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SS D.R. Hanna - Wikipedia | WikiMiniAtlas45°05.05′N 83°05.193′W / 45.08417°N 83.086550°W / 45.08417; -83.086550
SS D.R. Hanna was a 552-foot (168 m) long American Great Lakes freighter that operated on the Great Lakes from November 12, 1906 to her sinking on May 16, 1919 after a collision with Quincy A. Shaw.[1] D.R. Hanna was like many other freighters, and was used to haul bulk cargoes such as iron ore, coal and grain.
D.R. Hanna (Official number 203676) was a product of the American Ship Building Company of Lorain, Ohio and was built for the Pioneer Steamship Company (Hutchinson & Company, Mgr.) of Fairport, Ohio. She had a length of 552 feet (168 m), a beam of 56 feet (17 m) and a height of 31 feet (9.4 m). She was powered by a 1,760-horsepower (1,310 kW) triple expansion steam engine and fueled by two coal-fired Scotch marine boilers. She had a gross register tonnage of 7,023 tons and a net register tonnage of 5,491 tons. She was launched on October 20, 1906 as hull number #346.
On September 1, 1910 D.R. Hanna collided with the steamer Harvey H. Brown. D.R. Hanna was sent to Detroit, Michigan for temporary repairs. On September 29, 1910 D.R. Hanna sailed to Cleveland, Ohio. Harvey H. Brown was badly damaged and it did not sail at all in that shipping season.[2]
On October 13, 1915 D.R. Hanna had 37 feet (11 m) of her foremast knocked off when she struck the Superior Avenue high level bridge in Cleveland. She had a new foremast installed in Detroit.[3]
On May 19, 1916 D.R. Hanna ran aground near the Little Rapids Cut after her steering gear failed. She was temporarily repaired and sailed to Chicago, Illinois for repairs.[4]
On September 6, 1918 D.R. Hanna ran aground on the Detour Shoal on Lake Huron. She was bound for Indiana Harbor, Indiana with a cargo of iron ore. The steam barge F.T. Newman was sent to assist D.R. Hanna. Meanwhile, the 266-foot (81 m) long freighter LaSalle ran aground and the steam barge Reliance was sent to her aid. As soon as Reliance freed LaSalle she went to free D.R. Hanna. After she was freed the Hanna sailed to Indiana Harbor and unloaded her cargo; after unloading the Hanna was taken to the Ecorse, Michigan yard of the Great Lakes Engineering Works where she was placed in dry dock She damaged between 50 and 60 of her steel hull plates, her stern post and her rudder stock. She also cracked her tail shaft.[5]
On May 16, 1919 D.R. Hanna was bound from Duluth, Minnesota for Buffalo, New York with 377,000 bushels of wheat in her cargo hold when she was rammed by Quincy A. Shaw in heavy fog.[6] Quincy A. Shaw was upbound with coal at the time the collision occurred. Soon after the collision D.R. Hanna rolled over and sank.[7] Her crew were rescued by Quincy A. Shaw. There were no deaths. The cargo of D.R. Hanna was valued at $840,000, the insurance loss was set at $421,000.
The remains of D.R. Hanna rest in 130 feet (40 m)[8] of water about six miles (9.7 km) off the Thunder Bay Island Light.[9] Her wreck was located upside down in October 1919.[10] The wreck of D.R. Hanna in part of the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve and is also the largest wreck in the underwater preserve.[11] The closest wreck of a steam-powered freighter is the wreck of Isaac M. Scott which was lost during the White Hurricane of 1913.[12][13]
Cave dive sites:
| 2023-08-27 16:52:51 |
List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2002 - Wikipedia |
These are the albums that reached number one on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in 2002.
| 2023-08-27 16:52:54 |
David Rosner - Wikipedia | David Rosner is the Ronald H. Lauterstein Professor of Sociomedical Sciences and professor of history in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Columbia University. He is also Co-Director of the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine in 2010.[1]
Rosner's work has been influential in a number of international legislative and legal decisions regarding industrial safety and health, health policy and race relations. The 2005 edition of his book, Deadly Dust, co-authored with Gerald Markowitz, was one of the major stimuli of a five-year, international study of mining and health standards through collaboration with the Agence National Francais, the French equivalent of the National Science Foundation.[citation needed]
This collaboration brings together experts from countries around the world to discuss the variety of historical factors that have shaped international policies regarding silicosis, a deadly lung disease affecting workers in a host of industries. In its earlier 1991 edition, this book led to the bringing together of over 600 public health, industry and governmental experts from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Mining Safety and Health Administration and elsewhere in a National Conference on Silicosis in Washington. This conference led the Robert Reich, the US Secretary of Labor, to identify silicosis as a disease that should be eliminated in the coming years and the banning of certain dangerous practices in a variety of industries.[citation needed]
In addition, he has been a consultant and expert witness in lead poisoning cases, on behalf of the State of Rhode Island in its landmark suit against the lead pigment industry and individual plaintiffs injured by lead from paint on the walls of the nation's housing.[2][3] Later again he also appeared in the California lead paint trial.[4][5]
With Gerald Markowitz, Distinguished Professor of History at the City University of New York, and support from the National Science Foundation, he authored the book: Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America's Children, (Berkeley: University of California Press/Milbank Fund, 2013) which includes tracing the implications of lowered blood lead levels on public health research and practice.[6]
Toxic Docs which reveals documents which support the story of the ongoing effort of the Lead Industries Association, the Tobacco industry and other propaganda organizations of industry to discredit public health concerns so they can continue to pollute and profit from dangerous products was also produced with Markowitz and also Merlin Chowkwanyun.[7][8][9][10] Toxic Docs originated when Merlin Chowkwanyun assisted Rosner with creating a response to a criticism of two chapters in book Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution by publishing the chapters online along with the original source documents as citations and later expanded that technique into Toxic Docs.[11]
Rosner is the author and editor of ten books; including A Once Charitable Enterprise (Cambridge University Press, 1982, 2004; Princeton University Press, 1987),[12] Hives of Sickness:' Epidemics and Public Health in New York City (Rutgers University Press, 1995),[13] and Health Care in America: Essays in Social History (with Susan Mokotoff Reverby).[14]
In addition, he has co-authored and edited with Gerald Markowitz numerous books and articles, including Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in Twentieth Century America, (Princeton University Press, 1991;1994; University of Michigan, 2005),[15][16] Children, Race, and Power: Kenneth and Mamie Clarks’ Northside Center, (University Press of Virginia, 1996; Routledge Press, 2001); Dying for Work, (Indiana University Press, 1987)[17] and “Slaves of the Depression,” Workers’ Letters About Life on the Job, (Cornell University Press, 1987).[18] Along with James Colgrove and Gerald Markowitz he co-edited The Contested Boundaries of Public Health which appeared from Rutgers University Press in 2008. He and Gerald Markowitz have authored Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution (University of California Press/Milbank Fund, 2002)[19] and Are We Ready? Public Health Since 9/11 (University of California Press/ Milbank, 2006). His book Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America's Children appeared in 2013 from the University of California Press/Milbank Fund.
Rosner serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Public Health Policy,[20] the Journal of Scientific Practice and Integrity,[21] and Environmental Justice.[22]
He has also been an advisory editor for the University of Rochester's Press Series focusing on the study of medical history.[23]
Dr. David Rosner received his BA from City College of New York in 1968, an MPH from the University of Massachusetts in 1972, and a PhD from Harvard University in 1978.[1] The father of Zachary and Molly, he lives with his wife Dr. Kathlyn Conway, a psychotherapist and author, in New York City.[24]
He is a member of the International Silicosis Project, a project organized through the French government and Sciences Po on the international comparison of an occupational disease, silicosis. In 2008, he was a fellow at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. In the past, he has participated in an IREX program on Eastern Europe.[25]
In addition to numerous grants, he has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a recipient of a Robert Wood Johnson Investigator Award, a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow and a Josiah Macy Fellow. He was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2010. He has been awarded the Distinguished Scholar's Prize from the City University, the Viseltear Prize for Outstanding Work in the History of Public Health from the APHA and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Massachusetts. He has also been honored at the Awards Dinner of the New York Committee on Occupational Safety and Health and he and Gerald Markowitz have been awarded the Upton Sinclair Memorial Lectureship “For Outstanding Occupational Health, Safety, and Environmental Journalism by the American Industrial Hygiene Association.”[26]
| 2023-08-27 16:52:58 |
Varennes, Vienne - Wikipedia | Varennes (French pronunciation: [vaʁɛn] (listen)) is a former commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Saint-Martin-la-Pallu.[2]
This Vienne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:53:04 |
George Athans - Wikipedia | George Athans CM (born 6 July 1952) is a Canadian retired competitive water skier. During his career he won 10 consecutive national titles from 1965 to 1974, the first at age 13. Also known as George Athans Jr. to distinguish him from his father, Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame diver George Athans Sr.
Born in Kelowna, British Columbia, Athans was a member of the Canadian water ski team from 1966 to 1974 and participated in his first world championship in 1967. Athans won the world water ski championship in 1971 and 1973 and was named Canada's male amateur athlete of the year in both of those years. At his final national championship in 1974, his closest competitor was his brother, Greg Athans. A knee injury prevented Athans from competing for the Canadian title in 1975 and he retired from competition.
During his competitive career, Athans moved to Montreal to attend Sir George Williams University. He competed in the Canadian Superstars competition in 1978 (finishing fourth) and 1979 (second). Following his retirement, Athans worked as a commentator for CBC Sports and founded Athans Communications, a video production company based in Montreal.
Athans was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1974 and has been inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame (1971), Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (1974), the Quebec Sports Hall of Fame (1980), the International Water Ski Federation Hall of Fame (1993), and the Water Ski and Wakeboard Canada Hall of Fame (2004).
| 2023-08-27 16:53:08 |
Väjern - Wikipedia | Väjern is a locality situated in Sotenäs Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 688 inhabitants in 2010.[1]
This article about a location in Västra Götaland County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:53:12 |
War Dogs (novel) - Wikipedia | War Dogs is a 2014 science fiction novel by Greg Bear, the first in a trilogy chronicling a war between Earth and mysterious alien invaders in the Solar System. After the sequel, Killing Titan was published, War Dogs was re-published as War Dogs: Ares Rising.
Approximately 30 years before the beginning of the novel, a small group of alien refugees (later termed the "Gurus") landed on Earth and soon made themselves indispensable with their contributions to human technology and scientific understanding. In exchange, they "requested" Earth's help in repelling the hostile invaders (termed the "antagonists" or simply "Antags" or "Ants") who had chased the Gurus from their own star system, and were already establishing a beachhead on Mars. The narrator of the novel is Master Sergeant Michael Venn of the multi-national force of "Skyrines" (spaceborne Marines) sent to Mars.
Venn returns home from his last tour of duty on "The Red" (Mars) and settles into his apartment in Seattle, Washington, remembering the events of that tour:
Venn and his squad's combat drop onto Mars goes badly wrong after their fleet is attacked in orbit by the Antags. Venn and a handful of survivors are forced to trek across the Mars desert, barely surviving from day to day by finding isolated caches of air and water dropped for previous expeditions. They are unable to establish contact with other elements of their force or their commanders, nor can they receive any intel on the enemy's numbers or locations. One ominous sign of the Antags' superior capabilities is when a comet impacts near the horizon, its course apparently directed by the Antags.
Just as they are about to asphyxiate, they are rescued by Teal, a runaway from a settlement of "Muskies", the leftovers of Earth's earlier, ambitious attempts to establish colonies on Mars.
This article about a 2010s military science fiction novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page. | 2023-08-27 16:53:16 |
Anthony Fiato - Wikipedia | Craig Anthony Fiato, also known as Anthony the Animal and Tony Rome, is an American mobster and hitman[1] for the Los Angeles crime family who later became an undercover informant and government witness. In the words of retired FBI undercover agent Bob Hamer, "Anthony Fiato was a major player in that whole organized crime scene" in 1980s Los Angeles.[2]
Fiato grew up in Boston to law-abiding parents. At age 17, his family moved to Hollywood. Under his mentor Michael "Mike Rizzi" Rizzitello, Fiato rose in rank to enforcer and street boss of Rizzi's breakaway Los Angeles crew.[3] Fiato worked with mobsters Anthony "The Ant" Spilotro, "Handsome Johnny" Roselli, Rizzitello, Joey Gallo, Peter Milano, J.R. Russo, and "Jimmy the Weasel" Fratianno, among many others. Fiato was a feared member of the Los Angeles crime family. Consigliere Jack LoCicero sponsored Fiato's membership into the Los Angeles crime family.[4] Fiato was a major gangster with close ties to the Patriarca crime family and Joseph "J.R." Russo,[5] the Gambino crime family through Aniello Dellacroce,[6] and the Los Angeles crime family through his mentor Rizzitello.[7]
Turning informant after his brother Larry became an FBI informant and gave up their rackets, Fiato put away many major mob gangsters in both Los Angeles and Boston. After joining the witness protection program, Fiato became a tabloid celebrity thanks to his testimony at the O. J. Simpson murder case, his appearance on the Howard Stern Show, and his relationship with Denise Brown, the sister of Simpson's murdered ex-wife.[8] Fiato also cooperated with journalist John L. Smith, who wrote his biography The Animal Hollywood: Anthony Fiato's Life in the Mafia.
| 2023-08-27 16:53:20 |
Couch v Branch Investments (1969) Ltd - Wikipedia |
Couch v Branch Investments (1969) Limited [1980] 2 NZLR 314 is an often cited case regarding the temporary forbearance of taking legal action on enforcing a debt as being consideration to enter into a new contract with the creditor.[1][2] It reinforces the English case of Callisher v Bischoffsheim (1870) LR 5 QB 449.
Mr Couch had a company that borrowed $6,000 from Branch Investments on a 3-month loan to purchase a yacht for $4,000, with a further $2,000 to fix it. This transaction was processed as a hire purchase, which was a sham, due to the fact that Branch Investments were not in the business of selling yachts, for which he personally guaranteed the debt. 20 days into the loan, the boat subsequently sunk and was a total loss. Couch later got into financial difficulties, and defaulted on an instalment, and as a result came to an agreement with Branch Investments that they would not sue for the missed payment in return for Mr Couch to agree to pay the debt of $6,500, that his wife agrees to be liable for the debt as well, plus pay 10% interest, as well as grant mortgages over 2 properties that they owned as security for the new debt.
Things then went from bad to worse, with another instalment being missed, and the creditor tried to enforce the new forbearance agreement, which was far more beneficial to the creditor than the previous hire purchase agreement.
Even more so as the debtor later discovered, when he realised that the original hire purchase agreement was illegal and not legally enforceable. As the original contract was not legally enforceable, Couch also refused to pay under the forbearance agreement on the basis that as there was no legally enforceable agreement to sue in the first place, meant that forbearing to sue under that contract was not consideration for entering into the subsequent forbearance agreement.
Branch took the position that at the time they had an honest belief that had they sued at the time, that they had a reasonable belief that their claim would succeed.
In a 2:1 majority ruling, the Court of Appeal of New Zealand ruled that the forbearance agreement was legally enforceable on the grounds of public policy; people should be able to compromise bona fide claims even if they had little hope of success, although it would come down to an "honest belief". If it was later discovered that the creditor withheld evidence or made misleading statements during the legal proceedings, this would likely complicate the matter.
Richardson J said
If the primary rule is that there is sufficient consideration where the party suing on the compromise or the forbearance honestly believed that he had a good or at least an arguable cause of action which he had genuinely intended to pursue, once that factual issue is decided affirmatively the merits of the original claim are no longer material. | 2023-08-27 16:53:24 |
Avignon-Centre station - Wikipedia | The gare d'Avignon-Centre (Avignon Central railway station) is a railway station serving the city of Avignon, in Vaucluse, France. It is on the Paris–Marseille railway.
The station building was constructed in 1866 according to the plans of the architect Louis-Jules Bouchot,[1] and is similar to its counterpart at Valence-Ville, which was also designed by Bouchot. The building's symmetrical façade is neoclassical in style, with five bays and a clock surmounting the balustrade.[2]
A wide range of trains use Avignon-Centre station, including Transport express régional, TGV trains from Paris Gare de Lyon, Provence, Côte d'Azur and Languedoc. Many other TGV trains stop at the Avignon TGV station.
The services include:[3][4][5][6][7]
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Bob Such - Wikipedia |
Robert Bruce Such (2 June 1944 – 11 October 2014) was a South Australian politician. He was the member for the seat of Fisher in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1989 until his death in 2014. He defeated Labor MP Philip Tyler at the 1989 election and was a member of the Liberals until 2000 when he became an independent. Such was Minister for Employment, Training and Further Education, and Minister for Youth Affairs, in the Brown Liberal government from 1993 to 1996. He served as Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly for the Rann Labor government from 2005 to 2006.[1] Such was joint Father of the House with Michael Atkinson from 2012.
Such grew up in Hawthorndene, South Australia and attended Coromandel Valley Primary School and Goodwood Boys Technical High School. His first job at the age of 14 was working on a farm at Alford on South Australia's Yorke Peninsula. He gained a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Economics and Politics and a PhD in Environmental Politics from Flinders University. He also gained a Diploma of Teaching from what is now the University of South Australia and a Diploma of Education from the University of Adelaide. He also completed part of a law degree.[2]
Before entering politics, Such was a teacher/lecturer and researcher in the fields of politics, economics and the environment, at what is now the University of South Australia. Before and during the early stages of his role in Parliament, Such was also a councillor for the City of Mitcham.[3]
Such was first elected as a Liberal MP for the seat of Fisher at the 1989 election, defeating Labor MP Philip Tyler with a 3.1 percent two-party margin from a 4.2 percent two-party swing, and went on to increase his margins. During his time with the Liberal Party, he took on several high-profile portfolios. He was the Shadow Minister for Further Education, Employment and Youth Affairs (May 1992 – December 1993) and when the Liberal Party won the 1993 election landslide, he became the Minister for Employment, Training and Further Education and the Minister for Youth Affairs (December 1993 – December 1996). In 1996, the Premier of South Australia Dean Brown was deposed by John Olsen in a coup. In Olsen's ministerial reshuffle, Such was moved to the backbench.[4][5] Former Liberal leader Iain Evans would later label the threat to Such's preselection as a "mistake" and his demotion to the backbench as "stupid politics".[6]
In 2000, Such began to voice discontent with the Liberal Government, notably the contrast between its 'obsession with money' and spending on dubious projects. It was claimed that Such allowed his involvement in his local Liberal branch to wane, increasing the possibility of a challenge to his Liberal preselection. When former Kingston Liberal federal MP Susan Jeanes announced her intention to contest Liberal preselection in Fisher, Such quit the Liberal Party, claiming he was disgruntled with the lack of support from his Liberal parliamentary colleagues.[4][5][7]
Such retained Fisher as an independent in the 2002 election with a primary vote of 33.5 percent and a final two-candidate-preferred vote of 62.1 percent over Jeanes after receiving Labor preferences. The Liberals had placed Such in fifth place on the ticket, behind the Labor candidate. After the election, Labor was one short of a majority with the Liberals three short of a majority, with three elected independent MPs and a Nationals SA MP holding the balance of power on the crossbench. The Kerin government ended when Parliament resumed in March 2002, with Peter Lewis choosing to support a Labor government.
Such was elected to the position of Deputy Speaker and Chair of Committees in February 2002. Although he had not voted to put the Rann Labor government in office, during 2002–06 the Rann government cultivated the support of all the crossbench. Such was often described as a "small-l" liberal independent. Such became Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly in a Labor government from 2005 to 2006 after Peter Lewis resigned as Speaker.[8]
Such was a member of many parliamentary committees, including the Environment, Resources and Development Committee, Social Development Committee, and the Economic and Finance Committee. He was a member of numerous community and school groups, several of which focused on the environment, including the Nature Conservation Society of SA Inc., the Nature Foundation SA, and the Parklands Preservation Society.
The 2006 election landslide saw Such face a Labor rather than Liberal candidate on the two-candidate-preferred vote. Such received a primary vote of 45.2 percent, an increase of 11.7 points. His primary vote was 18.8 points more than Labor, and 26.7 points more than the Liberals, holding the seat with a margin of 16.7 points. The outcome of the election saw Such face former President of Australian Young Labor Amanda Rishworth on the two-candidate vote as opposed to a Liberal candidate in 2002, and Labor finished ahead of the Liberals on a 59.4 percent two-party vote from a 15.1 percent two-party swing, marking the first time since the 1985 election that Labor won the two-party vote in Fisher.
His margin remained virtually unchanged at the 2010 election, on 16.6 points.
Such retained Fisher at the 2014 election on a significantly decreased 9.4 percent margin. The 2014 election resulted in a hung parliament with 23 Labor seats, 22 Liberal seats, and two independents. These two independents, Such and Geoff Brock, held the balance of power.[9] Such had not indicated whom he would support in a minority government when, a week after the election, he was diagnosed with a brain tumour. He subsequently took medical leave and was hospitalised.
University of Adelaide Professor and Political Commentator Clem McIntyre said the absence of Such virtually guaranteed that Brock would back Labor – with 24 seats required to govern, Brock duly provided support to the incumbent Labor government, allowing Premier Jay Weatherill to continue in office as head of a minority government. McIntyre said:[10]
If Geoff Brock had gone with the Liberals, then the Parliament would have effectively been tied 23 to 23, so once Bob Such became ill and stepped away then Geoff Brock, I think had no choice but to side with Labor. The Liberals were reduced to 21 seats in May 2014 when Martin Hamilton-Smith became an independent and entered cabinet with Brock.
Such was diagnosed with a brain tumour one week after the 2014 election. He immediately took medical leave and was hospitalised.[11] Although Such ended up on indefinite medical leave, he did attend the opening day of parliament.[12][13] Such died at the Daw House Hospice on 11 October 2014.[14] and was survived by his (second) wife, Lyn.[15]
The 2014 Fisher by-election was held on 6 December, with Labor's Nat Cook winning the seat by just nine votes[16][17] from a 7.3 percent two-party swing, taking Labor from minority to majority government.[18][19] Despite this, the Weatherill Labor government kept Brock and Hamilton-Smith in cabinet, giving the government a 26 to 21 parliamentary majority.
| 2023-08-27 16:53:31 |
Gurab, Boyer-Ahmad - Wikipedia | Gurab (Persian: گوراب, also Romanized as Gūrāb; also known as Kūrāb)[1] is a village in Sepidar Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 8 families.[2]
This Boyer-Ahmad County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:53:36 |
2006–07 Serie C2 - Wikipedia | The 2006–07 Serie C2 was the football (soccer) league season of Italian Serie C2 for the years 2006 and 2007. It was divided into two phases: the regular season, played from September 3, 2006 to May 13, 2007 and the playoff phase. Once the regular season was over, teams placed 2nd to 5th entered a playoff to determine the second team in each division to be promoted to Serie C1. At the same time, teams placed 14th to 17th entered a playout for the right to remain in Serie C2 the following season.
As usual, Serie C2 was composed by three divisions, whose teams were divided geographically. Division C2/A was mainly composed by Northern Italy and Sardinian teams, whereas division C2/B included North-Central and Central Italy teams, with the exception of two teams from Campania (Paganese and Giugliano), and division C2/C was represented by teams hailing from Central-Southern Italy and Sicily.
Teams finishing first in the regular season, plus one team winning the playoff round from each division were promoted to Serie C1; teams finishing last in the regular season, plus two relegation playoff losers from each division were relegated to Serie D. In all, six teams were promoted to Serie C1, and nine teams were relegated to Serie D.
Teams relegating to Serie D also lost the right to maintain their professional status.
Pergocrema promoted to Serie C1
Biellese and Montichiari relegated to Serie D
Paganese promoted to Serie C1
Boca San Lazzaro and Rieti relegated to Serie D
Potenza promoted to Serie C1
Pro Vasto and Nocerina relegated to Serie D
| 2023-08-27 16:53:40 |
Frank B. Salisbury - Wikipedia | Frank Boyer Salisbury (August 3, 1926 – December 26, 2015) was an American plant physiologist who served for a time as head of the Utah State University (USU) department of plant science.[1]
Salisbury held a B.S. and M.A. from the University of Utah. He received his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology. He taught for eleven years as a professor at Colorado State University before joining the faculty of USU.
Salisbury wrote the best-selling textbook Plant Physiology with Cleon W. Ross and edited Geochemistry and the Biosphere with V. I. Vernadskii.
A member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salisbury endorsed creationist arguments in his book The Creation (1976). He criticized natural selection and the modern evolutionary synthesis in Nature and The American Biology Teacher.[2]
In 2006, Salisbury wrote that the "case for evolution is so strong that many aspects are now well established, but it is shortsighted to imply that all the problems have been solved", he also wrote in regard to his 1976 book that he "would take a much less favorable view of the creationist literature than I did then, but I would still point out some problems."[3]
His last book was entitled Case for Divine Design, 2006.
Books
Papers
| 2023-08-27 16:53:44 |
The Bridge to Freedom - Wikipedia | The Bridge to Freedom, an Ascended Master Teachings religion, was established in 1951 by Geraldine Innocente and other students of the Ascended Masters after she received what was believed to be an "anointing" to become a "messenger" for the Great White Brotherhood.[1][2] This organization believed that their teachings had been given to humanity by the Ascended Masters. These were believed to be individuals who had lived in physical bodies, acquired the wisdom and mastery needed to become immortal and free of the cycles of "re-embodiment" and karma, attaining in this way their "Ascension". They considered the "ascension" to be the complete, permanent union of the purified outer self with the "I AM" Presence—meaning that true identity that is the unique individualization of God for each person.[3]
The members of The Bridge to Freedom claim that a Dispensation and Sponsorship was given by the Ascended Masters for this Ascended Master Activity to be an outer organization representing the "Great Brotherhood of Light", and a continuation of previous efforts by the Ascended Masters to bring Illumination to mankind through Theosophy, Agni Yoga, and the "I AM" Activity.[4]
The members of The Bridge to Freedom believe that Ascended Master El Morya contacted Geraldine Innocente in 1944 and asked her to make a certain application on a daily basis. The story is told that Morya returned one year later asking if she would consent to receive a series of Discourses from the Maha Chohan. Geraldine is said to have agreed, and she then underwent years of training in preparation for her role in the 1950s as a Messenger for the Ascended Masters, the Archangels, Cosmic Beings, the Elohim, and Others of the Spiritual Hierarchy. She served officially in the capacity of Messenger beginning with the inaugural Vesta Dictation on July 17, 1951, until her transition on June 21, 1961.[5]
The Bridge to Freedom claims that in 1952 the Ascended Master Saint Germain stated that:
" . . . It was never intended to start a 'new' Activity, but to broaden the field of service of the present Activity, by engaging the competent and willing service of lifestreams not presently allowed full expression of their talents in 'widening the borders of the Father's Kingdom.' Many hundreds of thousands of souls have not been privileged to receive the Instruction brought forth in My Name, due to barriers of language, limitation in the production and distribution of illuminating literature and the unhappy 'excommunications' which resulted from misunderstanding of a human nature. . . . A way and means by which We might reach the consciousness of the people had to be devised. 'The Bridge' was the solution to this problem. Mrs. Ballard was informed prior to any other individual of the purpose for which The Bridge came forth and was courteously invited to allow Us the opportunity of supporting her work and performing through other well qualified individuals the task of reaching other lifestreams than those presently blessed by the knowledge of The "I AM" Activity. . . . The Sun cannot limit its shining to one beam, nor the Love of God to one human consciousness, no matter how well attuned it may have been to the Vibrations of the Masters. The souls of men are our concern, all men, of all colors, all countries, because from the Flame in their hearts will come the Illumination which will make this Dark Star a Flaming Sun of Freedom. . . . " [6]
It is believed that in September 1952, the Master Morya explained (through Geraldine Innocente) the purpose of the founding of The Bridge to Freedom:
" . . . The beloved Maha Chohan gave Me a limited Grant, saying that the response of the few whom I had chosen would determine whether I could continue such an association. With well justified trepidation, I endeavored to correspond with the most likely and promising of those who professed to love Us and Our Way. Their response made it possible for Me to continue this Endeavor. Now many good and fine lifestreams, like a golden chain, girdling the Earth, make it possible for Us to transmit the current Action of the Brothers around the planet and bless all life and stimulate all souls by this universal service. This is the purpose of The Bridge, The Bulletin, and this expanded service which is but a part of the one Plan, even as the foundation is laid and a beautiful Spiritual Edifice built thereon. Without the Hierarchy, the Earth would long ago have passed into oblivion, the electrons which compose it returned to the universe, and the souls depending upon it for existence snuffed out like candles before the wind. . . . " [7]
| 2023-08-27 16:53:47 |
Hawthorne Historical Museum and Cultural Center - Wikipedia | The Hawthorne Historical Museum & Cultural Center is located at 7225 Southeast 221st Street, Hawthorne, Florida. It contains exhibits depicting the history of Hawthorne especially those military related. Within the building are many military grade vehicles including a tank.[1] The building itself, constructed in 1907, was originally an African-American church.[1]
Media related to Hawthorne Historical Museum and Cultural Center at Wikimedia Commons
This Florida museum–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:53:52 |
Executive Council of Upper Canada - Wikipedia |
The Executive Council of Upper Canada had a similar function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the Legislative Assembly. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative Assembly but were usually members of the Legislative Council. Members were appointed, often for life. The first five members were appointed in July 1792. The Council was dissolved on 10 February 1841 when Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united into the Province of Canada. It was replaced by the Executive Council of the Province of Canada the same year.
After the War of 1812, the Executive Council was dominated by members of the Family Compact, an elite clique based in York.
Notes:
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1974 Cincinnati Bearcats football team - Wikipedia |
The 1974 Cincinnati Bearcats football team represented University of Cincinnati during 1974 NCAA Division I football season.
