful swallowing, ear pain, change in voice, weight loss and coughing up blood.Your symptoms could be due to a cancer, or more likely, gastroesophageal reflux. This means that stomach acid can track up the esophagus and cause burns in the throat and symptoms which mimic cancer. The best way to distinguish is to see a head and neck specialist for an exam in the office, which can help differentiate between benign and malignant causes of your symptoms. Diagnosing Head & Neck Cancers kpazdernik: What are the red flag symptoms when looking at head/neck cancers? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: The keys symptoms of head and neck cancer are trouble swallowing, painful swallowing, ear pain, change in voice, weight loss, an unexplained lump in the face and neck, coughing up blood, and pain/numbness in an area of the face and neck. Head & Neck Cancer: Research goals: What is the latest research being done? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: The answer depends upon the specific area of interest. Much research is being done in all areas of prevention and treatment of head and neck cancer, as well as education. One good source of new information is on the web site of the American Head and Neck Society. cappy: Are there any long term effects to the radiation treatment I am receiving? Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: If the radiation treatment is given over six to seven weeks, daily, then there are long term side effects. The most common is acute swelling and tenderness of the lining of the mouth and throat. Most patients will also develop a dry mouth and lack of saliva that may last forever. Thus, good care of any remaining teeth after radiation therapy is essential, as is long term follow up with a dentist. Cleveland_Clinic_Host: I'm sorry to say that our time with Cleveland Clinic head and neck surgeon Dr. Brian Burkey. Thank you again Dr. Burkey for taking the time to answer our questions about head and neck cancer. Speaker_-_Dr__Brian_Burkey: I was happy to take the time to chat with you today. Remember, next week is Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Week. Free screenings and educational pieces will be provided all over the world. Check out different head and neck cancer websites for information on local events. For more information regarding Cleveland Clinic's events, go to clevelandclinic.org for more information. - To make an appointment with Dr. Burkey, or any of the other specialists at the Head and Neck Institute at Cleveland Clinic, please call 216.444.6691 or call toll-free at 800.223.2273, ext. 6691. You can also visit us online at clevelandclinic.org/headandneck. - A remote second opinion may also be requested from Cleveland Clinic through the secure eCleveland Clinic MyConsult website. To request a remote second opinion, visit eclevelandclinic.org/myConsult. - If you need more information, contact us, chat online or call the Center for Consumer Health Information at 216.444.3771 or toll-free at 800.223.2272 ext. 43771 to speak with a Health Educator. We would be happy to help you. Let us know if you want us to let you know about future web chat events! - Some participants have asked about upcoming web chat topics. If you would like to suggest topics, please use our contact link clevelandclinic.org/webcontact.

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Dependable Strengths Workshop (Day 2 of 2) Networking and Job Search Saturday, January 11, 2014 · 9 AM - 3 PM Need answers to the big questions about where you are headed next? Not sure what kind of job you are interested in or how to find it? Are you graduating this year and lack the know-how or confidence to network? This two day workshop helps you to do all of these! Unlike other career assessments and workshops, you'll be able to assess your strengths and identify what you enjoy, things that you do well and events or experiences in which you take pride. It motivates you to succeed. Ultimately by learning more about yourself through this process, you open up new opportunities. The focus in this workshop is a non-traditional job search process. Through guided group discussions, participants will: - Identify what you are good at and what you love to do - Learn to articulate your worth to an employer - Learn to make contacts whenever you may want them - Succeed in interviews - Work with a support team to increase self-confidence The workshop is designed for all levels from freshmen to graduate students and alumni.

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Hero Bus Driver Rescues Students From Burning Bus You can’t get much more heroic than rescuing school children from a burning bus. Which is why public school officials and firefighters in Charlotte, North Carolina are raving about school bus driver Lindora Richardson, whose calm in the face of potential catastrophe may have saved the lives of the six children on her bus last Wednesday afternoon. As she was delivering the students home from school, Richardson noticed a burning smell. After pulling over, smoke began pouring through the vehicle’s dashboard. Now realizing something was seriously amiss, Richardson guided the passengers, aged five to ten, out through the back of the bus and ushered them quickly down the street. Moments later, the bus was completely engulfed in flames. A Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools’ spokeswoman said, We are very proud of her and for her following proper procedures. It could have taken a very different turn had she not done her job correctly.” The bus driver will be honored by the Charlotte Fire Department this week. As for Richardson, her hero turn was just a matter of instinct. “I do have two kids, and I do love children, (and) I love my job,” she explained.

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'This reader is a bold attempt to rescue the heuristic value of modernity in African scholarship that takes cognizance of the disjunctures between academic discourses and lived African realities. By bringing together a wide array of multidisciplinary papers -- published and unpublished -- it makes a convincing argument for a historicized approach to Africa's engagement with modernity that gives Africa agency as coeval while recognizing the inequities that have framed Africa's relationship with the West. The stimulating introduction and essays in this volume underscore why modernity remains a factious yet highly significant concept for Africans -- and thus for scholars of Africa.' - Emmanuel Akyeampong, Professor of History, Harvard University This book provides students of Africa with a guide to the bewildering variety of scholarly work on the issue of modernity in Africa, and to offer some tools for dealing with its intellectual paradoxes. Part One contains both analytical and historical examples of the genealogies of modernity in the African continent and the fragmentation over time of its unilinear meta-narrative. Part Two provides a set of rich ethnographic sketches of its current manifestations in politics, urban space, technology and the realm of the invisible. What emerges as critically important in this challenging collage of texts, are the varying ways in which modernity actually produces its other -- that is, "tradition". "'... scholars have felt the urgency to understand modernity in present-day Africa, and have tried to make sense of these desires to move "upward" or to "develop", to cease being "backward" or being held back by "tradition". Yet, people often regard "modernity" as an abomination as much as a blessing, and yearn nostalgically for a vanished past... They form this ambivalence in widely divergent socio-cultural and historical trajectories, giving rise to a bewildering variety of often unexpected manifestations. These varied forms of modernity are the focus of this volume" - from the Introduction AllAfrica Review: Readings in Modernity in Africa

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Tonight's fun from Randy Seaver is Ancestor Name Roulette! We take the year one of our great-grandmother's was born and divide by 90. The resulting number is used to match the person with that ahnentafel number in our family tree. For this challenge, I used my great-grandmother Irene Gillespie McCormick, born in Albany, NY in 1891. Dividing 1891 by 90 gives me 21.011, rounded down to 21. Person number 21 is Irene's mother-in-law, Margaret Gilligan McCormick. This branch of my family is the one I know the least about, though I do have at least 3 facts on Margaret. Records I have turned up thus far tell me that Margaret Gilligan was born 18 Jan 1851 in Ireland. I have yet to find where in Ireland Margaret was born. The 1900 federal census indicates Margaret's year of immigration to the United States was 1860, which would make her about 9 years old if the date is correct. But so far it's all I have about her entry to the U.S. A distant cousin I connected with recently has reason to believe Margaret and her family may have come to the United States via Canada, which is a theory I'm currently exploring as a possibility. Margaret's last residence was 540 Mercer St., Albany, where she died 3 Jan 1927. She in buried in St. Agnes Cemetery, Menands, NY.

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See all photos Seattle police arrested 17 people Wednesday evening after a day of peaceful May Day protests turned violent. Eight officers suffered minor scrapes and bruises. Several hundred demonstrators, many clad in black and wearing masks or bandanas, marched from Capitol Hill into Seattle's retail core. A large contingent of Seattle Police officers and private security lined the streets and stood outside several larger stores including Nordstrom and Nike Town, targets of vandalism during last year's May Day demonstrations. As the protesters moved through downtown Seattle, they threw street barriers, trash cans and newspaper bins on the streets in an attempt to block advancing police officers. Windows of local businesses were broken and vehicles with people in them were banged around. Police report metal pipes were thrown at patrol cars and windows, along with water bottles and other debris. Police deployed pepper spray and stun grenades to control the crowd while some officers pushed the angry crowd back with bicycles. Thirteen people were arrested for assaults and property damage, police reported. Officers were able to corral a couple hundred people into Cal Anderson Park on Capitol Hill, away from retail shops and traffic. The crowd began to disperse around 9:30 p.m. Olivia One Feather of Covington joined the crowd Wednesday night because she wanted to see how police handled the protest. She said she wasn't impressed, adding that she was pepper sprayed in the face while trying to video record officers. Of the protesters, she said, "They're doing what we need to do to stand up (for) ourselves. These are our streets and we have the right to take them." Many of the protesters are self-described anarchists. A local anarchist website said protesters would attempt to disrupt the day. After the clashes died down, local residents were seen cleaning up trash left by the protesters. Earlier Wednesday, several hundred people gathered at Judkins Park in Seattle's Central District for the 13th Annual May Day March for Workers and Immigrant Rights. The march got underway around 3:30 p.m. and made its way to the Federal Building around 5:00 p.m. KIRO Radio traffic reporter Kimi Kline said there were minor backups on side streets. No arrests were made during the peaceful march. A rally Wednesday morning at Westlake Park was also pretty tame. The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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The mysterious Orient has gifted the Western World with a multitude of dog breeds. The most endearing of these favors from the Far East is the Pug, a small monkey-faced companion with the heart and soul of a canine many times its size. The Chinese, were known to call Pugs by several names, among them: Foo or Fu Dog ; Pai-Dog ; Happa-Dog ; Lo-Chiang-Sze ; Lo-Chiang and Lo-Sze. When the Pug was sent from Korea to Japan, it was referred to as Sichuan Pai. And in Tibet the Pug was known as the Hand Dog. The Chinese were greatly influenced by superstitious ideas and religious values in the breeding of their dogs. The Chinese Emperors of the Han Dynasty, (206 B.C. to 220A.D.), were the first to become interested in sacred Lions. In China, the mythical Lion came alive with Buddhism, a foreign religion that reached China directly through the Sinkian trade route, from India through Tibet. The Manjusri Buddha , the God of Learning, was said to travel around the world as a simple monk accompanied by a small dog. This dog, named Happa (pet), can be transformed instantly into a Lion, so the Buddha can riding upon his back. These Lions , often referred to in the Chinese language as Stone Lions, Buddha Lions, Buddha Dogs, or Foo Dogs, (the word Foo being Chinese for Buddha), are a representation of the Lion in pre-modern China, which is believed to have mystic protective powers that has traditionally stood in front of Chinese Imperial palaces, temples, Emperors' tombs, government offices, and the homes of government officials and the wealthy. There is no doubt that the lion did not exist in China. Chinese sculptors modeled Lion statues after native dogs as nobody in ancient China had ever seen a real lion before, (compare the Chow Chow, Pekingese, Shi-Tzu, Shar-Pei, Pug, etc., and closely related dog breeds originating in ancient China, also called Foo Dogs). Couple of Fu-Dogs Foo Dogs are often created in pairs. The right Foo Dog is male and the left Foo Dog is female. They have curled hair, large eyes, an opening mouth and outstretched paws. Under the left paw of the male is a decorative, ornamental ball or pearl. Under the right paw of the female is a playful lion cub usually lying on their back. For hundreds of years the Chinese Imperial Family bred their dogs to resemble these sacred Lions. In ancient Chinese documents, it is recorded that short-mouthed dogs existed in China during the time of Confucius (551 B.C.- 478 B.C.). The Book of Rites, a Confucian classic, stated that "dogs are of three kinds: hunting dogs, watch dogs, and those used for culinary purposes". It is recorded that during this period in the Province of Shansi, those dogs were considered hunting dogs rather than pets: "Some of these were probably small dogs, for it is mentioned that after the day´s sport, one kind of dog followed its master´s chariot, while those having short mouths were carried in the carts". A reclining woman and her About 1 A.D. the word "Pai " came into use in China, which appears to mean a short-legged and short-headed dog whose place was under the table. (The Chinese table of the period was low, and those round it sat on mats.) In The Kangxi Dictionary , the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters ever put together at the time, commissioned in 1710 by Emperor Kang Hsi (or Kangxi ) of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, quotes two old encyclopedia as considering the word "Pai " to refer to : (1)"A dog with short legs ", quotation from the "Shuo-Wen Dictionary" Han Dynasty. About 150 A.D. (2)"A dog with a short head ", quotation from the "Kwang Yun," Sung Dynasty. About 1000 A.D. This authority states that the above character was also pronounced " p'ai " (pronounced pie in English). (3)"An under-table dog ", also quoted in the "Kwang Yun " . In ancient China all treasures, including pearls, jade, or rare animals, were considered to be Imperial property. History points to Ancient Chinese law that stated only the Emperors could own or gift a Pai and if anyone broke this law, he was liable to be punished to death. Breeding of these small dogs were permitted only within the Imperial palaces. The small dogs, now considered sporting dogs, were bred by the eunuchs and court officials for the Emperor and other high officials. Pekingese dog, from an Imperial Dog Book(1686-1766) Illustrations of these dogs are found only in the stylized drawings and scrolls of ancient Chinese art. It appears that by the 1300s three types of small dog were favored: The Fu Lin, also known as Beijing Lion Dog or Beijing Royal Court Lion Dog, remarkably similar to the breed we know today as the Pekingese. The Shoku-Ken, thought to be the ancestor of the Japanese Chin. The Lo-Sze (pronounced low-tsu), progenitor of the modern Pug, sharing many characteristics of the Pekingese. The Lo-Sze was distinguished by its short muzzle, short hair, elastic skin, and the "Prince Mark " on its forehead. The Chinese had interbred these dogs, resulting in both short and long haired as well as variously colored pups in the same litter. This dogs were also called Happa-Dogs, as a generic name for a small "lap-dog", which may be of Lo-Sze (Pug), Lion-Dog (Shih-Tzu), or Pekingese variety. A taxidermied Happa-Dog in the Rothschild Zoological Museum The exhibition label for the Happa-Dog in the Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum in Tring, London, reads "Known in China since 700 BC. Probably the basic breed from which the Pekingese was developed and perhaps also ancestral to the Pug." Happa-Dog from 1915 The 1912 book titled "The Pekingese" by Miss Lillian Symthe ("Lady Betty") contains two photos of Ta-Jen as a youngster and refers to him as "the smooth dog". The book claimed that this "unique little Happa dog " was the only one known in England and represented the true type of Chinese Sleeve Dog. The book also stated that the dog was "Bought by de Hon. Mrs. Lancelot Carnegie whilst at H.B.M.´s Legation at Pekin," a distinction wich no doubt helped in acquiring the Happa dog. "Ta-Jen and Li-Tzu , the Gold Medal winner with Mrs. Carnegie´s Chinese maid, Shen Ah Nu". "Ta-Jen, the male Happa-Dog imported from Peking in 1906" As we can see from looking at a 19th Century photo of the two Japanese-Chin and a Pekingese owned by Queen Alexandra (Queen Consort to King Edward VII of England), it is obvious that the distinction between these two breeds was not as clearly defined as it is today. To add to the ambiguity, Pugs in China in past centuries produced in all colors, even particolor. So it could be that although Chinese artwork depicts dogs which to the modern Chin, Pug and Peke breeder appear to be their breed´s direct ancestors, it may be that these representations are merely generic dogs that could just as easily be called "a particolor Pug", "a smooth coated Shih Tzu", or "a particolor Happa". Around 900 A.D., the word "Lo-Chiang-Sze " was used in the Peking area to describe a small dog that has short legs, a short head, and short hair. Lo-Chiang-Sze was shortened to " Lo-Chiang " and later to "Lo-Sze ". The Lo-Chiang dog was likely the Pai dog before 900 A.D. The word Lo-Chiang is important because it is the first mention of coat length, which allowed people to differentiate the Pug from the Pekingese. Chinese Pug, from an Imperial Dog Book. By Tsou Yi Kwei , (1686-1766) Vice-Minister of Board of Rites. The color of the Lo-Sze varied with most being parti-colored, while some were almost completely white. The Chinese placed considerable importance on superstitions regarding the color and markings bred in dogs. To the Chinese, every color and every marking served to crystallize some superstitious thought. Symmetrical markings, known as "The Prince Mark ", three horizontal wrinkles crossed by a vertical bar on the forehead of a short-mouthed dog, which makes the Chinese character for "Prince ", were of great value. Sometimes, the Chinese docked the dogs' tails for a symmetrical form. However, the curly tail (Sze Kuo Chuerh ) and the double curl tail were also known to have existed. Breeding to closely defined points and adhering to the pedigree standards was never done in China. The only recognizable standards to which dogs were bred are those contained in the Dog Books of each Imperial Master , as illustrated by the court painter. Each Emperor had illustrations of his favorite dogs made on scrolls or in books, which set the fashion in breeding. The highest compliment a Chinese breeder in Peking can give was to judge that a specimen was good enough to "go into the book," that is to say, into an Imperial Dog-Book. Such of these books as have been obtained portray dogs closely resembling the "Pekingese", the "Shih-tzu" and the "Pug". A page of Chinese history reveals that Chinese Emperors belonging to various dynasties, beginning with the Shang Dynasty, 3000 years ago, were said to have bred a variety of small companion dogs. These pets were prized possessions of Chinese Emperors and lived in a most luxurious atmosphere and at times were even guarded by soldiers. Short Coated Pekingese They were privileged to have attendants look after them and rode in specially designed and built carriages to the hunting place while the other dogs would walk behind the carriages. The purpose of the carriage was to save the Pais´ energy and conceal them from the popular before arriving at the hunting place. The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.) was marked by trade in silk, spices, Lo-Sze (Pugs) and Pekingeses to Western countries. The Emperor Ling Ti (168-190 A.D.) of the Han Dynasty kept in his Western Garden at Luoyang (Honanfu) a dog of which he was extremely fond, and to this animal he gave the official hat of the Chin Hsien grade, the most important literary rank of the period as well as an official belt. Nearly, all the dogs which were reared by the Emperor Ling were given the rank of K'ai Fu (approximately that of a Viceroy) ; others that of Yi Tung (a rank probably equivalent to the present post of Imperial Guardian). The females were given the ranks of the wives of the corresponding officials. He also ordered that these small dogs are to be guarded by soldiers and fed only the best meat and rice. In the Tang Dynasty, (618 to 907 A.D.) Pugs, called Sichuan Pai (pronounced bai) dogs, were frequently sent as presents, first to Korea and then on to Japan, becoming very dear to the ladies of Japan. "Wo Tzu " became the Japanese word for the Chinese Pai-Dog. The Pai-Dog appears to have remained in fashion and became very famous. In the Buddhist Monasteries in Tibet , Buddhist monks are said to have bred Lhasa Apso and Pug as guard and companion dogs. Yang Kwei Fei One of the most famous references to small, short-faced dogs in Chinese history concerns Emperor Ming (A.D. 685-762) of the Tang Dynasty and his favorite wife, Yang Kwei Fei, whose beauty is widely acknowledged. One day the Emperor was playing chess with a certain Prince. Emperor Ming was losing. His wife, who was an interested spectator, dropped her pet Pug named, "Wo " (pronounced Waugh), upon the board so that the pieces were upset and the game ruined, to the great delight of the Emperor. During this period, so careful was the breeding of the palace dogs that eight distinct primary species of the small, short-legged dog evolved, their differences appearing to be a matter of color and length of coat. The Yellow City was the home of thousands of dogs. Four thousand eunuchs, living in forty-eight sections of the palace, competed in producing remarkable specimens. The number of Lo-Sze , (Pugs), increased incredibly during the period of the Sung Dynasties (960 to 1279 A.D.). But after the end of the great Sung Dynasty, Pugs, Pekingese and other breeds became all but a memory. The Tartar Dynasties, from 916 to 1125 A.D., did not have much interest in dogs. In the Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644 A.D.) cat breeding flourished, some of the Chinese Emperors carrying their enthusiasm for cats to remarkable excess. Cats appear to have continued to be the favorite pets of the Chinese court ladies until the end of the Ming period, when they were replaced by small breeds of dogs. It was during the Ming period that modern European traders first entered into trade relations with the Chinese empire. The Portuguese began trading in Canton in the year 1516, Spain opened trading in 1575, the Dutch in 1604 and England in 1634. The Pug brought to Europe during this time became the root of European Pugs. By the start of the sixteenth century, references to dogs in Chinese art and literature were becoming frequent. Simultaneously, Japanese-Chin and Pugs, which appeared in Italian paintings, were in big demand. The printing of The First Imperial Dog Book was completed at the end of the seventeenth century. This book, and the others that followed, were intended to set the standards for all breeds of dogs. The illustrations, however, done by Chinese court artists, are not realistic, so we cannot regard them as authoritative records of exact breed type. By 1820 breeding small Pai-Dogs became the fashion. Because the Emperors and their ladies wanted a tiny dog to pamper, play with and pet, dogs were carefully bred to such a size that they could be carried inside the wide sleeves of the robes of the ladies and the highest officials. This is how the term "Sleeve Dog " came about. Breeders were guided by "Sleeve Dog specifications". Still believes that its growth was impeded by artificial means, which were restricted to food and had the puppies inside wire cages until they reached maturity. The only dog described as a Sleeve Dog in some of the Imperial Dog Books was a short-coated Pai-Dog of very small size. The Empress Dowager Tsu-Hsi, or Cixi (1835-1911), of the Manchu Dynasty , also known as Quing Dynasty, (1644 to 1912) who was known as "Old Buddha" , objected to artificial dwarfing of such small dogs. The Empress, personally concerned with their breeding and welfare, and being an artist, was chiefly interested in breeding for color and in developing symmetrical markings on her dogs. Strongly deploring the development of abnormalities such as bowed legs or a protruding tongue, she bred for the white spot on the forehead and the saddle mark on the dogs' backs. Until her death in 1911, the Empress was a brilliant breeder who was faithful in maintaining pure breed type throughout her whole kennel, and that kennel consisted of over a hundred dogs. At this time, three types of dogs were bred as palace companions with little difference in type but with different coat length. Tsu Hsi closely supervised the initial Pug breeding to maintain breed characteristics separate from the Pekingese and the Shih Tzu , but after her death that same year, breeding practices became sloppy and cross-breeding with Pekingese and Shih-Tzu probably occurred. In 1860 British soldiers attacked the Imperial Palace , and during the occupation of the city many dogs were taken from their owners. In Peking, Pugs and Pekingese were sought after by dog fanciers from the west but not many of the palace specimens were imported to England until after the death of the Empress Dowager. Image:(bigger size, clik here) Imperial Dog Scroll, instructress in painting to the Empress Dowager, 1890 From "Dogs of China and Japan in nature and art", by V.W.F. Collier The breed lost contact with its Chinese Heritage in 1949 when the Communist Party came to power in China. People were starving all over the country, and the Communist Party leaders considered it a waste of food to feed pet dogs. All pet dogs were ordered destroyed, and dogs whose lineage went back thousands of years were killed. Luckily, enough Pugs had been previously exported from China to Western countries that the breed continues today. **If any text or graphics that appear here have copyrights, please inform us and immediately will be removed. Our purpose is just to share information**

