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[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOTCD, an X-linked disorder, is the most common of the UCDs. Neonatal onset is associated with uniformly poor outcome. Males with late-onset OTCD show deficits in executive function, motor planning, and working memory. A broad phenotype is observed in heterozygous females. A specific neurobehavioral phenotype with white matter dysfunction and impaired attention and working memory has been described. The extent to which the deficits involve specific pathways in the brain is unknown. We hypothesized that DTI would disclose white matter microstructure in OTCD correlating with cognitive deficits. Nineteen adults with partial OTCD and 18 adult control subjects ages 19-59 years participated. MR imaging was performed by using a 3T whole-body scanner. Anisotropy was calculated from the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor by using the FA metric and was compared between the study and control groups. FA of the frontal white matter was significantly decreased in subjects, indicating changes in white matter microstructure. There was an inverse relationship between FA and disease severity, but not with age.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes diffusion tensor imaging detect areas of abnormal white matter microstructure in patients with partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRestless leg syndrome (RLS) is one of the prevalent complaints of patients with end stage renal diseases suffering chronic hemodialysis. Although there are some known pharmacological managements for this syndrome, the adverse effect of drugs causes a limitation for using them. In this randomized clinical trial we aimed to find a nonpharmacological way to improve signs of restless leg syndrome and patients' quality of life. Twenty-six patients were included in the study and divided into 2 groups of control and exercise. The exercise group used aerobic exercise during their hemodialysis for 16 weeks. The quality of life and severity of restless leg syndrome were assessed at the first week of study and final week. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The difference of means of RLS signs at the first week of study and final week was -5.5 ± 4.96 in exercise group and -0.53 ± 2.3 in control group. There was not any statistical difference between control group and exercise group in quality of life at the first week of study and final week.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aerobic exercise improve signs of restless leg syndrome in end stage renal disease patients suffering chronic hemodialysis?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nShensong Yangxin Capsule (SSYX), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has long been used clinically to treat arrhythmias in China. However, the effect of SSYX on interstitial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of SSYX on myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats. The antifibrotic effect of SSYX was investigated in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with high fat-diet (HFD). Fasting blood glucose, heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratio, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured. Echocardiography and histology examination were carried out to evaluate heart function. Expressions of Smad7, TGF-β1, collagen I (col-1), collagen III (col-3), MMP-2, MMP-9 and α-SMA mRNA in heart tissues were measured by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TGF-β1, Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3 and Smad7 protein levels were measured by western blot analysis. Proliferation of cardiac fibroblast was detected via immunofluorescence. SSYX markedly decreased HW/BW ratio and improved the impaired cardiac function of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson staining results showed that SSYX attenuated cardiac fibrosis and collagen deposition in T2DM rats. Moreover, mRNA levels of TGF-β1, col-1, col-3, MMP-2, MMP-9 and α-SMA were downregulated, whereas Smad7 expression was upregulated after treatment with SSYX in rats with cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, SSYX decreased protein levels of TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3, and increased Smad7 expression.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes shensong Yangxin Capsule prevent diabetic myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Ivor Lewis and Sweet approaches are the two most widely used open transthoracic esophagectomy techniques. We evaluated and compared the therapeutic efficacy of these two approaches to determine the appropriate method to treat middle or lower third esophageal carcinomas. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent esophagectomy with the Sweet (n=748) and Ivor Lewis (n=167) approaches at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University between January 2007 and December 2010. Patients with preoperatively identified superior mediastinal lymph node metastases, high-level lesions (above the carina), and benign tumors were excluded. Perioperative-related indicators and 5-year survival rates were compared between groups. Compared with the Ivor Lewis approach, the Sweet approach has a shorter operative time (181±71 minutes versus 208±63 minutes; p<0.001), less blood loss (167±71 mL versus 179±87 mL; p=0.043), and a lower incidence of transfusion (8.7% versus 13.8%; p=0.044) and postoperative complications (12.3% versus 20.4%; p=0.002). The Ivor Lewis approach was more likely to result in wound infection (3.2% versus 7.8%; p=0.010) and delayed gastric emptying (1.7% versus 4.7%; p=0.046). There was no significant difference between groups with regard to the number of lymph nodes harvested or total number of patients with lymph node metastases. There was no significant difference in locoregional recurrence, distant recurrence, or 5-year survival between approaches.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the sweet approach still worthwhile in modern esophagectomy?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent studies have raised the question of whether last year medical students and first year residents show an adequate attitude toward their patient's pain as reflected by prescribed pain medication. Underuse of analgetics could be demonstrated in several studies even after a correct diagnosis of pain was made and has led to the term \"oligoanalgesia.\" Our study was aimed at evaluating the potential of improving student attitudes toward pain by changing the curriculum during the last year of medical education. The study was designed as a prospective, randomized controlled, blinded cohort study. A recent change by law (2002) in the official curriculum (\"Approbationsordnung\") made it possible to compare two groups of last year medical students who were trained in different curricula during a 1-year transitional period. One group received special training on various aspects of pain and analgesic therapy (new curriculum), while the other group followed the conventional curriculum (old curriculum) without further special training. Both students and examiners were blinded toward the study target. Measurement parameters were a clinical experiment with standardized patients (OSCE) and a key features test. The study shows a considerable improvement of attitude toward pain in those students undergoing the new curriculum. This group demonstrated better OSCE results and significant improvement in key features tasks, and also outperformed the old curriculum group in the choice of analgesia.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes effective teaching modify medical student attitudes toward pain symptoms?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIrisin is a novel myokine, secreted from skeletal muscle after exercise. Irisin mediates exercise-related energy expenditure by turning white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). Thus, irisin is considered as a potential biomarker for obesity and metabolic syndrome. Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) have increased risk for metabolic syndrome. However, the physiologic role of irisin in neonates remains to be studied. To evaluate the association of umbilical cord blood irisin levels with gestational age and birth weight categories in neonates. A cross-sectional study of 341 newborns, from 26 to 41weeks' gestation. We collected umbilical cord blood and analyzed plasma for irisin by ELISA. Plasma irisin levels were positively correlated with gestational age (r=0.21, p<0.001), and birth weight Z-score (r=0.18, p<0.001). SGA infants had significantly lower irisin (median [interquartile range] 55.38 [46.56-65.72]ng/mL) compared to appropriate for gestational age infants (64.41 [53.87-76.76]ng/mL) and large for gestational age infants (68.70 [54.78-79.09]ng/mL, p<0.01). The association between SGA and lower irisin remained significant in multivariate analysis independent of gestational age, maternal age, maternal BMI, and gestational diabetes (p=0.03). In singleton infants, irisin was also significantly negatively associated with maternal preeclampsia (p=0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nAre cord blood irisin levels positively correlated with birth weight in newborn infants?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe effects of increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), an important mediator of neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury (RI), were assessed in donor cardiac allografts in a heterotopic rat transplantation model. At -24 h, PVG donors were untreated (n = 35) or treated (n = 37) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg ip). Hearts were procured at 0 h, stored at 4 degrees C for 45 min, and grafted heterotopically into ACI recipients pretreated with vehicle or anti-ICAM-1 (1A29) mAb. Intracardiac balloons (n = 8 per group) were used to measure allograft left ventricular function (dP/dt) prior to harvest and following reperfusion. RI was assessed at 6, 12, and 24 h by myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, percentage wet weight (%w/w), and percentage contraction band necrosis (%CBN). At 12 h, LPS-pretreated grafts showed increased ICAM-1 expression by Northern blot (n = 3) and immunohistochemistry (n = 3) and significantly increased MPO (0.33 +/- 0.2 U/mg vs 0.05 +/- 0.04 U/mg at 12 h), %w/w (81.7 +/- 1.8% vs 79.2 +/- 0.7% at 12 h), and %CBN (15.2 +/- 1. 9% vs 11.4 +/- 2.0% at 24 h). LPS pretreatment had no effect on graft function at early time points (baseline to 2 h) but led to depressed dP/dt at later time points with trends toward significance at 12 h (2101 +/- 1653 mmHg/s vs 173 +/- 201 mmHg/s, P = 0.06, ANOVA). Recipient 1A29 treatment (n = 6 per group) reversed the effects of LPS pretreatment in all three RI parameters and significantly improved functional recovery.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes iCAM-1 affect reperfusion injury and graft function after cardiac transplantation?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nForty-six nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) patients (in which the involvement of the CHRNA4 and CHRNB2 genes coding for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) subunits associated to the disease were previously excluded) were analyzed for the presence of mutations in the CHRNA2 gene coding for the alpha2 subunit of the same receptor, which has been recently associated with the disease. Mutational screening was performed by sequencing two polymerase chain reaction-amplified CHRNA2 DNA fragments, spanning the whole exon 6 and exon 7, respectively, which code for approximately 75% of the mature protein and contain all four transmembrane domains contributing to the ion pore. No mutations were identified in the analyzed region of CHRNA2.\n\nQuestion:\nAre cHRNA2 mutations rare in the NFLE population : evaluation of a large cohort of Italian patients?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo characterize in part the factor(s) in conditioned medium (CM) that maintains sperm motility after human oviductal cell culture. Controlled, experimental, laboratory study. University-based gynecology unit. Fallopian tubes were obtained from patients who underwent tubal ligation or hysterectomy. Semen with normal sperm parameters was obtained from men who visited subfertility clinics. Spermatozoa were incubated with CM and their motility was evaluated by a computer-aided sperm analysis system. Curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, linearity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, beat cross-frequency, and percentage of spermatozoa that exhibited hyperactivation. Compared with their baseline motility (0 hour), spermatozoa incubated with CM maintained various motility parameters for a longer period than did control spermatozoa. All the motility parameters of the CM-treated spermatozoa were higher than those of the control spermatozoa at the same time point. This effect of CM was dose-dependent and increased with the duration of incubation. The effect was stable at 56 degrees C but was not observed after 100 degrees C heat treatment. Trypsin, but not proteinase K, abolished the effect. A fraction with a molecular weight of <3 kd in the CM was responsible for the observed effect.\n\nQuestion:\nDo human oviductal cells produce a factor ( s ) that maintains the motility of human spermatozoa in vitro?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe introduction of specific BCR-ABL inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia therapy has entirely mutated the prognosis of this hematologic cancer from being a fatal disorder to becoming a chronic disease. Due to the probable long lasting treatment with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the knowledge of their effects on normal cells is of pivotal importance. We investigated the effects of dasatinib treatment on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that dasatinib induces MSCs adipocytic differentiation. Particularly, when the TKI is added to the medium inducing osteogenic differentiation, a high MSCs percentage acquires adipocytic morphology and overexpresses adipocytic specific genes, including PPARγ, CEBPα, LPL and SREBP1c. Dasatinib also inhibits the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an osteogenic marker, and remarkably reduces matrix mineralization. The increase of PPARγ is also confirmed at protein level. The component of osteogenic medium required for dasatinib-induced adipogenesis is dexamethasone. Intriguingly, the increase of adipocytic markers is also observed in MSCs treated with dasatinib alone. The TKI effect is phenotype-specific, since fibroblasts do not undergo adipocytic differentiation or PPARγ increase.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib induce a marked adipogenic differentiation of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nViral pathogens have not generally been regarded as important causes of severe hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), except in patients with hematologic malignancy or transplant recipients. We investigated the role and distribution of viruses in adult with severe HAP who required intensive care. From March 2010 to February 2012, adult patients with severe HAP required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), 28-bed medical ICU in a tertiary care hospital, were prospectively enrolled. Respiratory viruses were detected using multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and/or shell vial culture. A total of 262 patients were enrolled and 107 patients (40.8%) underwent bronchoscopic BAL for etiologic diagnosis. One hundred and fifty-six patients (59.5%) had bacterial infections and 59 patients (22.5%) had viral infections. Viruses were detected in BAL fluid specimens of 37 patients (62.7%, 37/59). The most commonly identified viruses were respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus (both 27.1%, 16/59), followed by rhinovirus (25.4%, 15/59), and influenza virus (16.9%, 10/59). Twenty-one patients (8.0%, 21/262) had bacterial-viral coinfections and Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly coexisting bacteria (n = 10). Viral infection in non-immunocompromised patients was not uncommon (11.1%, 16/143), although it was not as frequent as that in immunocompromised patients (36.4%, 43/119). Non-immunocompromised patients were significantly older than immunocompromised patients and had significantly higher rates of underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculous destroyed lung and chronic kidney disease. The 28 day mortalities of patients with bacterial infections, viral infections and bacterial-viral coinfections were not significantly different (29.5%, 35.6% and 19.0%, respectively; p = 0.321).\n\nQuestion:\nIs viral infection uncommon in adult patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLiver disease is commonly seen in the clinic and its pathological characteristic is combined hepatocellular death and apoptosis. Promoting hepatocyte regeneration is one of the main methods of treating liver disease. Serotonin (5-HT) is an important compound which participates in various life process, and 95% of it is carried by platelets in the blood. A recent finding showed that platelet-derived serotonin is the key factor in liver regeneration, which fails without serotonin. This study aimed to investigate the effects of quipazine, a selective 5-HT receptor agonist, on proliferation and apoptosis in the human hepatocyte strain L-02. L-02 cells were cultured in medium with 5-HT and quipazine, and samples were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method was used to test viability, flow cytometry to assess the cell cycle, the Annexin-V/PI method to evaluate apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Compared with the control group, the viability of L-02 cells was improved in the 10, 50, and 250 microg/ml quipazine groups (P<0.05); the percentage of S-phase and PCNA-positive cells were increased in the 2, 10, 50, and 250 microg/ml quipazine groups (P>0.05); and no difference in the percentage of apoptotic cells was found between the 50 microg/ml quipazine and control groups (P>0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes serotonin receptor agonist quipazine promote proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatocyte strain of L-02 strain?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo analyse the presence of VC at the start of dialysis and its relationship with events and/or death from cardiovascular causes in the course of follow-up. In the study, we included patients who started dialysis between November 2003 and September 2007. In the first month of treatment, we assessed the presence of VC by Doppler echocardiography, along with demographic factors and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF), and cardiac dimensional and functional electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters. The biochemistry values assessed were: haemoglobin, calcium/phosphorous/iPTH metabolism, cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, troponin I, albumin, CRP and glycosylated haemoglobin. We analysed the association between VC and the presence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and/or death from cardiovascular causes up to transplantation, death or the end of the study (December 2012). Of 256 enrolled patients (83% haemodialysis, 17% peritoneal dialysis), 128 (50%) had VC (mitral: 39, aortic: 20, both: 69). In the multivariate analysis, VC was associated with older age (OR: 1.110; 95% CI: 1.073-1.148; p = 0.000) and lower albumin levels (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14-0.61; p = 0.001). In a follow-up lasting 42.1 ± 30.2 months (898.1 patient-years), 68 patients suffered MI, stroke and/or died from cardiovascular causes. In the Cox regression analysis, older age (HR: 1.028; 95% CI: 1.002-1.055; p = 0.037), coronary artery disease and/or stroke (HR: 1.979; 95% CI: 1.111-3.527; p = 0.021), AF (HR: 2.474; 95% CI: 1.331-4.602; p = 0.004), and the presence of VC at the start of dialysis (HR: 1.996; 95% CI: 1.077-3.700; p = 0.028) were the predictor variables for the occurrence of the analysed events.\n\nQuestion:\nDo valvular calcifications at the start of dialysis predict the onset of cardiovascular events in the course of follow-up?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nApoptosis of bile duct cells occurs in hepatic allografts and is correlated with acute rejection. bcl-2 protein counteracts apoptosis and prolongs cell survival. We therefore tested the expression of bcl-2 protein in bile ducts of liver grafts in comparison with those of liver cirrhosis. 