[4]
This college football 1970s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:53:59 |
The Ember Days - Wikipedia |
The Ember Days is an indie rock band originally from New Zealand, now based in Nashville, Tennessee. They are currently not signed to any record label.[1]
Formed in 2006, Jason and Janell Belcher began the band with a desire to create epic and accessible worship music,[citation needed] the current line-up consists of Jason (vocals and rhythm guitar), Janell (vocals and keys), Jordan McGee (drums), Logan MacKenzie (guitar) and Jedidiah Lachmann (bass).[2]
They have released four studio albums, 2007's Your Eyes Light Up, 2011's Emergency, 2013's "More Than You Think", and 2015's "Valitus" as well as three EPs, 2008's self-titled The Ember Days EP, which came shortly after their move to America, 2010's Finger Painting EP, and 2014's The Ember Days Live. Valitus, was released in December 2015.[3]
The Ember Days EP and Your Eyes Light Up both earned them New Zealand Music Award nominations for Best Christian Album.[4]
In July 2012 the band launched a crowdfunding campaign through to finance a third studio album. The campaign succeeded in raising over $35,000 by 1 August 2012.[5] The band began pre-production, and began recording in September 2012.[6] Produced by Paul Moak and co-produced by Ed Cash, it features Zac Farro as a writer on the song "Face in the Dark" and drumming on some of the songs.[citation needed] The album, More Than You Think, was released at Parachute Music Festival in Hamilton, New Zealand on 25 January 2013 and became available to the general public on 29 January 2013.[citation needed] The album's title and songs were inspired when Janell was diagnosed with lupus before cancelling their Emergency album tour. The band wanted to show that there is "more than you think" going on in the lives of people around us.[7]
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Heteroblasty (botany) - Wikipedia | Heteroblasty is the significant and abrupt change in form and function, that occurs over the lifespan of certain plants. Characteristics affected include internode length and stem structure as well as leaf form, size and arrangement.[1] It should not be confused with seasonal heterophylly, where early and late growth in a season are visibly different.[2] This change is different from a homoblastic change which is a gradual change or little change at all, so that there is little difference between the juvenile and adult stages.[3] Some characteristics affected by heteroblastic change include the distance between successive leaves (internode length) and stem structure as well as leaf form, size and arrangement.[1] Heteroblasty is found in many plant families as well as only some species within a genus. This random spread of heteroblastic plants across species is believed to be caused by convergent evolution.[4]
The earlier and later stages of development are commonly labeled as juvenile and adult respectively, particularly in relation to leaves.[5]
Heteroblastic change is thus often referred to as ‘vegetative phase change’ (distinct from reproductive phase change) in the plant molecular biology literature.[6]
The term heteroblasty was coined by the German botanist Karl Ritter von Goebel, along with homoblasty for plants with leaf characteristics that do not change significantly. Leonard Cockayne observed that heteroblasty occurred in an unusually high proportion of tree species native to New Zealand.[7]
There are two ways to look at how heteroblasty developed. The first is to look at the evolution of heteroblasty, and the second is to consider the ecological interactions of heteroblastic plants.
Many hypothesize that heteroblasty is a result of natural selection for species, that can best survive in both low and high light environments. As a plant grows in the forest it experiences predictable changes in light intensity. With this in mind a plant that changes its leaf morphology and phyllotaxy to best suit these changes in light intensity could be more competitive than one that has only on leaf form and phyllotaxy.[3] It is also hypothesized that the development of heteroblastic trees preceded the development of divaricating shrub forms, which are now very common in New Zealand. It is thought that these shrubs are a mutation from the heteroblastic trees and have lost the ability to develop into the adult stage and so are very similar to heteroblastic trees in their juvenile form. It has also been observed that heteroblastic species do not stem from a single point of origin they are found in many different and unrelated species, because of this it is believed that large-scale convergent evolution has to have occurred for so many unrelated plants to exhibit similar behavior.[4]
Heteroblasty can affect all parts of the plant but the leaves are the most common examples and by far the most studied. It has been hypothesized that the heteroblastic changes are due to changes in the plant's exposure to sun, because many species spend their juvenile years in the understory then grow to maturity where they are a part of the top canopy and so have full exposure to the sun. This has not been well studied, because the common heteroblastic plants are woody and take so long to grow such as Eucalyptus grandis.[1] The juvenile plants tend to face more competition and must make special adaptations to succeed that are then unnecessary as a mature plant. For example, a sampling in a dense forest must grow quickly to succeed at first but once it has established itself most woody plants no longer compete severely with their neighbor and so the adaptations needed as a juvenile plant are no longer necessary. This can lead to a change in growth in maturity as the tree faces new environmental factors.[7] Such as a need to resist new pathogens or parasites.[8]
At the cellular level, there are different ways that a plant controls its growth and development. There are internal and external signals that result in a change in the plant's response. The plants also have genetic predetermined growth patterns.
Hormones are known to regulate heteroblastic change in plants. One hormone that has been identified is gibberellin. In a study, it was used to spontaneously revert the mature form of Hedera helix (a common English ivy) to its juvenile form. After being sprayed with gibberellin acid some of the ivies began to produce aerial roots which are a characteristic of the juvenile form as well as three lobed leaves another characteristic.[9] It is also hypothesized that auxin and cytokinin when working together can cause the sudden change in phyllotaxy of heterogenetic plants.[1] The gene ABPH1 has been found to code for cytokinin and when changed in a mutant affected the plant's ability to regulate the phyllotaxy of the stem.[10] The hypothesis is based mostly on studies done on non-heteroblastic plants and so it is not certain that these are the cause of the sudden changes in a heteroblastic plant. A dramatic change in leaf size is another example of a heteroblastic change in plants and researchers have looked to studies done on non-heteroblastic plants for answers about what hormones and genes could regulate these changes. Aintegumenta has been found to be one of these regulatory genes that regulated cell growth.[11] It is believed that many genes are involved in the regulation of leaf size and these genes do not closely interact meaning they are not caused by a master regulator but instead are a part of many different pathways.[1]
Some most common model plants include Arabidopsis thaliana (common name: mouse-ear cress), Antirrhinum majus (common name: snapdragon), and Zea mays (common name: corn). Some authors have argued that these species are not useful models for the study of gene expression in heteroblastic plants because none of them express obvious heteroblastic traits.[1] Researchers in this area of study can use Arabidopsis to some degree for study as it does undergo some change from the juvenile phase to the mature phase but it is not clearly heteroblastic. If we assume the process of change is similar and uses similar regulations we can use Arabidopsis to analyze the causes of change in plant growth that may be occurring in the same way but more dramatically in heteroblastic plants and so can only be used to analyze heteroblastic changes. This involves many assumptions though and so researchers are seeking other plants to use as model subjects. The problem with this is that most plants that display heteroblastic growth are woody plants. Their life spans are much longer in general and unlike Arabidopsis very little of their genomes are known or mapped. A species that shows promise is Eucalyptus grandis. This tree is grown commonly because of its many uses for teas, oils, and wood.[12] The tree overall is fast growing and widely grown due to its many uses and so is one of the best candidates for genome sequencing, which is being done now so that the tree can be better studied in the future. There is already a complete quantitative trait loci map for the juvenile traits.[13]
These plants are a few of the common examples of heteroblastic plants often found in studies and is far from an all-encompassing list. All listed are plants, because they are the only organisms that have been found to undergo this growth change it is absent in animals, fungi, and microbes as far as is known to this point.
This is a list of places heteroblastic plants have been commonly found and documented but not a complete list of all places as heteroblastic plants can be hard to identify and do not appear in families predictably.
Processes often confused with heteroblasty include:
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1995 Scottish Borders Council election - Wikipedia |
The 1995 Scottish Borders Council election for the Scottish Borders Council took place on Thursday 6 April 1995, alongside elections to the various newly created unitary councils across Scotland.
Independents won 30 of the council's 58 seats.
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Tirangaa (film) - Wikipedia |
Tirangaa (transl. Tricolour) is a 1993 Indian action drama film starring Raaj Kumar, Nana Patekar, Varsha Usgaonkar, Harish Kumar and Mamta Kulkarni.[2] The movie was a blockbuster.[3] At the time of 1993 Bombay bombings, Plaza cinema, Mumbai was also bombed where the movie was being shown, leaving 10 dead and 37 injured.[4]
The film starts with the kidnapping of three nuclear scientists by Pralayanath Gendaswami (Deepak Shirke) as he plans to build nuclear missiles for an invasion of India. Meanwhile, Deputy Inspector General of Police Rudrapratap Chauhan (Suresh Oberoi) an honest police officer is murdered by Pralayanath Gendaswami since he has been on his hitlist. Rudrapatap's son Harish (Harish Kumar) is the only witness of his murder. When the scientists are gone missing, police calls Brigadier Suryadev Singh (Raaj Kumar) to take matter into his hands. Suryadev allies with honest but hot-headed Police Inspector Shivajirao Wagle (Nana Patekar) who spends a lot of time being suspended due to his temper. When Central Minister Jeevanlal Tandel who is an ally of Pralayanath Gendaswami sets up a meeting with him to inform him about Suryadev Singh, Pralayanath Gendaswami questions why is there information about his glory and not a single photograph of his face. At that moment Suryadev Singh enters the auditorium and reveals that he is the one whose face Pralayanath Gendaswami was so eager to see.
Meanwhile, on the New Year's Eve Harish and his friends witness an attempt of murder on Radha Tandel. They rush her to hospital but later on flees as the staff calls police to inquire about the case. Police then trace Harish by his wallet which was left at hospital and charge him with an attempt to rape on Radha.
After knowing who Suryadev is, Pralayanath Gendaswami tries to kill him by planting bomb in his car. But Suryadev's car is a high tech vehicle and hence he makes an escape with his driver/bodyguard Bahadur from a below passage door in car. Then the news is widespread that he has been murdered.
But Suryadev escapes and tells this news to Pralayanath through a TV interview. Pralayanath tries to kidnap Professor Khurana but Suryadev and Waghle fail his attempt. Then Pralayanath tries to kill Harish and his friends, but one of his friends sacrifice his life to save him on the eve of Raksha Bandhan. Pralayanath then again tries to kidnap Professor Khurana but fails to do so, and instead takes the fuse conductor to make his missiles work. Waghle and Suryadev track him down through their trans-meter. Suryadev foils Pralayanath's missiles by taking out the fuse conductors and guns him down. Waghle finishes off Pralayanath's son. The film ends with the 15 August programme concluding successfully.
All lyrics are written by Santosh Anand.
Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Asghar Muqaddam refers to the movie for the incidence of planting explosives during interrogation in the movie Black Friday.
| 2023-08-27 16:54:15 |
Turbonilla abreui - Wikipedia |
Turbonilla abreui is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.[2][3]
This Turbonilla article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:54:18 |
Drillia rubrozonata - Wikipedia |
Drillia rubrozonata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.[1]
The length of the shell attains 12 mm, its diameter 4 mm.
(Original description) The small shell is rather broadly fusiform, with a moderately long spire, subpellucid. It is whitish, painted with purplish red-brown. It contains 9 whorls, of which about 3 form a smooth protoconch, with slightly convex sides and 3 or 4 ribs at the end of last nuclear whorl. The whorls of the teleoconch are convex, separatecl by an undulated suture, with rather thick, rounded ribs, 9 or 10 in number on the penultimate whorl . These ribs occupy the whole space of the upper whorls. They are slightly angular below a narrow infrasutural excavation, especially on the body whorl and become less distinct on the base of the body whorl, where they disappear at last on the siphonal canal. Of the spirals firstly a strong one, with oblong nodules corresponding to the ribs, border the suture, it is accompanied by a much finer one in the excavation, 3 rather strong spirals cross the lower part of each whorl, and amount to about 1 7 on the body whorl and siphonal canal, with eventually a narrow intermediate one in the interstices of the body whorl. The shell has moreover strong, riblike growth-striae, making the interstices of the ribs somewhat granular. The red-brown colour appears in the interstices of the nodules of subsutural rib, and between the ribs in the excavation, forming on the lower part of the body whorl, 2 more or less distinct bands, one at the periphery, the other at the base of the body whorl. The base of the siphonal canal is of the same colour, which in some instances occupies nearly the whorl between two ribs. The aperture is oval, with a broad, rather shallow anus at the suture and a very shallow one near the limit of the siphonal canal. The peristome is thin. The columellar side with a
at the suture, then becomes slightly concave, running nearly straight in the rather short, wide canaI.The interior of the aperture is light violet, with the brown bands of the exterior more or less visible, on the columellar side, which is rather strongly enamelled.[2]
This marine species occurs off Timor.
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Glera (grape) - Wikipedia | Glera, also known as Prosecco, is a white variety of grape of Slovenian origin, which was brought to the Italian village of Prosecco (Slovene: Prosek) from the Karst region. The variety was formerly mostly referred to as Prosecco, but in the EU was renamed "Glera" in 2009 to make room for the protection of "Prosecco" as the name of the Italian geographically-protected wine.[1][2][3]
Glera is a rather neutral grape variety which is mainly cultivated for use in sparkling Italian wine styles, frizzante or spumante, from the various Prosecco DOCG and DOC areas, although still wines also exist.[4]
It is grown mainly in the Veneto region of Italy, traditionally in an area near Conegliano and Valdobbiadene, in the hills north of Treviso.
Glera is believed to be an old variety, and the name Prosecco was derived from the village Prosecco near Trieste, where the grape may have originated.[5] It has been proposed that it was cultivated already in Roman times,[6] possibly as the vinum pucinum praised by Pliny the Elder, although that is not known with any certainty. It ranks about thirtieth in importance among the country's some 2,000 grape varieties.[7]
Prosecco was traditionally used as the name for the grape variety. In Italy, it was also used more specifically for sparkling wines produced primarily from it, such as Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene, Prosecco di Conegliano and Prosecco di Valdobbiadene, all of which had DOC status, and there was also an IGT zone surrounding them. When the higher DOCG status was sought for Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene, it became a complication that the grape (which had become cultivated over a larger area, including outside Italy) and the protected designation of origin had the same name. To resolve the issue, within the EU the old synonym Glera was officially adopted for the variety at the same time as the DOCG was approved in 2009.[8][9] The change reduced the ability of other producers (in Italy and overseas) to label sparkling wines made elsewhere as "Prosecco" by using the grape variety's name.[10]
The name change was rejected by wine producers outside Italy, and leading wine experts including Jancis Robinson MW, Julia Harding MW and José Vouillamoz, who continue to refer to the grape variety as 'Prosecco'.[11]
Glera is a parent variety of two Manzoni grapes, the red wine grape variety Incrocio Manzoni 2.15 (a crossing with Cabernet Sauvignon) and another red skinned variety known as Incrocio Manzoni 2.14 (a crossing with Cabernet Franc).[12]
Glera is also known under the synonyms Ghera, Glere, Prosecco Tondo, Prosecco, Prosecco Balbi, Prosecco Bianco, Prosecco Nostrano, Prosecco Tondo, Proseko Sciprina, Serpina, and Uva Pissona.[2]
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Public Agenda - Wikipedia | Public Agenda is a national, nonprofit, nonpartisan research and public engagement organization which aims to strengthen democracy and expand opportunity for all Americans. Over the years, it has focused on many issues of concern to the public, most notably K-12 education,[1] higher education [2] and health care,[3] as well as criminal justice reform,[4] immigration,[5] energy[6] and other issues.
Based in New York City, the organization was founded in 1975 by social scientist Daniel Yankelovich and Cyrus Vance, who served as United States Secretary of State from 1977 to 1980.
According to Caroline L. Gilson of DePauw University, "The audience for Public Agenda Online is wide-ranging: from researchers and policy-makers to concerned citizens and activists. For an academic audience, this site serves as a starting point for students exploring a topic who want to understand how the public weighs in on key issues".[7]
Recent initiatives includes "Hidden Common Ground",[8] which seeks to discover and amplify common ground among the public on solutions to politically polarized issues, and "Next-Generation Community Engagement",[9] which offers communities tools, training and other supports that enhance local democracy and civic engagement.
Bloggers have sometimes criticized the organization for right or left-leaning research.[10]
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Houari - Wikipedia | Houari is a given name and surname. It may refer to:
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Pauline Stafford - Wikipedia |
Pauline Stafford is Professor Emerita of Early Medieval History at Liverpool University and a visiting professor at Leeds University in England. Dr. Stafford is a former vice-president of the Royal Historical Society.[1]
Her work focuses on the history of women and gender in England from the eighth to the early twelfth century, and on the same topics in the history of the Franks from the eighth to the ninth century, as well as on the Anglo Saxon Chronicles after Alfred.[2]
Stafford studied medieval history at Oxford.[2] Her PhD thesis on Aethelraed the Unready was supervised by Pierre Chaplais and examined by Henry Loyn and Karl Leyser.[2]
This article about a British historian or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:54:36 |
Charles Bianconi - Wikipedia |
Charles Bianconi (24 September 1786 – 22 September 1875)[1] was an Italo-Irish entrepreneur. Sometimes described as the "man who put Ireland on wheels",[2][3] he developed a network of horse-drawn coaches that became Ireland's "first regular public transport" system.[2][4] He eventually became known for his innovations in transport and was twice mayor of Clonmel, in County Tipperary.[1]
Born Carlo Bianconi in Costa Masnaga, Italy on 24 September 1786,[5]: p1 he moved from an area poised to fall to Napoleon and travelled to Ireland in 1802, via England, just four years after the 1798 rebellion. At the time, British fear of continental invasion resulted in an acute sense of insecurity and additional restrictions on the admission of foreigners. He was christened Carlo but anglicised his name to Charles when he arrived in Ireland in 1802.
He worked as an engraver and printseller in Dublin, near Essex Street, under his sponsor, Andrea Faroni, when he was 16. In 1806 he set up an engraving, gilding and print shop in Carrick-on-Suir, moving to Clonmel in 1815.
Although widely regarded as the founder of public transportation in Ireland, he built on the system of mail coaches and roads that were built around Ireland before 1790 by the Scottish entrepreneur, John Anderson of Fermoy. After the collapse of Anderson's mail coach and banking empire in 1815, Bianconi established regular horse-drawn carriage services on various routes from about 1815 onwards. He acknowledged two advantages that led to his success:
I was impressed with the great want of such an establishment as I originated, and to the formation of which two circumstances mainly contributed. Firstly, the tax on carriages, by which the middle classes were precluded from using their own vehicles. Secondly, the general peace that followed the battle of Waterloo, and by which a great number of first-class horses, bred for the army, were thrown on the market with very little competition existing for their purchase. The family outside jaunting-car, thus expelled from general use by a carriage-tax, suggested itself to me as being admirably adapted for my purpose; and I was enabled to procure these vehicles on very moderate terms.[5]: p84-85 The first service, Clonmel to Cahir, took five to eight hours by boat but only two hours by Bianconi’s carriage. Travel on a ‘Bian’ cost one penny farthing a mile. His open 'Bianconi coaches' colloquially shortened to 'Bians', were a popular form of public transport for over a century.
First coach adapted from a jaunting car ca 1815
"Massey Dawson" car (8-passenger coach) ca 1830
Long Bian (19-passenger coach)
Long cars remained in use in Ireland well into the 20th century
There were also a series of inns, the Bianconi Inns, some of which still exist; in Piltown, County Kilkenny and Killorglin, County Kerry. These services continued into the 1850s and later, by which time there were a number of railway services in the country. The Bianconi coaches continued to be well-patronised, by offering connections from various termini, one of the first and few examples of an integrated transport system in Ireland. By 1865 Bianconi’s annual income was about £35,000.
Bianconi died on 22 September 1875 at Longfield House, Boherlahan, County Tipperary.
Having donated land to the parish of Boherlahan for the construction of a parish church, Bianconi wished to be buried on the church grounds. He, and his family, are buried in a side chapel, separate from the parish church in Boherlahan, approximately 5 miles from Cashel, County Tipperary.[6][7]
In 1832 Bianconi married Eliza Hayes, the daughter of a wealthy Dublin stockbroker. They had three children - Charles Thomas Bianconi, Catherine Henrietta Bianconi and Mary Anne Bianconi[8] the wife of Morgan John O'Connell and mother of John O'Connell Bianconi. Mary Anne published a biography of her father in 1878 which featured contributions by the artist Michael Angelo Haynes and the writer Anthony Trollope, who both knew him.
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SMART Multicast - Wikipedia | SMART Multicast is an experimental method of Secure Reliable IP Multicast. It allows a user to forward IP datagrams to an unlimited group of receivers. See the article on multicast for a general discussion of this subject - this article is specifically about SMART IP Multicast.
IP Multicast has been successfully deployed in private and controlled networking environments, for example; IP over fiber - cable TV operators, educational institutions with significant on-campus student housing and financial sector applications such as stock tickers and hoot-n-holler systems. However, IP multicast has been slow to be adopted in the interdomain routing environment. This is because the current interdomain infrastructure lacks the necessary tools to efficiently handle packet loss and the security needed to create a functional business model.
SMART IP Multicast is an experimental protocol that enables the interdomain transmission of Secure Reliable IP Multicast, thus overcoming the challenges of deploying wide area interdomain IP Multicast transmissions. SMART IP Multicast reduces the complexity of deploying wide area IP Multicast in the same way MFTP (Multicast File Transfer Protocol) accomplishes this goal for file transfer, namely allowing for security and reliability to have full interoperability.
IP Multicast file distribution has been the most successful use of IP Multicast within campus and commercial networks. For file distribution most have used some variant of the experimental protocol MFTP (Multicast File Transfer Protocol). MFTP is both secure and reliable and runs on top of IP Multicast protocol. Like MFTP, SMART Multicast is a wrapper that runs on top of IP Multicast, taking advantage of IP Multicast's efficiency. SMART Multicasts are secure, reliable and provide for bi-directional feedback.
For more info see RFC3170 - IP Multicast Applications: Challenges & Solutions
SMART supports an MBONE like implementation multicast between sites through the use of dynamically allocated Multicast tunnels. SMART takes advantage of SIMPLE (Self Implementing Multicast Protocol Level Escalation)
There are four forms of IP addressing, each with its own unique properties.
| 2023-08-27 16:54:44 |
Malcolm Graham (footballer) - Wikipedia |
Malcolm Graham (26 January 1934 – 12 September 2015) was an English footballer who played as a striker, mainly for Barnsley and Leyton Orient.
Graham joined Barnsley from non-league Hall Green in 1953, while still working as a miner at Haigh Colliery.[1] He stayed with Barnsley for several seasons, but left when the club was relegated at the end of the 1958–59 season. After a brief spell at Bristol City, he moved to Leyton Orient for £8000 on 20 June 1960.[1]
At Orient, Graham was part of the team that gained promotion to the First Division in 1961–62, scoring both goals in the 2–0 win over Bury that sent them up on the last day of the season. He was joint top scorer with Dave Dunmore in Orient's single season in the top flight, scoring a hat-trick in the 9–2 thrashing of Chester in the League Cup.[1] However, he left Orient at the end of that season to join Queens Park Rangers. Only staying for one season, he returned to Barnsley before moving back into non-league football.
Graham retired due to a long-standing knee injury while playing for Alfreton Town, and later worked for the East Midlands Gas Board.[2]
Malcolm Graham died in Barnsley on Saturday 12 September 2015.[3]
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Simon Barere - Wikipedia | Simon Barere (Russian: Симон Барер; 1 September [O.S. 20 August] 1896 – 2 April 1951) was a Russian pianist. His surname Барер is transliterated Barer, but as an adult he adopted the spelling Barere in order to reduce the frequency of mispronunciation.
Barere was born in Odessa (then Russian Empire, now part of Ukraine) as the eleventh of thirteen children in a Jewish family. He studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory under Anna Yesipova and then Felix Blumenfeld. Pianist Vladimir Horowitz was also a pupil of Felix Blumenfeld, although Barere was Blumenfeld's preferred student. After graduation, he played concerts throughout the region and taught at the Kiev Conservatory. He emigrated to Berlin, then to Sweden, and finally to the United States. During the autumn of 1935, he toured the UK under the management of Harold Holt, making a number of appearances as supporting artist to Richard Tauber. In 1985, his complete HMV recordings, made at Abbey Road Studios between 1934 and 1936, were remastered by Bryan Crimp and issued by APR.
Additional recordings have been issued on CD. There is also an astonishing home recording of Barere playing excerpts from his repertoire, in 1949.[1]
Barere was especially known for his speed and finger dexterity; his rendition of Balakirev's Islamey and many other recordings were acclaimed.[citation needed] According to music critic Harold C. Schonberg, Barere produced a colourful piano tone and could also be highly musical.[2]
Barere gave annual recitals at Carnegie Hall which were often recorded by his son, Boris. Among the performances recorded live in 1947 at Carnegie Hall was Liszt's Sonata in B minor, which was released on Remington Records in the 1950s. Other Barere performances include Liszt's Spanish Rhapsody, Reminiscences de Don Juan and Hungarian Rhapsody No. 12, Blumenfeld's Étude for the Left Hand Alone, and Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2.[3]
Recently, a 1948 broadcast of the Liszt Piano Concerto No. 1, from the Brooklyn Museum, has surfaced online.
Barere made a series of recordings for Remington in March 1951, showing the pianist in fine form before his sudden death next month.
On 2 April 1951, Barere suffered a cerebral hemorrhage during a performance of Grieg's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall, with Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra. He collapsed and died backstage shortly thereafter.
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Lok Insaaf Party - Wikipedia | Lok Insaaf Party was founded in 2016[1] by Simarjit Singh Bains.
It contested 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election on 5 seats in alliance with Aam Aadmi Party.[2]
LIP contested 2017 Punjab assembly election on 5 seats. It formed coalition with Aam Aadmi Party.[3] Party able to get only 2 seats out of 5. It got 26.46% votes in 5 seats but 1.22% overall votes. Simarjit Singh Bains won Atam Nagar Assembly Constituency and Balwinder Singh Bains won the Ludhiana South Assembly Constituency.
In 2019 Indian general election party contested on 3 Lok Sabha seats in Punjab as a member of Punjab Democratic Alliance but couldn't win any.[4] Which were as follow :-
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Dámóc - Wikipedia | Dámóc is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary. As of 2008[update] it had a population of 407.[1] The town is home to a Hungarian Greek Catholic Church, founded in 1735, and built between 1816 and 1832 in Baroque Revival style.[2]
This Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:54:58 |
Alur, Bellary - Wikipedia |
Alur is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India.[1][2]
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Battle of Bajarwan - Wikipedia | The Battle of Bajarwan was a battle that took place during the Second Arab–Khazar War, between the armies of the Khazar Khaganate, led by the khagan's son Barjik, and the Umayyad Caliphate, whose commanding general was Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi.
After the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardebil, the Khazars roamed freely across the lands of Azarbaijan, Kurdistan, and Armenia. With little forces immediately available, Caliph Hisham appointed Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi to take command against the Khazars, and assemble whatever forces he could at Raqqa. Gathering a small army (including refugees from Ardabil who had to be paid ten gold dinars to be persuaded to fight), Sa'id managed to recover Akhlat on Lake Van. From there he moved north to Bardha'a, and south again to relieve the Khazar siege of Warthan. The besiegers withdrew to Bajarwan, and a battle was fought some 24 km from the town. Sa'id scored a crushing victory, killing most of the 10,000 Khazars, and rescuing the prisoners they had with them, reportedly 5,000 families. The Arabs also captured the Khazar general's flag, which became the battle standard of his tribe, the Harish. Some sources report that Barjik too was slain and that Sa'id sent his head to the Caliph, but al-Tabari and others report his death only later, during Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik's 731 invasion north of the Caucasus. After this, the Khazar armies fled north, abandoning their conquests in Azerbaijan and Arran, with Sa'id in pursuit.
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Kirby School District - Wikipedia |
Kirby School District is a school district headquartered in Kirby, Arkansas.
It is one of three school districts in Pike County.
The district includes Kirby, Daisy, and a small slice of Glenwood.[2]
This Arkansas school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:55:07 |
Tanja Hess - Wikipedia | Tanja Hess is a German bobsledder who competed in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. She won a bronze medal in the two-woman event at the 2001 FIBT World Championships in Calgary.
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Hira Tareen - Wikipedia | Hira Tareen (born 1982) is a Pakistani model and actress. Her appearances include Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai, Goya, Tum Kon Piya, Khuda Mera Bhi Hai, Khaas, Zard Zamano Ka Sawera and Choti Choti Batain. She has also appeared in 2013 film Seedlings.[3][4][5]
She is married to actor Ali Safina in 2013, with whom she has one child.[1]
| 2023-08-27 16:55:13 |
Jefferson G. Thurber - Wikipedia | Jefferson Gage Thurber (December 30, 1807 – May 6, 1857) was an American lawyer, Democratic politician, and Michigan pioneer. He was a member of the Michigan Senate and House of Representatives, and served as the 16th speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1851.
Jefferson G. Thurber was born in Unity, New Hampshire, and as a child moved to Canandaigua, New York, with his parents. He received his education at the Canandaigua Academy, then taught Latin and mathematics while studying law.[1][2]
In 1833, he went west to the Michigan Territory and started a legal practice in Monroe, where he resided for most of the rest of his life. He quickly became involved in politics, and was elected prosecuting attorney and then probate judge. In 1843, he was elected to the Michigan Senate and served three years as one of the representatives in the 3rd Senate district (in this era Michigan's senators were elected in multi-member districts). He was subsequently elected to a single term in the Michigan House of Representatives, representing Monroe County in the 1851 session, and he was chosen as speaker of the House for that session.[1] He was also a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention which nominated James Buchanan over the incumbent, President Franklin Pierce.[3]
He died at his home in Monroe on May 6, 1857.[4]
Jefferson G. Thurber was the second child and eldest son of Samuel Hallet Thurber and his first wife, Sara (née Gage) Thurber.[2] Several of Thurber's siblings also moved to Michigan and prospered.
