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Climate Policy Radar 20

Article 2: 7- the construction of the infrastructures allowing the said power stations to be connected to the national electricity transmission network as well as the infrastructures allowing them to be supplied with water, subject to the attributions devolved in the matter by the legislation in force to any other body of public or private law : 8- the contribution to the development of applied research and the promotion of technological innovations in the solar energy sectors of electricity production: 9 - the contribution to the creation of specialized training courses in solar energy, in partnership with universities, engineering schools and professional training centres. Similarly, the company is authorized, in general, to carry out all industrial, commercial, real estate, movable and financial operations necessary or useful for the achievement of its purpose.

MAR

Middle East & North Africa

the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion electricity produced from renewable energy sources in internal electricity market () and Directive 2003/30/EC the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 20 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other rene able fuels for transport (2) established definitions for diff ent types of energy from renewable sources. Direct 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Cou cil of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for internal market in electricity (3) established definitions the electricity sector in general. In the interests of legal c tainty and clarity it is appropriate to use the same or sit lar definitions in this Directive. The Commission communication of 10 January 20 entitled 'Renewable Energy Roadmap - Renewable en gies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable futu demonstrated that a 20 % target for the overall share energy from renewable sources and a 10% target energy from renewable sources in transport would appropriate and achievable objectives, and that a fram work that includes mandatory targets should provide t business community with the long-term stability it nea to make rational, sustainable investments in the renewal energy sector which are capable of reducing depender on imported fossil fuels and boosting the use of new ener technologies. Those targets exist in the context of the 20 improvement in energy efficiency by 2020 set out in 1 Commission communication of 19 October 2006 entitl 'Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potenti which was endorsed by the European Council of Mar 2007, and by the European Parliament in its resolution 31 January 2008 on that Action Plan. The European Council of March 2007 reaffirmed the Co munity's commitment to the Community-wide develo ment of energy from renewable sources beyond 2010. endorsed a mandatory target of a 20 % share of ener from renewable sources in overall Community energy ce sumption by 2020 and a mandatory 10 % minimum t get to be achieved by all Member States for the share biofuels in transport petrol and diesel consumption 2020, to be introduced in a cost-effective way. It star that the binding character of the biofuel target is approp ate, subject to production being sustainable, secon generation biofuels becoming commercially available a Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of t Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality. normal and di

EUR

Europe & Central Asia

1st amendment of the Combined Heat and Power Act: In order to use fuels efficiently, the proportion of highly efficient combined heat and power plants in electricity production is to be doubled from the current approx. 12% to approx. 25% by 2020. The amendment of the Combined Heat and Power Act, which promotes the construction of new plants and heating networks, serves this purpose. Federal Ministry of Economics (BMW): Draft of a combined heat and power

DEU

Europe & Central Asia

i) Establish the allocations that are subject to co-financing by those financial instruments of the European Union intended for the same purposes in addition to, where appropriate, with other sources of financing. j) Approve the proposals for management assignments, commissions, agreements, subsidies, contracts or loans. k) Dictate in general the resolutions that are necessary for the performance of the functions of the Fund.

ESP

Europe & Central Asia

32 and reform of state-owned enterprises. Households and the transport sector are the biggest consumers of energy in The Gambia. Currently, about half the population lacks access to electricity. Solid waste and waste management are notable problems arising from rapid urbanisation. Dependence on imported fuel oil has become a burden on the Gambian economy, and currently 98% of the power generated and distributed from the main grid comes from fossil fuels.3 Wood fuels are by far the dominant domestic source of energy in the Gambia, with 88% of all households using firewood, charcoal, or wood-based fuels as the primary source of cooking fuel. Several options for renewable energy remain viable options and in 2013 The Gambian government enacted the New Renewable Energy Law to implement a feed-in tariff for renewable energy sources, and to establish a renewable energy fund to promote the use of such sources. Economic development is currently hindered by limited energy and transportation infrastructure which results in high logistical costs. Most of the economic burden caused by this lack of infrastructure falls on the private sector and, as a result, reduces its ability to create jobs. Although above average by sub-Saharan African standards, at least 60% of the road infrastructure across The Gambia is in poor condition because of maintenance neglect, contributing to the high cost of vehicle maintenance. In addition to the limitations imposed by lack of infrastructure, the country has experienced several external shocks including the 2011 drought, which reduced agricultural output and economic performance, and the outbreak of Ebola in 2014, which had serious negative consequences on The Gambia's tourism industry. In spite of the high rate of mobile penetration, the country faces significant challenges in providing high-speed internet connectivity, notwithstanding a country-wide national broadband network and the connection to the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) optical-fibre submarine cable system. This is acting as a drag on tapping into the digital economy. We commit to introducing efficient, green, renewable and sustainable energy sources to power our economy and meet our domestic and household needs. The implementation of renewable energy sources will contribute to GHG reductions of 78.5 GgCO2e in 2025 and 104 GgCO2e in 2030. Our transport system will be a major priority as we seek to create a modern, green/clean

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

166 Table 5.21 Agriculture sector emissions by gas according to WAM scenario projections Agriculture sector emission projections on a gas-by-gas basis in WAM scenario are presented in Table 5.21.

LVA

Europe & Central Asia

5. We know that people want to play their part in achieving net zero. Our approach for how government will empower everyone to make green choices is underpinned by six principles.50 Although they were developed with the public in mind, many of them equally apply to green choices taken by businesses, particularly medium or small enterprises. The principles reflects wider public engagement from across the country and Parliament. a. Communicate a vision of a net zero 2050, build a sense of collective action, improve understanding of the role different actors play in reaching net zero, and how and when choices can be made; b. Ensure there is trusted advice and support for people and businesses to make green choices; c. Mobilise a range of actors and stakeholders to increase and amplify their communication and action on net zero and green choices; and d. Give people opportunities to participate in and shape our plans for reaching net zero, thereby improving policy design, buy-in and untake of policies 6. Public engagement, including through campaigns such as Together communications for Our Planet, plays a significant role in driving green choices. We will deliver public engagement on net zero to:

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

The 'For a healthy climate (Glacier Initiative)', submitted at the end of November 2019, seeks to enshrine the objectives of the Paris Agreement in the constitution. It calls for Switzerland to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 at the latest. According to the initiative, no fossil heating and motor fuels can be sold from 2050 whereby exemptions are permitted if no technical alternatives are available. The remaining emissions are to be balanced by safe greenhouse gas reductions in Switzerland. This also applies to the climate impacts of international aviation. The initiative also calls for the definition of a reduction pathway, including interim goals, at legislative level which will, at the minimum, ensure a linear reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

CHE

Europe & Central Asia

118 Ricardo (2019), 'Analysing the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture in the UK to 2050", https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-potential-of-bioenergy-with-carbon-capture 119 BEIS & Wood Plc (2018), 'Assessing the Cost Reduction Potential and Competitiveness of Novel (Next Generation) UK Carbon Capture Technology, Benchmarking State-of-the-art and Next Generation Technologies, Revision 4A', https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/864688/BEIS_Final_Benchmarks_Report_Rev_4A.pdf 120 NAS (2018), 'Negative Emission Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda', https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable- sequestration-a-research-agenda 121 Element Energy and UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (2021), 'Greenhouse Gas Removal Methods and Their Potential UK Deployment', https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ greenhouse-gas-removal-methods-technology-assessment-report 122 BEIS (2020), 'Greenhouse gas removals: call for evidence', https://www.gov.uk/government/ consultations/greenhouse-gas-removals-call-for-evidence 123 Green Jobs Taskforce (2021), 'Report to the Government, Industry and Skills Sectors', https:// www.gov.uk/government/publications/green-jobs-taskforce-report 124 CCC (2020), 'The Road to Net-Zero Finance', https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-road- 125 BEIS (2019), 'Energy Innovation Needs Assessment', https://www.gov.uk/government/

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

On the one hand, expand the object of FEDA to the activities of cogeneration and trigeneration or combined generation of electricity, heat and cold or other forms of energy, which is a highly efficient form of production, the promotion of which it is considered a priority by the European Union (Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council). Although FEDA already participates in cogeneration activities at the Andorra Waste Treatment Center, under the protection of the Law of 31-10-2002, relating to that facility, and has a pilot project underway in Soldeu, the future development of other cogeneration activities makes it necessary to formalize the expansion of its object to the distribution of heat, especially when for reasons of efficiency renewable energies can be used (biomass, geothermal, solar,... ). On the other hand, allow the installation of photovoltaic solar panels of small power, and the production of any type of renewable energy with a power of less than 500 kW, with the possibility of transferring its production to the network. This is also a practice in accordance with the policy of the European Union regarding the promotion of renewable energies, which has been regulated for years in the countries around us, and which due to its low impact on the balance of the network electricity would be viable without the need for modification of the current regulatory framework, if it did not conflict with the exclusive regime attributed to the Administration in the matter of electricity production. To make the installation of this type of generator possible, it is therefore necessary to establish an express exception to that regime. It also seems urgent to establish quality standards for the distribution of electrical energy, which would make the conditions of service in the Principality similar to those governing the countries around us. These are rules that will modify the current Provisional Regulation of the distribution of 1975, and the heterodox nature of this provision, which was approved by the Permanent Delegates in the regime prior to the constitution, and has been modified by Government decree subsequently.

AND

Europe & Central Asia

In the energy and waste management sector, the options provided for in the NDC should reduce CO2 emissions through the promotion of renewable energies in the energy mix as well as the collection and treatment of waste in urban areas. The share of clean energy should reach 40.7% of global electricity production in 2035, in the PSE scenario against 32.8% in the status quo. These measures will make it possible to broaden people's access to energy and improve the well-being of households. In addition, a significant contribution to the country's energy independence is expected. Furthermore, the use of modern forms of energy in homes and the sustainable management of urban waste will make it possible to limit atmospheric pollution and consequently reduce the harmful effects on the health of populations.