115 biopsies from 17 liver allografts and 47 biopsies of liver cirrhosis were analyzed and compared with 22 normal controls and with biopsies from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cirrhosis. bcl-2 protein and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis was analyzed employing in situ DNA end-labeling. A high apoptotic rate was detected in bile duct cells of allograft biopsies. In contrast to controls, bile duct cells of allografts and liver cirrhosis had high proliferative activity (mean PCNA labeling index: 1.0% vs. 40.7% and 18.6%, respectively). In liver grafts, bcl-2 protein positivity of bile duct and ductular cells was found in 3.6% and 4.4% of sections, respectively, and in cirrhosis in 44% and 79%, respectively (allografts vs. cirrhosis p<0.01). In controls, only one biopsy was bcl-2 positive.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the apoptosis protector , bcl-2 protein , downregulated in bile duct epithelial cells of human liver allografts?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIndividuals with prehypertension are at risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, and yet efficient interventions are lagging behind. Studies indicate that heart rate variability-biofeedback (HRV-BF) increases HRV and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) as well as reduces related pathological symptoms, suggesting potentially beneficial effects of HRV-BF on prehypertension, but little is known about these effects. In this study, these effects were investigated and their mechanisms were explored. The effect of HRV-BF on prehypertension in young adults and its potential mechanism were explored. Forty-three (43) individuals with prehypertension were recruited and classified into three categories: HRV-BF group, slow abdominal breathing group, and control group. All groups were assessed with measurements of noninvasive blood pressure (BP), BRS, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR) at pre-intervention, in the entire process of each session, at postintervention, as well as at a 3-month follow-up. Subjects participated in a 10-session HRV-BF protocol or simple slow abdominal breathing protocol conducted over 5 weeks. A 3-month follow-up was also performed on these individuals. The incidence of prehypertension was as high as 14.5% in young college students. Individuals with prehypertension were lower in BRS (7.5±5.2 ms/mm Hg) and HRV (log10-transformed of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal beats [SDNN]=1.62±0.13 ms, lgTotal power of spectral density in the range of frequencies between 0 and 0.4Hz (TP)=8.02±0.55 ms2) than those with normal blood pressure (BRS=18.4±7.4 ms/mm Hg, lgSDNN=1.79±0.10 ms, lgTP=8.68±0.85 ms2). HRV-BF reduced blood pressure (from 131.7±8.7/79.3±4.7 mm Hg to 118.9±7.3 mm Hg/71.9±4.9 mm Hg, p<0.01), increased BRS (from 7.0±5.9 ms/mm Hg to 15.8±5.3 ms/mm Hg, p<0.01) and increased HRV (lgSDNN from 1.61±0.11 to 1.75±0.05 ms, and lgTP from 8.07±0.54 to 9.08±0.41 ms2, p<0.01). These effects were more obvious than those of the slow-breathing group, and remained for at least 3 months. HRV-BF also significantly increased vagus-associated HRV indices and decreased GSR (indices of sympathetic tone).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes heart rate variability biofeedback decrease blood pressure in prehypertensive subjects by improving autonomic function and baroreflex?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n♦ Catheter-related infection, namely exit-site infection (ESI) and peritonitis, is a major infectious complication and remains a main cause of technique failure for patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Topical application of antibiotic cream might reduce catheter-related infection but emergence of resistant or opportunistic organisms could be a concern. Optimal topical agents and regimens remain to be determined. We did a study to examine the effect of an alternating topical antibiotic regimen in preventing catheter-related infection. ♦ We performed a single-center, randomized, open-label study to compare daily topical application of gentamicin cream with a gentamicin/mupirocin alternate regimen to the exit site. Patients randomized to alternating regimen were asked to have daily application of gentamicin cream in odd months and mupirocin cream in even months. Primary outcomes were ESI and peritonitis. Secondary outcomes were catheter removal or death caused by catheter-related infection. A total of 146 patients (71, gentamicin group; 75, alternating regimen group) were enrolled with a total follow-up duration of 174 and 181 patient-years for gentamicin and alternating groups, respectively. All patients were followed up until catheter removal, death, transfer to another unit, transplantation or the end of the study on March 31, 2014. There were no significant differences in the age, sex, dialysis vintage, and rate of diabetes, helper-assisted dialysis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage state. ♦ No difference was seen in the time to first ESI or peritonitis. However, the time to first gram-negative peritonitis seemed longer for the gentamicin group (p = 0.055). The 2 groups showed a similar rate of ESI (0.17/yr vs 0.19/yr, p = 0.93) but P. aeruginosa ESI was less common in the gentamicin group (0.06/yr vs 0.11/yr, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of ESI due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Peritonitis rate was significantly lower in the gentamicin group (0.22/yr vs 0.32/yr, p < 0.001), with a striking decrease in gram-negative peritonitis (0.08/yr vs 0.14/yr, p < 0.001), and fungal peritonitis (0.006/yr vs 0.03/yr, p < 0.001), which was all antibiotics-related episodes with antecedent use of systemic antibiotics for the treatment of catheter-related infections. There was no significant difference in the catheter loss or death related to catheter-related infection. ♦\n\nQuestion:\nIs alternating Mupirocin/Gentamicin Associated with Increased Risk of Fungal Peritonitis as Compared with Gentamicin Alone - Results of a Randomized Open-Label Controlled Trial?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nObese subjects exhibit decreased exercise capacity (VO2max ). We have shown that vascular KATP channel mediates arteriolar dilation to muscle contraction. We hypothesize that exercise capacity is decreased in obesity due to impaired vascular KATP function. The VO2max was measured in LZR and OZR by treadmill running before and following treatment with the KATP blocker glibenclamide i.p. One week later, the spinotrapezius muscle was prepared for in vivo microscopy. Arcade arteriolar diameters were measured following muscle contraction or application of the KATP opener cromakalim before and after glibenclamide application. In additional animals, LZR and OZR were treated with apocynin for five weeks. VO2max and arteriolar dilation experiments were repeated. The OZR exhibited decreased VO2max , functional and cromakalim-induced vasodilation as compared with LZR. Glibenclamide had no effect on VO2max and functional vasodilation in OZR, but significantly inhibited responses in LZR. Vascular superoxide levels and NADPH oxidase activity were increased in OZR, but reduced in apocynin-treated OZR. Apocynin increased the VO2max , functional and cromakalim-induced vasodilation in OZR with no effect in LZR.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes impaired vascular KATP function attenuate exercise capacity in obese zucker rats?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt has been described that prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) declines with age. Our hypothesis was that persistent high pressures in the left atria (LA), may facilitate closure of PFO and age would not play a role. The prevalence of PFO was studied in 201 consecutive patients with suspicion of cardioembolic stroke by contrast transoesophageal echocardiography. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP) were estimated non-invasively by transthoracic echocardiography. Patients with normal diastolic function (DF) or with diastolic dysfunction (DD) stage I were considered as having normal LVEDP whereas patients with DD stage II or III as having elevated LVEDP. Prevalence of PFO was 42.8% and it was smaller in patients with elevated LVEDP than in patients with normal LVEDP (21.2% vs. 51.7%, P < 0.01). There was a smaller prevalence of PFO in patients with DD stage II than in patients with DD stage I or normal DF (25% vs. 51 and 54%, both P < 0.05). Size of the LA was larger in patients without PFO [34.73 ml/m2 (24.14-40.84ml/m2) vs. 27.86 ml/m2 (21.37-34.68 ml/m2), P < 0.05]. Mean age was 64.2 years (57.38-75.77) with no difference between patients with PFO and without PFO. In multivariate analysis Eustachian valve, atrial septal aneurysm, elevated LVEDP and large LA remained significantly associated (P < 0.05) with PFO.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure favour closure of foramen ovale?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo estimate the cancer risk of HIV-infected patients in the HAART era with respect to a general reference population and to determine risk factors for malignancy. Long term (1996-2009) cancer incidence of the Bonn single centre HIV cohort was compared to the incidence of the reference population of Saarland using standardized incidence ratios (SIR). Poisson regression analysis was used to identify predictors of cancer risk. 1,476 patients entered the cohort, enabling 8,772 person years of observation. 121 tumours in 114 patients, 7 in-situ and 114 invasive cancers, were identified. Malignancies associated with infectious agents such as Kaposi sarcoma (SIRs: male: 5,683; female: 277), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIRs male: 35; female: 18), anal cancer (SIRs male: 88; female: 115) as well a cervical carcinoma (SIR female: 4) and Hodgkin?s disease (SIR male: 39) and liver cancer (SIR male: 18) were substantially more frequent in HIV-infected patients than in the general population (p< 0.001, each), whereas all other types of cancer were not increased. Poisson regression identified HAART (incidence rate ratio IRR (95% CI): 0.28 (0.19-0.41), p<0.001), CD4 count (IRR per 100 cells/μl increase: 0.66 (0.57-0.76), p<0.001), hepatitis B (IRR: 2.15 (1.10-4.20), p = 0.046) and age (IRR per 10 year increase: 1.23 (1.03 - 1.46), p = 0.023) as independent predictors for the occurrence of any type of cancer.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cancer risk in HIV-infected individuals on HAART largely attributed to oncogenic infections and state of immunocompetence?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGenetic polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may influence the effects of H. pylori infection and play important roles in gastric carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the polymorphisms of TLR4 and TLR9 are associated with susceptibility to gastric carcinoma and its prognosis. This study consisted of 314 patients with gastric cancer and 314 healthy controls. The polymorphisms were assessed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. No variant genotypes of TLR4+896A/G, TLR4+1196C/T, or TLR9 -1237T/C were detected. For TLR9 -1486 T/C, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that compared with the TT homozygote, patients with both the TC variant (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-2.10) and the CC variant (adjusted OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.01-2.64) had higher risks of gastric cancer. Further stratification analyses revealed that an increased risk of gastric cancer associated with C carriers was evident among females (adjusted OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.02-3.33), in younger subjects aged less than 60 years old (adjusted OR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.15-3.00), and subjects with H. pylori infection (adjusted OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.03-2.27). We also observed a significant association between C carriers and noncardia gastric cancer (adjusted OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.03-2.20). In addition, we demonstrated that the C carrier genotype and H. pylori infection may have a synergistic effect and conferred an OR of 2.44 for developing gastric cancer. TLR9 -1486C was also identified as an independent marker of poor survival of carcinoma.\n\nQuestion:\nIs tLR9 promoter polymorphism associated with both an increased susceptibility to gastric carcinoma and poor prognosis?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExtracellular ATP contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma via signalling at purinergic receptors. However, the precise purinergic receptors subtypes mediating the pro-asthmatic effects of ATP have not been identified, yet. In vivo studies were performed using the OVA-alum model. Functional expression of the P2Y(2) purinergic receptor subtype on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and eosinophils was investigated using real-time PCR, migration assays, and production of reactive oxygen species. Compared to wild-type animals P2Y(2) -/- mice showed reduced allergic airway inflammation which can be explained by defective migration of blood myeloid DCs towards ATP in vitro and in vivo, whereas the influence of ATP on maturation and cytokine production was not changed. Additionally, ATP failed to induce migration of bone marrow-derived eosinophils from P2Y(2) R-deficient animals. The relevance of our findings for humans was confirmed in functional studies with human monocyte-derived DCs and eosinophils. Interestingly, stimulation of human DCs derived from allergic individuals with house dust mite allergen induced functional up-regulation of the P2Y(2) R subtype. Furthermore, eosinophils isolated from asthmatic individuals expressed higher levels of P2Y(2) R compared to healthy controls. This was of functional relevance as these eosinophils were more sensitive to ATP-induced migration and production of reactive oxygen metabolites.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the purinergic receptor P2Y2 receptor mediate chemotaxis of dendritic cells and eosinophils in allergic lung inflammation?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSurgical resection is the only real chance of cure for carcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction, although it carries considerable postoperative morbidity and mortality. The longterm prognosis for patients undergoing operation depends largely on the pathologic stage of the disease. The real impact of postoperative complications on survival is still under evaluation. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the thoracic esophagus and esophagogastric junction, undergoing surgical resection between January 1992 and December 2002. For the 522 patients considered for esophagogastroplasty, we analyzed comorbidities, preoperative staging, neoadjuvant treatments, surgical data, histopathology, postoperative surgical or medical complications, and survival. Surgical complications occurred in 85 of 522 patients (16.3%); their survival rate was entirely similar to that of the group of patients without surgical complications (p=0.9). The survival rate was worse for patients with concurrent surgical and medical complications. Analysis of the 99 patients (19%) who had only medical complications postoperatively revealed a survival rate comparable (p=0.9) with that of the 338 patients (63.7%) with an uneventful postoperative course. The median postoperative hospital stay was 14 days for all 522 patients, and 18 days for patients with medical or surgical postoperative complications. Multivariate analysis of the predictive factors showed that surgical complications do not affect longterm prognosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDo surgical complications affect longterm survival after esophagectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus and cardia?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCeliac disease (CD)-associated duodenal dysbiosis has not yet been clearly defined, and the mechanisms by which CD-associated dysbiosis could concur to CD development or exacerbation are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the duodenal microbiome of CD patients. The microbiome was evaluated in duodenal biopsy samples of 20 adult patients with active CD, 6 CD patients on a gluten-free diet, and 15 controls by DNA sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA libraries. Bacterial species were cultured, isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. Isolated bacterial species were used to infect CaCo-2 cells, and to stimulate normal duodenal explants and cultured human and murine dendritic cells (DCs). Inflammatory markers and cytokines were evaluated by immunofluorescence and ELISA, respectively. Proteobacteria was the most abundant and Firmicutes and Actinobacteria the least abundant phyla in the microbiome profiles of active CD patients. Members of the Neisseria genus (Betaproteobacteria class) were significantly more abundant in active CD patients than in the other two groups (P=0.03). Neisseria flavescens (CD-Nf) was the most abundant Neisseria species in active CD duodenum. Whole-genome sequencing of CD-Nf and control-Nf showed genetic diversity of the iron acquisition systems and of some hemoglobin-related genes. CD-Nf was able to escape the lysosomal compartment in CaCo-2 cells and to induce an inflammatory response in DCs and in ex-vivo mucosal explants.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes metagenomics reveal Dysbiosis and a Potentially Pathogenic N. flavescens Strain in Duodenum of Adult Celiac Patients?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated increased cardiovascular events and mortality. Coronary artery calcium scanning (CAC) is the robust predictor of coronary events in the asymptomatic individuals. Several recent studies have investigated the association between NAFLD and this surrogate marker. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to better characterize the association between NAFLD and CAC. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched through May 2016. Primary outcome was the association between NAFLD and CAC. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from multivariable-adjusted estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. The between-study heterogeneity of effect-size was quantified using the Q statistic and I Data were extracted from 16 studies (all cross-sectional studies) involving 16,433 NAFLD patients and 41,717 controls. NAFLD is significantly associated with CAC score >0 and CAC score >100 with pooled OR of 1.41 (95%CI 1.26-1.57, P\n\nQuestion:\nIs nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with coronary artery calcification : A systematic review and meta-analysis?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSeveral studies have shown an inverse association between helminth infections and atopy, but none have clearly established that the pathogens themselves, rather than other associated factors, cause the suppression of atopy. To show a direct link, prospective intervention studies are required. A randomized, controlled trial was performed to study whether repeated anthelminthic treatment results in increased allergic sensitivity to house dust mites (HDMs) in chronically infected children. The trial population consisted of 317 Gabonese schoolchildren with a high prevalence of intestinal helminths. Intervention consisted of treatment every 3 months with praziquantel and mebendazole and with placebo in the control group. Follow-up lasted 30 months: at 6-month intervals, skin-test sensitivity to mites, helminth infection status, and levels of total IgE were determined. Treatment resulted in a significant increase in the rate of developing skin sensitivity to HDMs (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.85-3.41), which was mediated, in part, by reductions in Ascaris and/or Trichuris infections. Levels of total IgE were reduced, but this did not mediate the effect of treatment on skin-test reactivity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes long-term treatment of intestinal helminths increase mite skin-test reactivity in Gabonese schoolchildren?