Jefferson Thurber married Mary Bartlett Gerrish in 1834, they had at least eight children, though two died in infancy.[2]
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Bulb (photography) - Wikipedia |
The Bulb setting (abbreviated B) on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button. The Bulb setting is distinct from shutter's Time (T) setting, which is an alternate-action mode where the shutter opens when the shutter-release button is pressed and released once, and closes when the button is actuated again.[1][2]
Decades before the first flashbulbs, some box cameras and many view cameras and folding cameras came with a detachable pneumatic shutter release with a rubber bulb on the end; "Bulb" refers to the rubber shutter release bulb.[3] Though mechanically timed exposures could also be triggered by squeezing the shutter release bulb, "Bulb" exposures then had the same momentary action as camera shutters have today, as per this description from Sears Roebuck's 1909 Cameras [&] Photographic Supplies:
With the indicator set to B, the shutter opens when the bulb is pressed and remains open as long as the pressure is maintained (“bulb” exposure), a very convenient means of making time exposures of only a few seconds’ duration. Around 1894 in Germany, the momentary-action setting on camera shutters made by C. A. Steinheil & Söhne in Munich were denoted with "B" but the literature referred to it as Beliebig (meaning beliebige Zeit, English: "Any time").
The Eastman Kodak Company sold entry level consumer cameras that did not have the option of a pneumatic shutter release. Though Kodak retained the convention of using "B” on shutters to denote the setting that provides momentary actuation, they referred to it as "Brief Time" in brochures for cameras like their Folding Autographic Brownies, as well as in instruction manuals for products like their 1 & 1A Pocket "Kodaks" Juniors. "Brief time" was also used in reference works like Newnes Photographers' Pocket Reference Book (1955).
The bulb setting is used on some cameras, including some point-and-shoot cameras, to obtain shutter speeds slower than the minimum offered by the camera otherwise.
Because of the risk of camera movement, the camera is most often mounted on a tripod for the duration of the exposure. While it is generally possible to use the shutter release button on the camera itself, a cable release or electronic remote is often used to further eliminate the risk of shaking the camera during long exposures. The cable releases generally include a locking feature to eliminate the need to keep the button or plunger depressed during extremely long exposures.
The bulb setting is useful for the following types of photographic subjects:
On some modern cameras, bulb is a mode available as an option on the LCD menu only, if possible at all. On others, including many Digital SLR cameras, bulb is typically available from the manual exposure mode and—rarely—also from shutter priority mode.[4]
When set to bulb, generally on the "M" or manual setting of the camera, the shutter will stay open as long as the shutter release button (or shutter release cable or remote) remains depressed.
Some mid-level or bridge cameras such as the Olympus SP-560UZ have a 'limited' bulb setting, allowing time exposures up to 8 minutes and at an ISO setting of 200 ISO and lower.[5]
In 2012, Olympus introduced a new form of bulb mode with their "Live Bulb" (without toggle) and "Live Time" (with toggle) settings in their Olympus OM-D E-M5 digital camera, where the viewfinder and display gets updated during the exposure in order to allow the photographer to inspect the exposure while it "develops". The display refresh rate for this mode can be configured between 0.5 s and 60 s.
Some specialized cameras use other image triggers.
Circa 1894 page showing a camera with an "indiarubber ball" and a "time exposure" mode that works like what came to be called "bulb". Suggests that the "bulb" terminology had not yet been introduced.
1898 Bausch & Lomb ad showing a shutter with B setting; the explanation displayed "bulb exposure" in quotation marks and explained it in detail, since the term was still novel.
A more modern (circa 1950) camera cable release.
Squeeze the bulb to release the shutter
A bulb shutter release on a Pentax K1000 SE
A cable shutter release on a Pentax K1000 SE
Photo shot with a Bulb exposure. The movement of the clouds, crossing arms and passing train register as streaks rather than sharp images, unlike the stationary objects in the frame.
| 2023-08-27 16:55:20 |
Kamenare - Wikipedia | Kamenare is a village in the municipality of Kruševac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 474 people.[1]
WikiMiniAtlas43°40′11″N 21°12′17″E / 43.66972°N 21.20472°E / 43.66972; 21.20472
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Hilda Oates - Wikipedia | Hilda Oates Williams (25 March 1925 – 19 September 2014) was a Cuban stage and television actress. She was awarded with the National Theater Award in 2004.[1][2][3]
This article about a Cuban actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:55:27 |
National Board of Review Awards 1966 - Wikipedia | 38th National Board of Review Awards
January 10, 1967
The 38th National Board of Review Awards were announced on January 10, 1967.
| 2023-08-27 16:55:30 |
Loire Campaign (1429) - Wikipedia | French victory
The Loire Campaign was a campaign launched by Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years' War. The Loire was cleared of all English and Burgundian troops.
The English under John, Duke of Bedford ordered John, Lord Talbot to besiege Orléans with his subordinates, the Earl of Suffolk and the Earl of Salisbury. The English nearly succeeded. However, Joan of Arc led a series of counterattacks. Joan, aided by Gilles de Rais, Jean de Dunois, and Jean de Brosse attacked the English siege positions. The English could not stand these attacks. Lord Talbot had to retreat and break off the siege.
Then, Joan and John II, Duke of Alençon marched to capture Jargeau from the Earl of Suffolk. The English had 700 troops to face 1,200 French troops. Then, a battle began with a French assault on the suburbs. English defenders left the city walls and the French fell back. Joan of Arc used her standard to begin a French rally. The English retreated to the city walls and the French lodged in the suburbs for the night.
The following morning Joan of Arc called upon the defenders to surrender. They refused. The French followed with heavy artillery bombardment using primitive cannons and siege engines. One of the town's towers fell. Suffolk entered surrender nominations with a minor French captain, La Hire. This breach of protocol antagonized the French command.
Joan of Arc initiated an assault on the town walls, surviving a stone projectile that split in two against her helmet as she climbed a scaling ladder. The English suffered heavy losses. Most estimates place the number at 300–400 of some 700 combatants. Suffolk became a prisoner. The French had some 1200 troops and their losses appear to have been light. Joan moved her army to Meung-sur-Loire. There, she decided to launch an assault.
Then, Joan began her attacks. English defenses at Meung-sur-Loire consisted of three components: the walled town, the fortification at the bridge, and a large walled castle just outside the town. The castle served as headquarters to the English command of John, Lord Talbot and Thomas, Lord Scales.
Joan of Arc and Duke John II of Alençon controlled a force that included captains Jean d'Orléans, Gilles de Rais, Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, and La Hire. Estimates of numerical strength vary with the Journal du Siège d'Orléans citing 6000 - 7000 for the French. A number that large probably counts noncombatants. The English force's numbers remain uncertain, but are lower than the French. They were led by Lord Talbot and Lord Scales. Bypassing the city and the castle, they staged a frontal assault on the bridge fortifications, conquered it in one day, and installed a garrison. This hampered English movement south of the Loire.
Then, Joan continued her campaign. She launched an attack on Beaugency. Joan of Arc and Duke John II of Alençon controlled a force that included captains Jean d'Orléans, Gilles de Rais, Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, and La Hire. John Talbot led the English defense. Breaking with siege warfare custom, the French army followed the 15 June capture of the bridge at Meung-sur-Loire not with an attack on that town or its castle but with an assault on neighboring Beaugency the next day.
Unlike Meung-sur-Loire, the main stronghold at Beaugency was inside the city walls. It survives to the modern age and forms an imposing rectangular citadel. During the first day of fighting the English abandoned the town and retreated into the castle. The French bombarded the castle with artillery fire. That evening de Richemont and his force arrived.
Hearing news of an English relief force approaching from Paris under Sir John Fastolf, d'Alençon negotiated the English surrender and granted them safe conduct out of Beaugency. The Battle of Patay followed on open territory on 18 June.
An English reinforcement army under Sir John Fastolf departed from Paris following the defeat at Orléans. The French had moved swiftly, capturing three bridges and accepting the English surrender at Beaugency the day before Fastolf's army arrived. The French, in the belief that they could not overcome a fully prepared English army in open battle, scoured the area in hopes of finding the English unprepared and vulnerable.
The English reconnoitered with remaining defenders at Meung-sur-Loire. The French had taken only the bridge at this location, not the neighboring castle or the town. Retreating defenders from Beaugency joined them. The English excelled at open battles; they took up a position whose exact location is unknown but traditionally believed to be near the tiny village of Patay. Fastolf, John Talbot and Sir Thomas de Scales commanded the English.
The standard defensive tactic of the English longbowmen was to drive pointed stakes into the ground near their positions. This prevented cavalry charges and slowed infantry long enough for the longbows to take a decisive toll on the enemy line. However, the English archers inadvertently disclosed their position to French scouts before their preparations were complete when a lone stag wandered onto a nearby field and the archers raised a hunting cry.
On hearing the news of the English position, about 1,500 men under captains La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, composing the heavily armed and armoured cavalry vanguard of the French army, attacked the English. The battle swiftly turned into a rout, with every Englishman on a horse fleeing while the infantry, mostly composed of longbowmen, were cut down in droves. Longbowmen were never intended to fight armoured knights unsupported except from prepared positions where the knights could not charge them, and they were massacred. For once the French tactic of a large frontal cavalry assault had succeeded, with decisive results.
Captain Jean Dagneau captured the famous general John Talbot. After this feat of arms, Dagneau was ennobled in March 1438 by Charles VII, King of France, which is at the origin of the family name of Dagneau de Richecour.
Joan had won a great victory over the English at all of the battles. The campaign drove the English out of the Loire river, and routed Fastolf back to Paris where he had departed from. The French pushed on to victory, pointing the finger at Joan of Arc.
| 2023-08-27 16:55:33 |
Patsy McGlone - Wikipedia |
Patsy McGlone (born 8 July 1959) is an Irish politician from Ballinderry in Northern Ireland. He is a Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for Mid Ulster, and former Deputy Leader of the SDLP (2010–2011).[1] He has been an MLA since 2003.[2] On 12 May 2016, McGlone was elected Deputy Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly.[citation needed]
From 1993 to 2009, McGlone was also Councillor in Cookstown District Council. He was chairman of the council in 2002–2003 and 2005–2006.
In 1996 he was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum from Mid-Ulster.[3]
While canvassing for McGlone for the 2011 local and assembly elections, election workers had their car attacked with a petrol bomb by loyalists in Coagh.[4]
He was a candidate for the leadership of the SDLP in 2011, after announcing in July that he would stand against party leader Margaret Ritchie.[citation needed]
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Friendship paradox - Wikipedia | The friendship paradox is the phenomenon first observed by the sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991 that on average, an individual's friends have more friends than that individual.[1] It can be explained as a form of sampling bias in which people with more friends are more likely to be in one's own friend group. In other words, one is less likely to be friends with someone who has very few friends. In contradiction to this, most people believe that they have more friends than their friends have.[2][3][4][5]
The same observation can be applied more generally to social networks defined by other relations than friendship: for instance, most people's sexual partners have had (on the average) a greater number of sexual partners than they have.[6][7]
The friendship paradox is an example of how network structure can significantly distort an individual's local observations.[8][9]
In spite of its apparently paradoxical nature, the phenomenon is real, and can be explained as a consequence of the general mathematical properties of social networks. The mathematics behind this are directly related to the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality and the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality.[10]
Formally, Feld assumes that a social network is represented by an undirected graph G = (V, E), where the set V of vertices corresponds to the people in the social network, and the set E of edges corresponds to the friendship relation between pairs of people. That is, he assumes that friendship is a symmetric relation: if x is a friend of y, then y is a friend of x. The friendship between x and y is therefore modeled by the edge {x, y}, and the number of friends an individual has corresponds to a vertex's degree. The average number of friends of a person in the social network is therefore given by the average of the degrees of the vertices in the graph. That is, if vertex v has d(v) edges touching it (representing a person who has d(v) friends), then the average number μ of friends of a random person in the graph is
The average number of friends that a typical friend has can be modeled by choosing a random person (who has at least one friend), and then calculating how many friends their friends have on average. This amounts to choosing, uniformly at random, an edge of the graph (representing a pair of friends) and an endpoint of that edge (one of the friends), and again calculating the degree of the selected endpoint. The probability of a certain vertex
v
{\displaystyle v}
to be chosen is
The first factor corresponds to how likely it is that the chosen edge contains the vertex, which increases when the vertex has more friends. The halving factor simply comes from the fact that each edge has two vertices. So the expected value of the number of friends of a (randomly chosen) friend is
We know from the definition of variance that
where
σ
2
{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}}
is the variance of the degrees in the graph. This allows us to compute the desired expected value as
For a graph that has vertices of varying degrees (as is typical for social networks),
σ
2
{\displaystyle {\sigma }^{2}}
is strictly positive, which implies that the average degree of a friend is strictly greater than the average degree of a random node.
Another way of understanding how the first term came is as follows. For each friendship (u, v), a node u mentions that v is a friend and v has d(v) friends. There are d(v) such friends who mention this. Hence the square of d(v) term. We add this for all such friendships in the network from both the u's and v's perspective, which gives the numerator. The denominator is the number of total such friendships, which is twice the total edges in the network (one from the u's perspective and the other from the v's).
After this analysis, Feld goes on to make some more qualitative assumptions about the statistical correlation between the number of friends that two friends have, based on theories of social networks such as assortative mixing, and he analyzes what these assumptions imply about the number of people whose friends have more friends than they do. Based on this analysis, he concludes that in real social networks, most people are likely to have fewer friends than the average of their friends' numbers of friends. However, this conclusion is not a mathematical certainty; there exist undirected graphs (such as the graph formed by removing a single edge from a large complete graph) that are unlikely to arise as social networks but in which most vertices have higher degree than the average of their neighbors' degrees.
The Friendship Paradox may be restated in graph theory terms as "the average degree of a randomly selected node in a network is less than the average degree of neighbors of a randomly selected node", but this leaves unspecified the exact mechanism of averaging (i.e., macro vs micro averaging). Let
G
=
(
V
,
E
)
{\displaystyle G=(V,E)}
be an undirected graph with
|
V
|
=
N
{\displaystyle |V|=N}
and
|
E
|
=
M
{\displaystyle |E|=M}
, having no isolated nodes. Let the set of neighbors of node
u
{\displaystyle u}
be denoted
nbr
(
u
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {nbr} (u)}
. The average degree is then
μ
=
1
N
∑
u
∈
V
|
nbr
(
u
)
|
=
2
M
N
≥
1
{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{u\in V}|\operatorname {nbr} (u)|={\frac {2M}{N}}\geq 1}
. Let the number of "friends of friends" of node
u
{\displaystyle u}
be denoted
FF
(
u
)
=
∑
v
∈
nbr
(
u
)
|
nbr
(
v
)
|
{\displaystyle \operatorname {FF} (u)=\sum _{v\in \operatorname {nbr} (u)}|\operatorname {nbr} (v)|}
. Note that this can count 2-hop neighbors multiple times, but so does Feld's analysis. We have
FF
(
u
)
≥
|
nbr
(
u
)
|
≥
1
{\displaystyle \operatorname {FF} (u)\geq |\operatorname {nbr} (u)|\geq 1}
. Feld considered the following "micro average" quantity.
However, there is also the (equally legitimate) "macro average" quantity, given by
The computation of MacroAvg can be expressed as the following pseudocode.
Each edge
{
u
,
v
}
{\displaystyle \{u,v\}}
contributes to MacroAvg the quantity
|
nbr
(
v
)
|
|
nbr
(
u
)
|
+
|
nbr
(
u
)
|
|
nbr
(
v
)
|
≥
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {|\operatorname {nbr} (v)|}{|\operatorname {nbr} (u)|}}+{\frac {|\operatorname {nbr} (u)|}{|\operatorname {nbr} (v)|}}\geq 2}
, because
min
a
,
b
>
0
a
b
+
b
a
=
2
{\displaystyle \min _{a,b>0}{\frac {a}{b}}+{\frac {b}{a}}=2}
. We thus get
Thus, we have both
MicroAvg
≥
μ
{\displaystyle {\text{MicroAvg}}\geq \mu }
and
MacroAvg
≥
μ
{\displaystyle {\text{MacroAvg}}\geq \mu }
, but no inequality holds between them.[11]
The analysis of the friendship paradox implies that the friends of randomly selected individuals are likely to have higher than average centrality. This observation has been used as a way to forecast and slow the course of epidemics, by using this random selection process to choose individuals to immunize or monitor for infection while avoiding the need for a complex computation of the centrality of all nodes in the network.[12][13][14] In a similar manner, in polling and election forecasting, friendship paradox has been exploited in order to reach and query well-connected individuals who may have knowledge about how numerous other individuals are going to vote.[15] However, when utilized in such contexts, the friendship paradox inevitably introduces bias by over-representing individuals with many friends, potentially skewing resulting estimates.[16][17]
A study in 2010 by Christakis and Fowler showed that flu outbreaks can be detected almost two weeks before traditional surveillance measures would do so by using the friendship paradox in monitoring the infection in a social network.[18] They found that using the friendship paradox to analyze the health of central friends is "an ideal way to predict outbreaks, but detailed information doesn't exist for most groups, and to produce it would be time-consuming and costly."[19] This extends to the spread of ideas as well, with evidence that the friendship paradox can be used to track and predict the spread of ideas and misinformation through networks.[12][20] This observation has been explained with the argument that individuals with more social connections may be the driving forces behind the spread of these ideas and beliefs, and as such can be used as early-warning signals.[17]
Friendship paradox based sampling (i.e., sampling random friends) has been theoretically and empirically shown to outperform classical uniform sampling for the purpose of estimating the power-law degree distributions of scale-free networks.[21][22] This is because sampling the network uniformly will not collect enough samples from the characteristic heavy tail part of the power-law degree distribution to properly estimate it. However, sampling random friends incorporates more nodes from the tail of the degree distribution (i.e., more high degree nodes) into the sample. Hence, friendship paradox based sampling captures the characteristic heavy tail of a power-law degree distribution more accurately and reduces the bias and variance of the estimation.[22]
The "generalized friendship paradox" states that the friendship paradox applies to other characteristics as well. For example, one's co-authors are on average likely to be more prominent, with more publications, more citations and more collaborators,[23][24][25] or one's followers on Twitter have more followers.[26] The same effect has also been demonstrated for Subjective Well-Being by Bollen et al. (2017),[27] who used a large-scale Twitter network and longitudinal data on subjective well-being for each individual in the network to demonstrate that both a Friendship and a "happiness" paradox can occur in online social networks.
| 2023-08-27 16:55:42 |
Battle of Brihuega - Wikipedia | The Battle of Brihuega took place on 8 December 1710 in the War of the Spanish Succession, during the Allied retreat from Madrid to Barcelona. A British Army rearguard led by James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope was cut off and trapped within the town of Brihuega before being overwhelmed by a Franco-Spanish army under the command of Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme. The battle, along with other events, brought an end to British participation in the war.[2]
In 1710, victories at the Battle of Almenara (July 27) and the Battle of Saragossa (August 20) allowed the Grand Alliance army supporting Archduke Charles to occupy Madrid for the second time. On 21 September the Archduke—Charles III of Spain, according to the Allies—entered his prospective capital. But the invasion of 1710 proved to be a repetition of the invasion of 1706: The Alliance's 23,000 men, reduced by a loss of 2,000 in the actions at Almenara and Saragossa, by constant skirmishes with the guerrilleros, and by disease, were unequal to the task of holding their conquests and occupying the two Castiles. The Portuguese were unable to offer help.
The Bourbon army was rapidly refitted and reorganized by French general the duc de Vendôme, who was lent to Philip V's service by the latter's grandfather, the Sun King. Spanish volunteers and regular units were joined by the Irish brigade and by French troops secretly directed to enter Spanish service.
Madrid emptied, deserted by all except the poorest of its inhabitants, and the Grand Alliance's position became untenable. On 9 November the Alliance evacuated the city and embarked on a retreat to Catalonia. Leaving behind the main body of the army, the Archduke advanced with a guard of 2,000 cavalry, hurrying back to Barcelona. The rest of the army marched in two detachments, the division being imposed on them by difficulty of foraging. General Guido Starhemberg marched ahead with the main body of 12,000 men, a day's march ahead of the British troops, 4,000 men under James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope. This division of forces invited disaster in the presence of the duc de Vendôme, a capable and resourceful leader.
Vendôme set out from Talavera with his troops, and pursued the retreating British army with a speed perhaps never equalled in such a season and in such a country. The middle aged Frenchman led his Franco-Spanish army day and night. In typical Vendôme style, he swam, at the head of his cavalry, the flooded Henares and in a few days overtook Stanhope, who was at Brihuega with the left wing of the Grand Alliance army.
"Nobody with me," said the British general, "imagined that they had any foot within some days' march of us and our misfortune is owing to the incredible diligence which their army made." Stanhope had barely enough time to send off a messenger to the centre of the army, which was some leagues from Brihuega, before Vendôme was upon him on the evening of 8 December. The next morning the town was invested on every side.
Blasting the walls of Brihuega with heavy cannon, a mine was sprung under one of the gates. The British kept up a terrible fire till their powder was spent. They then fought desperately against overwhelming numbers and launched a bayonet charge against Vendôme's men as they stormed into the city, resulting in bloody close quarters fighting, street by street. The British set fire to the buildings which their assailants had taken but in vain. The British general saw that further resistance would produce only a useless carnage. He concluded a capitulation and his army became prisoners of war on honourable terms.
Scarcely had Vendôme signed the capitulation, when he learned that Staremberg was marching to the relief of Stanhope. On December 10 the two met in the bloody battle of Villaviciosa, after which Starhemberg continued the allied retreat.
The British troops did not remain in captivity for long before they were exchanged and sent home in October 1711.
The defeat helped justify the Harley Government's plan to agree a compromise peace with France at the Treaty of Utrecht. Opponents of the deal protested on the grounds of "No Peace Without Spain". Nonetheless Allied forces were withdrawn, with the final action taking place at the Siege of Barcelona in 1714.
| 2023-08-27 16:55:47 |
Mường Mươn - Wikipedia | Mường Mươn is a commune (xã) and village of the Mường Chà District of Điện Biên Province, northwestern Vietnam.
WikiMiniAtlas21°40′N 103°04′E / 21.667°N 103.067°E / 21.667; 103.067
This article about a location in Điện Biên province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:55:50 |
Specified complexity - Wikipedia | Specified complexity is a creationist argument introduced by William Dembski, used by advocates to promote the pseudoscience of intelligent design.[citation needed] According to Dembski, the concept can formalize a property that singles out patterns that are both specified and complex, where in Dembski's terminology, a specified pattern is one that admits short descriptions, whereas a complex pattern is one that is unlikely to occur by chance. Proponents of intelligent design use specified complexity as one of their two main arguments, alongside irreducible complexity.
Dembski argues that it is impossible for specified complexity to exist in patterns displayed by configurations formed by unguided processes. Therefore, Dembski argues, the fact that specified complex patterns can be found in living things indicates some kind of guidance in their formation, which is indicative of intelligence. Dembski further argues that one can show by applying no-free-lunch theorems the inability of evolutionary algorithms to select or generate configurations of high specified complexity. Dembski states that specified complexity is a reliable marker of design by an intelligent agent—a central tenet to intelligent design, which Dembski argues for in opposition to modern evolutionary theory. Specified complexity is what Dembski terms an "explanatory filter": one can recognize design by detecting complex specified information (CSI). Dembski argues that the unguided emergence of CSI solely according to known physical laws and chance is highly improbable.[1]
The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in information theory, in the theory of complex systems, or in biology.[2][3][4] A study by Wesley Elsberry and Jeffrey Shallit states: "Dembski's work is riddled with inconsistencies, equivocation, flawed use of mathematics, poor scholarship, and misrepresentation of others' results."[5] Another objection concerns Dembski's calculation of probabilities. According to Martin Nowak, a Harvard professor of mathematics and evolutionary biology, "We cannot calculate the probability that an eye came about. We don't have the information to make the calculation."[6]
The term "specified complexity" was originally coined by origin of life researcher Leslie Orgel in his 1973 book The Origins of Life: Molecules and Natural Selection,[7] which proposed that RNA could have evolved through Darwinian natural selection.[8] Orgel used the phrase in discussing the differences between life and non-living structures:
In brief, living organisms are distinguished by their specified complexity. Crystals are usually taken as the prototypes of simple well-specified structures, because they consist of a very large number of identical molecules packed together in a uniform way. Lumps of granite or random mixtures of polymers are examples of structures that are complex but not specified. The crystals fail to qualify as living because they lack complexity; the mixtures of polymers fail to qualify because they lack specificity.[9] The phrase was taken up by the creationists Charles Thaxton and Walter L Bradley in a chapter they contributed to the 1994 book The Creation Hypothesis where they discussed "design detection" and redefined "specified complexity" as a way of measuring information. Another contribution to the book was written by William A. Dembski, who took this up as the basis of his subsequent work.[7]
The term was later employed by physicist Paul Davies to qualify the complexity of living organisms:
Living organisms are mysterious not for their complexity per se, but for their tightly specified complexity[10] Whereas Orgel used the term for biological features which are considered in science to have arisen through a process of evolution, Dembski says that it describes features which cannot form through "undirected" evolution—and concludes that it allows one to infer intelligent design. While Orgel employed the concept in a qualitative way, Dembski's use is intended to be quantitative. Dembski's use of the concept dates to his 1998 monograph The Design Inference. Specified complexity is fundamental to his approach to intelligent design, and each of his subsequent books has also dealt significantly with the concept. He has stated that, in his opinion, "if there is a way to detect design, specified complexity is it".[11]
Dembski asserts that specified complexity is present in a configuration when it can be described by a pattern that displays a large amount of independently specified information and is also complex, which he defines as having a low probability of occurrence. He provides the following examples to demonstrate the concept: "A single letter of the alphabet is specified without being complex. A long sentence of random letters is complex without being specified. A Shakespearean sonnet is both complex and specified."[12]
In his earlier papers Dembski defined complex specified information (CSI) as being present in a specified event whose probability did not exceed 1 in 10150, which he calls the universal probability bound. In that context, "specified" meant what in later work he called "pre-specified", that is specified by the unnamed designer before any information about the outcome is known. The value of the universal probability bound corresponds to the inverse of the upper limit of "the total number of [possible] specified events throughout cosmic history", as calculated by Dembski.[13]
Anything below this bound has CSI. The terms "specified complexity" and "complex specified information" are used interchangeably. In more recent papers Dembski has redefined the universal probability bound, with reference to another number, corresponding to the total number of bit operations that could possibly have been performed in the entire history of the universe.
Dembski asserts that CSI exists in numerous features of living things, such as in DNA and in other functional biological molecules, and argues that it cannot be generated by the only known natural mechanisms of physical law and chance, or by their combination. He argues that this is so because laws can only shift around or lose information, but do not produce it, and because chance can produce complex unspecified information, or simple specified information, but not CSI; he provides a mathematical analysis that he claims demonstrates that law and chance working together cannot generate CSI, either. Moreover, he claims that CSI is holistic, with the whole being greater than the sum of the parts, and that this decisively eliminates Darwinian evolution as a possible means of its "creation". Dembski maintains that by process of elimination, CSI is best explained as being due to intelligence, and is therefore a reliable indicator of design.
Dembski formulates and proposes a law of conservation of information as follows:
This strong proscriptive claim, that natural causes can only transmit CSI but never originate it, I call the Law of Conservation of Information.
Immediate corollaries of the proposed law are the following:
Dembski notes that the term "Law of Conservation of Information" was previously used by Peter Medawar in his book The Limits of Science (1984) "to describe the weaker claim that deterministic laws cannot produce novel information."[15] The actual validity and utility of Dembski's proposed law are uncertain; it is neither widely used by the scientific community nor cited in mainstream scientific literature. A 2002 essay by Erik Tellgren provided a mathematical rebuttal of Dembski's law and concludes that it is "mathematically unsubstantiated."[16]
In a more recent paper,[17] Dembski provides an account which he claims is simpler and adheres more closely to the theory of statistical hypothesis testing as formulated by Ronald Fisher. In general terms, Dembski proposes to view design inference as a statistical test to reject a chance hypothesis P on a space of outcomes Ω.
Dembski's proposed test is based on the Kolmogorov complexity of a pattern T that is exhibited by an event E that has occurred. Mathematically, E is a subset of Ω, the pattern T specifies a set of outcomes in Ω and E is a subset of T. Quoting Dembski[18]
Thus, the event E might be a die toss that lands six and T might be the composite event consisting of all die tosses that land on an even face. Kolmogorov complexity provides a measure of the computational resources needed to specify a pattern (such as a DNA sequence or a sequence of alphabetic characters).[19] Given a pattern T, the number of other patterns may have Kolmogorov complexity no larger than that of T is denoted by φ(T). The number φ(T) thus provides a ranking of patterns from the simplest to the most complex. For example, for a pattern T which describes the bacterial flagellum, Dembski claims to obtain the upper bound φ(T) ≤ 1020.
Dembski defines specified complexity of the pattern T under the chance hypothesis P as
where P(T) is the probability of observing the pattern T, R is the number of "replicational resources" available "to witnessing agents". R corresponds roughly to repeated attempts to create and discern a pattern. Dembski then asserts that R can be bounded by 10120. This number is supposedly justified by a result of Seth Lloyd[20] in which he determines that the number of elementary logic operations that can have been performed in the universe over its entire history cannot exceed 10120 operations on 1090 bits.