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Earengey - what does Earengey surname mean? Amongst all the rare and unusual surnames of the world Erangey, also recorded as Eringey, Erangy, Earingey, Earngy and Earengey, will have a pride of place near the top. The `modern` form is clearly Irish, all early recordings being found in that country, and almost entirely in Limerick, with just the odd one in Waterford. None of the recognised works on Irish or Gaelic surnames mention `Erangey` in any spelling form, which is either because it is very rare (which it is), or because it is of `foreign` origins, and they simply don`t know. Surnames at their point of origin had a meaning or translation, `Erangey` seems to have neither. The fact that all early recordings are in one particular Irish city, may be the pointer. Limerick, Waterford, and Belfast, were prominent points of entry for Huguenot refugees fleeing France in the 17th and 18th centuries. It seems curious that (mainly) Catholic Ireland should prove a haven for Protestants. It is our opinion that the surname is of French origins and an Anglo-Irish dialectal of the medieval French job descriptive surname `Haranger`, a word which describes a producer or merchant of smoked fish, specifically herrings. Unfortunately the relative church registers which may have proved this origin were apparently burnt in the destruction of the Public Records Office in Dublin in 1922. Surviving recording examples include Thomas Erangey who married Margaret Horan at the church of St Johns, Limerick, on January 11th 1803, and Julia Arangy who married William Adamson at the same church on May 6th 1821. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William Erangey, which was dated November 11th 1797, married at St Johns Church, Limerick City, during the reign of King George 111, of Great Britain & Ireland, 1760 - 1820. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to `develop` often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling. Get the Earengey surname meaning widget for your website! Select and copy the text below in your website's code.

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Healthy eating is not about strict dietary limitations, staying unrealistically thin, or depriving yourself of foods you love. Rather, it’s about feeling good, having more energy, and sustaining your mental disposition. If you feel overwhelmed by all the conflicting nutrition and diet advice out there, you are not alone. UCSF Professor of Medicine Dr. Robert Baron and Registered Dietician and Diabetes Educator Katie Ferraro discuss eating healthy in this series from UCSF, Eating for Health (and Pleasure): The UCSF Guide to Good Nutrition. How Do We Know What to Eat, Drink (and Take)? Dr. Baron addresses this often perplexing question. He explains what you can do to improve your diet, as well as what supplements you should — and should NOT — be taking. You may be surprised at the evidence. Dietary Guidelines: From Pyramid to Plate 65% of the world’s population live in countries where obesity kills more people than those who are underweight. Katie Ferraro, takes us through the history of the food pyramid and how to judge what to put on your plate to maintain healthy weight. Dietary Fats: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly Katie Ferraro explains a healthy person on 2,000 calorie diet per day should strive for 65 grams total fat, less than 20 grams saturated fat, zero grams trans fat and under 200 milligrams of dietary cholesterol. Learn more about each type of fat and how to identify which is in what food. Dr. Baron explains the prevalence of obesity and trends in obesity rates, then looks at what we can do about it. He takes a look at various popular diets along with surgical and medicine options and concludes that the goal is to be as fit as possible at your current weight and prevent further weight gain, then begin weight loss.

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Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services Bridge, the Ocean Sciences Education Teacher Resource Center, is a growing collection of on-line marine education resources. It provides educators with accurate, useful, content-correct and content-current marine and data information on global, national, and regional marine science topics, and gives researchers a contact point for educational outreach. The Resource Pavilion provides links to lesson plans and curriculum units for K-12 classrooms, while the Data Port section provides links to on-line data sets, including tips on how to use these data in the classroom. Specific classroom activities using data are detailed and updated on a monthly basis. A communication section provides access to listservs and ask-a-scientist services. Ocean science information sites are linked by discipline or topic, including biology, chemistry, physics, marine geology, ecology, atmopshere, and human activities. Current on-line expeditions and event-specific activities are highlighted on the front page. This description of a site outside SERC has not been vetted by SERC staff and may be incomplete or incorrect. If you have information we can use to flesh out or correct this record let us know.

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From an Old French personal name, Rog(i)er, of Germanic (Frankish) origin, from hrōd ‘fame’ + gār, gēr ‘spear’. This was adopted by the Normans and introduced by them to Britain, replacing the native Old English form Hrōðgār. Roger was one of the most popular boys' names throughout the medieval period, but less so after the Reformation, though it has continued in regular use to the present day. Roger, Count of Sicily (c.1031–1101), son of Tancred, recovered Sicily from the Arabs. His son, also called Roger, ruled Sicily as king, presiding over a court noted for its splendour and patronage of the arts.

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Friday, May 6, 2011 For the Women, 1938 Stanley Home Products, Inc., wished to be so helpful to the ladies in 1938 that they offered them a measuring tape which they called "A Tattle-Tape for Women," called such because "It-Tells-On-You." It was copyrighted by Roger Martenson, Minneapolis, Minn., 1938. This cloth tape measures 60" and is about 5/8" wide. Along the front of the tape are the advertisements, "Stanley Home Products, Inc." and "Household and Personal Brushes - Floor Wax and Household Polishes." All 60 inches of the back of the tape is covered with printed information about body weights and measurements and boxes and grids to write one's measurements. The lady of 1938 learned that "If your weight is within 10% of our charts and your proportions check with our tables ... you have a lovely figure." Information about the height/weight chart explains, "Approximate and normal weights for small, medium and large framed individuals." Here is the chart they provided. The instructions below are printed with boxes for writing the measurements following each: "Write chest measurement in the following square....." "Write bust measurement in the following square......" "Your bust should measure 1 to 2 1/2 inches larger than chest" "Write waist measurement in following square......" "Your waist should be from 6 to 9 inches less than bust. 6 inches is fair, 7 inches good, and 8 inches is excellent." "Write hip measurement in following square......" "Your hips should be 1 to 3 inches more than bust" "Write your weight in following square......" "Your weight should be within 10% of normal." "For beauty, health and appearance check your weight and measurements each month...." About 24 inches of the tape gives space for the lady to track her weight, chest, bust, waist, and hip measurements for 12 months. I'm trying to imagine what a lady of the house in 1938 thought about this gift. Was she pleased to receive a free measuring tape? Did any of the women who received one feel unhappy that Stanley Home Products, Inc. was offering them a product to help them monitor their weight and measurements? Did any of the ladies who received the tapes use them? Did it encourage them to buy (or buy more) Stanley products? In 1938 my mother turned 23 and she married my father in September. From some of the memories she shared about that time in her life, there wasn't an abundance of food. I know that throughout her life she was aware of her weight and was careful not to overeat. I suppose she would have appreciated such a gift. I found this measuring tape at a local recycle center. It was neatly coiled into a flattened circle. It is frayed and obviously has been used for measuring, but no measurements were recorded in the boxes on the back. As a sewer and homemaker, I'm pleased to have another tape measure: it means I won't have to go retrieve the one by the sewing machine when I want to measure something in the bedroom.

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Catholicism has always been ambivalent about "popular religion." Church leaders point with pride to Marian devotions, Corpus Christi processions, and celebrations of saints' feast days, as evidence of the faith's deep roots in popular sensibility. Yet the same leaders often look askance when popular devotion erupts (think Medjugorje, Garabandal, or Bayside), concerned about the border between charisma and chicanery. Thus it is that church officials have watched busloads of pilgrims arrive at Wadowice, the hometown of Pope John Paul II, drawn to the pope's "miracle water," with a certain weary caution. The phenomenon began shortly after Pope Benedict XVI's May 27 visit to Wadowice, when Benedict referred to seeing John Paul soon raised to "the glory of the altars." Shortly afterwards, reports began to circulate about water forming at the base of a statue of John Paul in Rynek Square. At first, people thought the appearance of the water was itself a miracle, but the mayor indicated that city officials simply thought the statue would look better with water at the base and had installed a pipe. Attention then shifted to whether the water had miraculous properties, regardless of where it came from. That's what draws pilgrims today, who fill water bottles from the statue in the conviction that, like the waters of Lourdes, it can bring some blessing. Youth who flocked to John Paul were known in the Italian press as the "papa-boys," so Corriere della Sera has dubbed these pilgrims "tappo-boys," tappo being Italian for "cork." Whatever its supernatural merits, the water is certainly a blessing for Wadowice, positioning it to become the Polish equivalent of San Giovanni Rotondo, the massively popular shrine of Padre Pio. Recently, a Polish company launched a gold-painted train, emblazoned with the John Paul motto Totus Tuus, to carry pilgrims from Krakow to Wadowice. With space for 155 disabled people, the train shows videos and photographs of John Paul on television monitors. Devotion to the late pope in Poland remains fierce. Recently a film festival was cancelled in Lublin, where Karol Wojtyla taught, because its gift shop carried a T-shirt with the words, "I never cried for the pope." All this suggests that when crowds chanted Santo Subito! during John Paul's funeral, they weren't really asking for a formal declaration. They were asserting a popular conviction that, like the tides, couldn't be held back even if officialdom tried. The e-mail address for John L. Allen Jr. is email@example.com

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Pope Francis will help launch a global campaign of prayer and action against world hunger. Organized by Caritas Internationalis, the Vatican-based federation of Catholic charities, the global "wave of prayer" will begin at noon Dec. 10 on the South Pacific island of Samoa and head west across the world's time zones. Pope Francis will offer his blessing and support for the "One Human Family, Food For All" campaign in a five-minute video message being released on the eve of the global launch. Caritas Internationalis invited its 164 member organizations and local churches to pray for an end to hunger and malnutrition as well as to act on a local, national or global level against food waste and promote food access and security worldwide. Nearly 1 billion people -- or about one in eight people -- experienced chronic hunger or undernourishment during 2010-2012, according to the Caritas website. "One of the worst sounds a parent can hear is their child crying at night tormented by hunger. Many parents living in poverty hear this cry and yet they have no food to give them," Honduran Cardinal Oscar Rodriguez Maradiaga of Tegucigalpa, president of Caritas Internationalis, said in a video message. "There is enough food to feed the planet. We believe that with your help and the help of governments and the U.N. we can end hunger by 2025," he said. Caritas is urging Catholics to take a few moments at noon Dec. 10 to join the world in praying against hunger as well as engage in long-term action through raising awareness, advocacy, charitable work or other efforts supporting food security. The right to food is part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the "Food For All" launch date of Dec. 10 marks the U.N.'s Human Rights Day. The Caritas campaign is calling on the United Nations to hold a session on the right to food at its 2015 General Assembly and is asking governments to guarantee the right to food in national legislation to help alleviate their own citizens' hunger. The campaign will continue with a "global week of action" in October 2014 with events aimed at pressuring national governments to support laws for the right to food. In Rome in May 2015, Caritas Internationalis will also host a general assembly of its members' leaders to focus specifically on eradicating hunger. People can contact their local Caritas organization for more information or the campaign's main site at food.caritas.org .