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the p53-reactivating drugs RITA and nutlin3a in killing myeloma cells. A large cohort of myeloma cell lines (n = 32) and primary cells (n = 21) was used for this study. This cohort contained cell lines with various TP53 statuses and primary cells with various incidences of deletion of chromosome 17. Apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry with Apo2.7 staining of the cell lines or via the loss of the myeloma-specific marker CD138 in primary cells. Apoptosis was further confirmed by the appearance of a subG1 peak and the activation of caspases 3 and 9. Activation of the p53 pathway was monitored using immunoblotting via the expression of the p53 target genes p21, Noxa, Bax and DR5. The involvement of p53 was further studied in 4 different p53-silenced cell lines. Both drugs induced the apoptosis of myeloma cells. The apoptosis that was induced by RITA was not related to the TP53 status of the cell lines or the del17p status of the primary samples (p = 0.52 and p = 0.80, respectively), and RITA did not commonly increase the expression level of p53 or p53 targets (Noxa, p21, Bax or DR5) in sensitive cells. Moreover, silencing of p53 in two TP53(mutated) cell lines failed to inhibit apoptosis that was induced by RITA, which confirmed that RITA-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells was p53 independent. In contrast, apoptosis induced by nutlin3a was directly linked to the TP53 status of the cell lines and primary samples (p < 0.001 and p = 0.034, respectively) and nutlin3a increased the level of p53 and p53 targets in a p53-dependent manner. Finally, we showed that a nutlin3a-induced DR5 increase (≥ 1.2-fold increase) was a specific and sensitive marker (p < 0.001) for a weak incidence of 17p deletion within the samples (≤ 19%).\n\nQuestion:\nIs rITA ( Reactivating p53 and Inducing Tumor Apoptosis ) efficient against TP53abnormal myeloma cells independently of the p53 pathway?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFunctional and mental health impairments that adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience may be exacerbated by regular substance use and co-morbidity with substance use disorders (SUD). This may be especially true during young adulthood, which represents a critical stage of life associated with increased substance use and associated problems. However, previous studies investigating the association between ADHD and substance use and SUD have demonstrated inconsistent results, probably due to methodological limitations (e.g., small and non-representative samples). Thus, the relationship of ADHD with substance use and related disorders remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between ADHD and both the use of licit and illicit substances and the presence of SUD in a large, representative sample of young men. The sample included 5677 Swiss men (mean age 20 ± 1.23 years) who participated in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). ADHD was assessed using the adult ADHD Self Report Screener (ASRS). The association between ADHD and substance use and SUD was assessed for alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and other illicit drugs, while controlling for socio-demographic variables and co-morbid psychiatric disorders (i.e., major depression (MD) and anti-social personality disorder (ASPD)). Men with ADHD were more likely to report having used nicotine, cannabis and other illicit drugs at some time in their life, but not alcohol. ADHD was positively associated with early initiation of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use, the risky use of these substances, and the presence of alcohol use disorders, and nicotine and cannabis dependence. Additionally, our analyses revealed that these patterns are also highly associated with ASPD. After adjusting for this disorder, the association between ADHD and licit and illicit substance use and the presence of SUDs was reduced, but remained significant.\n\nQuestion:\nDo adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its association with substance use and substance use disorders in young men?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOxygen free radicals have been shown to cause endothelial vasomotor dysfunction. This study examined the effect of reduced glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant, on human coronary circulation. Responses of epicardial diameter and blood flow of the left anterior descending coronary artery to intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine (ACh, 50 microg/min) were measured by quantitative coronary angiography and Doppler flow-wire technique, respectively, before and during combined intracoronary infusion of GSH (50 mg/min) or saline in 26 subjects with no significant coronary stenosis. GSH infusion suppressed the constrictor response of epicardial diameter to ACh and enhanced the increase in blood flow response to ACh. Furthermore, GSH potentiated the coronary dilator effect of nitroglycerin. A beneficial effect of GSH on the epicardial diameter response to ACh was observed in a subgroup of subjects with > or = 1 coronary risk factors but not in a subgroup without risk factors. Saline infusion did not have any effects.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intracoronary infusion of reduced glutathione improve endothelial vasomotor response to acetylcholine in human coronary circulation?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNondiagnostic fine-needle aspiration biopsy (ND-FNAB) of the thyroid leads to unnecessary thyroidectomy. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the risk of malignancy in ND-FNABs, and (2) to evaluate factors that may identify patients at risk for a ND-FNAB. A total of 241 patients who underwent FNAB and thyroidectomy were evaluated for factors associated with a ND-FNAB. A total of 215 women and 26 men underwent FNAB and thyroidectomy. ND-FNAs occurred in 51 of 241 (21%) patients. Ultrasound guidance did not reduce the likelihood of a ND biopsy. Patients with nodules greater than 3 cm had more ND-FNAs. Twenty-one of 51 with a ND biopsy underwent a repeat FNAB. Repeat FNAB was ND in 29% of patients. There was malignant disease in 7 of 51 (14%) with a ND-FNAB. Patient age, sex, thyroid function, gland size, multiple nodules, and final pathology were not related to a ND-FNAB (P > .05).\n\nQuestion:\nAre nondiagnostic thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies no longer a dilemma?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChronic alcohol abuse increases the incidence and severity of acute lung injury in critically ill patients. Previously we determined that ethanol ingestion in rats dramatically decreased alveolar epithelial cellular levels of glutathione and surfactant synthesis and secretion in vitro. Previous studies in alcoholic liver disease suggest that mitochondrial glutathione levels, and not cellular levels per se, are involved in the pathogenesis of ethanol-mediated hepatotoxicity. Therefore, we hypothesized that alveolar epithelial mitochondrial glutathione depletion mediates the observed defects in surfactant synthesis and secretion in ethanol-fed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with or without ethanol (36% of total calories) for 6 weeks. In some experiments, ethanol-fed rats were then switched to the control diet for 1 week, with or without glutathione supplementation with either N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or procysteine (PRO). Alveolar epithelial type II cells were then isolated and glutathione levels (cytosolic and mitochondrial) and surfactant production (synthesis and secretion) were determined. Ethanol ingestion decreased (p < 0.05) mitochondrial and cytosolic levels of glutathione, and surfactant synthesis and secretion in isolated type II cells when compared to cells from control-fed rats. NAC treatment restored (p < 0.05) cytosolic but not mitochondrial glutathione levels (p > 0.05), and had no effect (p > 0.05) on surfactant synthesis and secretion in type II cells isolated from ethanol-fed rats. In contrast, PRO treatment restored (p < 0.05) cytosolic and mitochondrial glutathione levels, and normalized (p < 0.05) surfactant synthesis and secretion in type II cells isolated from ethanol-fed rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mitochondrial glutathione replacement restore surfactant synthesis and secretion in alveolar epithelial cells of ethanol-fed rats?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV, genus Flavivirus) has emerged as a major threat to global human health in recent decades, and novel strategies to contain the escalating dengue fever pandemic are urgently needed. RNA interference (RNAi) induced by exogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has shown promise for treatment of flavivirus infections in hosts and prevention of transmission by vectors. However, the impact of RNAi triggered by authentic virus infection on replication of DENV, or any flavivirus, has received little study. The objectives of the current study were threefold: first, to assess the utility of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for the study of DENV, second to investigate the impact of multiple enzymes in the RNAi pathway on DENV replication; and third to test for variation in the response of the four serotypes of DENV to modulation of RNAi. Three strains from each of the four DENV serotypes showed replication in S2 cells following infection at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.1 and MOI 10; each strain achieved titers > 4.0 log10pfu/ml five days after infection at MOI 10. The four serotypes did not differ in mean titer. S2 cells infected with DENV-1, 2, 3 or 4 produced siRNAs, indicating that infection triggered an RNAi response. Knockdown of one of the major enzymes in the RNAi pathway, Dicer-2 (Dcr-2), resulted in a 10 to 100-fold enhancement of replication of all twelve strains of DENV in S2 cells. While serotypes did not differ in their average response to Dcr-2 knockdown, strains within serotypes showed significant differences in their sensitivity to Dcr-2 knockdown. Moreover, knockdown of three additional components of the RNAi pathway, Argonaute 2 (Ago-2), Dcr-1 and Ago-1, also resulted in a significant increase in replication of the two DENV strains tested, and the magnitude of this increase was similar to that resulting from Dcr-2 knockdown.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rNA interference modulate replication of dengue virus in Drosophila melanogaster cells?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSpinal root avulsion, or section, results in devastating functional sequels. Whereas reconstruction of motor pathways based on neurotization can reduce motor deficit, associated permanent limb anesthesia limits expected benefit. Sensory pathway reconstruction after dorsal root injury is limited by the inability of re-growing central sensory axons to enter the spinal cord through an injured root. To provide evidence for the reconnection of C7 DRG neurons with the central nervous system (CNS) after experimental section of the C7 dorsal root in adult rats. We assessed a new reconstruction strategy in adult rats 9 weeks after transection of C6 and C7 dorsal roots. Re-growing C7 central sensory axons were redirected to the noninjured C5 dorsal root through a nerve graft by end-to-side anastomosis that did not alter the C5 conduction properties. In a subgroup of rats, surgical reconstruction was combined with lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to the nerve graft in order to overexpress neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), a neurotrophic factor that stimulates sensory axon regeneration. Four months after reconstruction, recording of sensory evoked potentials and fluorescent tracer transport showed electrical and physical reconnection of the C7 dorsal root ganglion neurons to the spinal cord through the reconstructed pathway. Sensory perception recovery predominated on proprioception. Axonal regrowth and perception were improved when the nerve graft overexpressed neurotrophin-3 at the time of transplantation. Neurotrophin-3 overexpression did not persist 4 months after transplantation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes neurotrophin 3 improve delayed reconstruction of sensory pathways after cervical dorsal root injury?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIliopsoas tendon impingement is one possible reason for persistent groin pain and diminished functional outcome after THA. So far, estimation by eye and palpation is the standard procedure to intraoperatively assess the distance of the cup to the anterior rim. However, novel technologies such as imageless navigation enable intraoperative measurements of the cup in relation to the psoas tendon and bony landmarks. We asked whether psoas impingement (1) can be reduced using imageless navigation compared with the standard technique and (2) is associated with specific patient characteristics. Furthermore, we investigated (3) if anterior cup protrusion (overhang) is associated with lower outcome scores for pain and function. The current study is a reanalysis of data from a randomized controlled trial evaluating navigation for THA; 135 patients were randomized for surgery with or without the use of imageless navigation. The risk for anterior protrusion of the cup above the acetabular rim and thus potential psoas impingement, defined as an overhang of the cup above the anterior acetabular rim as measured on postoperative CT, was either controlled with the help of navigation or standard control by eye and palpation intraoperatively. Postoperatively, the anterior protrusion of the cup above the acetabular rim was measured on three-dimensional (3-D) CT by a blinded, external institute. In addition to patient-related outcome measures, the Harris hip score, Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and EuroQol were obtained 1 year postoperatively. Altogether 123 data sets were available for primary analysis and 115 were available for 1-year followup. There was no difference, with the numbers available, between the navigated and the control groups in terms of the mean distance of the cup below the anterosuperior acetabular rim (3.9 mm; -5.3 to 12.6 mm versus 4.4 mm; -7.9 to 13.7 mm; p = 0.72) or the anteroinferior acetabular rim (4.7 mm; -6.2 to 14.8 mm versus 4.2 mm; -7.1 to 16.3 mm; p = 0.29). There was no difference, with the numbers available, in terms of the proportion of cups with anterior overhang (7%, four of 57 versus, 15%, 10 of 66; p = 0.16), respectively. After controlling for potential confounding variables such as cup inclination, cup size, patient age, BMI, stage of arthritis, and length of skin incision, we found cup anteversion (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81-0.93; p < 0.001) and female sex (HR, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.01-14.93; p = 0.049) were associated with a propensity to potential psoas impingement. With the numbers available, there were no differences observed in clinical scores between groups with and without anterior cup protrusion.\n\nQuestion:\nIs navigation Equal to Estimation by Eye and Palpation in Preventing Psoas Impingement in THA?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate whether subcutaneous closed-suction drainage (SCSD) would decrease the SSI rate in elective abdominal operations. Participants were randomly assigned to have subcutaneous drains or not following elective abdominal surgery. The fascia and incision closure technique and antimicrobial prophylaxis were standardised. In the drain cohort, SCSD was applied after fascia closure. The drain was removed on postoperative day three. Patient characteristics, body mass index (BMI) and the depth of subcutaneous fatty tissue (SCFT) were noted. The incisional SSI rates were analysed. There were 210 patients in the drain group and 192 in the no-drain group. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of demographics, BMI or SCFTs. The overall SSI rate was 7.7% and was 5.7% in the drain group and 9.9% in the no-drain group (p = 0.116). Neither BMI nor subcutaneous skin depth affected the SSI rate. However, subgroup analysis revealed that the SSI rate was lower in patients with drains who had undergone resection of colorectal malignancies or had lower abdominal incisions (p< 0.03).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes subcutaneous closed-suction drainage affect surgical site infection rate following elective abdominal operations : a prospective randomized clinical trial?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe pathophysiology of psoriasis is poorly understood, and the mechanism of action of biological agents interfering with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha that improve psoriatic plaques is completely unknown. To begin to unravel the mechanism of action, cellular changes occurring in plaques following administration of adalimumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha, were investigated. Thirteen different patients underwent sequential biopsies as part of a clinical trial. Each biopsy was immunostained and evaluated to calculate the relative density of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) before and after treatment (days 2, 7, 28, 84). To explore the basis for reduced epidermal LC densities in plaques, a SCID-Hu animal model was utilized. Acute psoriatic lesions were created within 2 weeks by injection of superantigen-activated CD4+ T cells into engrafted symptomless skin. Compared with symptomless skin, untreated plaques had a significantly reduced density of epidermal LCs. There was a rapid increase in density of epidermal LCs in plaques following treatment with adalimumab beginning as early as day 7. The paucity of epidermal LCs in plaques was contrasted to the prominent density of LCs in other skin disorders with chronic inflammation and alterations in keratinization, including lichen planus and inflamed seborrhoeic keratosis. Rapid creation of plaques using the SCID-Hu model was accompanied by loss of epidermal LCs, indicating that diminished LC density occurs at an early stage of lesion formation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor adalimumab rapidly reverse the decrease in epidermal Langerhans cell density in psoriatic plaques?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n• To explore the usefulness of cumulative summation (CUSUM) graphs for monitoring positive surgical margin (PSM) rates during a surgeon's transition from open to robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). • Data were prospectively collected from patients undergoing RARP by a single surgeon. • Preoperatively all patients were either low or moderate risk under the D'Amico classification system. • A CUSUM graph was charted retrospectively to analyse the PSM rate in patients undergoing RARP for pathological stage T2 (pT2) disease. • Acceptable and unacceptable PSM rates were set at 10% and 15% respectively. • From a cohort of 226 patients, 158 patients with pT2 disease were selected. The mean (range) age of these patients was 59.2 (39-73) years, the median (range) Gleason score was 6 (4-9), the mean (range) PSA was 6.43 (0.52-17.5) ng/mL and the mean (range) prostate volume was 44 (18-120) cm(3). In all, 21 patients had PSMs (13%). • CUSUM graphs were produced and clearly demonstrated the change in PSM rate over time.\n\nQuestion:\nAre cumulative summation graphs a useful tool for monitoring positive surgical margin rates in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPropofol produces anesthesia with rapid recovery. However, it causes pain or discomfort on injection. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol-induced pain with variable results. We have compared the efficacy of magnesium and lidocaine for the prevention of propofol induced pain. Three hundred ASA I and II adults undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned into three groups of 100 each. Group I received magnesium sulfate 1 g, Group II received lidocaine 2% (40 mg) and Group III received normal saline, all in a volume of 2 mL and accompanied by venous occlusion for one minute. Induction with propofol 2.5 mg.kg(-1) was accomplished following the release of venous occlusion. Pain was assessed on a four-point scale: 0 = no pain, 1 = mild pain, 2 = moderate pain, and 3 = severe pain at the time of pretreatment and propofol injection. Results were analyzed by 'Z' test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered as significant. Pain during i.v. pretreatment with magnesium was 31% as compared to 2% for both the lidocaine and control groups (P < 0.05). Seventy-six percent of patients in the control group had pain during i.v. propofol as compared to 32% and 42% in the magnesium and the lidocaine groups respectively (P < 0.05). Lidocaine and magnesium pretreatment were equally effective in attenuating pain during the propofol injection (P > 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs vein pretreatment with magnesium sulfate to prevent pain on injection of propofol justified?