Dembski's main claim is that the following test can be used to infer design for a configuration: There is a target pattern T that applies to the configuration and whose specified complexity exceeds 1. This condition can be restated as the inequality
Dembski's expression σ is unrelated to any known concept in information theory, though he claims he can justify its relevance as follows: An intelligent agent S witnesses an event E and assigns it to some reference class of events Ω and within this reference class considers it as satisfying a specification T. Now consider the quantity φ(T) × P(T) (where P is the "chance" hypothesis):
Think of S as trying to determine whether an archer, who has just shot an arrow at a large wall, happened to hit a tiny target on that wall by chance. The arrow, let us say, is indeed sticking squarely in this tiny target. The problem, however, is that there are lots of other tiny targets on the wall. Once all those other targets are factored in, is it still unlikely that the archer could have hit any of them by chance?
In addition, we need to factor in what I call the replicational resources associated with T, that is, all the opportunities to bring about an event of T's descriptive complexity and improbability by multiple agents witnessing multiple events.
According to Dembski, the number of such "replicational resources" can be bounded by "the maximal number of bit operations that the known, observable universe could have performed throughout its entire multi-billion year history", which according to Lloyd is 10120.
However, according to Elsberry and Shallit, "[specified complexity] has not been defined formally in any reputable peer-reviewed mathematical journal, nor (to the best of our knowledge) adopted by any researcher in information theory."[21]
Thus far, Dembski's only attempt at calculating the specified complexity of a naturally occurring biological structure is in his book No Free Lunch, for the bacterial flagellum of E. coli. This structure can be described by the pattern "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller". Dembski estimates that there are at most 1020 patterns described by four basic concepts or fewer, and so his test for design will apply if
However, Dembski says that the precise calculation of the relevant probability "has yet to be done", although he also claims that some methods for calculating these probabilities "are now in place".
These methods assume that all of the constituent parts of the flagellum must have been generated completely at random, a scenario that biologists do not seriously consider. He justifies this approach by appealing to Michael Behe's concept of "irreducible complexity" (IC), which leads him to assume that the flagellum could not come about by any gradual or step-wise process. The validity of Dembski's particular calculation is thus wholly dependent on Behe's IC concept, and therefore susceptible to its criticisms, of which there are many.
To arrive at the ranking upper bound of 1020 patterns, Dembski considers a specification pattern for the flagellum defined by the (natural language) predicate "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller", which he regards as being determined by four independently chosen basic concepts. He furthermore assumes that English has the capability to express at most 105 basic concepts (an upper bound on the size of a dictionary). Dembski then claims that we can obtain the rough upper bound of
for the set of patterns described by four basic concepts or fewer.
From the standpoint of Kolmogorov complexity theory, this calculation is problematic. Quoting Ellsberry and Shallit[22] "Natural language specification without restriction, as Dembski tacitly permits, seems problematic. For one thing, it results in the Berry paradox". These authors add: "We have no objection to natural language specifications per se, provided there is some evident way to translate them to Dembski's formal framework. But what, precisely, is the space of events Ω here?"
The soundness of Dembski's concept of specified complexity and the validity of arguments based on this concept are widely disputed. A frequent criticism (see Elsberry and Shallit) is that Dembski has used the terms "complexity", "information" and "improbability" interchangeably. These numbers measure properties of things of different types: Complexity measures how hard it is to describe an object (such as a bitstring), information is how much the uncertainty about the state of an object is reduced by knowing the state of another object or system,[23] and improbability measures how unlikely an event is given a probability distribution.
On page 150 of No Free Lunch Dembski claims he can demonstrate his thesis mathematically: "In this section I will present an in-principle mathematical argument for why natural causes are incapable of generating complex specified information." When Tellgren investigated Dembski's "Law of Conservation of Information” using a more formal approach, he concluded it is mathematically unsubstantiated.[24] Dembski responded in part that he is not "in the business of offering a strict mathematical proof for the inability of material mechanisms to generate specified complexity".[25] Jeffrey Shallit states that Demski's mathematical argument has multiple problems, for example; a crucial calculation on page 297 of No Free Lunch is off by a factor of approximately 1065.[26]
Dembski's calculations show how a simple smooth function cannot gain information. He therefore concludes that there must be a designer to obtain CSI. However, natural selection has a branching mapping from one to many (replication) followed by pruning mapping of the many back down to a few (selection). When information is replicated, some copies can be differently modified while others remain the same, allowing information to increase. These increasing and reductional mappings were not modeled by Dembski. In other words, Dembski's calculations do not model birth and death. This basic flaw in his modeling renders all of Dembski's subsequent calculations and reasoning in No Free Lunch irrelevant because his basic model does not reflect reality. Since the basis of No Free Lunch relies on this flawed argument, the entire thesis of the book collapses.[27]
According to Martin Nowak, a Harvard professor of mathematics and evolutionary biology "We cannot calculate the probability that an eye came about. We don't have the information to make the calculation".[6]
Dembski's critics note that specified complexity, as originally defined by Leslie Orgel, is precisely what Darwinian evolution is supposed to create. Critics maintain that Dembski uses "complex" as most people would use "absurdly improbable". They also claim that his argument is circular: CSI cannot occur naturally because Dembski has defined it thus. They argue that to successfully demonstrate the existence of CSI, it would be necessary to show that some biological feature undoubtedly has an extremely low probability of occurring by any natural means whatsoever, something which Dembski and others have almost never attempted to do. Such calculations depend on the accurate assessment of numerous contributing probabilities, the determination of which is often necessarily subjective. Hence, CSI can at most provide a "very high probability", but not absolute certainty.
Another criticism refers to the problem of "arbitrary but specific outcomes". For example, if a coin is tossed randomly 1000 times, the probability of any particular outcome occurring is roughly one in 10300. For any particular specific outcome of the coin-tossing process, the a priori probability (probability measured before event happens) that this pattern occurred is thus one in 10300, which is astronomically smaller than Dembski's universal probability bound of one in 10150. Yet we know that the post hoc probability (probabilitly as observed after event occurs) of its happening is exactly one, since we observed it happening. This is similar to the observation that it is unlikely that any given person will win a lottery, but, eventually, a lottery will have a winner; to argue that it is very unlikely that any one player would win is not the same as proving that there is the same chance that no one will win. Similarly, it has been argued that "a space of possibilities is merely being explored, and we, as pattern-seeking animals, are merely imposing patterns, and therefore targets, after the fact."[14]
Apart from such theoretical considerations, critics cite reports of evidence of the kind of evolutionary "spontanteous generation" that Dembski claims is too improbable to occur naturally. For example, in 1982, B.G. Hall published research demonstrating that after removing a gene that allows sugar digestion in certain bacteria, those bacteria, when grown in media rich in sugar, rapidly evolve new sugar-digesting enzymes to replace those removed.[28] Another widely cited example is the discovery of nylon eating bacteria that produce enzymes only useful for digesting synthetic materials that did not exist prior to the invention of nylon in 1935.
Other commentators have noted that evolution through selection is frequently used to design certain electronic, aeronautic and automotive systems which are considered problems too complex for human "intelligent designers".[29] This contradicts the argument that an intelligent designer is required for the most complex systems. Such evolutionary techniques can lead to designs that are difficult to understand or evaluate since no human understands which trade-offs were made in the evolutionary process, something which mimics our poor understanding of biological systems.
Dembski's book No Free Lunch was criticised for not addressing the work of researchers who use computer simulations to investigate artificial life. According to Shallit:
The field of artificial life evidently poses a significant challenge to Dembski's claims about the failure of evolutionary algorithms to generate complexity. Indeed, artificial life researchers regularly find their simulations of evolution producing the sorts of novelties and increased complexity that Dembski claims are impossible.[26]
| 2023-08-27 16:55:55 |
U.S. Route 411 - Wikipedia |
U.S. Route 411 U.S. Route 411 (US 411) is an alternate parallel-highway associated with US 11. It extends for about 309.7 miles (498.4 km) from US 78 in Leeds, Alabama, to US 25W/US 70 in Newport, Tennessee. US 411 travels through northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, and southeastern Tennessee. It is signed north-south, as with most highways that have odd numbers, but the route runs primarily in a northeast-southwest direction, and covers a more east-west mileage than it does north-south. Notable towns and cities along its route include Gadsden, Alabama; Rome, Georgia; Cartersville, Georgia; Maryville, Tennessee; Sevierville, Tennessee, and Newport, Tennessee.
US 411 and US 11 never intersect with one another, though they come very close in various places including Leeds, Alabama, Gadsden, Alabama, and Maryville, Tennessee. US 411 also spends much of its route close to the Interstate Highway System: Interstate 20 (I-20), I-40, I-75, and I-59, though it never has an interchange with I-59.
Most of the terrain through which US 411 passes is rural countryside, with no major metropolitan areas directly along its route. However, it does pass relatively near the major cities of Birmingham, Alabama, Chattanooga, Tennessee and Knoxville, Tennessee. In Sevier County, Tennessee, south of Knoxville, US 411 is used by many tourists as a route to the northern side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. US 411 passes approximately 20 miles (32 km) north of the national park, but intersects with US 441, which actually goes through this park. Although US 411 has a south–north designation, it contains long stretches that are west–east, and its overall direction is actually southwest–northeast.
US 411 is generally a two-lane highway through the countryside. However, it has long been a four-lane, divided highway connecting Rome and Cartersville, Georgia, and it is a multi-lane highway connecting Cartersville with I-75. Also, for part of its route in the Cartersville area, US 411 shares a four-lane, divided highway with US 41. Furthermore, the Tennessee Department of Transportation completed a project to widen the highway to four lanes between Maryville and Ocoee, Tennessee, and between Chestnut Hill and Newport, Tennessee.
US 411 begins at US 78 (Parkway Drive) in the city of Leeds in far eastern Jefferson County. SR 25, the U.S. Highway's companion route, continues south as a signed highway that briefly follows US 78 east before splitting south toward Harpersville; however, mileposts along US 411 in Alabama generally reflect SR 25. US 411 heads north along two-lane 9th Street, which has a pair of at-grade crossings of Norfolk Southern Railway rail lines. The street's name changes to Whitmire Street, which the U.S. Highway follows to Ashville Road. US 411 follows Ashville Road, a two-lane road with center turn lane, northeast into St. Clair County, where the highway expands to four lanes. The U.S. Highway meets I-20 at a partial cloverleaf interchange as it leaves the city of Leeds. US 411 continues as two-lane Moody Parkway northeast through the Cahaba Valley formed by the Little Cahaba River between Pine Ridge to the west and Oak Ridge to the east. The highway has a brief concurrency with SR 174 through Odenville, where the highways pass under a CSX rail line.
US 411 continues northeast through the Beaver Creek Valley between Pine Ridge and the Beaver Creek Mountains. The highway leaves the valley after it joins US 231 (Heart of Dixie Highway) to pass through Pine Ridge to the city of Ashville. The U.S. Highways enter town along 5th Street and proceed to the county courthouse, where they meet the eastern end of SR 23 (6th Avenue). Both highways turn east onto 6th Avenue, then US-231 turns north onto Court Street East. US 411 leaves Ashville along Rainbow Drive, which heads northeast between Big Canoe Creek and Canoe Creek Mountain to the south. The U.S. Highway crosses the mountain and enters Etowah County where it crosses the Big Canoe Creek branch of Neely Henry Lake. US 411 follows the western flank of Dunaway mountain to Rainbow City, where the route intersects SR 77 (Grand Avenue).
US 411 expands to a four-lane divided highway as it enters the city of Gadsden. The highway crosses the Big Wills Creek branch of Neely Henry Lake and meets the eastern end of I-759 at a partial cloverleaf interchange; that freeway continues east as SR 759. US 411 veers onto Albert Rains Boulevard, which follows the right bank of the Coosa River through downtown Gadsden. The highway passes by the Spirit of American Citizenship Monument and under Broad Street, a CSX rail line, and US 278 and US 431 (Meighan Boulevard), which access US 411 via a partial cloverleaf interchange. US 411 leaves (or will soon exit) Gadsden along a newly constructed four-lane divided highway that passes between Shinbone Ridge to the west and several loops of the Coosa River. The U.S. Highway drops to two lanes before it enters Cherokee County, then expands again to a four-lane divided highway, Weiss Lake Boulevard.
US 411 curves east along the northern edge of Weiss Lake and intersects SR 68 (Industrial Boulevard) in the town of Leesburg, east of which US 411 and SR 68 cross the lake, an impoundment of the Coosa River. Shortly after entering the city of Centre, the U.S. Highway and state highway turn onto the Clarence E. Chestnut Jr. Bypass, a four-lane road with center turn lane; US 411 Business and SR 25 continue along Main Street into the center of town. SR 68 diverges from the U.S. Highway at Cedar Bluff Road, which carries SR 283 southwest toward downtown. SR 283 becomes US 411's companion route on the bypass, which next intersects SR 9 (Armory Road), which intersects SR 68 immediately to the north. US 411 drops to two lanes east of SR 9 and curves south to collect the east end of US 411 Business (Main Street) and SR 25 on the eastern edge of Centre. US 411 continues east and crosses Cowan Creek before reaching the Alabama–Georgia state line and the northern terminus of SR 25 east of the hamlet of Forney.
US 411 enters Georgia at the western terminus of its companion SR 53 in the southwestern corner of Floyd County. The two-lane highway, which is named Gadsden Road, has a brief concurrency with SR 100, which heads north as Fosters Mill Road and south as Mill Street, on the west side of the town of Cave Spring. US 411 enters town along Alabama Street and leaves to the northeast along Rome Street. The U.S. Highway continues as Cave Spring Road, which crosses Cedar Creek and passes through Vans Valley. US 411 passes under the West Rome Bypass and intersects US 27 and SR 1 (Cedartown Highway), which US 411 joins heading north. The four-lane road with center turn lane passes along the west side of Lindale and between Walker Mountain and Booze Mountain on the west and east, respectively.
US 411 and US 27 expand to a divided highway as they enter the city of Rome and then a four-lane freeway as they cross over a Norfolk Southern rail line. The freeway has a diamond interchange with Darlington Drive and Old Lindale Road and a half-diamond interchange with Maple Road. Immediately to the east of the second interchange, US 411 passes through a directional T interchange; US 27, SR 1, SR 20, and SR 53 head north toward downtown Rome and US 411 and SR 20 head east. Immediately to the east of the split, the U.S. Highway has a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 101 (Dean Avenue); there is no ramp from SR 101 to westbound US 411. The freeway ends east of SR 101. US 411 has an intersection with the southern end of SR 1 Loop (East Rome Bypass) before leaving the city limits.
US 411 heads east along Cartersville Highway into Bartow County. The four-lane divided highway parallels and then crosses the Etowah River. US 411 crosses over an east–west CSX rail line immediately before its trumpet interchange with US 41 and SR 3 (Joe Frank Harris Parkway). The two U.S. Highways head southeast into the city of Cartersville then diverge immediately to the east of a north–south CSX rail line at the boulevard's partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 61 (Tennessee Street). Immediately to the north of the interchange, SR 20 (Canton Highway) splits east and SR 61 becomes US 411's companion highway toward Tennessee. The U.S. Highway heads north as a four-lane undivided highway that becomes divided temporarily through the highway's partial cloverleaf interchange with I-75 (Larry McDonald Memorial Highway).
US 411 drops to two lanes south of the town of White, where the highway begins to closely parallel the north–south CSX rail line. The U.S. Highway intersects SR 140 (Henry Mack Hill Road) in the hamlet of Rydal before entering Gordon County. US 411 passes through the town of Fairmount as Salacoa Street; the U.S. Highway runs concurrently with SR 53 between Calhoun Street and Fairmount Highway. North of the town of Ranger, through which the route is named Tennessee Highway, the highway meets the eastern end of SR 156 (Red Bud Road). US 411 passes through the town of Oakman, then diverges from a road called Old Highway 411, crosses to the west side of the railroad, intersects SR 136 (Nicklesville Road), and enters Murray County. The U.S. Highway passes to the west of Reregulation Reservoir and Carters Lake, both impoundments of the Coosawattee River, which the highway crosses to the west of the lakes.
US 411 intersects US 76 and SR 282 at Ramhurst, which follow part of Old Highway 411 before heading east through the Cohutta Mountains, and begins to follow the path of the Old Federal Road through Cherokee country, widening to four undivided lanes along the west flank of Fort Mountain. US 411 and US 76 continue as 3rd Avenue through the city of Chatsworth. In the center of town, the highways intersect Fort Street, which carries SR 2 and SR 52 east toward Fort Mountain and State Route 52 Alternate to the west. At the north end of town, US 76 and SR 52 leave US 411 along G.I. Maddox Boulevard. The U.S. Highway passes along the west flank of Camp Ground Mountain and is named Hill Street through the town of Eton, where the route meets the eastern end of SR 286 (Coffey Road) and drops to two lanes. US 411 passes through the town of Crandall, crosses to the east side of the railroad, and follows the Fairy Valley to the hamlet of Cisco, where SR 2 splits to the west. US 411 crosses over to the west side of the rail line in the hamlet of Tennga immediately before reaching the Georgia–Tennessee state line, where SR 61 has its northern terminus.
US 411 enters Tennessee at the southern terminus of its companion SR 33 in the southwestern corner of Polk County. The highway crosses the Conasauga River in the hamlet of Conasauga and meets the eastern end of SR 313 (Ladd Springs Road) in Oldfort. US 411 parallels the CSX rail line through the hamlet of Ocoee, where the highway expands to four lanes plus a center turn lane and has a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 64 and US 74 (SR 40). North of Ocoee, US 411 crosses over the railroad and the Ocoee River and passes through the town of Benton, where the route meets the northern end of SR 314 (Parksville Road). The U.S. Highway expands to a divided highway north of the town. US 411 intersects and begins to run concurrently with SR 30, crosses the Hiwassee River, passes by Hiwassee/Ocoee Scenic River State Park, and meets the eastern end of SR 163 in the village of Delano.
US 411 becomes undivided and crosses over the CSX rail line shortly after entering McMinn County. In the town of Etowah, the highway follows Tennessee Avenue, meets the western end of SR 310 (Mecca Pike), and SR 30 splits west along David M. Lilliard Memorial Highway. The highway becomes divided once again north of town and continues through farmland and countryside before becoming undivided once again before entering the town of Englewood and goes through town passing just east of the downtown area and intersecting and having a short concurrency with SR 39 (Athens Pike; Tellico Street). US 411 then becomes a divided highway again as it leaves Englewood and enters countryside once again before crossing into Monroe County.
US 411 continues through countryside before entering the city of Madisonville and becomes undivided for a short distance before having an intersection with its former alignment, which travels through downtown (Old US Highway 411), before becoming divided and having a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 68 (New Highway 68), which provides access to Sweetwater, The Lost Sea, Tellico Plains, Cherohala Skyway and the Cherokee National Forest, before going along a bypass of downtown as a divided highway passing through a major business district. US 411 then has a grade-separated interchange with its former alignment (Warren Street) before becoming undivided before leaving Madisonville and continuing north as a 4-lane divided highway through farmland and countryside. US 411 then comes to an intersection and becomes concurrent with SR 72 (Loudon Highway) just before entering the town of Vonore (the northern terminus of the Old Federal Road) and becoming undivided once again as this time it passes straight through downtown. It intersects SR 360, which provides access to Fort Loudoun and Fort Loudoun State Park and then divides before it crosses the bridge over the Little Tennessee River/Tellico Lake into Loudon County, where SR 72 turns toward the mountains. Along the southeast edge of Greenback the road becomes undivided again and is known as Greenback Road, passing SR 95 which provides access to downtown Greenback. US 411 then continues through countryside and farmland to cross into Blount County.
US 411 continues through farmland as an undivided 4-lane highway and has an intersection with SR 336 northeast of the community of Lanier. It then continues through farmland before entering the city of Maryville and becoming concurrent with US 129 (SR 115) (Calderwood Highway; provides access to Calderwood, Tallassee, and Deals Gap) and pass by a few businesses before really entering the business district at the intersection with SR 335 (William Blount Drive). They continue through a major business district before coming to grade-separated interchange where US 411 and US 129 split with US 129 bypassing downtown to enter Alcoa and provide access to McGhee Tyson Airport and Knoxville and US 411 continues north into downtown next to Foothills Mall. US 411 continues into downtown, as Broadway Avenue, and comes to an intersection with US 321 (SR 73) (Lamar Alexander Parkway; provides access to Walland, Townsend, Wears Valley, and Great Smoky Mountains National Park). It then has another intersection with SR 336 before traveling through the center and most historic part of the city before coming to an intersection with SR 35 (Hall Road/Washington Street), with SR 33 continuing north to Knoxville and US 411 turning right to become concurrent with SR 35 (its new companion route). It follows Washington Street for a short distance before turning left onto Sevierville Road, at an intersection with SR 447 (Washington Street), and leaves downtown. It then passes by Blount Memorial Hospital before going through some neighborhoods before leaving Maryville and continues as a narrow 2-lane highway through countryside and farmland and crosses the Little River in the community of Wildwood. It then continues through countryside and farmland, passing by 411 Speedway, before entering the city of Seymour and Sevier County.
US 411 goes through some Seymour neighborhoods for about a mile and a half before coming to an intersection with US 441 (SR 71; Chapman Highway; provides access to Knoxville) and SR 338 (Boyds Creek Highway; provides access to Kodak and Douglas Dam), with US 411/SR 35 turning right to become concurrent with US 441/SR 71 and continue as an undivided 4-lane highway through Seymour before leaving Seymour and traversing the Slate Knobs, the eastern foothills of Chilhowee Mountain, and becoming narrow and curvy while maintaining 4 lanes throughout. After several miles it widens to a 4-lane divided highway and stays that until it enters the city of Sevierville where it becomes undivided once again. From Seymour to Sevierville, US 411 is northbound and US 441 is southbound as the road runs east. (Highway route signs once gave the conflicting directions.) The route crosses the Pigeon River and enters downtown at the intersection with SR 66 (Winfield Dunn Parkway; provides access to I-40), where US 441/SR 71 splits southward, as Forks of the River Parkway, to go to Pigeon Forge, Gatlinburg, and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. US 411/SR 35 continue through downtown as Main Street and has an intersection with SR 448 (North Parkway/Parkway) before leaving downtown at the crossing of Middle Creek, where it transitions to Dolly Parton Parkway. It continues through a major business district and has an intersection with SR 449 (Veterans Boulevard; provides access to Dollywood and Pigeon Forge). It then passes by some more businesses before leaving Sevierville and entering the community of Cherokee Hills, near the intersection with SR 416 (Pittman Center Road; provides access to Pittman Center and Gatlinburg). It then has an intersection with SR 339 (Long Springs Road; provides access to Cosby) before leaving Cherokee Hills and narrowing to an improved 2-lane Highway. It then passes through the community of New Center before having a sharp switchback and becoming narrow before crossing into Jefferson County.
After crossing the county line, US 411 immediately enters the community of Chestnut Hill and has an intersection with SR 92 next to the Bush Bean Museum, which also right across the road from the Bush Brothers and Company Cannery plant and corporate headquarters. US 411 then enters some mountains and becomes curvy for a short distance before widening to a new 4-lane divided highway just before crossing into Cocke County.
It continues along the new 4-lane highway into the city of Newport and ends at its national northern terminus at an intersection with US 25W/US 70 (SR 9) just a short distance away from that route's interchange with I-40 (Exit 432 A-B; though exit 432 A is only signed as US 411 on the interstate in both directions), with SR 35 turning right to become concurrent with, though unsigned, that route towards downtown.
The following portions of US 411 are part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense:
| 2023-08-27 16:56:01 |
1st Australian Tunnelling Company - Wikipedia |
The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Australian Engineers during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (narrow trenches dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches, and underground chambers for signals and medical services.[1]
By January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units.[2] Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.[2]
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others. The number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities.[3] To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.[2] The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief.[2] A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit.[4] The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.[3] Most British tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916.[1]
On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France.[5] The Royal Australian Engineers formed four mining units – initially grouped into the Australian Mining Corps – for the British Expeditionary Force, all of which were operational by March 1916. Three were specialist companies of tunnellers (1st, 2nd, 3rd), while the Australian Electrical Mechanical Boring and Mining Company was tasked with carrying out related repairs. A Canadian tunnelling unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies being available by the summer of 1916.[1]
In early 1915, while the Royal Australian Engineers were deployed in Egypt, the battalion-sized "Australian Mining Corps" was assembled from men with a background in civilian mining. The intention was to employ this unit, which was at that time about 1,000 strong, with the ANZAC at Gallipoli, but instead it was moved to France in May 1916, where it also appeared as the "Australian Mining Battalion". Soon after arriving in western Europe in May 1916, the battalion was split into three tunnelling and one repairs company, and the corps headquarters dissolved.[1][6]
Shortly after its formation, the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company relieved the British 175th Tunnelling Company in May 1916 in the Railway Wood-Hooge-Armagh Wood area of the Ypres Salient.[1][6]
On 7 November 1916,[7] the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company took over the mines at Hill 60 from the 1st and 3rd Canadian tunnelling companies. The mines placed under the German lines by the 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company had already been charged with explosives by the time the Australians arrived in the area.[7] The first mine (Hill 60) contained 53,000 pounds (24,000 kg) of ammonal explosive and the second (The Caterpillar) contained 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg). The galleries formed part of the series of mines that was dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built deep dugouts (underground shelters) in the Second Army area.[8]
As part of the preparations for the Battle of Messines, the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company was tasked with ensuring that the tunnels and explosives beneath Hill 60 and The Caterpillar remained intact and undiscovered by the Germans over the next seven months.[1][6][7] Drainage and ventilation shafts had to be dug in the unfamiliar blue clay, and there was a constant danger of collapse, particularly in the part of the gallery leading to The Caterpillar, which passed under the railway line. At the same time, listening posts had to be maintained to detect enemy action. These posts were only a few metres underground and therefore susceptible to collapse during bombardments. The German mining units were constantly trying to find British tunnels and numerous counter tunnels had to be dug towards the German excavations so that they could be mined with small charges and destroyed. In April 1917, German infantry conducted a raid into the British lines in an attempt to find the entrances to the British mine galleries but failed to do so. On 25 April 1917, a detonator exploded in the Australian underground HQ, killing ten men. The Official Australian History states that at Hill 60, "underground warfare reached a tension which was not surpassed anywhere else on the British front".[7] It is estimated that altogether approximately thirty Australian tunnellers were killed at Hill 60.[7] The mines at Messines were eventually detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.[1]
The 1st Australian Tunnelling Company also undertook work on the Catacombs inside Hill 63 at Ploegsteert.[6]
There is a memorial to the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company at the Hill 60 Memorial Park at Zillebeke. The current memorial was inaugurated in 1923 and replaces an earlier structure, which had been erected by the tunnellers themselves in 1919. The brass plaque on the front of the memorial bears an inscription and several bullet holes from the Second World War.
The memorial is located next to the entrance gate of the Hill 60 Battlefield Memorial Park. The inscription reads:[9]
IN MEMORIAM OF OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE 1ST AUSTRALIAN TUNNELLING COY WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE MINING AND DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS OF HILL 60 1915-1918 / THIS MONUMENT REPLACES THAT ORIGINALLY ERECTED IN APRIL 1919 BY THEIR COMRADES IN ARMS / 1923 | 2023-08-27 16:56:04 |
Jomard Channel - Wikipedia | The Jomard Channel, also known as the Jomard Entrance or Jomard Passage, is a navigable strait in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea between the Louisiade Archipelago and New Guinea. The channel lies between the Jomard Islands and Duperré Islets/Bramble Haven and connects the Solomon Sea with the Coral Sea.
In 1942 a part of the navy of the Japanese Empire used the Jomard Channel to enter the Coral Sea in order to invade the Papuan capital Port Moresby. The Battle of the Coral Sea preempted the invasion.
WikiMiniAtlas11°16′43″S 152°06′02″E / 11.2787°S 152.1005°E / -11.2787; 152.1005
This Papua New Guinea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:56:07 |
Cam Fowler - Wikipedia |
Cameron Matthew Fowler (born December 5, 1991) is a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey defenceman and an alternate captain for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected 12th overall by the Ducks in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft and made his NHL debut that year.
A dual citizen, Fowler represents the United States internationally and won a gold medal as a member of the junior team at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He was a member of the 2010 Windsor Spitfires team that won the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) championship, as well as the Memorial Cup.
