Datasets:

DFKI-SLT

/

fabner

like 0

[ "Revealed", "the", "location-specific", "flow", "patterns", "and", "quantified", "the", "speeds", "of", "various", "types", "of", "flow", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Reconstructed", "three-dimensional", "flow", "pattern", "under", "both", "conduction-mode", "melting", "and", "depression-mode", "melting", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 8, 0 ]

[ "Experimentally", "analyzed", "the", "prevailing", "physical", "processes", "at", "different", "locations", "in", "the", "melt", "pool", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0 ]

[ "Melt", "flow", "plays", "a", "critical", "role", "in", "laser", "metal", "additive", "manufacturing", ",", "yet", "the", "melt", "flow", "behavior", "within", "the", "melt", "pool", "has", "never", "been", "explicitly", "presented", "." ]

[ 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Here", ",", "we", "report", "in-situ", "characterization", "of", "melt-flow", "dynamics", "in", "every", "location", "of", "the", "entire", "melt", "pool", "in", "laser", "metal", "additive", "manufacturing", "by", "populous", "and", "uniformly", "dispersed", "micro-tracers", "through", "in-situ", "high-resolution", "synchrotron", "x-ray", "imaging", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 5, 6, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 32, 0, 25, 27, 0 ]

[ "The", "location-specific", "flow", "patterns", "in", "different", "regions", "of", "the", "melt", "pool", "are", "revealed", "and", "quantified", "under", "both", "conduction-mode", "and", "depression-mode", "melting", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0 ]

[ "The", "physical", "processes", "at", "different", "locations", "in", "the", "melt", "pool", "are", "identified", "." ]

[ 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "full-field", "melt-flow", "mapping", "approach", "reported", "here", "opens", "the", "way", "to", "study", "the", "detailed", "melt-flow", "dynamics", "under", "real", "additive", "manufacturing", "conditions", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "results", "obtained", "provide", "crucial", "insights", "into", "laser", "additive", "manufacturing", "processes", "and", "are", "critical", "for", "developing", "reliable", "high-fidelity", "computational", "models", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 33, 35, 0 ]

[ "High", "resolution", "X-ray", "tomography", "was", "used", "to", "evaluate", "the", "efficiency", "of", "Hot", "Isostatic", "Pressing", "." ]

[ 29, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0 ]

[ "Full", "consolidation", "of", "large", "internal", "cavities", "filled", "with", "unmelted", "powder", "was", "demonstrated", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Design", "of", "such", "cavities", "with", "unmelted", "powder", "could", "improve", "production", "rates", "by", "eliminating", "the", "need", "for", "some", "fraction", "of", "hatch", "melting", "in", "the", "interior", "of", "additively-manufactured", "structures", "." ]

[ 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "HIP", "is", "highly", "effective", "at", "closing", "most", "typical", "porosity", "distributions", "." ]

[ 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 40, 0 ]

[ "Exceptions", "are", "highly", "interconnected", "pores", "and", "pores", "near", "the", "surface", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 24, 0, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "Hot", "isostatic", "pressing", "(", "HIP", ")", "of", "additively", "manufactured", "metals", "is", "a", "widely", "adopted", "and", "effective", "method", "to", "improve", "the", "density", "and", "microstructure", "homogeneity", "within", "geometrically-complex", "metal", "structures", "fabricated", "with", "laser", "powder", "bed", "fusion", "(", "LPBF", ")", "." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 0, 8, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 5, 6, 6, 7, 0, 8, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "role", "of", "pores", "in", "the", "fatigue", "performance", "of", "additively", "manufactured", "metal", "parts", "is", "increasingly", "being", "recognized", "as", "a", "critical", "factor", "and", "HIP", "post-processing", "is", "now", "heralded", "as", "a", "method", "to", "eliminate", "pores", ",", "especially", "for", "high-criticality", "applications", "such", "as", "in", "the", "aerospace", "industry", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 21, 23, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 13, 15, 0 ]

[ "Despite", "the", "widely", "reported", "positive", "influence", "on", "fatigue", "performance", "and", "high", "efficiency", "of", "pore", "closure", ",", "examples", "have", "been", "reported", "in", "which", "pores", "have", "not", "been", "entirely", "closed", "or", "have", "subsequently", "re-opened", "upon", "heat", "treatment", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0 ]

