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<s>[INST] How to diagnose Book syndrome ? [/INST] How is Book syndrome diagnosed? Due to the rarity of Book syndrome and scarcity of reports in the medical literature, we are unaware of specific information about diagnosing Book syndrome. In general, ectodermal dysplasias are diagnosed by the presence of specific symptoms affecting the hair, nails, sweat glands, and/or teeth. When a person has at least two types of abnormal ectodermal features (e.g., malformed teeth and extremely sparse hair), the person is typically identified as being affected by an ectodermal dysplasia. Specific genetics tests to diagnose ectodermal dysplasia are available for only a limited number of ectodermal dysplasias. Unfortunately, there currently is no genetic test for Book syndrome because the gene responsible for the condition has not yet been identified. People who are interested in learning more about a diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia for themselves or family members should speak with their dermatologist and/or dentist. These specialists can help determine whether a person has signs and/or symptoms of ectodermal dysplasia. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Schizencephaly ? [/INST] Schizencephaly is a rare congenital (present from birth) brain malformation in which abnormal slits or clefts form in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. The signs and symptoms of this condition may include developmental delay, seizures, and problems with brain-spinal cord communication. Affected people may also have an abnormally small head (microcephaly); hydrocephalus; intellectual disability; partial or complete paralysis; and/or poor muscle tone (hypotonia). Severity of symptoms depends on many factors including the extent of the clefting and whether or not other brain abnormalities are present. Although the exact cause of schizencephaly is unknown, it has been linked to a variety of genetic and non-genetic factors. Treatment generally consists of physical therapy and drugs to prevent seizures. In cases that are complicated by hydrocephalus, a surgically implanted tube, called a shunt, is often used to divert fluid to another area of the body where it can be absorbed. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Schizencephaly ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Schizencephaly? Signs and symptoms of schizencephaly may include: Developmental delay Seizures Abnormally small head (microcephaly) Intellectual disability Partial or complete paralysis Poor muscle tone (hypotonia) Hydrocephalus Severity of symptoms depends on many factors, including the extent of the clefting and whether or not other brain abnormalities are present. For example, people with a small cleft in one hemisphere may have paralysis on one side of the body and little to no intellectual disability, while clefts in both hemispheres can lead to quadriplegia (paralysis of both arms and legs) and severe intellectual disability. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Schizencephaly. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum 90% EEG abnormality 90% Hypertonia 90% Porencephaly 90% Strabismus 90% Cognitive impairment 50% Hemiplegia/hemiparesis 50% Seizures 50% Schizencephaly - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Schizencephaly ? [/INST] What causes schizencephaly? The exact cause of schizencephaly is unknown. A small number of people with schizencephaly are found to have changes (mutations) in one of four genes: EMX2, SIX3, SHH, and COL4A1. Rarely, schizencephaly can affect more than one family member. This supports a genetic cause in some cases. Schizencephaly has also been linked to a variety of non-genetic factors, including young maternal age and certain medications and infections that can cause vascular disruptions (disruption of blood flow or blood supply) in a developing baby. </s></s>

<s>[INST] Is Schizencephaly inherited ? [/INST] Is schizencephaly inherited? Schizencephaly is not thought to be inherited in most cases and it rarely affects more than one person in a family. A few cases of familial schizencephaly have been linked to changes (mutations) in the EMX2 gene. </s></s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Schizencephaly ? [/INST] Is genetic testing available for schizencephaly? In rare cases, people affected by schizencephaly are found to have changes (mutations) in one of four genes: EMX2, SIX3, SHH, and COL4A1. Genetic testing is available for these families. How is schizencephaly diagnosed? Schizencephaly is typically diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A CT scan is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create pictures of cross-sections of the body, while an MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the brain and surrounding nerve tissues. Both of these imaging methods can be used to identify brain abnormalities such as the slits or clefts found in people with schizencephaly. In some cases, schizencephaly can also be diagnosed prenatally (before birth) on ultrasound after 20 weeks gestation. If clefting is seen on ultrasound, an MRI scan of the developing baby may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Schizencephaly ? [/INST] How might schizencephaly be treated? The best treatment options for people with schizencephaly depend on many factors, including the severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms present. For example, people with developmental delay (i.e. delayed motor milestones) or partial paralysis may be referred for physical therapy and/or occupational therapy. Medications are often prescribed to prevent seizures. In cases that are complicated by hydrocephalus, a surgically implanted tube, called a shunt, is often used to divert fluid to another area of the body where it can be absorbed. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 ? [/INST] Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) is an extremely rare inherited multisystem disorder. TRPS1 is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance that includes sparse scalp hair; a rounded nose; a long, flat area between the nose and the upper lip (philtrum); and a thin upper lip. Individuals with this condition also have skeletal abnormalities such as cone-shaped epiphyses in their fingers and toes and short stature. The range and severity of symptoms may vary from case to case. Transmission of TRPS1 is autosomal dominant, linked to mutations in the TRPS1 gene localized to 8q24.12. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal hair quantity 90% Abnormal nasal morphology 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the eyebrow 90% Brachydactyly syndrome 90% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 90% Cone-shaped epiphysis 90% Frontal bossing 90% Long philtrum 90% Macrotia 90% Short distal phalanx of finger 90% Short stature 90% Thin vermilion border 90% Triangular face 90% Abnormality of the hip bone 50% Abnormality of the nail 50% Abnormality of the palate 50% Camptodactyly of finger 50% Hyperlordosis 50% Increased number of teeth 50% Muscular hypotonia 50% Pectus carinatum 50% Scoliosis 50% Abnormally low-pitched voice - Accelerated bone age after puberty - Arthralgia - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis - Carious teeth - Chin with horizontal crease - Concave nail - Cone-shaped epiphyses of the middle phalanges of the hand - Cone-shaped epiphyses of the proximal phalanges of the hand - Coxa magna - Deep philtrum - Delayed eruption of teeth - Delayed skeletal maturation - Dental malocclusion - Fine hair - Flat capital femoral epiphysis - Infantile muscular hypotonia - Ivory epiphyses of the distal phalanges of the hand - Leukonychia - Microdontia - Narrow palate - Osteoarthritis - Osteopenia - Pear-shaped nose - Pes planus - Protruding ear - Recurrent respiratory infections - Scapular winging - Short metacarpal - Short metatarsal - Slow-growing hair - Sparse hair - Sparse lateral eyebrow - Swelling of proximal interphalangeal joints - Thin nail - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 5 ? [/INST] X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 5 (CMTX5) is a neurological condition characterized by peripheral neuropathy, early-onset bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, and optic neuropathy leading to visual impairment. Peripheral neuropathy often begins with the lower extremities during childhood with foot drop and difficulty walking. Symptoms in the upper extremities are generally less severe and develop later. Intellect and life span are normal. CMTX5 is caused by a mutation in the PRPS1 gene. The condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. In rare cases, female carriers may exhibit mild symptoms. Standard guidelines for treatment of peripheral neuropathy, hearing loss and vision impairment should be followed. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 5 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 5? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 5. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Decreased nerve conduction velocity 90% Hearing impairment 90% Optic atrophy 90% Pes cavus 90% Impaired pain sensation 50% Gait disturbance 7.5% Hemiplegia/hemiparesis 7.5% Incoordination 7.5% Kyphosis 7.5% Neurological speech impairment 7.5% Reduced consciousness/confusion 7.5% Scoliosis 7.5% Tremor 7.5% Areflexia of lower limbs - Childhood onset - Distal amyotrophy - Distal muscle weakness - Distal sensory impairment - Motor delay - Onion bulb formation - Progressive visual loss - Segmental peripheral demyelination/remyelination - Sensorineural hearing impairment - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Lymphocytic vasculitis ? [/INST] Lymphocytic vasculitis is one of several skin conditions which are collectively referred to as cutaneous vasculitis. In lymphocytic vasculitis, white blood cells (lymphocytes) cause damage to blood vessels in the skin. This condition is thought to be caused by a number of factors, but the exact cause of most cases is not known. This disease can present with a variety of symptoms, depending on the size, location, and severity of the affected area. In a minority of patients, cutaneous vasculitis can be part of a more severe vasculitis affecting other organs in the body - this is known as systemic vasculitis. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lymphocytic vasculitis ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Lymphocytic vasculitis? Lymphocytic vasculitis can cause a number of different symptoms. Hives, red or purplish discolored patches, a bump (nodule), or an open sore (ulcer) have all been described as symptoms of this condition. The size, location, and severity of symptoms varies widely among affected individuals. Additional symptoms may occur if the vasculitis also affects internal organs; this is known as systemic vasculitis. The symptoms of systemic vasculitis depend on which organs are affected and to what degree. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Lymphocytic vasculitis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Nodular inflammatory vasculitis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Lymphocytic vasculitis ? [/INST] What causes lymphocytic vasculitis? Lymphocytic vasculitis is thought to be caused by a number of different factors, such as infection, trauma, drug reaction, or an underlying condition such as arthritis. Because this condition is rare and not yet well understood, it is believed that a full list of possible causes has yet to be assembled. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Reynolds syndrome ? [/INST] Reynolds syndrome is a condition characterized by scleroderma with primary biliary cirrhosis. Scleroderma is mainly limited to CREST syndrome, which includes calcinosis cutis (calcium deposits in the skin), Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction (acid reflux and decrease in motility in the esophagus), sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis. Diffuse scleroderma, or scleroderma that affects blood vessels, internal organs, and the skin, has also been reported. Although generally considered an autoimmune disorder, other causes have been suggested, including genetics. Reynolds syndrome may be caused by mutations in the LBR gene and inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Reynolds syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Reynolds syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Reynolds syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the gastric mucosa 90% Hepatomegaly 90% Myalgia 90% Pruritus 90% Abnormality of temperature regulation 50% Acrocyanosis 50% Arthritis 50% Chondrocalcinosis 50% Feeding difficulties in infancy 50% Irregular hyperpigmentation 50% Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 50% Lack of skin elasticity 50% Mucosal telangiectasiae 50% Skin rash 50% Skin ulcer 50% Telangiectasia of the skin 50% Xerostomia 50% Ascites 7.5% Cirrhosis 7.5% Encephalitis 7.5% Lichenification 7.5% Respiratory insufficiency 7.5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Biliary cirrhosis - Calcinosis - Elevated alkaline phosphatase - Elevated hepatic transaminases - Gastrointestinal hemorrhage - Hyperbilirubinemia - Jaundice - Lip telangiectasia - Palmar telangiectasia - Sclerodactyly - Splenomegaly - Steatorrhea - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Bethlem myopathy ? [/INST] Bethlem myopathy is an inherited movement disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and joint stiffness (contractures) in the fingers, wrists, elbows, and ankles. Due to a progressive course, up to two-thirds of people with this condition require a walker or wheelchair after the age of 50. Bethlem myopathy is caused by mutations in the COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3 genes. Most cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and occur as the result of a new mutation. In rare cases, the disease follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Treatment depends upon individual symptoms, but routinely involves physical therapy. Surgery or other measures may be undertaken as needed. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Bethlem myopathy ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Bethlem myopathy? Bethlem myopathy mainly affects skeletal muscles, the muscles used for movement. People with this condition experience progressive muscle weakness and develop joint stiffness (contractures) in their fingers, wrists, elbows, and ankles. The features of Bethlem myopathy can appear at any age. In some cases, the symptoms start before birth with decreased fetal movements. In others, low muscle tone and a stiff neck develop following birth. During childhood, delayed developmental milestones may be noted, leading to trouble sitting or walking. In some, symptoms don't occur until adulthood. Over time, approximately two-thirds of people with Bethlem myopathy will need to use a walker or wheelchair. In addition to the muscle problems, some people with Bethlem myopathy have skin abnormalities such as small bumps called follicular hyperkeratosis that develop around the elbows and knees; soft, velvety skin on the palms and soles; and wounds that split open with little bleeding and widen over time to create shallow scars. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Bethlem myopathy. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Camptodactyly of finger 90% Decreased body weight 90% EMG abnormality 90% Limitation of joint mobility 90% Myopathy 90% Abnormality of the cardiovascular system - Ankle contracture - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Congenital muscular torticollis - Decreased fetal movement - Distal muscle weakness - Elbow flexion contracture - Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase - Limb-girdle muscle weakness - Motor delay - Neonatal hypotonia - Proximal muscle weakness - Respiratory insufficiency due to muscle weakness - Slow progression - Torticollis - Variable expressivity - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Bethlem myopathy ? [/INST] What causes Bethlem myopathy? Bethlem myopathy is caused by mutations in the COL6A1, COL6A2, and COL6A3 genes. These genes each provide instructions for making one component of a protein called type VI collagen. This protein plays an important role in muscle, particularly skeletal muscle. Type VI collagen makes up part of the extracellular matrix, an intricate lattice that forms in the space between cells and provides structural support to the muscles. Mutations in the type VI collagen genes result in the formation of abnormal type VI collagen or reduced amounts of type VI collagen. This decrease in normal type VI collagen disrupts the extracellullar matrix surrounding muscle cells, leading to progressive muscle weakness and the other signs and symptoms of Bethlem myopathy. </s></s>

<s>[INST] Is Bethlem myopathy inherited ? [/INST] How is Bethlem myopathy inherited? Bethlem myopathy is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Most cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. IN some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. In rare cases, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Bethlem myopathy ? [/INST] How might Bethlem myopathy be treated? The treatment for Behtlem myopathy is symptomatic and supportive. This means that treatment is directed at the individual symptoms that are present in each case. There is no cure. In most cases, physical therapy, stretching exercises, splinting, and/or mobility aids are employed. In rare cases, surgery may be needed (i.e. for Achilles tendon contractures or scoliosis). </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Panhypopituitarism X-linked ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Panhypopituitarism X-linked? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Panhypopituitarism X-linked. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Panhypopituitarism - Pituitary dwarfism - X-linked inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal recessive inheritance - High palate - Neonatal hypoglycemia - Nocturia - Orthostatic hypotension - Ptosis - Retrograde ejaculation - Seizures - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Mondini dysplasia ? [/INST] Mondini dysplasia is a type of inner ear malformation that is present at birth (congenital). Individuals with Mondini dysplasia have one and a half coils of the cochlea instead of the normal two coils. It may occur in one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral) and can cause varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss, although most individuals have profound hearing loss. The condition can also predispose affected individuals to recurrent meningitis. It is caused by disruption in the embryonic development of the inner ear during the seventh week of gestation. The condition may be isolated (occurring with no other conditions or malformations) or may occur with other ear malformations or a number of syndromes. Treatment options may include surgical repair of the defect to prevent recurrent meningitis; amplification aids for those with residual hearing; and cochlear implantation. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Mondini dysplasia ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Mondini dysplasia? Mondini dysplasia is a congenital malformation (present at birth). It may occur either unilaterally (in one ear) or bilaterally (in both ears). Most affected individuals have profound sensorineural hearing loss, but some individuals do have residual hearing. There have also been reports of affected individuals having normal hearing. Mondini dysplasia can also predispose to recurrent meningitis because the defect can act as a "port of entry" to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF). Sometimes, individuals are not diagnosed before several episodes of recurrent meningitis occur. The condition may occur with other abnormalities of the ear or other organs, or it may be isolated. The severity of the physical abnormality does not appear to correlate with the severity of the signs and symptoms in affected individuals. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Mondini dysplasia ? [/INST] What causes Mondini dysplasia? The underlying cause of Mondini dysplasia (MD) in most individuals appears to remain unclear. Some have suggested that retinoids (vitamin A) or other factors a fetus may be exposed to early in pregnancy have contributed to some cases of isolated MD (occurring with no other abnormalities). The potential role of these factors has created increased difficulty in determining the real cause of isolated MD. Mutations in the SLC26A4 gene cause both Pendred syndrome and DFNB4 (non-syndromic hearing loss with inner ear abnormalities), which are both associated with MD. Though mutations in the SLC26A4 gene have also been found in individuals with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) with and without MD, studies have shown there does not appear to be a relationship between isolated MD and the SLC26A4 gene. Thus hearing impairment in individuals with isolated MD may be caused by factors other than mutations in the SLC26A4 gene. More recently, a type of mutation called a microdeletion (a tiny loss of genetic material on a chromosome that may span several genes) involving the POU3F4 gene on the X chromosome was detected in some individuals with familial MD. In cases where Mondini dysplasia is associated with a specific syndrome, the cause of the syndrome in the affected individual is assumed to be related to the occurrence of MD in those cases. Syndromes that have been associated with MD include Klippel Feil syndrome, Pendred syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, and some chromosomal trisomies. </s></s>