Fowler was born in Windsor, Ontario, the son of Perry and Bridget Fowler. Perry was a native of Newfoundland and Labrador and Bridget is a native of Michigan, making Cam a dual citizen.[1] An employee of the Ford Motor Company, Perry moved his family to Farmington Hills, Michigan, before Cam's second birthday. His younger sisters, Peyton and Emily, were both born in the U.S.[2] Fowler attended Farmington High School, where he played baseball in addition to ice hockey. He also played travel baseball for the South Farmington Blues and had great potential to be a Division One College pitcher.[1]
As a youth, Fowler played in the 2004 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Detroit Honeybaked minor ice hockey team.[3] Describing himself as being one of the weaker players on the team as a youth, Fowler's potential as a hockey player did not emerge until his teenage years.[4]
Fowler was recruited by numerous National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I schools from age 14. He signed a National Letter of Intent with the University of Notre Dame in November 2008 during the early signing period.[5] The USA Hockey National Team Development Program (USNTDP) also recruited him to their organization.[1]
The Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Kitchener Rangers drafted Fowler with their first pick in the 2007 OHL Priority Selection; however, given that he had already committed to Notre Dame and playing in the OHL would have cost him his eligibility to play in the NCAA, Fowler refused to sign with the Rangers and instead made a two-year commitment to play for the USNTDP.[6] With the development team, he was a member of the gold medal-winning American team at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships, where was named the best defenseman of the tournament and an all-star.[7]
The Rangers surrendered his OHL rights at about the same time Fowler was reconsidering his commitment to play in the NCAA.[1] The Windsor Spitfires then selected him with their first pick in the 2008 Priority Selection, after which he broke his agreement with Notre Dame and agreed to play for Windsor in the 2009–10 season. Fowler made the decision with the belief that playing in the OHL would better prepare him for an NHL career.[4] The decision upset University officials, who alleged he was paid "under the table" by the OHL. Notre Dame Fighting Irish ice hockey team head coach Jeff Jackson alleged that the Rangers had offered Fowler a package worth $500,000 to break his commitment with Notre Dame and believed that Windsor had also made a financial offer to lure him away from the school.[6] Fowler denied the accusations, stating he was "completely honest" with both Notre Dame and the Kitchener Rangers.[1]
Fowler joined the Spitfires in 2009 and emerged as one of the top offensive-defensemen in the league, scoring 55 points in 55 games.[8] He added 14 points in the playoffs to help lead Windsor to its second consecutive J. Ross Robertson Cup championship.[9] The Spitfires then won the 2010 Memorial Cup as Canadian Hockey League (CHL) champions.[10] Fowler left the Spitfires briefly during the season to play with the U.S. at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, winning a gold medal after defeating Canada 6–5 in overtime in the championship game.[11]
The NHL Central Scouting Bureau ranked Fowler as the fifth-best North American prospect for the 2010 NHL Entry Draft in their final update.[12] He had dropped two places, having been ranked at number three, behind Taylor Hall and Tyler Seguin, for most of the season.[13] He was described by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as an offensive quarterback on the powerplay who relies on his skating and puck control.[8] He has been compared to NHL defensemen Chris Pronger and Dion Phaneuf, but does not play the same physical style as the two.[1] Despite these accolades, Fowler's draft night lasted longer than expected, as he dropped to 12th overall, selected by the Anaheim Ducks.[14]
Fowler began the 2010–11 season on the Ducks' opening night lineup. He scored his first career NHL goal on October 17 against Phoenix Coyotes' goaltender Jason LaBarbera in a 3–2 win.[15] Fowler was selected to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game as part of the rookie class.[16] Fowler ended the season with ten goals and 40 points in 76 games.
Entering the final year of his entry-level contract, the Ducks signed Fowler to a five-year, $20 million contract extension on September 12, 2012.[17] For the duration of the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Fowler played for Södertälje SK in Sweden.[18] He re-joined the Ducks once the season began. In the shortened-season, he had one goal and 10 assists in 37 games. Fowler made his Stanley Cup playoff debut that spring. He and the Ducks lost in seven games to the Detroit Red Wings during the Western Conference Quarterfinals. Fowler had three assists.[19]
On July 1, 2017, the Ducks signed Fowler to an eight-year, $52 million contract extension.[20]
On November 4, 2018, Fowler scored his first career hat-trick in a 3–2 overtime win against the Columbus Blue Jackets.[21] On November 12, in a game against the Nashville Predators, Fowler was hit in the face by the puck causing a fracture in his face. He was subsequently placed on injured reserve two days later as he required a surgery to repair the facial fracture.[22]
Fowler represented the United States at the 2008 World U-17 Hockey Challenge. The team was defeated by Canada Ontario in the finals. He was then a member of the gold medal-winning American team at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships, where was named the best defenseman of the tournament and an all-star.[7]
Fowler played for the U.S. at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, winning a gold medal after defeating Canada 6–5 in overtime of the championship game.[11]
He was selected by USA Hockey to represent the United States at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[23] He recorded one goal in six games.
In 2018, Fowler and his wife Jasmine launched C4Kids to provide youth with opportunities to learn and play ice hockey.[24] Fowler appears in a guest appearance on The Mighty Ducks: Game Changers when the team visits the Honda Center.
| 2023-08-27 16:56:12 |
Indigenous and community conserved area - Wikipedia | Indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs), or indigenous peoples’ and community conserved territories and areas, are spaces de facto governed by indigenous peoples or local communities with evidently positive outcomes for the conservation of biological and cultural diversity. In ICCAs, the continuation, revival, or modification of traditional practices (some of which are of ancient origin) and/or new initiatives succeed in protecting and restoring natural resources and cultural values in the face of new threats or opportunities. Some ICCAs are situated in remote ecosystems that have had minimum human influence, while others encompass areas of various regulations and magnitudes within regions strongly affected or modified by human occupation. ICCAs may or may not fit the IUCN definition of “protected area” but, when they do, they can fall into any IUCN protected area categories.
The following three characteristics are used to identify an ICCA:[1]
The IUCN World Parks Congress of 2003 defined ICCAs as:
natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant biodiversity values and ecological services, voluntarily conserved by (sedentary and mobile) indigenous and local communities, through customary laws or other effective means.[2] This definition is recognised by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and is elaborated on in the UNEP-WCMC ICCA Registry Handbook as a type of Protected Area (including Marine Protected Areas) in which native peoples initiate the creation and/or are owners and managers.
A crucial feature of ICCAs is their diversity. The conservation practices of indigenous peoples and local communities depend on an astonishing variety of meanings and values underpinned by the relationship between humans and the natural environment, and find their expression in different ICCAs all over the world. While all ICCAs by definition embody precious bio-cultural diversity in a voluntary and self-organised way, the related beliefs, practices, and institutions are all context-specific. Moreover, as lively socio-cultural phenomena, ICCAs change in correspondence with history and society. Some disappear, others survive in old or new forms, and some will emerge anew. Most systems by which contemporary indigenous peoples and local communities govern and manage their natural resources are a blending of old and new knowledge, practices, tools and values of different origin.
In the struggle to cope with the scale and pace of socio-cultural change, some ICCA institutions have been replaced by state governance or are under threat of being so. Similarly in some cases, change has been powerful enough to affect the community's capacity to manage the local resources in a sustainable way and genuine local ICCAs are just a memory or very much struggling to remain effective. Yet in others, even powerful change has been unable to destroy them: more complex ICCAs, capable of taking advantage of new conditions and establishing new alliances have emerged from the pre-existing ones.
Over the last two centuries, the formal policies and practices that dominate conservation and development have largely ignored ICCAs or actively threatened them. Even today, while neglect and harm give way to emerging recognition and support, the interface between state-based institutions and the customary institutions of indigenous peoples and local communities remains riddled with conflicts. Some relationships are respectful, but many are affected by misunderstandings and mistrust, which may threaten the success of well-intentioned initiatives. In fact, despite the current serious interest on individual ICCAs and community conservation in general, two opposing stereotypes continue to plague conservation: the romantic view of indigenous peoples and traditional communities being in total harmony with nature; and the view of people as “parasites”, necessarily degrading the ecosystems in which they live.[3]
Despite increasing recognition of ICCAs in international conservation policies, there is still great neglect in terms of their effective and appropriate recognition in national policies and practices. When they have no legal recognition within a country, they may also not be recognised or respected by private entities and neighbouring communities. In such cases, ICCAs are vulnerable through land and water being appropriated or “reallocated” for an alternative use. To non-members of the relevant communities, many ICCAs appear as natural, “unmanaged” and “unutilised” ecosystems — all the more coveted for resource extraction. ICCAs may also suffer as a result of changing value systems, increased pressure on natural resources and other internal tensions In general, ICCAs are exposed to both external and internal threats. A few examples are reported below:.[4]
External
Internal
In practice, threats cannot necessarily be segregated into “external” and “internal” categories, as community members may be active participants in external processes, and exogenous forces may drive internal processes. For instance, a main driver of change that powerfully combines external and internal threats are new opportunities to access and use natural resources for profit-making activities. These may bring in welcome funds for a variety of development needs but can also be a door for corruption and mis-governance, ushering divisions, conflicts and social disruption. As the disparity of power in modern societies increases exponentially, many indigenous peoples and local communities, at the bottom of the ladder, have fewer and fewer chances to resist. In some countries they are even denied legal existence as “peoples” and “communities”, and denied the chance of owning or possessing land rights and natural resources collectively, one of the last barriers to individual weakness and greed. In theory, the recognition of the many values of ICCAs will help in the broader struggles for human rights and indigenous peoples’ rights, and contribute to foster more equitable and sustainable societies.
It is said that ICCAs cover as much land as government protected areas (as well as existing for much longer), yet tens of thousands of sites are not yet recognised by governments and still face neglect within official conservation systems and government policies and legislation. A lack of political and legal support often hampers community efforts at maintaining ICCAs through traditional means.[5]
While the “legitimacy” of ICCAs is rooted in the values and meanings they possess for the most directly concerned peoples and communities, their “legality” and their broad recognition and support by society at large are rooted in a process that takes strength from international conventions and agreements. This process originated relatively recently. At the Vth World Parks Congress (Durban, 2003) conservation professionals systematized for the first time the concept of “governance of protected areas” and clarified that indigenous peoples and local communities – a crucial actor in conservation – should be fully recognized in their governance role. At the same Congress a breakthrough was made by indigenous peoples – and mobile indigenous peoples in particular – effectively arguing that the respect of their rights would actually advance, rather than diminish, conservation outcomes. Shortly after the Durban Congress, the Convention on Biological Diversity, at its COP 7 meeting in Kuala Lumpur (2004), approved the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA). PoWPA supports a “new approach” to protected areas, calling for attention to governance types and quality, equity in conservation, and indigenous peoples’ rights.
Numerous IUCN Resolutions attest to the will of IUCN members to recognize and support ICCAs[6] were approved at the Barcelona World Conservation Congress of 2008, and IUCN publications were developed to back this up technically.[7] WCC4 in Barcelona also approved new IUCN technical guidelines for protected areas, explicitly stating that different governance types – including ICCAs – can fully contribute to developing national protected area systems.
CBD COP 8 and CBD COP 9 reviewed the implementation of PoWPA and stressed the need to engage more forcefully in the element dedicated to 'Governance, Participation, Equity and Benefit Sharing'.[8] This was also reflected in the statement of recommendations that the May 2010 meeting of CBD SBSTTA in Nairobi submitted to COP 10 (Nagoya, October 2010). Noticeably, CBD SBSTTA delegates made specific recommendations about ICCA recognition, clarifying, for instance, that "mechanisms for recognition should respect the customary governance systems that have maintained ICCAs over time".[9]
At CBD COP 10 in Nagoya (2010), decision X/31 stressed again the role of indigenous (peoples) and community conserved (territories and) areas and invited Parties to recognise their organisations and contributions.[10] COP 10 also agreed on a number of biodiversity targets for 2020.[11] CBD Aichi Target 11 foresees that: “By 2020 at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes.” ICCAs clearly have a role to fulfil Aichi Target 11 as both protected areas and as “other effective area-based conservation measures”.
| 2023-08-27 16:56:15 |
Georgia State Route 293 - Wikipedia | State Route 293 State Route 293 (SR 293) is a 29.7-mile-long (47.8 km) southeast-to-northwest state highway that travels from Emerson, in Bartow County, to Rome, in Floyd County, in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. SR 293 travels along the western alignment of the historic Dixie Highway, from its southern terminus to its intersection with SR 293 Connector. The original southern terminus was with US 41 in Kennesaw, passing through Kennesaw and Acworth. This length of the roadway was originally part of US 41.
SR 293 begins at an intersection with US 41/SR 3 in Emerson, the highway runs northwest, passing through downtown Emerson before crossing the Etowah River and entering into Cartersville. It travels concurrent with SR 61/SR 113 through downtown Cartersville on Main Street. SR 293 leaves the concurrency through Bartow Street and Cherokee Avenue, before departing the city to the northwest via Cassville Highway. After crossing beneath US 411/SR 20, SR 293 intersects with the southern terminus of its only bannered route, SR 293 Connector. From here, the route turns to a more westerly direction, passing through Kingston. The route passes into Floyd County and later intersects with SR 1 Loop east of Rome. After its intersection with SR 1 Loop, SR 293 becomes a four-lane divided arterial road into downtown Rome. Shortly after its intersection with SR 53, SR 293 meets its northern terminus at US 27/SR 1.[1]
SR 293 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.[2]
SR 293 travels through some historically significant areas of Georgia. From its southern terminus north to Kingston, it parallels the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was used as a corridor for the Atlanta Campaign during the Civil War and made famous by the Andrews Raid, also known as the "Great Locomotive Chase". The route also passes several miles to the east of the Etowah Indian Mounds.
SR 293 is itself historic; from its southern terminus to its intersection with SR 293 Connector, it travels along the western alignment of the former Dixie Highway.
The original southern terminus was with US 41 in Kennesaw, passing through Kennesaw and Acworth as Main Street in both towns. This stretch of road was originally part of US 41.
SR 293 was originally the state designation for the new section of US 41 from Cartersville to Kennesaw in the 1950s, with SR 3 remaining on the old US 41. SR 293 and SR 3 switched places in the late 1950s. In the early 1970s, SR 293 was expanded west from Cartersville to Rome, replacing SR 20 (which moved to the new four-lane US 411, which was built in the 1960s).
State Route 293 Connector State Route 293 Connector (SR 293 Conn.) is a 0.4-mile-long (0.64 km) north–south connector route. As the type of route implies, it connects the SR 293 mainline with US 41/SR 3 south-southwest of Cassville. The road is known as Cassville Road NW for its entire length. A sign at its southern terminus indicates that this highway is part of the historical Dixie Highway.[3]
The connector begins at an intersection with the SR 293 mainline. Here, the roadway continues as Burch Lane Northwest. The highway travels to the northeast and immediately curves to a due-north routing. It curves to the north-northeast, and then the north-northwest. After a curve to the east-northeast, it meets its northern terminus, an intersection with US 41/SR 3. At this point, the "Cassville Road NW" name continues to the north-northeast to enter Cassville
SR 293 Connector is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.[2][4][5]
The entire route is in Bartow County.
| 2023-08-27 16:56:19 |
Alice Bag - Wikipedia |
Alicia "Alice" Armendariz is an American punk rock singer better known as Alice Bag. She is the lead vocalist and co-founder of the Bags, one of the first punk bands to form in Los Angeles in the mid-1970s. Her first book, Violence Girl: From East LA Rage to Hollywood Stage, tells the story of her childhood in East Los Angeles, her eventual move to Hollywood, and the euphoria and fallout from the first punk wave.
Bag has remained active in music since the late 1970s and released her second book in 2015.[1] She released Alice Bag, her debut solo album on Don Giovanni Records in June 2016.[2][3] A second solo album, Blueprint, was released in 2018,[4] followed by 2020's Sister Dynamite.
Bag was born and raised in East Los Angeles, California.[5][6] Her father, Manuel Armendariz, was a self-employed carpenter who worked for a time in the Bracero program, and her mother, Candelaria "Candy" Armendariz, was a homemaker. Both of her parents were from Mexico. Candy had five children from her first marriage, which ended after the death of her first husband.[7] She had an older half-sister, Yolanda.[1]
As a child, Bag was influenced by the music played by her family, including her father's ranchera music and her sister's soul music collections.[8] As a member of the punk rock band the Bags, Alice was at the forefront of the L.A. punk rock scene in the late 1970s. Though punk rock is seen as a predominantly white male genre in the mainstream light, Bag describes the early movement as an extremely welcoming community open to everyone, especially to women.[9]
Bag was a victim of bullying throughout her adolescence. During her middle school and high school years, she was picked on for her weight, her teeth, and her physical appearance. As a result, she was often alone, which influenced her taste in favor of music such as Queen, David Bowie and Elton John. After transferring high schools, she was often called "Ziggy" after David Bowie's persona.[10][11]
After receiving her bachelor's degree in philosophy from California State University, Los Angeles, Bag began working as an English teacher in inner-city L.A. schools.[12]
Bag is best known for being a member of the Bags, one of the first bands on the L.A. punk scene. The Bags were notable for having two female lead musicians (the group was co-founded by Bag and school friend Patricia Morrison) and for pioneering an aggressive sound and style which has been cited as an early influence on what would become the hardcore punk sound. The band's aggressive sound was later noted to have a Mexican/Chicano influence, which Bag unintentionally incorporated from her childhood.[13] Members of the Bags appeared as the Alice Bag Band in director Penelope Spheeris's landmark 1981 documentary on the Southern California punk scene, The Decline of Western Civilization. As a lead singer of the Bags, she pioneered the first wave of California punk alongside Black Flag, X, the Germs, Phranc (then in Catholic Discipline), and the five musicians who would go on to form the Go-Go's.[11] Bag went on to appear and perform in other Los Angeles–based rock bands including Castration Squad, The Boneheads, Alarma, Cambridge Apostles, Swing Set, Cholita – the Female Menudo (with her friend and collaborator, performance artist Vaginal Davis), Las Tres, Goddess 13 (the subject of a KCET/PBS produced documentary, "Chicanas in Tune"), and Stay at Home Bomb.[14]
Later in Bag's career, she founded the "punk-chera" genre, fusing aspects of punk and ranchera performances.[15]
Alice Bag began singing professionally at the age of 8, recording theme songs for cartoons in both English and Spanish.[16] She did not gain exposure until forming the Bags.[12] Alice collaborated with Patricia Morrison and Margo Reyes in what they first called Mascara, then Femme Fatale, and then finally the Bags.[17] The Bags were active from years 1977–1981. They released a single "Survive" along with "Babylonian Gorgon".
The Bags Songs included:
The Bags broke up by the year 1981, which then led Alice Bag to join the band Cholita in the late 1980s. The Bags were renamed the Alice Bag Band for the release of The Decline of Western Civilization, after Alice Bag and partner Patricia Morrison had a dispute about who had the right to use the band name. Following the birth of her daughter in the mid-1990s, Alice Bag made the choice to take a break from the music industry and become a stay-at-home mother. Soon after, she started her current project, Stay at Home Bomb. Stay at Home Bomb is an all-female community centered around punk rock that exists to address social constraints that are put on women both domestically as well as musically.[16] The band features Alice Bag as Mothra Stewart on vocals, guitar and washboard, Judy Cocuzza as Judy Polish on drums, pots and pans, Lysa Flores as Lady Licuadora on vocals, guitar and blenders and Sharon Needles on vocals and bass guitar.
In 2016, Alice Bag released her debut solo album, Alice Bag, on punk label Don Giovanni Records. A second album, Blueprint, followed in early 2018, and featured numerous guest musicians including Allison Wolfe and Kathleen Hanna. Wolfe and Hanna were featured on the track "77", which refers to the unequal pay that women receive for the same work as men.[4][6] Another song on Blueprint, "Se Cree Joven", features backing vocals from Teri Gender Bender and Francisca Valenzuela.[6]
In 2020 another album, entitled Sister Dynamite, was released by In the Red Records on April 24, 2020.[18]
Bag's memoir, Violence Girl, From East LA Rage to Hollywood Stage – A Chicana Punk Story, was published by Feral House in fall 2011.[19] Bag was inspired to write Violence Girl after attending a comic-con with her daughter in 2008.[20] Her memoir is a compilation of short stories that sets the stage for her desire to be a punk artist. Her book contains stories of entering the punk rock scene at a time that was more inviting for women musicians. Violence Girl also reveals how domestic abuse fueled her desire for female empowerment and sheds a new perspective on the origin of hardcore, a style most often associated with white suburban males.[21][22] The confrontational style of Alice Bag's performances take direction from witnessing domestic abuse as a child. Bag channeled deeply rooted personal trauma into power on stage, refusing to be victimized or oppressed by men.[23] Through punk music, Alice realized the extent to which she had internalized witnessing violence as a child, and she worked to overcome using violence as a mode of releasing rage. Music became both a process of healing her wounds and a way to extend power and support to her community.[24]
Since 2004, Bag has also maintained a digital archive of interviews with women who were involved in the first wave of the Southern California punk scene in the 1970s, including musicians, writers, and photographers. The archive also includes newspaper and magazine clippings, photos, and postcards relating to LA punk.
Bag was the keynote speaker at the 2012 Women Who Rock: Making Scenes Building Communities (un)Conference in Seattle, Washington.[25] A collection of various speakers and activities meant to empower and inspire not only Latina women, but women of every ethnicity, Alice Bag discussed her rough childhood and touched on points from her biography, Violence Girl. She sang alongside both The Januariez, a local band, and Medusa, a well-known emcee and hip hop artist. Bag explained at the 2014 Women Who Rock (un)Conference that the place for punk in the feminist movement is to continue to challenge; punk is meant to draw attention to things that are wrong in society: "We don't live in a post racism, post feminism, post anything; punk allows us to speak our minds."[citation needed]
She was also a part of the panel in the 2014 Women Who Rock (un)Conference.[26]
Bag currently maintains part-time residency in Los Angeles, California, and Mexico City. She remains musically active and collaborates with artists including Teresa Covarrubias, Lysa Flores, Martin Sorrondeguy, Allison Wolfe, and others. She has recently begun exhibiting her oil paintings in gallery showings.[20]
Bag began filming and sharing workout videos on Instagram,[18] YouTube, and Facebook during the COVID-19 pandemic.[27]
She is bisexual.[28][29]
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Chiba 4th district - Wikipedia | Chiba 4th district is a constituency of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. It is located in the city of Funabashi in Western Chiba. As of 2016, 459,431 eligible voters were registered in the district.[1] In the 2009 and 2012 general elections, the district had the lowest electoral weight throughout Japan at more than two times as many voters as the district with the highest electoral weight, Kōchi-3rd.[2]
Before the electoral reform of 1994, Funabashi was part of Chiba 1st district where four Representatives had been elected by single non-transferable vote.
Former Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda has represented Chiba 4th district since 2000 after initially losing it as a candidate for the New Frontier Party by 105 votes to Liberal Democrat Shōichi Tanaka in 1996. Amid the LDP landslide in 2012 that returned them into power, then-PM Noda became a rare DPJ politician who actually increased his share of vote in his constituency.
In 2009, Yoshihiko Noda's candidacy was formally supported by the People's New Party, Mikio Fujita by New Komeito.[7]
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Ingrid Hadler - Wikipedia | Ingrid Hadler (born Ingrid Thoresen; 12 February 1946) is a former orienteering competitor and cross-country skier from Norway. She won the 1970 Individual World Orienteering Championships in Eisenach, and received a silver medal in Linköping in 1968. She won the gold medal in the Relay event at the World Orienteering Championship in 1968, the silver medal in 1974,[1] and the bronze medal in 1966 and 1970.[2]
She is co-author of the book På tvers av stiene: Med giftering, kort og kompass (1970) with her husband Åge Hadler.[3][4]
This biographical article about a Norwegian orienteer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:56:32 |
Praia Gonçalo - Wikipedia | Praia Gonçalo is a settlement in the northeast of the island of Maio in Cape Verde. In 2010 population was 67. It is located 2 km north of Pedro Vaz and 18 km northeast of the island capital Porto Inglês.
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J. G. Davis - Wikipedia |
James Grover Davis was a college football player, an All-Southern center for the 1908 Auburn Tigers.[1]
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King, Ingelheim - Wikipedia |
King, styled kING, is a venue for cultural events and conventions in Ingelheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, completed in 2017. The German description is Kultur- und Kongresszentrum,[1] or Kultur- und Veranstaltungshalle Ingelheim.[2] It offers a large hall (Großer Saal) and five smaller rooms. The k in the name stands for Kultur (culture), and the ING for Ingelheim.
The hall is located in the centre of Ingelheim, in walking distance from the station.[2] It was commissioned by the town of Ingelheim, and completed in 2017.[3]
The main hall seats an audience of 624, and 1000 when the balcony is included.[1] The hall has been used for theatre, concerts, shows, and cabaret, among others.[2]
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Phylogenetic signal - Wikipedia | Phylogenetic signal is an evolutionary and ecological term, that describes the tendency or the pattern of related biological species to resemble each other more than any other species that is randomly picked from the same phylogenetic tree.[1][2]
Phylogenetic signal is usually described as the tendency of related biological species to resemble each other more than any other species that is randomly picked from the same phylogenetic tree.[1][2] In other words, phylogenetic signal can be defined as the statistical dependence among species' trait values that is a consequence of their phylogenetic relationships.[3] The traits (e.g. morphological, ecological, life-history or behavioural traits) are inherited characteristics[4] – meaning the trait values are usually alike within closely related species, while trait values of distantly related biological species do not resemble each other to a such great degree.[5] It is often said that traits that are more similar in closely related taxa than in distant relatives exhibit greater phylogenetic signal. On the other hand, some traits are a consequence of convergent evolution and appear more similar in distantly related taxa than in relatives. Such traits show lower phylogenetic signal.[4]
Phylogenetic signal is a measure, closely related with an evolutionary process and development of taxa. It is thought that high rate of evolution leads to low phylogenetic signal and vice versa (hence, high phylogenetic signal is usually a consequence of either low rate of evolution either stabilizing type of selection).[3] Similarly high value of phylogenetic signal results in an existence of similar traits between closely related biological species, while increasing evolutionary distance between related species leads to decrease in similarity.[4] With a help of phylogenetic signal we can quantify to what degree closely related biological taxa share similar traits.[6]
On the other hand, some authors advise against such interpretations (the ones based on estimates of phylogenetic signal) of evolutionary rate and process. While studying simple models for quantitative trait evolution, such as the homogeneous rate genetic drift, it appears to be no relation between phylogenetic signal and rate of evolution. Within other models (e.g. functional constraint, fluctuating selection, phylogenetic niche conservatism, evolutionary heterogeneity etc.) relations between evolutionary rate, evolutionary process and phylogenetic signal are more complex, and can not be easily generalized using mentioned perception of the relation between two phenomenons.[3] Some authors argue that phylogenetic signal is not always strong in each clade and for each trait. It is also not clear if all of the possible traits do exhibit phylogenetic signal and if it is measurable.[4]
Phylogenetic signal is a concept widely used in different ecological and evolutionary studies.[7]
Among many questions that can be answered using a concept of phylogenetic signal, the most common ones are:[1]
Quantifying phylogenetic signal can be done using a range of various methods that are used for researching biodiversity in an aspect of evolutionary relatedness. With a help of measuring phylogenetic signal one can determine exactly how studied traits are correlated with phylogenetic relationship between species.[4]
Some of the earliest ways of quantifying phylogenetic signal were based on the use of various statistical methods (such as phylogenetic autocorrelation coefficients, phylogenetic correlograms, as well as autoregressive models). With a help of the mentioned methods one is able to quantify the value of phylogenetic autocorrelation for a studied trait throughout the phylogeny.[13] Another method commonly used in studying phylogenetic signal is so-called Brownian diffusion model of trait evolution that is based on the Brownian motion (BM) principle.[7][14] Using Brownian diffusion model, one can not only study values but also compare those measures between various phylogenies.[1] Phylogenetic signal in continuous traits can be quantified and measured using K-statistic.[3][15] Within this technique values from zero to infinity are used and higher value also means greater level of phylogenetic signal.[15]
The table below shows the most common indices and associated tests used for analyzing phylogenetic signal.[1]
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Masked Avengers (film) - Wikipedia |
Masked Avengers is a Shaw Brothers film directed by Chang Cheh and produced by Mona Fong. It is one of the later Venom Mob films which no longer starred Sun Chien or Lo Mang, who were replaced by new Venom members Wang Li and Chu Ko. It also gave a starring role to younger member Chin Siu-Ho. This, along with House Of Traps and Five Element Ninjas is one of the more violent and darker martial arts films.
The insidious Masked Gang of hired killers have been terrorizing the countryside, with their mastery of the trident and an inherent brutality, raping and pillaging. But who are the men behind the mask, and what are the identities of the three chiefs in the gold masks?
Chiang Sheng stars as Chi San Yuen, a martial arts expert and leader of a protective escort service of other expert fighters. Chi and his team are hired to find the Masked Gang and end their reign of terror.
Along the way Chi's team encounter Kao Yao (Philip Kwok) who was a former chief of the Masked Gang until he left the gang. He assists Chi's team in their struggle against the Masked Gang and helps to reveal that his replacement in the gang has already infiltrated Chi's group. The final confrontation between the Masked Gang and Chi's team of fighters lead to an all out battle at the Masked Gang's secret lair.
This article related to a Hong Kong film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about a martial arts film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:56:52 |
J. Ralph - Wikipedia | Josh Ralph [1] (born 1975), known professionally as J. Ralph, is an American composer, producer, singer/songwriter and social activist who focuses on creating awareness and change through music and film.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
A three-time Academy Award-nominated composer, Ralph's professional career began when he was signed to Atlantic Records at age 22 as a recording artist.[8] He is the founder of a music production company The Rumor Mill,[9][10][11] and has written and produced the music for Grammy Award-winning artists, symphony orchestras, the United Nations, and former United States President Barack Obama.[12] His music has sold more than 10 million records worldwide reaching the number one position on the Billboard charts in over 22 countries.[4]
Honored by the Smithsonian National Museum of American History for innovative and unique contributions to American music,[13] Ralph is completely self-taught[14] and does not read or write a single note of music.[1] He is the founder of production company The Rumor Mill. His songs have been featured in commercial advertisements for Porsche, Nike, Volkswagen, Volvo, and Chrysler.[1]
Ralph has recorded two CDs, The Illusionary Movements of Geraldine and Nazu (2005) and Music to Mauzner By (1999), the latter under the moniker "Spy".[15][16] He has also written for live performance, with 2008's "Fanfare for the Uncommon Ellie and Mr. Greene" performed by the ProMusica Chamber Orchestra of Columbus.[17]
Described by The Hollywood Reporter as the "go-to producer of documentary film scores",[18] and by Indiewire as “Perhaps the best documentary composer working today”,[19] Mr. Ralph has helped create some of the most influential documentaries of all time, revealing critically important social issues and culturally defining artists that “along with his partnering filmmakers and musicians, have spurned governments to act and introduced or amplified for millions of people, concerns that have might otherwise fallen under the radar” said the Smithsonian’s Dr. John Troutman, curator of Culture and Arts for the Smithsonian National Museum Of American History.[20] Over the last decade, Ralph has written and produced the music for eight Oscar-winning/nominated documentary feature films including Man on Wire (2009),[21] The Cove (2010),[22] Hell and Back Again (2012),[23] Chasing Ice (2013),[18][24] Finding Vivian Maier (2015), Virunga (2015), Racing Extinction (2016) and "Jim: The James Foley Story (2017)".[25] “Like no other American composer before him, J. Ralph has created in very short order, a stunningly unique body of philanthropically minded musical works” continued Dr. Troutman of the Smithsonian.[20]
For his contribution to Chasing Ice, Ralph received an Oscar nomination for his song "Before My Time", performed by Scarlett Johansson and Joshua Bell. He received his second Oscar nomination for his song "Manta Ray" co-written and performed by Anohni. For his contribution to Jim: The James Foley Story, Ralph received his third Oscar nomination for "The Empty Chair", which he co-wrote and performed with Sting.
