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Mazda MX-5: The 250,000th MX-5 rolled out of the factory on November 9, 1992; the 500,000th, on February 8, 1999; the 750,000th, in March 2004; the 800,000th in January 2007, and the 900,000th in February 2011.On April 22, 2016, Mazda broke its "Guinness World Record" by producing its one millionth MX-5.The one millionth car rolled off the production line and was shown in select cities, where the first 240 fans of the vehicle present could physically sign it before it went to the next destination.

Mackinac Bridge: Mackinac Bridge The Mackinac Bridge ( ) is a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of the U.S. state of Michigan.Opened in 1957, the bridge (familiarly known as "Big Mac" and "Mighty Mac") is the world's 24th-longest main span and the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere.

Mackinac Bridge: The Mackinac Bridge is part of Interstate 75 and the Lake Michigan and Huron components of the Great Lakes Circle Tour across the straits; it is also a segment of the U.S. North Country National Scenic Trail.The bridge connects the city of St. Ignace on the north end with the village of Mackinaw City on the south.Envisioned since the 1880s, the bridge was designed by the engineer David B. Steinman and completed in 1957 only after many decades of struggles to begin construction.

Mackinac Bridge: The bridge opened on November 1, 1957, connecting two peninsulas linked for decades by ferries.A year later, the bridge was formally dedicated as the "world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages", allowing a superlative comparison to the Golden Gate Bridge, which had a longer center span between towers, and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, which had an anchorage in the middle.It remains the longest suspension bridge with two towers between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere.

Mackinac Bridge: Much longer anchorage-to-anchorage spans have been built in the Eastern Hemisphere, including the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan ().But the long leadups to the anchorages on the Mackinac make its total shoreline-to-shoreline length of , longer than the Akashi-Kaikyo ().The length of the bridge's main span is , which makes it the third-longest suspension span in the United States and 20th longest suspension span worldwide.

Mackinac Bridge: It is also one of the world's longest bridges overall.The Algonquian peoples who lived in the straits area prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century called this region "Michilimackinac", which is widely understood to mean "the Great Turtle."This is thought to refer to the shape of what is now called Mackinac Island.

Mackinac Bridge: This interpretation of the word is debated by scholars.Trading posts at the Straits of Mackinac attracted peak populations during the summer trading season; they also developed as intertribal meeting places.As exploitation of the state's mineral and timber resources increased during the 19th century, the area became an important transport hub.

Mackinac Bridge: In 1881 the three railroads that reached the Straits, the Michigan Central, Grand Rapids & Indiana, and the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette, jointly established the Mackinac Transportation Company to operate a railroad car ferry service across the straits and connect the two peninsulas.Improved highways along the eastern shores of the Lower Peninsula brought increased automobile traffic to the Straits region starting in the 1910s.The state of Michigan initiated an automobile ferry service between Mackinaw City and St. Ignace in 1923; it eventually operated nine ferry boats that would carry as many as 9,000 vehicles per day.

Mackinac Bridge: Traffic backups could stretch as long as .After the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, local residents began to imagine that such a structure could span the straits.In 1884, a store owner in St. Ignace published a newspaper advertisement that included a reprint of an artist's conception of the Brooklyn Bridge with the caption "Proposed bridge across the Straits of Mackinac".

Mackinac Bridge: The idea of the bridge was discussed in the Michigan Legislature as early as the 1880s.At the time, the Straits of Mackinac area was becoming a popular tourist destination, especially following the creation of Mackinac National Park on Mackinac Island in 1875.At a July 1888 meeting of the board of directors of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island, Cornelius Vanderbilt II proposed that a bridge be built across the straits, of a design similar to the one then under construction across the Firth of Forth in Scotland.

Mackinac Bridge: This would advance commerce in the region and help lengthen the resort season of the hotel.Decades went by with no formal action.In 1920, the Michigan state highway commissioner advocated construction of a floating tunnel across the Straits.