<s>[INST] Is Mondini dysplasia inherited ? [/INST] Is Mondini dysplasia inherited? Mondini dysplasia usually occurs sporadically as an isolated abnormality (occurring in only one individual in a family with no other abnormalities) but it can be associated with a variety of syndromes including Klippel Feil syndrome, Pendred syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, Wildervanck syndrome, Fountain syndrome, Johanson-Blizzard syndrome, and some chromosomal trisomies. These syndromes can be inherited in a variety of ways, but Mondini dysplasia may not occur in each affected individual. It has also has been reported in families with congenital sensorineural hearing loss, both with autosomal dominant and presumed autosomal recessive inheritance. One study described familial nonsyndromic Mondini dysplasia in a mother, son and daughter with presumed autosomal dominant inheritance; another study described familial nonsyndromic Mondini dysplasia in a family in which transmission was most consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. It has also been suggested that Mondini dysplasia may be associated with substances that may harm a developing fetus when a pregnant woman is exposed (teratogens) such as thalidomide or rubella. Being that Mondini dysplasia has been associated with a variety of conditions, inheritance patterns, and both genetic and non-genetic causes, it appears to be inherited in some cases, with the inheritance pattern being dependent upon the underlying cause of the condition in each individual or family. </s></s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Mondini dysplasia ? [/INST] Is genetic testing available for Mondini dysplasia? Genetic testing may be available for Mondini dysplasia if it is associated with a specific syndrome for which genetic testing is available, or if a mutation has previously been identified in an affected individual in the family. Unfortunately, for many cases of isolated Mondini dysplasia, there is no clinical genetic testing available. GeneTests lists the names of laboratories that are performing genetic testing for many conditions that may be associated with Mondini dysplasia. Please note that most of the laboratories listed through GeneTests do not accept direct contact from patients and their families; therefore, if you are interested in learning more, you will need to work with a health care provider or a genetics professional. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Mondini dysplasia ? [/INST] How might Mondini dysplasia be treated? Surgery to repair the defect present with Mondini dysplasia is typically necessary to prevent recurrent meningitis. Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy (such as antibiotics) to prevent infection and conjugate pneumococcal vaccination are helpful in reducing the formation of bacteria in affected individuals. If an individual has residual hearing, hearing amplification aids may be useful. The use of cochlear implants to treat patients with inner ear malformations such as Mondini dysplasia has been increasingly successful. Various results of cochlear implantation in individuals with Mondini dysplasia have been reported in the literature. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Glycogen storage disease type 6 ? [/INST] Glycogen storage disease type 6 is a genetic disease in which the liver cannot process sugar properly. Symptoms usually begin in infancy or childhood and include low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), or an increase in the amount of lactic acid in the blood (lactic acidosis) particularly when an individual does not eat for a long time. Symptoms improve significantly as individuals with this condition get older. Glycogen storage disease type 6 is caused by mutations in the PYGL gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Glycogen storage disease type 6 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Glycogen storage disease type 6? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Glycogen storage disease type 6. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Hypoglycemia 90% Short stature 90% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Hepatomegaly - Increased hepatic glycogen content - Postnatal growth retardation - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 4 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 4? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 4. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Epistaxis 90% Telangiectasia of the skin 90% Cavernous hemangioma 50% Microcytic anemia 50% Migraine 50% Portal hypertension 50% Spontaneous hematomas 50% Visceral angiomatosis 50% Abnormality of coagulation 7.5% Abnormality of the retinal vasculature 7.5% Biliary tract abnormality 7.5% Cerebral ischemia 7.5% Cirrhosis 7.5% Congestive heart failure 7.5% Conjunctival telangiectasia 7.5% Esophageal varix 7.5% Gastrointestinal hemorrhage 7.5% Hematuria 7.5% Hemoptysis 7.5% Hepatic failure 7.5% Intestinal polyposis 7.5% Nephrolithiasis 7.5% Peripheral arteriovenous fistula 7.5% Pulmonary embolism 7.5% Pulmonary hypertension 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Thrombophlebitis 7.5% Visual impairment 7.5% Arteriovenous fistulas of celiac and mesenteric vessels - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Celiac artery aneurysm - Cerebral arteriovenous malformation - Cerebral hemorrhage - Cyanosis - Dyspnea - High-output congestive heart failure - Ischemic stroke - Lip telangiectasia - Mesenteric artery aneurysm - Nasal mucosa telangiectasia - Palate telangiectasia - Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation - Right-to-left shunt - Spinal arteriovenous malformation - Spontaneous, recurrent epistaxis - Subarachnoid hemorrhage - Tongue telangiectasia - Transient ischemic attack - Venous varicosities of celiac and mesenteric vessels - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal blistering of the skin 90% Behavioral abnormality 90% Cheilitis 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Hearing impairment 90% Hypertrichosis 90% Inflammatory abnormality of the eye 90% Muscular hypotonia 90% Nausea and vomiting 90% Reduced consciousness/confusion 90% Seizures 90% Skin rash 90% Weight loss 90% Abnormal pattern of respiration 50% Hyperammonemia 50% Respiratory insufficiency 50% Alopecia 7.5% Dry skin 7.5% Incoordination 7.5% Thrombocytopenia 7.5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Coma - Feeding difficulties in infancy - Hypertonia - Hyperventilation - Irritability - Lethargy - Metabolic acidosis - Organic aciduria - Tachypnea - Vomiting - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the hip bone 90% Delayed skeletal maturation 90% Gait disturbance 90% Genu varum 90% Hyperlordosis 90% Reduced bone mineral density 90% Short stature 90% Abnormality of epiphysis morphology 50% Carious teeth 50% Scoliosis 50% Abnormality of the head - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Disproportionate short stature - Genu valgum - Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia - Metaphyseal sclerosis - Metaphyseal widening - Motor delay - Progressive leg bowing - Short lower limbs - Waddling gait - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans ? [/INST] Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is an uncommon cancer in which tumors arise in the deeper layers of skin. The tumor usually starts as a small, firm patch of skin; it may be purplish, reddish, or flesh-colored. It is commonly found on the torso, usually in the shoulder and chest area. The tumor typically grows slowly but has a tendency to recur after being removed. It rarely spreads to other parts of the body. The cause of DFSP is unknown, but injury to the affected skin may be a predisposing factor. Treatment usually involves surgically removing the tumor. If the tumor is unable to be removed completely, additional therapy may be needed. Regular follow-up is important to monitor for recurrence. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Neoplasm of the skin 90% Sarcoma 90% Thickened skin 90% Skin ulcer 50% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans ? [/INST] What causes Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans? The cause of DFSP is unknown but an injury to the affected skin may be a predisposing factor. Trauma at the affected site has been reported in approximately 10-20% of patients. Recent advances have shown that in approximately 90% of cases, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is associated with a rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material between chromosomes 17 and 22 which results in the fusion of two genes. The fused gene produces a protein which some believe may stimulate cells to multiply, leading to the tumor formation seen in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. This type of gene change is generally found only in tumor cells and is not inherited. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Cap myopathy ? [/INST] Cap myopathy is a disorder that primarily affects skeletal muscles, the muscles that the body uses for movement. People with cap myopathy have muscle weakness (myopathy) and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) throughout the body, but they are most severely affected in the muscles of the face, neck, and limbs. The muscle weakness, which begins at birth or during childhood, can worsen over time. The name cap myopathy comes from characteristic abnormal cap-like structures that can be seen in muscle cells when muscle tissue is viewed under a microscope. The severity of cap myopathy is related to the percentage of muscle cells that have these caps. Individuals in whom 70 to 75 percent of muscle cells have caps typically have severe breathing problems and may not survive childhood, while those in whom 10 to 30 percent of muscle cells have caps have milder symptoms and can live into adulthood. Cap myopathy can be caused by mutations in the in the ACTA1, TPM2, or TPM3 genes. This condition follows an autosomal dominant manner of inheritance, however, most cases are not inherited; they result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Chromosome 8p23.1 deletion ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Chromosome 8p23.1 deletion? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Chromosome 8p23.1 deletion. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Cognitive impairment 90% Intrauterine growth retardation 90% Abnormality of the nose 50% Abnormality of the palate 50% Abnormality of the pulmonary artery 50% Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 50% Complete atrioventricular canal defect 50% Cryptorchidism 50% Displacement of the external urethral meatus 50% Epicanthus 50% External ear malformation 50% High forehead 50% Microcephaly 50% Narrow forehead 50% Neurological speech impairment 50% Seizures 50% Short neck 50% Short stature 50% Weight loss 50% Abnormality of the aorta 7.5% Abnormality of thumb phalanx 7.5% Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 7.5% Deeply set eye 7.5% Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7.5% Hypoplastic left heart 7.5% Obesity 7.5% Patent ductus arteriosus 7.5% Preaxial foot polydactyly 7.5% Proximal placement of thumb 7.5% Tetralogy of Fallot 7.5% Transposition of the great arteries 7.5% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome ? [/INST] Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome is an inherited condition in which fats are stored abnormally in the body. Affected individuals cannot break down certain fats called triglycerides. These fats accumulate in organs and tissues, including skin, liver, muscles, intestine, eyes, and ears. At birth, affected individuals usually present with dry, scaly skin. Additional features include an enlarged liver,cataracts, difficulty with coordinating movements (ataxia), hearing loss, short stature, muscle weakness, nystagmus, and mild intellectual disability. The signs and symptoms vary greatly among individuals with this condition. Some people may have ichthyosis only, while others may have problems affecting many areas of the body. This condition is caused by mutations in the ABHD5 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues - Alopecia - Ataxia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Congenital nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma - Ectropion - Hepatic steatosis - Hepatomegaly - Intellectual disability - Microtia - Muscle weakness - Myopathy - Nystagmus - Sensorineural hearing impairment - Strabismus - Subcapsular cataract - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Spondylocostal dysostosis 3 ? [/INST] Spondylocostal dysostosis is a group of conditions characterized by abnormal development of the bones in the spine and ribs. In the spine, the vertebrae are misshapen and fused. Many people with this condition have an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis). The ribs may be fused together or missing. These bone malformations lead to short, rigid necks and short midsections. Infants with spondylocostal dysostosis have small, narrow chests that cannot fully expand. This can lead to life-threatening breathing problems. Males with this condition are at an increased risk for inguinal hernia, where the diaphragm is pushed down, causing the abdomen to bulge out. There are several types of spondylocostal dysostosis. These types have similar features and are distinguished by their genetic cause and how they are inherited. Spondylocostal dysostosis 3 is caused by mutations in the LFNG gene. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive and may include respiratory support and surgery to correct inguinal hernia and scoliosis. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Spondylocostal dysostosis 3 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Spondylocostal dysostosis 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Spondylocostal dysostosis 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal form of the vertebral bodies 90% Abnormality of immune system physiology 90% Abnormality of the intervertebral disk 90% Abnormality of the ribs 90% Intrauterine growth retardation 90% Respiratory insufficiency 90% Scoliosis 90% Short neck 90% Short stature 90% Short thorax 90% Vertebral segmentation defect 90% Kyphosis 50% Abnormality of female internal genitalia 7.5% Abnormality of the ureter 7.5% Anomalous pulmonary venous return 7.5% Anteverted nares 7.5% Broad forehead 7.5% Camptodactyly of finger 7.5% Cleft palate 7.5% Cognitive impairment 7.5% Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 7.5% Cryptorchidism 7.5% Depressed nasal bridge 7.5% Displacement of the external urethral meatus 7.5% Finger syndactyly 7.5% Long philtrum 7.5% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 7.5% Macrocephaly 7.5% Meningocele 7.5% Microcephaly 7.5% Prominent occiput 7.5% Spina bifida occulta 7.5% Umbilical hernia 7.5% Urogenital fistula 7.5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Slender finger - Supernumerary vertebral ossification centers - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Serpiginous choroiditis ? [/INST] Serpiginous choroiditis is a rare inflammatory eye condition that typically develops between age 30 and 70 years. Affected individuals have lesions in the eye that last from weeks to months and involve scarring of the eye tissue. Recurrence of these lesions is common in serpiginous choroiditis. Vision loss may occur in one or both eyes when the macula is involved. Treatment options involve anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressing medications. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Serpiginous choroiditis ? [/INST] What causes serpiginous choroiditis? The cause of serpiginous choroiditis is unknown. Speculation exists regarding an association with exposure to various toxic compounds and/or infectious agents. Some researchers believe the condition is related to an organ-specific autoimmune inflammatory process. </s></s>

<s>[INST] Is Serpiginous choroiditis inherited ? [/INST] Can I inherit serpiginous choroiditis if my mother has the condition? No familial predillection or propensity has been described. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Serpiginous choroiditis ? [/INST] Is there any treatment for serpiginous choroiditis? There are a few treatment options for individuals with serpiginous choroiditis. Treatment may involve an anti-inflammatory medication, such as prednisone, or an immune system suppressing combination of prednisone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Additionally, the role of cyclosporine alone has been investigated. These treatments may be administered for a long period of time to prevent recurrences. A serious complication of serpiginous choroiditis is choroidal neovascularization. Laser photocoagulation or surgery may be helpful in some of these cases. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Facio thoraco genital syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Facio thoraco genital syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Facio thoraco genital syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Anteverted nares - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Glandular hypospadias - Long philtrum - Microphthalmia - Pectus excavatum - Prominent scrotal raphe - Shawl scrotum - Small nail - Smooth philtrum - Wide intermamillary distance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Buschke Lowenstein tumor ? [/INST] Buschke Lowenstein tumor is a tumor that most commonly occurs near the penis or anus. This tumor often looks like a large genital wart; it tends to grow slowly, but can sometimes grow very large and spread into surrounding tissues. These tumors rarely spread to other parts of the body. Treatment of these tumors begins with removal by surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have also been shown to be effective treatments for this tumor type. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the immune system - Apneic episodes precipitated by illness, fatigue, stress - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Bulbar palsy - Congenital onset - Decreased miniature endplate potentials - Dysphagia - EMG: decremental response of compound muscle action potential to repetitive nerve stimulation - Fatigable weakness - Generalized hypotonia due to defect at the neuromuscular junction - Ophthalmoparesis - Poor suck - Ptosis - Respiratory distress - Respiratory insufficiency due to muscle weakness - Strabismus - Sudden episodic apnea - Type 2 muscle fiber atrophy - Weak cry - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Microphthalmia syndromic 8 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Microphthalmia syndromic 8? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Microphthalmia syndromic 8. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aplasia/Hypoplasia affecting the eye 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Mandibular prognathia 90% Median cleft lip 90% Microcephaly 90% Split foot 90% Cryptorchidism 50% Triphalangeal thumb 50% Visual impairment 50% Ventricular septal defect 7.5% Blepharophimosis - Cleft palate - Intellectual disability - Microcornea - Microphthalmia - Oral cleft - Premature skin wrinkling - Short palpebral fissure - Widely-spaced maxillary central incisors - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Mesomelic dwarfism of hypoplastic tibia and radius type ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Mesomelic dwarfism of hypoplastic tibia and radius type? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Mesomelic dwarfism of hypoplastic tibia and radius type. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal dominant inheritance - Hypoplasia of the radius - Mesomelic short stature - Neonatal short-limb short stature - Pseudoarthrosis - Short tibia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Gracile bone dysplasia ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Gracile bone dysplasia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Gracile bone dysplasia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of bone mineral density 90% Abnormality of the spleen 90% Bowing of the long bones 90% Decreased skull ossification 90% Micromelia 90% Narrow mouth 90% Recurrent fractures 90% Short philtrum 90% Short stature 90% Skeletal dysplasia 90% Slender long bone 90% Tented upper lip vermilion 90% Abnormality of pelvic girdle bone morphology 50% Abnormality of the clavicle 50% Abnormality of the fingernails 50% Abnormality of the helix 50% Abnormality of the metacarpal bones 50% Abnormality of the metaphyses 50% Abnormality of the ribs 50% Anteverted nares 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia affecting the eye 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the lungs 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the thymus 50% Brachydactyly syndrome 50% Cloverleaf skull 50% Depressed nasal bridge 50% Enlarged thorax 50% Frontal bossing 50% Hypoplasia of penis 50% Intrauterine growth retardation 50% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 50% Malar flattening 50% Platyspondyly 50% Renal hypoplasia/aplasia 50% Respiratory insufficiency 50% Short distal phalanx of finger 50% Short nose 50% Short toe 50% Tapered finger 50% Wide nasal bridge 50% Abnormality of neuronal migration 7.5% Abnormality of the fontanelles or cranial sutures 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia involving the nose 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the eyebrow 7.5% Blepharophimosis 7.5% Blue sclerae 7.5% Cataract 7.5% Cleft palate 7.5% Cryptorchidism 7.5% Displacement of the external urethral meatus 7.5% Hepatomegaly 7.5% Hypertelorism 7.5% Hypotelorism 7.5% Iris coloboma 7.5% Microcornea 7.5% Muscular hypotonia 7.5% Oligohydramnios 7.5% Rocker bottom foot 7.5% Upslanted palpebral fissure 7.5% Asplenia 5% Aniridia - Ascites - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Failure to thrive - Flared metaphysis - Hydrocephalus - Hypocalcemia - Hypoplastic spleen - Micropenis - Microphthalmia - Prominent forehead - Seizures - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis ? [/INST] Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis is a motor neuron disease characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness of muscles in the arms, legs, and face. Initial symptoms usually occur within the first 2 years of life and include weakness of the legs, leg muscles that are abnormally tight and stiff, and eventual paralysis of the legs. Over time, muscle weakness and stiffness travels up (ascends) the body from the legs to the head. Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysisis caused by mutations in the ALS2 gene, and this condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal pyramidal signs 90% Feeding difficulties in infancy 90% Hemiplegia/hemiparesis 90% Hyperreflexia 90% Hypertonia 90% Neurological speech impairment 90% Abnormality of eye movement 50% Pseudobulbar signs 50% Abnormal lower motor neuron morphology - Abnormality of the corticospinal tract - Abnormality of the eye - Abnormality of the face - Achilles tendon contracture - Anarthria - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Babinski sign - Chewing difficulties - Dysarthria - Infantile onset - Motor delay - Muscle weakness - Pes cavus - Progressive - Scoliosis - Slow progression - Spastic paraplegia - Spastic tetraplegia - Tetraplegia - Urinary incontinence - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Polyembryoma ? [/INST] Polyembryoma is a type of tumor that develops from the cells of the gonads (testes in men or ovaries in women). Such tumors are called germ cell tumors. Polyembryomas have a distinctive look because they are composed of many parts that are shaped like embryos, one of the earliest stages of a developing human during pregnancy. Symptoms of a polyembryoma may include an unusual bump or mass in the abdomen which can cause pain in some individuals; puberty at an unusually young age (known as precocious puberty); or irregularities in a female's menstruation. Treatment begins with surgery and may be followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The cause of polyembryoma is not yet known. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Polyembryoma ? [/INST] How might polyembryoma be treated? Because polyembryomas are quite rare, there are no established guidelines for treating this condition. However, the first step for treating a polyembryoma is often surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy, have also been used after surgery to destroy any cancer cells that may remain. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Osteopetrosis autosomal dominant type 1 ? [/INST] Osteopetrosis is a bone disease that makes bones abnormally dense and prone to breakage (fracture). Researchers have described several major types of osteopetrosis, which are usually distinguished by their pattern of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked. The different types of the disorder can also be distinguished by the severity of their signs and symptoms. Mutations in at least nine genes cause the various types of osteopetrosis. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Osteopetrosis autosomal dominant type 1 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Osteopetrosis autosomal dominant type 1? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Osteopetrosis autosomal dominant type 1. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of pelvic girdle bone morphology - Abnormality of the vertebral column - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Conductive hearing impairment - Generalized osteosclerosis - Headache - Osteopetrosis - Thickened calvaria - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Maffucci syndrome ? [/INST] Maffucci syndrome is a disorder that primarily affects the bones and skin. It is characterized by multiple enchondromas (benign enlargements of cartilage), bone deformities, and hemangiomas (tangles of abnormal of blood vessels). The abnormal growths associated with Maffucci syndrome may become cancerous (malignant). In particular, affected individuals may develop bone cancers called chondrosarcomas, especially in the skull. They also have an increased risk of other cancers, such as ovarian or liver cancer. The underlying cause of Maffucci syndrome is unknown. No specific genes related to this disorder have been identified. Researchers suggest that the condition may be associated with abnormalities occurring before birth in the development of two embryonic cell layers called the ectoderm and the mesoderm. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Maffucci syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Maffucci syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Maffucci syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the metaphyses 90% Abnormality of the skin 90% Cavernous hemangioma 90% Lower limb asymmetry 90% Micromelia 90% Multiple enchondromatosis 90% Osteolysis 90% Recurrent fractures 90% Thrombophlebitis 90% Visceral angiomatosis 90% Abnormal joint morphology 50% Bone pain 50% Exostoses 50% Limitation of joint mobility 50% Scoliosis 50% Short stature 50% Abnormality of coagulation 7.5% Anemia 7.5% Cerebral palsy 7.5% Cranial nerve paralysis 7.5% Feeding difficulties in infancy 7.5% Goiter 7.5% Lymphangioma 7.5% Neoplasm of the adrenal gland 7.5% Neoplasm of the breast 7.5% Neoplasm of the nervous system 7.5% Neoplasm of the parathyroid gland 7.5% Ovarian neoplasm 7.5% Platyspondyly 7.5% Precocious puberty 7.5% Respiratory insufficiency 7.5% Sarcoma 7.5% Skin ulcer 7.5% Chondrosarcoma - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Maffucci syndrome ? [/INST] How might Maffucci syndrome be treated? Management aims at relief of symptoms and early detection of malignancies. Individuals with Maffucci syndrome may benefit from consultations with the following specialists: Radiologist: Radiography or CT scanning performed periodically to evaluate bone changes. Orthopedic surgeon: An orthopedic surgeon may be consulted to evaluate bone changes and skeletal neoplasms and to help in treatment of fractures associated with the disease. Dermatologist: A dermatologist may be consulted to evaluate hemangiomas associated with the condition and to identify any new lesions on the skin. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Oculocutaneous albinism type 3 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Oculocutaneous albinism type 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Oculocutaneous albinism type 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Nystagmus 90% Ocular albinism 90% Freckling 50% Strabismus 50% Cutaneous photosensitivity 7.5% Albinism - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Partial albinism - Red hair - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hirschsprung disease type 3 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Hirschsprung disease type 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Hirschsprung disease type 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aganglionic megacolon - Autosomal dominant inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Verloes Bourguignon syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Verloes Bourguignon syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Verloes Bourguignon syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Hypoplasia of the maxilla 5% Mandibular prognathia 5% Amelogenesis imperfecta - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Delayed skeletal maturation - Herniation of intervertebral nuclei - Intervertebral space narrowing - Microdontia - Narrow vertebral interpedicular distance - Oligodontia - Platyspondyly - Short stature - Widely spaced teeth - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Sabinas brittle hair syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Sabinas brittle hair syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Sabinas brittle hair syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Nail dystrophy 5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Brittle hair - Dry hair - Hypotrichosis - Intellectual disability - Nail dysplasia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Acrocephalopolydactylous dysplasia ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Acrocephalopolydactylous dysplasia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Acrocephalopolydactylous dysplasia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Omphalocele 30% Pancreatic fibrosis 30% Abnormality of the pinna - Ascites - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Craniosynostosis - Cystic renal dysplasia - Enlarged kidneys - Epicanthus - Extrapulmonary sequestrum - Hepatic fibrosis - Hepatomegaly - Hypertelorism - Hypoplasia of the small intestine - Hypoplastic colon - Low-set ears - Micromelia - Oxycephaly - Phenotypic variability - Polysplenia - Postaxial hand polydactyly - Pulmonary hypoplasia - Short neck - Short nose - Upslanted palpebral fissure - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) X-linked creatine deficiency ? [/INST] X-linked creatine deficiency is a rare condition that primarily affects the brain. Signs and symptoms generally develop before age 2 and may include mild to severe intellectual disability; delayed speech development, behavioral problems (i.e. autistic features, hyperactivity), and seizures. Less commonly, affected people may have distinctive facial features, heart abnormalities, and gastrointestinal disorders. X-linked creatine deficiency is caused by changes (mutations) in the SLC6A8 gene and is inherited in an X-linked manner. Treatment with high doses of creatine monohydrate, L-arginine, and L-glycine has been used to treat some of the symptoms associated with X-linked creatine deficiency with variable success. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of X-linked creatine deficiency ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of X-linked creatine deficiency? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for X-linked creatine deficiency. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Neurological speech impairment 90% Abnormality of movement 50% Aganglionic megacolon 50% Autism 50% Constipation 50% Decreased body weight 50% Hypertonia 50% Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bone 50% Incoordination 50% Intestinal obstruction 50% Muscular hypotonia 50% Open mouth 50% Seizures 50% Short stature 50% Cutis laxa 7.5% Joint hypermobility 7.5% Mask-like facies 7.5% Microcephaly 7.5% Ptosis 7.5% Aggressive behavior - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - Broad forehead - Delayed myelination - Delayed speech and language development - Dystonia - Exotropia - Failure to thrive - Feeding difficulties in infancy - Gait disturbance - Hypermetropia - Hypoplasia of midface - Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum - Ileus - Impaired social interactions - Infantile onset - Intellectual disability - Long face - Malar flattening - Mandibular prognathia - Motor delay - Myopathic facies - Narrow face - Neonatal hypotonia - Pes cavus - Poor hand-eye coordination - Spasticity - Stereotypic behavior - Tall stature - Underfolded superior helices - Vomiting - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Cone-rod dystrophy X-linked 2 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Cone-rod dystrophy X-linked 2? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Cone-rod dystrophy X-linked 2. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Cone/cone-rod dystrophy - Progressive cone degeneration - X-linked inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Leber congenital amaurosis 16 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Leber congenital amaurosis 16? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Leber congenital amaurosis 16. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Strabismus 5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cataract - Nyctalopia - Nystagmus - Reduced visual acuity - Visual impairment - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Mesomelia-synostoses syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Mesomelia-synostoses syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Mesomelia-synostoses syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the humerus 90% Abnormality of the metacarpal bones 90% Abnormality of the tibia 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the uvula 90% Brachydactyly syndrome 90% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 90% Limitation of joint mobility 90% Micromelia 90% Ptosis 90% Short foot 90% Short stature 90% Short toe 90% Skeletal dysplasia 90% Synostosis of carpal bones 90% Tarsal synostosis 90% Telecanthus 90% Ulnar deviation of finger 90% Abnormality of the femur 50% Abnormal nasal morphology 7.5% Abnormality of the ankles 7.5% Abnormality of the eyebrow 7.5% Abnormality of the upper urinary tract 7.5% Convex nasal ridge 7.5% Genu valgum 7.5% Hearing impairment 7.5% Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bone 7.5% Long philtrum 7.5% Myopia 7.5% Narrow mouth 7.5% Triangular face 7.5% Umbilical hernia 7.5% Short umbilical cord 3/5 Abnormality of the abdomen - Abnormality of the vertebrae - Absent uvula - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Hydronephrosis - Hypertelorism - Mesomelia - Mesomelic short stature - Microretrognathia - Nasal speech - Partial fusion of proximal row of carpal bones - Progressive forearm bowing - Ulnar deviation of the hand or of fingers of the hand - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Seres-Santamaria Arimany Muniz syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Seres-Santamaria Arimany Muniz syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Seres-Santamaria Arimany Muniz syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal hair quantity 90% Abnormality of the fingernails 90% Abnormality of the nose 90% Abnormality of the palpebral fissures 90% Abnormality of the toenails 90% Coarse hair 90% Hypohidrosis 90% Non-midline cleft lip 90% Abnormality of dental enamel 50% Abnormality of dental morphology 50% Abnormality of the eyelashes 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the eyebrow 50% Cleft palate 50% Generalized hyperpigmentation 50% Palmoplantar keratoderma 50% Reduced number of teeth 50% Abnormality of the pinna 7.5% Abnormality of the voice 7.5% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 7.5% Conductive hearing impairment 7.5% Delayed eruption of teeth 7.5% Finger syndactyly 7.5% Lacrimation abnormality 7.5% Supernumerary nipple 7.5% Ventricular septal defect 7.5% 2-3 toe syndactyly - Abnormality of the nervous system - Absent eyelashes - Anhidrosis - Ankyloblepharon - Anonychia - Atresia of the external auditory canal - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Blepharitis - Cleft upper lip - Conical tooth - Conjunctivitis - Hyperconvex nail - Hyperpigmentation of the skin - Hypodontia - Hypoplasia of the maxilla - Hypospadias - Lacrimal duct atresia - Micropenis - Nail dystrophy - Oval face - Patchy alopecia - Patent ductus arteriosus - Selective tooth agenesis - Sparse body hair - Sparse eyelashes - Wide nasal bridge - Widely spaced teeth - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Cataract, posterior polar, 1 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Cataract, posterior polar, 1? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Cataract, posterior polar, 1. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Posterior polar cataract 12/12 Autosomal dominant inheritance - Choroideremia - Congenital cataract - Myopia - Total cataract - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Thrombocytopenia with elevated serum IgA and renal disease ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Thrombocytopenia with elevated serum IgA and renal disease? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Thrombocytopenia with elevated serum IgA and renal disease. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal bleeding - Glomerulonephritis - Hematuria - Increased IgA level - Thrombocytopenia - X-linked inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 aplasia cutis congenita ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 aplasia cutis congenita? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 aplasia cutis congenita. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Skull defect 3/3 Aplasia cutis congenita of scalp - Motor axonal neuropathy - Sensory axonal neuropathy - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Carnosinemia ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Carnosinemia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Carnosinemia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aminoaciduria 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Developmental regression 90% EEG abnormality 90% Seizures 90% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Carnosinuria - Generalized myoclonic seizures - Intellectual disability - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Brachydactyly type C ? [/INST] Brachydactyly type C is a very rare congenital condition that is characterized by shortening of certain bones in the index, middle and little fingers. The bones of the ring finger are typically normal. Other abnormalities may also be present such as hypersegmentation (extra bones) of the index and middle fingers; ulnar deviation (angled towards the fifth finger) of the index finger; and unusually-shaped bones and/or epiphysis (end of a long bone). Brachydactyly type C is typically caused by changes (mutations) in the GDF5 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Treatment varies based on the severity of the condition. Physical therapy and/or plastic surgery may be indicated if the condition affects hand function. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Brachydactyly type C ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Brachydactyly type C? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Brachydactyly type C. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the metacarpal bones 90% Brachydactyly syndrome 90% Cone-shaped epiphyses of the middle phalanges of the hand 90% Pseudoepiphyses of the 2nd finger 90% Pseudoepiphyses of the 3rd finger 90% Short 2nd finger 90% Short 3rd finger 90% Short middle phalanx of finger 90% Ulnar deviation of finger 90% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 75% Enlarged epiphysis of the middle phalanx of the 2nd finger 75% Enlarged epiphysis of the middle phalanx of the 3rd finger 75% Enlarged epiphysis of the proximal phalanx of the 2nd finger 75% Enlarged epiphysis of the proximal phalanx of the 3rd finger 75% Short 1st metacarpal 75% Triangular epiphysis of the middle phalanx of the 2nd finger 75% Triangular epiphysis of the middle phalanx of the 3rd finger 75% Triangular epiphysis of the proximal phalanx of the 2nd finger 75% Triangular epiphysis of the proximal phalanx of the 3rd finger 75% Triangular shaped middle phalanx of the 2nd finger 75% Triangular shaped middle phalanx of the 3rd finger 75% Triangular shaped proximal phalanx of the 2nd finger 75% Triangular shaped proximal phalanx of the 3rd finger 75% Abnormality of the fingernails 50% Cone-shaped epiphysis 50% Short toe 50% Ulnar deviation of the 2nd finger 50% Ulnar deviation of the 3rd finger 50% Short stature 33% Delayed skeletal maturation 7.5% Symphalangism affecting the phalanges of the hand 7.5% Talipes 7.5% Talipes equinovalgus 7.5% Talipes equinovarus 7.5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Hypersegmentation of proximal phalanx of second finger - Hypersegmentation of proximal phalanx of third finger - Madelung deformity - Polydactyly - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Nance-Horan syndrome ? [/INST] Nance-Horan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that may be evident at birth. It is characterized by teeth abnormalities and cataracts, resulting in poor vision. Additional eye abnormalities are also often present, including a very small cornea and nystagmus. In some cases, the condition may also be associated with physical abnormalities and/or intellectual disability. The range and severity of symptoms may vary greatly from one person to another, even among affected members of the same family. Nance-Horan syndrome is caused by a mutation in the NHS gene and is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait, which means that both males and females can be affected, but males often have more severe symptoms.The treatment is directed toward the specific symptoms that are apparent in the individual. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Nance-Horan syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Nance-Horan syndrome? The main features of Nance-Horan syndrome include congenital cataracts, dental abnormalities, distinctive facial features, and in some cases, intellectual disability. In affected males, the primary physical characteristic is the presence of dense clouding of the lens (cornea) of both eyes at birth (congenital bilateral cataracts). The cataracts usually result in blurred vision and severely decreased clearness or clarity of vision (visual acuity). Vision loss can potentially be profound. Males with Nance-Horan syndrome may have additional eye abnormalities, including a very small cornea (microcornea); involuntary movements of the eyes (nystagmus), and/or misalignment of the eyes (strabismus). In some cases, the entire eye may be abnormally small (microphthalmia) and/or the upper eyelid may droop (ptosis). Males with Nance-Horan syndrome may also have several dental abnormalities such as unusually shaped, extra (supernumerary) teeth, absence of some teeth (dental agenesis), impacted teeth or unusually wide spaces (diastema) between some of the teeth. The front teeth, or incisors, are usually tapered and 'screwdriver-shaped'. The teeth in the back of the mouth may be cone-shaped, rounded, or cylindrical. In many males with Nance-Horan syndrome, other physical findings may also occur. Distinctive facial features may be present, but may be subtle. The ears may be flared forward and unusually prominent. Affected males may also have a large, prominent nose with a high, narrow nasal bridge, a narrow prominent jaw, and sometimes a long, narrow face. Some males with Nance-Horan syndrome may also experience delays the skills necessary for coordinating muscular and mental activity. In addition, some reports suggest that approximately 20 to 30 percent of affected males may have varying levels of intellectual disability, which is usually mild to moderate; but in some cases can be severe. Females who carry a single copy of the mutation in the NHS gene may develop some symptoms of the disorder. However, symptoms are usually milder and more variable than those seen in males. Affected females may have abnormally small corneas (microcornea) and/or some clouding of the cornea. Vision may be normal, or there may be slightly decreased visual acuity. Without appropriate treatment, clouding of the cornea can lead to total cataracts later in life. Females often have some dental abnormalities, such as abnormally-shaped front teeth and/or unusually wide spaces between some of the teeth. Affected females usually do not develop intellectual disability. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Nance-Horan syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal nasal morphology 90% Cataract 90% Long face 90% Mandibular prognathia 90% Microcornea 90% Nystagmus 90% Prominent nasal bridge 90% Visual impairment 90% Intellectual disability, moderate 80% Abnormality of the metacarpal bones 50% Cognitive impairment 50% Increased number of teeth 50% Strabismus 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia affecting the eye 7.5% Behavioral abnormality 7.5% Glaucoma 7.5% Retinal detachment 7.5% Autism - Broad finger - Congenital cataract - Diastema - Macrotia - Microphthalmia - Narrow face - Posterior Y-sutural cataract - Prominent nose - Screwdriver-shaped incisors - Short phalanx of finger - Supernumerary maxillary incisor - Visual loss - X-linked dominant inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Nance-Horan syndrome ? [/INST] What causes Nance-Horan syndrome? Nance-Horan syndrome is caused by a mutation in the NHS gene, which is located on the X chromosome. Some patients have losses (deletions) of part of the chromosome X short arm (p) within the region involving the NHS gene and other genes that are located in this region. These patients may have more problems and the problems may be more serious. </s></s>

<s>[INST] Is Nance-Horan syndrome inherited ? [/INST] How is Nance-Horan syndrome inherited? Nance-Horan syndrome is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. In X-linked dominant inheritance, both males and females can be affected by a condition. However, affected males tend to have more severe features than females. X-linked conditions result from mutations of a gene located on an X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In females, disease traits resulting from the abnormal copy of a gene on one X chromosome can be 'masked' by the normal copy of the gene on the other X chromosome. Because only one functioning X chromosome is required in males and females, one of the X chromosomes in each cell of a female is essentially 'turned off,' usually in a random pattern (X chromosome inactivation). Therefore, if the X chromosome with the gene mutation is activated in some cells, female carriers may have some mild features of the disorder. However, since males only have one X chromosome, they will likely fully express a condition if they inherit a gene mutation that is located on the X chromosome. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, Bothnian type ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, Bothnian type? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, Bothnian type. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Palmoplantar keratoderma 90% Abnormal blistering of the skin 50% Pruritus 50% Skin ulcer 50% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Intellectual deficit - short stature - hypertelorism ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Intellectual deficit - short stature - hypertelorism? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Intellectual deficit - short stature - hypertelorism. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Anteverted nares 90% Broad forehead 90% Frontal bossing 90% Hypertelorism 90% Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bone 90% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 50% Cognitive impairment 50% Long philtrum 50% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita ? [/INST] Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes the skin to blister in response to minor injury. Common areas of blistering include the hands, feet, knees, elbows, and buttocks. It can also affect the mouth, nose, and eyes. Some affected people have other health problems such as Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, amyloidosis, or multiple myeloma. EBA is not inherited and usually occurs in adulthood. Treatment aims to protect the skin, stop the formation of blisters, and promote healing. Immunosuppressive drugs may be used to reduce the body's autoimmune response. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita? Symptoms of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) usually occur in a person's 30s or 40s. The signs and symptoms can differ among affected people, and the condition has several distinct forms of onset. For example: Non-inflammatory or mildly inflammatory EBA affecting only trauma-prone skin (the "classic" form) may cause: tense, blood- or pus-filled blisters, mostly on the hands, knees, knuckles, elbows and ankles mucous-membrane blisters that rupture easily healing with significant scarring and small white spots (milia) Generalized inflammatory EBA may cause: widespread blisters that are not localized to trauma-prone sites generalized redness and itching healing with minimal scarring The mucous membrane form of EBA may cause: blisters on various mucous membranes significant scarring and dysfunction The features of the condition may change during the course of the disease or may represent two forms at the same time. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal blistering of the skin 90% Abnormality of the oral cavity 90% Abnormality of the nail 50% Abdominal pain 7.5% Abnormality of the intestine 7.5% Atypical scarring of skin 7.5% Pruritus 7.5% Thickened skin 7.5% Urticaria 7.5% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita ? [/INST] What causes epidermolysis bullosa acquisita? The underlying cause of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is not known. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, which means that the immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake. In EBA, certain immune proteins (usually IgG autoantibodies) mistakenly target and attack a specific type of collagen (a skin protein) involved in "anchoring" the skin. In some milder cases of EBA, the immune proteins involved are thought to be IgA, rather than IgG autoantibodies. The initiating event that leads to autoantibody production is unknown. EBA affecting several family members has been reported, suggesting a genetic component may be involved in some cases. Rarely, people with lupus, a systemic autoimmune disease, develop a generalized blistering skin disease with the features of EBA. EBA has also been associated with Crohn's disease. </s></s>