Ralph is the first composer in the history of the Oscars to have received multiple nominations for Best Original song that originated from documentaries.[26] Additionally, Ralph is the first composer in Academy Award's history to write and produce the original music for multiple Oscar-nominated documentary films in the same year and the first composer to have back to back nominations for best song in a documentary.[27]
On February 22, 2014, Ralph and the Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra in Colorado performed several of his works. including "Before My Time", which Ralph sang.[28]
On August 1, 2015, Ralph created the music for the Projecting Change art installation event on the Empire State Building in New York City to raise awareness for species extinction. The songs included "One Candle", written and performed by Ralph and Sia, and "Manta Ray" performed by Ralph and Anohni.[29]
For Virunga, Ralph wrote and produced the song "We Will Not Go", performed by Youssou Ndour, Salif Keita, and Fally Ipupa. Ralph recorded this song in Bambara, Lingala, Wolof, French and English.[5]
Ralph was commissioned by Discovery Channel to write an original symphonic piece for Shark Week 2015 called "Theodora". The object was to raise awareness and money for species extinction, oceanic preservation, and sharks. Featuring violinist Joshua Bell, the London Symphony Orchestra and London Voices, the piece was recorded at Abbey Road studios in London.[30]
On January 5, 2016 it was announced that Ralph and Sting had written "The Empty Chair".[31]
Ralph has written and produced songs in collaboration with a wide variety of artists, including Sting, Sia, Wynton Marsalis, Method Man, Wu-Tang Clan, Liza Minnelli, Willie Nelson, Anohni (of Antony and the Johnsons), Joshua Bell, Karen O (of the Yeah Yeah Yeah's), Ezra Koneig (of Vampire Weekend), The London Symphony Orchestra, The London Voices, The PS22 Chorus, Youssou Ndour, Salif Keita, Fally Ipupa, Sean Lennon, Philippe Petit, Dr. John, Devendra Banhart, Stephen Stills, Carly Simon, Vincent Gallo, David Garza, Ben Harper, Scarlett Johansson, Bob Weir (of the Grateful Dead), Aston "Family Man" Barrett (of Bob Marley & The Wailers), Matisyahu, KRS-One, Paul Brady, Bonnie Bramlett, Vashti Bunyan, Martin Carthy, Judy Collins, Lila Downs, Nic Jones, Norah Jones, Leah Siegel and Ben Taylor.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
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Topolná transmitter - Wikipedia | The Topolná transmitter (Czech: Radiokomunikační středisko Topolná) was the central longwave broadcasting facility of the Czech Republic situated in the municipality of Topolná near the Morava River. Constructed in early 1950's, it was used for broadcasting until the end 2021 and its masts were blasted down in 2022.
The longwave frequency 272 kHz was assigned to Czechoslovakia in the Copenhagen Frequency Plan of 1948.[1] It had previously been used by German Deutschlandsender during World War II. Construction of a new transmitter began in 1950 and was completed in December 1951. Tests lasted until February 1952. Its power output was 400 kW (2x 200 kW). In its first broadcasts it was transmitting the radio programme "Československo 1", later "Hvězda".
From 1957–1958 Topolná was also used to transmit a Hungarian radio programme on 49 meter wavelength. From 1953–1960 and again from 1969–1973 one of its masts was used for transmission on frequency 173 kHz. Between 1975 and 1978 the transmitter was reconstructed and from November 1978 its transmission power increased to 1500 kW.
On 1 October 1989 the frequency was changed to 270 kHz. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 the broadcast programme was renamed from "Hvězda" to "Radiožurnál". In January 1994 one of the masts was switched off to cut costs, reducing the output power to 750 kW. Further reduction of output power followed in January 2002, to 650 kW. As there were very few other transmitters working on the frequency 270 kHz its programme ("ČRo 1 – Radiožurnál") was clearly received across the whole of Europe, especially during the night.[2]
Since the mid-2000s Czech Radio has announced its intention to close down the transmitter several times. In late 2013 it was announced that the broadcasts would cease on 28 February 2014.[3] The transmitter was switched off on 31. December 2021.[4] On 28. July 2022 both masts were demolished.[5]
Topolná used a directional antenna, whose maxima point in an East–West direction. This radiation pattern ensured that the Topolná transmitter can be received clearly in all parts of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
To create this directional antenna pattern two 257 metres (843 ft) tall guyed lattice steel masts were used. Until the mid-1970s these masts were used as ground-fed mast radiators and are therefore insulated against the ground. In the mid-1970s the transmission power was increased to 1500 kW, making the Topolná transmitter one of the most powerful transmitters in Europe. By this measure, both masts were equipped with cage wire antennas, which made their electrical insulation against the ground obsolete. After the installation of these cage antennas the basement insulators were bridged, but remained in place.
As in other high power transmission facilities in Central and Eastern Europe, the Topolná transmitter used special overhead lines to transmit the RF-power from the transmitter building to the masts.
WikiMiniAtlas49°07′25″N 17°30′52″E / 49.12361°N 17.51444°E / 49.12361; 17.51444
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Dessie Teacher's Education College - Wikipedia | Dessie Teacher's Education College is a teacher's college in Ethiopia, found in the South Wollo zone which is known as Dessie in the north of Ethiopia. It is managed by the Amhara National Regional State Education Bureau.[1]
This article on an Ethiopian institution of higher education is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:57:03 |
Listed buildings in Kinver - Wikipedia |
Kinver is a civil parish in the district of South Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England. It contains 54 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, one is at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the village of Kinver, the smaller settlement of Stourton, and the surrounding area. The Stourbridge Canal joins the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in the parish, and listed buildings associated with these canals include locks, a toll house, a bridge, and canal workers' cottages. Most of the other listed buildings are houses and associated structures, cottages, shop, farmhouses and farm buildings, the earliest of which are timber framed or have a timber-framed core. The other listed buildings include a church, former schools, public houses, a former windmill, a malthouse, lodges, a milepost, a war memorial, and a telephone kiosk.
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Theuma (Thessaly) - Wikipedia | Theuma was a town of Ancient Thessaly near the frontiers of Dolopia.[1] Livy relates that the retreat of Philip V of Macedon after the Battle of the Aous (198 BC) allowed the Aetolians to occupy much of Thessaly, and these latter plundered Theuma and nearby Celathara, whereas Acharrae surrendered.[2]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Theuma". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
This article about a location in ancient Thessaly is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:57:13 |
Nádasdy Mausoleum - Wikipedia | The Nádasdy Mausoleum is a series of full-length portraits of Hun and Hungarian leaders and kings published in Nuremberg in 1664 at the expense of Count Ferenc Nádasdy under the title: Mausoleum potentissimorum ac gloriosissimorum Regni Apostolici Regum et primorum militantis Ungariae Ducum (The Mausoleum of the Most Powerful and Glorious Apostolic Kingdom and the Kings and Military Leaders of Hungary). The depictions of the Hungarian kings are complemented by descriptions in Latin and German.[1][2]
Count Ferenc Nádasdy (1625–1671) was the lord-lieutenant of counties of Vas, Zala and Sopron, and lord chief justice of the Kingdom of Hungary between 1655–1670. He was one of the country's richest and most educated lords, a patron of science and art, his name is associated with the publication of this series of engravings.[2][3]
The chronicle including with the title page contains 60 full-page images made with mixed techniques (engraving and etching).[1] The engravings are followed by Latin eulogies about the depicted person, followed by a relatively faithful, but in some cases very mannered German translation.[1]
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Richard Throssel - Wikipedia | Richard Throssel (1882–1933) was a Cree photographer, who documented life on the Crow Reservation at the beginning of the 20th century.
Richard Throssel was born in Marengo, Washington Territory in 1882. Throssel is best known for his photographs of the Crow Reservation from 1902 to 1911. These photographs of the Crows, which cover ceremonies, dances, scenes of everyday life, as well as individual and group portraits, are not only priceless historical documents they are, very simply, beautiful photographs.[1] Though Throssel was not Crow, his quarter blood of Canadian Cree heritage and 1906 adoption into the Crow Nation afforded him intimate moments, which non-Indian photographers could not experience with the Crow People of Montana.
After a long bout with rheumatism, it was recommended he live in a drier climate. At the age of twenty, Throssel moved to the Crow Reservation in Montana as a clerk for the Indian Services office. He was exposed to the outstanding art environment that existed on the Crow Reservation. Throssel observed stunning Crow beading, narrative ledger art, and the paintings and photographs of non-Native American artists, Joseph Henry Sharp and Edward S. Curtis. Through painting lessons with Sharp, Throssel learned not only technique; he acquired the principles of design and composition.
Throssel began to photograph shortly after arriving on the Crow Reservation, but it was not until 1905 that "Throssel submitted his first set of photographs, twenty-nine in number, for copyright."[2] This same year Throssel met ethnographer and photographer Edward S. Curtis. Curtis' influence on Throssel was apparent in Throssel's 1907 set of copyrighted images. In this series Throssel employed vivid lighting with sometimes-staged arrangements, lending towards a much more sentimental view of Crow life. Throssel was also well known for his photographs of "Crow couples, families and children, which are especially striking as the love and warmth expressed by the families are so contrary to how we normally see Native men, women, and children depicted in early photography"[3] (Alison 235). Even though Throssel was part of the early cliché style of depicting Native Peoples his approach also lent itself towards photographs of subjects caught in the moment. The Indian subjects of his photographs expressed a sense of familiarity that cannot be found in the work of non-Indian photographers.
Throssel continued to photograph the Crow Nation for the Wanamaker Expedition of 1908 and the Indian Service in 1909. After resigning as photographer for the Indian Service, Throssel with his wife of five years moved to Billings, Montana to open up his own commercial photography business, The Throssel Photographic Company. It was here that he organized a brochure of his photographs, which he was renowned for entitled Western Classics.
In less than a decade, Throssel built a personal collection of nearly 1,000 photographs, including 180 portraits of Crow people, 99 portraits of other American Indians, 186 tipi scenes, 63 Crow sacred and secular ceremonial images, and 352 images of daily life among the Crows of Montana[4] In 1917, after a successful career as an artist, Throssel was twice elected Yellowstone County's representative to the Montana Legislature. Throssel's interest in politics continued until his death in 1933.
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Ashley Campbell (actor) - Wikipedia |
Ashley Campbell is a British actor, dancer and singer of English and Grenadian heritage. Campbell is known for his portrayal of Ollie in the CBBC children's drama The Mysti Show.[1]
In 2000 at 19 years old he successfully auditioned for the touring and West End production of Fame: The Musical at the Victoria Palace Theatre in London. Campbell remained with Fame for 16 months. Ashley starred as Dromio of Syracuse in The Bomb-itty of Errors at the New Ambassadors theatre in London. Campbell recreated the role of Little Moe in the 20th anniversary production of Five Guys Named Moe alongside creator Clarke Peters. Campbell toured the United States of America playing Sammy Davis Jr. in The Rat Pack: Live from the Sands. In 2013 Campbell appeared in the European premier of The Color Purple at the Menier Chocolate Factory directed by John Doyle. Other notable theatrical appearances include Tick, Tick... Boom! at The Union,[2] and High Heel Parrot Fish and Gutted at the Theatre Royal Stratford East.[3]
Campbell starred as Ollie in the CBBC children's drama series The Mysti Show alongside Laura Aikman and Oliver Mason. In 2009, he appeared as Wayne Connor in Hollyoaks Later He reprised the role in Hollyoaks. Other notable appearances include Holby City (BBC), Ultimate Force and William and Mary for ITV. Campbell plays Tim Radcliffe in Scott and Bailey episode 3, series 4 2014. As well as regular television appearances Campbell continues his work in the Theatre.
Campbell is currently[when?] appearing in Sunny Afternoon at the Harold Pinter Theatre, directed by Edward Hall and choreographed by Adam Cooper. It celebrates the life and career of Ray Davies and the Kinks. He played Wesley Summerton in "The Celestial Choir", an episode of Father Brown, in 2020. Then in September 2021, he appeared in the BBC soap opera Doctors as Andrew Hamilton.[4] He made another appearance in June 2023, as Bellamy Campbell-Jones.[5]
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Hector Kobbekaduwa - Wikipedia |
Hector Senarath Rajakaruna Bandara Kobbekaduwa (29 August 1916 – 17 September 1983) was a Sri Lankan politician and lawyer. He was the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate in the 1982 Sri Lankan presidential election and the Minister for Agriculture and Lands from 1970 to 1977.[1] He is remembered for nationalizing privately owned land and restricting the ownership of private land to 20 hectares for the purpose of giving land to landless peasants. He created collectively owned settlement programs called Janawasas in some of the land that was acquired.[2][3][4][1] He contested the 1982 presidential election and lost. The campaign of the SLFP led by him advocated for restoring previous Sri Lanka Freedom Party policies. His opponents ran an effective campaign criticising the closed economy & socialist policies of his Sri Lanka Freedom Party – led regime from 1970 to 1977, they blamed the SLFP policies for creating scarcities of essential goods and unemployment.[5][6] Although the SLFP led by him lost the 1982 Sri Lankan presidential election, he managed to gain a significant number of votes in Tamil speaking areas like Point Pedro defeating Tamil nationalist parties.[2]
Born to a prominent family from Yatinuwara, his father was Dr Tikiri Banda Kobbekaduwa, the first British qualified physician from Kandy and his mother was Sangamitta Dullewe Kumarihamy from Matale. Educated at Trinity College, Kandy, he studied Law at the Ceylon Law College, taking oaths as an Advocate in 1942. He started his legal practice in Kandy.[2]
Entering politics in 1947, Kobbekaduwa joined the Mahanuwara Samajawadi Peramuna founded by Herbert Sri Nissanka, QC and T. B. Ilangaratne. He became a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), when it was formed in 1952. In 1954, he contested the Ampitiya Ward and was elected as a member of the Kandy Municipal Council, where he served until 1960. He was appointed by the Mahajana Eksath Party which was led by S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike to a fact-finding mission to formulate what was to become the Paddy Lands Act. Kobbekaduwa contested the March 1960 general election from the Yatinuwara electorate and was defeated by the United National Party candidate S. S. Abeysundara.[7] He did not contest the July 1960 general election and following it he was appointed as Chairman of the Public Service Commission by Sirimavo Bandaranaike.
In the 1970 general elections, he was elected as a member of parliament from the Yatinuwara electorate, and was appointed Minister for Agriculture and Lands by Sirimavo Bandaranaike. During his tenure he introduced the Land Reforms Act which nationalized private land and limited private holdings to 50 acres. From the nationalized lands he initiated the Janawasas scheme which gave land to the landless. He initiated the Agrarian Research and Training Centre (ARTI) in 1972 as well as the Land Reforms Commission and the State Plantations Corporation. He established Agricultural Productivity Centres at the village level.
The Land Reforms Act resulted in a major social change in the country as the old landed gentry lost their primary source of wealth and reduced their political influence. The land reforms of the 1970s under Kobbekaduwa saw the nationalization of large extents of private land and vesting of these in public companies such as State Planation Corporation. Only less than 12% of the land acquired were redistributed to landless peasants. Following the land reforms, the production of the primary economic crops of Tea, Rubber and Coconut dropped following in reduced productivity of the nationalized estates. This effected the national economy which depended on economic crops as a source of foreign exchange. The resulting economic stagnation and import restrictions resulted in the major public discontent that in major defeat of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in the 1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election.[8]
His tenure was marked with a major food shortage in the country, which resulted in the defeated of his party 1977 general elections in which he lost his seat in parliament.[9]
When presidential elections were called in 1982, the leader of the SLFP Sirimavo Bandaranaike could not contest as she had had her civic rights suspended by parliament in 1980 for seven years. Therefore, the SLFP nominated Kobbekaduwa as its candidate. He gained 39.07% of the votes against the incumbent J. R. Jayewardene who gained 52.91%.[10][11][12][13]
The Agrarian Research and Training Centre was renamed as the Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute in his memory.[1]
*Appointed MPs were abolished in 1972 by the First Republican Constitution
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Leni Junker - Wikipedia |
Helene "Leni" Junker (later Thymm; 8 December 1905 – 9 February 1997) was a German sprint runner who competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics. She won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m, but failed to reach the final of the individual 100 m event. Earlier in 1925 she set a world record in the 100-metre at 12.2 seconds.
This article about an athletics Olympic medalist for Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:57:30 |
Acıbadem (Metrobus) - Wikipedia | Acıbadem is a station on the Istanbul Metrobus Bus rapid transit line. It is located on the Istanbul Inner Beltway and accessible via Acıbadem Avenue. The station is serviced by four of the seven Metrobus routes.[1]
Acıbadem station was opened on 3 March 2009 as part of the eastward expansion of the line across the Bosporus.[2]
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Riders of Border Bay - Wikipedia |
Riders of Border Bay is a 1925 American silent film directed by Denver Dixon, and starring Art Mix. It premiered on February 16, 1925, in Indianapolis, Indiana.
This article related to an American film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:57:37 |
Literary agent - Wikipedia | A literary agent is an agent who represents writers and their written works to publishers, theatrical producers, film producers, and film studios, and assists in sale and deal negotiation. Literary agents most often represent novelists, screenwriters, and non-fiction writers.
Reputable literary agents generally charge a commission and do not charge a fee upfront. The commission rate is generally 15%.[1]
Literary agencies can range in size from a single agent who represents perhaps a dozen authors, to a substantial firm with senior partners, sub-agents, specialists in areas like foreign rights or licensed merchandise tie-ins, and clients numbering in the hundreds. Most agencies, especially smaller ones, specialize to some degree. They may represent—for example—authors of science fiction, mainstream thrillers and mysteries, children's books, romance, or highly topical nonfiction. Very few agents represent short stories or poetry.
Legitimate agents and agencies in the book world are not required to be members of the Association of Authors' Representatives (AAR), but according to Writer's Market listings, many agents in the United States are. To qualify for AAR membership, agents must have sold a minimum number of books and pledge to abide by a Canon of Ethics.[2]
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Again (Janet Jackson song) - Wikipedia |
"Again" is a song by American singer and songwriter Janet Jackson from her fifth album, Janet (1993). The song was also included as the closing song to the 1993 film Poetic Justice. Written and produced by Jackson and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, the ballad was released as the album's third single on October 12, 1993, by Virgin Records, and talks about the reconnection with an old lover. Originally an experimental sound Jam and Lewis was considering for the album, they did not give the song serious contemplation until the film producers from Poetic Justice requested a ballad for the soundtrack.
Critics were divided on their opinions of "Again". Some praised it as a highlight from the Janet album and a classic, while other critics responded negatively to its sentimental lyrical content. However, "Again" became a commercial success, topping the US Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks in late 1993, while also reaching the top 10 in Canada, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
"Again" received Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song.[1][2] Jackson's then-husband René Elizondo, Jr. directed a music video for the song, which was released in two versions: one with and one without scenes from Poetic Justice. The song was covered by How to Dress Well for his second album, Total Loss and sampled by Iyaz on his 2010 single, "Solo".
In 1992, Janet Jackson filmed her first film, Poetic Justice, prior to recording a new album. In "Poetic Justice", Justice (Jackson) uses her poetry to deal with her grief after her boyfriend is killed in a shooting incident at a drive-in.[3] After shooting the film, Jackson started recording a new album, declaring that the film inspired her to take new direction in her music, "Rhythm Nation was a heavy record, and Poetic Justice was a heavy movie. I wanted to do something lighter but also daring ... When I wrote the album, I was still in a poetic frame of mind, inspired by Maya's beautiful language."[4]
"Again" was originally an experimental sound the production duo Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis was considering for the album. While Jackson found its melody compelling, the trio did not give the song serious contemplation until the film producers from Poetic Justice requested a ballad for the film's soundtrack. Jackson subsequently wrote the lyrics for "Again" and shaped them around Jam's melody.[5] The song was eventually included as the closing song to the film, but was not included on its soundtrack album. It was later released as janet.'s third single on October 12, 1993, with the jazz-funk track "Funky Big Band" from the album appearing on the single as a B-side, as well as a French version of the song, which also appeared on the limited edition of the janet. album. For this version, Janet Jackson is helped by André Manoukian.[6]
"Again" was written and produced by Janet Jackson, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. It is set in common time with a key of C major. Jackson's vocal chords ranges between the tonal nodes of low-tone G3 to high-tone D5. The song is in a moderate tempo of 64 beats per minute with the chord progression being set like C–G–Am–F–C–Dm7/G in the first verse and C–E–Am7–D9 in the chorus.[7] "Again" is a "lightweight" piano ballad,[8] based on a lost love. The song's story is about running into an old friend, only to discover that the feelings for that person are as strong as ever. "Kinda late in the game and my heart is in your hands. Don't you stand there and then tell me you love me and leave me again," she sings.[9]
"Again" divided music critics. Despite calling it a "throwaway", Alex Henderson of AllMusic picked the song as a highlight from the album.[10] Larry Flick from Billboard called it "a delicate ballad". He added, "Her evocative voice is swathed in grand piano lines and quasi-orchestral strings that will thrill ardent fans at top 40 radio. Melancholy lyrics are icing on a sweet musical cake that millions will want to taste."[11] In a "classic track-by-track review", another editor, Andrew Hampp remarked, "By the time Jackson pleas at the song's close, seemingly choking back tears, "Cause I've fallen in love with you again," it's hard not to get misty even after countless listens."[12] Essence ranked "Again" as the number-four Greatest Break-up song of all-time.[13] John Martinucci from the Gavin Report described it as "a tender love song that definitely tugs on the heart strings."[14] James Masterton viewed it as "a slushy ballad" in his weekly UK chart commentary.[15] Alan Jones from Music Week rated it four out of five, stating that "this fragile and fragrant ballad draws a sophisticated vocal performance from Jackson. With full orchestral accompaniment, it is sweet but not saccharine, and is likely to grow into a huge hit."[16] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called it "the most treacly, saccharine ballad Janet has ever recorded, complete with the kind of teary breakdown one might expect from her brother."[17]
"Again" was a success on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, debuting in October 1993.[18] The song topped the Billboard charts for two weeks in December 1993, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The song spent 15 weeks in the top 10, making it Jackson's longest running top-10 single.[18] The song was also a success on other Billboard component charts, including the Top 40 Mainstream (peaking at number two),[19] the Rhythmic Top 40 (number three),[20] Adult Contemporary (number four),[21] and Hot R&B Singles & Tracks (number seven).[22] In Canada, the song was also a success, reaching number two.[23] In the United Kingdom, "Again" was a success, peaking at number six, becoming her sixth top-10 single.[24]
Elsewhere, the song peaked inside the top 20. In Australia, "Again" debuted at number 26, before peaking at number 19, four weeks later.[25] In New Zealand, the song was even better, peaking at number 13,[26] while in Sweden, the song was even higher, with a peak of number five after 11 weeks on the chart, becoming her highest charting-single there.[27]
The accompanying music video for "Again" was directed by Jackson's then-husband René Elizondo, Jr. in 1993. It features actor Gary Dourdan as Jackson's lost love, with Jackson writing in her diary as she reminisces about her love through flashbacks. The alternative version of the video contains scenes from Poetic Justice playing on a television. The original video appears on the 1994 compilation janet. and the 2004 DVD From Janet to Damita Jo: The Videos, while the Poetic Justice version is included on the 2001 DVD edition of All for You. "Again" was published on YouTube in November 2010. The video has amassed more than 4.5 million views as of August 2022.[28]
Since its release, Jackson has performed the song on all of her tours, including the janet. Tour, The Velvet Rope Tour, All for You Tour, Rock Witchu Tour, and the Number Ones, Up Close and Personal tour, where it was dedicated to Phoenix, Arizona and Oslo, Norway. She also performed it on the season 9 finale of American Idol. Jackson included the song on her 2015-2016 Unbreakable World Tour. "Again" was used as a video interlude on her State of the World Tour in 2017. Jackson included the song on her 2023 Together Again Tour.
The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1993. It also received a nomination for Best Original Song at the 66th Academy Awards, where Jackson performed the song live.[18] "Again" was covered by How to Dress Well and appeared as a bonus track on his 2012 album Total Loss, which was also inspired by Janet's "The Velvet Rope".[29] According to the singer Tom Krell, "What you're getting is not a report of a feeling, but a sonic presentation of the feeling," he said about the cover.[12] The song was sampled by Iyaz on his 2010 single "Solo". According to Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly, "it riffs 'Again', without directly sampling either the main hook or re-upping the lyrics directly. The song just lifts a substantial chunk of Janet's lilting melody."[30] The melody was also used in Stanley Clarke's song "Lucky Again" on his 1995 album At the Movies.
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2011 RBC Bank Women's Challenger – Singles - Wikipedia | The 2011 RBC Bank Women's Challenger was a tennis tournament in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Johanna Konta was the defending champion but chose not to participate.
Petra Rampre defeated Camila Giorgi in the final 6–3, 6–2.
| 2023-08-27 16:57:49 |
Alfred Bartholomew - Wikipedia |
Alfred Bartholomew (28 March 1801 – 2 January 1845), was an English architect, editor and author. He was editor of The Builder, and author of several works upon practical architectural questions.
His writing include 'Specifications for Practical Architecture,’ which is a compilation of forms of documents deemed to be necessary for the execution of detail work in buildings; a paper entitled 'Hints relative to the Construction of Fireproof Dwellings' (Lond. 1839); both of which were well received, though now of little professional value; and a synopsis of the Building Act, first published in The Builder, and revised and corrected for separate publication, under the title of 'Cyclopædia of the New Metropolitan Building Act,’ by the author only a few weeks before his death. During his editorship of The Builder in 1844, Bartholomew also contributed many articles upon various professional subjects to its columns, and under his editorship the circulation of the journal increased.
Originally destined for commercial life, young Bartholomew received only the moderate education of a middle-class school. But having manifested a decided aptitude for mathematics, his parents articled him to Mr. J. H. Good, architect, of Hatton Garden, a pupil of Sir J. Soane. Bartholomew devoted himself enthusiastically to this profession. He studied the classic style in the greatest of Sir J. Soane's works, the Bank of England, the details of which he used to spend much of his time in measuring. But his master's employment in ecclesiastical work soon diverted him to the more congenial study of Gothic, especially church Gothic, architecture, his enthusiasm for which led to the foundation of a society, of which he was one of the earliest and most ardent members, of ‘Freemasons of the Church, for the recovery, maintenance, and furtherance of the true principles and practice of architecture.' To the same period of mental development may also be assigned his publication, in 1831, of 'Sacred Lyrics, being an attempt to render the Psalms of David more applicable to parochial psalmody.' Although certainly superior, in freedom and grace of expression at least, to previous versions of the Psalms used in England, and praised as such by various of the bishops in private letters to the author, this attempt did not prove successful, and has now been long ago forgotten. Afterwards the poet devoted himself more exclusively to architecture, and, in the course of the few years that remained to him of life, produced the various works we have named, and earned for himself the respect and esteem of his professional brethren. A few weeks before his death he canvassed successfully for the post of district surveyor of Hornsey. His exertions brought on an attack of rheumatic gout and fever, upon which bronchitis fatally supervened, and he died in his house in Gray's Inn, London, at the age of forty-four.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Bartholomew, Alfred". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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Philippine Canoe Kayak Dragonboat Federation - Wikipedia | The Philippine Canoe Kayak Dragonboat Federation, Inc. (PCKDF) is the national governing body for the sports of Canoe, Kayak and Dragon boat in the Philippines.
It is accredited by the International Canoe Federation which is the governing body for the sport of Canoe in the world and by the Philippine Olympic Committee and the Philippine Sports Commission. Teresita Uy is the current president of the PCKF.
This article about a sports-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about sports in Philippines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:57:56 |
Armando Calidonio - Wikipedia | Armando Calidonio Alvarado (born 19 September 1969) is a Honduran politician from the National Party of Honduras who since 2014 serves as Mayor of San Pedro Sula.[1] He previously served as Deputy of the National Congress of Honduras during the 2010–2014 period.[2]
This article about a Honduran politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:58:00 |
Konio Heagi - Wikipedia | Konio Heagi (born 3 July 1973) is a Papua New Guinean woman cricketer.[1] She played for Papua New Guinea at the 2008 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier.