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The fossil record is one of the most common subjects about which creationists argue. They claim that evolution cannot possibly be true because the fossil record is riddled with gaps, that various life forms appear abruptly and without a trace of ancestry, and that there are no transitional or intermediate forms between the various fossilized organisms. It is indeed true that the fossil record contains gaps and that forms often appear abruptly. It is not true, however, than ancestral and intermediate forms do not exist. There are many familiar examples of fossil series, such as that of the camel, horse, deer, tapir, rhinoceros, elephant, and hominid sequences, that demonstrate relatively gradual changes over time. In fact, the fossil evidence for the evolution of the camel, beginning with its small, four-toed ancestor, is so extensive and step-by-step that no company or organization in America will go to the expense of publishing all the data in one place. The sequence of titanotheres is among the lesser known mammal series. These fossilized animals, dug out from the White River deposits of Colorado and adjacent states, begin in the Lower Eocene with an animal a little larger than a pig. As we move up the geologic column, we see this form evolve progressively into a larger animal with progressively larger horns. The record shows that these horns move forward from near the eyes to a position projecting out over the snout. The last of the line, in the lower Oligocene, has a head a meter long with horns of over thirty centimeters. This series represents over twenty million years of evolutionary change. Besides mammals, there are marine organisms with long fossil histories, such as the sea urchin, snail, and trilobite. Dr. Niles Eldredge of the American Museum of Natural History has devoted considerable study to these, in particular to the evolution of the trilobites. In his book, The Monkey Business, he goes into some detail on the various evolutionary stages leading to a particular suborder of trilobites, the phacopids. He further points out, "Trilobites are as diverse and prolific as the mammals, and examples of evolutionary change linking up two fundamental subdivisions of the 'Class Trilobita' ... are as compelling examples of evolution as any I know of" (p. 118). All the above-mentioned sequences are quite complete, though their pattern is not a linear progression as most persons imagine it should be. The fossil evidence rather shows a radiating or "tree of life" pattern, often involving many offshoots, regressions, and uneven developments. This is what should be expected. Too even and progressive a development might imply design—and hence creation. Creationists in debate understandably refrain from mentioning such series as these. They prefer to concentrate on animals further back in the fossil record for which the evidence is less complete and where "abrupt appearances" are more common. Dinosaurs and other Mesozoic reptiles are a preferred target. Duane Gish of the Institute for Creation Research is fond of running through a series of slides of these animals during his debates and claiming that each is a sudden appearance in the record and is unrelated to any other animal. Dr. Gish includes one slide of a Triceratops dinosaur. When I first saw him present this, I was amazed that Dr. Gish could be unaware of the well-known ancestry of this animal. But, in debate after debate, he persisted in claiming that Triceratops had no ancestors, that no similar dinosaur existed with anything less than its full set of three horns. On page twenty-one of his book, Dinosaurs, Those Terrible Lizards, he committed himself in print. Nowhere do we find in-between forms with spikes starting out as little spikes which gradually got bigger and bigger and finally ending up as a Triceratops dinosaur. The first time you see a dinosaur with armor plate on its head and with three spikes, he is a full-fledged Triceratops, with a huge armor plate and with three big spikes. This is strong evidence for creation! Every sentence of this is false. First, there definitely are in-between forms in the fossil record which have lesser and smaller "spikes" (horns); Dr. Gish denies that these exist. Second, Triceratops is not the only dinosaur with "armor plate [bony frill] on its head and with three spikes." He ignores Pentaceratops and Torosaurus, among others, which also fit this description. To make the point clearer, however, it will be useful to review the evidence for the evolution of the ceratopsians—or horned dinosaurs—by covering each link of the evolutionary chain in some detail and by providing illustrations. Psittacosaurus (sit-a-ko-SAWR-us), or "parrot lizard," begins our story. This animal lived some 118 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous period. Its fossils are found in the Ondai Sair Formation of Mongolia and in the Lower Cretaceous rocks of Kansu and Shantung in China. It is classified as a ceratopsian because of the features it shares in common with the later members of the ceratopsian "family tree," namely the sharp downturned upper jaw which resembles the beak of a parrot and the beginnings of a bony frill at the back of the skull. Psittacosaurus could walk on its two hind legs or on all fours, but the two-legged posture seems to have been its most common method of locomotion. It was about a meter and a half long. The only major caveat in the proper placement of this dinosaur is that all species so far found, such as Psittacosaurus mongoliensis (pictured at the top of Figure 1, page 4), could not have been the direct ancestors of the later ceratopsians. This is because the teeth in the front of the upper jaw found in the later Protoceratops are already absent in the extant fossils of Psittacosaurus. Nonetheless, it was an animal from this same genus that was the direct ancestor, and the species we do have indicate what the missing example must have been like. (As Niles Eldredge argues on page 125 of The Monkey Business, it isn't a major problem for evolution or for classification of species if one lacks the ancestor of a given form. Often later cousins will provide us with most of the information we need. Furthermore, because very few animals are ever fossilized, it should come as no surprise that pieces in the story are often missing.) Leptoceratops (lept-o-SER-at-ops) allows us to discuss the next step. About 100 million years ago, the family called the Protoceratopsids appeared on the scene. This was in the Upper Cretaceous. Leptoceratops was a North American genus that was actually the last representative of this family. However, it has been determined to have been a slightly modified survivor of the ancestral group that later developed into Protoceratops. At least six examples of Leptoceratops have been found in the Upper Edmonton Formation of the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. Leptoceratops gracilis is the species pictured in the center of Figure 1. The skeleton and skull show a very primitive structure, but demonstrate a later change in that two teeth are absent. The bony frill over the neck, which is a feature of the later ceratopsians, is only slightly developed. The feet and hands still show the claws common to Psittacosaurus, but Leptoceratops probably walked less often in the twolegged posture. In size it falls about midway between Psittacosaurus (top, Figure 1) and Protoceratops (bottom, Figure 1). Protoceratops (Prot-o-SER-at-ops) was a direct descendant of the ancestral line that produced Leptoceratops. Protoceratops was about two meters long, was more heavily built than its predecessors, and had claws that showed a change toward the small hooves common to the later ceratopsians. Its frill was fully developed, and this increase in size was directly related to the larger neck and jaw muscles which were, themselves, related to the powerful shearing teeth that allowed the animal to consume tougher plant material. As in the previous stages in the evolution of the ceratopsians, Protoceratops had hind legs longer than its forelegs. It was able to stand on the hind legs while digging in the ground with the forelegs. But, aside from that, Protoceratops walked fully on all fours. Protoceratops andrewsi is the only species known, but there are a large number of specimens of differing growth stages covering everything from hatchling to adult. Over a hundred skeletons showing these stages were found in 1924. Nests of eggs were also discovered. All the finds have come from the Djadochta Formation of Shabarakh Usu in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and from the Ulan Tsonch Formation in Kansu, China. The presence of Leptoceratops in North America, as well as the presence of close cousins and identical genera of other types of dinosaurs on both continents, indicates that passage was relatively easy between the continents at the time these dinosaurs were evolving. Therefore, it is easy to see how Protoceratops is the direct ancestor for the next stage, Monoclonius. Monoclonius (mon-o-KLON-e-us), like all the later examples of the Ceratopsid family, evolved on the North American continent during the Upper Cretacious period. There are a number of fossil species extant, including Monoclonius nasicornus (top, Figure 2), Monoclonius crassus, the first example found, and Brachyceratops montanensis, which, though sometimes thought to be of a directly ancestral genera, is more often held to be a juvenile form of still another Monoclonius species. All of these were found in formations in Montana except for Monoclonius nasicornus which came from the Oldman Formation in the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. Monoclonius first appeared about ninety million years ago. It reached a length of approximately six meters and had a large horn on its nose and incipient brow horns over the eyes. The frill featured a strongly crenulated margin of dermal bones on its edges, though not as developed as a similar structure in the later Triceratops (try-SER-a-tops), pictured at the bottom of Figure 2, was the largest of the ceratopsians and the end of the direct line from Protoceratops through Monoclonius. It evolved about seventy-five million years ago and lived to the end of the Cretaceous, which ended about sixty-three million years ago. It was so hardy that it was one of the last dinosaurs to survive. It reached a length of nine meters and had three fully developed horns on its head. The brow horns were sometimes nearly a meter long. The margin of the frill featured a row of dermal bones, somewhat limpet-shaped. Triceratops horridus and Triceratops prorsus are two well-established species. Fossils have been found in the Lance Formation of Wyoming, in Colorado and Montana, and in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The ceratopsian "family tree" shows a number of separate lines of development. Besides the sequence just outlined, there is another major sequence going from Protoceratops to Chasmosaurus to Pentaceratops and ending with Torosaurus. This is the long-crested line, shown on the right side of Figure 3. The short-crested line, ending with Triceratops, is on the left side. There were many offshoots in the evolution of these dinosaurs too involved to be shown in the diagram. Two of particular interest that are not shown are Bagaceratops and Montanoceratops. Bagaceratops was a strange mixture of advanced and primitive characteristics among the Protoceratopsids. For example, although it had a clearly formed horn core above its nose, its frill was only slightly developed. It probably filled a different ecological niche from its larger relative, Protoceratops. Its existence demonstrates the variety of transitional forms possible. Montanoceratops is another example of a transition. It is so transitional, in fact, that paleontologists cannot always agree on where to place it. Some say that it is an advanced Protoceratopsid while others declare it to be a very primitive member of the family Ceratopsidae. The dilemma is caused by the fact that, although it still had claws rather than hooves and was only three meters long, a nasal horn was developed, it had longer forelegs, and it had the more robust body proportions of the later and larger ceratopsians. As its name implies, this dinosaur was found in Montana. These sorts of classification problems are exactly what would be predicted in the light of evolution, but they don't make sense if creationism is true. Difficulty in classification means a lack of distinct separateness between forms. It means one form sometimes almost bleeds into another. Creationism, however, requires very clear distinctions and wide, unbreachable gaps. In the case of the ceratopsians, the evidence overwhelmingly favors evolution. It should now be clear that the facts from the fossil record utterly destroy Dr. Gish's claim that Triceratops appears abruptly in the fossil record without a trace of any ancestors. It was certainly clear to me when I presented a small portion of this data to him in debate on February 2, 1982, at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. But his response was interesting. He declared that, since all the fossils from Protoceratops through Triceratops were found in the Upper (or Late) Cretaceous strata, they couldn't be an evolutionary sequence. To be an evolutionary sequence, he claimed, these examples would have to stretch back to the Jurassic or Late Triassic. First of all, Dr. Gish ignores the fact that Psittacosaurus fossils were found in the Lower (or Early) Cretaceous. And second, he ignores the fact that the evolution just from Protoceratops to Triceratops spanned a period of over twenty-five million years. (Add Psittacosaurus and it expands to nearly forty-five million years). That is plenty of time for evolution to take place. Furthermore, it is important to note that the fossils all appear in the correct order; that is, you don't find Triceratops below Protoceratops, you don't find Protoceratops up above Monoclonius. The fossils appear in proper sequence and show developmental change. They progressively grow in size, number of horns, size of frill, and strength of jaws. Also certain features remain constant throughout the sequence-for example, the parrot-like beak and the hind legs always being somewhat longer than the forelegs. There are many other features that could be catalogued in this way, too, and have been in the standard scientific literature. Dr. Gish gave no further response in that debate. However, he was once more confronted with this data in a debate on March 21, 1982, in Tampa, Florida. In this debate with Dr. Kenneth Miller, Gish replied: Now let me reply to, well, let's have the next slide, please, quickly. There's a Triceratops. There he is. And supposedly he came from a Protoceratops. That Protoceratops had no horns. He had a horny sheath, something like that. And supposedly it evolved into this creature, with that heavy armor and so forth. No intermediates are found. Although he was right that Protoceratops had no horns, he was wrong that there are no intermediates. He had already been shown Monoclonius, complete with its large nasal horn and two incipient horns over the eyes-which are located in the same place as the large horns in Triceratops. It was necessary to repeat this point and to note that the evidence for Monoclonius involves, in at least one case, a complete skeleton—it has not been the product of reconstruction. Dr. Gish gave no answer and seems to have none, and this puts him at the horns of a dilemma. There are only three ways he can go if he wishes to preserve creationism. He can accept the evolution of the ceratopsians but deny that any other evolution took place. He can claim that all these dinosaurs were separately created (which is why they all look so different from each other). Or he can claim that they are all the same basic created "kind" (which is why they all look so much alike). The first choice isn't acceptable because it admits to evolution and leaves the door open for me to go after another of his dinosaur slides in my next article (such as Stegosaurus, which also had ancestors he claims did not exist). The second choice will not do because it implies a creator who experiments with first this and then that until he comes up with something he likes. Furthermore, Noah has to load all these experiments onto the ark. The third choice is his best escape and the one that creationist Luther Sunderland chose when I presented him with the same dilemma in a CBC radio debate, taped on May 7, 1982, in Toronto, Canada. On that program, Sunderland argued that growth in size of body and horns is not uncommon in animals and thus the development of the various ceratopsians is perfectly consistent with the notion of variation only within the originally created "kinds." After the taping, we discussed the evolution of the horse. With this series, too, Sunderland argued that the changes in size and number of rib bones could be accounted for as mere variation within a basic kind. He argued that the present breeding of midget horses shows that horses can be bred small, and he indicated that it might therefore be possible to recreate the stages found in the horse series of the fossil record (excluding Eophippus, which he held to be a different "kind" entirely). This line of argument is further developed in Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity by John N. Moore and Harold S. Slusher (pp. 418-420). There it is claimed that fossil horses could simply be small breeds, horses that didn't get proper nutrition, or even sterile hybrids that left no ancestors. The problem with this whole manner of discounting the evidence is that it ignores the large number of individual specimens, their patterned geographical spread showing migration and evolution together, and their appearance in the proper order in the geologic column. Creationists, in order to use this argument, have to believe that all the stages of horse evolution are actually exceptional cases of modern horses in an abnormal condition. Not one fossilized example can be anything other than this. Such is the length to which creationists must go in order to answer the clear fossil finds of not only horses but ceratopsians and most other evolutionary series. Moore and Slusher also accept Darwin's finches as examples of simple variation (pp. 463-466). However, since finches represent transitional changes at the species level and the ceratopsians represent changes at the genera and family levels, when creationists accept both, they define "created kind" in such a broad manner that they can accommodate a great amount of evolution in the name of creation. In their eyes, then, changes anywhere within a family can be dubbed "micro-evolution" and made part of the creation model. But Niles Eldredge has discovered that creationists will accept even more evolution than this in some fossil sequences. In The Monkey Business, Eldredge notes that the thousands of species of fossil trilobites which have been classified into a number of families, superfamilies, and orders are passed off by creationists with the argument that they are all just trilobites and so it doesn't matter (p. 118). Eldredge writes: But, apparently to creationists, if you've seen one trilobite you've seen them all, and all changes paleontologists have documented in this important group of fossils are just "variation within a basic kind." . . . Airily dismissing 350 million years of trilobite evolution as "variation within a basic kind" is actually admitting that evolution, substantial evolution, has occurred. This brings us back to Dr. Gish and the ceratopsians. In his book, Evolution: The Fossils Say No!, he has this to say about "kinds": Among the vertebrates, the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are obviously different basic kinds. Among the reptiles the turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, pterosaurs (flying reptiles), and ichthyosaurs (aquatic reptiles) would be placed in different kinds. Each one of these major groups of reptiles could be further subdivided into the basic kinds within each. (p. 34) The way he uses the term kind here, one would think that there are different levels or "kinds of kinds." For example, reptiles are a kind, and within that kind is the dinosaur kind, and, I would assume, within that is the ceratopsian kind. Now where is the common ancestry and where is creation? Clearly, Dr. Gish has a loose enough definition of kind that, if people keep throwing the ceratopsians at him in debate, he can eventually fall back on the argument that they are all the same kind. It is no problem for evolution if creationists do this. It is rather a problem for creation. It means that creationists are retreating in the face of overwhelming evidence. It means that they are admitting to more and more evolution. It means that they are gradually giving their case away. This is why I am sometimes surprised when Dr. Gish bases so much of his debate arguments on the fossil record. This record isn't as helpful to him as he may have thought it was. We recently have seen more and more creationists admitting that they do see evidence for transitional forms, that they do find intermediate types, and that fossil sequences without major gaps do exist. The transitional forms that creationists have tried to tell us "are nowhere to be found" are actually quite plentiful. This is why creationists have modified their model. Instead of having a creation model that predicts gaps, they now have one that predicts transitional forms and complete lineages. It seems that creationists have a very flexible position. Bowden, John. 1963. Creation or Evolution. Chippendale, New South Wales, The Rationalist Association of New South Wales, pp. 25-28. Colbert, E. H. 1965. The Age of Reptiles. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 170-171, 185. Eldredge, Niles. 1982. The Monkey Business: A Scientist Looks at New York: Washington Square Press, pp. 115-119, 123-125. Gish, Duane T. 1977. Dinosaurs, Those Terrible Lizards. San Diego: Creation-Life Publishers, p. 21. Halstead, L. B., and Halstead, Jenny. 1981. Dinosaurs. Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom: Blandford Books Ltd., pp. 141-149. Moore, John N., and Slusher, Harold S. 1974. Biology: A Search for Order in Grand Rapids, M1: Zondervan Publishing House, pp. 418-420, 463-465. Rhodes, Frank H. T. 1974. Evolution. New York: Golden Press, pp. 36-37, 50-51, 136-137. Swinton, W. E. 1970. The Dinosaurs. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 256-263. Watson, Jane Werner. 1960. Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Reptiles. New York: Golden Press, pp. 35-43. Some years ago, NASA released the first deep-space photographs of the beautiful cloud-swirled blue-green agate we call earth. A reporter showed one of them to the late Samuel Shenton, then president of International Flat Earth Research Society. Shenton studied it for a moment and said, "It's easy to see how a photograph like that could fool the untrained eye." Well-trained eyes (and minds) are characteristic of pseudoscientists. Shenton rejected the spherical earth as conflicting with a literal interpretation of the Bible, and he trained his eyes and his mind to reject evidence that contradicted his view. Scientific creationists must similarly train their minds to reject the overwhelming evidence from geology, biology, physics, and astronomy which contradicts their interpretation of the Bible. In a public forum, the best way to demonstrate that creationism is pseudoscience is to show just how well-trained creationist minds are. Pseudoscience differs from science in several fundamental ways but most notably in its attitude toward hypothesis testing. In science, hypotheses are ideas proposed to explain the facts, and they're not considered much good unless they can survive rigorous tests. In pseudoscience, hypotheses are erected as defenses against the facts. Pseudoscientists frequently offer hypotheses flatly contradicted by well-known facts which can be ignored only by well-trained minds. Therefore, to demonstrate that creationists are pseudoscientists, one need only carry some creationist hypotheses about Noah's flood to their logical conclusions. The following six arguments will do just that, giving a sampling of the major difficulties in creationist "flood geology." Scientific creationists interpret the fossils found in the earth's rocks as the remains of animals that perished in the Noachian Deluge. Ironically, they often cite the sheer number of fossils in "fossil graveyards" as evidence for the Flood. In particular, creationists seem enamored by the Karroo Formation in Africa, which is estimated to contain the remains of 800 billion vertebrate animals (see Whitcomb and Morris, p. 160; Gish, p. 61). As pseudoscientists, creationists dare not test this major hypothesis that all of the fossilized animals died in the Flood. Robert E. Sloan, a paleontologist at the University of Minnesota, has studied the Karroo Formation. He asserts that the animals fossilized there range from the size of a small lizard to the size of a cow, with the average animal perhaps the size of a fox. A minute's work with a calculator shows that, if the 800 billion animals in the Karroo Formation could be resurrected, there would be twenty-one of them for every acre of land on earth. Suppose we assume (conservatively, I think) that the Karroo Formation contains 1 percent of the vertebrate fossils on earth. Then when the Flood began, there must have been at least 2,100 living animals per acre, ranging from tiny shrews to immense dinosaurs. To a noncreationist mind, that seems a bit crowded. I sprang this argument on Duane Gish during a joint appearance on WHO radio in Des Moines, Iowa, on October 21, 1980. Dr. Gish did the only thing he could: he stonewalled by challenging my figures, in essence calling me a liar. I didn't have a calculator with me, but I duplicated the calculation with pencil and paper and hit him with it again. His reply was that creationists can't answer everything. He further stated that it has been estimated that there are 100 billion billion herring in the sea and asked how I account for that. I tried this number on a calculator and discovered that it amounts to about 27,000 herring per square foot of ocean surface. I concluded (a) that all of the herring are red and (b) that they were created ex nihilo by Duane Gish on the evening of October 21, 1980. The continents are, on an average, covered with sedimentary rock to a depth of about one mile. Some of the rock (chalk, for instance) is essentially 100 percent fossils and many limestones also contain high percentages of marine fossils. On the other hand, some rock is barren. Suppose that, on an average, marine fossils comprise 0.1 percent of the volume of the rock. If all of the fossilized animals could be resurrected, they would cover the entire planet to a depth of at least 1.5 feet. What did they eat? Creationists can't appeal to the tropical paradise they imagine existed below the pre-Flood canopy, because the laws of thermodynamics prohibit the earth from supporting that much animal biomass. The first law says that energy can't be created, so the animals would have to get their energy from the sun. The second law limits the efficiency with which solar energy can be converted into food. The amount of solar energy available is not nearly sufficient. The famous Green River Formation (including shale and limestone) covers tens of thousands of square miles. In at least one place, it contains about twenty million varves, each varve consisting of a thin layer of fine light sediment and an even thinner layer of finer dark sediment. According to the conventional geologic interpretation, the layers are sediments laid down in a complex of ancient freshwater lakes. The coarser light sediments were laid down during the summer, when streams poured run-off water into the lake. The fine dark sediments were laid down in the winter when there was less run-off. (This process can be observed in modern freshwater lakes.) If this interpretation is correct, the varves of the Green River Formation must have formed over a period of about twenty million years. Creationists insist that the earth is no more than 10,000 years old and that the geologic strata were laid down by the Flood. Whitcomb and Morris therefore attempt to attribute the Green River varves to "a complex of shallow turbidity currents ..." (p. 427). Turbidity currents—flows of mud-laden water—generally occur in the ocean, resulting from underwater landslides. If the Green River shales were laid down during the Flood, there must have been forty million turbidity currents, alternately light and dark, over about three hundred days. A simple calculation (which creationists have avoided for twenty years) shows that the layers must have formed at the rate of about three layers every two seconds. A sequence of forty million turbidity currents covering tens of thousands of square miles every two-thirds of a second seems a bit unlikely. Henry Morris apparently has no answer to this. Biologist Kenneth Miller of Brown University dropped this bombshell on Morris during a debate in Tampa, Florida, on September 19, 1981, and Morris didn't attempt a reply. Fred Edwords used essentially the same argument against Duane Gish in a debate on February 2, 1982, at the University of Guelph, Ontario. In rebuttal, Gish claimed that some of the fossilized fishes project through several layers of sediment and that therefore the layers can't be semiannual. As usual, Gish's argument ignores the main issue, which is the alleged formation of millions of distinct layers of sediment in less than a year. Furthermore, Gish's argument is false, according to American Museum of Natural History paleontologist R. Lance Grande, an authority on the Green River Formation. Grande says that, while bones or fins of an individual fish may cut several layers, in general each fish is blanketed by a single layer of sediment. The few exceptions are explainable when one observes lakes where varves are forming today. It sometimes happens that a dead fish is too large to be covered by one semiannual sedimentation, and so its bones or fins end up protruding through newer layers that are later observed to form. When an object or animal is too large, this must happen, and therefore such a protrusion cannot be used as evidence against a great age for the Green River Formation. Humankind is the only known "reservoir" for numerous communicable diseases. That is, the germs or viruses which cause these diseases can survive only in living human bodies or well-equipped laboratories. Well-known examples include measles, pneumococcal pneumonia, leprosy, typhus, typhoid fever, small pox, poliomyelitis, syphilis, and gonorrhea. The scientific creationists insist on a completed creation, in which the creator worked but six days and has been resting ever since. Thus, between them, Adam and Eve had to have been created with every disease and had to have passed them all to their children. Later, somebody must have carried them onto Noah's ark. Note that the argument covers every disease germ or virus which can survive only in a specific host. But even if the ark was a floating pesthouse, few of these diseases could have survived. In most cases, only two animals of each "kind" are supposed to have been on the ark. Suppose the male of such a pair came down with such a disease shortly after the ark embarked. He recovered but passed the disease to his mate. She recovered, too, but had no other animal to pass the disease to, for the male was now immune. Every disease for which this cycle lasts less than a year should therefore have become extinct. Furthermore, fatal diseases would have caused both the host animals and the diseases to disappear. Creationists cannot pin the blame for germs on Satan. If they do, the immediate question is: How do we know Satan didn't create the rest of the universe? That has frequently been proposed, and, if Satan can create one thing, he can create another. If a creationist tries to claim that germs are mutations of otherwise benign organisms (degenerate forms, of course), then he or she is arguing for evolution. Such hypothetical mutations could only be considered favorable, since only the mutated forms survived. At all costs, creationists avoid discussing how fossils came to be stratified as they are. Out of the thousands of pages that Henry Morris has written on creationism, only a dozen or so are devoted to this critical subject, and he achieves that page count only by recycling three simple apologetics in several books. The mechanisms he offers might be called victim habitat, victim mobility, and hydraulic sorting. In practice, the victim habitat and mobility apologetics are generally combined. Creationists argue that the Flood would first engulf marine animals, then slow lowland creatures such as reptiles, while wily and speedy humans escaped to the hilltops. To a creationist, this adequately explains the order in which fossils occur in the geologic column. A scientist might test the mobility hypothesis by examining how well it explains the fact that flowering plants don't occur in the fossil record until early in the Cretaceous era. A scenario with magnolias (a primitive plant) heading for the hills, only to be overwhelmed along with early mammals, is unconvincing. And when marine fossils are found in many places above those of land animals and plants, the victim habitat apologetic loses all credibility, too. If explanations based on victim habitat and mobility are absurd, the hydraulic sorting apologetic is flatly contradicted by the fossil record. An object's hydrodynamic drag is directly proportional to its cross-sectional area and its drag coefficient. Therefore, when objects with the same density and the same drag coefficient move through a fluid, they are sorted according to size. (Mining engineers utilize this phenomena in some ore separation processes.) This means that all small trilobites should be found higher in the fossil record than large ones. Since this is not what we find, the hydraulic sorting argument is immediately falsified. Indeed, one wonders how Henry Morris could ever have offered it, given his background as a hydraulic engineer. Ever since the geological arguments of George McCready Price became a mainstay of creationism in the 1920s and 1930s, many creationists have tried to point out places in the earth where fossils appear in the opposite order for evolution. They claim that reversals in the order prove that the geologic column is fiction. They then challenge scientists to come up with an explanation. Actually, scientists have a good explanation for this reversal in the fossil order. They point to obvious signs of folding in the strata, which reveal how the ancient sediments have been flipped over. In such places, it should be expected that the geologic column would read backwards. When it is not so obvious that this has occurred, there is another way to tell. If rock strata containing trilobites are overturned, the trilobites that are usually found belly down in the rock will now be found belly up. Other things which show geologists and paleontologists which way is up include worm and brachiopod burrows, footprints, fossilized mud cracks, raindrop craters, graded bedding, and similar evidences. It is really creationists who have no explanation for such strata. Could the flood suddenly reverse the laws of gravity and lay up sediments and fossils instead of laying them down? Upside-down sediments are clearly a problem for the creation model. This isn't surprising, however, given that right-side-up sediments seem to be a problem for it, too. Each of the six preceding arguments subjects a well-known creationist hypothesis to an elementary and obvious test. In each case, the hypothesis fails miserably. In each case, the failure is obvious to anyone not protected from reality by a special kind of blindness. Studying science doesn't make one a scientist any more than studying ethics makes one honest. The studies must be applied. Forming and testing hypotheses is the foundation of science, and those who refuse to test their hypotheses cannot be called scientists—no matter what their credentials. Most persons who call themselves creationists have no scientific training and they cannot be expected to know and apply the scientific method. But the professional creationists who flog the public with their doctorates (earned, honorary, or bogus) have no excuse. Because they fail to submit their hypotheses to the most elementary tests, they fully deserve the appellation of pseudoscientist. Gardner, Martin. 1957. Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. New York: Dover, pp. 127-133. Gish, Duane T. 1978. Evolution: The Fossils Say No! San Diego: Creation-Life Publishers. Whitcomb, John C., and Morris, Henry M. 1961. The Genesis Flood. Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. The editors regret mistakes made in two recent articles in Creation/Evolution and acknowledge that the errors were those of the editors and not the original authors. In Number VI, a typographical error appeared in "Misquoted Scientists Respond." On page forty, paragraph three, Laurie Godfrey wrote, "But neither Jolly nor any anatomist would ever confuse the mouth of a baboon with that of a hominoid such as Ramapithecus. . . ." Unfortunately, hominoid appeared as hominid, and the meaning of the sentence was thereby improperly altered. In Number VIII, an editorial error appeared in "Kelvin Was Not a Creationist" by Stephen G. Brush. Page eleven, paragraph four, line five read: "While the accuracy of some of these scientific developments may be disputed ... " when it should have read, "While the accuracy of some of these attributions may be disputed...." Brush did not desire to question the accuracy of Lord Kelvin's scientific developments but rather the accuracy of attributing all those developments exclusively to him. Creationists constantly remind us that their conclusions are based on scientific evidence. But often when we examine those conclusions, we find cases of jumping to conclusions without checking the facts. One such case of a recent creation-science faux pas comes from the Midwest Center of the Institute for Creation Research, specifically the Center's director, Walter T. Brown, Ph.D. Here is what Dr. Brown writes in a pamphlet entitled Evidence that Implies a Young Earth and Solar System: Atomic clocks, which have for the last twenty-two years measured the earth's spin rate to the nearest billionth of a second, have consistently found that the earth is slowing down at a rate of almost one second a year. If the earth were billions of years old, its initial spin rate would have been fantastically rapid—so rapid that major distortions in the shape of the earth would have occurred. This sounds like a pretty compelling argument, and it has already been quoted by other creationists in support of their claim that the earth is very young (Chui). If one takes Brown's deceleration rate of one second loss per year each year and extrapolates 4.6 billion years into the past, one can calculate that there would have been about 53,500 days per year at that time. Each day would have been only ten minutes long. Since satellites just above the atmosphere take about one hour to orbit the earth, it stands to reason that objects traveling six times this velocity at the equator would fly off into space. In other words, Brown is correct in asserting that, had the earth been slowing at the rate he suggests and were it as old as radioisotope decay indicates, there would have been "major distortions" of the earth's shape at the time of formation. The earth would have been shaped something like a very large rapidly spinning pizza crust. But Brown doesn't believe that this was ever the case, so he solves the apparent dilemma by assuming that the earth was formed much more recently than the widely accepted value. Before we all join Brown as young-earthers, however, we should realize that Brown's deceleration value of one second per year per year is much greater than the accepted value of 0.005 second per year per year. Brown is off by 20,000 percent for two-hundred-fold! If one extrapolates back in time 4.6 billion years with the accepted estimate of 0.005 second per year per year, one gets a fourteen-hour day. This means that objects at the equator would have been traveling at rates considerably less than the escape velocity. The effect of such a spin rate can be seen with the planet Jupiter. It spins on its axis in ten hours and is only slightly oblate-hardly anything like the flattened earth to which Brown alludes. Hence, the earth's observed spin deceleration rate does not falsify the notion that the earth is 4.6 billion years old. That should settle the matter. Brown used an erroneous datum to reach a faulty conclusion. But it is interesting to try to find out how the error was originally made. Did Brown make the mistake himself or did he find this error ready-made in the literature? To answer this question, we sought the three references that Brown used. Unfortunately, one reference is an Air Force document ("Earth Motions and Their Effect on Air Force Systems," Air Force Cambridge Laboratory, November 1975, p. 6), which we were not able to locate. Perhaps the U.S. Air Force misled Brown and all the blame should be heaped onto them. However, that's not likely. In dozens of cases where we have checked references for the sources of other creationist errors, we have found that the error was not in the original paper. Be that as it may, we were able to find the Popular Science (Fisher) and the Reader's Digest (Finchger) references. Neither of these said anything about the deceleration rate being one second per year per year. In fact, the Popular Science article even showed a graph from which one can calculate the standard 0.005 second per year per year figure. Even in the unlikely event that the error originated in the Air Force pamphlet, Brown is still accountable for failing to check out the discrepancy. If two out of three of his references either give the correct value or say nothing about the second per year per year value, then why did Brown list these references along with the Air Force pamphlet? And why didn't he list an astronomy book or a book on time keeping? Of course, many might answer these questions by saying that creationists are deliberately exploiting a gullible public. In this case, though, we think that Brown has a better excuse. The effect of the earth's slowing spin rate on time keeping is actually quite perplexing. We are so accustomed to thinking of the length of a day and night period as being constant that it is difficult for most of us to think of time at all without equating it to the turning of the earth on its axis. So it is easy to imagine how Brown was misled when he first read about this subject. In order to understand what is really going on, we need to be reminded of a couple of things about the principal motions of the earth. Remember, while the length of time it takes the earth to go around the sun is quite constant, the rotation of the earth on its axis is quite a different matter, due mainly to tidal friction. It takes a lot of energy to move all that ocean water around twice a day, and the price of all this work is the earth's ever-slowing spin rate. The slowing isn't noticeable to someone camping on a seashore, at least not to one camping without an extremely accurate time piece. But if one were to measure a day very accurately, wait a year, and then measure another day, the second day would, on the average, turn out to be about 0.000014 seconds longer than the first. This is no big deal to the typical camper, but to a technological society that is seemingly addicted to a 86,400-second day it presents a real dilemma. We used to take care of this discrepancy by the simple expedient of making the seconds a little longer, so that 86,400 of them would just fill up a day. But purists wanted a standard invariable second, so, about twenty years ago, an "atomic second" compromise was agreed upon. Since then, an atomic clock counts standard seconds while the earth just keeps slowing, so that each year it takes about 0.005 standard seconds more to complete 365.25 rotations. The slowdown rate is given just this way: 0.005 seconds per year each year. This is written: 0.005 sec./year/year. Thus we are really comparing two clocks-standard or atomic clock that does not slow down and a somewhat less-than-perfect clock that keeps slowing. Now let's get back to Brown's error. Both the Reader's Digest and the Popular Science articles make much of what are called "leap seconds." To help understand the leap second, we would like to lead you through some simple calculations that you can do—and Brown should have done—with pencil and paper or calculator. We are going to add up the differences between a perfect clock and one that slows down a little each year. We will use the formula: D: stands for the difference between the perfect clock and the earth (a clock that is gradually slowing down) N: is the number of years that the perfect clock and the earth have been allowed to drift apart 0.005 is the measured slowing rate for the earth Actually, the earth's deceleration rate is not a constant 0.005 sec./year/year, but that need not concern us yet. Also, we must assume that our clock keeps perfect time. (Atomic clocks come very very close to satisfying this assumption.) Now we synchronize the clock and the earth and start keeping time. At the end of the first year, we find that the earth has slowed down and is 0.005 second behind the perfect clock. There is no need yet to let the perfect clock tick off an extra "leap" second to allow the earth to catch up with the clock. The earth would now start the second year 0.005 second behind the atomic clock. It would slow down another 0.005 second and at the end of the second year would be running at a rate that was 2 x (0.005) = 0.01 sec./year slower than the clock. By summing the first year's deficit and the loss incurred during the second year, we would get 0.005+0.010=0.015 second; still no need to have a leap second. The deficits at the ends of the succeeding years would be 0.03, 0.05, 0.075, 0.105, and so forth. The earth would find itself 1.05 seconds behind the clock after twenty years, and it would then be spinning at a rate that was 0.1 second per year slower than the atomic clock. (See, we told you it was confusing.) Keep up with those calculations. By throwing in a leap second now, the earth could almost catch up to the atomic clock. The deficit would be reduced to 0.05 second by having the leap second, but the error would be accumulating at an even faster rate. In fact, the error would accumulate to another second in just 8 more years, in the 28th year of the standard. You would need another leap second at 35, 40, 45, 49, 53, and 57 years. The leap seconds would get increasingly common as the earth continued to spin more and more slowly. The first two leap seconds to occur just one year apart would occur in years 110 and 111 after the system had been instituted. The last skipped year when no leap second would be needed would be the year 186 of this system. By the year 214, some years would need double leap seconds. Now remember, all of these calculations are based on an absolutely uniform slowing rate of 0.005 sec./year/year. Having a leap-second-year every year means that the earth's spin rate is 1 sec./year slower than the atomic clock, not that the earth is slowing 1 sec./year/year. Evidently Brown read that we were needing leap seconds almost every year and erroneously concluded that our spin rate was slowing 1 sec./year/year. That's what can happen if you "know" the answer before you start the problem. Still, you might be wondering why we have had so many leap seconds already when we have only had the atomic clock system for a couple of decades. "Shouldn't we be getting ready for our first leap second," you ask, and "Shouldn't the next one be eight years down the road?" There are two reasons for such a high frequency of leap-second years in just the short time since the atomic clock standard was instituted. First, the standard was not based on the first year of its inception but rather on the earth's nineteenth-century rotation rate. Second, the earth's slowing rate is not uniform. In Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude, Derek Howse provides a graph that shows this fluctuation for the past two centuries. Time could be measured very accurately before atomic clocks, but it took laborious astronomical observations and tedious calculations to do so. The atomic clock has made accurate time keeping an everyday moment-to-moment convenience. Atomic clocks also have managed to fool young-earth advocates into thinking that they had physical evidence to support their religious convictions. Please don't accept on faith our calculations of the earth's primordial spin rate. Below is a simplified example of the type of calculations we did. Be a skeptic. Check it out for yourself. Assume (for the sake of simplicity, not realism) Brown's slowing rate of 1 sec./year/year. Note also that there are about 31.6 million seconds per year. Imagine a time 31.6 million years in the future. By this time, according to Brown, we would have added 31.6 million seconds to the year. More likely, we would add 24 leap hours to every day. That would give us 24 standard atomic clock hours plus 24 leap hours every day. It is easy to see that the day would be 48 hours long. In other words, the earth's spin rate would be one half of our current rate. Likewise, 31.6 million years ago, the earth would have been spinning at twice the rate it is now. The day would have been 12 of our hours long. Using Brown's figure to go 4.6 billion years into the future, we find that the earth would be spinning at about 1 / 143 of its present rate, so 4.6 billion year ago it should have been spinning 143 times as fast. This gives us about a 10-minute day and a pizza-shaped earth. Too bad Brown's number is way off. It was a great young-earth argument. In fact, it sounds so good that we'll bet that creationists go right on using it anyway. Brown, Walter T. Evidence that Implies a Young Earth and Solar System. Naperville, IL: Evidence for Creation Series, I.C.R. Midwest Center. Chui, C. Overwhelming Evidence for a Young Earth. Irvine, CA: Creation Science Association of Orange County. Finchger, Jack. November 1977. "And Now, Atomic Clocks." Reader's Digest. Vol. 111, Fisher, Arthur. March 1973. "The Riddle of the Leap Second." Popular Science. Vol. 202, pp. 110-113, 164-166. Howse, Derek. 1980. Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude. Oxford University Press. For many who had not previously been interested in the fundamentalist movement, the current creation-evolution conflict has served as an introduction to the polemical tactics of the extreme right wing of born-again Christianity. And such late-in-the-day acquaintance with fundamentalist apologetics is rather unfortunate, since in the long "history of the warfare of science with theology" chronicled by Andrew D. White, some of the most interesting campaigns have been waged by the fundamentalists. The wise strategist better equips himself for the struggle by familiarizing himself with other battles his enemy has fought. The present article will attempt to meet this need by drawing attention to another current attempt by fundamentalists to bend scientific research to their own purposes. In the process, the general outlines of their "scientific" propaganda program will become clear, as will the role in the whole picture of the creationist offensive. Creationism's twin is the endeavor to vindicate fundamentalist supernaturalism by appealing to the new physics. For fundamentalist apologists to appeal to modern physics to substantiate their faith implies that they accept modern physics. This may seem odd to outsiders who have followed the debate over evolution. Why does the biblical literalist reject modern biology but embrace modern physics, when the former would seem to be as well-founded evidentially and methodologically as the latter? H. Richard Niebuhr supplies our answer: As a churchman the question about the value of science becomes for him the question about its value in relation to the church.... How are scientific beliefs related to the creed? ... If science is out of harmony with the creed it may still be regarded as an errant child that will eventually mend its ways. When its theories can be used for the support of the creed and the church, it may be valued not as sinner but as saint. (Radical Monotheism and Western Culture, p. 83) Writing before the current creation-evolution debate, Niebuhr nevertheless described with deadly accuracy the dubious stance of fundamentalists vis-�-vis science. The criterion for a given hypothesis's acceptability is not its inherent cogency but rather its positive or negative value for the evangelistic arsenal. The biblicist is already convinced of the truth of his inherited faith, so the truest scientific theory must be the one which comports best with it. And physics seems to fit, whereas evolution does not. Yet an even more interesting explanation of the seemingly inconsistent attitude of fundamentalist apologists toward science lies in what might be called "the sliding scale of biblical inerrancy." On issue after issue, biblicists have maintained the literal "scientific" truth of biblical statements on cosmology, chronology, and so forth, until the massive preponderance of evidence (and, one suspects, public opinion) made it impossible any longer to dismiss the results of scientific research. Then, with a sudden about-face, apologists claim that the Bible has not been shown to be in error, but that science has merely corrected our exegesis of what the literal sense of the Bible was trying to tell us all along! Charles Hodge, one of the framers of the modern doctrine of, biblical inerrancy wrote: If geologists finally proved that it [the earth] has existed for myriads of ages, it will be found that the first chapter of Genesis is in full accord with the facts and that the last results of science are embodied on the first page of the Bible. (Systematic Theology, Vol. 1, p. 171.) The clear implication is that the Bible, like an obedient ventriloquist dummy, would be made to parrot any inevitably conclusive scientific results. In other words, the apologists begin affirming that the Bible, not upstart science, tells us about the world. But, maintaining the pretense, they finish up tacitly by admitting that science not the literal sense of the Bible tells us about the world. Exegesis must await scientific results, which, nonetheless, it will never acknowledge. What we have here is a kind of hermeneutical ventriloquism. Even more ironic than this "if you can't beat 'em, join 'em, but pretend you beat 'em" attitude, is the chutzpah that even dares to read scientific results into the text and then use this alleged "anticipation of modern science" as a proof for the divine inspiration of the Bible! Among countless examples of this effrontery, one might consult the chapter, "Modern Science in an Ancient Book," in Harry Rimmer's The Harmony of Science and Scripture. For instance, apologists have claimed that wireless telegraphy is predicted in Job 38:35, "Canst thou send lightnings, that they may go, and say unto thee, Here we are?" Jesus is imagined to have implied the sphericity of the earth in his reference to the end of the world: "On that night two people will be in one bed; one will be taken and the other left. Two women will be grinding grain together; one will be taken and the other left" (Luke 17:34-35). This is supposed to mean that it will be night and day simultaneously, that is, on different sides of the globe. Yet, obviously, they are merely two illustrations of what may happen, since "no one knows the day nor the hour" (Mark 13:32). One of the most recent and most humorous instances of this sort of thing is the claim of Tim LaHaye of the Moral Majority that Proverbs 5:18-19 anticipated the results of Masters and Johnson's research on the importance of sexual "foreplay"! (The Act of Marriage, p. 17). To those familiar with other aspects of fundamentalist propaganda, all this may seem oddly reminiscent of the claims of Hal Lindsey and other dispensationalist seers who, hearing the latest news on Iran or Israel, run to the book of, say, Habakkuk to dredge up quickie "prophetic predictions" of the events. One must ask, if the Bible had predicted it all along, why did we hear of it from Walter Cronkite before Hal Lindsey? But an even more striking parallel is to the claim of Erich von Daniken, Josef Blumrich, and others that "God drives a flying saucer." These eccentrics scour the Bible (as well as other ancient materials) for "anticipations of modern science" such as iron pillars that never rust, crystal skulls, hieroglyphic spacesuits, and, of course, Moses' radio-receiver (Von Daniken, Chariots of the Gods?, p. 40) and Ezekiel's space vehicles (Blumrich, The Spaceships of Ezekiel; Von Daniken, Chariots of the Gods?, pp. 35-39). Only the UFO cultists see something that the fundamentalists do not: that real evidence of advanced science in ancient sources would be evidence not for divine inspiration but for surprisingly advanced technology, whether possessed by ancient cultures in their own right or by visitors from the starship Enterprise. So much for the efforts to co-opt modern science. We must ask why fundamentalists are not content similarly to accept the theory of evolution and then to make opportunistic use of it. Instead they fight this battle on debating platforms and in legislative halls. The reason for this discrepancy is that fundamentalists do wish to defend the plain literal reading of the text and will give it up only as a last resort. Those fighting under the banner of "scientific creationism" do not yet realize that the battle for the "six days" and the fixity of species has been lost. As a result, they are free to see the conflict between Darwin and Genesis literally read, whereas the long-lostness of other battles actually prevents them from even seeing the disparity between Copernicus or Columbus and the literal sense of the Bible. They would react defensively if anyone pointed out that Genesis 1 literally describes a flat earth floating on an ocean below a solid dome. Those who can see which way the present battle is going have suddenly "realized" that Genesis really meant to teach "punctuated" or "progressive" creationism. Though species are still fixed, either the six days were very long ones or there were ages between each day, sort of a milder version of the Gap Theory of C. I. Scofield and R. B. Thieme, whereby dinosaurs are consigned to a preliminary creation read in between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2 and destroyed at the time of Satan's revolt (Thieme, Creation, Chaos, and Restoration; New Scofield Reference Bible, p. 1, 752-753). It is important to indicate at this juncture that the wild implausibilities we have considered here are not entailed by the espousal of "theistic evolution" by evangelical Christians such as members of the American Scientific Affiliation. Many of these people have distanced themselves from strict fundamentalism (what Bernard Ramm calls "hyper-orthodoxy"). They believe in biblical authority in theology, but are at liberty to recognize in the biblical text the presence of various genres of ancient literature. They are not compelled by a wooden biblicism to read Genesis 1 as a blow-by-blow description of the origin of the earth. So far as they are concerned, the "how" of God's creation is a question to be settled by scientific research, not by exegesis. The evidence in favor of evolution leads them to conclude that evolution was the "secondary cause" employed by God. Of course, there is still the problem that evolution's process of chance mutation and environmental selection is inherently nonteleological, whereas "theistic" evolution implies just such teleology. Yet this is no new problem. There are still various nonreligious proponents of "vitalism," "finalism," or teleological evolution (see George Gaylord Simpson, The Meaning of Evolution, pp. 107-113). Besides, the apparently random process of evolution might be seen by evangelicals as simply one more aspect of the "theodicy" problem recognized by all honest Christians (for example, Alvin Plantinga, God, Freedom, and Evil)—that is, how are the apparent chaos and carnage in the world reconcilable with the "teleology" of God's loving providence? It should be clear that evangelical evolutionists are not guilty, either of any inherent contradiction in their position or of the intellectual dishonesty of the fundamentalist "scientific creationists." Having outlined the rationale whereby some aspects of modern science are opportunistically affirmed while others are stubbornly denied, we will, as promised, move on to detail some of the ironies implicit in the latest attempt to co-opt modern science, in this case subatomic physics, for fundamentalist apologetics. This appeal has taken three principal forms. First, certain apologists have tried to identify the strong nuclear force binding protons together in the nucleus by reference to Colossians 1:17. In one of his earlier cartoon pamphlets, polemicist Jack Chick writes: The protons have positive charges. One law of electricity is that like charges repel each other! Being that all of the protons in the nucleus are positively charged, they should repel each other and scatter into space. What holds them together? ... It says that Christ the Creator "was before all things, and by him all things are held together" Colossians 1:17. (Big Daddy? n.p.). It might seem unfair to cite a cartoon by Jack Chick in order to represent fundamentalist opinion, but the same line of thought also occurs in D. Lee Chesnut's The Atom Speaks, published by none other than the Creation-Science Research Center in San Diego (1973). After a statement of the problem similar to Chick's, Chesnut concludes: And so the Scriptures themselves, here in Colossians 1:17, recognize and tell us that the Son of God is administering the law or laws required to hold all things together, a condition that we now find accentuated by discovery of the colossal binding force now known to be within the nucleus of the atom. (p. 38) Chesnut sees the evidence of a divine planner in what seems to him the incomprehensible complexity of nuclear physics: We have seen the laws underlying nuclear science defy all attempts at rationalization; they can be interpreted only as evidence of a great predetermination that this was the way all things were to be made. (p. 144) We have already discussed sufficiently the hoax, displayed again here, that modern science is miraculously intimated in the Bible. But there is an even more striking feature of this particular example. The argument of Chick and Chesnut reveals not only a woefully poor grasp of science but also a surprisingly lame theology. Several years ago, martyred theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer had warned of the dangers of such a Deus ex Machina concept of God as one more link in the chain of this-worldly cause-and-effect. He remarked on: ... how wrong it is to use God as a stop-gap for the incompleteness of our knowledge. For the frontiers of knowledge are inevitably being pushed back further and further, which means that you only think of God as a stop-gap. He also is being pushed back further and further and is in more or less continuous retreat. (Letters and Papers from Prison, p. 190) In such a schema, God sooner or later finds himself losing his job to automation, as Robert F. Streetman has imaginatively put it. Of course, by and large, most theologians of whatever stripe now repudiate this "god-of-the-gaps" position. Anyone familiar with theological discussion is amazed to find such a view still alive and well in "scientific creationist" literature. A second use to which contemporary subatomic physics is put by fundamentalist apologists concerns the vindication of the doctrine of the Trinity. In this regard, Chesnut finds helpful the analogy between God as "three persons, yet one essence" on the one hand and "the three basic particles of matter: an electron, a neutron, and a proton. . . . With respect to their electrical condition, they exhibit a family relationship, yet each is different. . . . These three entities are, nevertheless, actually different forms of the same substance-energy. Furthermore, brought together in the right relationship, these three particles, while still retaining their individual identities, form a new identity, an atom of a chemical element" (p. 119). John Warwick Montgomery takes a slightly different approach: A close analogy to the theologian's procedure here lies in the work of the theoretical physicist: Subatomic entities are found, on examination, to possess wave properties (W), particle properties (P), and quantum properties (h). Though these characteristics are in many respects incompatible (particles don't diffract, while waves do, etc.), physicists "explain" or "model" an electron as PWh. They have to do this in order to give proper weight to all the relevant data. Likewise, the theologian who speaks of God as "Three in One." (Spectrum of Protestant Beliefs, pp. 20-21) Finally, Werner Schaafs echoes the belief that "The Trinity 'God, Jesus, Holy Spirit' appears to be reflected in the triad 'energy, corpuscle, wave' " (Theology, Physics, and Miracles, p. 82). The trouble with such analogies (which incidentally seem reminiscent of the efforts of medieval Catholic apologists to demonstrate the Trinity from various instances of "three-ness" in nature) is that they tend logically to argue for views which, from the apologists' own viewpoints, must seem heretical! For instance, Chesnut's analogies seem to vacillate between "modalism" (the doctrine that Father, Son, and Spirit are merely three "forms" or "modes" in which the divinity is externally expressed, rather than being three distinct personal centers) and a denial of the full divinity of any of the three persons (since only together do Father, Son, and Spirit constitute the implied "new identity" of "God"). Likewise, Montgomery would seem to be arguing (though not intentionally) for a form of "economic trinitarianism"—that is, God only appears to be three, but is inherently either unitarian or unknowable. Real trinitarianism, by contrast, affirms that "We worship one God in Trinity and Trinity in Unity, neither confounding the Persons nor dividing the Substance" (Athanasian Creed). Third and final, we come to the most remarkable irony of all, the attempt to vindicate supernaturalism by appealing to the indeterminacy principle of Heisenberg. Schaaffs suggests that: The new causality principle, manifested most clearly in the uncertainty relation, endows the statistical picture of physics ... with significance far surpassing the bounds of physics and is helpful to theology. As we indicated, it is possible through statistics to interpret rare events, deemed miraculous, as being fully consistent with natural law.... Physics cannot rule out, and must in fact accept, the possibility that a good force (God) or an evil force (the Devil) intervenes to provoke an atomic reaction without in any sense doing violence to natural law. (Theology, Physics, and Miracles, pp. 65-66) John Warwick Montgomery takes similar delight in what he takes to be the death-knell of deterministic cause-and-effect: For us, unlike people of the Newtonian epoch, the universe is no longer a tight, safe, predictable playing field in which we know all the rules. Since Einstein, no modern has had the right to rule out the possibility of events because of prior knowledge of "natural law." . . . No historian has a right to [believe in] a closed system of natural causation, for as the Cornell logician Max Black has shown . . . the very concept of cause is "a peculiar, unsystematic, and erratic notion," and, therefore, "any attempt to state a 'universal law of causation' must prove futile." (Where Is History Going?, p. 71) So, the apologists contend, no one need feel ashamed to recognize the occurrence of paranormal and extraordinary events, as if they implied some superstitious belief in magic, for now "miracles" can be rendered plausible since anything is as possible as anything else! The fundamentalists Schaaffs and Montgomery have sold their birthright for a mess of naturalistic pottage. Biblical "miracles" are rendered "believable" or "probable" precisely by being rendered nonmiraculous! By discarding the notion of calculable causality, they have suggested in effect that odd events may "pop up" randomly, on their own. The apologist needs the very system of causation he has discarded in order to show that apparently uncaused events are actually divinely caused, that natural causes alone cannot account for, for example, the empty tomb of Christ. Instead, to make sense of the evidence of Easter morning, one must posit divine intervention, divine causation—God raised Jesus from the dead. Basically then, any argument from miracles assumes the validity of causality but argues that some important causes (divine ones), being ignored by naturalists, are necessary for an adequate explanation of reality. Actually, this latter is precisely the way in which Montgomery and company argue for the resurrection elsewhere (for example, History & Christianity, pp. 72-78). They just do not see that the argument from physics against causality subverts such arguments completely. In fact, if one were to approach the issue of Jesus' resurrection on the grounds provided by the appeal to the new physics, one would end up arguing that it is quite probable (at least plausible) that Jesus came back to life, but that this must have been a freak accident, proving absolutely nothing about Jesus' divine mission or his relation to God. The strategy, then, is that of getting the unbeliever to accept the narrative at face value at any cost, even if the whole point of the gospel writers (God's miraculous intervention) is rendered superfluous. And, ironically, exactly the same logic was the genesis of the "swoon theory" of the resurrection advocated by naturalistic rationalists like Paulus and Venturini. Unlike the fundamentalist, these men intentionally rejected explanations involving the intervention of divine causation, yet were concerned to "save the appearances" in the resurrection narratives. Yes, Jesus was crucified and buried, and he did appear after three days to his disciples—yet miracles are out of the question, so he must have merely swooned on the cross, revived in the tomb's cool air, and staggered back into Jerusalem to meet his followers—back from the tomb, but not back from the dead. Fundamentalists universally reject the "swoon theory," yet the argument from physics against causality would logically tend to result in the same kind of reasoning. Schaaffs and Montgomery show that their real concern is with the inerrant accuracy of the biblical text, not with the beliefs and values taught therein. (The interested reader may find very helpful the discussions of the fundamentalist tendency unwittingly to evacuate the text of the miraculous in order to "defend" its accuracy found in chapter three of Van Harvey's The Historian and the Believer and chapter eight of James Barr's Fundamentalism.) In closing, we may ask what can possibly motivate the kind of blatant axe-grinding and special pleading we have observed here as well as in the creationist assault on evolution. Fundamentalists say they love the truth, yet they seem to be guilty of the worst kind of intellectual dishonesty. The trouble arises from the fact that fundamentalists see the truth as something already possessed (a "faith delivered once-and-for-all to the saints" [Jude 3]), rather than something to be pursued. Apologist Francis Schaeffer issues this challenge to his followers: The truth of Christianity is that it is true to what is there. You can go to the end and you need never be afraid, like the ancients, that you will fall off the end and the dragons will eat you up. You can carry out your intellectual discussion to the end of the game, because Christianity is not only true to the dogma, it is not only true to what God has said in the Bible, but it is also true to what is there, and you will never fall off the end of the world! (He Is There and He Is Not Silent, p. 17) With this striking metaphor, Schaeffer means to assure his readers in advance that all the evidence will be found to agree with the evangelical biblicist view of things. The fundamentalist can count on never having to change his mind. What wonder that this assurance becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy as the biblicist runs up against evidence that does not easily comport with his view. It will be made to do so, or to seem to do so. Either it will be denied in the name of the biblical text (cf. the creationist attack on evolution) or it will be ventriloquistically co-opted (as in the case of the new physics). Not only is such a doctrinaire stance out of the question for scientists, but it is also surely alien to the sentiments of the Apostle Paul who was humble and honest enough to admit that "now we see through a glass darkly . . . now I know in part" (I Corinthians 13:12). Barr, James. 1978. Fundamentalism. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. Blumrich, Josef F. 1974. The Spaceships of Ezekiel. New York: Bantam Books. Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. 1968. Letters and Papers from Prison. New York: The Macmillan Company. Campbell, Robert (ed.) 1968. Spectrum of Protestant Beliefs. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company. Chesnut, D. Lee. 1973. The Atom Speaks. San Diego: The Creation-Science Research Center. Chick, Jack T. 1972. Big Daddy? Chino, CA: Check Publications. Harvey, Van A. 1972. The Historian and the Believer. New York: The Macmillan Company. Hodge, Charles. 1872. Systematic Theology, Vol. 1. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Company. LaHaye, Tim and Beverly. 1976. The Act of Marriage. Grand Rapids: The Zondervan Publishing House. Montgomery, John Warwick. 1974. History & Christianity. Downers Grove, IL: ——. 1972. Where Is History Going? Minneapolis: Bethany Fellowship, Inc. New Scofield Reference Bible. 1967. New York: Oxford University Press. Niebuhr, H. Richard. 1970. Radical Monotheism and Western Culture. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. Plantinga, Alvin. 1974. God, Freedom, and Evil. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. Ramm, Bernard. 1974. The Christian View of Science and Scripture. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Rimmer, Henry. 1973. The Harmony of Science and Scripture. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Schaaffs, Werner. 1974. Theology, Physics, and Miracles. Washington, DC: Canon Press. Schaeffer, Francis A. 1972. He Is There and He Is Not Silent. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. Simpson, George Gaylord. 1958. The Meaning of Evolution. New York: New American Library. Thieme, R. B. 1973. Creation, Chaos, and Restoration. Houston: Berachah Church. Von Daniken, Erich. 1972. Chariots of the Gods? New York: Bantam Books. White, Andrew D. 1955. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology. New York: George Braziller. Eden Films (formerly Films for Christ) has been advertising a recent release, The Great Dinosaur Mystery, billed as taking up where Footprints in Stone, their earlier release, left off. As the fine articles in your Issue VI (Fall 1981, pp. 16-29), by Godfrey and Weber, clearly show, Footprints is incredibly ludicrous in its claims. Amazingly, The Great Dinosaur Mystery is even more so! It tries to show that historical and mythological references to dragons (the Apocrypha, St. George, and so forth) and some ancient paintings demonstrate that dinosaurs must have lived in historical times alongside human beings. On this basis it infers that evolution must be wrong and the entire geological timetable as well. However, the film is a blatant repeat of the shoddy reasoning of von Daniken's many publications, though, of course, done for different motives. Using the argument of the film, one would have to conclude that unicorns, leprechauns, and griffins have also existed (not to mention witches, demons, and trolls). And, even if coexistence should scientifically be established in the future, changing the paleontological timescale would not be justified, as the recent discovery of the supposedly extinct coelacanth demonstrates. Weber has justifiably called the Paluxy River "footprints" the creationists' "Piltdown." I would call The Great Dinosaur Mystery the creationists' "ancient astronaut." Ronnie J. Hastings, Ph.D. Co-Liaison, Texas Committee of Correspondence on Evolution It seems to me that John N. Clayton was not entirely candid in his reply to Dr. Garvin Chastain (Creation/Evolution VII). Clayton claims that the lectures he gave at Boise State University were not on the evolution-creation controversy and that he is not a member of the creationist movement. These claims may be true, for all I know. But Clayton also spoke at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. The substance of his remarks and the contents of his handouts indicate that he agrees in large measure with the "scientific" creationists. Clayton gives a lecture entitled "God, Man, and Caveman." Part of the description reads: "An examination of man as uniquely created in the image of God is presented. The physical anthropological explanation of the origin of man and founding evidence is considered to show that the biblical account is more consistent with the evidence." More consistent than evolutionary theory, I presume. Lesson IX in a course on "Christian Evidences" for children, provided by Clayton, is entitled "How Do We Know the Theory of Evolution Is Wrong?" Lesson X is called "How Do We Know We Didn't Come from an Apelike Ancestor?" and Lesson XI is "How Do We Know Genesis Is Right?" It seems to me that Clayton is a member of the creationist movement —if not officially, then in spirit. Perhaps the chief difference between Clayton and the "scientific" creationists is that Clayton does not insist on a creation within the past ten millennia. Clayton claims that "... if there is a conflict between science and religion, we either have bad science or bad religion...." Clayton apparently wishes to resolve that conflict by having science conform to the doctrines of bad religion. B. E. Zamulinski I found John N. Clayton's letter, in which he denies being a member of the creationist movement, very puzzling. His traveling "Does God Exist?" road show came to Tucson not long ago, and during the question-and-answer period he spent at least twenty minutes trying to convince me that Genesis was in perfect agreement with the scientific evidence for the development of life on earth. And he had the color slides to prove it! In case you haven't caught his act, his particular approach is to "work both sides of the street," so to speak. For example, he delights in proclaiming that he believes in evolution; but, when pressed, he denies that plants and animals evolved from other plants and animals. Contradictory? You bet. Mr. Clayton states in Creation/Evolution that he is "not a member of the creationist movement." In his publication, Does God Exist? however, he says: We need to oppose attempts of theistic evolution to compromise the integrity of the biblical record. The objectives of our creationist friends are noble and right but there are some very great weaknesses in their approach and some areas where much damage is being done because of incorrect use of terms and the attempt to promote denominational positions that are not biblical. (February 1982, 9:2:4, emphasis added) In other words, his creationist friends haven't been biblical enough to suit his tastes! When writing to the "faithful," his anti-evolutionary crusade is obvious: We could literally fill this publication every month with examples of design characteristics in nature that could not possibly occur by chance. Design demands a designer and, when one looks at the creation, the wisdom and diversification of that Designer become all the more obvious. (Does God Exist, February 1981, 8:2:11)- page 34 - There are very few, if any [intermediate forms], so it is obvious that to claim that evolution is a fact is to demonstrate a rather poor understanding of the nature of science (Does God Exist? July 1981, 8:7:3) Many scientific techniques have been used to preserve and understand the history of the Bible. Scientific discoveries have repeatedly shown the accuracy of the biblical record. If the same God who created all things inspired the writing of the Bible, there is no possibility of a fact being discovered that would not support the biblical record. (Ibid., p. 5) All races of man came from Adam and Eve—indicating indirectly that great change in man can occur. (Ibid., p. 8) The fact of the matter is that the erectness of the forms such as Australopithecus afarensis is not only unconvincing but is not a good indicator that the form is man. Even if the form were erect, there is no way it could be called man or even something close to man. Their jaws were typical ape jaws and their brain size was around 400 cubic centimeters—no bigger than the brain of a modern chimpanzee. ... Even the name tells you that this is no human (Australo-south; pithecus-Greek word for ape). . . . (Does God Exist? June 1981, 8:6:6) Because every human on earth was killed by the flood except those who were a part of Noah's house, every human on earth today is a descendant of Noah. This is proven by several facts—scientifically and biblically.... All cultures carry in their religion or folklore the remnants of what happened in the flood which clearly proves that all cultures have a common thread connecting to Noah. (Does God Exist? July 1980, 7:7:6-7) ... Nearly all alleged links to man are actually racial variations of apes (variations within a given species). [Australopithecus afarensis] is simply another of those cases which is being glorified by the mass media in an attempt to support the theory of evolution. (Does God Exist? October 1980, 7:10:15) "The heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament showeth His handiwork," the Psalmist says. We can know there is a God "through the things he has made" (Romans 1:19-21). Look at the world and show the world to your child by comparing the idea that life and its complexities have been created by an intelligent God with the foolish notion that it could happen by a bunch of "beneficial accidents." (Does God Exist? December 1981, 8:12:4) By his own words, Mr. Clayton is certainly a "creationist," by any definition in common use. This is his right, of course. I just wish he would own up to it. His letter in Creation/Evolution was correct in one point, however; he is certainly not a biology teacher, as the following incredible quotation from him makes clear: It is common in classroom presentations on evolution to claim that the Duckbill Platypus is a missing link between the birds [!] and the reptiles.... Because the evolutionists have tried to relate the Platypus to reptile-bird evolution, the mammalian characteristics of the Platypus have been largely ignored. [!] (Does God Exist? April 1981, 8:4:3-4) John Samuel Massa Creation/Evolution is doing an important and necessary job by documenting evidence of the absurdity of so-called "scientific creationism." But it does seem as if some of its contributors have fallen into the trap of greatly oversimplifying a highly complex subject. As Garvin Chastain rightly said ("Letters," Creation/ Evolution, V), "Creationists oversimplify and, in doing so, distort the evidence." This makes it all the more important for their opponents to avoid making the same mistake. Admittedly, they have been led into this by the excesses of certain creationists. Michael Ruse has pointed out in his report (New Scientist, February 1982) of the notorious court hearing at Little Rock that the state law being contested had defined "creation science" as accepting, among other things, "a relatively recent inception of the earth and living kinds." It is but a short step from this to concluding that creationists all believe in a recently created earth. In fact, the most aggressive creationist organizations want people to believe this: that they frequently assert that all "genuine" creationists are at one with them on this matter. But this is not the case. Creationists of this genre are certainly the best organized, the most aggressive, and the most vociferous; but they are not the only ones, and, in Europe at least, are probably not the most numerous. It is therefore disconcerting to find in a journal concerned with fact and truth the sweeping generalization, "Creationists claim that the universe is at most ten thousand years old" (Schadewald, no. IV). Several other contributors also imply this, without stating it explicitly. Freske, in volume II, is exceptional in noting that "Most, though not all, creationist organizations are committed to the belief that the universe was created no more than ten thousand years ago." Edwords, in number III, rightly indicates that there are several different sorts of creationists, but unfortunately he refers to recent-creationists as believers in "special creation"—a term which has been used for more than a century in Christian literature as a synonym for creation. Moreover, he subsequently lapses into the prevailing custom of referring to recent-creationists as simply "creationists." It may help to set the matter in perspective if I explain that as recently as twenty years ago recent-creationists formed only a small minority of creationists in England and were rarely taken seriously. In recent years they have grown somewhat in numbers and influence in England, although to nothing like the same extent as they appear to have done in America. There are still a great many educated British creationists who accept without question the cosmological and geological evidence that the universe is billions of years old and that life is hundreds of millions of years old. These ancient-creationists generally regard their recent-creationist brethren as an embarrassment, as part of the eccentric fringe of Christianity. It would avoid a great deal of unnecessary misunderstanding if writers attacking such absurdities as flood geology and the concept of a young earth would always use the term recent-creationists in order to make quite clear that it is only this one particular species that is referred to. Another example of oversimplification is the implication that all those who oppose Darwinism are Christian fundamentalists. Most of them are, but by no means all. It is important to recognize that there is a very small, but by no means negligible, body of opposition to Darwinism on purely scientific grounds. And I am not referring here to biologists such as Gould, who would like to make substantial amendments to Darwinian theory, but to those who would like to see it swept aside and replaced by an entirely new theory of the mechanism of evolution. (One of the unfortunate consequences of oversimplification is that the public in general, and many professional biologists, seem to be unaware that informed opposition to Darwinism actually exists.) The best contemporary example is Pierre Grasse. One of Europe's most distinguished zoologists, he concurs with a number of leading French biologists in regarding neo-Darwinism as an Anglo-Saxon aberration. A convinced evolutionist, he has devoted many years and hundreds of thousands of published words to arguing the inadequacy of Darwinism and the need to replace it by a more convincing explanation of how evolution could have occurred. Other equally eminent biologists who took a similar stand a generation earlier were the entomologist, W. R. Thompson, and botanist J. C. Willis. Finally, there are a number of agnostic scientists of some distinction—generally physicists, mathematicians, or statisticians—who have looked at evolutionary theory in the light of their own discipline and concluded that what Jaques Monod called "chance and necessity" could not adequately explain the complexity of life. Instead, they have argued that there must be some kind of vital directive principle built into the nature of matter thus giving it a self-creative property or else, like Hoyle and Wickramasinghe believe, that there must be one or more supernatural creative powers abroad in the universe. To sum up, it is a pity to portray the situation as if there were only two competing philosophies: on the one hand, Darwinism; on the other hand, the fundamental version of creationism. In fact, there is a whole spectrum of views, with five major divisions: Darwinists, anti-Darwinian evolutionists, nonreligious quasi-creationists, religious ancient-creationists, and religious recent-creationists. By keeping these distinctions clearly in mind, and by using appropriate terminology, writers will be better able to oppose error and assist the pursuit of truth. Dr. Alan Hayward Warwicks, United Kingdom All of Dr. Hayward's points are welltaken; however, something more needs to be said. The term special creation, which I continue to use, has come to mean (in North America at least), the combined notions of sudden and recent creation. The suddenness element involves creation of all life from nothing within a short space of time (say, in six days). The recentness idea means an earth and universe that are only six- to fifteen-thousand years old. When I take the trouble to say special creation, it is because I intend to distinguish it from other creation notions mentioned in the same article, such as the day-age theory, the gap theory, and so forth. The rest of the time I do "lapse" into abbreviating the whole concept by simply saying creation or creationism. I hope, however, that from the context everyone knows what is meant. If not, let me state now that the policy of Creation/Evolution is to focus on answering the arguments of those creationists who are politically active in North America (and often abroad). Since the politically active creationists usually believe in a sudden and recent creation (coupled with belief in a worldwide flood, a miraculous origin for languages, and a few other related notions), those are the beliefs to which we respond. We are a specialized publication. It would be cumbersome to always specify the belief system every time we wished to say "creationist. " That would be akin to saying "member of the U.S. Democratic Party" every time we wanted to say "Democrat, " so as not to cause confusion regarding various sorts of social democrats in other countries. Nonetheless, Dr. Hayward has properly cautioned us not to imagine that this particular brand of creationists represents all the others. He has reminded us that we are not compelled to think of creation only on their terms. And he has given us a broader perspective on the variety of views that exists in this area. As for any implying that all those who oppose Darwinism are Christian fundamentalists, I hope we have not done that. This is certainly not our intent. However, we will seek to be more cautious in the future. I would like to comment on the article by Dr. Robert Price which appeared in Creation/Evolution VII. I have a Ph.D. in botany, recently attended a conference on evolution and public education at the University of Minnesota, and have practiced TM for over seven years. Accordingly, I feel reasonably well informed on the subjects of evolution, scientific creationism, and the Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI). Dr. Price attempts to draw many parallels between scientific creationism and SCI, but the two are actually very different, as we shall see. First, the charge that TM or SCI is a religion. For most people, a religion is a discipline of thought that requires (1) a belief in a god, (2) attendance of some sort of worship service on a regular basis, and (3) the abidance of certain moral rules of conduct in going about one's life. Neither the study of SCI nor the practice of TM has any of these requirements. One could practice TM and study SCI and be an atheist, be free to conduct one's life however one sees fit, and attend any worship service one chooses or none at all. Superficial resemblances of TM or SCI to a religion (and Mr. Price conjures up a number of them) are exactly that—superficial. Because TM (SCI) lacks the above-mentioned requirements, it is not and never was a religion. It was, in fact, originally conceived as a means of developing one's spiritual awareness without religion by means of a simple technique to release stress. Any reference to the TM movement's certificate of incorporation to the term religious with regard to the practice of TM was meant in a spiritual sense completely different from what we normally think of in the context of a religion. It is for this reason, and not to mislead, that the Spiritual Regeneration Movement was renamed the TM Movement. In sharp contrast to the practice of TM or the study of SCI, belief in scientific creationism requires both belief in God and acceptance of a literal interpretation of creation as presented in the Christian Bible. This qualifies scientific creationism as basically religious in the sense that most people think of when the term is used. With regard to whether or not SCI is really a science, again, a definition is a good starting point. Most any dictionary defines science basically as systematized knowledge derived from observation, study, and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied, by means which are repeatable by independent observers. The most reliable indication of whether a discipline of thought and investigation meets these criteria is the appearance of studies regarding it in respected scientific journals, as is the case with SCI. Literally scores of studies of TM, conducted at many universities and research institutions, have been published by such widely respected journals as Science, Scientific American, American Journal of Physiology, Journal of Psychology, and so forth. Although Dr. Price does not claim to have read any of these publications (none are cited), he severely criticizes and attempts to discredit them. Any such attempts should take into account the fact that articles appearing in most scientific journals have withstood critical evaluation not only by the editor but also by widely respected experts in the field with which the article deals. Dr. Price goes on to say, quoting a critic, that some researchers have been unable to replicate certain findings of the TM research, yet he cites no studies showing such results. To my knowledge, there are no published studies indicating results significantly at odds with the effects of TM shown so often by researchers. Again in sharp contrast to the TM movement, scientific creationism cannot claim even one study supportive of their views which has been accepted for publication by a respected scientific journal. It therefore, is not basically scientific in nature. Finally, let us briefly consider the teaching of TM in public schools. Unlike the way scientific creationists have pushed their teachings, the TM movement did not seek to make SCI a required part of any high school course or curriculum, only to make it available for those who were interested. As for the court case, the ruling was a preliminary one. The TM movement could have appealed but decided to wait until the public had a better understanding of TM and SCI before pursuing the matter further. It is clear, then, from the standpoints of religion, science, and education, that SCI and scientific creationism are not at all alike, and it is important that your readers be made aware of this fact. David G. Fisher Many of Dr. Fisher's points are well taken. However, I must note that the main purpose of my article was to show that TM (the Science of Creative Intelligence) is as religious as scientific creationism. For example, it seems to me that meditators have never adequately explained away the prima facie religiosity of the initiatory puja (worship) ceremony which all prospective meditators must undergo. And all this talk about "cosmic consciousness, " "God consciousness, " and "Brahma consciousness"—is this secular? Even if we leave all this aside (and I see no good reason for doing so), there is the evidence of Dr. Fisher's own remarks. He refers to the "spiritual awareness" that is the goal of TM. This, too, sounds pretty religious. True, TM necessitates no belief in God, but neither do Buddhism nor Jainism. Most religions (though not literally all of them) do entail regular worship meetings and moral commandments, and TM does not. But this is not exactly the point. TM is not "a religion. " The real issue is, is it religious? Prayer is not "a religion" either, but it certainly is an aspect of religion. The doctrine of theistic creation is not "a religion, " but it sure is religious, and that's why we shy away from having it taught in public school biology classes. Dr. Fisher points out that TM never sought what the creationists seek—namely, that their technique be required in schools. True, but this is not the relevant point. Simple sanctioning of religious teaching in public schools would be quite as constitutionally problematical as requiring it. On a related matter, all I sought to show was that creationism must be considered religious in the same technical, legal sense that TM was considered in the court decision, and this is admittedly a pretty nebulous sense. As to whether TM is actually a science, let me remind Dr. Fisher that I did not rule out the possibility that "some tests might indicate at least that the relaxation technique of TM produces concrete results. " This is, in fact, all that one can scientifically verify about the effects of TM. Could any scientific study conceivably verify the claim that meditators practicing TM make contact with the "field of creative intelligence"? If there are any such studies published in reputable scientific journals, I would certainly like to see them. After noting this in my article, I gave admittedly secondary sources for critiques against TM's verifiable claims. My primary purpose was to show that studies conducted by TM people or which were subjective in nature were open to suspicion. But I was clear that results should not be dismissed out of hand for this. Thus, I did not "severely criticize" TM's claims. I should like to warn Dr. Fisher, however, that "the appearance of studies regarding it in respected journals" does not constitute proof of TM's claims. "Respected journals" are filled with studies that are later challenged and discredited. That is the nature of the self-checking process of science. Studies are published so as to be subjected to peer review, not to be declared true. Publication is not proof. This is a fact often forgotten by creationists who frequently quote outdated and disputed journal articles in support of their case. So let us not be too hasty with appeals to authority. Overall, I appreciate the fact that Dr. Fisher and I agree that "scientific creationism" is a dangerous sham. We merely disagree on the tangential question of whether TM is to be considered religious in an academic (though important) sense. Robert M. Price I rise to the defense of Dr. Gish, who has been most unfairly and falsely criticized by Kenneth Miller in Creation/Evolution VII. I find Professor Miller's article rather heavily weighted with the same kind of special pleading with which he accuses Dr. Gish. But on page nine, he really goes overboard. Dr. Miller quotes a sentence that Dr. Gish quotes from E. J. H. Corner's article, "Evolution," in Contemporary Botanical Thought, Anna M. MacLeod and L. S. Cobley, editors (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1961): "Much evidence can be adduced in favor of evolution, but I still think that to the unprejudiced the fossil record of plants is in favor of creation." Then he gives what he alleges is the correct quote from Corner: ". . . the fossil record of higher plants is in favor of special creation" (emphasis added by Miller), thus indicating that Dr. Gish had misquoted by deleting the word higher. Dr. Miller then goes on to explain to us what Dr. Corner really meant to say—namely, that he was only talking about the major form of higher plant, the angiosperm or flowering plants. I am pleased to report to you that Dr. Gish in this case is right and Dr. Miller is wrong. The book from which the contested quotation comes is rare, but three or four years ago I tracked it down in a major university library. The word higher is not in Dr. Corner's sentence. Furthermore, his article is dealing not with the origin of higher plants but with the origin of plants—that is, the several categories of plant taxonomy. In the closing sentences of the same paragraph, he says, "Can you imagine how an orchid, a duckweed, and a palm have come from the same ancestry, and have we any evidence for this assumption? The evolutionist must be prepared with an answer, but I think that most would break down before an inquisition." Corner continues in the following paragraph: "Textbooks hoodwink. A series of more and more complicated plants is introduced—the alga, the fungus, the bryophyte, and so on, and examples are added eclectically in support of one or another theory—and that is held to be a presentation of evolution...." Thus it is quite clear that Dr. Gish quoted correctly and that he properly understood Corner, who had in view the fossil record not merely of the higher plants, the angiosperms as Miller alleges, but of all the taxa of the Kingdom Plantae. I wonder where Dr. Miller found that word, higher? Evidently creationists are not the only people who on occasion goof by accepting uncritically something they find in secondary or tertiary sources. But we knew that all the time, didn't we? Robert E. Kofahl Creation-Science Research Center Robert E. Kofahl is quite correct in pointing out my misquote of E. J. H. Corner, which appeared in Creation/ Evolution VII. Let me explain how it happened. The Corner quote is a favorite of Gish, because it seems to show a noted botanical authority admitting that the evidence is on the side of creationism. Dr. Gish has used it nearly every time he writes or speaks, and I, like others opposing creationism, have become accustomed to dealing with it. The Corner text reads: The theory of evolution is not merely the theory of the origin of species but the only explanation of the fact that organisms can be classified into this [taxonomic] hierarchy of natural affinity. Much evidence can be adduced in favor of the theory of evolution—from biology, bio-geography, and paleontology; but I still think that, to the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is in favor of special creation. How does one deal with that? In the simplest way possible: by explaining what characteristics of the plant fossil record led Corner to that statement and by seeing whether those characteristics best fit the creationist schemes of Dr. Gish and Dr. Kofahl or whether they best fit evolution. Corner used his reference about "special creation" to dramatize the lack of a continuous fossil record of the evolution of plants. There are discontinuities (gaps) in the plant record, and they are spectacular. As an example, I generally choose what most experts will agree is the most dramatic and most striking gap: the appearance of the higher plants (Angiosperms) about 135 million years ago. Taking the sudden appearance of these organisms, which now dominate the planet, as a perfect example of Corner's concern, we can then see if Gish's creation model is supported. I used exactly this tack in an article which appeared in American Biology Teacher earlier this year. In that article, I showed how the basic tenets of special creation require all living things to have been formed during a single creative period (one week?) which took place anywhere from six thousand to ten thousand years ago. I then pointed out that none of Dr. Gish's writings makes this aspect of "scientific" creationism clear. I next asked, "Why is this aspect of scientific creationism missing from their critiques on evolution and the fossil record?" This is an important question, because the answer is that Gish's own characterization of the fossil record contradicts the doctrine of a single creation! I used the sudden appearance 150 million years ago of the angiosperms to make my point, noting that, since Gish is quite right about the gap that precedes this appearance, he must be wrong that everything was created only once and at the same time as everything else. For if the latter were true, there should be no new forms appearing at various places in the fossil record, no matter how suddenly. All forms now existing or that have ever existed should have had their origins in the lowest and oldest fossil layers, and all forms we see today should exist throughout the record. Since this is not true, the fossil record clearly negates the possibility of a single creation event. In this article, which was published before the Creation/Evolution article, I quoted Corner correctly. And in the light of the basic argument I used there, which was the same one that I made in the Creation/Evolution article, I have no interest in misquoting Corner. But because I am used to discussing the higher plants as the most spectacular example about which Corner is talking, I carelessly inserted the word higher into the quote when I typed the manuscript and then faulted Gish for not using it. That was a careless error, and the readers of this journal have my apologies for that. Nevertheless, the charge of misquote against Gish is more serious. Why? Because Dr. Gish did more than insert a single word, he deleted all of the references that Corner made in support of evolution and the word special which qualifies the meaning of creation. Gish's version of the Corner quote reads (with Gish's deletions bracketed): Much evidence can be adduced in favor of [the theory of] evolution [from biology, bio-geography, and paleontology]; but I still think that, to the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is in favor of [special] creation. Well, we all make mistakes, and I can't excuse my error by noting his. But Gish's misquotation is not a mere mistake, typographical error, or failure of memory; it is a misuse of Corner's intent. By working from the false premise that Corner's version of creation was supportive of the ICR or CSRC doctrine of a single creation event, he made a misrepresentation of the first rank. As I pointed out in my American Biology Teacher article, the very problems in the fossil record to which Corner was alluding disprove without qualification Gish's and Kofahl's theories. Creationist authors do not like to address the problem posed by the sequential character of the fossil record, but intellectual honesty demands that they should. Finally, I'd like to thank Dr. Kofahl for bringing my error to my attention, and I am glad to have had the opportunity to correct it. Because Dr. Kofahl is so interested in making sure that Corner and other scientists are quoted correctly, I await an explanation of how Dr. Gish happened to leave out special and eight other words from his reading during the debate with Doolittle and also why Dr. Kofahl did not correct that matter in his letter pointing out my error. I'll keep watching my mail. Kenneth R. Miller Associate Professor of Biology I rise again on the same day to defend Dr. Kelly Segraves, our director, from the unfair and erroneous attack upon him by Robert M. Price in Creation/Evolution VII, referring to an article in Creation/Evolution VI by Henry P. Zuidema. According to Price, Zuidema charged that the human tracks reported by Segraves in his book, The Great Dinosaur Mistake, were recently admitted by local residents to be fraudulent carvings in the surface of the Cretaceous limestone rock through which the Paluxy River flows. Price asks Segraves to "revise his propaganda" in the light of this new information. Allow me to set the record straight. In 1970, shortly after its establishment, the Creation-Science Research Center sponsored, along with Films for Christ Association of Elmwood, Illinois, an expedition to the Paluxy River valley in Texas to examine reported human footprints on Cretaceous limestone surfaces also bearing many dinosaur footprints. Dr. Segraves accompanied this group and personally observed the sandbagging of the river bed and the uncovering there of several sequences of footprints. He also observed the stripping off of several feet of layers of limestone and debris next to the riverbank to uncover fresh footprints never before seen by modern man. All of this is recorded in the film, Footprints in Stone, produced by Films for Christ using the footage taken of the above reported activities. Dr. Segraves took his own photographs of footprints and fitted his own bare foot into some of the prints. Some months later, he returned with another group and personally assisted in stripping off layers several feet thick of limestone and debris to uncover another sequence of footprints in the surface of the Cretaceous limestone. He took photographs of these prints. A number of his photographs are included in his little book mentioned above. There is not the slightest possibility that the footprints reported in The Great Dinosaur Mistake by Dr. Segraves were carved. They are either bona fide human footprints or they are the prints of some other creature which lived at the same time that dinosaurs lived on the earth. They give every appearance of being human prints, of variously sized individuals from children to giants. If they were not produced by human feet, what kind of feet were they, planted in the soft mud at the same time that huge dinosaurs were squishing through the same mud? I think that Price and Zuidema owe Kelly Segraves an apology and a retraction. Robert E. Kofahl My thanks to Dr. Kofahl for setting the record straight. In rechecking my research materials I find that I have indeed confused Kelly Segraves's find with other prints in the Paluxy River area which, according to researchers from Loma Linda University and elsewhere, are admitted to have been carvings. This is a serious mistake on my part. I hope Kelly Segraves and Robert Kofahl will accept my apologies and understand that my intent was to speak to the footprint issue generally, merely noting, that, as Zuidema put it on page five of Creation/ Evolution VI, "The subject is further fogged by the many reports of the fabrication of humanlike prints by residents of the Glen Rose area.... " I did not desire to convey the impression that all footprint finds turned out to be carvings, nor do I now wish to imply that Dr. Kofahl must be correct in assuming the uncarved examples are human. Robert H. Price On June 25, 1982, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Island Trees Board of Education vs. Pico case that the First Amendment limits the power of school boards to remove books from school libraries. The five-to-four decision came after a seven-year legal battle by the ACLU to prevent parental pressure groups and local school officials from capriciously banning books merely because those books disagreed with the philosophy of the banners. The case now returns to federal district court for a trial of the factual issues in the case: whether the Island Trees school board was politically motivated in removing works by Kurt Vonnegut, Bernard Malamud, Jonathan Swift, Langston Hughes, and others on the grounds that they were "anti-American, anti-semetic [sic], anti-Christian, and just plain filthy." The Supreme Court ruling merely established the guidelines upon which the matters of fact must be tried. The importance of this case for those combating creationism is clear. Parents and school boards may not, on political or religious grounds, remove evolution books (whether scientific or philosophical) from public school libraries. This protects these materials from censorship. But one must remember that censorship cannot work the other way either. Creationist books that have found their way into public school libraries will also have to be left alone. It is only in the area of the curriculum that those opposing creationism can act, because it is unconstitutional for creationists to promote religion in the classroom or to entangle the schools in religious matters. Furthermore, it is possible to remove the teaching of any pseudoscience on purely academic grounds without practicing censorship. This is because it is the business of education to teach the "state of the art" in any given discipline, and thus educational institutions are under no obligation to give "equal time" or "balanced treatment" for outdated theories. In mid-February of this year, U.S. Congressman Fortney H. Stark conducted a survey of the opinions of the voters in his district (East San Francisco Bay area of California, including the cities of Livermore and Oakland). The results of his survey were published in the June 2 edition of the Congressional Record. Out of 7,840 respondents to his questionnaire, 62.1 percent answered "No" to the question, "Do you believe that, when teaching evolution, the teaching of the theory of creationism should be required by law?" Only 37.9 percent answered "Yes." Thus, in his district at least, the majority of the voters oppose "balanced treatment" for creationism. Stark, himself, is an opponent of creationist efforts.