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBrain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) is involved in cardiovascular diseases as well as skeletal muscle energy metabolism and depression. We investigated whether serum BDNF level was associated with prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). We measured the serum BDNF level in 58 patients with HF (59.2 ± 13.7 years old, New York Heart Association functional class I-III) at baseline, and adverse events, including all cardiac deaths and HF rehospitalizations, were recorded during the median follow-up of 20.3 months. In a univariate analysis, serum BDNF levels were significantly associated with peak oxygen capacity (β = 0.547; P = .003), anaerobic threshold (β = 0.929; P = .004), and log minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (β = -10.15; P = .005), but not Patient Health Questionnaire scores (β = -0.099; P = .586). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that serum BDNF level was an independent prognostic factor of adverse events (hazard ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.84; P = .003). The receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that low levels of BDNF (<17.4 ng/mL) were associated with higher rates of adverse events compared with high levels of BDNF (≥17.4 ng/mL; log rank test: P < .001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes serum brain-derived neurotropic factor level predict adverse clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe investigated whether several different inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen and white blood cells (WBCs) count, are associated with maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2 max)) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In PCOS women (n = 124, 24.1 +/- 4.5 year-old) VO(2 max) was measured during symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test. Abdominal fat distribution was determined by ultrasound. Physical activity level was assessed by a standardized questionnaire. CRP was measured by immunoassays, fibrinogen by the Clauss method, and WBCs count with a Coulter counter. Pearson's analysis showed a significant correlation between VO(2 max) and logCRP (r = -0.437, P < 0.001), fibrinogen (r = -0.479, P < 0.001), and WBCs count (r = -0.438, P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression model showed that age (beta = -0.127, P = 0.005), AUC(INS )(beta = -0.335, P < 0.001), HDL-C (beta = 0.390, P < 0.001), physical activity score (beta = 0.238, P = 0.002), visceral fat (beta =-0.184), P = 0.023), FAI (beta = -0.291, P = 0.028); CRP (beta = -0.216, P = 0.011), fibrinogen (beta = -0.113, P = 0.008) and WBCs count (beta = -0.177, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with VO(2 max).\n\nQuestion:\nAre inflammatory markers and visceral fat inversely associated with maximal oxygen consumption in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS )?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-related cardiac enzyme elevation is an independent risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes, but preprocedural predictors of this complication have not been established. This study evaluated the morphological characteristics of culprit lesions by frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT), and examined their predictive value for procedure-related myocardial injury in patients undergoing elective PCI. Sixty-eight patients treated by FD-OCT-guided elective PCI were studied. On the basis of the presence or absence of postprocedural plasma cardiac troponin T (cTnT) elevation, patients were divided into elevation (cTnT-E, n=25) and nonelevation (cTnT-nonE, n=43) groups. FD-OCT examinations of culprit lesions were performed before and after stent implantation, and tissue characteristics were evaluated within a 10-mm-long segment of each lesion. Clinical parameters were similar between the two groups. Stent length was significantly longer in the cTnT-E group than in the cTnT-nonE group. On baseline OCT images, thin-cap fibroatheroma and calcium deposition were more frequently observed within culprit segments of the cTnT-E group compared with the cTnT-nonE group (32.0 vs. 11.6%, P=0.043, and 72.0 vs. 46.5%, P=0.039, respectively). In addition, colocalization of these two findings was a powerful predictor of PCI-related cTnT elevation (odds ratio 8.40, 95% confidence interval 1.65-52.78, P<0.01). Further, the predictive value of this colocalization was enhanced when the analysis included only spotty calcification (odds ratio 21.00, 95% confidence interval 2.65-454.22, P=0.003).\n\nQuestion:\nIs colocalization of thin-cap fibroatheroma and spotty calcification a powerful predictor of procedure-related myocardial injury after elective coronary stent implantation?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSeveral intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved subtle strategies to subvert vesicular trafficking pathways of their host cells to avoid killing and to replicate inside the cells. Brucellae are Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria that are responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide extended chronic zoonosis. Following invasion, Brucella abortus is found in a vacuole that interacts first with various endosomal compartments and then with endoplasmic reticulum sub-compartments. Brucella establishes its replication niche in ER-derived vesicles. In the past, it has been proposed that B. abortus passed through the macroautophagy pathway before reaching its niche of replication. However, recent experiments provided evidence that the classical macroautophagy pathway was not involved in the intracellular trafficking and the replication of B. abortus in bone marrow-derived macrophages and in HeLa cells. In contrast, another study showed that macroautophagy favoured the survival and the replication of Brucella melitensis in infected RAW264.7 macrophages. This raises the possibility that B. abortus and B. melitensis followed different intracellular pathways before replicating. In the present work, we have addressed this issue by comparing the replication rate of B. abortus and B. melitensis in embryonic fibroblasts derived from wild-type and Atg5-/- mice, Atg5 being a core component of the canonical macroautophagic pathway. Our results indicate that both B. abortus S2308 and B. melitensis 16M strains are able to invade and replicate in Atg5-deficient fibroblasts, suggesting that the canonical Atg5-dependent macroautophagic pathway is dispensable for Brucella replication. The number of viable bacteria was even slightly higher in Atg5-/- fibroblasts than in wild-type fibroblasts. This increase could be due to a more efficient uptake or to a better survival rate of bacteria before the beginning of the replication in Atg5-deficient cells as compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, our data show that the infection with B. abortus or with B. melitensis does not stimulate neither the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II nor the membrane recruitment of LC3 onto the BCV.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes replication of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in fibroblasts require Atg5-dependent macroautophagy?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVitamin D is an immunomodulator and may affect autoimmune thyroid diseases. Vitamin D has also been shown to influence thyrocytes directly by attenuating thyrotropin (TSH)-stimulated iodide uptake and cell growth. However, it is unclear how vitamin D status is related to TSH at the population level. The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and TSH levels according to thyroid autoantibodies in a population-based health survey in Thailand. A total of 2582 adults, aged 15-98 years, were randomly selected according to the geographical region from the Thailand 4th National Health Examination Survey sample. By study design, the sexes were equally represented. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], TSH, the thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and the thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were measured in all subjects. The mean age was 55.0±0.4 (SE) years. In subjects positive for serum TgAb, serum TSH levels were higher, whereas total serum 25(OH)D levels were lower. In addition, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in TgAb-positive subjects was significantly higher than that observed in TPOAb- and TgAb-negative subjects, whether based on cutoff values of 20 or 30 ng/mL: 8.3% vs. 5.6%, p<0.05; or 47.6% vs. 42.0%, p<0.05, respectively. However, vitamin D status was not associated with positive TPOAb and/or TgAb after controlling for sex and age. To explore the probable interaction between vitamin D status and age on serum TSH, analyses were performed according to age tertiles; it was found that higher 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with lower TSH, but only in subjects in the lowest age tertile.\n\nQuestion:\nIs high vitamin D status in younger individuals associated with low circulating thyrotropin?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nQuestions remain as to what benefits embolectomy provides to patients presented with considerable early ischemic changes on baseline imaging studies. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score applied to DWI on treatment outcomes in patients with acute stroke undergoing stent-retriever embolectomy. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and DWI data from 171 patients with acute anterior circulation stroke who were treated with stent-retriever embolectomy within 6 hours of symptom onset. DWI-ASPECTS scores were analyzed with the full scale or were dichotomized (4-6 versus 7-10). Patients with DWI-ASPECTS ≤3 were excluded from the study. Associations between outcome and clinical and radiologic factors were determined with a multivariate logistic regression analysis. A good outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2 at 3 months. The median DWI-ASPECTS was 7 (interquartile range, 6-8). The rates of good outcome, symptomatic hemorrhage, and mortality were not different between high DWI-ASPECTS (scores of 7-10) and intermediate DWI-ASPECTS (scores of 4-6) groups. In patients with an intermediate DWI-ASPECTS, good outcome was achieved in 46.5% (20/43) of patients with successful revascularization, whereas no patients without successful revascularization had a good outcome (P = .016). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of good outcome were age and successful revascularization.\n\nQuestion:\nAre outcomes Different between Patients with Intermediate and High DWI-ASPECTS after Stent-Retriever Embolectomy for Acute Anterior Circulation Stroke?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate intrinsic alterations in ovarian steroidogenesis in women with clomiphene citrate (CC)-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who ovulated after metformin treatment. Fifty-six women of reproductive age (18-40 years) diagnosed with CC-resistant PCOS received metformin for 12 weeks. If ovulation was successfully induced by CC after metformin treatment, the women were classified as responders. Circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), free testosterone (freeT), fasting insulin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were determined at weeks 0, 4 and 12 of metformin treatment. Thirty-seven women with CC-resistant PCOS finished the treatment course. There were no significant differences in circulating levels of FSH, E2, T, freeT and fasting insulin at weeks 0, 4, and 12 between responders and nonresponders. At week 4, responders showed significantly higher LH levels and higher LH/FSH ratios than non-responders (p < 0.005 and p < 0.05, respectively). After the 12-week treatment, responders demonstrated higher serum E2/T ratios and lower freeT levels than non-responders (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nIs estradiol-to-testosterone ratio associated with response to metformin treatment in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS )?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRelatively few species of flowering plants are dioecious and even fewer are known to have sex chromosomes. Current theory posits that homomorphic sex chromosomes, such as found in Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae), offer insight into the early stages in the evolution of sex chromosomes from autosomes. Little is known about these early steps, but an accumulation of transposable element sequences has been observed on the Y-chromosomes of some species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Recombination, by which transposable elements are removed, is suppressed on at least part of the emerging Y-chromosome, and this may explain the correlation between the emergence of sex chromosomes and transposable element enrichment. We sequenced 2321 bp of the Y-chromosome in Bryonia dioica that flank a male-linked marker, BdY1, reported previously. Within this region, which should be suppressed for recombination, we observed a solo-LTR nested in a Copia-like transposable element. We also found other, presumably paralogous, solo-LTRs in a consensus sequence of the underlying Copia-like transposable element.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a specific insertion of a solo-LTR characterize the Y-chromosome of Bryonia dioica ( Cucurbitaceae )?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA qualitative study of Advanced Education Programs in Prosthodontics (AEPPs) students was conducted to identify best practices to effectively promote ongoing health and student learning within the context of a patient-centered recall system. Ten students from seven AEPPs nationwide were invited to participate in a focus group on recall systems within AEPPs. The discussion first identified whether an active recall program existed and then delved into benefits for patients and students, positive and negative features of existing recall systems, and factors that can be improved upon for an enhanced recall system. Participants advocated the highest standard of patient care, including regular ongoing care once restorative therapy is complete. Discussion indicates that not only does regular patient recall lead to health promotion, disease prevention, and monitoring of existing prostheses for the patient, but also provides for an enhanced learning experience for the students. Recognizing this, several students from AEPPs lacking an official recall system have established a \"makeshift\" system, encompassing a treatment completion letter, final intraoral photographs, patient education, and regular prosthetic evaluations, for their existing patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDo student-perceived factors for an enhanced advanced education program in prosthodontics recall system?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study is focused on GABRG2 gene sequence variations in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). The GABAAreceptor is a heteropentameric receptor and alpha-1 beta-2 gamma-2 subunits combination is most abundant and present in almost all regions of the brain. The gamma-2 subunit (GABRG2) gene mutations have been reported in different epilepsy pathologies. In the present study we have looked for GABRG2 gene sequence variations in patients with mTLE. Twenty patients (12 females and eight males, age 4.6-38 years) with MTLE were recruited for this investigation. Patients were recommended for epilepsy surgery after all clinical investigations as per the epilepsy protocol. Ethnically matched glioma or meningioma patients were considered as nonepileptic controls. During temporal lobectomy of amygdalohippocampectomy, hippocampal brain tissue samples were resected guided by intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) activity. All 11 exons of GABRG2 gene with their flanking intronic regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and screened by DNA sequencing analysis for sequence variations. Comparison of allele frequencies between patient and control groups was determined using a c(2) test.\n\nQuestion:\nAre mutations in GABRG2 receptor gene a major factor in the pathogenesis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in Indian population?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCD23 is a differentiation/activation antigen expressed by a variety of hematopoietic and epithelial cells. It can also be detected in soluble forms in biological fluids. Initially known as the low-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (Fc epsilonRII), CD23 displays various other physiologic ligands such as CD21, CD11b/c, CD47-vitronectin, and mannose-containing proteins. CD23 mediates numerous immune responses by enhancing IgE-specific antigen presentation, regulating IgE synthesis, influencing cell differentiation and growth of both B- and T-cells. CD23-crosslinking promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators from human monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils and epithelial cells. Increased CD23 expression is found in patients during allergic reactions and rheumatoid arthritis while its physiopathologic role in these diseases remains to be clarified. We previously generated heptapeptidic countrestructures of human CD23. Based on in vitro studies on healthy and arthritic patients' cells, we showed that CD23-specific peptide addition to human macrophages greatly diminished the transcription of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines. This was also confirmed by significant reduction of mediator levels in cell supernatants. We also show that CD23 peptide decreased IgE-mediated activation of both human and rat CD23(+) macrophages. In vivo studies in rat model of arthritis showed that CD23-blocking peptide ameliorates clinical scores and prevent bone destruction in a dose dependent manner. Ex-vivo analysis of rat macrophages further confirmed the inhibitory effect of peptides on their activation. Taken together our results support the role of CD23 activation and subsequent inflammatory response in arthritis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes molecular blocking of CD23 support its role in the pathogenesis of arthritis?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn the Netherlands, different hepatitis B vaccination schedules have been used for children born to HBV-infected mothers. All schedules included a birth dose of hepatitis B immunoglobuline (HBIg). We assessed determinants of perinatal HBV transmission and determinants of anti-HBs titers in infants born to HBsAg positive mothers. We included infants born to HBV infected mothers between 1.1.2003 and 30.6.2007, using national databases and a separate database for Amsterdam. Risk factors for perinatal transmission and determinants of the anti-HBs titer were studied using logistic and linear regression, respectively. Of 2657 infants registered in the national database, 91% were registered to have received HBIg and at least three hepatitis B vaccinations. In Amsterdam, this coverage among 413 children at risk was higher (96%, p<0.01). Serological test results for 2121 infants (80%) indicated that 13 (0.6%) were HBsAg positive. A mother of Chinese descent was the only risk factor for perinatal HBV infection identified (RR 9.1, 95% CI 3.1-26.8). Receiving a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine later than in the first week of life was not associated with an increased risk of perinatal HBV infection. A shorter period between last vaccination and testing, and having received more doses of hepatitis B vaccine were independently associated with a higher anti-HBs titer.\n\nQuestion:\nAre prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in the Netherlands , 2003-2007 : children of Chinese mothers at increased risk of breakthrough infection?