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<s>[INST] What are lymph nodes, and what is their function? [/INST] Lymph nodes are places where lymphatic vessels aggregate, and they destroy germs that enter the body. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does gravitational potential energy change with mass? [/INST] Gravitational potential energy increases with mass, as it is directly proportional to the object's mass. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin A? [/INST] Deficiency symptoms of vitamin A include night blindness, Bitot's patches in the eye, dryness of the skin, and blisters on knees and elbows. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does increasing mass affect gravitational potential energy? [/INST] Increasing mass increases gravitational potential energy proportionally, as potential energy is directly related to mass. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are some common uses of hydrochloric acid in industries? [/INST] Hydrochloric acid is used to remove rust from steel objects, make gelatin, and produce aqua regia. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the specific heat capacity of lead? [/INST] The specific heat capacity of lead is 130 J kg^−1 K^−1. </s> |
<s>[INST] Why is the unit mole practically used in chemistry? [/INST] The unit mole is used to measure the amounts of substances that exist in very large numbers, making it practical for chemical calculations. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the presence of chloroplasts in collenchyma cells enhance their function? [/INST] Chloroplasts in collenchyma cells enable these cells to carry out photosynthesis, contributing to the plant's energy production while providing structural support. </s> |
<s>[INST] Describe the image formed when an object is placed between the focal length and twice the focal length of a convex lens. [/INST] A magnified, inverted, and real image is formed on the opposite side of the lens. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the specific heat capacity of lead? [/INST] The specific heat capacity of lead is 130 J kg^−1 K^−1. </s> |
<s>[INST] Describe the operation of a light-emitting diode (LED). [/INST] A light-emitting diode (LED) produces light through electroluminescence, where electrons recombine with holes in the semiconductor material, releasing energy as photons. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is a cation? [/INST] A cation is a positively charged ion formed by the loss of electrons. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the potential difference between two points in a circuit with a 12 V power supply and three resistors connected in series? [/INST] The potential difference is the sum of the voltage drops across each resistor, which is equal to the total supply voltage of 12 V. </s> |
<s>[INST] How is the chemical formula of hydrogen sulphide written? [/INST] The chemical formula of hydrogen sulphide is H₂S, indicating two hydrogen atoms and one sulphur atom. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the features of invertebrates in the phylum Cnidaria? [/INST] Invertebrates in the phylum Cnidaria are aquatic, mostly marine, diploblastic with a coelenteron, have radial symmetry, and are predators with nematocysts. </s> |
<s>[INST] Calculate the power required to lift a 5 kg object to a height of 8 m in 10 seconds. [/INST] The power required is 40 Watts (W). </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the release of nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone? [/INST] The release of nitrogen oxides (NOx) contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone by reacting with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight, forming ozone and other pollutants. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the sources of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture? [/INST] Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture include enteric fermentation in livestock, rice paddies, the use of synthetic fertilizers, and the burning of agricultural residues. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the formula for Ohm's Law? [/INST] Ohm's Law is expressed as V = IR, where V is the potential difference, I is the current, and R is the resistance. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the atomic number of an element? [/INST] The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of the element. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the relationship between current and potential difference in a conductor according to Ohm's Law? [/INST] According to Ohm's Law, the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided the temperature remains constant. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are some common household acids and their uses? [/INST] Common household acids include vinegar (acetic acid) for cooking and cleaning, and citric acid for flavoring and preserving food. </s> |
<s>[INST] Can you give examples of strong bases and their ionization in water? [/INST] Examples include Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which ionizes into Na+ and OH-, and Potassium hydroxide (KOH), which ionizes into K+ and OH-. </s> |
<s>[INST] Explain the process of cell division in mitosis. [/INST] Mitosis involves the division of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells, maintaining the chromosome number, and consists of stages like prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. </s> |
<s>[INST] Calculate the amount of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in moles in 49 grams. [/INST] The amount of sulfuric acid in 49 grams is 0.5 moles, calculated as 49/98 = 0.5 moles. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the position of sodium in the Periodic Table? [/INST] Sodium is in Group I and Period 3 of the Periodic Table. </s> |
<s>[INST] How is atmospheric pressure measured using a mercury barometer? [/INST] Atmospheric pressure is measured using a mercury barometer by the height of the mercury column in a glass tube. The height of the column represents the atmospheric pressure exerted on the mercury in the container. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do you maintain equilibrium in an object under the action of more than three forces? [/INST] Maintain equilibrium by applying the forces in such a way that their resultant is zero, meaning the sum of the forces and moments balance out, resulting in no net force or moment acting on the object. </s> |