SEN

Sub-Saharan Africa

The strategy for the transition to a "green" economy for 2019-2030 involves: a) reduction of specific emissions per unit of GDP by 10% from the level of 2010; b) a twofold increase in the energy efficiency indicator and a decrease in the carbon intensity of GDP; c) development of renewable energy sources with bringing their share to 25% or more of the total volume of electricity generation;

UZB

Europe & Central Asia

Supporting the Transition across the Economy Delivering net zero will require a step change in the rate of new technologies being developed, deployed to market and adopted by businesses and consumers. The Innovation

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

In line with its commitments related to climate and energy security, the UAE has adopted the National Energy Strategy 2050, which aims to increase the share of clean energy, including renewable and nuclear energy sources, to 50% of the local energy mix by 2050, and rationalize levels of public energy consumption by 40%. Compared to the normal situation by the same year. The aforementioned goals are based on the UAE Green Agenda 2015-2030, which enables the public and private sectors to embody a common vision to achieve a competitive and sustainable economy on the ground. Currently, the UAE is home to the world's largest independent solar power plant, with a production capacity of 1.2 GW, and has managed to achieve the lowest solar energy tariff in the world. The country is also home to the first peaceful nuclear power plant in the Arab world, with a production capacity of 5.6 GW, which is The largest single source of clean electricity in the United Arab Emirates and the Arab world and will generate 25% of the total electricity demand in the country without carbon emissions by 2025, as part of the accelerated efforts to decarbonize the energy sector in the United Arab Emirates.

ARE

Middle East & North Africa

Leveraging the Power of Federal Procurement: As the single largest land owner, energy user, and employer in the Nation, the Federal Government is leveraging its scale and procurement power to lead by example, catalyze private sector investment, and expand the economy and American industry by transforming how we build, buy, and manage electricity, vehicles, buildings, and other operations to be clean and sustainable.378 In December, 2021 the President signed Executive Order 14057 which directs the Federal government to achieve five ambitious goals to reduce emissions across Federal operations: 100 percent carbon pollution-free electricity by 2030, at least half of which will be locally supplied clean energy to meet 24/7 demand; 100 percent zero-emission vehicle acquisitions by 2035, including 100 percent zeroemission light-duty vehicle acquisitions by 2027; net-zero emissions from Federal procurement no later than 2050, including a Buy Clean policy to promote use of construction materials with lower embodied emissions; a net-zero emissions building portfolio by 2045, including a 50 percent emissions reduction by 2032; and net-zero emissions from overall federal operations by 2050, including a 65 percent emissions reduction by 2030.379

USA

North America

Meta 2.2: 3.3: 3.4: 3.5: 3.6: 3.7: Raise the participation rate of renewable energy in the country's electricity generation matrix to 80% Achieve 400,000 hectares of land under irrigation, meeting 100% of the national food demand Raise the rate of damming and water use at 25% Reach 1,000,000 hectares of forest land in the process of ecological and productive restoration by accessing the international market for carbon credits Bring the Global Climate Risk Index to a level above 50 Improve the position of Honduras in the Global Competitiveness Index to position 50

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

(m) What is the consequence of non-fulfillment? As a signatory to the Energy Community Treaty, the Republic of Macedonia is committed to harmonization of national legislation with existing EU legislation on energy, the environment, competition and renewable energy. This includes meeting the Government adopted target of 21% of final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020 (calculated consistent with EU guidelines), and updated with the Decision of the Energy Community Ministerial Council to 28% (D/2012/04/MC-EnC (10th MC/18/10/2012- Annex18/09.07.2012). n) Is there any mechanism to supervise fulfillment?

MKD

Europe & Central Asia

(5) The carbon budget under subsection (2) (c) must be determined on or before 31 March 2028. (6) The carbon budget under subsection (2)(d) must be determined on or before 31 March 2033. Climate Change-43 of 2021

FJI

East Asia & Pacific

burdens. promote economic growth and improvement of social infrastructure do not increase environmental technologies, thereby ensuring minimal environmental impacts even as Japan's economy grows.

JPN

East Asia & Pacific

ANNEX - DECREE No. 6092/2016 ENERGY POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY 1.1. STRATEGIC VISION

PRY

Latin America & Caribbean

Estimating, for the first time, UKEF's financed emissions across its full portfolio, using an approach aligned with industry best practice and developed specifically for export credit agencies; Setting ambitious quantitative 2030 decarbonisation targets for the oil and gas, and power sectors, which will guide UKEF on its pathway to net zero by 2050. Committing to set an emissions intensity-based decarbonisation target for its aviation sector exposure within 12 months.

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

Specific training modules on climate change Brochures, leaflets and newspapers private and community

CAF

Sub-Saharan Africa

F. The mobility challenge Germany's electric mobility strategy will be consist- ently pursued in line with the joint statement by industry and the German government of 3 May 2010. Our aim is to have a million electric vehicles on the roads by 2020 and six million by 2030. Over the long term and with corresponding tech- nological innovations, electric vehicles will store electricity and thereby help to balance supply and demand, for example by being charged during periods of strong wind.

DEU

Europe & Central Asia

The implementation of the planned measures will be on the path of Austria Bring back the necessary CO2 reduction and effectively contribute to ecological change and contribute to the preservation of biological diversity. In this way Austria becomes one

AUT

Europe & Central Asia

(a) 15 per cent of the assessable income from the employment or the business of that person, as the case may be, for that income year; or (b) $10000 whichever is the lesser. (3) Subject to section 24A(2), a person who contributes to a registered retirement plan may also contribute to a registered retirement savings plan and may be allowed to claim

BRB

Latin America & Caribbean

Additional electrolysis and related RD&D. Total: $1B from FY22 through FY26 Additional Manufacturing & Recycling RD&D. Total: $500 million from FY22 through FY26 Production BOEM | EPA | Local Riegs. Export Terminal FERC | USCG Industry, Buildings, and Grid End Usage Chemical & Industrial Use EPA | Local Regs. OSHA Electricity Production FECM | FERC Local Regs. Building Sector EERE Local Regs. BLM- Bureau of Land Management BOEM - Bureau of Ocean Energy Management BSEE - Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement DOC - Department of Commerce DOD - Department of Defense DOE - Department of Energy DOT - Department of Transportation EERE - Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FPA -Environmental Protection Storage for Distribution FAA | Local Regs. | OSHA Transmission & Distribution 19 Pipeline BLM | BSEE | FERC PHMSA | USCG | USFS Waterways PHMSA | USCG City Gate + Local Regs. PHMSA Marine FTA | MARAD USCG FAA - Federal Aviation Administration FECM - Fossil Energy and Carbon Management PTT H FERC - Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FHWA- Federal Highway Administration FMCSA - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Transportation Systems End Usage Commercial & Consumer Vehicles EPA | FHWA | FMCSA FTA | NHTSA FRA- Federal Railroad Administration FTA - Federal Transportation Administration Import pon Terminal FERC | USCG Road FHWA | FMCSA FTC | PHMSA Rail PHMSA Local Storage FAA | Local Regs. OSHA 631 RD&D Collaborations DOC | DOD | DOE | DOT | EPA | MARAD | NASA | USDA Aviation FAA Rail FRA | FTA MARAD - Maritime Administration NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NHTSA - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration PHMSA - Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration USCG-U.S. Coast Guard USDA - U.S. Department of Agricultu USFS- U.S. Forest Service

USA

North America

Substantial, step-by-step, needs-oriented expansion of the provision of benefits in kind by 2024 in the field of mental health, goal: covering needs Evidence-based modernization of check-ups (e.g. breast screening, colorectal cancer screening) Upgrading and stronger networking of the self-help groups

AUT

Europe & Central Asia

environment that is green and clean ensuring eco-systems diversity and sustainability. It is realizing a modern and prosperous Dominica through the creation of a dynamic and stable economy based on equity and social justice demonstrated through pro-poor growth, decent employment and social protection driven by Renewable Energy (geothermal, Hydro, Solar and Wind) with Infrastructure (roads, air and sea ports); Human Services (housing, health, education, transport and communication, real estate and financial services electricity and water and sanitation); Productive Enterprises (agriculture, manufacturing, agro-processing, distributive trade and tourism) and dynamic institutions (state agencies, private sector, civil society organizations) and collaborative capacity in public services delivery that preserve the best of the environment and is resilient to the worst of human and natural elements. Fear of God, respect for the rule of law, love of country, respect for local culture, appreciation of nature, a sense of community and social cohesion are the determinative factors, and democratic values and practices within which the climate resilient strategies are entrenched and sustained by design which finds expression in the National Resilient Development Strategy (NRDS) and the Low-Carbon Climate Resilient Development Strategy (LCCRDS) and are actualized in sector strategies and action plans.

DMA

Latin America & Caribbean

3.9. Emissions of other gases 4. POLICIES AND MEASURES 4.1. Macroeconomic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 4.2. Restraining factors of economic development 4.3. Comparative analysis of the results obtained in the First National Communication and subsequent studies 4.4. Energy 4.4.1. Power supply 4.4.2. Heat supply 4.4.3. Improvement of the heat supply system, development of combined heat and power generation 4.4.4. Implementation of energy-saving technologies in the production, distribution and consumption of energy 4.4.5. Program for the development of the unified electric power system of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period up to 2010 with a perspective up to 2015 4.4.6. Improving the efficiency of electricity generation in the combined cycle 4.4.7. Renewable energy sources 4.4 8. Hydropower 4.4.9. Wind power 4.4.10. Solar energy 4.4.11. Geothermal energy 4.4.12. Energy of biomass and municipal solid waste 4.4.13. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the use of renewable energy sources 4.5. Dynamics of GHG emissions from the energy sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan depending on the technologies used 4.6. Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector 4.7. Measures to reduce GHG emissions in the industrial and housing and communal sectors of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 4.8. Projections of emissions and overall impact of policies and measures 5. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES 5.1. Modern climate of Kazakhstan and its changes 5.2. Modern dynamics of glaciation of mountain systems of Kazakhstan 5.2.1. Glacier monitoring system 5.2.2. Dynamics of glaciation and cryogenesis 5.3. Climate change scenarios in Kazakhstan 5.4. Potential impact of climate change 5.4.1. Agriculture 5.4.2. Water resources 5.4.3. Mudflow activity 5.4.4. Forestry 60 63 63 65 66 66 66 70 71 72 74 76 77 78 78 79 80 80 80 81 82 83 95 99