[ "A", "variety", "of", "porosity", "distributions", "and", "types", "of", "pores", "may", "be", "present", "in", "parts", "produced", "by", "LBPF", "and", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "pore", "closure", "may", "differ", "depending", "on", "these", "pore", "characteristics", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 24, 40, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "this", "work", ",", "X-ray", "tomography", "was", "employed", "to", "provide", "insights", "into", "pore", "closure", "efficiency", "by", "HIP", "for", "an", "intentional", "and", "artificially-induced", "cavity", "as", "well", "as", "for", "a", "range", "of", "typical", "process-induced", "pores", "(", "lack", "of", "fusion", ",", "keyhole", ",", "contour", "pores", ",", "etc", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ ")", "in", "coupon", "samples", "of", "Ti6Al4V", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 4, 0 ]

[ "The", "same", "samples", "were", "imaged", "non-destructively", "before", "and", "after", "HIP", "and", "aligned", "carefully", "for", "side-by-side", "viewing", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "High", "pore", "closure", "efficiency", "is", "demonstrated", "for", "all", "types", "of", "cavities", "and", "pores", "investigated", ",", "but", "near-surface", "pores", "of", "all", "types", "are", "shown", "to", "be", "problematic", "to", "varying", "degrees", ",", "in", "some", "cases", "perforating", "the", "superficial", "surface", "and", "creating", "new", "external", "notches", "." ]

[ 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0 ]

[ "Subsequent", "heat", "treatments", "(", "annealing", "after", "HIP", ")", "in", "some", "cases", "resulted", "in", "internal", "pore", "reopening", "for", "previously", "closed", "internal", "pores", "as", "well", "as", "a", "new", "“", "blistering", "”", "effect", "observed", "for", "some", "near-surface", "pores", ",", "which", "the", "authors", "believe", "is", "reported", "for", "the", "first", "time", "." ]

[ 0, 5, 7, 0, 8, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Implications", "of", "these", "results", "for", "quality", "control", "and", "HIP", "processing", "of", "LPBF", "parts", "are", "discussed", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 8, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Finally", ",", "the", "utility", "of", "using", "HIP", "to", "consolidate", "intentionally-unmelted", "powder", "in", "order", "to", "improve", "production", "rates", "of", "powder", "bed", "fusion", "has", "great", "potential", "and", "is", "preliminarily", "demonstrated", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Direct", "Energy", "Deposition", "(", "DED", ")", "systems", "are", "currently", "used", "to", "repair", "and", "maintain", "existing", "parts", "in", "the", "aerospace", "and", "automotive", "industries", "." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 0, 13, 15, 0 ]

[ "This", "paper", "discusses", "an", "effort", "to", "scale", "up", "the", "DED", "technique", "in", "order", "to", "Additively", "Manufacture", "(", "AM", ")", "molds", "and", "dies", "used", "in", "the", "composite", "manufacturing", "industry", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 8, 0, 12, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "US", "molds", "and", "dies", "market", "has", "been", "in", "a", "rapid", "decline", "over", "the", "last", "decade", "due", "to", "outsourcing", "to", "non-US", "entities", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 12, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Oak", "Ridge", "National", "Laboratory", "(", "ORNL", ")", ",", "Wolf", "Robotics", "and", "Lincoln", "Electric", "have", "developed", "a", "Metal", "Big", "Area", "Additive", "Manufacturing", "(", "MBAAM", ")", "system", "that", "uses", "a", "high", "deposition", "rate", "and", "a", "low-cost", "wire", "feedstock", "material", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 31, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0 ]

[ "In", "this", "work", "we", "used", "the", "MBAAM", "system", "with", "a", "mild", "steel", "wire", ",", "ER70S-6", ",", "to", "fabricate", "a", "compression", "molding", "mold", "for", "composite", "structures", "used", "in", "automotive", "and", "mass-transit", "applications", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 8, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 16, 0, 16, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "addition", ",", "the", "mechanical", "properties", "of", "the", "AM", "structure", "were", "investigated", ",", "and", "it", "was", "found", "that", "the", "MBAAM", "process", "delivers", "parts", "with", "high", "planar", "isotropic", "behavior", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "paper", "investigates", "the", "microstructure", "and", "grain", "of", "the", "printed", "articles", "to", "confirm", "the", "roots", "of", "the", "observed", "planar", "isotropic", "properties", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "manufactured", "AM", "mold", "was", "used", "to", "fabricate", "50", "composite", "parts", "with", "no", "observed", "mold", "deformations", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 9, 11, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12, 40, 0 ]