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Explore the Grand Canyon with NCSE! Three seats are still available for NCSE's next excursion to the Grand Canyon — as featured in the documentary No Dinosaurs in Heaven. Oklahoma's Senate Bill 665 (PDF), which would, if enacted, have deprived administrators of the ability to prevent teachers from miseducating students about "scientific controversies," died in the Senate Education Committee on February 26, 2015, when a deadline for senate bills to pass committee expired. The Wyoming House of Representatives and Senate have agreed on the wording of a bill that will allow the state board of education to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards, according to Wyoming Public Media (February 26, 2015). House Resolution 83, introduced in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on February 26, 2015, would, if enacted, express the House's recognition of February 12, 2015, as Darwin Day in Pennsylvania. Indiana's Senate Bill 562 died in the Senate Education and Career Development Committee on February 25, 2015, when the deadline for Senate bills to have their third reading in the Senate passed.

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When the legislative session of the Missouri House of Representatives ended on May 13, 2005, House Bill 35 died in the Education Committee. HB 35 provided that: All biology textbooks sold to the public schools of the state of Missouri shall have one or more chapters containing a critical analysis of origins. The May 17, 2005, issue of The New York Times featured both a forceful editorial and a powerful op-ed article on the topic of threats to science education. The Kansas Board of Education hearings on proposed revisions to the state science standards, which were widely condemned as a kangaroo court or show trial, commenced on May 5, 2005 in Topeka, Kansas. Assembly Bill 8036, introduced on May 3, 2005, and referred to the Committee on Education, would require that "all pupils in grades kindergarten through twelve in all public schools in the state ... receive instruction in both theories of intelligent design and evolution." It also charges New York's commissioner of education to assist in developing curricula and local boards of education to provide "appropriate training and curriculum materials ...