KAZ

Europe & Central Asia

Grid electricity (large scale electricity generation) o High market penetration scenario - 20% of generation mix in 2025 (3467 GWh) o Baseline scenario - 15 % of generation mix in 2025 (2600 GWh). This translates into an overall installed capacity in the year 2025 of 400 MW from wind farms 160 MW from geothermal power stations and 6 MW from power stations using landfill gas o Low market penetration scenario - 10 % of generation mix in 2025 (1733 GWh) Off-grid electrification (electrification of individual rural Households-HH)4 o High market penetration scenario - 160.000 rural HH (65% of identified market potential) to be electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025 (installed capacity app. 8 MWp) o Baseline scenario 110.000 rural HH (45% of identified market potential) to be electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025 (installed capacity ann 55 MW) o High market penetration scenario - 20% of generation mix in 2025 (3467 GWh) o Baseline scenario - 15 % of generation mix in 2025 (2600 GWh). This translates into an overall installed capacity in the year 2025 of 400 MW from wind farms 160 MW from geothermal power stations and 6 MW from power stations using landfill gas Low market penetration scenario - 10% of generation mix in 2025 (1733 GWh) Off-grid electrification (electrification of individual rural Households-HH)* o High market penetration scenario - 160.000 rural HH (65% of identified market potential) to be electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025 (installed capacity app. 8 MWp) o Baseline scenario 110.000 rural HH (45% of identified market potential) to be electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025 (installed capacity app. 5.5 MWp)

YEM

Middle East & North Africa

Energy Sector Electrical sub-sector Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry Construction and Strengthening of Capacities Financing Contribution Promotion of the use of other types of renewable energy sources Reforestation of degraded areas Promotion of a culture of sustainable forest management and trade international reduction of carbon emissions Support for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation policies and projects around the world Measures By 2050, 30% of the installed capacity of the electrical matrix must come from other types of renewable energy sources Unilateral Contribution Increase in the Carbon absorption capacity by 10% with respect to the Reference Scenario for 2050. Supported Contribution Increase in the Carbon absorption capacity by 80% with respect to the Reference Scenario for 2050. Establishment of the International Center for Implementation for the Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ICIREDD Donation to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Investment Projection 2,232 USD Millions 2,225 USD Millions 250,000 USD 1Million USD

PAN

Latin America & Caribbean

3.3.1.2. Renewable energy During the negotiations with the European Union in 2001, Hungary agreed to at least double the 3.6% share of renewable energy within the total energy consumption and to increase the 1% share within electricity consumption to at least 3.6 % by 2010. This percentage which is otherwise the most modest commitment within the entire Community was achieved already in 2005, and, what is more, the share of green energy in the overall energy production was already above 5% in 2005; on the other hand, it was mostly achieved by the incineration of forest wood in low-efficiency power stations which may not mean a long-term solution. According to the Renewable Energy Strategy of Hungary prepared by the government in parallel with the National Climate Change Strategy, the weight of alternative energy production within the overall energy consumption will be at least 16% and that of green energy within electricity consumption will be 18% in 2020. As regards the potential for using renewable energy sources in Hungary, several estimates have been published in recent years although with highly varying conclusions. According to these studies, the annual quantity of energy that can be generated using the current alternative technologies ranges between 150 and 1,300 PJ. However, the estimates show no considerable differences as regards the energy that can be generated using the "theoretically renewable sources: this can amount to up to 2,500 PJ per year. This amount of energy is more than double of the current energy consumption. The studies also agree in attributing the highest potential to biomass in the nearest future, followed by the utilisation of geothermal, wind and solar energy. On the other hand, water energy is also considered as a renewable source; however, in view of the geographical characteristics, and technical and nature conservation aspects, this opportunity could not be considered as a feasible solution in the framework of this Strategy.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Electricity Efficiency and Conservation 1. Each governme government entity is mand ted to adopt an Im implement an electricity efficiency program to reduce electricity consumption by ten (10) percent of its average monthly consumption for the 1st semester of 2004. 2. The Government, thru the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) in coordination with the DOE, shall institute the government procurement guidelines on energy efficient lighting and appliances based on DOE- certified energy efficiency ratings (Attachment A). 3. Each government entity may utilize or avail itself of the Department of Energy (DOE) approved and other acceptable energy efficiency measures in order to effectively comply with this Administrative Order. b. Efficiency and Conservation in Fuel Use of Government Vehicles

PHL

East Asia & Pacific

1. To advance the transition of transportation in Israel to petroleum alternatives between the years 2013 and 2025, and to allow for the feasibility of reducing the weight of petroleum-based fuels as an energy source in transportation in Israel at a rate of approximately 30% by 2020, and by approximately 60% by 2025, in relation to the forecasted consumption for those years, as long as the transition is economically viable, through:

ISR

Middle East & North Africa

Zero emission powered light vehicles are a clean and efficient way of getting around and can reduce congestion, air, and noise pollution from transport. While cars and vans outnumber motorcycles on UK roads, motorcycles are an important and sizeable vehicle population, with 1.4 million licensed in 2020 and we do not want to see them remaining fossil fuelled as the rest of the vehicle fleet cleans up.88 Government will ensure one in four of the central government car fleet is ultra low emission by 2022 and achieving a fully zero emission car and van fleet by 2027. Government is leading the way here, going further and faster and again demonstrating that ZEVS are credible for fleet users across the UK. Powered light vehicles are two, three and four wheeled passenger or cargo vehicles. They are smaller and lighter than many other vehicle types and so can have a significant impact on urban transport systems, particularly when used in place of other forms of low occupancy vehicles. Their size also makes them complementary to increased public transport use and the growth of cycling and walking infrastructure.

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

• Fossil gas will be increasingly replaced with renewable and synthetic gas in order to ensure a CO₂-neutral gas supply by 2050. To achieve the exit from fossil gas by no later than 2050, a coordinated mix of long-term anticipated instruments is needed. These consist of incentives in the form of funding for renewable heating systems which shall also mitigate social impacts, fiscal measures, and especially requirements and funding for the replacement of fossil gas with renewable gas. • Decentralised hydrogen production and consumption, such as in energy collectives, will allow for an efficient integration and use of locally generated renewable energy and will bolster local supply security. • Criteria for climate-friendly energy supply and generation as well as for climate-friendly mobility must be taken into account in spatial planning, zoning, and development planning.

AUT

Europe & Central Asia

14 | 19 Not applicable. EU NDC is an absolute, economy-wide reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Annex: Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding

EUR

Europe & Central Asia

a) effective value - the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for some or all stages of a specific biofuel production process, calculated in accordance with the methodology established in part C of the annex; b) typical value - an estimate of the representative reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for a certain biofuel production chain; c) default value - a value derived from a typical value by applying predetermined factors and which can, under certain conditions specified by this decision, be used instead of an actual value; d) fuel suppliers - economic operators, respectively warehouses, registered recipients, importers, who introduce fuels subject to the payment of excise duties on the market in Romania. Art. 3. - (1) To achieve the objective provided for in art. 5 para. (5) of the Law, fuel suppliers introduce on the market only gasoline and diesel fuel with a biofuel content as follows: a) from the date of entry into force of this decision, diesel fuel with a biofuel content of at least 5% by volume; b) Repealed by point 1. of Decision no. 1308/2012 starting from 28.12.2012. c) from January 1, 2016, diesel with a biofuel content of at least 7% by volume; Letter c) was modified by point 2. of Decision no. 1308/2012 starting from 28.12.2012.

ROU

Europe & Central Asia

Figure 7 Target scenario for the development of greenhouse gas emissions up to 2050 with an interim target for 2030 (with a reduced domestic share on the dotted line, including international market mechanisms on the dashed line). Minus 80% by 2050 corresponds to the reduction by the energy sector, based on the total emissions (including baseline emissions) Development and target path of greenhouse gas emissions in kilotons of CO₂ equivalents 44 The non-energy baseline emissions from industrial processes and product uses (PPU), agriculture, waste recycling and land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are not the focus of this energy strategy

LIE

Europe & Central Asia

(a) IN GENERAL-Subchapter VI of chapter 31 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "(a) PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY COMMERCIALIZATION PROGRAM- "(1) IN GENERAL-The Administrator of General Services may establish a photovoltaic energy commercialization program for the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar elec- tric systems for electric production in new and existing public buildings. "(2) PURPOSES.-The purposes of the program shall be to accomplish the following: "(A) To accelerate the growth of a commercially viable photovoltaic industry to make this energy system available to the general public as an option which can reduce the national consumption of fossil fuel. "(B) To reduce the fossil fuel consumption and costs of the Federal Government. "(C) To attain the goal of installing solar energy sys- tems in 20,000 Federal buildings by 2010, as contained in the Federal Government's Million Solar Roof Initiative of 1997. "(D) To stimulate the general use within the Federal Government of life-cycle costing and innovative procure- ment methods. "(E) To develop program performance data to support policy decisions on future incentive programs with respect to energy. "(3) ACQUISITION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ELECTRIC SYS- TEMS. "(A) IN GENERAL-The program shall provide for the acquisition of photovoltaic solar electric systems and associ- ated storage capability for use in public buildings. "(B) ACQUISITION LEVELS. The acquisition of photo- voltaic electric systems shall be at a level substantial enough to allow use of low-cost production techniques with at least 150 megawatts (peak) cumulative acquired during the 5 years of the program. "(4) ADMINISTRATION.-The Administrator shall administer the program and shall- "(A) issue such rules and regulations as may be appro- priate to monitor and assess the performance and operation of photovoltaic solar electric systems installed pursuant to this subsection; "(B) develop innovative procurement strategies for the acquisition of such systems; and "(C) transmit to Congress an annual report on the results of the program. "ch) DuvTOVOLTAIC Stompare Par TION Y PROCRA

USA

North America

How to realise this transition is analysed by distinguishing the way we use energy in four energy functions: energy for space heating, energy for industrial process heat, energy for transport and energy for power and light. The Energy Report describes in detail our views on current and future developments of these energy functions within the context of our ambition towards 2050. Through this new approach we can focus our efforts for the energy transition. The Energy Report also announces the Energy Dialogue. This is an extensive public consultation, starting in April 2016 and formally lasting for three months. During this consultation all parties will have the opportunity to share their views on the future energy system and to contribute to the design of the policy agenda. Findings from this consultation will be presented by the end of the year in a so-called Energy Policy Agenda. The Energy Dialogue will also be instrumental in fostering the awareness of the energy transition in the Netherlands. The international context of our energy (and climate) policy is a central theme in this report. The Netherlands is fully committed to the European agreements for 2020, 2030 and 2050 and to the international climate change agreement. Our energy supply is strongly linked to the energy markets in Europe and the rest of the world. Well-functioning energy markets and international agreements are key to a successful energy transition.