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAmount of sleep is an important indicator of health and well-being in children and adolescents. Adequate sleep (AS: adequate sleep is defined as 6-8 hours per night regularly) is a critical factor in adolescent health and health-related behaviors. The present study was based on a health promotion project previously conducted on adolescents in Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan. The aim was to examine the relationship between AS during schooldays and excessive body weight, frequency of visiting doctors and health-related behaviors among Taiwanese adolescents. A cross-sectional study design, categorical and multivariate data analyses were used. The hypotheses investigated were: high frequency of AS is positively associated with lack of obesity and less frequent visits to doctors; and high frequency AS is positively associated with health-related behavior. A total of 656 boys (53.2%) and girls (46.8%), ranging in age from 13-18 years were studied between January and June 2004. Three hundred and fifty seven subjects (54%) reported that they slept less than the suggested 6-8 hours on schooldays. A significant negative association was found between low sleep and of the following health-related behaviors: (1) life appreciation; (2) taking responsibility for health; (3) adopting healthy diet; (4) effective stress management; (5) regular exercise; and (6) total AHP score. High frequency AS was associated with low frequencies of obesity after potential confounding factors were controlled. Junior high school adolescents reported significantly higher frequencies of AS than high school participants. Gender, family structure, home location and frequency of television watching or computer use were not significantly associated with AS.\n\nQuestion:\nIs adequate sleep among adolescents positively associated with health status and health-related behaviors?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the clinical usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) for guiding duration of antibiotic therapy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). A total of 71 patients with confirmed severe acute pancreatitis from March 2009 to September 2011 in the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Guangdong, China were enrolled in this study. Procalcitonin was measured daily by a semi-quantitative immunoassay in the study group. Patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups including a PCT-guided group (study group) and a prophylactic antibiotic therapy (control group). Antibiotic therapy in the study group was not applied until clinical signs and symptoms of infection appeared (PCT value was >0.5ng/ml). We discontinued the antibiotic therapy if clinical signs and symptoms of infection improved and PCT was <0.5ng/ml over 3 days. In the control group, antibiotic therapy was administrated for 2 weeks, or antibiotic therapy was continued because of confirmed infection until clinical signs and symptoms of infection disappeared over 3 days. In the study group (35 patients), the duration of antibiotic therapy and hospitalization was significantly shorter than the control group (36 patients) (10.89+/-2.85 versus 16.06+/-2.48 days, p<0.001, and 16.66+/-4.02 days versus 23.81+/-7.56 days, p<0.001) without negative clinical effects and the cost of hospitalization was significantly lower.\n\nQuestion:\nIs procalcitonin a good tool to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis . A randomized prospective single-center controlled trial?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo identify a subgroup of normogonadotropic men who may benefit relatively more from TC (tamoxifen citrate; a widely prescribed drug for male infertility) among those with FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) values in the lower or higher halves of the normal range. In this retrospective study, 120 normogonadotropic infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia were included. All patients received 20 mg TC daily as a single dose for 6 months, and semen analysis and hormone levels were analyzed after 6 months, with the values being compared with those before treatment. The FSH, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were significantly increased after the use of oral TC 20 mg daily. The sperm counts of the patients in the lower initial FSH group had a significantly higher increase in sperm count and concentration compared to the relatively higher FSH group.\n\nQuestion:\nIs oral tamoxifen citrate treatment more effective in normogonadotropic patients who have follicle-stimulating hormone levels within the lower half of normal?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProteins destined to be Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored are translocated into the ER lumen completely before the C-terminal GPI anchor attachment signal sequence (SS) is removed by the GPI-transamidase and replaced by a pre-formed GPI anchor precursor. Does the SS have a role in dictating the conformation and function of the protein as well? We generated two variants of the Als5 protein without and with the SS in order to address the above question. Using a combination of biochemical and biophysical techniques, we show that in the case of Als5, an adhesin of C. albicans, the C-terminal deletion of 20 amino acids (SS) results in a significant alteration in conformation and function of the mature protein.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the GPI anchor signal sequence dictate the folding and functionality of the Als5 adhesin from Candida albicans?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSerous borderline ovarian tumors (SBOT) are slow growing, noninvasive ovarian epithelial neoplasms, which tend to recur as low-grade invasive carcinomas (LGC) with a much worse prognosis. We investigated the molecular basis of this progression. We established cultures of three SBOTs and one LGC from tumor biopsies, and inactivated p53, Rb and PP2A in the cells with SV40 large T (LT) and small T (ST) antigen. They were examined for cadherins by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, invasiveness in Boyden chambers, motility by scratch-wound healing assay, anchorage independence by growth in agarose, and protease activity by gelatin zymography, immunoassay and colorimetry. Cells were overexpressed with N-cadherin using an adenovirus. Inactivation of p53, Rb and PP2A by SV40 LT/ST antigen resulted in greatly enhanced growth potential, invasiveness, motility and anchorage independence, and in epithelio-mesenchymal transition, as indicated by morphology and substitution of N-cadherin for E-cadherin. Overexpressed N-cadherin did not induce invasiveness of SBOT cells and there was no consistent change in protease activities, suggesting that these were not primary effectors of the enhanced neoplastic characteristics. Low passage LGC cells were more invasive than SBOT cells, but this difference disappeared with the introduction of LT/ST into the two cell types.\n\nQuestion:\nDo sV40 early genes induce neoplastic properties in serous borderline ovarian tumor cells?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the role of hormone receptor/binding protein variants in genetic predisposition to premature ovarian failure (POF). Case-control study. Academic. Fifty-five POF patients, 107 control women from the general population, and 27 control women who had proven fertility after age 37. None. Allele distributions in cases and controls were assessed for genetic association. Allele distributions of polymorphisms at the androgen receptor (AR) gene, estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene, and FSH receptor (FSHR) gene did not differ between patients and controls. At a repeat in a promoter of the estrogen receptor alpha(ESR1) gene, POF patients had fewer (<18) short repeat alleles than did controls (P=.004 vs. combined controls). Genotypes consisting of two short alleles were found in 36.4% of control women but only 5.5% of POF patients (P<.0001 vs. combined controls). The ESR1 repeat may confer risk for POF in a simple dominant manner in which carriers of a long repeat have a relative risk of 9.7 (95% CI = 2.6 - 35.6).\n\nQuestion:\nAre estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms associated with idiopathic premature ovarian failure?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLysosome-associated transmembrane protein 4β-35 (LAPTM4B-35), a member of the mammalian 4-tetratransmembrane spanning protein superfamily, has been reported to be overexpressed in several cancers. However the expression of LAPTM4B-35 and its role in the progression of gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate LAPTM4B-35 expression in GC, its potential relevance to clinicopathologic parameters and role of LAPTM4B-35 during gastric carcinogenesis. In the present study, paraffin-embedded specimens with GC (n = 240, including 180 paired specimens) and 24 paired fresh frozen tissues were analyzed. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to analyze the expression of LAPTM4B-35 in GC. The effects of LAPTM4B-35 on GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined by overexpression and knockdown assays. IHC showed that LAPTM4B-35 was expressed in 68.3% (123/180) of GC tissues, while in 16.1% (29/180) of their paired adjacent noncancerous gastric tissues (P = 0.000). LAPTM4B-35 mRNA levels in GC tissues were also significantly elevated when compared with their paired adjacent noncancerous tissues (P = 0.017). Overexpression of LAPTM4B-35 was significantly associated with degree of differentiation, depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that patients with LAPTM4B-35 expression had a significant decrease in overall survival (OS) in stages I-III GC patients (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis showed high expression of LAPTM4B-35 was an independent prognostic factor for OS in stage I-III GC patients (P = 0.025).\n\nQuestion:\nIs lAPTM4B-35 , a cancer-related gene , associated with poor prognosis in TNM stages I-III gastric cancer patients?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSuboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a strong predictor of virologic failure (VF) among people with HIV. Various methods such as patient self-report, pill counts and pharmacy refills have been utilized to monitor adherence. However, there are limited data on the accuracy of combining methods to better predict VF in routine clinical settings. We examined various methods to assess adherence including pill count, medication possession ratio (MPR), and self-reported adherence in order to determine which was most highly associated with VF after > 6 months on ART. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a case-control study. At enrollment, pharmacy refill data were collected retrospectively from the medical chart, pill counts were completed to derive a pill count adherence ratio (PCAR) and a self-report questionnaire was administered to all participants. Parametric smooth splines and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out to assess the accuracy of the adherence methods. 458 patients were enrolled from October 2010 to June 2012. Of these, 158 (34.50%) experienced VF (cases) and 300 (65.50%) were controls. The median (IQR) PCAR was 1.10 (0.99-1.14) for cases and 1.13 (1.08-1.18) for controls (p < 0.0001). The median MPR was 1.00 (0.97-1.07) for cases and 1.03 (0.96-1.07) for controls (p = 0.83). Combination of PCAR and self-reported questions was highly associated with VF.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the combination of pill count and self-reported adherence a strong predictor of first-line ART failure for adults in South Africa?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe association between low birth weight and adult disease is well known. Less is known on long-term effects of high birth weight. This study aims to investigate whether a high birth weight increases risk for adult metabolic disease. Swedish term single births, 1973-1982 (n = 759,999), were studied to age 27.5-37.5 years using Swedish national registers. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated in relation to birth weight for type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Men with birth weights between 2 and 3 standard deviation score (SDS) had a 1.9-fold increased risk (HR 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-2.90) of type 2 diabetes, whereas those with birth weights above 3 SDS had a 5.4-fold increased risk (HR 5.44, 95% CI 2.70-10.96) compared to men with birth weights between -2 and 2 SDS. The corresponding HRs for women were 0.60 (95% CI 0.40-0.91) and 1.71 (95% CI 0.85-3.43) for birth weights 2-3 SDS and >3 SDS, respectively. Men with birth weights between 2 and 3 SDS had a 1.5-fold increased risk (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.22-1.77) of obesity. The corresponding risk for women was 1.3-fold increased (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19-1.46). For men and women with birth weights above 3 SDS, the risks of adult obesity were higher, HR 2.46 (95% CI 1.63-3.71) and HR 1.85 (95% CI 1.44-2.37), respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a high birth weight associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the gene expression profiles of the JAK/STAT pathway members STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B at both mRNA and protein levels in HL-60 and K-562 leukemia cells that were undergoing apoptosis following high-dose methylprednisolone (MP) treatment. HL-60 cells were treated with 0.1 mM MP and K-562 cells were treated with 0.4 mM MP according to their IC(50) values. STAT3, STAT5A, and STAT5B mRNA relative expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR whereas the protein levels were detected via western-blot analysis and apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V method. A significant decrease was seen in STAT5A mRNA relative expression level at 48 hours of MP treatment (P < 0.05) both in HL-60 and K-562 cells. Other STATs showed a lower downregulation in their relative expressions at 48 hours at mRNA level for both of the cell lines. STAT proteins showed no expression change in K-562 cells in time course experiments but while STAT5A expression was downregulated; STAT5B showed an increase at 96 hours in HL-60 cells. Apoptosis was triggered by high-dose MP treatment that was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes methylprednisolone induce apoptosis by interacting with the JAK/STAT pathway in HL-60 and K-562 leukemic cells?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo classify patients with patellofemoral (PF) instability on the basis of their mechanical gait characteristics, and to relate gait deficits to patellofemoral congruence. Thirteen patients awaiting patellar stabilisation surgery were recruited for gait analysis and magnetic resonance imaging, MRI assessment of PF congruence. Patients were grouped into two subgroups (P1, P2) based on knee joint moment during stance, and their total support moments (TSMs) during stance were compared against eight healthy Control subjects. PF congruence was compared between groups from MRI data captured at 0, 20 and 40° of passive knee flexion and during dynamic extension. Five patients were classified into group P1 because they demonstrated a knee extensor moment during early stance, and eight patients into group P2 because they did not. The TSM of the more affected limb in group P1 was not significantly different from Control values in early stance but the difference was significant (P<.05) in late stance. In group P2, both the less and more affected limbs were significantly different from Control TSM values in early stance, but only the more affected limb in late stance. Patellofemoral contact areas as measured by MRI were greatest for the Control patients, and least for patient group P2 especially during the active extension trials.\n\nQuestion:\nDo patellar instability and quadriceps avoidance affect walking knee moments?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDifferences in blood sampling and separation techniques can affect the quantitative levels of activation markers on different leukocyte subsets. We examined the effect of two sampling procedures of EDTA blood on the quantitative levels of two markers, the CD11b/CD18 antigen and the EG2 epitope on intracellular eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), in neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively. Sample I was collected directly after completion of blood donation by an open technique and constant flow from the transfer tube directly into EDTA tubes. After sampling, the transfer tube was manually closed with a clamp. Sample II was collected 45 s later by the same technique by opening the clamp. We found a significantly (p < 0.01) higher expression of CD11b/CD18 on neutrophils collected by sampling procedure II than on those collected by sampling procedure I. In contrast, we did not find any difference in the intracellular ECP expression between sampling procedures I and II. To further explore the mechanisms for the observed upregulation of CD11b/CD18, fragments of a transfer tube were incubated with normal human serum (NHS) and heat-inactivated NHS (NHS56), respectively, for 60 min at +37 degrees C. Leukocytes from healthy blood donors were then incubated for 15 min at +37 degrees C with these serum preparations. The CD11b/CD18 expression was significantly higher (p < 0.01) on neutrophils incubated with transfer-tube-activated NHS compared with NHS alone. However, when leukocytes were incubated with transfer tube activated NHS56, no difference was observed compared with incubation with NHS alone. In addition, by using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we could identify complement (C3c) deposits on the inner surface of the transfer tube fragments incubated in NHS, but not in NHS56,\n\nQuestion:\nDoes complement activation during blood sampling procedures alter the expression of CD11b/CD18 on human neutrophils?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAortic valve disease, including calcification, affects >2% of the human population and is caused by complex interactions between multiple risk factors, including genetic mutations, the environment, and biomechanics. At present, there are no effective treatments other than surgery, and this is because of the limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the condition. Previous work has shown that valve interstitial cells within the aortic valve cusps differentiate toward an osteoblast-like cell and deposit bone-like matrix that leads to leaflet stiffening and calcific aortic valve stenosis. However, the mechanisms that promote pathological phenotypes in valve interstitial cells are unknown. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo tools with mouse, porcine, and human tissue, we show that in valve interstitial cells, reduced Sox9 expression and nuclear localization precedes the onset of calcification. In vitro, Sox9 nuclear export and calcific nodule formation is prevented by valve endothelial cells. However, in vivo, loss of Tgfβ1 in the endothelium leads to reduced Sox9 expression and calcific aortic valve disease.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes valve Endothelial Cell-Derived Tgfβ1 Signaling promote Nuclear Localization of Sox9 in Interstitial Cells Associated With Attenuated Calcification?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of this study was to histologically and histomorphometrically evaluate the efficacy of the new formulations of eggshell-derived calcium carbonate in rats. The study was conducted on 30 adult male rats. Four standardized and circular intrabony defects were created in the both maxilla and mandibula of each animal. Three different graft materials were prepared as follows: 1) Material A: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate combined with carrageenan gel, 2) Material B: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate combined with xanthan gum gel, and 3) Material C: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate powder. The right mandibular defect sites were grafted with Material A in all animals, and defects on the left were grafted with Material B. Defects on the right side of maxilla were received Material C in all animals, and all left maxillary defects were remained untreated as controls. The animals were sacrificed either postoperatively on the 15th day, postoperatively on the 30th day or postoperatively on the 45th day. Histomorphometric measurements were made of the areas of newly formed bone, necrotic bone, fibrous tissue and residual graft material. Material A exhibited the highest level of osteoid formation followed by Material B and Material C on the 45th day. In terms of osteoid formation, statistically significant differences were observed between graft materials and controls at 45th day compared to 15th and 30th day (p<0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes histologic and histomorphometric assessment of eggshell-derived bone graft substitute on bone healing in rats?