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And again, environmental groups are concerned it is really meant to help alleviate a long-running water dispute with Florida in a way that could allow Atlanta to consume more water. The dispute focuses on the Flint River basin, formed by a river that begins south of Atlanta and flows through southwest Georgia. During droughts, the streams and waterways in that river basin run very low, endangering wildlife. State officials have resorted to pumping water from underground aquifers into those waterways to increase water flows. Judson Turner, director of Georgia’s Environmental Protection Division, said the reworked legislation would strengthen his authority to stop people downstream from using water intended to protect wildlife. Under current state law, people in Georgia can generally use as much water as they want so long as their use does not harm others. Turner said that if a lack of water harmed wildlife during a drought, federal officials might force the state to drastically cut water usage. “We’ve got to do some things to manage ourselves in this basin, and we need some help,” Turner told lawmakers Thursday. Opponents like the Flint Riverkeeper fault the bill for creating winners and losers. Gordon Rogers, the organization’s executive director, said it could force restrictions on people who withdraw water from the surface, mainly farmers, but leave other users untouched. Farmers upstream from a state pump could be left better off than farmers downstream. He also said backers of the bill are more interested in building billion-dollar infrastructure related to Georgia’s long-running water disputes with Alabama and Florida, not wildlife. “The winners in this case are folks that are embedded in the bureaucracy who are in league with insiders for investment projects,” Rogers told state lawmakers this week. Two years ago, a lobbying firm run by the former director of the Department of Natural Resources and a government council in southwest Georgia applied for state funding to test whether water could be pumped into underground storage aquifers during rainy seasons, then be pumped back out into waterways during dry spells. That technology could be used to protect wildlife from droughts. But it would also add water to the Flint River, which along with the Chattahoochee River flows into Florida and then out to the Gulf of Mexico. Florida Gov. Rick Scott filed a lawsuit in October that accuses Georgia of taking too much water, harming Florida’s Gulf-based oyster industry. He wants the U.S. Supreme Court to decide how much water each state should get. If the proposed technology was implemented as was envisioned by the lobbyists and local government council, Georgia could pump more water into the Flint outside of metro Atlanta. That might guarantee more water for Florida — and thus enable metro Atlanta to withdraw more water from the Chattahoochee River system. Gov. Nathan Deal’s administration is funding a project to test underground storage and pumping technology, but does not yet know whether the concept is feasible. The legislation and the storage and pumping plan are not connected, Turner said. And the lobbyists and government council that pitched a similar plan last year are no longer involved in the project.