NLD

Europe & Central Asia

The Ten Point Plan ensures that our recovery from coronavirus will be green, generate jobs and bolster the economy, whilst continuing to drive down emissions both now and in the future. There is however more to be done to achieve net zero by 2050, and the Ten Point Plan represents one more step on the path to ending the UK's contribution to global emissions once and for all. In the coming year, we will set out further plans for reducing emissions across all the UK's major economic sectors as outlined below, including our overall Net Zero Strategy, which will clearly set out our pathway to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. These efforts need to be undertaken in parallel with adaptation action, building resilience to the effects of climate change we are already experiencing. Climate change is a global issue, and the UK must use our own net zero ambition to encourage other nations to adopt similar targets. In November 2021, the UK will host the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties (COP26), bringing together world leaders, climate experts, business leaders and citizens to agree ambitious action to tackle climate change. This December, the UK, along with the UN and France, will host a virtual leader-level Climate Ambition Summit to demonstrate the urgency of action and provide an important moment for international leaders to show they are committed to a greener, more resilient, sustainable path for the future. In 2015 at COP21, the UK played a leading role in securing the agreement of 195 parties to sign up to the historic Paris Climate Agreement, setting a goal of limiting global temperature increases to well below 2°C (vs pre-industrial levels) and to pursue efforts towards a 1.5°C goal. Whilst progress has been made through the Paris Agreement, current commitments will not achieve the temperature goals that were set, instead implying a devastating rise of around 3°C of warming by 2100. Increased action at COP26 is therefore vital, and we will use our COP26 Presidency role to work through five priority areas - Adaptation and Resilience, Zero Emission Vehicles, Energy Transition, Nature, and Finance. We are also considering the UK's revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), itself an embodiment of our efforts to reduce national emissions, and we will set this out by the Climate Ambition Summit. Our roadmap

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

The largest annual change occurred from 2008 to 2009 when emissions decreased by level of GHG emissions ever reported in Ireland. Emissions then plateaued until 2008 with steadily from 54,823.2 kt CO₂ eq in 1990 to 70,923.6 kt CO₂ eq in 2001, which is the highest

IRL

Europe & Central Asia

Local and regional authorities will play a major role in increasing the use of local RES potential. On the one hand - by its example of rational use of energy and local renewable resources, on the other - by creating favorable conditions for the development of private investments and installation of facilities and systems for the use of electrical energy and energy for heating and cooling from renewable sources in the residential and industrial areas of their territory. Introduction of the sustainability criteria according to Directive 2009/28 for the production and consumption of biofuels and liquid fuels from biomass. The use of biofuels and biomass should lead to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions during their production by at least 35% in the short term. From 1 January 2017, this reduction should be at least 50%, and from 1 January 2018 - at least 60%, for biofuels and liquid fuels produced in installations where production started after 1 January 2017; An essential element is the access to financing, the availability of flexible Financial instruments and schemes, corresponding to the specifics of the individual RES technologies and the possibilities of obtaining technical assistance both from local administrations and from companies and citizens.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Under the UNFCCC, the EU and its Member States committed to achieving a joint quantified economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 20 per cent below the 1990 level by 2020 ("the Cancun pledge"). It is therefore a joint pledge with no separate targets for Member States under the Convention. As stated in the 2022 EU GHG inventory submission to the UNFCCC, the total GHG emissions, excluding LULUCF and including international aviation, decreased by 34% in the EU-27 + UK compared to the base year 1990 or 1.94 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. The EU has substantially overachieved its 20 per cent by 2020 reduction target under the Convention, which means that also its Member States and the United Kingdom have fulfilled their emission reduction obligations.

FIN

Europe & Central Asia

Tax and non-tax incentives After seeing the result of the fiscal incentive that was implemented through Law 69 of October 12, 2012 and its low impact on the importation of electric models, this type of incentive should be studied again. It is recommended that ADAP and other private sector actors be consulted on the attractiveness of a tax incentive law and find out what type of incentive would have the greatest impact on imported electric vehicles. Exceptional tax incentives have been discussed on the selective consumption tax, the ITBMS on imports and the ITBMS on sales. These possibilities, together with the possibility of importing new electric models manifested by the automobile brands managed by ADAP and other brands such as BYD in the next 3 years, could lead to an incentive that manages to close the cost gap between electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. In addition to tax incentives, indirect incentives that influence a buyer's decision when selecting their vehicle should be considered. In this sense, there are several mechanisms that could be put into operation:

PAN

Latin America & Caribbean

In an effort to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, the Philippines' Clean Technology Fund Investment Plan (CTFIP) has formulated a program called National Environmentally Sustainable. Transport Strategy (NESTS) (CTFIP, November 2009). The overall goal of this program is to reduce "the annual growth rate of energy consumption and associated GHG emissions from the transport sector in the urban areas in the country and to mainstream environmentally sustainable transport which involves the promotion of lowcarbon intensity transport systems". This will promote, among other things, the development of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, expansion of the existing urban rail network in Metro Manila, deployment of hybrid vehicles in the public transport, and fuel switching in public transportation.

PHL

East Asia & Pacific

3. Non-optimality of the structure of the energy supply system, which has developed without taking into account climate change; non-compliance with the necessary levels and modes of energy consumption, taking into account the indicated changes, which will lead to an overexpenditure of energy resources to provide consumers or the need to limit their supplies. 4. An increase in the cost of eliminating accidents at fuel and energy facilities. Figure 6.10. a generalized assessment of the impact of climate change on the energy sector and its consequences is given.

UKR

Europe & Central Asia

• Ordinary fund for research institutes and bodies (FOE Fondo ordinario per il finanziamento degli enti e istituzioni di ricerca). The primary contribution of the MIUR to fund research activities conducted by public research bodies and institutes acting under the supervision of the Ministry Moreover, the MIUR supports also the National Research Program in Antarctica (PNRA - Programma change is one of the priorities:

ITA

Europe & Central Asia

To further encourage the use of public transport, the length of the rail network in Singapore will increase from about 245 km today to about 360 km in early 2030s. This will enable eight in 10 households to be within a 10-minute walk of a train station, and 85% of public transport journeys of less than 20 km to be completed within 60 minutes. Carbon tax provides a strong price signal and impetus for businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint in line with national climate goals. From 2019, Singapore implemented a carbon tax starting at S$5 or US$3.70 per tonne of CO2-equivalent (tCO2 eq) of GHG emissions in the first instance, between 2019 and 2023, as a transition period. To support the transition to a low-carbon future, we will raise the carbon tax levels to S$25 or US$18.40/tCO2 eq in 2024 and 2025, and S$45 or US$33.20/tCO₂ eq in 2026 and 2027, with a view to reaching S$50-80 or US$36.90-59.00/tCO2 eq by 2030. The carbon. tax will complement our comprehensive suite of mitigation measures to help us achieve our climate pledges. Energy is a strategic resource for Singapore. As an alternative energy-disadvantaged country, Singapore is highly reliant on imports for our energy needs. Recognising that energy is a scarce resource, Singapore allows for market pricing of fuel and electricity without any direct subsidy. This results in firms and households making appropriate energy consumption choices, such as minimising energy wastage and over-consumption, which contributes to emissions reduction.

SGP

East Asia & Pacific

The objectives of the EEDP are as follows: 1. To establish the energy conservation targets (heat and electricity) in short term 5 years and long term 20 years where the aim is to reduce energy intensity (El) by 30 percent in year 2036 compared with that in year 2010 for overall country and energy intensive sectors such as industrial, business, and residential as shown in figure 3.1. 2. To define strategies and guidelines in the energy conservation promotion to achieve the aforementioned targets and to formulate operation plans of the relevant organizations. Figure 3.1 the energy conservation target during year 2010-2036

THA

East Asia & Pacific

This strategy, written in close cooperation with stakeholders and with public participation (cf. chapter 2.4.) and taking into account the opinions of the formal consultations carried out before adoption (in particular the Environmental Authority and the High Council for Climate), is adopted by the Government (decree N°TRER2008021D relating to national carbon budgets and the national low-carbon strategy, section 1 of chapter II of title II of book II of the French Environmental Code). It sets out objectives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in France in the short/medium term - carbon budgets¹ - and has two ambitions: to achieve carbon neutrality, i.e. zero net emissions², by 2050 (an objective introduced by the July 2017 climate plan and enshrined in law), and to reduce the carbon footprint of the French people. Every five years, the low carbon strategy is subject to a complete revision (cf. chapter 5. Strategy revision and monitoring). Between each revision, the monitoring is based on a set of regularly analysed and updated indicators (cf. appendix 2). Indicators of the strategy) as well as a regular review of whether its principles are being taken into account in the public policies.

FRA

Europe & Central Asia

The application of new standardised and internationally-aligned reporting requirements for climate risks and opportunities for large businesses. A commitment to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies). AUSTRALIA'S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION-COMMUNICATION 2022

AUS

East Asia & Pacific

of the environment is carried out in Reduction of emissions 760 T of lead/year and 54,000 T of sulfur/year with the marketing of only two fuels from 2009 - Diesel 50 ppm of sulfur - Premium unleaded fuel 2,874 KT of CO avoided in 2030 with the energy efficiency 20,825 KT of CO avoided in 2030 with renewable energies replacing obsolete industrial means of production with efficient and less polluting equipment

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

On the other hand, the negative repercussions of the global economic crisis in recent years and the increased uncertainty in the region have led banks to adopt tougher lending policies. The growing financing needs of the government and the trend towards the local market to fulfill a large part of these needs have reinforced banks' conservative lending behavior, which in turn created a safe and competitive investment opportunity for lending to the private sector. Similarly, total deposits in local banks increased by 10.5% at the end of 2013, while non-resident deposits have seen a steady growth of 19.2%, which is an indicator of increased confidence in the Jordanian economy and banking system. The Central Bank acknowledges that funding for Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises has been modest (10% of total facilities granted), which highlights the need to strengthen the sector's ability to access required finance with favorable lending conditions, since it is one of the vitally important sectors to drive economic activity. In light of this reality, the Central Bank strengthened its role in supporting local high value added economic sectors in order to stimulate economic growth. The Bank has given more attention to SMEs, providing funding programs directed towards local industry, tourism, renewable energy and agriculture, for terms appropriate to clients' financing needs (five years for industry, tourism and agriculture and ten years for renewable energy), and with a ceiling of 5% of loan portfolio of operating banks. In addition, the Central Bank has sought to provide credit lines for SME through the banks operating in the Kingdom. Jordan has managed to secure $70 million soft loan from the World Bank and a credit line of $50 million with similar conditions from the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development. This was later followed by another credit line of $150 million from the same fund due to the success of the banking sector in utilizing these amounts in the development of SME in Jordan. Almost the full amount of the World Bank loan was used in developing more than four thousand micro, small and medium enterprises, 60% of which were established outside the capital city. Work is underway to complete final terms of reference for a special loan from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) worth $150 million for the same purpose. The Central Bank has provided the needed facilities and support to enable banks to benefit from this loan at appropriate costs and maturities. Accordingly, the funds that have been, or will be