Mackinac Bridge: At the invitation of the state legislature, C. E. Fowler of New York City put forth a plan for a long series of causeways and bridges across the straits from Cheboygan, southeast of Mackinaw City, to St. Ignace, using Bois Blanc, Round, and Mackinac islands as intermediate steps.In 1923, the state legislature ordered the State Highway Department to establish ferry service across the strait.More and more people used ferries to cross the straits each year, and as they did, the movement to build a bridge increased.

Mackinac Bridge: Chase Osborn, a former governor, wrote: By 1928, the ferry service had become so popular and so expensive to operate that Michigan Governor Fred W. Green ordered the department to study the feasibility of building a bridge across the strait.The department deemed the idea feasible, estimating the cost at $30 million (equivalent to $ in ).In 1934, the Michigan Legislature created the "Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority" to explore possible methods of constructing and funding the proposed bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: The Legislature authorized the Authority to seek financing for the project.In the mid-1930s, during the Great Depression, when numerous infrastructure projects received federal aid, the Authority twice attempted to obtain federal funds for the project but was unsuccessful.The United States Army Corps of Engineers and President Franklin D. Roosevelt endorsed the project but Congress never appropriated funds.

Mackinac Bridge: Between 1936 and 1940, the Authority selected a route for the bridge based on preliminary studies.Borings were made for a detailed geological study of the route.The preliminary plans for the bridge featured a 3-lane roadway, a railroad crossing on the underdeck of the span, and a center-anchorage double-suspension bridge configuration similar to the design of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: Because this would have required sinking an anchorage pier in the deepest area of the Straits, the practicality of this design may have been questionable.A concrete causeway, approximately , extending from the northern shore, was constructed in shallow water from 1939 to 1941.However, a unique engineering challenge was created by the tremendous forces that operate against the base of the bridge, because the lakes freeze during the winter, causing large icebergs to place enormous stress on the bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: At that time, with funding for the project still uncertain, further work was put on hold because of the outbreak of World War II.The "Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority" was abolished by the state legislature in 1947, but the same body created a new Mackinac Bridge Authority three years later in 1950.In June 1950, engineers were retained for the project.

Mackinac Bridge: By then, it was reported that cars queuing for the ferry at Mackinaw City did not reach St. Ignace until five hours later, and the typical capacity of 460 vehicles per hour could not match the estimated 1,600 for a bridge.After a report by the engineers in January 1951, the state legislature authorized the sale of $85 million (equivalent to $ in ) in bonds for bridge construction on April 30, 1952.However, a weak bond market in 1953 forced a delay of more than a year before the bonds could be issued.

Mackinac Bridge: David B. Steinman was appointed as the design engineer in January 1953 and by the end of 1953, estimates and contracts had been negotiated.A civil engineer at the firm, Abul Hasnat, did the preliminary plans for the bridge.Total cost estimate at that time was $95 million (equivalent to $ in ) with estimated completion by November 1, 1956.

Mackinac Bridge: Tolls collected were to pay for the bridge in 20 years.Construction began on May 7, 1954.The bridge was built under two major contracts.

Mackinac Bridge: The Merritt-Chapman and Scott Corporation of New York was awarded the contract for all major substructure work for $25.7 million (equivalent to $ in ), while the American Bridge Division of United States Steel Corporation was awarded a contract of more than $44 million (equivalent to $ in ) to build the steel superstructure.Construction, staged using the 1939–41 causeway, took three and a half years (four summers, no winter construction) at a total cost of $100 million and the lives of five workers.Contrary to popular belief, none of them are entombed in the bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: It opened to traffic on schedule on November 1, 1957, and the ferry service was discontinued on the same day.The bridge was formally dedicated on June 25, 1958.G. Mennen Williams was governor during the construction of the Mackinac Bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: He began the tradition of the governor leading the Mackinac Bridge Walk across it every Labor Day.U.S.Senator Prentiss M. Brown has been called the "father of the Mackinac Bridge", and was honored with a special memorial bridge token created by the Mackinac Bridge Authority.

Mackinac Bridge: The bridge officially achieved its 100 millionth crossing exactly 40 years after its dedication, on June 25, 1998.The 50th anniversary of the bridge's opening was celebrated on November 1, 2007, in a ceremony hosted by the Mackinac Bridge Authority at the viewing park adjacent to the St. Ignace causeway.The design of the Mackinac Bridge was directly influenced by the lessons from the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which failed in 1940 because of its instability in high winds.