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When Brandon Copley first discovered this flaw this last March, he tipped off Facebook to its existence so that they could patch it. "I used this to catch a criminal–someone was selling stolen goods on Craigslist, and I had their number, and used this to find who that person was on Facebook and from there reported them to the police,” he explained to the security team. Unfortunately, the company responded by saying that it considers it a normal feature and that it's up to the users to safeguard their privacy with the tools made available to them by the social network. Not satisfied with their answer and armed with his own access tokens from his developer account, Copley took advantage of the Facebook Search API and began compiling the list. Then, after having his account banned a couple of times, he finally received a cease and desist letter from Facebook. “You are unlawfully acquiring Facebook user data," it stated. "It appears that you are accessing Facebook through automated means and stealing Facebook access tokens in order to scrape data from Facebook’s site without permission.” According to Tech Crunch, Facebook also requested from Copley to share the methods he used to scrape Facebook user data, information about the persons he discussed his methods with and information about what he shared with them, access to user data he scraped from Facebook, and names of persons he shared any of the user data with. Finally, he said, they mentioned Andrew Auernheimer’s case and sentence, probably as an incentive for Copley to comply with their requests and stop the data scraping. Still, no litigation plans were mentioned. But he obviously thinks he has the right to harvest that information, as it has, after all, made public by the users themselves. In fact, he continues his research, and has ostensibly found an ever easier way for continuing to compile the list. I think that both Facebook and Copley are right in this case, but that Facebook might consider modifying the feature. After all, there are malicious individuals out there who could use it to compile a comprehensive list of future targets. "We see personal information from Facebook used by spammers all the time," Cloudmark researcher Andrew Conway commented for Help Net Security. "If a spammer has your email address, they can look it up in Graph Search and get to your profile." "Then they look up one of friends, and put their name in the From line of a spam email sent to you. This is all being done automatically of course. It looks as if the email is coming from one of your friends, though if you look at the email address closely, it's not one your friend would use. However, an email that appears to be from a friend is a lot more likely to be opened than a typical spam message. The spammers software will often choose a friend with the same last name if they can, so it looks as if the email is coming from a family member. We saw one spam message which was apparently addressed to a mother by her six month old baby! If a friend tells you they get spam from you, there's a good change the problem is that their Friends list on Facebook is public." "Another trick that spammers use is to search for random phone number in Graph Search," he also pointed out. "If they get a search result, then they take the first name from the profile, and send a text message addressed to that person by name. There's an example in the blog post, and we have many more! Text messages are a lot more trusted than email messages, especially when they are addressed to the recipient by name." Conway says that amidst all this, the good news is that privacy settings on Facebook are a lot easier than they used to be. "Just click on the Settings Icon in Facebook (that's the little cog wheel on the top right) and select Privacy Settings. Make sure that Who can look me up? is set to Friends to protect yourself from Graph Search abuse. There's one other place you should check as well. Click on Edit Profile under your picture on the top left of the Facebook home page, click on the button to edit your contact information and make sure your email address and phone number there are set to Friends or Only Me." Reading our newsletter every Monday will keep you up-to-date with security news. Receive a daily digest of the latest security news.