JOR

Middle East & North Africa

Responsible institution Description Objective Methodology and assumptions CDMX Environment Secretariat The public bicycle system of Mexico City (Ecobici) is a program that allows the reduction of CEI emissions and criteria pollutants, in addition to having economic and social benefits, such as the reduction in travel times, lower cost, exercise and sustainable mobility option. The program was implemented in February 2010 with 84 cycle stations and 1,200 bicycles. In 2013, a study was carried out by CTS Embarq in order to calculate a mitigation potential with respect to the baseline (if Ecobici did not exist). This study has made it possible to make projections of use and environmental benefits. Other very positive impacts of the program are physical activity and the reduction of negative health impacts due to poor air quality. The information generated in the CTS Embarq report demonstrates the different benefits that a public bicycle system can bring to cities (CTS Embarq, 2013). Ecobici is the public bicycle system in Mexico City that has integrated the bicycle as part of the essential of mobility. Its objective is to offer the inhabitants of the city and its surroundings a comfortable and easy access system for the use of access bicycle transfers, which is a mode of transport aimed at the inhabitants of the capital and its surroundings and tourists.. Based on the information on the trips made in Ecobici in 2010, 2011 and 2012, the total number of kilometers traveled by the users of this public bicycle system was estimated. Using the modal distribution of the trips that users substituted for Ecobici, the person-kilometres of travel avoided by private car, shared car, taxi and motorcycle were obtained. The kilometers traveled by car were divided by the average occupancy, which is equal to 1.4 people per vehicle, to obtain the distance traveled by vehicles. Said methodology started from a base line of emissions previously carried out for the year 2009 by CTS to obtain the average CO emissions for each mode of transport. Subsequently, a Bottom-up approach is used, since it starts from estimates of the individual activity and is grouped to obtain the total impact. The reduction in emissions is derived from modal changes in transport (CTS Embarq, 2013). LB = FV DT x FE Where LB- Reduced emissions (MICO,0). FVI- Vehicle fleet. DT-Average annual total

MEX

Latin America & Caribbean

The land sector can play an important role in offsetting emissions sources difficult to address by mid-century. To date, deep decarbonization studies have devoted significantly more attention to the energy sector than to land. However, there is a growing body of literature that looks at the scale of potential for increasing carbon sequestration on U.S. landscapes, indicating that significant carbon sequestration is possible through expanding and enhancing U.S. forests and modifying agricultural practices to sequester carbon in cropland and grassland soils. A Vision for 2050 MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO

USA

North America

I. - The development and distribution of means of transport with low greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutant emissions is a priority with regard to the requirements of the energy transition and involves a policy of deploying dedicated infrastructures. In order to allow the greatest number of people to have access to the charging points of all types of electric and rechargeable hybrid vehicles, France has set itself the objective of installing, by 2030, at least seven million charging points. installed in the parking spaces of residential complexes, other types of buildings, or in parking spaces accessible to the public or spaces reserved for professionals. The various levers allowing the deployment of these charging points are provided for in the strategy for the development of clean mobility, provided for in Article 40 of this law. This deployment is particularly favored by encouraging local authorities to pursue their development plans, by encouraging the installation of charging points in tertiary buildings and in residential buildings and by supporting private initiatives aimed at setting up an accessible national network, complementary to the deployment provided by local authorities.

FRA

Europe & Central Asia

Final energy consumption started to increase substantially after the first half of the last century, with the largest increases seen in gas oil, motor fuel and electricity (Fig. 23). In order to average the strong impact of meteorological conditions on heating demand, leading to rather large year-to-year variations in the final energy consumption (see also sections 2.5 and 3.2.3), mean values over several years are discussed in the following. Compared to the mean final energy consumption between 1910 and 1915, the mean final energy consumption was almost a factor of eight higher between 2010 and 2016. The highest final energy consumption over a period of five years occurred between 2006 and 2010, 7.5 per cent higher compared to 1990 to 1994. However, looking at the final energy consumption of the last about five years, it appears that final energy consumption started to decrease. Renewable energy sources (not including hydropower) still contributed a minor share of 2.8 per cent to the final energy consumption in 2016. Nevertheless, supported by the Swiss Energy programme (section 4.3.2), renewable energy sources gained importance during the last years. Between 1990 and 2016, the annual generation of solar electricity increased from 5 to 4800 TJ, while the annual generation of wind electricity increased from 0 to 391 TJ.

CHE

Europe & Central Asia

Type of project Institution responsible Description Objective Methodology and assumptions FT 53. Increase in municipal wastewater treatment in WWTP Increase in municipal wastewater treatment in WWTP. CONACUA in coordination with state water commissions, operating agencies and concessionaires. In the base year 2013 in Mexico, the volume of municipal wastewater was 230,235 lps, of which 46% was treated and 54% did not receive treatment, this led to the CH and NO emissions reported in the INEGYCEI (INECC, 2021) as COeq: 3.36 of the treated water and 4.028 MtCOe of the untreated, for a total of 7.38 MtCOe. As of that year, the volume of treated water increased to reach 141,479 lps in 2019, while the volume of untreated water decreased from 124,300 lps in 2013 to 109,001 lps in 2019. Said scenario involves the reduction of CH emissions, and NO per unit volume of treated and untreated water. CONACUA has a sector goal for the year 2030 to achieve the treatment of 100% of municipal wastewater (National Water Commission, 2018). The mitigation is estimated based on the increase in the volumes in the treatment of municipal wastewater collected and the decrease in the untreated volumes disposed of in the sewerage system or other receiving bodies in accordance with the IPCC methodology applied in the INECYCEL results. In the case of treated water, indirect emissions implicit in electricity consumption are subtracted. The calculation of reduced emissions is described below: Emissions from wastewater treatment in municipal WWTPs in relation to the base year 2013 EAQE 2013 FI 2013 = LBQ ER = Qt x FI2013 = LB-EAges = (Q, X FGE) X FE, Elyti Where: FI2013-Carbon intensity factor for municipal wastewater treatment in the base year COCO 2013 EAQt2013- Current scenario municipal wastewater treated in the base year 2013 (GgCO,0) Qt2013- Flow treated in the base year 2013 (m /year) LBQti-Baseline for municipal wastewater treated in the year / [CgCOe]. Qti-Flow treated in year / [m/year) ERQUI- Emissions reduced by municipal wastewater treated in year i [GgCOe]. EA

MEX

Latin America & Caribbean

consumption per 100 ton kilometer was 1.9 kilogram coal equivalent (kgce) in freight enterprises, energy consumption per 1000 ton-nautical mile was 5.2 kgce in 2015, with a decrease of 25.7% from 7 kgce in 2011; for port enterprises, energy

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

The policies and proposals for power in the Net Zero Strategy will... Fully decarbonise our power system by 2035 The net zero economy will be underpinned by cheap clean electricity, made in Britain. A clean, reliable power system is the foundation of a productive net zero economy as we electrify other sectors - so we will fully

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

Reconnection of Monrovia clients to the grid. Reduce emissions by 124.15 Gg CO₂e per year by supporting the process by which 100% of the of the owners of individual generators will switch to the distribution network, by 2030 Development of off-grid small hydropower plants (HPP) and on-grid ones via PPAS. Reduce emissions by 15.4 Gg CO₂e per year by installing a batch of several sites with 20 MW capacity; medium HPP with an output of 40 GWh/year and with 50% base load minimum for rural electrification and connected to the grid, by 2030. 7 Biomass is a special case because CO₂ emissions from biomass combustion are not included in the national total. They are reported separately as an information item. For an in-depth analysis and justification of the NDC measures for the waste sector please see "Waste sector sectoral analysis and revised NDCs, Long Term Technical Assistance (LTTA) to the EPA of Liberia, EU-Liberia Climate Change Alliance+; April 2021" BAU emissions from waste sector in 2030 are estimated at 681.7 Gg CO₂e

LBR

Sub-Saharan Africa

Signalling its commitment to addressing the global issue of climate change, New Zealand ratified the Paris Agreement on 4 October 2016. New Zealand's first emissions reduction target under this Agreement is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030.