Mackinac Bridge: Three years after that disaster, Steinman had published a theoretical analysis of suspension-bridge stability problems, which recommended that future bridge designs include deep stiffening trusses to support the bridge deck and an open-grid roadway to reduce its wind resistance.Both of these features were incorporated into the design of the Mackinac Bridge.The stiffening truss is open to reduce wind resistance.

Mackinac Bridge: The road deck is shaped as an airfoil to provide lift in a cross wind, and the center two lanes are open grid to allow vertical (upward) air flow, which fairly precisely cancels the lift, making the roadway stable in design in winds of up to .The Mackinac Bridge is a toll bridge on Interstate 75 (I-75).The US Highway 27 (US 27) designation was initially extended across the bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: In November 1960, sections of I-75 freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern bridge approaches in Mackinaw City, and US 27 was removed from the bridge.It is one of only three segments of I-75 that are tolled, the others being the American half of the International Bridge near Sault Ste.Marie, Michigan, and Alligator Alley in Florida.

Mackinac Bridge: The current toll is $4.00 for automobiles and $5.00 per axle for trucks.The Mackinac Bridge Authority raised the toll in 2007 to fund a $300 million renovation program, which would include completely replacing the bridge deck.Every Labor Day, the bridge is open to walkers for the Mackinac Bridge Walk.

Mackinac Bridge: Painting of the bridge takes seven years, and when painting of the bridge is complete, it begins again.The current painting project began in 1999 and was expected to take 20 years to complete because the lead-based paint needs to be removed, incurring additional disposal requirements.The bridge celebrated its 150 millionth vehicle crossing on September 6, 2009.

Mackinac Bridge: Five workers died during the construction of the bridge: All five men are memorialized on a plaque near the bridge's northern end (Bridge View Park).Contrary to folklore, no bodies are embedded in the concrete.One worker has died since the bridge was completed.

Mackinac Bridge: Daniel Doyle fell from scaffolding on August 7, 1997.He survived the fall but fell victim to the water temperature.His body was recovered the next day in of water.

Mackinac Bridge: Two vehicles have fallen off the bridge: On September 10, 1978, a small private plane carrying United States Marine Corps Reserve officers Maj. Virgil Osborne, Capt.James Robbins, and Capt.Wayne W. Wisbrock smashed into one of the bridge's suspension cables while flying in a heavy fog.

Mackinac Bridge: The impact tore the wings off the plane, which then plunged into the Straits of Mackinac.All three men were killed.Because the bridge is not accessible to pedestrians, suicides by jumping from the bridge have been rare, with the most recent confirmed case taking place on December 31, 2012.

Mackinac Bridge: There have been roughly a dozen suicides by people jumping off the bridge.Some individuals have difficulty crossing bridges, a phenomenon known as gephyrophobia.The Mackinac Bridge Authority has a Drivers Assistance Program that provides drivers for those with gephyrophobia, or anyone who is more comfortable having someone else drive them across.

Mackinac Bridge: More than a thousand people use this service every year.Those interested can arrange, either by phone or with the toll collector, to have their cars or motorcycles driven to the other end.There is no additional fee for this service.

Mackinac Bridge: Bicycles and pedestrians are not normally permitted on the bridge.An exception is allowed for riders of two annual bicycle tours.On an everyday basis, for a $5.00 fee, the Authority will transport bicyclists and their vehicles across the bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: Travelers across the Mackinac Bridge can listen to an AM radio broadcast that recounts the history of the bridge and provides updates on driving conditions.The Mackinac Bridge Walk has been held each year since 1958, when it was led by Governor G. Mennen Williams.The first walk was held during the Bridge's Dedication Ceremony held in late June, and has been held on Labor Day since 1959.

Mackinac Bridge: Until 2018, school buses from local districts transported walkers from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace to begin the walk.Thousands of people, traditionally led by the Governor of Michigan, cross the five-mile (8 km) span on foot from St. Ignace to Mackinaw City.Before 1964, people walked the Bridge from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace.