[ "Wire", "feed", "metal", "additive", "manufacturing", "offers", "advantages", ",", "such", "as", "large", "build", "volumes", "and", "high", "build", "rates", ",", "over", "powder", "bed", "and", "blown", "powder", "techniques", ",", "but", "it", "has", "its", "own", "disadvantages", ",", "i.e.", ",", "lower", "feature", "resolution", "and", "bead", "morphology", "control", "issues", "." ]

[ 0, 32, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 29, 31, 0, 0, 25, 27, 0, 0, 9, 11, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A", "new", "wire", "feed", "metal", "additive", "manufacturing", "process", "called", "Metal", "Big", "Area", "Additive", "Manufacturing", "(", "mBAAM", ")", "uses", "a", "Gas", "Metal", "Arc", "Weld", "system", "on", "an", "articulated", "robot", "arm", "to", "increase", "build", "volume", "and", "deposition", "rate", "in", "comparison", "to", "powder", "bed", "techniques", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 11, 0, 0, 29, 31, 0, 29, 31, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0 ]

[ "The", "high", "deposition", "rate", "implies", "a", "low-resolution", "process", ";", "therefore", ",", "parts", "designed", "for", "mBAAM", "must", "incorporate", "the", "use", "of", "machining", "to", "achieve", "certain", "features", "." ]

[ 0, 29, 30, 31, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "This", "paper", "presents", "an", "introduction", "to", "how", "design", "rules", ",", "such", "as", "overhang", "constraint", ",", "large", "weld", "bead", "thickness", ",", "and", "support", "structure", ",", "for", "mBAAM", "interact", "in", "the", "context", "of", "an", "excavator", "arm", "case", "study", ",", "which", "was", "designed", "using", "topology", "optimization", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 11, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 17, 19, 0 ]

[ "Interactive", "database", "for", "mechanical", "properties", "of", "metal", "lattice", "structures", "." ]

[ 0, 36, 0, 37, 39, 0, 4, 17, 19, 0 ]

[ "Lattice", "Unit-cell", "Characterization", "Interface", "for", "Engineering", "compiles", "69", "sources", "." ]

[ 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Lattice", "structure", "data", "compiled", "from", "analytical", ",", "experimental", ",", "and", "finite", "element", "." ]

[ 17, 19, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0 ]

[ "Data", "compilation", "includes", "nearly", "1650", "experimental", "and", "finite", "element", "data", "points", "." ]

[ 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 37, 38, 38, 39, 0 ]

[ "Lattice", "data", "incorporates", "18", "different", "common", "unit", "cell", "topologies", "." ]

[ 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0 ]

[ "With", "the", "ever-increasing", "resolution", "of", "metal", "additive", "manufacturing", "processes", ",", "the", "ability", "to", "design", "and", "fabricate", "cellular", "or", "lattice", "structures", "is", "readily", "improving", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 8, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "While", "there", "are", "few", "limits", "to", "the", "variety", "of", "unit", "cell", "topologies", "that", "can", "feasibly", "be", "manufactured", ",", "there", "is", "little", "known", "about", "the", "effect", "that", "the", "underlying", "unit", "cell", "topology", "has", "on", "lattice", "structure", "mechanical", "performance", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "Increased", "knowledge", "of", "lattice", "structure", "performance", "based", "on", "the", "unit", "cell", "topology", "can", "aid", "in", "appropriate", "unit", "cell", "selection", "to", "achieve", "desired", "lattice", "structure", "mechanical", "properties", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "The", "objective", "in", "this", "work", "is", "to", "compile", "metal", "additively", "manufactured", "lattice", "structure", "characterization", "data", "found", "in", "the", "literature", "into", "Ashby-style", "plots", "that", "can", "be", "used", "to", "differentiate", "unit", "cell", "topologies", "and", "guide", "unit", "cell", "selection", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 5, 7, 0, 25, 27, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0 ]

[ "Data", "gathered", "from", "literature", "encompasses", "over", "69", "papers", "describing", "18", "different", "unit", "cell", "topologies", "." ]