NZL

East Asia & Pacific

changes. In the initial phase of the Strategy's implementation, MORT will select a set of short-term key activities, outcomes and indicators for monitoring activities related to climate change, i begin the process of developing a results-based framework in the field of climate change in

MNE

Europe & Central Asia

is co-chaired by the Minister of Energy at the Prime Minister's Office, the Minister of Development and the Minister of Communication. of high-energy efficient technologies in buildings, installation of smart meters and evaluation of feasibility of altering tariff structure that promotes efficient consumption behaviour. Implementation of the initiatives set out in the residential sector would reduce energy consumption to 36 percent from the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario which is about 16.2 percent of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035. Similar measures in commercial sector could result up to 41 percent reduction which is about 18.5 percent of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035. Industrial Sector - Implementation of the EEC initiatives set out under the industrial sector would reduce energy consumption to 10 percent from the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario which is about 4.5 percent of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035. Transport: Under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Communications, measures towards energy intensity reduction include promotion of fuel efficient technologies, the use of hybrid cars for private transportation and introduction of fuel economy standards. These efforts are set to reduce about 13 percent of energy consumption from the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario which is about 5.9 percent of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035. The Government through Centre of Strategic and Policy Studies (CSPS) has introduced a Brunei Land Transport Masterplan that promotes modal shift towards public transportation and will play a role in further reducing energy consumption in the sector. Power generation: The Department of Electrical Services (DES) and Berakas Power Management Company (BPMC) have set out plans to increase efficiency in the power generation from 23 percent to more than 45 percent. Plans include implementation of combined cycle turbine and co-generation powerplant, reduction of partial load operation, improvement of transmission and distribution losses, mandate an energy efficiency standard for new power plants and reduction of gas consumption through integration of renewable and alternative energy as to meet domestic In realising all the above initiatives, a number of legislative measures are under consideration by the EDPMO, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Development and Ministry of Education. In 2009, the Centre for Strategic and Policy

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

To reduce greenhouse gases emission from scenario by 15% by 2030 and 20% by 2045

VNM

East Asia & Pacific

of Malta has set an indicative target of 5,000 electric vehicles uptake by 2020. Malta is The target of 10 % Renewable Energy Source (RES) usage by 2020, otherwise non fully purposes such as CNG and LPG, will have to come from other sources, as in the case of

MLT

Europe & Central Asia

8. In Mali, over the last ten to fifteen years, a number of key achievements were made. Among them, the most important are the following: Technological achievements. A number of technologies have been tested with successful results (hydroelectric dams, solar photovoltaic pumping systems, public lighting, refrigeration, telecommunication systems, and water heaters among others). Additional promising technologies have been identified and are ready to be further developed (household biogas systems, industrial biogas systems, and biofuel production among others). Solar energy systems have been successfully introduced in the last decade, namely with the support of the World Bank (WB), the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Rural Electrification Fund (REF). It is worth mentioning that nearly 10% of rural energy supply is nowadays provided by renewable energies. Policy achievements. The GoM's vision and targets have been formulated in key policy papers. These are: (i) the National Energy Policy (2006); (ii) the National Strategy for the Development of Renewable Energies (2006); (iii) the National Strategy for the Development of Biofuels (2006); and (iv) the National Energy Sector Policy Letter (2009-2012). Institutional achievements. In recognition of the crosscutting dimension of energy, Mali has created and strengthened a number of institutions that play key roles in the development of the renewable energy sub-sector. The Prime Minister Cabinet is directly involved through the supervision of the Commission for Electricity and Water Regulations and of a number of departments and agencies. The National Energy Directorate (DNE) formulates national energy policies and ensures the coordination and technical supervision of regional and sub-regional departments. Electricity services are essentially provided by EDM and by local private energy companies supported by the AMADER and the Rural Electrification Fund. Other important institutions in the sector include the National Research Center for Solar and Renewable Energy (CNESOLER) and the National Agency for the Development of Biofuels (ANADEB). Environmental and Social achievements. Environmental and social impacts of energy projects follow standard national review procedures under the Ministry of Environment; safeguard frameworks acceptable to MDB requirements are in place for rural energy projects. A National Climate Change Strategy has been finalized in September 2011. Considerable potential for gender specific activities in rural electr

MLI

Sub-Saharan Africa

18. Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings pean Parilar July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (Text with EEA relevance) 20. Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 (Text with EEA relevance) 21. Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005 (Text with EEA relevance) 22.Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (Text with EEA relevance) 23.Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC (Text with EEA relevance) 24. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003, Interinstitutional File: 2007/0198 (COD), Brussels, 14546/08, ENER 344, CODEC 1374 25.Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 22 November 2007 entitled: A European strategic energy technology plan (SET Plan) - Towards a low carbon future" COM(2007) 723 final 26. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Investing in the Development of Low Carbon Technologies, 2009 27.Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings 28.Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy- using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/

BGR

Europe & Central Asia

Education is also provided through the EIT's Knowledge and Innovation Communities: Climate-KIC and InnoEnergy. These provide, for instance, a graduate school, professional education and online courses. (See also section 8.2.1.5) These are presented in more detail in the following. Activities on primary, secondary and higher education comprise:

EUR

Europe & Central Asia

1 Scope (1) This Act serves to increase the net electricity generation from combined heat and power plants to 110 terawatt hours by 2020 and to 120 terawatt hours by 2025 in the interests of energy saving and environmental and climate protection. 1. the purchase of CHP electricity from CHP plants, which is generated on the basis of hard coal, lignite, waste, waste heat, biomass, gaseous or liquid fuels, 2. the payment of surcharges by the network operator and the remuneration for CHP electricity from new, modernized and retrofitted CHP plants, which is obtained on the basis of waste, waste heat, biomass, gaseous or liquid fuels, 3. the payment of surcharges by the network operators for CHP electricity from existing CHP plants, which is based on gaseous fuels, 4. the payment of surcharges by the transmission system operator for the construction and expansion of 5. heat networks and for the construction of heat storage tanks into which heat from CHP systems is fed, the payment of surcharges by the transmission system operator for the New construction and expansion of cooling networks as well as for the new construction of cold storage tanks into which cold from combined heat, power and cooling systems is fed, 6. the levy of the K east.

DEU

Europe & Central Asia

Verifying the inter-annual evolution trends of emissions by creating representative charts, while unusual fluctuations are explained; Verifying maintenance and completion of the national inventory of GHG emissions archive. National Inventory Report: 1990 - 2019

MDA

Europe & Central Asia

necessary for the effective management of the forestry subsector 3.3. Review of the legal framework on protected areas (APA) and related strategies and regulations to integrate the reduction of emissions and the increase in removals 3.4. Promotion of a By the year 2030, the country has a political MAGBOMA based on the applicable regulations on territorial planning and land classification, through cadastres 3.5. Implementation of By the year 2050, the current deforestation and degradation MAGBOMA Reduction Strategy has reduced by 80% the Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation of forests (REDD+) through the financing of the PNI-REDD+ 3.6. Make Equatorial Guinea a reference country in terms of climate-smart agriculture for tropical areas with the objectives of guaranteeing food security, diversifying the national economy, limiting methane and nitrous oxide emissions, as well as favoring carbon sequestration 3.7. By 2030, the country has a MAGBOMA protected areas law, a Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and an APA strategy, as well as its application regulations, Construction of 3.9. Sustainable forest management with the implementation of forest management plans - Reduction of agricultural area by 50% - By the year 2030, the country would have increased production by 100% to avoid exports. - By 2030, the country will have at least some agricultural product transformation plants - By 2050, the country will have intensive agroforestry systems By 2050, the country will use 50% organic fertilizers to increase productivity - By 2030, it is expected a reduction in emissions of approximately 50% -By 2050, the country will have 15,600 ecologically sustainable MAGBOMA cities trees planted in 20 national cities with new -By 2050, in the country, there will be an absorption of 138,000 of t of COeq per year. home energy mechanisms, layouts with many green spaces and with an optimal approach to waste management 3.8. Reinforcement of the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) to promote ecological tourism MAGBOMA - Increase new areas of MAGBOMA protected land areas with 101,276 hectares In 2030, it is expected that at least 2 Protected Areas change category -In 2050, management is expected of at least 50

GNQ

Sub-Saharan Africa

2. Control traditional energy demand; 3. Reduce the contribution of wood fuels in the country's overall energy consumption from the current 81% to 70% in 2010 and 60% in 2015; 4. Improve the management of the sub-sector.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Art. 2 2 With regard to the average indigenous production of electricity from renewable energies, excluding hydraulic energy, a development should be aimed at reaching at least 4,400 GWh in 2020 and at least 11,400 GWh in 2035. 2 With regard to the average indigenous production of hydroelectricity, development should be aimed at reaching at least 37,400 GWh in 2035. For pumped storage power plants, only production from natural flows is included in these indicative values.

CHE

Europe & Central Asia

The Energy Law established the legal framework for the installations of prosumers, who consume the power they produce themselves in households/commercial/public buildings. The government has expressed its intention to provide subsidies to citizens for such installations. The Investment and Development Fund (IDF) and Environmental Protection Fund (Eco Fund) are implementing support for green financing in the form of incentives for increased use of clean energy and improved energy efficiency, with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions and energy costs for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises and farmers, through enhanced energy efficiency and security of supply and promotion of the use of renewable energy sources, thus providing a major impetus to low-carbon development and the economic recovery of the country. The business community is expected to show an interest and readiness to take part in this programme and contribute new ideas and solutions through the implementation of the public call for grants. The subsidies are intended for the co-financing of the implementation of projects on the use of renewables implemented by the Eco Fund with UNDP support. The IDF will support the implementation of this project by extending loans to end beneficiaries under its new Programme of Support to Green Businesses - Photovoltaic Panels for Businesses and Farms. Together with the UNDP, the Eco Fund has secured 100,000 to subsidize up to 40% of eligible costs, providing up to 25,000 per beneficiary. The project has a multiplier effect and aims to cut the costs of electricity, boost the productivity of businesses and farmers, and achieve significant reductions in CO emissions. Further support to businesses is planned to take the form of similar projects and to expand to citizens. The funds to be approved by the IDF under this credit line will be available to entrepreneurs, farmers and MSMEs and will range from 3,000 to up to 400,000, with a 3% interest rate per annum and a 10-year repayment period, including a one-year grace period. Implementation of this Programme of Support will contribute to market development and increased use of renewable energy sources, as well as a reduction of CO emissions generated by MSMEs, entrepreneurs and farms.

MNE

Europe & Central Asia

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BEL

Europe & Central Asia

The most prominent of the indirect measures is the one aimed at increasing the share of electricity from renewable sources in the electricity mix and that is related and contributes to the implementation of the national target with regard to the share of renewable energy in the gross final energy consumption by 2020. The investments required for this measure are estimated at 4183 mln. BGN.

BGR

Europe & Central Asia

The Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China unveiled in 2016 included "reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 15% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 18%" as a binding target. The Outline of the People's Republic of China 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives for 2035 issued in 2021 also set "reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 13.5% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 18% " as a binding target. The two plans both dedicated a chapter to tasks for combating climate change. In 2016, the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction during the during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period issued by the State Council defined the objectives, tasks, requirements, and sector-specific responsibilities for energy conservation, emission reduction and greenhouse gas emission control. Relevant plans were then prepared by key sectors of energy use and carbon emissions and provincial governments to set and implement targets and tasks on climate change. At present, in order to well execute tasks for CO emission peak and carbon neutrality, China is formulating and issuing relevant policy documents, including the Opinions on Full, Accurate and Comprehensive Implementation of New Development Philosophy to Well Execute Tasks for CO Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality and the Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030, as well as carbon peak plans and supporting plans of key industries and sectors. With these, China is structuring a "1+N" policy system for CO emission peak and carbon neutrality, so as to provide strong support for achieving CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality as scheduled.