Mackinac Bridge: Prior to 2017, two lanes of the bridge would remain open to public vehicle traffic; this policy was changed in 2017 to close the entire bridge to public vehicle traffic for the duration of the event.The Bridge Walk is the only day of the year that hikers can hike this section of the North Country National Scenic Trail.During the summer months, the Upper Peninsula and the Mackinac Bridge have become a major tourist destination.

Mackinac Bridge: In addition to visitors to Mackinac Island, the bridge has attracted interest from a diverse group of tourists including bridge enthusiasts, bird-watchers, and photographers.The Straits area is a popular sailing destination for boats of all types, which make it easier to get a closer view to the underlying structure of the bridge.On June 25, 1958, to coincide with that year's celebration of the November 1957 opening, the United States Postal Service (USPS) released a 3¢ commemorative stamp featuring the recently completed bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: It was entitled "Connecting the Peninsulas of Michigan" and 107,195,200 copies were issued.The USPS again honored the Mackinac Bridge as the subject of its 2010 priority mail $4.90 stamp, which went on sale February 3.The bridge authority and MDOT unveiled the stamp, which featured a "seagull's-eye view" of the landmark, with a passing freighter below.

Mackinac Bridge: Artist Dan Cosgrove worked from panoramic photographs to create the artwork.This is one of several designs that Cosgrove has produced for the USPS.On April 24, 1959, Captain John S. Lappo, an officer in the Strategic Air Command, operating from Lockbourne AFB flew his Boeing B-47 Stratojet beneath the bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: Following a general court-martial, he was grounded for life.A feature-length documentary entitled "Building the Mighty Mac" was produced by Hollywood filmmaker Mark Howell in 1997 and was shown on PBS.The program features numerous interviews with the key people who built the structure and includes restored 16mm color footage of the bridge's construction.

Mackinac Bridge: The history and building of the bridge was featured in a 2003 episode of the History Channel TV show "Modern Marvels".On July 19, 2007, the Detroit Science Center unveiled an , scale model of the Mackinac Bridge.The exhibit was part of the state's 50th anniversary celebration of the bridge.

Mackinac Bridge: Sherwin-Williams supplied authentic Mackinac Bridge-colored paint for the project.The bridge and its maintenance crew were featured in an episode of the Discovery Channel TV show "Dirty Jobs" on August 7, 2007.Host Mike Rowe and crew spent several days filming the episode in May 2007.

Motorola 68030: Motorola 68030 The Motorola 68030 (""sixty-eight-oh-thirty"") is a 32-bit microprocessor in the Motorola 68000 family.It was released in 1987.

Motorola 68030: The 68030 was the successor to the Motorola 68020, and was followed by the Motorola 68040.In keeping with general Motorola naming, this CPU is often referred to as the 030 (pronounced "oh-three-oh" or "oh-thirty").The 68030 features 273,000 transistors with on-chip instruction and data caches of 256 bytes each.

Motorola 68030: It also has an on-chip memory management unit (MMU) but does not have a built in floating-point unit (FPU).The 68881 and the faster 68882 floating point unit chips could be used with the 68030.A lower cost version of the 68030, the Motorola 68EC030, was also released, lacking the on-chip MMU.

Motorola 68030: It was commonly available in both 132 pin QFP and 128 pin PGA packages.The poorer thermal characteristics of the QFP package limited the full 68030 QFP variant to 33 MHz; the PGA 68030s included 40 MHz and 50 MHz versions.There was also a small supply of QFP packaged EC variants.

Motorola 68030: As a microarchitecture, the 68030 is basically a 68020 core with an additional 256 byte data cache and a process shrink and an added burst mode for the caches, where four longwords can be placed in the cache without further CPU intervention.Motorola used the process shrink to pack more hardware on the die; in this case it was the MMU, which mostly (but not completely) compatible with the external 68851.The integration of the MMU made it more cost-effective than the 68020 with an external MMU; it also allowed the 68030 to access memory one cycle faster than a 68020/68851 combo.

Motorola 68030: However, the 68030 can switch between synchronous and asynchronous buses without a reset.The 68030 also lacks some of the 68020's instructions, but it increases performance by ≈5% while reducing power draw by ≈25% compared to the 68020.The 68030 can be used with the 68020 bus, in which case its performance is similar to 68020 that it was derived from.