[ 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0 ]

[ "Data", "on", "mechanical", "properties", "such", "as", "the", "effective", "modulus", ",", "Poisson", "’", "s", "ratio", ",", "yield", "strength", ",", "buckling", "strength", ",", "and", "plateau", "strength", ",", "of", "lattice", "structures", "from", "analytical", "models", "based", "on", "mathematical", "derivations", ",", "finite", "element", "analysis", ",", "and", "experimental", "characterization", "was", "gathered", "and", "synthesized", "." ]

[ 40, 0, 37, 39, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 21, 23, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "total", ",", "nearly", "1,650", "data", "points", "for", "experimental", "and", "finite", "element", "analysis", "were", "compiled", "along", "with", "a", "variety", "of", "analytical", "models", "for", "18", "different", "unit", "cell", "topologies", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0 ]

[ "The", "process", "of", "gathering", "the", "data", "from", "the", "literature", "along", "with", "the", "assumptions", "used", "to", "compile", "the", "data", "are", "discussed", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A", "graphical", "user", "interface", "and", "database", "were", "developed", "that", "allows", "for", "comparison", "of", "different", "lattice", "structure", "mechanical", "properties", "based", "on", "their", "unit", "cell", "topology", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0 ]

[ "The", "Lattice", "Unit-cell", "Characterization", "Interface", "for", "Engineers", "(", "LUCIE", ")", "provides", "a", "simple", "format", "to", "guide", "engineers", ",", "scientists", ",", "and", "others", "towards", "understanding", "the", "relationships", "of", "the", "unit", "cell", "topology", "and", "the", "lattice", "structure", "mechanical", "properties", ",", "with", "the", "intent", "of", "guiding", "appropriate", "unit", "cell", "selection", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0 ]

[ "Three", "cases", "studies", "are", "shown", "for", "using", "LUCIE", "to", "differentiate", "unit", "cell", "topologies", "for", "improved", "understanding", "of", "experimental", "and", "simulation-based", "results", "(", "Case", "Study", "1", ")", ",", "to", "identify", "unit", "cell", "topology", "options", "for", "reducing", "weight", "while", "maintaining", "yield", "stress", "or", "increasing", "yield", "stress", "without", "reducing", "weight", "(", "Case", "Study", "2", ")", ",", "and", "for", "quickly", "narrowing", "multiple", "options", "to", "an", "appropriate", "unit", "cell", "topology", "(", "Case", "Study", "3", ")", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 0, 32, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Drop-on-demand", "jetting", "of", "metals", "offers", "a", "fully", "digital", "manufacturing", "approach", "to", "surpass", "the", "limitations", "of", "the", "current", "generation", "powder-based", "additive", "manufacturing", "technologies", "." ]

[ 5, 7, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0 ]

[ "However", ",", "research", "on", "this", "topic", "has", "been", "restricted", "mainly", "to", "near-net", "shaping", "of", "relatively", "low", "melting", "temperature", "metals", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 29, 31, 0, 0 ]

[ "Here", "it", "is", "proposed", "a", "novel", "approach", "to", "jet", "molten", "metals", "at", "high-temperatures", "(", ">", "1000", "°C", ")", "to", "enable", "the", "direct", "digital", "additive", "fabrication", "of", "micro-", "to", "macro-scale", "objects", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 6, 7, 0, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "technique", "used", "in", "our", "research", "–", "“", "MetalJet", "”", "-", "is", "discussed", "by", "studying", "the", "ejection", "and", "the", "deposition", "of", "two", "example", "metals", ",", "tin", "and", "silver", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0 ]

[ "The", "applicability", "of", "this", "new", "technology", "to", "additive", "manufacturing", "is", "evaluated", "through", "the", "study", "of", "the", "interface", "formed", "between", "the", "droplets", "and", "the", "substrate", ",", "the", "inter-droplets", "bonding", ",", "the", "microstructure", "and", "the", "geometrical", "fidelity", "of", "the", "printed", "objects", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "research", "shows", "that", "the", "integrity", "of", "the", "samples", "(", "in", "terms", "of", "density", "as", "well", "as", "metallurgy", ")", "varies", "dramatically", "in", "the", "two", "investigated", "materials", "due", "to", "the", "different", "conditions", "that", "are", "required", "to", "melt", "the", "interface", "of", "the", "stacked", "droplets", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "Nevertheless", "the", "research", "shows", "that", "by", "a", "careful", "choice", "of", "the", "jetting", "strategy", "and", "sintering", "treatments", "3D", "structures", "of", "various", "complexity", "can", "be", "formed", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 8, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 40, 0, 4, 0, 0 ]