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

The previously mentioned primary energy supply is used to meet domestic energy demand. The development of energy demand is indicated by the development of final energy consumption. Figure 16 presents the development of Indonesia's final energy consumption by type of consuming sub-sector in the period of 2000-2019. As indicated in the figure, according to the type of consuming sub-sector, final energy comsumption is grouped into 5 categories: transportation, industry, residential, commercial and other (aggregate of agriculture, construction, mining and unrecorded activities). In the period of 2000-2019, the final energy consumption grew at an average rate of 3.1% per year from 81 million TOE in 2000 to 145 million TOE in 2019. In the period of 2016-2019 the final energy consumption grew at much higher rate ie 8.2% per year. As depicted in Figure 1 6, the major energy consumers in Indonesia are the transportation and industrial sectors.

IDN

East Asia & Pacific

The development of the Report as well as the subsequent implementation of the Low Emissions Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, represent an essential contribution of our country to addressing climate change both nationally and globally. It is important to note that these assessments could be used in order to update the mitigation targets included in the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova, prepared in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 for the Paris Agreement (2015) - an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all Parties, in line with keeping global warming by 2100 below 20C, as compared to the preindustrial period. In comparison to the Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Moldova under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2018), this Report presents an updated overview of the state of work in the Republic of Moldova for the main issues covered by the Convention. They affect the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions pace and dynamics at national and sectoral level, the mitigation measures adopted at national level, respectively the capacity support and needs in order to decrease these emissions at a larger scale.

MDA

Europe & Central Asia

challenges that have led to a crisis: ENO 1. A yawning supply-demand gap where the demand for electricity far outstrips the current generation capacity leading to gaps of up to 4,500 - 5,500 MW. The supply-demand gap has continuously grown over the past 5 years until reaching the existing levels. Such an enormous gap has led to load-shedding of 12-16 hours across the cour 2. Highly expensive generation of electricity (-Rs 12 unit) due to dependence on expensive thermal fuel sources (44% of total generation and Mixed are the biggest sources of thermal electricity generation in range in price from -Rs 12/ unit for mixed, to -Rs 17/ unit for RFO, and a expensive -Rs 23 / unit for HSD. Dependence on such expensive fu forced Pakistan to create electricity at rates that are not affordable to the populace. 3. A terribly inefficient power transmission and distribution system that cu losses of 23-25% due to poor infrastructure, mismanagement, and the The cost of delivering a unit of electricity to the end consumer has been e 14.70 by the NEPRA. This means that the inefficiencies are costing additional 2.70 rupees per unit over and above the cost of generation Ministry of Water and Power has estimated the true cost of delivering a u to the end consumer at greater than Rs. 15.60 after taking into account losses and the real losses to the distribution companies. If the system NEPRA suggested transmission and distribution loss of 16%, the theft alo to be costing the national exchequer over Rs 140 billion annually. 4. The aforementioned inefficiencies, theft, and high cost of generation a debilitating levels of subsidies and circular debt. Reducing these losses significant improvement in the bankability and profitability of the sector, used to improve the efficiency of the power system / network as a whole range in price from -Rs 12/ unit for mixed, to -Rs 17/ unit for RFO, and a tremendously

PAK

South Asia

Coverage and scope of the contribution: Contribution: Periods: 2021- 2030 Reduction of GHG emissions by 2030: Measures to mitigate GHG emissions by 2030: 100% of the territory covered by the NDC. Gases covered: CO, CH4, NO. (88.7% of gases emitted). AFAT sector: 88.30% of total GHG emissions; Energy sector: 9.30% of total GHG emissions. Contribution based on a mixed 'Results and Actions' approach, unconditional and conditional according to the BAU reference scenario. Approach Results: rate of reduction of emissions compared to BAU, 2025 and BAU, 2030. Approach Actions actions of the SPN2A 2020-2035; of the CS-GDT-2014-2029. BAU: 2025 and 2030, constructed from QCN-2014 emissions (28777.299GgCOeq) also taking into account the history of the three previous National Communications: CNI-1990, 9,000 GgCOeq.; SCN-2000, 30,801GgCOeq.; TCN-2008, 35,900 GgCOeq. ; 2020: 66,821GgCOeq. ; 2030: 96,468GgCOeq. Implementation period: 2021-2030. AFAT Unconditional Reductions: 4.50% (BAU 2025) and 12.57% (BAU 2030). Conditional Reductions: 14.60% (BAU-2025) and 22.75% (BAU 2030) ENERGY Unconditional Reductions: 11.20% (BAU-2025) and 10.60% (BAU- 2030) Conditional Reductions: 48% ( BAU-2025) and 45% (BAU-2030). AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses): Scaling up SLM/E and CSA best practices and techniques across agro-ecological zones to increase ecosystem and household resilience, and sequester carbon in soils and trees. Sustainable management of forest formations to reduce GHG emissions due to deforestation. Energy: Improvement of the rate of access to electricity 60% in 2030. Reach 100% the rate of efficient on-grid lighting by 2030. Off

NER

Sub-Saharan Africa

Cambodia's National REDD+ Strategy 2017-2026 strategic framework builds on the strategic analysis and identifies strategies and actions to address drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.

KHM

East Asia & Pacific

The energy sector is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions in Finland. In 2020, the sector contributed 72 per cent to total national emissions, totalling 34.6 million tonnes CO eq. (Figure 2.2). Energy sector emissions can be divided into emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion and fugitive emissions from fuels. Most of the emissions originate from fuel combustion, which reflects the high energy intensity of the Finnish industry, the extensive consumption of fuels during the long heating period, and the energy consumed for transport in this relatively large and sparsely inhabited country. Fugitive emissions make up only 0.3 per cent of the sector's total emissions. Energy-related emissions vary greatly from year to year (Figure 2.5), mainly following the economic trend, the structure of the energy supply and climatic conditions. Compared with 1990, the emissions in the energy sector in 2020 were about 36 per cent lower. In 2020, emissions in the energy sector were about 12 per cent lower than in the previous year and approximately half the emission level in 2003, the year of the greatest emissions from the energy sector between 1990 and 2020. The energy industries (mainly electricity and district heat production) caused approximately 38 per cent (13.1 million tonnes CO eq.) of the total emissions in the energy sector in 2020. Emissions from the energy industries were 31 per cent lower in 2020 than in 1990. Manufacturing industries and construction produce a great deal of energy for their own use. Their share of energy-related emissions was around 18 per cent in 2020 (6.2 million tonnes CO eq.). These emissions have declined by 53 per cent since 1990. The main reasons for this trend are the increased use of biofuels, i.e. black liquor a by-product of pulp industry, in the forest industry and the outsourcing of power plants from the manufacturing industries to energy industries. Share of biomass as a source of energy has significantly grown in the public electricity and heat production as well as in manufacturing industries and construction between 1990 and 2020 (Figure 2.6). See also Section 2.6 of Finland's Eight National communication for trends in energy sources. Emissions from the residential sector have decreased by 67 per cent and from commercial sectors by 57 per cent compared with 1990 levels. The decrease is mainly due to the substitution

FIN

Europe & Central Asia

The production clusters in the mining and extractive industry mainly consist of gold, oil, bauxite and kaolin. The mining sector substantially contributes to the economy in terms of exports, infrastructural development, creation of employment and economic growth. However, the government revenues are marginal compared to the export proceeds as becomes evident from the graph below. This must change in the new planning period. The government is in favour of a regulated and responsible expansion of the mining industry, including an improved regulation of the informal gold-mining activities. The mining policy is aimed at the preparation and adoption of legislation for the minerals institute and the mining act. The preparations of the minerals Institute will be substantiated in this planning period. The goal is to merge the Geological Mining Department (GMD), the BIS and the Suriname Gold Sector Regulation Commission (OGS - Dutch abbreviation). Graph VI.1.1 Government revenues versus export proceeds mining sector 2005-2016 A successful extensive inventory has already been made of minerals and geological maps of the south border of Suriname, in cooperation with the government of Brazil and Austria. Increasing the transparency and reporting about the income and expenses from the mining sector will also be worked on. In this context, Suriname will join the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). The EITI standards will be laid down in the new act.

SUR

Latin America & Caribbean

Company Bavaria Ecopetrol Type of company Food and beverages Hydrocarbons Energy Goals and actions 1. Use of biogas in two (2) brewery wastewater plants: Biogas is used in the heating processes of the brewery in Medelln and Barranquilla. 2. Replacement of the use of coal as fuel by natural gas: Modernization of equipment and improvement of energy efficiency in one (1) plant (Tibasosa). 4. Implementation of a sustainable mobility strategy by changing technology or electrifying the fleet by 2025. The initiative covers 5 logistics and transportation categories: primary fleet, secondary fleet, forklifts, sales fleet, and solar panels in distribution centers. 5. Replacement of cooling equipment and refrigerators with equipment with better energy efficiency. 6. Ecopetrol committed in 2019 to reduce its emissions by 20% by 2030 in line with the country goal defined in 2015. The company hopes to increase its ambition to help address the effects of climate change. For this purpose, the company established a Decarbonization Plan based on 4 lines of action: (i) continuous updating of the GHG emissions inventory, (ii) implementation of emission reduction projects, (iii) compensation of emissions through nature-based solutions, and (iv) definition and implementation of a roadmap towards carbon neutrality. Impact area 3. Replacement of electrical energy from the national interconnected system with electrical energy from industrial solar panels: Coverage of 25% of on-site electrical energy consumption, by 2025, including ex-Mine and on-site energy projects to cover the 100% of electrical energy needs. Within these projects are: a) Project for the use of Gas in Tea, to generate electricity to Campo Casabe; b) Ecopetrol's first photovoltaic solar generation umbrella, which covers part of the projects included in the goal proposed by the company to generate 400 MW of renewable energy for self-consumption by 2023. 7. Use of biomethane in the San Fernando WWTP: Award and start of the execution of the project for injection into the natural gas network. Sanitation Industrial Industrial Transportation Mines and energy Industrial Mines and energy Mines and energy Forestry Sanitation Mines and energy

COL

Latin America & Caribbean

At the European Council of October 2014 the EU Member States agreed to adopt a new climate and energy framework for 2030, including EU-wide targets of at least: 40% greenhouse gas emission reduction compared with 1990; 27% renewable energy: • 27% energy efficiency (indicative), including an evaluation of whether this should rise to 30%. The European Commission will shortly be bringing forward legislative proposals which will include these targets and which must be converted into national policy.