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTh17 is a newly identified effector T cell lineage which plays a central role in many human inflammatory diseases and experimental animal models. Epicutaneous sensitization with a protein antigen has been proven to induce a Th2-predominant immune response and lead to development of atopic diseases in a murine protein-patch model. We sought to assess the generation of Th17 cells in epicutaneous sensitization with a protein antigen and its regulation by environmental elements and genetic background. BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DO11.10 mice were epicutaneously immunized by patch application of the following: ovalbumin alone, or co-administration of one of TLR ligands, irritant, hapten or superantigens. IL-17 and IL-22 contents in supernatants of in vitro reactivation culture of lymph nodes cells were determined by ELISA. Frequency of IL-17-secreting CD4 T cells was measured by ELISPOT. Small but significant amounts of IL-17 and IL-22 could be detected in supernatants of in vitro reactivation culture of lymph nodes cells of mice receiving patch application of ovalbumin. ELISPOT assay for IL-17 also revealed low frequency of IL-17-secreting CD4 T cells in lymph nodes cells in ovalbumin group. All TLR ligands tested including agonists for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 and TLR9 as well as many environmental elements including irritant, hapten and superantigen could further promote the generation of Th17 cells. In addition, C57BL/6 mice generate less Th17 cells than BALB/c mice in epicutaneous sensitization.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes epicutaneous sensitization with a protein antigen induce Th17 cells?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Narcotrend index (MonitorTechnik, Bad Bramstedt, Germany) is a dimensionless number between 0 and 100 that is calculated from the electroencephalogram and inversely correlates with depth of hypnosis. The current study evaluates the capability of the Narcotrend to separate awareness from unconsciousness at the transition between these levels. Electroencephalographic recordings of 40 unpremedicated patients undergoing elective surgery were analyzed. Patients were randomly assigned to receive (1) sevoflurane-remifentanil (</= 0.1 microg . kg . min), (2) sevoflurane-remifentanil (>/= 0.2 microg . kg . min), (3) propofol-remifentanil (</= 0.1 microg . kg . min), or (4) propofol-remifentanil (>/= 0.2 microg . kg . min). Remifentanil and sevoflurane or propofol were given until loss of consciousness. After tracheal intubation, propofol or sevoflurane was stopped until return of consciousness and then restarted to induce loss of consciousness. After surgery, drugs were discontinued. Narcotrend values at loss and return of consciousness were compared with each other, and anesthetic groups were compared. Prediction probability was calculated from values at the last command before and at loss and return of consciousness. At 105 of 316 analyzed time points, the Narcotrend did not calculate an index, and the closest calculated value was analyzed. No significant differences between loss and return of consciousness were found. In group 1, Narcotrend values were significantly higher than in group 3. Prediction probability was 0.501.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes narcotrend adequately detect the transition between awareness and unconsciousness in surgical patients?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWhat is the effect of the addition of arthroscopy to physiotherapy and medication in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee? Randomised, controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment and intention-to-treat analysis. A university sports medicine clinic in Ontario, Canada. Adults with idiopathic or secondary moderate-to-severe oa of the knee (Grade 2, 3, or 4 radiographic severity on the modified Kellgren-Lawrence classification). Key exclusion criteria were large meniscal tears, inflammatory arthritis, previous arthroscopic treatment for knee OA and more than 5 degrees of lateral deformity. Randomisation of 188 participants allotted 94 to an intervention group and 94 to a control group. The intervention group underwent arthroscopy within 6 weeks after randomisation and a standard physiotherapy and medication regimen was initiated within 7 days after surgery. the control group initiated the same physiotherapy and medication regimen at an equivalent time. Physiotherapy was provided for 1 hour once a week for 12 weeks. It included range-of-motion and strengthening exercises to be performed at home twice daily, information about activities of daily living, instruction in the use of heat and cold, and an educational video. Exercises were individualised according to the severity of oa and age. After the 12-week period, participants were advised to continue the exercise program. medications (potentially including paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hyaluronic acid, and glucosamine) were prescribed according to standard guidelines. The primary outcome was the WOMAC score at 2 years follow up. The WOMAC is scored from 0 (worst) to 2400, with subscales for pain, stiffness, and physical function. Secondary outcomes included the Physical Component Summary Score of the Short Form-36 (0 to 100); the McMaster Toronto Arthritis patient preference (MACTAR) questionnaire (0 to 500); and the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) (10 to 100). 168 participants completed the study. After 2 years, the mean (SD) WOMAC scores were 874 (624) in the intervention group and 897 (583) in the control group, mean difference 23 (95% CI -208 to 161). The groups differed on the SF-36 by only 0.2 (95% CI -3.2 to 3.6), on the MACTAR questionnaire by only 6 (95% CI -37 to 49), and on each of the ASES subscales by less than 6 (all non-significant).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes arthroscopic surgery provide no additional benefit over physiotherapy and medication for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHypercoagulability is a major source of morbidity and mortality after injury. A resuscitation regimen that modulates this coagulopathy may prove beneficial. We sought to evaluate the effects of lactated Ringer's (LR) solution and Hextend on the resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Twenty swine underwent invasive line placement, midline celiotomy, and splenectomy. After a 15-minute stabilization period, we recorded a baseline mean arterial pressure and created a grade V liver injury. The animals bled freely for 30 minutes, after which we measured the initial blood loss (that after injury). We blindly randomized the swine to receive LR solution or Hextend to achieve and maintain the baseline mean arterial pressure for 90 minutes postinjury. Laboratory values were obtained at baseline and on completion of the 2-hour study period. The initial blood loss (before resuscitation) was 22 mL/kg in both treatment groups (p = 0.97). Animals required 119 +/- 78 mL/kg of fluid in the LR group and 40 +/- 21 mL/kg in the Hextend group (p = 0.01). After resuscitation, the secondary blood loss was 3.7 +/- 1.7 mL/kg in the LR group and 4.7 +/- 1.1 mL/kg in the Hextend group (p = 0.1). Thrombelastography revealed a hypercoagulable state in all animals after injury. This was less pronounced in those animals resuscitated with Hextend. Routine tests of coagulation did not reveal a hypercoagulable state.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hextend attenuate hypercoagulability after severe liver injury in swine?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHypertension is one of the most powerful predictor of the future cardiovascular events, and antihypertensive therapy adopting multiple drug regimen is often needed to obtain the appropriate blood pressure (BP) control. To clarify the blood pressure-lowering effect of the fixed-dose combination (FDC) of an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and diuretic agent in poorly controlled hypertensive patients, we intended a multicenter prospective observational study (Investigation for Normalized Blood pressure control with the Appropriate medication: INBA) by means of the sequential ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). One hundred and thirteen hypertensive patients who had not achieved the target BP control proposed in the guidelines with medication containing any ARB but without diuretic agents (54 men; mean age, 66 years old; mean office systolic/diastolic BP (SBP/DBP), 158/82 mmHg) were enrolled. Daytime and nighttime blood pressures were assessed with ABPM before and at 12 weeks after switching the ARB to the FDC of 50 mg of losartan, and 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Daytime SBP/DBP (mean ± SD) decreased from 151 ± 14/88 ± 8 mmHg to 140 ± 11/82 ± 8 mmHg (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively), and nocturnal SBP/DBP from 138 ± 18/78 ± 9 mmHg to 125 ± 14/72 ± 9 mmHg (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively) during the 12 weeks treatment. Pulse rate did not change irrespective of the time window. Among various parameters (age, history of hypertension, body mass index (BMI), serum potassium, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, plasma B-type natriuretic peptide), BMI alone showed significant negative correlation with 12-weeks reduction in nocturnal SBP (r = -0.43, P < 0.05). No parameters correlated with reduction in daytime SBP during this period. Patients with BMI ≥ median (25.8 kg/m(2)) showed significantly greater reduction in nocturnal SBP for 12 weeks than patients with BMI < median (20.1 ± 15.6 mmHg vs 6.1 ± 10.9 mmHg, P < 0.001) although reduction in daytime SBP was comparable between the two groups (8.9 ± 13.5 mmHg vs 11.9 ± 12.7 mmHg).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the fixed-dose combination of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide elicit potent blood pressure lowering during nighttime in obese hypertensive patients?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) has been previously shown to effectively risk-stratify patients under evaluation for heart transplantation. However, this model was developed before broad use of beta blockade. We hypothesized that the prognostic tool would retain its ability to risk stratify patients treated with beta-blockers. We collected clinical data on 524 consecutive patients referred for heart transplantation from 1994 to 2001. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox regression analysis were performed with events defined as death, left ventricular assist device placement, or United Network of Organ Sharing 1 heart transplantation. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the patient population revealed effective discrimination by the survival score both for beta-blocker treated and untreated patients (both p <0.0001). Two-year event-free survival was 94% +/- 2% and 84% +/- 4% for beta-blocker and no beta-blocker patients in the low-risk HFSS strata. Cox proportional hazard modeling showed that HFSS strata (medium risk: HR 2.65, 95% CI 1.75-4.02, p <0.001; high risk: HR 5.51, 95% CI 3.64-8.33, p <0.001) and beta-blocker treatment (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31-0.64, p <0.001) were significant predictors of event-free survival. Receiver operating curves (area under the curve) for HFSS strata used to predict 2-year events were similar for beta-blocker treated (0.78 +/- 0.04) and untreated (0.80 +/- 0.03) patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes heart failure survival score continue to predict clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure receiving beta-blockers?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn many countries women are given their own case notes to carry during pregnancy to increase their sense of control over, and satisfaction with, their care. To evaluate the effects of giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy. We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 August 2015) and reference lists of retrieved studies. Randomised controlled trials of women given their own case notes to carry during pregnancy. Two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria and assessed study quality. One review author extracted data from the included studies using a standard form (checked by second review author). We assessed estimates of effect using risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Four trials were included (n = 1176 women). Overall, the quality of the evidence was graded as low to moderate mainly due to the nature of the intervention not allowing blinding. The updated search identified one cluster-randomised trial, which was included.Women carrying their own notes were more likely to feel in control (two trials, RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.06; 450 women; moderate quality evidence), although there is no evidence of difference in women's satisfaction (two trials, average RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.29); 698 women; low quality evidence). More women in the case notes group wanted to carry their own notes in a subsequent pregnancy (three trials, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.57 to 2.03; 552 women; low quality evidence). Overall, the pooled estimate of the two trials (n = 347) that reported on the risk of notes lost or left at home was not significant (average RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.04 to 3.84). There was no evidence of difference for health-related behaviours (cigarette smoking and breastfeeding (moderate quality evidence)), analgesia needs during labour (low quality evidence), maternal depression, miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal deaths (moderate quality evidence). More women in the case notes group had operative deliveries (one trial, RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.12; 212 women), and caesarean sections (one trial, average RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.08; 501 women; moderate quality evidence).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes giving women their own case note to carry during pregnancy?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nStudies in animals suggest that enteric neurons decrease in density or number with increasing age. Neurons containing nitric oxide (NO), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and Substance P (SP) have been implicated. In human large intestine, NO-utilizing neurons decrease during childhood or early adulthood but it is not known if the innervation of the muscle changes. This study examined the density of nerve fibres containing these transmitters in sigmoid colon circular muscle from children and adults. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry using antibodies to neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), VIP and SP was performed on sigmoid colon from 18 adults with colorectal cancer, two children with familial adenomatous polyposis, and normal colon from nine children with Hirschsprung's disease. The percentage area of immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres containing each transmitter in circular muscle was quantified in confocal images. In the adult sigmoid colon circular muscle, the percentage area of nerve fibres containing nNOS>VIP>SP (6 : 2 : 1). Paediatric groups had significantly higher percentage area of nerve fibres containing nNOS, VIP or SP-IR than adults, with the decrease in nerve fibre density occurring from birth to 30 years. Circular muscle thickness increased between 12 and 30 years. Total nerve fibre area remained constant, while the muscle increased in thickness.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes decrease in nerve fibre density in human sigmoid colon circular muscle occur with growth but not aging?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of this study was to explore the role of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori infections in patients with idiopathic permanent atrial fibrillation. Sera from 72 patients with permanent atrial fibrillation without structural heart disease (mean age 69.6 years, 23 women) were analysed for IgG antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori and compared in a I:I age- and sex-matched case:control manner with those pooled from a healthy reference population of 72 individuals from the same geographical area. After excluding patients with other possible or definite factors known either to cause atrial fibrillation or to affect the prevalence of seropositivity to these agents, the frequency of seropositivity due to one or both of the infectious agents was compared. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level was assessed using immunoturbidimetry technique. Both agents were equally common in men and women. Neither seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae (76% vs. 83%, patients vs. control subjects, ns) nor to Helicobacter pylori (57% contra 55%, patients vs. controls, ns) alone reached significance in the comparisons between patients with atrial fibrillation and control subjects. Serum CRP was higher in patients with AF (5.3 mg/L vs. 2.8 mg/L, P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs permanent atrial fibrillation in patients without structural heart disease associated with signs of infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNon-invasive imaging of the biodistribution of novel therapeutics including gene therapy vectors in animal models is essential. This study assessed the utility of high-frequency ultrasound (HF-US) combined with biofluoresence imaging (BFI) to determine the longitudinal impact of a Herpesvirus saimiri amplicon on human colorectal cancer xenograft growth. HF-US imaging of xenografts resulted in an accurate and informative xenograft volume in a longitudinal study. The volumes correlated better with final ex vivo volume than mechanical callipers (R2 = 0.7993, p = 0.0002 vs. R2 = 0.7867, p = 0.0014). HF-US showed that the amplicon caused lobe formation. BFI demonstrated retention and expression of the amplicon in the xenografts and quantitation of the fluorescence levels also correlated with tumour volumes.\n\nQuestion:\nDo the use of high-frequency ultrasound imaging and biofluorescence for in vivo evaluation of gene therapy vectors?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe working memory framework for Ease of Language Understanding predicts that speech processing becomes more effortful, thus requiring more explicit cognitive resources, when there is mismatch between speech input and phonological representations in long-term memory. To test this prediction, we changed the compression release settings in the hearing instruments of experienced users and allowed them to train for 9 weeks with the new settings. After training, aided speech recognition in noise was tested with both the trained settings and orthogonal settings. We postulated that training would lead to acclimatization to the trained setting, which in turn would involve establishment of new phonological representations in long-term memory. Further, we postulated that after training, testing with orthogonal settings would give rise to phonological mismatch, associated with more explicit cognitive processing. Thirty-two participants (mean=70.3 years, SD=7.7) with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (pure-tone average=46.0 dB HL, SD=6.5), bilaterally fitted for more than 1 year with digital, two-channel, nonlinear signal processing hearing instruments and chosen from the patient population at the Linköping University Hospital were randomly assigned to 9 weeks training with new, fast (40 ms) or slow (640 ms), compression release settings in both channels. Aided speech recognition in noise performance was tested according to a design with three within-group factors: test occasion (T1, T2), test setting (fast, slow), and type of noise (unmodulated, modulated) and one between-group factor: experience setting (fast, slow) for two types of speech materials-the highly constrained Hagerman sentences and the less-predictable Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Complex cognitive capacity was measured using the reading span and letter monitoring tests. PREDICTION: We predicted that speech recognition in noise at T2 with mismatched experience and test settings would be associated with more explicit cognitive processing and thus stronger correlations with complex cognitive measures, as well as poorer performance if complex cognitive capacity was exceeded. Under mismatch conditions, stronger correlations were found between performance on speech recognition with the Hagerman sentences and reading span, along with poorer speech recognition for participants with low reading span scores. No consistent mismatch effect was found with HINT.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes phonological mismatch make aided speech recognition in noise cognitively taxing?