[ "This", "research", "paves", "the", "way", "towards", "the", "next", "generation", "metal", "additive", "manufacturing", "where", "various", "printing", "resolutions", "and", "multi-material", "capabilities", "could", "be", "used", "to", "obtain", "functional", "components", "for", "applications", "in", "printed", "electronics", ",", "medicine", "and", "the", "automotive", "sectors", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 40, 0, 0, 13, 15, 0 ]

[ "Metal", "additive", "manufacturing", "(", "AM", ")", "as", "an", "emerging", "manufacturing", "technique", "has", "been", "gradually", "accepted", "to", "manufacture", "end-use", "components", "." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 0, 8, 0, 4, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 12, 0 ]

[ "However", ",", "one", "of", "the", "most", "critical", "issues", "preventing", "its", "broad", "applications", "is", "build", "failure", "resulting", "from", "residual", "stress", "accumulation", "in", "manufacturing", "process", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 27, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0 ]

[ "The", "goal", "of", "this", "work", "is", "to", "investigate", "the", "feasibility", "of", "using", "topology", "optimization", "to", "design", "support", "structure", "to", "mitigate", "residual", "stress", "induced", "build", "failure", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 20, 0, 40, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 25, 27, 0 ]

[ "To", "make", "topology", "optimization", "computationally", "tractable", ",", "the", "inherent", "strain", "method", "is", "employed", "to", "perform", "fast", "prediction", "of", "residual", "stress", "in", "an", "AM", "build", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 21, 23, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0 ]

[ "Graded", "lattice", "structure", "optimization", "is", "utilized", "to", "design", "the", "support", "structure", "due", "to", "the", "open-celled", "and", "self-supporting", "nature", "of", "periodic", "lattice", "structure", "." ]

[ 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0 ]

[ "The", "objective", "for", "the", "optimization", "is", "to", "minimize", "the", "mass", "of", "sacrificial", "support", "structure", "under", "stress", "constraint", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 24, 0, 0 ]

[ "By", "limiting", "the", "maximum", "stress", "under", "the", "yield", "strength", ",", "cracking", "resulting", "from", "residual", "stress", "can", "be", "prevented", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 40, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 4, 0, 0 ]

[ "To", "show", "the", "feasibility", "of", "the", "proposed", "method", ",", "the", "support", "structure", "of", "a", "double-cantilever", "beam", "and", "a", "hip", "implant", "is", "designed", ",", "respectively", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 9, 11, 0, 0, 13, 15, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "support", "structure", "after", "optimization", "can", "achieve", "a", "weight", "reduction", "of", "approximately", "60", "%", "." ]

[ 0, 17, 19, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 32, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "components", "with", "optimized", "support", "structures", "no", "longer", "suffer", "from", "stress-induced", "cracking", "after", "the", "designs", "are", "realized", "by", "AM", ",", "which", "proves", "the", "effectiveness", "of", "the", "proposed", "method", "." ]

[ 0, 12, 0, 0, 17, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Additive", "friction", "stir", "deposition", "(", "AFSD", ")", "is", "an", "emerging", "solid-state", "metal", "additive", "manufacturing", "technology", "renowned", "for", "strong", "interface", "adhesion", "and", "isotropic", "mechanical", "properties", "." ]

[ 4, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 24, 0, 24, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "This", "is", "postulated", "to", "result", "from", "the", "material", "flow", "phenomena", "near", "the", "interface", ",", "but", "experimental", "corroboration", "has", "remained", "absent", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Here", ",", "we", "seek", "to", "understand", "the", "interface", "formed", "in", "AFSD", "via", "morphological", "and", "microstructural", "investigation", ",", "wherein", "the", "non-planar", "interfacial", "morphology", "is", "characterized", "on", "the", "track-scale", "(", "centimeter", "scale", ")", "using", "X-ray", "computed", "tomography", "and", "the", "material", "deformation", "history", "is", "explored", "by", "microstructure", "mapping", "at", "the", "interfacial", "regions", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 27, 0, 0, 4, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "X-ray", "computed", "tomography", "reveals", "unique", "3D", "features", "at", "the", "interface", "with", "significant", "macroscopic", "material", "mixing", "." ]