<s>[INST] How is the chemical formula of hydrogen chloride written? [/INST] The chemical formula of hydrogen chloride is HCl, indicating one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the characteristics of organisms in the Domain Bacteria? [/INST] Organisms in the Domain Bacteria are prokaryotes, sensitive to antibiotics, can be pathogenic, and are found everywhere in the environment. </s> |
<s>[INST] Give an example of a function performed by specific cells in the body. [/INST] Red blood cells transport oxygen, and neurons transmit impulses. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the maximum height reached by an 800 g object projected upwards at 20 m/s? [/INST] The maximum height is 20 meters. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the electrolyte temperature affect the rate of electrochemical reactions? [/INST] The electrolyte temperature affects the rate of electrochemical reactions by influencing ion mobility and reaction kinetics. Higher temperatures generally increase reaction rates but may also accelerate side reactions and reduce electrolyte stability. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the features of invertebrates in the phylum Annelida? [/INST] Invertebrates in the phylum Annelida are triploblastic, have segmented bodies, bilateral symmetry, a coelom, and reproduce both asexually and sexually. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure? [/INST] Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude because there is less air above the measurement point, resulting in lower weight and pressure. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do you calculate the power dissipated by a resistor in a circuit? [/INST] The power dissipated by a resistor is calculated using 𝑃=𝐼𝑉, 𝑃=𝐼^2𝑅, or 𝑃=𝑉^2/𝑅, depending on the available information. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the role of mass in Newton’s second law? [/INST] In Newton's second law, mass is inversely proportional to acceleration. For a constant force, increasing mass decreases acceleration and vice versa. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the importance of understanding periodic trends in chemistry? [/INST] Understanding periodic trends is important in chemistry as it helps in predicting the properties and behaviors of elements, aiding in the study of chemical reactions and the development of new materials. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the environmental impacts of plastic waste? [/INST] Plastic waste pollutes land and water, harms wildlife through ingestion and entanglement, and introduces toxic substances into the food web. It contributes to long-term environmental degradation and health risks. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do variations in chlorophyll concentration affect photosynthesis? [/INST] Higher chlorophyll concentration increases the plant's ability to capture light energy, enhancing photosynthesis efficiency and glucose production. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the reduction of Cu2+ ions at the cathode affect the copper sulfate solution? [/INST] The reduction of Cu2+ ions at the cathode removes these ions from the solution, decreasing the intensity of the blue color and resulting in the deposition of copper metal on the cathode. </s> |
<s>[INST] Describe an experiment to confirm the presence of carbon and hydrogen in candle wax, including the procedure and observations. [/INST] To confirm the presence of carbon and hydrogen in candle wax, an experiment involving the combustion of wax can be conducted. The setup requires materials such as connecting tubes, a beaker, an aspirator, lime water, copper sulfate, a U-tube, and test tubes.
Procedure:
Assemble the apparatus with the candle connected to an aspirator, allowing air to pass through the system.
Light the candle to initiate the combustion of wax.
The air passing through the system will carry the combustion products through the U-tube containing anhydrous copper sulfate and a test tube containing lime water.
Observe the changes in the U-tube and the test tube.
Observations:
The anhydrous copper sulfate in the U-tube turns from white to blue, indicating the presence of water vapor produced during the combustion. This confirms that hydrogen is a component of the candle wax, as hydrogen combustion forms water.
The lime water in the test tube turns milky, indicating the formation of carbon dioxide. This confirms the presence of carbon in the wax, as carbon combustion produces carbon dioxide.
Through this experiment, the presence of both carbon and hydrogen in candle wax is verified. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the role of phosphorous in plants? [/INST] Phosphorous is a constituent of nucleic acids and ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), and is important for protein synthesis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the conventions adopted in electrolysis regarding the electrodes? [/INST] In electrolysis, the electrode connected to the positive terminal of the power supply is the anode (positive electrode), and the electrode connected to the negative terminal is the cathode (negative electrode). Positive ions migrate towards the cathode and undergo reduction, while negative ions migrate towards the anode and undergo oxidation. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the major parts of a tank in the Sri Lankan irrigation system? [/INST] Major parts of a tank include the tank bund, sluice, Bisokotuwa (sluice gate), Ralapanawa, and canals. These components work together to manage water pressure and distribution effectively. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the significance of a double bond in an oxygen (O2) molecule? [/INST] A double bond in an oxygen (O2) molecule involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two oxygen atoms, resulting in a strong and stable bond. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the potential energy of a 4 kg object lifted to a height of 2.5 m? [/INST] The potential energy is 100 Joules (J). </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the concentration of a solution containing 1 mol of acetic acid in 1 dm³ of water? [/INST] The concentration is 1 mol/dm³. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the function of the plasma membrane in maintaining cellular homeostasis? [/INST] The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining cellular homeostasis by controlling the internal environment. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do dentists use concave mirrors? [/INST] Dentists use concave mirrors to view inside the mouth of patients, as these mirrors provide enlarged images of the teeth. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the significance of the perpendicular distance in the moment of a couple of forces? [/INST] The perpendicular distance in the moment of a couple of forces determines the magnitude of the moment. A greater distance results in a larger moment for the same force, enhancing the rotational effect. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the specific heat capacity of concrete? [/INST] The specific heat capacity of concrete is 3000 J kg^−1 K^−1. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the purpose of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) in automatic lighting systems? [/INST] An LDR changes its resistance based on the intensity of light it is exposed to, making it useful in automatic lighting systems that turn lights on or off based on ambient light levels. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are some examples of organisms in the phylum Mollusca? [/INST] Examples of organisms in the phylum Mollusca include Snail, Cuttlefish, and Octopus. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the kinetic energy of a 1.5 kg object moving at 8 m/s? [/INST] The kinetic energy is 48 Joules (J). </s> |
<s>[INST] How is the atomic number represented? [/INST] The atomic number is symbolized by 'Z'. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do you determine the direction of the moment of force in a given scenario? [/INST] Determine the direction of the moment of force by observing whether the applied force causes clockwise or anti-clockwise rotation and classifying the moment accordingly. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do plants store energy? [/INST] Plants store energy in the form of starch, which is synthesized from glucose produced during photosynthesis and stored in various parts of the plant, such as roots and seeds. </s> |
<s>[INST] How are lipids formed? [/INST] Lipids are formed by the reaction of fatty acids and glycerol. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the advantages of using solid-state electrolytes in batteries? [/INST] Solid-state electrolytes in batteries offer advantages like improved safety, higher energy density, longer cycle life, and the potential for flexible and lightweight designs, making them suitable for advanced energy storage applications. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the significance of sound waves being mechanical waves? [/INST] As mechanical waves, sound waves require a medium to travel, unlike electromagnetic waves that can propagate through a vacuum. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is parturition? [/INST] Parturition, or childbirth, is the process of delivering the fetus from the uterus through the vagina, facilitated by the contraction of uterine muscles. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the rate of change of the magnetic field affect the induced voltage? [/INST] A faster rate of change of the magnetic field induces a higher voltage, as the induced electromotive force is directly proportional to the rate of change. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does muscle tissue contribute to the body's responses? [/INST] Muscle tissue contracts and relaxes in response to nervous stimuli, enabling movement, posture maintenance, and involuntary actions like digestion. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the electrolysis of water demonstrate the decomposition of water molecules? [/INST] The electrolysis of water decomposes water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gases, illustrating the breakdown of water into its constituent elements through an electrochemical process. </s> |
<s>[INST] What happens during the process of peristalsis in the esophagus? [/INST] Peristalsis involves rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the esophageal muscles, propelling the food bolus forward to the stomach. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are catalysts? [/INST] Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a reaction without being chemically consumed during the reaction. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the role of the thyroid gland in metabolism? [/INST] The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by secreting thyroxine, which controls the rate of energy production and consumption in cells. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the pressure exerted by a 1-meter-high column of mercury with a density of 13,600 kg/m^3? [/INST] The pressure exerted is calculated using P = hρg. For a height of 1 m, the pressure is P = 1 m * 13,600 kg/m^3 * 10 m/s^2 = 136,000 Pa. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the principles of sustainable development? [/INST] Principles of sustainable development include economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the pressure at a depth of 10 m in seawater with a density of 1050 kg/m^3 and g = 10 m/s^2? [/INST] The pressure is 105,000 Pa, calculated as 10 m * 1050 kg/m^3 * 10 m/s^2. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the significance of chlorophyll in plants? [/INST] Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb light energy and produce food through photosynthesis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the mass of glucose required to prepare 1 dm³ of a 1 mol/dm³ glucose solution? [/INST] The mass of glucose required is 180g. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do elephants and bats differ in their hearing capabilities? [/INST] Elephants can hear very low frequencies (infra-sound), while bats can hear very high frequencies (ultrasound). </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the purpose of using a slinky to demonstrate wave properties? [/INST] A slinky visually demonstrates wave properties such as wave propagation, compressions, and rarefactions, making it easier to understand wave behavior. </s> |
<s>[INST] Why do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points? [/INST] Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points because the forces between their molecules are relatively weak compared to the strong electrostatic forces in ionic compounds. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the release of sulfur dioxide (SO2) contribute to the formation of acid rain? [/INST] The release of sulfur dioxide (SO2) contributes to the formation of acid rain by reacting with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid, which then falls to the ground as acid rain. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do catalysts benefit industrial chemical reactions? [/INST] Catalysts enhance reaction rates, reduce energy costs, and improve product yield in industrial chemical reactions. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do bi-concave lenses affect light rays? [/INST] Bi-concave lenses diverge light rays, making them appear to originate from a focal point on the same side as the object. </s> |