Motorola 68030: However, the 68030 provides an additional synchronous bus interface which, if used, accelerates memory accesses up to 33% compared to an equally clocked 68020.The finer manufacturing process allowed Motorola to scale the full-version processor to 50 MHz.The EC variety topped out at 40 MHz.

Motorola 68030: The 68030 was used in many models of the Apple Macintosh II and Commodore Amiga series of personal computers, NeXT Cube, later Alpha Microsystems multiuser systems, and some descendants of the Atari ST line such as the Atari TT and the Atari Falcon.It was also used in Unix workstations such as the Sun Microsystems Sun-3x line of desktop workstations (the earlier "sun3" used a 68020), laser printers and the Nortel Networks DMS-100 telephone central office switch.More recently, the 68030 core has also been adapted by Freescale into a microcontroller for embedded applications.

Motorola 68030: LeCroy has used the 68EC030 in certain models of their 9300 Series digital oscilloscopes including “C” suffix models and high performance 9300 Series models, along with the Mega Waveform Processing hardware option for 68020-based 9300 Series models.Hewlett-Packard's HP LaserJet 4 Laserjet 4 JetDirect network attach card uses a 68030 as its main processor.That card is a small UNIX system with something which to a system on the network behaves the same as the lpd daemon.

Motorola 68030: The 68EC030 is a low cost version of the 68030, the difference between the two being that the 68EC030 omits the on-chip memory management unit (MMU) and is thus essentially an upgraded 68020.The 68EC030 was used as the CPU for the low-cost model of the Amiga 4000, and on a number of CPU accelerator cards for the Commodore Amiga line of computers.It was also used in the Cisco Systems 2500 Series router, a small-to-medium enterprise computer internetworking appliance.

Motorola 68040: Motorola 68040 The Motorola 68040 (""sixty-eight-oh-forty"") is a 32-bit microprocessor from Motorola, released in 1990.It is the successor to the 68030 and is followed by the 68060.

Motorola 68040: There was no 68050.In keeping with general Motorola naming, the 68040 is often referred to as simply the '040 (pronounced "oh-four-oh" or "oh-forty").In Apple Macintosh computers, the 68040 was introduced in the Macintosh Quadra, which was named for the chip.

Motorola 68040: The fastest 68040 processor was clocked at 40 MHz and it was used only in the Quadra 840AV.The more expensive models in the (short-lived) Macintosh Centris line also used the 68040, while the cheaper Quadra, Centris and Macintosh Performa used the 68LC040.The 68040 was also used in other personal computers, such as the Amiga 4000 and Amiga 4000T, as well as a number of workstations, Alpha Microsystems servers, the HP 9000/400 series, and later versions of the NeXT computer.

Motorola 68040: The 68040 was the first 680x0 family member with an on-chip Floating-Point Unit (FPU).It thus included all of the functionality that previously required external chips, namely the FPU and Memory Management Unit (MMU), which was added in the 68030.It also had split instruction and data caches of 4 kilobytes each.

Motorola 68040: It was fully pipelined, with six stages.Unfortunately, the 68040 ran into the transistor budget limit early in design.While the MMU did not take many transistors—indeed, having it on the same die as the CPU actually saved on transistors—the FPU certainly did.

Motorola 68040: Motorola's 68882 external FPU was known as a very high performance unit and Motorola did not wish to risk integrators using the "LC" version with a 68882 instead of the more profitable full "RC" unit.(For information on Motorola's multiprocessing model with the 680x0 series, see Motorola 68020.)The FPU in the 68040 was thus made incapable of IEEE transcendental functions, which had been supported by both the 68881 and 68882 and were used by the popular fractal generating software of the time and little else.

Motorola 68040: The Motorola floating point support package (FPSP) emulated these instructions in software under interrupt.As this was an exception handler, heavy use of the transcendental functions caused severe performance penalties.Heat was always a problem throughout the 68040's life.