[ 25, 26, 27, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "In", "the", "out-of-plane", "direction", ",", "the", "deposited", "material", "inserts", "below", "the", "initial", "substrate", "surface", "in", "the", "feed-rod", "zone", ",", "while", "the", "substrate", "surface", "surges", "upwards", "in", "the", "tool", "protrusion-affected", "zone", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 12, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Complex", "3D", "structures", "like", "fins", "and", "serrations", "form", "on", "the", "advancing", "side", ",", "leading", "to", "structural", "interlocking", ";", "on", "the", "retreating", "side", ",", "the", "interface", "manifests", "as", "a", "smooth", "sloped", "surface", "." ]

[ 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "Microstructure", "mapping", "reveals", "a", "uniform", "thermomechanical", "history", "for", "the", "deposited", "material", ",", "which", "develops", "a", "homogeneous", ",", "almost", "fully", "recrystallized", "microstructure", "." ]

[ 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 8, 40, 0 ]

[ "The", "substrate", "surface", "develops", "partially", "recrystallized", "microstructures", "that", "are", "location-dependent", ";", "more", "intra-granular", "orientation", "gradients", "are", "found", "in", "the", "regions", "further", "away", "from", "the", "centerline", "of", "the", "deposition", "track", "." ]

[ 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0 ]

[ "From", "these", "observations", ",", "we", "discuss", "the", "mechanisms", "for", "interfacial", "material", "flow", "and", "interface", "morphology", "formation", "during", "AFSD", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Embedded", "electronics", "and", "sensors", "are", "becoming", "increasingly", "important", "for", "the", "development", "of", "Industry", "4.0", "." ]

[ 33, 35, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 35, 0 ]

[ "For", "small", "components", ",", "space", "constraints", "lead", "to", "full", "3D", "integration", "requirements", "that", "are", "only", "achievable", "through", "Additive", "Manufacturing", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0 ]

[ "Manufacturing", "metal", "components", "usually", "require", "high", "temperatures", "incompatible", "with", "electronics", "but", "Ultrasonic", "Additive", "Manufacturing", "(", "UAM", ")", "can", "produce", "components", "with", "mechanical", "properties", "close", "to", "bulk", ",", "but", "with", "the", "integration", "of", "internal", "embedded", "electronics", ",", "sensors", "or", "optics", "." ]

[ 8, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 40, 0, 5, 6, 7, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 35, 0, 12, 0, 16, 0 ]

[ "This", "paper", "describes", "a", "novel", "manufacturing", "route", "for", "embedding", "electronics", "with", "3D", "via", "connectors", "in", "an", "aluminium", "matrix", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0 ]

[ "Metal", "foils", "with", "printed", "conductors", "and", "insulators", "were", "prepared", "separately", "from", "the", "UAM", "process", "thereby", "separating", "the", "electronics", "preparation", "from", "the", "part", "consolidation", "." ]

[ 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 40, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0 ]

[ "A", "dual", "material", "polymer", "layer", "exhibited", "the", "best", "electrically", "insulating", "properties", ",", "while", "providing", "mechanical", "protection", "of", "printed", "conductive", "tracks", "stable", "up", "to", "100", "°C", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 0, 32, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 16, 0, 0, 9, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "General", "design", "and", "UAM", "process", "recommendations", "are", "given", "for", "3D", "embedded", "electronics", "in", "a", "metal", "matrix", "." ]

[ 0, 20, 0, 8, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0 ]

[ "Functionally", "graded", "metals", "fabricated", "using", "high-temperature", "additive", "manufacturing", "can", "form", "intermetallics", "that", "fracture", "during", "printing", "due", "to", "thermal", "stresses", "generated", "by", "the", "heat", "source", "." ]

[ 1, 2, 3, 40, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 4, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0 ]

[ "To", "address", "this", "problem", ",", "we", "introduce", "a", "new", "class", "of", "non-equilibrium", "phase", "diagrams", ",", "termed", "Scheil", "Ternary", "Projection", "(", "STeP", ")", "diagrams", ",", "for", "designing", "optimal", "composition", "gradients", "that", "avoid", "brittle", "phases", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 0, 37, 38, 39, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 24, 0, 0 ]