This biographical article related to Papua New Guinean cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:58:04 |
Maria Brodacka - Wikipedia |
Maria Brodacka (22 March 1904 – 19 January 1991) was a Polish painter. Her work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[1]
This article about a Polish painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:58:08 |
BW373U86 - Wikipedia |
(+)-BW373U86 is an opioid analgesic drug used in scientific research.[1][2]
BW373U86 is a selective agonist for the δ-opioid receptor, with approximately 15x stronger affinity for the δ-opioid than the μ-opioid receptor.[3] It has potent analgesic and antidepressant effects in animal studies.[4][5] In studies on rats, BW373U86 appears to protect heart muscle cells from apoptosis in conditions of ischemia (oxygen deprivation, such as in heart attack). The mechanism for this is complex and may be separate from its delta agonist effects.[6][7][8]
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Manbuta - Wikipedia |
Manbuta is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1865.[1][2]
This article relating to the superfamily Noctuoidea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:58:15 |
Charlie MacGregor - Wikipedia | Charlie MacGregor is a Scottish entrepreneur, CEO and founder of Netherlands-headquartered hybrid hospitality investor, developer and operator The Student Hotel,[1] and co-founder of NGO Movement on the Ground.
Charlie started his career at the age of 16 working on building sites, and since then has developed into a strong business professional. Charlie followed the footsteps of his father who built the first-ever student housing building in 1980 for the University of Edinburgh. In his first foray as a property entrepreneur, he purchased a small student accommodation company at the age of 25, which he sold 10 years later. After spending time in London, MacGregor relocated to Amsterdam in 2003 where he established The Student Hotel in 2006.[1]
Under MacGregor’s leadership, TSH has been acknowledged by Deloitte as one of 51 best managed companies in the Netherlands 2017-18.[2] As founder and CEO of this innovative concept, MacGregor has reimagined the concept of ‘hybrid’ city centre accommodation for an expanding customer base of internationally-minded students, entrepreneurs and travellers.[3]
Beyond TSH, Charlie focuses on his work improving refugee camps through the humanitarian crises NGO he founded in 2015, Movement on the Ground (MOTG). MOTG recently began supporting refugees from Ukraine on the ground in Poland.[1]
Charlie is a frequent speaker at events such as OnBrand[4] and Real Asset Live.[5]
MacGregor founded The Student Hotel in 2006, a hybrid hospitality concept combining student accommodation, hotel, extended stay rooms, co-working facilities, meeting and event spaces, restaurant and bars, all under one community, one roof.[6]
With their hybrid hospitality model, TSH accommodates students, young professionals, leisure, business guests, and more. As of 2022, TSH has 15 locations including Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, Florence, and Barcelona. TSH expects to open another 10 hotels across Europe by 2025, increasing its operation to 25 hotels. In 2022, it will open hotels in Madrid, Barcelona and Toulouse.[7]
The Student Hotel has raised investments including €150 million (£118m) from Perella Weinberg Real Estate in 2014[8] and €100 million from APG in 2015. In 2019, the company secured a €82 million green finance package from Credit Agricole for development of its location in Paris and refurbishment of its Toulouse location.[9] In 2021, the company announced a €300 million funding from investors Aermont and APG, allowing it to start the construction of seven new hotels in key European cities.[10] In 2022, TSH has received a €145 million social and environmental impact financing from Italian bank Unicredit for the development of its Rome and second Florence locations, planning to open in 2024.[11]
In alignment with their sustainability journey, TSH has achieved BREEAM In-Use sustainability certification for seven of its eight Dutch properties. The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method is a certification used to measure the sustainable built environment, assessed on land use and ecology, pollution and emissions, water and energy sourcing and usage, and quality of internal environments ensuring improved health and well-being. For example, all Netherlands locations received a rating between ‘Very Good’ to ‘Excellent’. All new TSH properties are certified with the ‘Very Good’ rating being the minimum.[12]
MacGregor is also a co-founder and member of Movement on the Ground,[13] a non-profit foundation responding to the global refugee crisis.[14]
After visiting Lesvos, Greece, in 2015, MacGregor came up with the idea for The Movement Hotel:[15] a temporary hotel run by asylum seekers, as a way for them to gain experience,[16] with profits reinvested to train more refugees.[17]
The hotel was located in Bijlmerbajes prison, a former prison in Amsterdam,[18] and opened in September 2017.[19] In the same building other successful initiatives took place. Refugee Company foundation[20] opened restaurant A Beautiful Mess,[21] which won Entree Awards’ Best off the Grid Award in 2017.[22]
MacGregor is one of the Tuscany Business Advisors, the business leaders who work with the regional government to help secure inward investment to Tuscany [23][24]
| 2023-08-27 16:58:18 |
Palpada texana - Wikipedia |
Palpada texana is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae.[1][2][3]
This hoverfly article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:58:22 |
Lefschetz duality - Wikipedia | In mathematics, Lefschetz duality is a version of Poincaré duality in geometric topology, applying to a manifold with boundary. Such a formulation was introduced by Solomon Lefschetz (1926), at the same time introducing relative homology, for application to the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem.[1] There are now numerous formulations of Lefschetz duality or Poincaré–Lefschetz duality, or Alexander–Lefschetz duality.
Let M be an orientable compact manifold of dimension n, with boundary
∂
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \partial (M)}
, and let
z
∈
H
n
(
M
,
∂
(
M
)
;
Z
)
{\displaystyle z\in H_{n}(M,\partial (M);\mathbb {Z} )}
be the fundamental class of the manifold M. Then cap product with z (or its dual class in cohomology) induces a pairing of the (co)homology groups of M and the relative (co)homology of the pair
(
M
,
∂
(
M
)
)
{\displaystyle (M,\partial (M))}
. Furthermore, this gives rise to isomorphisms of
H
k
(
M
,
∂
(
M
)
;
Z
)
{\displaystyle H^{k}(M,\partial (M);\mathbb {Z} )}
with
H
n
−
k
(
M
;
Z
)
{\displaystyle H_{n-k}(M;\mathbb {Z} )}
, and of
H
k
(
M
,
∂
(
M
)
;
Z
)
{\displaystyle H_{k}(M,\partial (M);\mathbb {Z} )}
with
H
n
−
k
(
M
;
Z
)
{\displaystyle H^{n-k}(M;\mathbb {Z} )}
for all
k
{\displaystyle k}
.[2]
Here
∂
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \partial (M)}
can in fact be empty, so Poincaré duality appears as a special case of Lefschetz duality.
There is a version for triples. Let
∂
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \partial (M)}
decompose into subspaces A and B, themselves compact orientable manifolds with common boundary Z, which is the intersection of A and B. Then, for each
k
{\displaystyle k}
, there is an isomorphism[3]
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Dora Gález - Wikipedia |
Dora Gález (1903–2002) was a pioneering Argentine actress and vedette. She was one of the first stars of the Maipo Theater, and given the title of the "nightingale of the house". Other early co-stars with whom she worked were Carmen Lamas, Gloria Guzmán and Tita Merello.[1] In 1924, she was in the cast of Roberto L. Cayol's Revue ¿Quién dijo miedo? which featured music by Arturo De Bassi along with Iris Marga, César Fiaschi, Carmen Lamas, and the debut performance of Tita Merello.[2]
In 1926, she was the star of the revue Francisquita, la maleva (1926), in which she sang with Jaime Moreno and performed with the actors Héctor Calcaño playing the role of Curiando and Miguel Gómez Bao playing the role of Carmona.[3]
She was married to the Italian actor Eduardo Amoroso.[4]
This article about an actor from Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:58:29 |
Loner - Wikipedia | A loner is a person who does not seek out, or actively avoids, interaction with other people. There are many potential reasons for their solitude. Intentional reasons include introversion, mysticism, spirituality, religion, or personal considerations.[1][2] Unintentional reasons involve being highly sensitive or shy. More than one type of loner exists, and those who meet the criteria for being called loners often actually enjoy social interactions with people but display a degree of introversion which leads them to seek out time alone.
The modern term loner can be used in the context of the belief that human beings are social creatures and that those who do not participate are deviants.[3][4][5] However, being a loner is sometimes depicted culturally as a positive personality trait, as it can be indicative of independence and responsibility.[6] Someone who is a recluse or romantically solitary can be referred to by terms including singleton and nonwedder.[7][8] Loners are often mistakenly perceived as having a hatred for other people and can face the ramifications of such a perception, such as being viewed as an outcast or misfit.[9]
There are different types of loners, including individuals who simply prefer solitude and are content to have very limited social interaction. The first type includes individuals that are forced into isolation because they are, or feel as though they are, rejected by society. This individual typically experiences loneliness. A second type of loner includes those who like to be social and have many social interactions, but who can also spend extended periods of time in solitude without experiencing feelings of loneliness. Those who fall into this category are often colloquially referred to as people who "enjoy their own company".
A third type of loner often does not feel lonely when they are alone, at least not in the same way as a social person who found themselves forcibly isolated would.[10] However, these are broad generalizations, and it is not uncommon for loners to experience both of these dimensions at some point.[11]
Someone who is within the autism spectrum may have difficulty with social interactions, prefer limited hobbies and routines, and have a resistance to change, which make it more likely for them to be a loner. Being a loner is also sometimes associated with individuals who have unusual handicaps, such as the inability to identify and describe emotions.[12] The characteristics of loners are also sometimes attributed to non-human animals such as the leopard, an animal whose behaviour is usually defined by being solitary.[13]
When expressing a desire to be alone, loners may not reject human contact entirely. A common example is that of the person who shuns any social interaction with colleagues beyond what is necessary for fulfilling their work or school responsibilities, mainly for practical reasons such as avoiding the complication of their non-personal life, but who is also highly charismatic during social gatherings with people outside of work or school—or vice versa.[14] Somebody who can be a loner would also fit the criteria for introversion, possibly due to both their innate personality traits and life experiences.[15]
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Selin Ciğerci - Wikipedia |
Selin Ciğerci (born 4 April 1984) is a Turkish transgender Internet celebrity, singer and businessperson. Ciğerci has been working in the field of pop music since mid-2017.[2]
Selin Ciğerci was born in Istanbul in 1984 in a conservative family. Having a father from Konya and a mother from Kastamonu, Ciğerci's family was poor at first, but after his father owned a ready-made clothing company, they rose to the top financially.
Ciğerci participated in the 4th season of the program called Wipe Out, using the pseudonym "Okan Ünsal".
She has her own cosmetic product brand called "Selin Beauty".
Ciğerci married football player Gökhan Çıra on 28 October 2019. The couple divorced on 10 September 2021 on the grounds that there were various differences of opinion. On 5 January 2022, it was reported that Selin Ciğerci and Gökhan Çıra were together again, and they remarried on 16 May 2022[3][4][5][6][7]
This Turkish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:58:35 |
Yolonda L. Colson - Wikipedia | University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (PhD and surgery residency)
Yolonda Lorig Colson is an American thoracic surgeon, working in Boston, who was the 103rd president and first female president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), succeeding Shaf Keshavjee, MD and preceding Lars G. Svensson, MD, PhD.[1][2] Colson is the Chief of the Division of Thoracic Surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital,[3] Hermes C. Grillo Professor in Thoracic Surgery, and Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School. Colson is an Officer and Exam Chair for the American Board of Thoracic Surgery.[4] She is also a collaborator of the Grinstaff Group.[5]
Colson completed her Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Biomedical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) from Mayo Medical School, and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and general surgery residency at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.[6] She then completed a fellowship in cardiothoracic surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Colson has been awarded many R29 and R01 NIH and NCI grants:
Colson also received over twenty AATS foundation grants.[1]
In 2010 Colson was recognized by the Lung Cancer Alliance for her work "Out of the Shadows", a women's health policy and advocacy program regarding lung cancer in women.[50] In 2020 Colson was interviewed by CTSNet after she was elected as the Vice President of the AATS.[51] Colson is mentioned several Castle Connolly Medical publications.[52][53][54][55]
In 2020, she was elected to the National Academy of Medicine.[56]
Colson is a co-inventor on six patents.[57][58][59][60][61][62] She founded the Women's Lung Cancer Forum.[63] She is the author of many journal articles and textbook chapters, including the text "Adult Chest Surgery".[64]
| 2023-08-27 16:58:39 |
Noak Bridge - Wikipedia |
Noak Bridge is a housing estate in the civil parish of Laindon in Basildon, Essex.
The estate takes its name from the bridge over the River Crouch at the foot of nearby Noak Hill. Prior to its development most of the area was secondary woodland that had developed on the site of previous plotlands known as 'Central Park'. The continued use of South African street names in part of the area reflects the street names in the previous development.
When people first moved into Noak Bridge the area was often popularly referred to as 'Wash Road', or the 'Wash Road Estate' after the road on its northern boundary, which in turn took its name from the 'wash' or ford that has now been replaced by a bridge just before the road's junction with Harding Elms Road.
Part of that secondary woodland survives as Noak Bridge Nature Reserve.
Noak Bridge is a rare example of a post-war, social housing estate that has been designated a Conservation Area [1]. First planned in the 1970s as part of Basildon new town, Noak Bridge was separated from the rest of the town and it was decided that it should have the traditional character of an English village. The project architects were Maurice Naunton and George Garrard. Construction began in 1979 and within 3 years almost 400 rented dwellings had been built, including bungalows and sheltered housing, as well as a school, surgery, and shops. In terms of urban design, it as an early example of successful "place-making".
The area's only primary school is Noak Bridge School (full name Noak Bridge County Primary School). The school has approximately 250 pupils, from the pre-school on to year 6. The school opened in September 1982, but for the first half-term operated from the former Nevendon School site (now the ITEC centre) on the Burnt Mills Industrial Estate.
Noak Bridge has a parish council and collects a tax to meet local needs.
The Noak Bridge Village Hall serves as a Councillor's surgery.
Noak Bridge Medical Centre serves those within the Noak Bridge, Noak Mead & Noak Park, Steeple View and Crays Hill areas.[1]
The area's two shops are a Pharmacy and a Post Office/Costcutter.
The Noak Bridge Nature Reserve lies to the south east of the settlement and consists of twenty acres of meadow, scrub and woodland. It contains several ponds which attract a variety of amphibians and dragonflies.[2]
The Reserve is the remains of the secondary woodland that covered much of the site before the estate was developed. This secondary woodland was notable for containing numerous garden species as well as pioneer woodland species such as hawthorn and oak.
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Brattsevo - Wikipedia | Brattsevo (Russian: Бра́тцево) is an area in Yuzhnoye Tushino District of North-Western Administrative Okrug of Moscow, Russia; formerly a country estate and a village. It is located near the confluence of the Bratovka and the Skhodnya Rivers.
For the first time mentioned in a last will dated 1565. From 1657 the village owned by a boyar Bogdan Khitrovo, who built there stone church of Intercession of the Virgin, preserved to our time. At that time (1680), in Brattsevo was 24 peasant yards and 49 residents. After the death of Khitrovo and his widow Maria Ivanovna, the village has been received by Cyril Naryshkin, relative of Peter the Great on his mother (1695).
Naryshkins owned of Brattsevo nearly a century. In 1780 the village was bought from the daughters of Cyril Naryshkin be Count Alexander Stroganoff, who immediately conveyed Brattsevo to his wife Catherine Petrovna. Soon after Count Stroganoff divorced the Countess because of her romance with Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov (former favorite of Catherine the Great), leaving Brattsevo to Catherine Petrovna. Countess Catherine P. Stroganoff lived in Brattsevo with Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov until her death (1815). After her death, Brattsevo was owned by Rimsky-Korsakov. Apparently, c. 1813 upon a picturesque hill near the village was created a complex estates and parks, existing to our time. The architect is expected to be Andrey Voronikhin, a former serf of Counts Stroganoff. Palace was built as an imitation of Villa Rotonda by Andrea Palladio. After the death of Rimsky-Korsakov (1831), Brattsevo was owned by his illegitimate son from Catherine Stroganoff, Colonel Vassily Ladomirsky. In summer 1866 in Brattsevo lived the artist Ivan Shishkin. His picture "Noon. Neighborhoods of Moscow" is based on his etudes of Brattsevo. In 1852 there were 25 peasant yards and 168 residents in Brattsevo, in 1898 - 49 yards and 209 residents. In 1888 was opened the parish school. In 1879, on the banks of Skhodnya on the site of mill, first referred to in the will in 1565, was constructed a cloth factory of Ivan Suvirov. The local farmers were not employed at this factory, as the manufacturer has wished the workers to be absolutely dependent. At this factory in 1885 occurred one of the first workers strike in Russia.
The new owner of the Suvirov factory in 1915 became colonel Hutarev. After the February Revolution of 1917 a conflict happened between Hutarev and its workers. Hutarev tried to declare a lockout, but the factory committee had a factory management in their own hands. Hutarev refused to pay, while workers locked him in a shed and released him only after his wife brought the money from Moscow. In November 1917 the new conflict occurred, when in October some of the factory workers, being members of the Red Guard, took part in the passages of arms in Moscow and Hutarev refused to admit them to work after their return. As a result, he was arrested again by workers, but successfully escaped never to return again, leaving the factory under the rule of workers.
The last owner of estate was an archaeologist, director of the Imperial Historical Museum, Prince Nikolai Shcherbatov. After the revolution of 1917, he willingly transferred Brattsevo to the State, insisting, however, that it must be taken under state protection as a monument of architecture. For some time there was a museum in the palace, but soon (1922) it was closed. After that, the estate was turned into a relaxation house for Revolutionary Military Council (Revvoensoviet) and was reorganized as a sovkhoz by Revvoensoviet, by based on landowner's economy. Soon, however, the sovkhoz and the estate had been transferred to agricultural institute. In 1928 the church bell tower was demolished, in 1930 the church was closed and converted into a factory. In 1935, in the estate became a sanatorium of Main Office of Northern Sea Route (Glavsevmorput '). Subsequently, there was a relaxation house of theater union.
Since 1960, Brattsevo came within the boundaries of Moscow. Remains of the village were finally demolished in 1980, and on their place was built Tushino’s Children's Hospital. In early 2000s, the wasteland outside the hospital was converted into a luxury cottage accommodation.
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| 2023-08-27 16:58:48 |
Inside Out (2015 film) - Wikipedia |
Inside Out is a 2015 American computer-animated film directed by Pete Docter from a screenplay he co-wrote with Meg LeFauve and Josh Cooley. Produced by Pixar Animation Studios, it stars the voices of Amy Poehler, Phyllis Smith, Richard Kind, Bill Hader, Lewis Black, Mindy Kaling, Kaitlyn Dias, Diane Lane, and Kyle MacLachlan. The film follows the inner workings inside the mind of a young girl named Riley, who adapts to her family's relocation, as five personified emotions administer her thoughts and actions.
Docter conceived Inside Out in late 2009 after noticing changes in his daughter's personality as she grew older, and it was subsequently green-lit. Based on the remembrances of Docter and the film's co-writer and co-director Ronnie del Carmen, they adopted an idea involving emotions for the film. During production, the filmmakers consulted psychologists and neuroscientists in order to achieve greater accuracy in their portrayal of the mind. Development on Inside Out lasted for five and a half years, on an approximate $175 million budget, and the film faced production difficulties, including repeated changes in its story.
Inside Out debuted out of competition at the 68th Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2015, and was released in the United States on June 19. The film received positive reviews for its craftsmanship, screenplay, subject matter, plot, and vocal performances (particularly those of Poehler, Smith, Kind, and Black). Organizations like the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute named it as one of the top ten films of 2015. Inside Out earned $858.8 million worldwide, finishing its theatrical run as the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2015. The film was nominated for two awards at the 88th Academy Awards, winning Best Animated Feature, and received numerous other accolades. Retrospectively, it has since been considered one of the best animated films ever made. A sequel, Inside Out 2, will be released on June 14, 2024.
Within the mind of a young girl named Riley are the basic emotions that control her actions: Joy, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, and Anger. Her experiences become memories, stored as colored orbs, which are sent into long-term memory each night. The aspects of five most important "core memories" within her personality incorporate the form of five floating islands. Joy acts as the leader, and she tries to limit Sadness's influence; Joy sees purpose in Fear, Disgust, and Anger, but thinks Sadness makes everything worse.
At the age of 11, Riley moves from Minnesota to San Francisco for her father's new job. At first, she has poor experiences: the new house is cramped and old; her father hardly has any time for her due to him needing to set up his new job; a local pizza parlor only serves pizza topped with broccoli, which she dislikes; and the moving van with their belongings was misdirected to Texas and will not arrive for weeks. On Riley's first day at her new school, Sadness retroactively turns joyous memories sad, which causes Riley to cry in front of her class and creates a sad core memory. Joy tries to dispose of it by using a vacuum tube, but accidentally knocks the other core memories loose during a struggle with Sadness, disabling the personality islands. Joy, Sadness, and the core memories are sucked out of Headquarters.
In Joy and Sadness's absence, Anger, Fear, and Disgust are forced to take control of Riley and try to make happy core memories, but the results are disastrous, distancing Riley from her parents, friends, and hobbies. Without the core memories, her personality islands gradually crumble, and fall into the "Memory Dump", where things fade to non-existence as they are forgotten. Finally, Anger resolves to run away to Minnesota, believing it will restore Riley's happiness.
While navigating the vast long-term memory area, Joy and Sadness encounter Bing Bong, Riley's imaginary friend, who suggests riding the "train of thought" back to Headquarters. After several adventures and mishaps, the trio eventually catch the train; however, it halts when Riley falls asleep, then derails entirely with the collapse of another island. Afraid that all the core memories will become sad, Joy abandons Sadness and tries to ride a "recall tube" back to the Headquarters. The ground below the tube collapses, breaking it and sending Joy and Bing Bong plunging into the Memory Dump.
After discovering a sad memory that turned happy when Riley's parents and friends comforted her, Joy understands Sadness's purpose of alerting others when Riley is emotionally overwhelmed and needs help. Joy and Bing Bong try to use Bing Bong's chant-fueled wagon rocket to escape the Memory Dump. They fail to fully ascend, due to their combined weight, until Bing Bong jumps out at the last moment and fades away.
Joy reunites with Sadness and they return to Headquarters, discovering that Anger's idea has disabled the console, putting Riley in depression as she boards a bus to Minnesota. To the surprise of the others, Joy hands control of the console to Sadness, who is able to reactivate it and prompt Riley to return to her parents. As Sadness re-installs the core memories, transforming them from happy to sad, Riley tearfully confesses to her parents that she misses her old life. Her parents comfort her and admit they also miss Minnesota. Joy and Sadness work the console together, creating a new core memory consisting of happiness and sadness; a new island forms, representing Riley's acceptance of her new life in San Francisco.
A year later, Riley, now at the age of 12, has adapted to her new home, made new friends, and returned to her old hobbies while acquiring a few new ones. Inside Headquarters, her emotions admire Riley's new personality islands, and are given a newly expanded console with room for them all to work together.