Motorola 68040: While it delivered over four times the per-clock performance of the 68020 and 68030, the chip's complexity and power requirements came from a large die and large caches.This affected the scaling of the processor and it was never able to run with a clock rate exceeding 40 MHz.A 50 MHz variant was planned, but canceled.

Motorola 68040: Overclocking enthusiasts reported success reaching 50 MHz using a 100 MHz oscillator instead of an 80 MHz part and the then novel technique of adding oversized heat sinks with fans.The 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486, but on a clock-for-clock basis could significantly outperform the Intel chip in integer and floating point instructions.However, the 80486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems.

Motorola 68040: In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the newer processor in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994.With PowerBooks being restricted to 68030s for several years, "Macworld" reviewers conceded that the best choice for power users was the PC-compatible Texas Instruments 80486 notebook, rather than the top-of-the-line PowerBook 180.Versions of the 68040 were created for specific market segments, including the 68LC040, which removed the FPU, and the 68EC040, which removed both the FPU and MMU.

Motorola 68040: Motorola had intended the EC variant for embedded use, but embedded processors during the 68040's time did not need the power of the 68040, so EC variants of the 68020 and 68030 continued to be common in designs.Motorola produced several speed grades.The 16 MHz and 20 MHz parts were never qualified (XC designation) and used as prototyping samples.

Motorola 68040: 25 MHz and 33 MHz grades featured across the whole line, but until around 2000 the 40 MHz grade was only for the "full" 68040.A planned 50 MHz grade was canceled after it exceeded the thermal design envelope.For more information on the instructions and architecture, see Motorola 68000.

Motorola 68040: The "68EC040" is a version of the Motorola 68040 microprocessor, intended for embedded controllers (EC).It differs from the 68040 in that it has neither an FPU nor an MMU.This makes it less expensive and it draws less power.

Motorola 68040: The 68EC040 was used in Cisco switch Supervisor Engine I that is the heart of models 2900, 2948G, 2980G, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500 and 7600.The "68LC040" is a "low cost" version of the Motorola 68040 microprocessor with no FPU.This makes it less expensive and it draws less power.

Motorola 68040: Although the CPU now fits into a feature chart more like the Motorola 68030, it continues to include the 68040's caches and pipeline and is thus significantly faster than the 68030.Some mask revisions of the 68LC040 contained a bug that prevents the chip from operating correctly when a software FPU emulator is used.According to Motorola's errata, any chip with a mask set 2E71M or later does not contain the bug.

Motorola 68040: This new mask was introduced in mid-1995 and converted the 68LC040 chip to MC status.The buggy revisions are typically found in 68LC040-based Apple Macintosh computers.Chips with mask set 2E23G (as used in the LC 475) have been confirmed to be faulty.

Motorola 68040: The fault relates to pending writes being lost when the F-line exception is triggered.The 68040 cannot update its microcode in the manner of modern x86 chips.This means that the only way to use software that requires floating-point functionality is to replace the buggy 68LC040 with a later revision, or a full 68040.

Motorola 68060: Motorola 68060 The Motorola 68060 (""sixty-eight-oh-sixty"") is a 32-bit microprocessor from Motorola released in 1994.It is the successor to the Motorola 68040 and is the highest performing member of the 68000 series.

Motorola 68060: Two derivatives were produced, the 68LC060 and the 68EC060.There is an LC (Low-Cost) version, without an FPU and EC (Embedded Controller), without MMU and FPU.The 68060 design was led by Joe Circello.

Motorola 68060: The 68060 shares most architectural features with the P5 Pentium.Both have a very similar superscalar in-order dual instruction pipeline configuration, and an instruction decoder which breaks down complex instructions into simpler ones before execution.However, a significant difference is that the 68060 FPU is not pipelined and is therefore up to three times slower than the Pentium in floating point applications.

Motorola 68060: In contrast to that, integer multiplications and bit shifting instructions are significantly faster on the 68060.The 68060 has the ability to execute simple instructions in the address generation unit (AGU) and thereby supply the result two cycles before the ALU.In the development of the 68060, large amounts of commercial compiled code were analyzed for clues as to which instructions would be the best candidates for performance optimization.