[ "Using", "the", "Fe-Cr-Al", "ternary", "as", "a", "model", "system", ",", "we", "compare", "the", "phase", "fields", "in", "equilibrium", "and", "STeP", "diagrams", "to", "show", "that", "intermetallic", "phase", "fields", "are", "dramatically", "expanded", "under", "the", "rapid", "solidification", "conditions", "in", "melt-based", "additive", "manufacturing", ",", "an", "important", "effect", "that", "must", "be", "accounted", "for", "when", "designing", "composition", "gradients", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0 ]

[ "We", "present", "the", "results", "of", "3D", "modeling", "of", "the", "laser", "and", "electron", "beam", "powder", "bed", "fusion", "process", "at", "the", "mesoscale", "with", "an", "in-house", "developed", "advanced", "multiphysical", "numerical", "tool", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 36, 0, 37, 39, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0 ]

[ "The", "hydrodynamics", "and", "thermal", "conductivity", "core", "of", "the", "tool", "is", "based", "on", "the", "lattice", "Boltzmann", "method", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 21, 23, 12, 0, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "numerical", "tool", "takes", "into", "account", "the", "random", "distributions", "of", "powder", "particles", "by", "size", "in", "a", "layer", "and", "the", "propagation", "of", "the", "laser", "(", "electron", "beam", ")", "with", "a", "full", "ray", "tracing", "(", "Monte", "Carlo", ")", "model", "that", "includes", "multiple", "reflections", ",", "phase", "transitions", ",", "thermal", "conductivity", ",", "and", "detailed", "liquid", "dynamics", "of", "the", "molten", "metal", ",", "influenced", "by", "evaporation", "of", "the", "metal", "and", "the", "recoil", "pressure", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 36, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 21, 23, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0 ]

[ "We", "numerically", "demonstrate", "a", "strong", "dependence", "of", "the", "net", "energy", "absorption", "of", "the", "incoming", "heat", "source", "beam", "by", "the", "powder", "bed", "and", "melt", "pool", "on", "the", "beam", "power", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 27, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 12, 0, 0, 9, 11, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 12, 0, 0 ]

[ "We", "show", "the", "ability", "of", "our", "model", "to", "predict", "the", "measurable", "properties", "of", "a", "single", "track", "on", "a", "bare", "substrate", "as", "well", "as", "on", "a", "powder", "layer", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, 32, 0 ]

[ "We", "obtain", "good", "agreement", "with", "experimental", "data", "for", "the", "depth", ",", "width", "and", "shape", "of", "a", "track", "for", "a", "number", "of", "materials", "and", "a", "wide", "range", "of", "energy", "source", "parameters", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 16, 40, 0 ]

[ "We", "further", "apply", "our", "model", "to", "the", "simulation", "of", "the", "entire", "layer", "formation", "and", "demonstrate", "the", "strong", "dependence", "of", "the", "resulting", "layer", "morphology", "on", "the", "hatch", "spacing", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 36, 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 0, 29, 31, 0 ]

[ "The", "presented", "model", "could", "be", "very", "helpful", "for", "optimizing", "the", "additive", "process", "without", "carrying", "out", "a", "large", "number", "of", "experiments", "in", "a", "common", "trial-and-error", "method", ",", "developing", "process", "parameters", "for", "new", "materials", ",", "and", "assessing", "novel", "modalities", "of", "powder", "bed", "fusion", "additive", "manufacturing", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 40, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 0 ]

[ "The", "particle", "size", "and", "shape", "distributions", "of", "metal", "powders", "used", "in", "additive", "manufacturing", "powder", "bed", "fusion", "processes", "are", "of", "technological", "importance", "for", "the", "final", "built", "product", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 5, 7, 0, 5, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Current", "three-dimensional", "(", "3D", ")", "measurements", "of", "these", "distributions", "assume", "a", "spherical", "shape", ",", "while", "techniques", "that", "measure", "both", "size", "and", "shape", "are", "always", "two-dimensional", "(", "2D", ")", "measurements", "of", "particle", "projections", "." ]

[ 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 37, 39, 0 ]