<s>[INST] How is a hydrogen (H2) molecule formed? [/INST] A hydrogen (H2) molecule is formed when two hydrogen atoms share their electrons, each achieving the stable configuration of helium. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the periodic trend of ionisation energy help in understanding chemical reactivity? [/INST] The periodic trend of ionisation energy helps in understanding chemical reactivity by indicating how easily atoms can lose electrons to form positive ions. </s> |
<s>[INST] What materials are required for Activity 8.4? [/INST] 50 cm³ of 2 mol dm⁻³ sodium hydroxide solution, 50 cm³ of 2 mol dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid solution, two 100 cm³ beakers, a thermometer, a polystyrene cup, and a glass rod. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the role of the collecting ducts in the kidney? [/INST] The collecting ducts concentrate and transport urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the unit of the moment of a couple of forces? [/INST] The unit of the moment of a couple of forces is Newton meter (N m). </s> |
<s>[INST] How do Punnett squares help geneticists visualize genetic crosses? [/INST] Punnett squares help geneticists visualize genetic crosses by showing all possible combinations of alleles from two parents, allowing predictions of genotypes and phenotypes in offspring. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the relationship between force magnitude and the moment of force in practical applications? [/INST] The moment of force in practical applications is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force. An increase in force results in a larger moment, making it easier to rotate the object. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the rate of change of the magnetic field affect the induced voltage? [/INST] A faster rate of change of the magnetic field induces a higher voltage, as the induced electromotive force is directly proportional to the rate of change. </s> |
<s>[INST] How are lipids formed? [/INST] Lipids are formed by the reaction of fatty acids and glycerol. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the equivalent resistance of a circuit with two resistors of 10 Ω and 20 Ω connected in series? [/INST] The equivalent resistance is 𝑅=10 Ω+20 Ω=30 Ω. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does reducing the mass of an object affect its acceleration for a constant force? [/INST] Reducing the mass of an object increases its acceleration for a constant force, as acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. </s> |
<s>[INST] How is the height that a body falls during a given time calculated using mean velocity? [/INST] Height = Mean velocity × Time, where mean velocity = (Initial velocity + Final velocity) / 2. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the relationship between temperature and the kinetic energy of particles in an object? [/INST] Temperature is a measure of the mean kinetic energy of the particles (atoms or molecules) in an object. Higher temperatures correspond to higher kinetic energy and more vigorous particle motion. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does a U-magnet help study electromagnetic induction? [/INST] A U-magnet provides a strong, uniform magnetic field to observe the effects of electromagnetic induction on a current-carrying conductor. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the weight of an object in water compare to its weight in air? [/INST] The weight of an object in water is less than its weight in air because the upthrust exerted by the water reduces the apparent weight of the object. </s> |
<s>[INST] How does the induced current direction change during coil rotation in a dynamo? [/INST] The induced current direction changes periodically, resulting in an alternating current as the coil rotates within the magnetic field. </s> |
<s>[INST] Describe the process of installing an RCCB in a household circuit. [/INST] Installing an RCCB involves connecting the device between the incoming power supply and the distribution box, ensuring proper wiring and grounding for effective protection. </s> |
<s>[INST] What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cells? [/INST] The cytoskeleton provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and aids in intracellular transport by maintaining the cell's shape and organizing its components. </s> |
<s>[INST] At which point on the door is the force required to rotate it the maximum? [/INST] The force required to rotate the door is maximum at the point closest to the axis of rotation (hinges). </s> |
<s>[INST] What is metabolism? [/INST] Metabolism is the summation of biochemical reactions taking place in the living body, encompassing both anabolism and catabolism. </s> |
<s>[INST] Explain the construction and operation of a simple transformer, and differentiate between step-up and step-down transformers. [/INST] A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current (AC) supply using the principles of electromagnetic induction. It consists of two insulated copper coils wound around a soft iron core.
Construction:
Primary Coil: The coil connected to the AC power supply, known as the input coil.
Secondary Coil: The coil connected to the load, known as the output coil.
Soft Iron Core: The core that links the magnetic field between the primary and secondary coils, enhancing the efficiency of induction.
Operation:
An alternating voltage applied to the primary coil creates an alternating current, which generates an alternating magnetic field in the soft iron core.
This alternating magnetic field induces an alternating emf in the secondary coil, proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
The voltage induced in the secondary coil depends on the ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil, as described by the transformer equation:
Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
Step-Up Transformers:
Increase the voltage from the primary to the secondary coil.
Have more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil.
Used in power stations to step up the voltage for efficient transmission over long distances.
Step-Down Transformers:
Decrease the voltage from the primary to the secondary coil.
Have fewer turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil.
Used in power distribution systems to step down the voltage for safe use in homes and businesses.
Transformers are essential for efficiently transmitting and distributing electrical power, adapting voltage levels to suit different applications. </s> |