Motorola 68060: Against the Pentium, the 68060 can perform better on mixed code; Pentium's decoder cannot issue an FP instruction every opportunity and hence the FPU is not superscalar as the ALUs were.If the 68060's non-pipelined FPU can accept an instruction, it can be issued one by the decoder.This means that optimizing for the 68060 is easier: no rules prevent FP instructions from being issued whenever was convenient for the programmer other than well understood instruction latencies.

Motorola 68060: However, with properly optimized and scheduled code, the Pentium's FPU is capable of double the clock for clock throughput of the 68060's FPU.The 68060 is the last development of the 68000 family for general purpose use, abandoned in favor of the PowerPC chips.It saw use in some late-model Amiga machines and Amiga accelerator cards as well as some Atari ST clones and Falcon accelerator boards (CT60/CT63/CT60e, the latter of which was created in 2015), and very late models of the Alpha Microsystems multiuser computers before their migration to x86, but Apple Inc. and the Unix world had moved onto various RISC platforms by the time the 68060 was available.

Motorola 68060: The 68060 was introduced at 50 MHz on Motorola's 0.6 µm manufacturing process.A few years later it was shrunk to 0.42 µm and clock speed raised to 66 MHz and 75 MHz.Some users were managed to overclock rev6.

Motorola 68060: 68060 CPU-s up to 120 or 133 MHz.Developments of the basic core continue, intended for embedded systems.Here they are combined with a number of peripheral interfaces to reduce the overall complexity and power requirements of a design.

Motorola 68060: A number of chips, each with different sets of interfaces, are sold under the names ColdFire and DragonBall.Model numbers with even second-to-last digit (68000, 68020, 68040, 68060) were reserved for major revisions to the 680x0 core architecture.Model numbers with odd second-to-last digit (68010, 68030) were reserved for upgrades to the architecture of the previous chip.

Motorola 68060: No 68050 or 68070 was ever produced by Motorola.For example, the Motorola 68010 (and the obscure 68012) is a 68000 with improvements to the loop instruction and the ability to suspend then continue an instruction in the event of a page fault, enabling the use of virtual memory with the appropriate MMU hardware.There were, however, no major overhauls of the core architecture.

Motorola 68060: Similarly, the Motorola 68030 represents a process improvement on the 68020 with the MMU and a small data cache (256 bytes) moved on-chip.The 68030 was released in speed ratings up to 50 MHz.The jump from the 68000/68010 to the 68020/68030, however, represents a major overhaul, with innumerable individual changes.

Motorola 68060: By the time the 68060 was in production, Motorola had abandoned development of the 68000 family in favor of the PowerPC.The 68060 is the last 68000 family processor from Motorola.Signetics (Philips) produced a 68000-based variant that they somewhat confusingly named the 68070.

Motorola 68060: It contains a modestly-improved 68000 CPU, a simple on-chip MMU and an I²C bus controller.It came out long before the 68060 and was used principally as an embedded processor in some consumer electronics items, notably CD-i consoles.The 68060 has a history in American broadcast television graphics.

Motorola 68060: Chyron's , Max!, and Maxine!series of television character generators use the 68060 as the main processor.These character generators were a fixture on many American television networks' affiliate stations.

Motorola 68060: In desktops, the 68060 is used in some variants of the Amiga 4000T produced by Amiga Technologies, and available as a third party upgrade for other Amiga models.It is also used in the Amiga clone DraCo non-linear video system.The Q60 extended the Sinclair QL design similarly from the slowest start to the ultimate pace of the 68K architecture's capabilities; these 68060-based motherboards—at 66 MHz for the full 68060 or a non-FPU 68LC060 option overclocked to 80 MHz—are more than 100 times faster than the Sinclair QL while running the same operating systems.

Motorola 68060: The 68060 was used in Nortel Meridian 1 Option 51, 61 and 81 large office PBX systems, powering the CP3 and CP4 core processor boards.A pair of these boards each sporting a 68060 could be used to make the PBX fault tolerant.This was a logical application as previous Meridian 1 cores used other Motorola chips.

Motorola 68060: Nortel later changed the architecture to use Intel processors.The Motorola Vanguard 6560 multiprotocol router uses a 50 MHz 68EC060 processor.Motorola MVME-17x and Force Computer SYS68K VMEbus systems use a 68060 CPU.