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(T)he State Board of Education has rarely failed in its efforts to look ridiculous, as when it voted, some time back, not to require biology textbooks to include the theory of evolution. I think that’s incorrect. It’s hard to tell, since the science standards (which were earlier this year, and which I wrote about at length) are rather different from textbook adoption (which hasn’t happened yet). If you look at the high school science standards that go into effect next year, section §112.34.(c).7 says: The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. There it is, plain as day. It’s a required standard. Textbooks will have to have it in there. Evolution is not optional in Texas public high schools. True, Texans should not be proud of their science standards. But at least Texas isn’t the butt of a joke in Futurama. If you missed it last night, the latest movie, Into the Wild Green Yonder, features a gag in the first bit about evolution. Thank you, Kansas.

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Slaughter brought her own children to the same center when they were babies and has known the owner for years. But, soon, she and her daughter, who receives a federally funded child care subsidy administered by the state, will be required to scan their fingers on a device at Tiny Tots whenever they bring in the baby or pick her up. Everyone else will just walk right in and out. “It’s inconvenient, and it’s embarrassing,” said Slaughter, about the verification system the Mississippi Department of Human Services plans to institute statewide to monitor families who receive child care subsidies. And it’s one more burden on Slaughter’s daughter as she tries to finish school, raise a child, find a job, and become independent. According to a statement from the Mississippi DHS, the finger-scanning system – by improving the accuracy of attendance figures and cutting administrative costs – “will maximize federal dollars” so that more children can be served. But child care providers and advocates predict the new system will have exactly the opposite effect. They believe the cost and disruption of the gate-keeping system will reduce the number of centers willing to accept federal child care vouchers. A class action lawsuit filed last month in Mississippi by a low-income parent argues that being required to scan her finger at the child care center when other parents don’t is an invasion of privacy, and that requiring her to submit a finger scan when she has done nothing wrong, is an unreasonable search and seizure. The American Civil Liberties Union in Mississippi is researching the legality of the finger scans as well. “My gut tells me there is a problem,” said Bear Atwood, legal director for the ACLU in Mississippi. Louisiana is the only other state in the nation requiring finger-scans of low-income parents at day care centers. Marjorie Esman, executive director at the ACLU in Louisiana, has deep concerns about finger scans. “We don’t treat people like criminals when they have done nothing wrong,” she said. “Government doesn’t need to keep a record of the fingerprints of innocent people.” And around the country, child care rights advocates watching Mississippi say the finger scanning policy is troubling. “If the goal is fraud prevention and efficiency, then there are certainly lots of ways to do that without requiring biometrics,” said Kim Kruckel, executive director of the Child Care Law Center, in San Francisco. “Just because parents are poor, they still have the same privacy rights, and they have the right to choose who picks up their children from child care without having to submit them for fingerprinting,” she said. “For undocumented families this will provide a real barrier to child care. That would be a huge issue for us in California,” said Kruckel. The Mississippi policy change comes just as President Barack Obama is calling for access to early education for all children. In his State of the Union address Feb. 12, Obama said, “And for poor kids who need help the most, lack of access to preschool education can shadow them for the rest of their lives. He continued, “Every dollar we invest in high-quality early education can save more than seven dollars later on – by boosting graduation rates, reducing teen pregnancy, even reducing violent crime.” Mississippi, the poorest state in the country and the state with the highest percentage of children living in poverty, has 8,000 children on its waiting list for subsidized child care, yet child care advocates and providers point out that the state will pay more than $1.6 million a year for the verification system. “There is no evidence that fraud is a problem in the child care program,” Carol Burnett, executive director of the Mississippi Low-Income Child Care Initiative, said. “In addition, it is really hard for parents to get [child care] vouchers in Mississippi….It’s a cumbersome process; it requires extensive documents and is unnecessarily complicated.” Telephone calls and emails from Equal Voice to Mississippi DHS Director Jill Dent and department spokeswoman Julia Bryan requesting more details were not returned by early this week. According to a statement from the department, when the finger image is scanned, points from the image are converted to a number that becomes a personal identification number (PIN) which identifies the person that can check the child in or out. The huge waiting list for child care vouchers in the state puts pressure on parents to comply with the voucher program’s requirements, but they say the rules display little understanding about the lives of poor families, many of whom juggle multiple jobs and schedules, making use of a circle of friends and family to care for their children. “I have six kids, and we all play a role in my grandbaby’s life. We all pick her up or drop her off,” said Janice Slaughter. “Now we all have to have our fingerprints on file with the state.” Friends who might have been willing to lend a hand will draw the line at being fingerprinted, she said. “It’s an inconvenience for everyone trying to do my daughter a favor,” she added. In Mississippi, child care providers who serve low-income families and parents are fighting back, first with public meetings with state officials, then filing a lawsuit and urging legislators to block the program. The latest lawsuit, filed recently by Elizabeth Williams, a low-income parent who is afraid she will lose her child care assistance if she refuses the finger scanning. A 23-year old college student at Mississippi State University, she relies on her mother to drop off and pick up her son from child care. Her mother doesn’t want to be subjected to finger scanning. Williams worries she will lose her child care funding. “We lead the nation in children who are under educated, now we want to punish those parents because they have a need for child care assistance? It doesn’t make sense,” attorney Lisa Ross, who is representing Williams, said. Louisiana has required finger-scanning for subsidized child care since 2010. Owners of child care centers say it has cost them business. Despite the concerns of parents, child advocates, and child care providers, the state is moving forward and plans to implement the system in 400 centers statewide by the end of February. “It’s really quite troubling on so many fronts,” said Helen Blank, director of child care and early learning at the National Women’s Law Center. “It has a clear chilling effect on family access to child care. Child care is so important for low-income mothers. “These moms are trying so hard, and this seems so punitive,” said Blank. “It’s hard to say what part of this is the most outrageous. In general, low-income people are already so intimidated by bureaucracy – this takes it to another level. “Other states have managed to do fine without resorting to finger scans. There must be other solutions.” In fact, there are other solutions: Some states issue debit cards for parents to swipe when they arrive and depart. Others use an electronic sign-in pad. In Mississippi, parents who receive child care vouchers will be required to attend an hour or two of training and have their fingers scanned into the system at a central office. The office is open only during regular business hours, which means parents will have to take time off from work or miss classes. The child care centers are burdened with onerous requirements as well. Each child care owner who accepts vouchers will be required to put a $900 deposit on the electronic finger scanners and open a bank account so that reimbursements can be automatically deposited or withdrawn. Petra Kay, owner of Northtown Child Development Center in Jackson, took part in the pilot finger-scan verification program, but has decided to opt out of it because of the fear and disruption it caused among her clients, not to mention the $9,000 she says the state owes for care provided that the finicky scanners did not record. When the finger-scan verification system is implemented statewide, Kay will no longer be able to accept child care vouchers at the center. “It looks like the state is trying to close down the industry of child care,” she said. Kay said the pilot program frustrated and frightened parents, and attendance of low-income children at Northtown plummeted from 140 to 80 children. In response, Kay had to cut staff at the center she has run for 30 years. “Low-income parents are struggling with so much; to lose their child care assistance can be devastating,” Kay said. “We are dealing with people that need as much help as possible. They are fearful. Every time the government gets involved in their life, it goes upside down. These are poor, single parents; they are afraid. They have everything to lose.” 2013 © Equal Voice for America’s Families Newspaper Equal Voice News Graphic by Vanessa Ushio Opposition to the Affordable Care Act is waning among California Republicans, and just over half… More than 300,000 people who bought subsidized health insurance in states that did not set… ANCHORAGE, Alas. -- It’s almost as if the Affordable Care Act has disappeared behind some… Photo: Willora “Peaches” Ephram, left, age 90, listens as a local official reads a proclamation… Above: Itzel Martinez is one of thousands of DACA recipients who have been denied Medi-Cal… photo: Dr. Esiquio Casillas is the regional medical director for Senior Services at AltaMed, a…

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On 6 March, trade unions around the world are holding an international day of action in solidarity with the workers of Iran. The day will include protests, meetings, and other actions. An on-line petition has been launched to support the campaign. The Iranian government has been arresting workers who have stood up and tried to organize unions -- including Mansour Osanloo and Mahmoud Salehi, who both languish in jails despite continuing health problems. There is a YouTube video which tells the story of Osanloo and the bus drivers of Tehran. This repression is in violation of International Labour Organization core conventions and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. That Declaration states that "everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests." LabourStart has been asked by the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), which together with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) has called for the day of action, to mobilize thousands of trade unionists online. Please take a moment and send off a message to the Iranian leaders demanding respect for workers' rights and freedom for jailed trade unionists. The case has also been taken up by Amnesty International. Amnesty is deeply concerned about the plight of trade unionists in Iran, the persecution of independent trade unionists and non-compliance with international labour conventions. In particular Amnesty International worldwide is committed to long-term action on behalf of two trade unionists who have faced repeated incarceration and victimisation for the exercise of their legitimate trade union rights. Mansour Ossanlu is leader of the Tehran Bus Workers' Union, and Mahmoud Salehi was leader of a bakers' union in Saqez. Amnesty consider trade unionist Ossanlu and Mahmoud Salehi to be prisoners of conscience, held solely for the legitimate exercise of their human rights, and we call for them to be released and for all charges to be dropped. Statements of solidarity from unions around the world.

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Oh-Han is an advocate for women’s rights in South Korea. The 53-year-old recalls the pouches of traditional medicine you could easily get, not so long ago, that were supposed to help you conceive a son or abort a girl. But all that has changed, she tells journalist Sung So-Young of the Korea JoongAng Daily. Today, ‘a mother of two daughters or more is the envy of every woman,’ she says. It’s an extraordinary turnaround. In 1990 Korea recorded 116 boys being born for every 100 girls – the most distorted ratio in the world at the time. By 1992 it had risen to 117. But then the trend went into reverse – and fast. By 2000 it was down to 109 boys per 100 girls; and by 2007 it was back to almost normal again. How did it happen? Official recognition of a demographic crisis in the making was swiftly followed by public awareness raising. One TV public advertising campaign, for example, focused on a class of 10 to 14-year-olds and pointed out how many of the boys would be left without a female partner when they grew up. There was also a strengthening of laws. Doctors and other medical professionals found out helping parents to select the sex of their child were given stiff penalties. Between 1963 and 1990, the number of women in the workforce increased 14-fold But the wider picture was changing too. Industrialization and urbanization had weakened the hold of a rural life dominated by Confucian beliefs and patriarchal inheritance structures that made it necessary for parents to bear a son. As women got jobs in factories in towns and cities, their earning power increased. There were also marked improvements in girls’ education. A number of measures were taken to tackle sexism at work and in the home. These included laws on more equal employment (including affirmative action) and on sexual violence. The patriarchal Family Head system was finally abolished in 2005. The fact that Korean family size shrank dramatically (from 6.6 children in 1960 to 1.6 in 1990) is a factor that seems to cut both ways. Initially, it favoured boys, but then it allowed a faster return to balance. Rising living standards and better social provision have made an important difference. ‘People these days don’t expect their children to feed them when they get old,’ comments Oh-Han. ‘What they want from their children is not a bowl of rice, but tender loving care.’ This is now translating into a preference for girls. Advice on how to conceive a girl is keenly sought on social media sites. ‘I asked all my friends who have girls,’ says Lee Eun-jeong. ‘They all said they made love at dawn.’ Is the Korean model exportable to China or India? Demographers have their doubts. The size and orderliness of South Korea is cited as a factor that made speedy rebalancing easier. Taiwan, however, appears to be following the Korean path. In 2003 the country had the third most skewed sex ratio at birth in the world – by 2012 it was 15th. This was achieved through banning medically unnecessary sex selection and enacting laws to promote gender equality. There is co-operation within health and hospital departments and 89 per cent of new mothers surveyed said they supported the ban on sex-screening. Sources: Sung So-Young, ‘After a long preference for sons, it’s a girl generation’, Korea JoongAng Daily, 21 November 2012, nin.tl/18lJmNq Nicole Christine Frazer, ‘Gendercide Undone: Evaluating the causes of South Korea’s Return to Normal Sex ratios’, The Red Sea, September 2012. nin.tl/1dABe1T Girls not allowed... Prenatal sex selection is an unfolding tragedy. Vanessa Baird assesses the damage done - both personal and global. Read more...

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A huge memorial featuring a statue of Soviet supreme ruler Joseph Stalin at its centre is to be rebuilt in a remote village in Russia's far north. Joseph Stalin: Still viewed with nostalgia by some Russians The memorial was built in Kureika near the Arctic Circle in the 1950s, at the height of Stalin's personality cult, by inmates of the Gulag prison system. Officials in the region insist the new project is not politically motivated, but is aimed at developing tourism. Critics say it is another sign that Stalin's crimes are being glossed over. Alexei Babiy, a member of the Russian human rights group Memorial, said the project was part of a large-scale state campaign to rehabilitate Stalin. The Kureika memorial, measuring 400 sq metres (4,304 sq ft), is to be rebuilt using original diagrams and photographs. Stalin had spent time in Kureika during his internal exile under the tsarist regime later overthrown by the Bolsheviks. The original memorial was closed in 1961, at the time of Nikita Khrushchev's drive to undo the worst Stalinist excesses, and in 1995 a fire virtually destroyed the dilapidated building. An aide to the Krasnoyarsk regional governor, Yevgeny Pashchenko, told Interfax news agency that "this initiative came from businessmen who have long been involved in local tourism - it's a purely commercial project to attract tourists, it has no political overtones". Russia's Itar-Tass news agency reports that demand has grown for tours to the sites of notorious Gulag labour camps. An opinion poll carried out by Russia's VTsIOM research centre in March 2005 showed that 42% of Russians felt the country "needs another Stalin", compared with 52% who disagreed, Itar-Tass reported. Stalin, who died in 1953, is revered by some Russians for his role as a war leader but reviled by others who point to the millions persecuted under his iron dictatorship.

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