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the uptake and metabolism of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine) (L-DOPA) in the rat pancreas. The procedure included intravenous injection of the positron-emitting radiotracer L-[beta-11C] DOPA (DOP) into unanaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats and evaluation of uptake of radioactivity in organs in animals only given the tracer and in animals given therapeutic doses of three different catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, OR-486, OR-611, or Ro 41-0960. Selected pancreati were homogenized, and the chemical form bearing the radioactivity was analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The main finding was that the tracer uptake in the pancreas increased fourfold when the rats were pretreated with COMT inhibitors. Half maximum effect of OR-486 was found at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. HPLC analysis showed that with COMT inhibitor, the radioactivity in the pancreas consisted of 90% DOPAC. When administering MAO-A and COMT inhibitor together, the pancreas radioactivity corresponded to dopamine. Also in the pig pancreas a significant increase of DOP was observed after COMT inhibition.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition increase the uptake of 11C-3- ( 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ) -L-alanine in the rat pancreas?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTRAF3, a new tumor suppressor identified in human non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM), induces PKCδ nuclear translocation in B cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of two PKCδ activators, N-Benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 198) and ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005), on NHL and MM. In vitro anti-tumor activities of AD 198 and PEP005 were determined using TRAF3-/- mouse B lymphoma and human patient-derived MM cell lines as model systems. In vivo therapeutic effects of AD 198 were assessed using NOD SCID mice transplanted with TRAF3-/- mouse B lymphoma cells. Biochemical studies were performed to investigate signaling mechanisms induced by AD 198 or PEP005, including subcellular translocation of PKCδ. We found that AD 198 exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity on TRAF3-/- tumor B cells, while PEP005 displayed contradictory anti- or pro-tumor activities on different cell lines. Detailed mechanistic investigation revealed that AD 198 did not affect PKCδ nuclear translocation, but strikingly suppressed c-Myc expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK in TRAF3-/- tumor B cells. In contrast, PEP005 activated multiple signaling pathways in these cells, including PKCδ, PKCα, PKCε, NF-κB1, ERK, JNK, and Akt. Additionally, AD198 also potently inhibited the proliferation/survival and suppressed c-Myc expression in TRAF3-sufficient mouse and human B lymphoma cell lines. Furthermore, we found that reconstitution of c-Myc expression conferred partial resistance to the anti-proliferative/apoptosis-inducing effects of AD198 in human MM cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes n-benzyladriamycin-14-valerate ( AD 198 ) exhibit potent anti-tumor activity on TRAF3-deficient mouse B lymphoma and human multiple myeloma?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTestosterone (T) production declines and LH pulses become smaller and more frequent in middle-aged men. The mechanisms underlying these changes are not known. Small frequent LH pulses in middle-aged men could reflect impaired feedback by systemic T. Middle age disrupts negative feedback by T on selected facets of LH secretion. Healthy men were studied at an academic medical center. The protocol comprised blockade of gonadal steroidogenesis and graded transdermal addback of T doses of 0, 2.5, 5, or 7.5 mg/d designed to span the castrate to physiological range of T concentrations in each of 23 healthy men ages 19-71 yr (interquartile range, 28-53 yr). We quantified 12-h basal and pulsatile LH secretion (92 time series) using a mathematically justified deconvolution method. Stepwise T supplementation from the hypogonadal through the eugonadal range repressed mean (12-h) LH concentrations (P = 0.001). By regression analysis, age attenuated the capabilities of increasing T concentrations to 1) increase LH secretory-burst mass (P < 0.0001); and 2) decrease LH secretory-burst frequency (P = 0.025). Age did not alter T's feedback on basal LH secretion, interpulse regularity, the waveform of LH secretory bursts, or the slow half-life of LH.\n\nQuestion:\nAre testosterone 's short-term positive effect on luteinizing-hormone secretory-burst mass and its negative effect on secretory-burst frequency attenuated in middle-aged men?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe NADH/NADPH oxidase system plays a central role in vascular superoxide anion production, which appears to cause coronary endothelial dysfunction. Recently, it has been suggested that the C242T polymorphism of the NADH/NADPH oxidase p22 phox gene can reduce susceptibility to coronary artery disease. We therefore tested whether this polymorphism is associated with an altered endothelium-dependent vasodilator capacity of human coronary arteries in vivo. The vasodilator function of epicardial arteries in 93 patients was assessed by endothelium-mediated, flow-dependent dilation and nitroglycerin, which is endothelium-independent. NADH/NADPH oxidase p22 phox polymorphism was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Carriers of the CC genotype of the C242T p22 phox polymorphism (n = 44) revealed a significantly blunted endothelium-dependent dilator response (11 +/- 9.2% luminal area change vs 17 +/- 10%;P = 0.007), which was, by multivariate analysis, independent of other risk factors or atherosclerosis itself. There was only a trend towards decreased endothelium-independent dilation in patients bearing the p22 phox CC genotype (P = 0.07).\n\nQuestion:\nIs nADH/NADPH oxidase p22 phox gene polymorphism associated with improved coronary endothelial vasodilator function?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe first two steps in the capping of cellular mRNAs are catalyzed by the enzymes RNA triphosphatase and RNA guanylyltransferase. Although structural and mechanistic differences between fungal and mammalian RNA triphosphatases recommend this enzyme as a potential antifungal target, it has not been determined if RNA triphosphatase is essential for the growth of fungal species that cause human disease. We show by classical genetic methods that the triphosphatase (Pct1) and guanylyltransferase (Pce1) components of the capping apparatus in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are essential for growth. We were unable to disrupt both alleles of the Candida albicans RNA triphosphatase gene CaCET1, implying that the RNA triphosphatase enzyme is also essential for growth of C. albicans, a human fungal pathogen.\n\nQuestion:\nIs rNA triphosphatase essential in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone necessary for calcium homeostasis. Recently, studies have demonstrated that vitamin D may be important to the health of the cardiovascular system. Adults ≥ 50 years of age with heart failure were recruited for assessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was used to assess functional capacity. Proximal muscle strength was evaluated with a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer [corrected] (Biodex, Shirley, NY), and health status was assessed with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. Univariate associations between physical performance and health status measures and 25OHD followed by a linear regression model were used to study associations, adjusting for other potential explanatory variables. Forty adults 67.8 ± 10.9 years of age (55% women and 57.5% African American) with mean ejection fraction 40% were analyzed (New York Heart Association class II in 70% and class III in 30%). Comorbidities included 77.5% hypertension and 47.5% diabetes. The mean 25OHD concentration was 18.5 ± 9.1 ng/mL, and mean peak Vo₂, 14 ± 4 mL/kg/min. In univariate regression analysis, 25OHD was positively associated with peak Vo₂ (P = .045). Multivariable regression analysis sustained positive association between 25OHD and peak Vo₂ (P = .044) after adjusting for age, race, and respiratory exchange ratio (adjusted R² = 0.32). Association between proximal muscle strength with the 25OHD concentration was not significant. The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire physical limitation domain score was negatively associated with 25OHD (P = .04) but was not sustained in multivariable analysis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration associated with functional capacity in older adults with heart failure?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have earlier reported that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) modulates ovarian stem cells which include pluripotent, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and their immediate descendants 'progenitors' termed ovarian germ stem cells (OGSCs), lodged in adult mammalian ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). FSH may exert pleiotropic actions through its alternatively spliced receptor isoforms. Four isoforms of FSH receptors (FSHR) are reported in literature of which FSH-R1 and FSH-R3 have biological activity. Present study was undertaken to identify FSHR isoforms mediating FSH action on ovarian stem cells, using sheep OSE cells culture as the study model. Cultures of sheep OSE cells (a mix of epithelial cells, VSELs, OGSCs and few contaminating red blood cells) were established with and without FSH 5IU/ml treatment. Effect of FSH treatment on self-renewal of VSELs and their differentiation into OGSCs was studied after 15 hrs by qRT-PCR using markers specific for VSELs (Oct-4A, Sox-2) and OGSCs (Oct-4). FSH receptors and its specific transcripts (R1 and R3) were studied after 3 and 15 hrs of FSH treatment by immunolocalization, in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR. FSHR and OCT-4 were also immuno-localized on sheep ovarian sections, in vitro matured follicles and early embryos. FSH treatment resulted in increased stem cells self-renewal and clonal expansion evident by the appearance of stem cell clusters. FSH receptors were expressed on ovarian stem cells whereas the epithelial cells were distinctly negative. An increase in R3 mRNA transcripts was noted after 3 hrs of FSH treatment and was reduced to basal levels by 15 hrs, whereas R1 transcript expression remained unaffected. Both FSHR and OCT-4 were immuno-localized in nuclei of stem cells, showed nuclear or ooplasmic localization in oocytes of primordial follicles and in cytoplasm of granulosa cells in growing follicles.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes follicle stimulating hormone modulate ovarian stem cells through alternately spliced receptor variant FSH-R3?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study was designed to address the concern that intensive regimens to eradicate early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis may lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates. Data was analysed retrospectively over a 10 year period at the Leeds Regional Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Centre. All patients with first-ever isolation of P. aeruginosa who successfully completed an eradication regimen were included. Antibiotic sensitivities of P. aeruginosa were compared between initial and subsequent re-isolations in patients where eradication was successful and in those where treatment had failed. Forty one patients with first acquisitions for P. aeruginosa and who completed eradication treatment were identified. Eradication treatments consisted of oral, intravenous, nebulised antibiotics or a combination of these. The antibiotic sensitivity of P. aeruginosa in first growths was high and remained so on subsequent re-isolations. A repeated measures logistic model found no significant difference with time of isolation. There was no statistically significant difference in antibiotic sensitivity between P. aeruginosa isolated after successful and failed eradication.\n\nQuestion:\nDo regimens for eradicating early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children promote antibiotic resistance in this organism?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis investigation aimed to evaluate the occurrence of some apoptotic features induced by Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae infection in young BALB/c mice during 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi). The animals were euthanized and lung, liver and kidneys were harvested to histopathology analysis and immunohistochemistry to caspase-3 antigen detection was performed. Chromatin condensation in kidney and liver tissues, but not in lung tissue, was observed. Caspase-3 reactive cells, mainly characterized as renal epithelial cells, were detected in the days 14 and 21 at high levels when compared to days 2, 4 and 7 (p = 0.025; p < 0.05). Lung sections revealed caspase-3 labeled alveolar cells in 10 and 14 days post-infection was higher than observed at 7 days (p = 0.0497; p < 0.05). Liver sections demonstrated reactive cells at a highest level at 14 and 21 days post-infection when comparison to 2, 4, 7 and 10 days (p = 0.0069; p < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDo tissue apoptosis in mice infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nClinical studies have shown similar rapid improvements in body mass and glycemic control after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Evidence suggests that adaptive intestinal tissue growth and reprogramming of intestinal glucose disposal play a key role in the beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis after RYGB, but it is not known whether such adaptive changes also occur after sleeve gastrectomy. High-fat diet-induced obese rats were subjected to either VSG or RYGB, and intestinal growth and functional adaptations were assessed by using morphometric, immunohistochemical, and immuno-blot techniques, 3 months after surgery or sham surgery. The cross-sectional areas of the Roux and common limbs are significantly increased after RYGB compared with sham surgery (Roux limb: 17.1 ± 4.0 vs. 5.5 ± 0.1 mm(2); common limb: 11.7 ± 0.6 vs. 5.1 ± 0.5 mm(2); p < 0.01), but the cross-sectional area of the corresponding jejunum is not different from controls after VSG. Similarly, mucosal thickness and the number of GLP-1 cells are not increased after VSG. Protein expression of hexokinase II is increased fourfold (p < 0.01) in the Roux limb after RYGB, but not in the jejunum after VSG.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sleeve Gastrectomy Cause Hypertrophy and Reprogramming of Intestinal Glucose Metabolism in Rats?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEpidemiological studies in the past have focused on meteorological conditions, pollution and pollen and their relationship with symptoms of bronchial hyper-reactivity, however, there are no epidemiological studies which examine a wide range of such factors and determine their role in nasal hyper-reactivity. To investigate whether environmental factors can influence symptomatology in non-allergic non-infectious perennial rhinitis (NANIPER) patients, who suffer primarily from nasal hyper-reactivity symptoms. We studied 16 non-smoking NANIPER patients and seven non-smoking controls during a 218-day study period (March-October) by means of daily symptom scores and visual analogue scales for the subsets patency, secretions and sneezing, and compared them to seven primary factors which affected 'symptoms' and 10 secondary factors which affected primary factors only. The mean symptom scores in the NANIPER and control groups were 2.17 and 0.13, respectively. In NANIPER, the highest correlations of primary factors with symptomatology were found for symptom scores and sneezing with minimum daytime temperature (r = -0.62 and -0.45, respectively), ozone and NO concentrations. Patency and secretions were associated with minimum daytime temperature (r = -0.39 and 0.32, respectively). Time series analysis, however, correcting for several confounders such as autocorrelated symptomatology, showed that minimum daytime temperature and daytime relative humidity made an independent contribution to symptoms. In the control group, correlations were much lower, though present. Time series analysis was not possible.\n\nQuestion:\nAre pollutional and meteorological factors closely related to complaints of non-allergic , non-infectious perennial rhinitis patients : a time series model?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the expression patterns of TTYH2 in the human colon cancer and colon cancer cell lines and to evaluate the inhibitory effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the expression of TTYH2 in colon cancer cell lines. We investigated the expression patterns of TTYH2 in colon cancer, adjacent non-tumorous colon mucosa, and cancer cell lines (DLD-1, caco-2, and Lovo) by RT-PCR. Furthermore, a siRNA plasmid expression vector against TTYH2 was constructed and transfected into DLD-1 and Caco-2 with Lipofectamine 2000. The down regulation of TTYH2 expression was detected by RT-PCR and the role of siRNA in inducing cell proliferation and cell aggregation was evaluated by MTT and aggregation assay. TTYH2 gene expression in colon cancer tissue was significantly up-regulated compared with normal colonic mucosa (1.23 +/- 0.404 vs 0.655 +/- 0.373, P = 0.0103). Colon cancer derived cell lines including DLD-1, Caco-2, and Lovo also expressed high levels of TTYH2. In contrast, transfection with siRNA-TTYH2 significantly inhibited both proliferation and scattering of these cancer cell lines.\n\nQuestion:\nIs tTYH2 , a human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster gene tweety , up-regulated in colon carcinoma and involved in cell proliferation and cell aggregation?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSecretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) prevents adherence of pathogens at mucosal surfaces to prevent invasive infection. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is located on the basolateral surface of epithelial cells and binds dimeric immunoglobulin A (IgA) produced by plasma cells in the lamina propria. This IgA-pIgR complex is transported apically, where IgA is exocytosed as SIgA to the mucosal surface. Our prior work shows that mice fed intragastric (IG, an elemental diet model) and IV parenteral nutrition (PN) solution have reduced intestinal T and B cells, SIgA, and interleukin-4 (IL-4) compared with mice fed chow or a complex enteral diet (CED). Prior work also demonstrates a reduction in IgA transport to mucosal surfaces in IV PN-fed mice. Because IL-4 up-regulates pIgR production, this work studies the effects of these diets on intestinal pIgR. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomized to chow (n = 11) with IV catheter, CED (n = 10) or IG PN (n = 11) via gastrostomy and IV PN (n = 12) for 5 days. CED and PN were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Small intestine was harvested for pIgR and IL-4 assays after mucosal washing for IgA. IgA and IL-4 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and pIgR by Western blot. Small intestinal pIgR expression, IgA levels, and IL-4 levels decreased significantly in IV PN and IG PN groups.\n\nQuestion:\nIs intestinal polymeric immunoglobulin receptor affected by type and route of nutrition?