<s>[INST] Is Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita inherited ? [/INST] Is epidermolysis bullosa acquisita inherited? Unlike the genetic forms of epidermolysis bullosa, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is considered an acquired, sporadic disease. This means that it generally occurs in people with no history of the condition in their families. There have been a couple of reports of families with more than one affected person, suggesting a genetic component may be involved. This could mean that EBA may develop in a person who is "genetically susceptible." However, the condition is not thought to be due to any specific gene(s). </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita ? [/INST] How might epidermolysis bullosa acquisita be treated? </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Spinocerebellar ataxia 17? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Spinocerebellar ataxia 17. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aggressive behavior - Apraxia - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Bradykinesia - Broad-based gait - Cerebellar atrophy - Chorea - Confusion - Depression - Diffuse cerebral atrophy - Dysarthria - Dysmetria - Dysphagia - Dystonia - Frontal lobe dementia - Frontal release signs - Gait ataxia - Gaze-evoked nystagmus - Gliosis - Hallucinations - Impaired pursuit initiation and maintenance - Intention tremor - Lack of insight - Limb ataxia - Mutism - Myoclonus - Neuronal loss in central nervous system - Paranoia - Parkinsonism - Positive Romberg sign - Progressive - Rigidity - Seizures - Urinary incontinence - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Omenn syndrome ? [/INST] Omenn syndrome is an autosomal recessive form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) characterized by erythroderma (skin redness), desquamation (peeling skin), alopecia (hair loss), chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes), eosinophilia, hepatosplenomegaly, and elevated serum IgE levels. Patients are highly susceptible to infection and develop fungal, bacterial, and viral infections typical of SCID. In this syndrome, the SCID is associated with low IgG, IgA, and IgM and the virtual absence of B cells. There is an elevated number of T cells, but their function is impaired. Omenn syndrome has been found to be caused by mutations in the RAG1 or RAG2 genes. Additional causative genes have been identified. Early recognition of this condition is important for genetic counseling and early treatment. If left untreated, Omenn syndrome is fatal. The prognosis may be improved with early diagnosis and treatment with compatible bone marrow or cord blood stem cell transplantation. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Omenn syndrome ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of Omenn syndrome? Infants with Omenn syndrome typically present shortly after birth, usually by 3 months of age. This is similar to other types of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The characteristic skin findings (red and peeling skin), chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive often precede the onset of infections. Life-threatening infections caused by common viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens occur next. Lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, both symptoms unique to Omenn syndrome, develop next. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Omenn syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Alopecia 90% Hepatomegaly 90% Lymphadenopathy 90% Malabsorption 90% Severe combined immunodeficiency 90% Abnormality of eosinophils 50% Abnormality of temperature regulation 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the eyebrow 50% Dry skin 50% Edema 50% Leukocytosis 50% Pruritus 50% Splenomegaly 50% Thickened skin 50% Abnormality of the fingernails 7.5% Abnormality of the metaphyses 7.5% Anemia 7.5% Autoimmunity 7.5% Hypothyroidism 7.5% Lymphoma 7.5% Nephrotic syndrome 7.5% Sepsis 7.5% Thyroiditis 7.5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - B lymphocytopenia - Diarrhea - Eosinophilia - Erythroderma - Failure to thrive - Hypoplasia of the thymus - Hypoproteinemia - Pneumonia - Recurrent bacterial infections - Recurrent fungal infections - Recurrent viral infections - Severe B lymphocytopenia - Thrombocytopenia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What causes Omenn syndrome ? [/INST] What causes Omenn syndrome? Omenn syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous condition (meaning that it may be caused by a number of different genes). While most cases are attributed to mutations in the RAG genes (RAG-1 and RAG2 genes have been mapped to chromosome band 11p13), recent reports describe Omenn syndrome in the absence of RAG mutations. Omenn syndrome caused by mutations in ARTEMIS, ADA, ILRA2, ILRA7, CHD7, and DNA ligase 4 have been described in the medical literature. Some cases of Omenn syndrome have also been found in association with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Omenn syndrome ? [/INST] How might Omenn syndrome be treated? The standard treatment for Omenn syndrome is bone marrow transplantation or cord blood stem cell transplantation. General care for any patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), including Omenn syndrome, includes isolation to prevent infection and meticulous skin and mucosal hygienic practices while the patient is awaiting stem cell reconstitution. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may be administered parenterally while cultures and body fluid analyses are in progress. Parenteral nutrition may also be provided as therapy for diarrhea and failure to thrive. A detailed description of therapeutic options is provided in the referenced eMedicine article. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Eosinophilic enteropathy ? [/INST] Eosinophilic enteropathy is a condition that causes a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil to build up in the gastrointestinal system and in the blood. Eosinophils play a role in the bodys immune response by releasing toxins. Eosinophils are associated with allergic-type reactions, but their specific function is largely unknown.When eosinophils build up in the gastrointestinal tract, this begins to affect the body by causing polyps, tissue break down, inflammation, and ulcers. Eosinophilic enteropathy can occur in children or adults and is characterized by intolerance to some foods. Eosinophilic enteropathy can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, and is often named by the part affected: colon (colitis), esophagus (esophagitis), stomach (gastritis), or both the stomach and small intestine (gastroenteritis). </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Eosinophilic enteropathy ? [/INST] What are the signs and symptoms of eosinophilic enteropathy? The symptoms of eosinophilic gastroenteritis vary depending on where the eosinophils build up in the gastrointestinal system and which layers of the intestinal wall are involved. Symptoms often include pain, skin rash, acid reflux, anemia, diarrhea, stomach cramps, bleeding, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, blood loss in stools, and choking. Symptoms can occur at any age, although they usually develop between ages 20 and 50 years. The symptoms of eosinophilic enteropathy overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders, such as ulcerative colitis, which makes diagnosis difficult. It is common for individuals with this disorder to have symptoms for many years before an accurate diagnosis is made. </s></s>

<s>[INST] How to diagnose Eosinophilic enteropathy ? [/INST] How is eosinophilic enteropathy diagnosed? Endoscopy and biopsy is the only way to confirm the diagnosis of eosinophilic enteropathy. During an endoscopy, a gastroenterologist looks at the gastrointestinal tract through an endoscope and takes multiple small samples (biopsies), which a pathologist reviews. A high number of eosinophils suggests the diagnosis of eosinophilic enteropathy. The pathologist will also look at the location of the eosinophils, changes in the tissue layers, and degranulation (spilling of the contents of the eosinophils). Eosinophils may be normally found in small numbers in all areas of the gastrointestinal tract except the esophagus. However, the number of eosinophils seen in individuals with eosinophilic enteropathy is much higher. Once the diagnosis of eosinophilic enteropathy is confirmed, food allergy testing is typically recommended to guide treatment. Tests for food allergies include skin prick testing, patch testing, and a Radioallergosorbent test (RAST). </s></s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Eosinophilic enteropathy ? [/INST] How might eosinophilic enteropathy be treated? There is no "cure" for eosinophilic enteropathy, but treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent further damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of eosinophilic enteropathy varies based on the location of the eosinophils, severity of symptoms, and other medical problems the child or adult may have. In most cases, dietary restrictions and medications can significantly improve the problematic symptoms of this condition. Food allergy testing is used as a guide for restriction or elimination diets. An elimination diet means strictly avoiding all foods to which the patient has tested positive on allergy testing. Skin and patch testing are used to guide elimination diets. Sometimes a stricter diet, called an elemental diet, is needed. Skin and patch testing are used to guide elimination diets, but it only takes one false negative food for the diet to "fail". Elemental diets are diets that do not include whole or broken-down forms of protein. Instead, special elemental formulas are used, which are made of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), fats, sugars, vitamins and minerals. Amino acids do not cause allergic reactions but whole or partial proteins can. Children and adults who rely in part, or completely, on an elemental amino acid based formula may have a difficult time drinking enough of the formula. To maintain proper nutrition, some require tube feedings directly into the stomach (enteral feeds). In the most severe cases, nutrition is administered directly into the blood stream (parenteral feeds). The American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders provides more information about treatment for eosinophilic enteropathy. This organization also provides more details on restricted or elimination diets and elemental diets. </s></s>

<s>[INST] What is (are) Benign multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma ? [/INST] Benign multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma (BMPM) is a very rare benign cystic tumor arising from the peritoneal mesothelium (lining of the abdominal wall). It commonly occurs in young to middle-aged women who have a prior history of abdominal surgery, endometriosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. The first symptoms usually include abdominal or pelvic pain, tenderness, and rarely, constipation and/or urinary hesitancy. Since it was first described in 1979, there have been approximately 130 cases described in the medical literature. BMPM is not related to prior asbestos exposure. The specific cause is unknown. </s></s>