NLD

Europe & Central Asia

The energy sector is the most significant source of greenhouse gas emissions in Finland and is therefore the key driver behind the trend in emissions. The energy sector includes emissions from fuels used to generate energy, including fuel used in transport and the fugitive emissions related to the production, distribution and consumption of fuels. In 2020, the energy sector accounted for 72 per cent of Finland's total greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 2.2). The second largest source of emissions was agriculture sector, with a share of approximately 14 per cent. Emissions from industrial processes and product use amounted to approximately 11 per cent. Emissions from industrial processes refer to sector emissions that result from the use of raw materials in industrial processes. Emissions from the waste sector amounted to four per cent of total emissions. The contribution of indirect CO emissions from atmospheric oxidation of CH4 and NMVOCs to the greenhouse gas emissions is small, about 0.1 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions in Finland. The land use, landuse change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector in Finland was a net sink throughout the 1990 to 2020 reporting period, because greenhouse gas removals in the sector exceeded emissions. The net sink has varied from approximately 13 to 49 per cent of the annual sum of emissions from other sectors, i.e. the total emissions without LULUCF between 1990 and 2020. The most important components of the forest sink are the tree biomass growth and biomass removed from forests due to felling. Based on the National Forest Inventory (NFI), the increment of growing stock has increased since 1990 from 78 million m to 103 million m. There is less fluctuation between years in the estimated tree biomass growth, contrary to the harvest rates. In 2020, the total drain was 83 million m.

FIN

Europe & Central Asia

Create about 1,000 low-carbon commercial pilots by 2020. Box 2 Low-carbon business pilot Low-carbon business pilot: carry out low-carbon shopping mall pilots, adhere to the concepts of safety, environmental protection, health, and low-carbon in terms of design, construction, operation, logistics, and waste disposal, and strengthen low-carbon management. The shopping mall adopts high-efficiency and energy-saving lighting, air conditioners, refrigerators and other equipment, sets the opening and closing times of various electrical equipment, limits the electricity consumption per unit area of counters, prohibits the sale of excessively packaged goods, and encourages the sale of low-carbon products. Carbon supply chain, significantly reduce the carbon emission intensity of pilot shopping malls, and carry out pilot projects for low-carbon distribution centers and low-carbon exhibitions. Low-carbon hotel pilots: Select representative hotels to carry out low-carbon hotel pilots, strengthen low-carbon management and services in hotel design, architectural decoration, water conservation, energy management, catering and entertainment, and waste disposal, and significantly reduce Carbon emission intensity of pilot hotels. Low-carbon catering pilots: Select representative catering institutions to carry out low-carbon catering pilots, and use environmentally friendly building decoration materials, energy-saving air conditioners, energy-saving refrigerators, energy-saving lamps and energy-saving stoves in the design, construction, and operation of catering institutions. Reduce disposable tableware, promote the use of electronic recipes, and guide customers to consume rationally and moderately. Through the pilot work, the carbon emission intensity of the pilot catering establishments will be significantly reduced. Low-carbon tourism pilot: Select representative tourist attractions to carry out low-carbon tourism pilots, and plan in the scenic spots

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

Federal Government Leading by Example In October 2009, President Obama signed Executive Order (E.O.) 13514, setting sustainability goals for federal agencies and focusing on improving each agency's environmental, energy, Landfill Methane Outreach Program"

USA

North America

Introduction and key messages • The UK's emissions fell by around 40% ( 365 MICO że) in the last three decades. In the next three decades, emissions must fall by 100% (522 MICO;e) to achieve the Net Zero goal. The Balanced Net Zero Pathway - the basis for our Sixth Carbon Budget recommendation - represents a decisive transition to Net Zero with over 60% of the necessary reduction to Net Zero achieved in the coming 15 years.

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

ETS Human and health energy mix): promotion of biofuels and recovery of degraded land; training and research of technical and financial partners for the production of new and renewable energies; zero-rating on imports of solar energy equipment and other renewable energies Sustainable management of traditional energies (firewood and charcoal). Promotion of low-carbon modes of transport Promotion of electricity production by micro-hydraulic and hybrid power stations for rural electrification Implementation of strategies for saving electrical energy Strengthening of sanitation and stormwater drainage in the main urban centers Development and rehabilitation of urban roads in the main Intensification of the fight against desertification and soil degradation by reducing wood loss; Contribution to the fight against climate change by reducing GHG emissions attributable to the production and consumption of wood energy; (ii) contribution to the fight against the deterioration of biodiversity through the extension of forest ecosystems, (iv) improvement of the standard of living of the populations Reduction of the share of oil as a source of energy in Togo and consequently the GHG emission rate; (ii) reduction of the vulnerability of especially rural populations in terms of energy and the transport sector; (iii) existence of texts regulating the production of biofuels Increase in the rate of increase in hydroelectricity production and electrification, especially in rural areas The impact of the project on real energy consumption and demand provisional without taking into account the effects of the project; (ii) changes in demand for energy-efficient electrical equipment Reduction of flooding and pollution Improved roads facilitating travel time and reducing fuel consumption MERF/Ministry of Energy MME-MAEP/Ministry of transport MME/Ministry of Agriculture MME/ Ministry of Agriculture MERF/Ministry of Town Planning MERF/Ministry of Town Planning BIDC, IRENA, FVC, BOAD UNDP, FAO, OIF. Biofuel promotion companies, 40 Multinationals, FABER CEET, CEB, EU, WB CEET, CEB, WB, EU State, GEF, WB, EU, ADB, BIDC 7 State, GEF, WB, EU, BAD, BIDC 30 40 150

TGO

Sub-Saharan Africa

Paragraph.- In the event that any technological innovation allows new forms of renewable energy not provided for in the regulations, the CNE may ad-hoc, apply as evaluation period, within the current regulations, the period that it considers most appropriate for regulation of the new energy source. Article 21.- All the authorities of the electricity subsector will ensure that 25% of the service needs for the year 2025 are supplied from renewable energy sources. By the year 2015, at least 10% of the energy purchased by distribution and trading companies will come from renewable energy sources. CHAPTER V SPECIAL REGIME FOR BIOFUELS

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Manufacturers selling vehicles in the EU are subject to EU regulations (Nos 443/2009 and 510/2011) that set emission performance standards for new passenger cars and vans, as part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO emissions from light-duty vehicles. Under these regulations, new passenger cars should not emit an average of more than 130 g CO/km by 2015 and not more than 95 g CO/km by 2021. New vans should not emit an average of more than 175 g CO/km by 2017 and 147 g CO/km by 2020. New standards for 2025 and 2030 were adopted by the EU during 2019. Accordingly, CO2-emissions from new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles are to be reduced by 37.5 percent and 31 percent respectively by 2030 compared to average emissions 2021. In 2019 the EU has also adopted CO-emissions standards for heavy-duty vehicles. Emissions from new heavy-duty vehicles in 2025 are to be 15 percent below the average for 2019, and 30 percent lower compared to 2019 by 2030.

SWE

Europe & Central Asia

actions) are directly related to improve resilience in Ireland. These actions are mainstreamed overall greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and setting Ireland on a path to reach net zero economy-wide carbon budgets and sectoral ceilings. In addition to actions related to

IRL

Europe & Central Asia

Policies and Measures (1.4) In response to the commitment assumed by Portugal in 2016, to achieve net-zero emissions by the end of 2050, the Carbon Neutrality Roadmap 2050 (RNC 2050) was adopted. It identifies the main decarbonisation vectors in all sectors (energy and industry, mobility and transport, waste and wastewater and agriculture and forests) and the path to reduce emissions of the all economy in order to achieve net zero in 2050, under different scenarios of socio-economic development. RNC 2050 is the Portuguese Long-term Strategy and was submitted to the UNFCCC, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, on the 20th of September 2019, and to the European Commission, to comply with the EU Energy Union and Climate Action Governance Regulation. It is a forwardlooking document of where to go, contributing to the definition of trajectories, not a policy and measures planning documentUnder the RNC 2050 Portugal revised its previous 2030 target (-30

PRT

Europe & Central Asia

Currently, solar and wind farms represent approximately 30% of total installed electricity Planned capacity generation capacity. additions of generation will increase the share of renewables in total capacity to more than 60% over the next two years (TPL, 2020c; in-country interviews). Given these capacity additions, it is expected that the share of electricity generated from renewable sources will increase further. However, achieving the target of 50% generation from renewables in S 2020 is extremely ambitious. electricity

TON

East Asia & Pacific

Much of our lowland peat is currently used for intensive agriculture, which can be highly profitable. It covers less than 4% of England's farmed area but produces more than 7% of England's total agricultural production and is worth £1.23 billion to the UK economy. In the case of some peatlands, full restoration may not be practical or in the public interest, but at the very least, these sites must be better managed if we are to halt further degradation. Lower opportunity costs make immediate restoration more feasible in upland settings, although the economic importance of timber production, grouse moors and grazing also need to be considered. Peatlands provide a wealth of environmental benefits that we have only recently begun to value, alongside a number of economic and recreational uses. Peatlands: Capture carbon from the atmosphere and then store it as plants only partially decompose under wet conditions. Conversely, degrading peatlands release carbon into the atmosphere. It is estimated that peatlands in England emit approximately 10 million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent per year.7.8 Healthy peatlands have a net cooling effect on the climate, contributing to the government's target to achieve Net Zero by 2050. Are rich in wildlife. Peatland habitats contain some of our rarest species including bitterns, swallowtail butterfly, carnivorous sundews, hen harriers and short-eared owls. Nearly a third of our deep peat is protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. However, only 13% of our deep peat area remains in a near natural state and, as a result, our peatland habitats have become increasingly rare, threatening the plants and animals that are dependent on them. Provide a sustainable supply of high-quality drinking water. The Office for National Statistics estimates the annual value of the water supply from UK peatlands at between £208 million and £888 million. 9.10 However, over the last 30 years the quality of water has been deteriorating as degraded peatland releases dissolved organic carbon into the water, causing discolouration. ¹¹ Removal of colour from water represents one of the major operational costs of any treatment plant and can run into millions of pounds per annum. ¹2 5 Lindsay, R., Ifo, A., Cole, L., Mont

GBR

Europe & Central Asia