Motorola 68060: The 68EC060 is a version of the Motorola 68060 microprocessor, intended for embedded controllers (EC).It differs from the 68060 in that it has neither an FPU nor an MMU.This makes it less expensive and it draws less power.

Motorola 68060: The 68LC060 is a low cost version of the Motorola 68060 microprocessor with no FPU.This makes it less expensive and it draws less power.ATC = Address Translation Cache

Motorola 6809: Motorola 6809 The Motorola 6809 (""sixty-eight-oh-nine"") is an 8-bit microprocessor CPU with some 16-bit features from Motorola.It was designed by Terry Ritter and Joel Boney and introduced in 1978.

Motorola 6809: It was a major advance over both its predecessor, the Motorola 6800, and the related MOS Technology 6502.Among the systems to use the 6809 are the TRS-80 Color Computer and Dragon 32/64 home computers, the Vectrex game system, and early 1980s arcade machines including "Star Wars", "Defender", "", "Joust", and "Gyruss".Series II of the Fairlight CMI digital audio workstation and Konami's "Time Pilot '84" arcade game each use dual 6809 processors.

Motorola 6809: Unlike the 6800 and 6502, the 6809 allows fully position-independent code and fully reentrant code in a simple and straightforward way.It was one of the first microprocessors with a hardware multiplication instruction, and it includes full 16-bit arithmetic and a fast interrupt system.Among the significant enhancements introduced in the 6809 are the use of two 8-bit accumulators (A and B, which can be combined into a single 16-bit register, D), two 16-bit index registers (X, Y) and two 16-bit stack pointers.

Motorola 6809: The index and stack registers allow advanced addressing modes.Program counter relative addressing allows for the easy creation of position-independent code, while a user stack pointer (U) facilitates reentrant code.The 6809 is assembler source-compatible with the 6800, though the 6800 has 78 instructions to the 6809's 59.

Motorola 6809: Some instructions were replaced by more general ones which the assembler translated into equivalent operations and some were even replaced by addressing modes.The instruction set and register complement were highly orthogonal, making the 6809 easier to program than the 6800 or 6502.Like the 6800, the 6809 includes an undocumented address bus test instruction which came to be nicknamed Halt and Catch Fire (HCF).

Motorola 6809: Unlike contemporary processors that often used a microcoded architecture (such as the 68000 and partly the 8086), the 6809's internal design was more similar to early simple CPU designs (and to some degree also the RISC machines that appeared in the mid 1970s and onwards).Like most 8-bit microprocessors, the 6809 implementation can in be viewed as a register-transfer level (RTL) machine, using a central PLA (less combinational logic) to implement much of the instruction decoding as well as parts of the sequencing.Just like the 6800 and 6502, the 6809 uses a two-phase clock to gate the latches.

Motorola 6809: This two phase clock cycle is used as a full machine cycle in these processors.Simple instructions can therefore execute in as little as two or three such cycles, although this also means that these cycles must be pretty slow.As a comparison, the higher resolution state machine of a CPU like the Z80 allows clock frequencies 3–5 times as high with the same speed memory chips, which was often the limiting factor.

Motorola 6809: This is because the Z80 combines two full (but short) clock cycles into a "relatively" long memory access period compared to the clock, while the more asynchronous 6809 instead has "relatively" short memory access times: depending on version and speed grade, approximately 40–60% of a single clock cycle is typically available for memory access in a 6800, 6502, or 6809.The 6809 has an internal two-phase clock generator (needing only an external crystal) whereas the 6809E needed an external clock generator.There were also variants such as the 68A09(E) and 68B09(E); the internal letter indicates the processor's rated clock speed.

Motorola 6809: A key aspect of the 6809 design is a series of built-in features to allow position-independent code.This came about because the design team believed that future system integrators would look to off-the-shelf code in ROMs to handle common tasks.Libraries of common routines like floating point arithmetic, graphics primitives, Lempel-Ziv (LZ77 and LZ78) and so forth would be available for integrators to license, combine together along with their own code, and burn to ROM.