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBunker Hill, in Kellogg, Idaho, formerly a lead mine (1884-1981) and smelter (1917-1981), is now a Superfund site listed on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Priorities List. Lead contamination from the site is widespread due to past smelter discharges to land, water, and air, placing children at risk for both exposure to lead and resultant health effects of lead. Since 1983, the EPA has used child blood lead levels to inform the clean-up standards for the Bunker Hill Superfund site. This study was undertaken to examine factors that have contributed to the significant fall-off in the rates and numbers of children being screened for blood lead in Kellogg (number screened decreased from 195 to 8 from 2002 to 2007). The goal of this research project was to define community- and family-level factors which influence care-giver choice to screen blood lead levels of their children in this environment. This formative research study used mixed methods and was comprised of three research components: (1) preliminary interviews using community-based participatory research methods to define key research questions of relevance to community members, government and NGOs working in relation to the Bunker Hill clean-up; (2) a quantitative analysis of a cross-sectional household survey conducted with adult care-givers about child blood lead screening in Kellogg; and (3) ethnographic community rapid assessment methods formed the in-depth interview process and qualitative analysis. The survey showed the likelihood of blood lead screening that for children under the age of 18 years increases 34% with each one-year increase in current age of the child (95% CI, 1.08-1.67, p-value=0.009), and decreases 45% with annual household income greater than $10,000 (95% CI, 0.35-0.88, p-value=0.013). Sibling birth order increased the likelihood of blood lead screening by 61% (95% CI, 1.04-2.48, p-value=0.032) for each successive child. Female children were rated by their care-givers as 3.7 times less agitated or easily angered than male children (95% CI, 1.5-8.8, p-value=0.005). Across all levels of interviews, regulators, residents, and non-governmental organization representatives reported that Kellogg's long history as a mining town has continued to influence attitudes and actions of care-givers to access blood lead screening for their children. The mining context has been described as instilling stigmas, parental blame and a sense of shame about lead exposure and resultant health effects.\n\nQuestion:\nDo community- and family-level factors influence care-giver choice to screen blood lead levels of children in a mining community?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAll-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is used to treat patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) due to its ability to resume the differentiation of APL cells. Recently, clinical trials have been started to evaluate ATRA plus arsenic trioxide (ATO) as a combination treatment for APL patients. However, little is known about the detailed mechanisms underlying its efficacy. We therefore investigated the effects of this combination on the differentiation and differentiation-related gene expression. Human leukemia HL-60 cells differentiation was examined using nitro blue tetrazolium and CD11b. The levels of mRNA and protein were determined by RT-qPCR, microarray, western blot and ELISA, respectively. The promoter activity was assessed by luciferase activity. The arsenic concentration was determined by ICP-MS. ATRA-induced HL-60 differentiation was augmented by co-treatment with ATO. A microarray analysis showed that ATRA plus ATO treatment markedly down-regulated the expression of proteinase 3 (PRTN3), which is involved in the differentiation arrest of leukemia cells, compared with treatment with ATRA alone. The PRTN3 mRNA level was suppressed by treatment with ATRA alone, and then further suppressed by co-treatment with ATO, accompanied by a concomitant increase in Sp1 protein, which is known to facilitate differentiation. The expression levels of azurocidin, telomerase reverse transcriptase, ferritin, and interleukin-1β were also altered by co-treatment with ATO.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes arsenic trioxide augment all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMany different dietary supplements are being sold in North America. The quality of the evidence supporting their efficacy covers a wide spectrum: Some are based on solid science (such as vitamin D and fish oil), whereas with most supplements there is little or no supporting evidence. Types of supplements commonly sold include exotic fruit juices (such as goji juice) and single herbs or mixture of herbs. Common claims made in support of particular supplements are that they are rich in antioxidants, induce detoxification, stimulate the immune system, and cause weight loss. Supplements are commonly sold through health food stores and by multilevel marketing. Sales may be promoted using bulk mail (\"junk mail\"), spam e-mails, and Web sites. A large part of marketing is based on claims that are blatantly dishonest.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the marketing of dietary supplements in North America : the emperor ( almost ) naked?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecurrent respiratory papillomas, caused by human papillomaviruses, are premalignant tumors that overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The goals of this study were as follows: (a) to evaluate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in papillomas, (b) to investigate the role of EGFR signaling in COX-2 expression, and (c) to determine whether COX-2 activity is important for the growth of papilloma cells. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to determine levels of COX-2 in papilloma and normal laryngeal tissue. Explant cultures of both normal laryngeal and papilloma cells were used to define the signaling pathways that regulate COX-2 expression and investigate the potential of targeting COX-2 as a strategy to suppress papilloma growth. COX-2 levels were markedly increased in papillomas. In vitro studies suggested that overexpression in papillomas reflected activation of EGFR-->phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. Treatment with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced COX-2, whereas celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, suppressed levels of COX-2, suggesting a positive feedback loop. Moreover, treatment with PGE2 stimulated papilloma cell growth, whereas celecoxib suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs epidermal growth factor-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression mediated through phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase , not mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase , in recurrent respiratory papillomas?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate an intervention to prevent falls at a hospital. A quasi-experimental intervention with historical and contemporaneous control groups. Nursing staff and patients in the medicine service (comprising 2 intervention floors and 2 control floors) at an academic hospital. Nursing staff were educated regarding fall prevention during the period from April through December 2005. Data on implemented prevention strategies were collected on control and intervention floors. Mean monthly fall rates were compared over time and between intervention and control floors, using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Postintervention fall knowledge test scores for the nursing staff were greater than preintervention test scores (mean postintervention test score, 91%; mean preintervention test score, 72%; P < .001). Use of prevention strategies was greater on intervention floors than it was on control floors, including patient education via pamphlets (46% vs 15%; P < .001), use of toileting schedules (36% vs 25%; P = .016), and discussion of high-risk medications (51% vs 30%; P < .001). The mean fall rate for the first 5 months of the intervention was 43% less than that for the 9-month preintervention period for intervention floors (3.81 falls per 1,000 patient-days vs 6.64 falls per 1,000 patient-days; P = .043). Comparisons of mean rates for the overall 9-month intervention period versus the 9-month preintervention period showed a 23% difference in the fall rate for intervention floors, but this did not reach statistical significance (5.09 falls per 1,000 patient-days vs 6.64 falls per 1,000 patient-days; P = .182).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intervention to prevent fall on the medical service in a teaching hospital?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCongenital aganglionosis (Hirschsprung's disease) results in colonic dysmotility and a risk for Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), whose cause is unknown. We hypothesized that aganglionosis leads to microbiome changes that may contribute to HAEC risk. Colon and fecal samples were collected from endothelin receptor B-null (Ednrb(-/-) ) mice, an established model of colorectal aganglionosis, at postnatal day 7 (P7), P20, and P24. We determined microbiome composition by 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing and fecal metabolite profile by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Wild-type (WT) mice exhibited increasing species diversity with age, with mutant mice possessing even greater diversity. WT and mutant microbiomes, both fecal and colonic, significantly segregated by principal coordinates analysis based on species composition at all ages examined. Importantly, mutant mice contained more Bacteroidetes and less Firmicutes than WT, with additional genus- and species-level differences observed. Notably, mutant P7 colon was dominated by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, which were rare in WT. Mutant fecal metabolite profiles also differed, particularly in the abundance of formate, a short-chain fatty acid product of microbial fermentation.\n\nQuestion:\nIs intestinal aganglionosis associated with early and sustained disruption of the colonic microbiome?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether seminal vesicle amyloidosis (SVA, an unusual finding in prostatectomy specimens, with deposits usually localized and asymptomatic) affects the extension of prostate cancer into the SVs. We identified 73 cases of localized SVA from 6575 prostatectomy specimens, that were removed because of clinically localized prostate cancer. All cases were confirmed by Congo red staining and polarization microscopy. The mean thickness of the amyloid band was measured in each case and correlated with clinicopathological characteristics. The frequency of SV involvement by prostate cancer in the presence of amyloid was compared with the percentage of pT3b classifications in the absence of amyloid. The mean (range) age of the patients with localized SVAs was 64.4 (52-73) years. The mean thickness of the amyloid band did not correlate with patient age, preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels, the weight of the prostates, or the Gleason score and T category of the prostate cancers. In the SVA group, seven cancers invaded the SVs (9.6%), which was not significantly different from the percentage of SV involvement by cancer in total sample (9.2%, P = 0.932).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes seminal vesicle amyloidosis provide any protection from invasion by prostate cancer?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the ameliorative effect of curcumin pretreatment against impaired spatial working memory on global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats and to explore its mechanism. After trained on a modified T-maze, 120 adult SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham group (S group), cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (IR group), curcumin group (C group), LPS group (L group) and curcumin+LPS group (C+L group). Rats were treated with drugs or vehicles 1 h before 10 min global cerebral ischemia. Six rats in each group 7 days after reperfusion were tested in T-maze. Six rats in each group were sacrificed at 2 h, 1, 3 and 7 d after reperfusion and their serum or brains were harvested. Brain sections were stained with HE or toluidine blue and neuronal damage was quantified by the average neuronal density of CA1 area. Immunohistochemical staining for hippocampal IL-1β and TNF-α was carried out, levels of serum IL-1β and TNF-α was detected using ELISA procedure. Compared with S group, percentage of T-maze correct responses was decreased (88% ± 12% vs 69% ± 8%, P < 0.05), an extensive pyramidal neurons loss in CA1 area was observed, level of IL-1β (0.26 ± 0.04 vs 0.53 ± 0.06, P < 0.05;48 ± 13 vs 161 ± 31, P < 0.05) and TNF-α (40.244 ± 0.025 vs 0.418 ± 0.036, P < 0.05; 33 ± 4 vs 85 ± 15, P < 0.05) in hippocampi or serum was increased in IR group. Compared with IR group, percentage of T-maze correct responses was increased (78% ± 13%) and average pyramidal neuronal density in CA1 area was increased with an decrease in hippocampi or serum IL-1β (0.44 ± 0.09, 72 ± 19) and TNF-α (0.307 ± 0.047, 57 ± 14) in C group(P < 0.05). Compared with IR group, percentage of T-maze correct responses (61% ± 6%) was decreased with IL-1β (0.86 ± 0.13, 331 ± 51), TNF-α (0.735 ± 0.059, 185 ± 20) in hippocampi and serum was increased in L group (P < 0.05). Compared with L group, percentage of T-maze correct responses (69% ± 12%) and average pyramidal neuronal density in CA1 area was increased with IL-1β (0.69 ± 0.09, 246 ± 24), TNF-α(0.586 ± 0.047, 105 ± 25) in hippocampi and serum was decreased in C+L group (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Curcumin improve the impaired working memory in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines ]?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether measurement of telomere DNA content (TC) in prostate biopsy tissue predicts prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence in men after undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Slot blot titration assay was used to quantitate TC in archived diagnostic prostate needle biopsy specimens for subjects (n = 103) diagnosed with prostate cancer and who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy between 1993 and 1997. TC was compared to the clinical outcome measure; PSA recurrence, defined as an increase in PSA > or = 0.2 ng/mL on 2 or more consecutive measurements post-prostatectomy, was observed retrospectively, for a mean follow-up period of 114 months (range, 1-165). In the cohort, 46 subjects had a PSA recurrence. In a univariate Cox proportional hazards model, low TC (< 0.3 of standard) demonstrated a significant risk for PSA recurrence (HR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.02-3.69, P = .04). In a subset analysis of men with biopsy Gleason sum < or = 6 (n = 63; 25 recurrences), a univariate Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated that low TC had a greater risk of PSA recurrence (HR = 4.53; 95% CI: 2.00-10.2, P < .01). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, low TC was also significantly associated with PSA recurrence in this subset after controlling for preoperative PSA levels (HR = 6.62; 95% CI: 2.69-16.3, P < .01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes telomere DNA content in prostate biopsies predict early rise in prostate-specific antigen after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWorking memory (WM) deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia. Recent electrophysiological evidence indicates that the brain systems for visual encoding are especially impaired. However, patients still achieve performance levels clearly above chance, which indicates the existence of residual mechanisms supporting WM encoding. The present study presents evidence that alpha phase locking of the electroencephalogram is a marker for such residual cognitive mechanisms. Alpha phase locking during encoding into WM was compared between 17 patients with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) and 17 healthy control subjects. Results of phase locking were correlated with accuracy. A median split based on alpha phase locking in patients was used to compare accuracy between control subjects and patients with high and low alpha phase locking. Alpha phase locking increased with WM memory load in both EOS and control subjects, although alpha phase locking was generally reduced in EOS. Furthermore, for EOS, a positive correlation between alpha phase locking and performance was obtained. Additionally, patients exhibiting high phase locking did not differ in performance from control subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes alpha phase locking predict residual working memory performance in schizophrenia?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDiuretic agents are widely used on the treatment of water retention related diseases, among which acetazolamide (AZA) acts originally as a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) being located in renal proximal tubules is required for urine concentration. Previously our lab has reported AZA putatively modulated AQP1. Aim of this study is to testify our hypothesis that regulating AQP1 may mediate diuretic effect of AZA. For in vivo study, we utilized Sprague Dawley rats, as well as AQP1 knock-out (AQP1(-/-)) mice to examine urine volume, and human kidney-2 (HK-2) cell line was used for in vitro mechanism study. In our present study we found that AZA decreased CAs activity initially but the activity gradually recovered. Contrarily, diuretic effect was consistently significant. AQP1 protein expression was significantly decreased on day 7 and 14. By utilizing AQP1(-/-) mice, we found diuretic effect of AZA was cancelled on day 14, while urine volume continuously increased in wild-type mice. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results indicated AQP1 was physiologically bound by myosin heavy chain (MHC), immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence results confirmed this protein interaction. In vitro study results proved AZA facilitated AQP1 translocation onto cell membrane by promoting interaction with MHC, dependent on ERK/ myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathway activation. MHC inhibitor BDM and ERK inhibitor U0126 both abolished above effect of AZA. Eventually AZA induced AQP1 ubiquitination, while proteasome inhibitor MG132 reversed AZA's down-regulating effect upon AQP1.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aquaporin-1 translocation and degradation mediate the water transportation mechanism of acetazolamide?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is a paucity of pediatric data addressing the complex relationship between primary headaches and sleep disturbances. Our study objective was to explore headache-related factors that predict sleep disturbance and to compare sleep complaints with other forms of headache-related disability among youth with migraines. A prospective cohort study was conducted in patients 10-18 years old with migraine or probable migraine and without daily sleep complaints. The patients completed a 90-day internet-based headache diary. On headache days, patients rated headache intensity, answered Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment-based questions modified for daily scoring, and reported sleep disturbances that resulted as a direct effect of proximate headaches. Fifty-two patients generated 4680 diary entries, 984 patients (21%) involved headaches. Headache intensity (P = 0.009) and timing of headache onset (P < 0.001) were predictive of sleep disturbances. Three Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment-based items were also associated with sleep disturbances: partial school-day absence (P = 0.04), recreational activities prevented (P < 0.001), and decreased functioning during recreational activities (P < 0.001). Sleep disturbances correlated positively and significantly with daily headache disability scores (rpb = 0.35; P < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDo specific headache factors predict sleep disturbances among youth with migraine?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAdmission rapid thrombelastography (rTEG) is a \"real-time\" clinical tool used to evaluate trauma-induced coagulopathy and direct hemostatic resuscitation. The relationship of rTEG to conventional coagulation tests (CCT) and early lifesaving interventions (LSI) in pediatric trauma is unknown. Severely injured patients (age ≤ 14 years) with an rTEG were retrospectively reviewed (8/1/2009-8/31/2011). Demographic and clinical information was collected. Spearman's correlation and regression models were used to evaluate rTEG with respect to CCT, early transfusion, LSI, and mortality. Eighty-six patients were identified. The median age was 8 years, and the median injury severity score (ISS) was 21. Activated clotting time (r=0.68), k-time (r=0.77), and α-angle (r=-0.75) showed strong correlation to PTT, and maximum amplitude (MA) (r=0.46) showed good correlation to platelet count (all p<0.001). When controlling for age, gender, and ISS, regression analysis showed that ACT, r-value, k-time, α-angle, and MA predicted red blood cell and plasma transfusion within 6h. MA (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70-0.96; p=0.018) was predictive of LSI. All rTEG values, except for LY30, predicted mortality.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes admission rapid thrombelastography deliver real-time `` actionable '' data in pediatric trauma?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]