The development of Inside Out began in late 2009, when director Pete Docter felt anxiety about his adolescent daughter Elie's progressing introversion.[1][2][3] Docter approached Ronnie del Carmen to become a co-director, and he eventually accepted the offer, citing his "accidental" animation work.[4][5] They relived their past experiences and histories to adopt an idea involving emotions for the film,[6] aiming to depict them with strong, caricatured personalities.[7] Docter had decided to make it after del Carmen determined most of the film's aspects had narrow appeal.[8]
The directors and producer Jonas Rivera researched the mind with the help of psychologist Paul Ekman and the University of California, Berkeley professor of psychology Dacher Keltner.[7] Pixar animator Dan Holland and his team allowed some psychologists and specialists to accurately develop the film's story.[9] Production designer Ralph Eggleston authorized neuroscientists to design the locations in Riley's mind using DNA-based cues and photographs of neuronal flashes.[10] In Keltner and Ekman's opinion, they emphasized the emotions' formation of social lives and interactions, which can moderate themselves.[11]
While Keltner focused on Sadness that strengthens relationships, Ekman identified seven emotions with "universal signals" early: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy, contempt, and surprise. Therefore, Docter removed surprise from Inside Out after he corroborated that it and fear were similar; contempt was abandoned also by the filmmakers. Two of Joy's initial names, happiness and an unrelated optimism, were combined with Joy.[7][12][13] A total of 27 emotions,[14][15] including irritation, envy, greed, gloom, despair, depression, love, schadenfreude, ennui, shame, embarrassment, and hope, were considered for the film before reducing to their possible value.[16][17][18] Its finalized, streamlined scope featured a condensed story and the emotions' traits.[16]
Inside Out was green-lit in October 2009, after Docter was interested in forming the main character's story arc.[10] Chief creative officer John Lasseter offered little input on the film due to his focus on restructuring Walt Disney Animation Studios, and it was the first for Pixar without involvement of co-founder and former Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who died in 2011.[2] Executives at Disney and Pixar were positive at Docter's proposal, but acknowledged it was difficult to advertise.[8][19] The film spent five and a half years in development,[20][21] with an approximate $175 million budget.[22] Docter and Eggleston described this an intricate and lengthy process.[20][21] As such, first-time directors were likely ineligible to work on the film.[23]
In 2010, Docter and the filmmaking team met to discuss aspects about Inside Out, including its setting, rules, and reels. Docter then recruited a small story team to develop the film's plotline and design its characters within 12 months;[10][24][25] their main challenge was to deal with its multilayered technique.[26] Though the film's script was deemed ambitious and ingenious, screenwriter Michael Arndt spent a year on it before leaving the project in early 2011;[27] he was attributed with additional story material.[28]
To promote diverse input, half of the story team were women, at a time when the animation industry consisted largely of men. Although Inside Out's focus was about a girl, research found that females age 11 to 17 were more attuned to expressions and emotions than younger girls.[29] Docter decided that Riley was not a main character, but her role as a setting.[10] He considered the lead emotion as female, since Riley had the same gender. Other emotions were assigned between male and female.[30] Del Carmen influenced the film's story development based around his upbringing,[31] and preferred the idea of hockey's popularity in Minnesota, becoming a core concept.[29] Docter also discarded an initial idea about Riley falling into a deep depression.[2] Creation of storyboards for Inside Out took two to three years, and included seven to eight screenings for Pixar's "brain trust" (a small group of creative leaders who oversee its development on all films).[32]
The filmmakers were responsible for expressing the characters' personal traits, talents,[14] and contrasts.[29] Inside Out's design team researched more of her personality's distinct directions, after Docter was concerned over Joy's displeasure. Designer Albert Lozano wanted Joy with tomboyish and "mischievous" characteristics.[33] Amy Poehler helped the team to write Joy, illustrating a broad range of happiness after facing difficulties. With LeFauve's help, the team envisioned Joy as vulnerable and intangible because she was "unapologetically positive".[24][34] From the outset, the idea persisted about Joy's potential to excessively manipulate youth, setting off Riley's "social storms".[35]
In one instance, Riley was to have wanted the lead role as a turkey in a Thanksgiving Day pageant. Ultimately, Docter found that plot idea to be too unfamiliar, and sought something to replace it. Several drafts emerged, including: the characters cultivating ideas after falling to "Idea Fields";[36] and Bing Bong recruiting at a large, exiled entourage from Riley's childhood. Richard Kind later defined his character as "the fading of childhood" when Inside Out's development had progressed.[37] In October 2011, Diane Disney Miller convinced Docter to reduce Inside Out's distractions and reprioritize the story.[24] Docter determined that the concept of personality islands could integrate the mind world's geography and story.[36]
In 2012, the film was put into production[10] after several screenings and suggestions, and evaluated after three months. Editor Kevin Nolting said that seven versions of the film were created before the production began.[32] The difficult part was to balance the film's tone, for example, how viewers would respond to Joy's cheerful nature while feeling negative about the mess that Joy manipulated in Riley. Rivera credited Poehler for fleshing out these aspects of Joy's nature.[35] Eggleston recommended that the film be set to take place in the mind rather than in the brain,[38] as such a few scenes about the brain were dropped.[14]
An early version of Inside Out focused on Joy and Fear getting lost together. In July 2012, Pixar filmmakers held an evaluation screening of the film. Docter came to find that storyline nonfunctional, and was reluctant to be fired. In 2013, Docter was still unsure about what Joy had learned from Fear to develop her characterization,[14] eventually reached a breakthrough to integrate emotions and relationships within the film.[19] Storyboarding was reworked to replace Fear with Sadness and give Sadness a "much juicier" role.[14] Docter's altercation between Joy and Sadness lacked the film's emotional ending. To address the issue, he changed a scene where Riley is separating from her friend in its subsequent portions. Islands of Friendship and Personality became Joy and Sadness's outings in the film to maintain its continuity.[39]
Over the course of storyboarding, 27 sequences and 178,128 outlines were developed,[24] with 127,781 remaining upon completion.[14] According to Josh Cooley, 10 plot rewrites of Inside Out and 10 unabridged scenes of Riley's mind were made.[39] Initial storyboarding differentiated the importance of Riley's story arc than emotions, but Rivera considered the film's balance was "about 75 percent inside, 25 percent out".[26] In early 2013, the filmmakers made seven to eight distinct openings for the film.[24] The brain trust eventually locked the picture and its story.[10] After Cooley and Meg LeFauve contributed the film's rewrite, they were credited as screenwriters. Docter, Cooley, and LeFauve worked on experiences with raising their own children into the screenplay. Cooley highlighted these as emotions and subsequently created them.[40] Production of the film concluded in May 2015,[10] after three years.[12]
Inside Out's principal characters were cast in August 2013.[41] Casting focused on actors that have personas identical to the emotions they voiced.[42] Voice recording began in 2013 and ended in 2014.[10] As Inside Out contained several veterans of Saturday Night Live (SNL), the film's team spent a week at that program for research on a live television sequence.[43] Poehler and Phyllis Smith had three voice recording sessions. Once Smith got a call for traveling to Pixar's headquarters in Emeryville, California, Rivera chose her after watching a lunch scene in Bad Teacher (2011). He contacted Docter and remarked, "I think we found our Sadness." Poehler was hired as the last of the emotions' cast.[44]
Fear was inspired by Don Knotts. According to Lozano, Knotts had wide eyes. Docter said, "[He] was the kind of guy who could bring sophistication and then flip on a dime".[30] Bill Hader was cast as Fear[43] after he and the filmmakers visited the set of SNL in New York City for a week,[13] and also assisted at the story room. His casting was assumed until his stay ended, but he asked to contact fellow SNL veteran Poehler[45] that it was secret. Hader later reaffirmed his involvement in Inside Out. In preparation for his role, he worked out to "[exercise] almost every emotion" and practiced his screaming voice across all recording sessions.[46][47]
When the story was pitched to Mindy Kaling, she said that it sounded "really beautiful" and joined the cast,[7] receiving six recording sessions within four hours.[46] Disgust was described as akin to the looks of April Ludgate and Veruca Salt.[48] Docter exemplified Lewis Black for Anger, and he was cast after the filmmakers kept him in mind as expected, having realized Black's voice.[13] Kind was cast to voice Bing Bong, who tried to convey the same "sort of innocence" of his previous Pixar roles, and wound up not taking part in pre-release promotion as the producers decided to keep the character a secret.[49]
Animation of Inside Out took a year and a half. About 48 animators (including supervisors Shawn Krause and Victor Navone, and director Jamie Roe), and 350 artists (35 of them lighting–led by cinematographer Kim White–and 10 layout) and technicians were involved in the production of the film. Two other animation teams were also produced: one was separate for abstract sequence and another was crowded for the character process.[12][20] The team utilized unique technology to locate every part of the human body.[50]
Docter imagined that with emotions for characters, they could "push the level of caricature" to both design and "style of movement" to degrees. To this end, they emulated the styles of animators Tex Avery and Chuck Jones.[36] Docter informed Krause and Navone to push the graphic caricature of each character rather than sticking to the rigid behavior of each RenderMan model. This required an artist to draw over characters in Inside Out during dailies, using a Wacom Cintiq.[51] The team spent over three years on enhancing the dinnertime scene, the first one to do so.[32] Sketches resembled the emotions were superior by the filmmakers, despite the rules broke within such boundaries.[12] After the characters were brought to finalized forms, they were proposed for 3D models using desktop computers. The filmmakers studied dailies and understand animation until Docter gave the film's finalized shots for their approval on lighting and rendering.[10]
Through the simulation department, the motion of the characters' hair and their garments were added.[14] Eggleston's production design arrived, moving forward for added placements that included their original inspiration for lighting Joy.[52] Pixar co-founder Edwin Catmull believed the characters' attributes have a lesser extent of humanoid forms, brighter colors, and strange shapes due to their possession of force fields. Rendering took 33 hours.[53] All aspects of Inside Out were eventually merged to a single image,[14] having an animation spread across 1,600 shots. The film took three weeks of animation to create three seconds of footage.[10]
Eggleston's diagram was made of pastels shaped Joy, having her increased illumination[52] and making her Pixar's crucial character. Instead of being solid, Joy's effervescence was derived from pinwheels, Champagne, and sparklers. Lozano thought that Joy would look like Audrey Hepburn.[10] For Joy to become brightened, the RenderMan team turned real light from a geometry,[52] and Docter suggested to design her with "sprite-like and golden" modifications.[30] The filmmakers worked for eight months on Joy's aura, but encountered difficulties related to time and budget. Lasseter requested that it be applied for each emotion instead. Eggleston described this technique, "You could hear the core technical staff just hitting the ground, the budget falling through the roof".[54] Docter and his six-designer team spent approximately 18 months finalizing Joy's look.[33] Overall, the process on making Joy ran for three years.[30]
Eggleston was tasked with outlining Inside Out's worlds.[10] Its design faithfully reflected Pixar films Up (2009), Toy Story 3 (2010),[12] and the intended 1950s Broadway musicals,[2] which Navone tightened its aspects[12] and was emphasized by freeform techniques.[55] The mind world's layout and cinematography took inspiration from Casablanca (1942).[52] Around 300 different designs of Headquarters were developed.[10] Pixar researched films within the Hollywood's golden age for set constructions. They performed master moving shots in combining them into a single scene, the longest of which were 48 seconds or 1,200 frames.[52] In envisaging how the mind's interior would be depicted, the filmmakers concentrated on the word "electrochemical" and was considered for various options using electricity.[56]
Director of photography Patrick Lin placed Inside Out's camera language into the mind and real worlds for determining and differentiating them; they were respectively described as superior and inferior. The real world had problems created through lens distortion and out-of-focus shots. Even so, directorial changes countered the camera's complex usage. Two types of camera lenses (Arri/Zeiss Ultra Prime and Cooke S4), with distinct camera movements and predetermined paths, were used for both worlds. An inherent mechanical procedure using a dolly, track, crane, and boom was used in the mind one; and biological cameras like zoom, Steadicam, and hand-held in the real one. Lin's crew supervised Riley's story arc as these cameras were applied in the film across three acts: first was Steadicam, followed by two were hand-held.[21][57]
The use of scale progressions, which measured the worldbuilding size of the main characters, were made for handling the development of them and Riley and Joy's arcs. Staging was used for Inside Out's story, while framing for its theme. One of the film's parts was described as earliest and reserved, and had closeups for adults indicated for growing up, especially for Joy and Riley.[57] The cameras were created by their crew have attached sensors and were "rough" and "physical"; these were improved in Inside Out after using them in Pixar's short film The Blue Umbrella (2013). For projecting Inside Out's environment, they used humans to surround it for the development and assembly of the film's scenes. Layout supported Inside Out's virtual scenes, making them blocked and animated.[55]
Michael Giacchino served as composer for Inside Out.[58] He began planning in January 2015,[59] before concluding that May.[10] While in the music session, Docter felt its score "bittersweet" and "nostalgic" after he "grew up playing the violin and bass".[24] Giacchino wanted to create something more emotionally monumental for Inside Out's score, when compared to his score from Up.[59] The producers first met with Giacchino to discuss the film's concept and screen it for him. In response, he composed an eight-minute suite of music, unconnected to the film, based on his emotions viewing it. Rivera remarked that as both Giacchino and Docter were musicians, and they discussed the film in terms of story and character.[36] In accordance with its creative preference, a progressive soundscape was made by sound designer Ren Klyce, who was joined by Rivera.[60] Docter took a four-year discussion where his piano sessions considered forgetfulness, and a chewing gum advertising jingle was disturbing.[61]
Disney spearheaded the marketing campaign.[62] Their strategy entailed aggressive social media engagement,[63] a worldwide publicity tour,[64] and the creation of five colorful character posters.[65] Leading up to its release, Inside Out was test screened for children, since executives were concerned about the film's appeal to younger viewers.[34] As promotional tie-ins, Disney Infinity 3.0 (2015) added a platformer-type Inside Out playset featuring the emotions as playable characters,[66][67] with a mobile Puzzle Bobble-style game, Inside Out: Thought Bubbles, was released.[68][69]
Compared to 2014's $4.1 billion summer theatrical period (May 2 – September 1),[70] in 2015, an increased slate of anticipated film releases were expected. Industry analysts blamed the large number of films "without numerals in the title or have been pitched to older audiences instead of the teenagers" released earlier that garnered several successes. Fewer sequels were scheduled and only five—Inside Out, Jurassic World, Minions, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, and Ant-Man—were predicted to be blockbusters.[71] Inside Out, Jurassic World, and Minions were the only films expected to easily earn over $200 million.[72]
The 95-minute[73] Inside Out debuted out of competition at the 68th Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2015,[74] followed by a premiere on June 16, at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles.[75] Inside Out was originally scheduled for general release on May 30, 2014,[76] but it was pushed back to June 19, 2015.[77] The film was also released in 3D,[78] as well as Dolby Vision, one of the earliest films to adopt the format.[79] In theaters, Inside Out was accompanied by a short film, Lava (2014).[80]
In the United States and Canada, Inside Out was released with Dope. The film earned $34.3 million on its first day,[81] including $3.7 million from Thursday night previews.[82] During its opening weekend, Inside Out earned $90.4 million across 3,946 theaters (3,100 in 3D), making it the number-two film behind Jurassic World ($106.6 million).[83][84] It was the first Pixar film not to debut at number one, and had the largest opening weekend of any film not debuting at the top of the box office (surpassing The Day After Tomorrow's (2004) $68.7 million). Additionally, it had the highest opening weekend for an original film, overtaking Avatar ($77 million in 2009).[85] Inside Out's successful opening was attributed to its Cannes premiere, CinemaCon and Fathom Events screenings, its critical reception, good word-of-mouth, and Father's Day weekend.[62][86] It attracted a mostly female audience, with about 63 percent; 71 percent for families; and 59, 46, and 38 percent being under 25, 18, and 12 years of age, respectively.[62][87] The film's second weekend earnings dropped by 42 percent to $52.1 million,[88] and followed by another $29.8 million in its third, topping the box office.[89] Inside Out left theaters by December 10, 2015, with a total box-office take of $356.9 million, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year.[90][91] In July 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic closing most theaters worldwide and limiting what films played, Inside Out returned to 442 theaters (mostly drive-ins) and earned $340,000.[92]
Outside the U.S. and Canada, Inside Out earned $40.3 million in its opening weekend across 37 markets.[93] On its opening weekend elsewhere, the top countries were China ($11.7 million),[94] the United Kingdom ($11.5 million),[95] Mexico ($8.6 million), Russia ($7.6 million),[93] Italy ($7.4 million),[96] Germany ($7.1 million),[97] and South Korea ($5.2 million). In Russia, Inside Out was the first Pixar film to earn more than one billion rubles.[98] The film is estimated to have earned a further $501.9 million, performing well in the United Kingdom ($59.4 million), Japan ($33 million), Germany ($31.6 million), Mexico ($31.1 million), South Korea ($30.9 million), France ($30.1 million), Italy ($27.1 million), Venezuela ($25.4 million), and Australia ($24.2 million), among others.[90] This made it the seventh-highest-grossing film outside of the U.S. and Canada.[99] Cumulatively, Inside Out earned an estimated worldwide gross of $858.8 million,[90] making it the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2015.[100] Deadline Hollywood calculated the film's net profit as $279.51 million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participations, and other costs; box office grosses and home media revenues placed it sixth on their list of 2015's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".[22]
Inside Out has an approval rating of 98% based on 379 professional reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.9/10. Its critical consensus reads, "Inventive, gorgeously animated, and powerfully moving, Inside Out is another outstanding addition to the Pixar library of modern animated classics."[101] Metacritic (which uses a weighted average) assigned Inside Out a score of 94 out of 100 based on 55 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[102] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+-to-F scale.[62] It was listed on many critics' top ten lists in 2015, ranking fourth.[103] Before the release of Inside Out, fans and critics were concerned by a perceived overdependence on sequels on the part of Pixar, which was only exacerbated by the announcement of Toy Story 4 (2019), and their films declining in quality.[2][104] Likewise, DreamWorks Animation's competition with Pixar was disappointingly lacking, leading to speculation that computer-animated films were "in a funk".[2]
Critics praised Inside Out's craftsmanship and Docter's direction,[a] describing it as a return to form for Pixar.[b] Peter Debruge (Variety), Kenneth Turan (Los Angeles Times), and Todd McCarthy (The Hollywood Reporter) praised the film. Debruge and Turan described it as Pixar's best, calling it "sophisticated" and "audacious". Turan and Richard Brody (The New Yorker) cited the film's engaging visuals, its message about the value of emotions, and the depiction of Riley's imagination; Debruge and Anthony Lane (The New Yorker) praised its originality.[c] Vulture's David Edelstein suggested them that the film made a "new pop-culture touchstone".[119] Despite these overall reviews, The Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw and Slant Magazine writer Christopher Gray assessed the film as slightly inferior to Pixar's best.[120][121]
The scriptwriting, plot, and subject matter were sources of praise.[d] Forbes's Scott Mendelson thought that its script supported its themes,[122] whereas Leigh Singer of IGN conveyed the film's tropes: child devotion, teamwork, and confused chases. Singer expressed the "tried-and-tested" journey had an unprecedented "licence to go".[128] In contrast, Rene Rodriguez, writing for the Miami Herald, felt the story skipped from the beginning to the end and characters inside Riley's head having thin goals.[129] Ann Hornaday (The Washington Post) and A. O. Scott (The New York Times) appreciated its entertaining subject matter.[114][130] The Hindu's Udhav Naig saw the film as promoting mental health, but panned the film's misinterpretation of brain functions.[131]
Reviews for the actors' performances were very positive in the media,[e] with their work described as "wonderful" and "excellent".[135][136] Edelstein commended Poehler's acting, indicating that she had "supernatural exuberance but the semi-tonal quavers of doubt that keep that [...] from being cloying or cartoonish."[119] Magnett called Anger the "most perfect" one, with a "sense of humor and genuine care".[132]
At the 88th Academy Awards, Inside Out received a nomination for Best Original Screenplay and won Best Animated Feature.[137] The film's other nominations include fourteen Annie Awards (winning ten),[138] two British Academy Film Awards (winning one),[139] three Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning one),[140] and a Golden Globe Award (which it won).[141] It was named one of the ten best films of 2015 by the National Board of Review (where it also won Best Animated Film) and the American Film Institute.[142][143]
Inside Out was released as a digital download in October 2015. This was followed by a DVD and Blu-ray release in November.[144][145] Physical copies contain an audio commentary, behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes,[146] and two shorts: Lava and Riley's First Date? (2015).[147][148][149] The home-media release was a success, being the best-selling home release of November, and the number-five rental during its release week. About 57% of its sales were on Blu-ray.[150] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray version was released in 2019.[151][152] The physical release had earned about $97.8 million by 2015.[153]
Google started a Made with Code event for the film in December 2015, named "Inside HQ", to encourage children, especially girls, to study programming.[154] Inside Out Emotional Whirlwind, a spinner ride, ran since 2019 at Disney California Adventure.[155][156] Emotions at Play with Pixar's Inside Out is an exhibit at the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh that has been in operation since 2021. It features activities based on set pieces from the film.[157] A confectionery store, Inside Out: Joyful Sweets, opened on Disney Wish in July 2022.[158]
A central theme of Inside Out is the consequences and portrayal of emotions and memories.[159][160][161] Those depicted in the film are "honest" and "generous";[160][162] their goal is maintaining Riley's life.[163] Natasha Moore of the Australian ABC News detailed the film's theme: "[If] Riley's carefree life gets more complicated, [...] Joy's attempts to deliver uninterrupted happiness become increasingly neurotic."[164] Nicole Markotic argued that the film explores the relationship between "the many and the one", demonstrating that people have "composite" personalities. The different components of one person's personality are vital for that person's "emotional and psychological balance". Depression and sadness are distinct in the film, and this distinction is meant to "[offer] individuals strategies to avoid suppressing crucial feelings".[165] Writing in the British Journal of Psychiatry, Hannah Marcarian and Paul O. Wilkinson agree that this validation of different emotions helps people express themselves.[166]
Ruth Bettelheim of USA Today wrote that human responses to physical and social environments evolved over millions of years, and have not yet been fully understood, as shown by the film not including Riley's bodily sensation and their possible effect on mental states. Primatologist Louise Barrett thought the film showed disconnection between characters who are not relating to each other, or to their own emotions; but moments of personal harmony lead to positive interpersonal connections.[167] According to USA Today's Jamie Altman, the film shows that major environmental changes can be "difficult, but not impossible, to overcome", recommending it to college students experiencing homesickness or sadness.[168]
Three lawsuits followed Inside Out's release. Pediatrician Denise Daniels sued Disney and Pixar in 2017, claiming the film's personified emotions infringed on her pitch for a television series The Moodsters.[169] Two similar suits were followed in 2018: author Carla J. Masterson sued Disney for infringing her books What’s on the Other Side of the Rainbow? and The Secret of the Golden Mirror,[170] and another was brought in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, by a Canadian student Damon Pourshian, who had make a film titled Inside Out.[171][172] Pourshian's suit was later green-lit by an Ontario court in 2021.[173] The outcomes of these lawsuits were unknown,[170][173] while Daniels's one was rejected.[174]
Since its release, Inside Out has been assessed as one of the best animated films ever made.[f] Multiple publications have listed Inside Out among the greatest films of the twenty-first century,[g] and the 2010s.[h] In December 2021, the film's screenplay was listed number 29 on the Writers Guild of America's "101 Greatest Screenplays of the 21st Century (So Far)".[197]
Inside Out sparked various Internet meme reactions, including Joy and Disgust similarizing the Philippine supercouple nicknamed AlDub;[198] and the real-world core memories montaging personal moments, which began spreading on TikTok.[199][200] During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was one of the 35 films recommended people watch by The Independent.[201]
A sequel, titled Inside Out 2, has been announced to be in development[202][203] for a June 14, 2024 release.[204] The film will follow Riley, now as a teenager, with a "new set of personified emotions".[205] Amy Poehler will be reprising the role of Joy, while Mindy Kaling and Bill Hader will not be returning as Disgust and Fear, respectively, following reports of a contract dispute.[206][207] On June 16, 2023, Docter confirmed that Sadness would return in the film.[208] Following the release of Elemental, Docter confirmed all five emotions of the first film would return in the sequel, and that they would be joined by new emotions.[209]
A television series based on Inside Out is in development at Pixar. Soul and Luca co-writer Mike Jones will develop the series.[210]
| 2023-08-27 16:58:51 |
Köln Hauptbahnhof - Wikipedia | Köln Hauptbahnhof or Cologne Central Station[6] is a railway station in Cologne, Germany. The station is an important local, national and international transport hub, with many ICE, Thalys and Intercity trains calling there, as well as regional Regional-Express, RegionalBahn and local S-Bahn trains. EuroNight and Nightjet night services also call at the station. It has frequent connections to Frankfurt by way of the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line, which starts in southern Cologne. On an average day, about 280,000 travellers frequent the station,[5] making it the fifth busiest station in Germany.[7]
The station is situated next to Cologne Cathedral.
There is another important station in Cologne, the Köln Messe/Deutz station across the river Rhine, just about 400 metres away from Köln Hauptbahnhof. The stations are linked by the Hohenzollern Bridge, a six-track railway bridge with pedestrian and bicycle lanes on each side. Frequent local services connect the two stations.
By 1850 there were five stations at Cologne that had been built by different railway companies. On the west bank of the Rhine there were the Bonn-Cologne Railway Company (German, old spelling: Bonn-Cölner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, BCE), the Cologne-Krefeld Railway Company (German, old spelling: Cöln-Crefelder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, CCE) and the Rhenish Railway Company (German: Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, RhE). On the east bank there were the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company (German: Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, BME) and the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (German, old spelling: Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, CME).
In 1854 a controversial decision was taken to locate a new rail and road bridge next to the cathedral, following consideration of such proposals as connecting the bridge to an existing freight yard and temporary passenger station on the banks of the Rhine (Rhine Station) at the street of Trankgasse, which is to the southeast of the current Hauptbahnhof. It was suggested that carriages could be lowered by lift to the Trankgasse station, but it was quickly realized that the only effective way for connecting the left and right bank line was to create a central station. The city agreed to the proposal in 1857 and made available the ground of the former Botanical garden to the north of the cathedral and on the site of part of the old University of Cologne, suppressed by the French in 1798. The railway track was laid at ground level from the bridge over the Rhine and crossing the street of Eigelstein west of the station at ground level and running through the medieval city wall.
The original Central Station (German: Centralbahnhof[8]) was built beginning in 1857 to the plans of Hermann Otto Pflaume on behalf of the RhE, which had in the same year acquired the BCE. The station was opened on 5 December 1859 together with the Cathedral Bridge (German: Dombrücke, later the site of the Hohenzollernbrücke). The Central Station was a combined terminus and through station: it included four terminating tracks for the RhE running to the west, while the CME had two through tracks connected to its line on the eastern side of the Rhine by the Cathedral Bridge.
The station quickly reached capacity, but the RhE as operator had only limited interest in developing the station, as this would have mainly benefited competing companies. Serious planning for an enlarged station was therefore only taken after the nationalisation of the railways in Prussia in the 1880s.
For the planning of the new central station two options were considered:
While the Prussian government argued for the second option, opinion in Cologne was split. On 9 January 1883, the Cologne City Council decided by one vote, finally, for the second option under a plan by the engineer E. Grüttefien of Berlin. Construction began in 1889. The tracks were raised by six metres (19 ft 8 in) with half the new space created under the track filled with earth and a new entrance building was built to the design of Georg Frentzen, an architect from Aachen. The foundation stone was laid on 7 May 1892.[9]
In 1894, the large tripartite platform hall was completed. The central hall had a roof span of 64 metres (210 ft 0 in) covering today's platforms 2 to 7, and outside it were two 13-metre (42 ft 8 in)-wide aisles for platforms 1 and 8. The 255-metre (836 ft 7 in)-long hall included a two-storey waiting room building, with easy access to all platforms. The station included four terminating platforms facing east and four facing west on either side of the waiting rooms, with one through platform on the northeast side and one on the southwest side.
During the restructuring of the rail tracks in the Cologne area in about 1905–1911 (most notable for the construction of the new South Bridge and the four-track Hohenzollern Bridge), the waiting room building was removed and all the platforms were rebuilt as through platforms. Advantage was taken of the previously unused space beneath the tracks.
Only the first and second class waiting rooms in Trankgasse and Johannisstraße (streets) survived World War II and subsequent modifications and are now used as a restaurant and the Alter Wartesaal events centre.
For several years after World War II, there was debate as to whether the main station should be rebuilt on the site of the Gereon freight yard—now the site of MediaPark. Therefore, the reconstruction of the main railway station was a slow process and for a decade Cologne station included temporary structures.
The first building occurred in 1953 with the demolition of the long building on the western side, which was replaced by a modern building with baggage handling facilities and a hotel. The old station building (which had been only slightly damaged during the war and temporarily repaired) was demolished in 1955. On 23 September 1957, the new station hall with its shell-shaped roof was opened to the design of the architects Schmitt and Schneider. The main station building was built on the northern side of the station following the demolition of an originally built-up area between the streets of Maximinenstraße, Domstraße, Hofergasse and Hermannstraße and the shifting of Goldgasse with the building of Breslauer Platz as a second entrance plaza.
In the course of building the S-Bahn up until 1991, the entire railway line, railway station and the Hohenzollern bridge were supplemented by two independent S-Bahn tracks. First, in 1975 two additional platforms were built (10 and 11) and then the additional tracks were built on the Hohenzollern bridge for the S-Bahn line.
In 2000, a shopping centre was opened at the entry level—including the area under the S-Bahn tracks. The so-called colonnade includes 70 shops and restaurants with over 11,500 square metres (124,000 sq ft) of retail space and 700 employees.
At a summit of Deutsche Bahn, the federal government and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia on 31 March 2010 in Düsseldorf, it was decided that the station should be extended by 2019 with an S-Bahn platform with two S-Bahn tracks at Breslauer Platz. The estimated cost would amount to €60 million.[10]
It is planned to extend the platform for track 1 to provide a secure area for checking passenger and baggage to enable ICE trains to run to London-St Pancras in 2016.[11] It will be operationally difficult for trains departing towards London to cross all the western approach tracks, as will be necessary.
Cologne Hauptbahnhof is one of the hubs of European long-distance traffic. Long-distance lines run on both sides of the Rhine via Cologne. Therefore, the station situated on the left (western) bank of the Rhine is connected to Köln Messe/Deutz station situated on the right (eastern) bank of the Rhine via the Hohenzollern Bridge. Long-distance trains connect in the station from the Ruhr region, southern Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Belgium. Köln Messe/Deutz (tief) station is used by two ICE services on the right bank route. In the past, therefore, a direct connection, such as a moving walkway over the Rhine was considered, but this controversial idea was rejected as too expensive for the time being.
The Cologne rail node is at the centre of eleven routes radiating in all directions. More than 280,000 arriving and departing passengers are estimated to use 1,200 trains daily.[12]
Cologne Hauptbahnhof, together with the Hohenzollern Bridge is a key bottleneck for rail transport in the Cologne region. Long-distance traffic load is concentrated to and from the east of the station, while regional trains mainly run to and from the west. The connecting lines from Hürth-Kalscheuren and Steinstraße are operating at capacity. Adding extra tracks is hardly possible. Changing the track layout is not possible with the existing signalling. The network will become increasingly congested up to 2030 and beyond.[13]
Although its platforms are divided into three sections each, they are still remarkably crowded throughout the day, and a major extension of the station is impossible because of its historic surroundings. Connections to the local Cologne network Stadtbahn are made by two subterranean stations, Dom/Hbf and Breslauer Platz/Hbf at the respective ends of the station. The station has 11 main line passenger track platforms, of which two are used for S-Bahn services; one of the two subterranean Stadtbahn has two tracks with side platforms (Dom/Hbf) the other (Breslauer Platz/Hbf) has two out of three tracks in service and one side platform and an island platform (both in use). Its IATA code is QKL.
Cologne Hauptbahnhof is the hub of many Intercity Express and Intercity lines, mostly serving Cologne every hour or every two hours:
Various high-speed services connect most cities in Germany as well as several neighbouring countries in a few hours. Thalys high-speed trains run from Cologne to Paris via Aachen, Liege and Brussels. An international Intercity Express service also operates every two hours during the day on the Brussels–Liege—Aachen–Cologne line, continuing to Frankfurt.
With a combined 403 scheduled long-distance arrivals and departures each day at Cologne in the summer timetable of 1989, it was the most important node in the network of Deutsche Bundesbahn.[14] With 383 scheduled long-distance arrivals and departures, in Deutsche Bahn's timetable of summer 1996, it was the second most important node (after Hannover Hauptbahnhof).[14]
Cologne Hauptbahnhof is also a hub for numerous Regional-Express and Regionalbahn services, mostly serving the station in Cologne every half-hour or hour, but sometime only every two hours:[16]
Köln Hauptbahnhof is integrated in the Rhein-Sieg S-Bahn network. From Monday to Friday S-Bahn trains run at 20-minute intervals during the day and at other times usually every 30 minutes. It is also served on working days by the S19 service between Düren and Au (Sieg), running hourly but substituting for an S13 service. Northwest of the Cologne Hauptbahnhof S-Bahn station is the Köln Hansaring S-Bahn station and to the east is the Köln Messe/Deutz S-Bahn station. All S-Bahn services serving the station, use these two stations.
Below Cologne Hauptbahnhof there are two stations of the Cologne Stadtbahn. Stadtbahn stations Dom/Hauptbahnhof and Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof are on the same tunnel that runs under the main station making a turn of 120 degrees. The former one is located below the southern end, next to the cathedral, the latter at the northern end where it connects to the bus station. Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof station was relocated and completely redesigned up December 2011. Line 5 has been rerouted from Dom/Hauptbahnhof to Rathaus station to connect with the first open part of the north-south Stadtbahn tunnel, which is currently under construction. One year later line 5 was lengthened one station from Rathaus to Heumarkt. Formerly, all trains stopped at Dom/Hbf and Breslauer Platz/Hbf, but, as the junction for the new line will be between these stations, line 5 trains only stop at Dom/Hbf, and line 16 trains will only stop at Breslauer Platz/Hbf when the line is opened.
Currently Dom/Hbf station is served by the following lines (during the day at ten-minute intervals, line 18 at five-minute intervals), but Breslauer Platz/Hbf station is served only by lines 16 and 18:
Services are offered by the Cologne Stadtbahn and the Bonn Stadtbahn, often referred to as Stadtbahn Rhein-Sieg after the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg (VRS - Rhein-Sieg Transit Authority).
Since January 2010, a system of "open access" on European high-speed railway lines now permits different rail operators to apply to run high-speed passenger services. DB Fernverkehr have announced their intention to operate a direct ICE service from Cologne to London St Pancras via Brussels and the Channel Tunnel. The proposal, first put forward in 2007,[17] was delayed by Eurotunnel safety regulations which required operators to use trainsets which could be divided in the Tunnel in the event of an emergency, allowing passengers to be transported out of the tunnel in two directions. This regulation has now been relaxed, and it was envisaged that DB could begin direct London-Cologne services before the end of 2014. These plans have since been delayed, and services are not expected to start until at least 2018.
| 2023-08-27 16:58:56 |
Euprymna phenax - Wikipedia |
Euprymna phenax is a species of bobtail squid native to the waters of the Indo-Pacific, off the Philippines and possibly in the East China Sea. The depth range of this species is unknown. It was originally collected at nightlight.[3]
The type specimen is 11 mm in mantle length.[3]
The type specimen was collected off the Philippines and is deposited at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.[4]
This article related to bobtail squids is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | 2023-08-27 16:59:00 |
Sara Hallager - Wikipedia | Sara Hallager is an American biologist in avian management and husbandry, specializing in the care and conservation of flamingos and kori bustards.[1][2] She is curator of birds at the Smithsonian National Zoo.[3][4]
Hallager holds a Bachelor of Science degree in zoology from the University of Maryland, College Park.[3]
Hallager is curator of birds of the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington, D.C. where she oversees a team responsible for the well-being, reproduction, and conservation of the zoo's diverse bird population. In this role, she is also the keeper of the International Studbook for the Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) and the International Studbook for the Buff-Crested Bustard (Lophotis gindiana),[5] official records of the animals' history published in the International Zoo Yearbook by the Zoological Society of London.[6] Hallager has worked at the Smithsonian National Zoo since 1987.[3]
Hallager is active with a variety of scientific organizations. She is the former chair of the Avian Scientific Advisory Group.[7] She serves on the advisory board for the Conservation Centers for Species Survival,[8] and she led the organization's efforts to conserve North American songbirds.[3] Hallager also contributes to the Kori Bustard Species Survival Plan, a program managed by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.[9]
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Felipe Díaz (footballer) - Wikipedia | Felipe Andrés Díaz Henríquez (born 9 August 1983) is a Chilean former footballer.
| 2023-08-27 16:59:07 |