Datasets:

Brizape

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amia_split_0404_dev

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[ "Overexpression", "of", "fatty", "acid", "synthase", "(FASN),", "a", "key", "enzyme", "for", "de", "novo", "lipogenesis,", "is", "observed", "in", "many", "cancers", "including", "colorectal", "cancer", "and", "is", "associated", "with", "poor", "clinical", "outcomes.", "Cellular", "FASN", "expression", "is", "physiologically", "upregulated", "in", "a", "state", "of", "energy", "excess.", "Obesity", "and", "excess", "energy", "balance", "have", "been", "known", "to", "be", "risk", "factors", "for", "colorectal", "cancer.", "High", "degree", "of", "microsatellite", "instability", "(MSI-H)", "is", "a", "distinct", "phenotype", "in", "colorectal", "cancer,", "associated", "with", "CpG", "island", "methylator", "phenotype", "(CIMP).", "Previous", "data", "suggest", "that", "obesity", "or", "altered", "energy", "balance", "may", "potentially", "modify", "risks", "for", "MSI-H", "cancers", "and", "microsatellite", "stable", "(MSS)", "cancers", "differently.", "However,", "the", "relationship", "between", "MSI", "and", "FASN", "overexpression", "has", "not", "been", "investigated.", "Using", "976", "cases", "of", "population-based", "colorectal", "cancer", "samples", "from", "2", "large", "prospective", "cohort", "studies,", "we", "correlated", "FASN", "expression", "(by", "immunohistochemistry)", "with", "MSI,", "KRAS", "and", "BRAF", "mutations,", "p53", "expression", "(by", "immunohistochemistry),", "and", "CIMP", "status", "[determined", "by", "MethyLight", "for", "8", "CIMP-specific", "gene", "promoters", "including", "CACNA1G,", "CDKN2A", "(p16),", "CRABP1,", "IGF2,", "MLH1,", "NEUROG1,", "RUNX3,", "and", "SOCS1", "fatty", "acid", "synthase", "microsatellite", "instability", ",", "independent", "of", "CpG", "island", "methylator", "phenotype." ]

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[ "Carcinogenesis", "is", "a", "multistage", "process", "that", "has", "been", "characterized", "both", "by", "the", "activation", "of", "cellular", "oncogenes", "and", "by", "the", "loss", "of", "function", "of", "tumor", "suppressor", "genes.", "Colorectal", "cancer", "has", "been", "associated", "with", "the", "activation", "of", "ras", "oncogenes", "and", "with", "the", "deletion", "of", "multiple", "chromosomal", "regions", "including", "chromosomes", "5q,", "17p,", "and", "18q.", "Such", "chromosome", "loss", "is", "often", "suggestive", "of", "the", "deletion", "or", "loss", "of", "function", "of", "tumor", "suppressor", "genes.", "The", "candidate", "tumor", "suppressor", "genes", "from", "these", "regions", "are,", "respectively,", "MCC", "and/or", "APC,", "p53,", "and", "DCC.", "In", "order", "to", "further", "our", "understanding", "of", "the", "molecular", "and", "genetic", "mechanisms", "involved", "in", "tumor", "progression", "and,", "thereby,", "of", "normal", "cell", "growth,", "it", "is", "important", "to", "determine", "whether", "defects", "in", "one", "or", "more", "of", "these", "loci", "contribute", "functionally", "in", "the", "progression", "to", "malignancy", "in", "colorectal", "cancer", "and", "whether", "correction", "of", "any", "of", "these", "defects", "restores", "normal", "growth", "control", "in", "vitro", "and", "in", "vivo.", "To", "address", "this", "question,", "we", "have", "utilized", "the", "technique", "of", "microcell-mediated", "chromosome", "transfer", "to", "introduce", "normal", "human", "chromosomes", "5,", "17,", "and", "18", "individually", "into", "recipient", "colorectal", "cancer", "cells.", "Additionally,", "chromosome", "15", "was", "introduced", "into", "SW480", "cells", "as", "an", "irrelevant", "control", "chromosome.", "While", "the", "introduction", "of", "chromosome", "17", "chromosome", "15", "chromosomes", "5q,", "17p,", "and", "18q", ".", "Such", "chromosome", "loss", "is", "often", "suggestive", "of", "the", "deletion", "or", "loss", "of", "function", "of", "tumor", "suppressor", "genes.", "The", "candidate", "tumor", "suppressor", "genes", "from", "these", "regions", "are,", "respectively,", "MCC", "and/or", "APC,", "p53,", "and", "DCC.", "In", "order", "to", "further", "our", "understanding", "of", "the", "molecular", "and", "genetic", "mechanisms", "involved", "in", "tumor", "progression", "and,", "thereby,", "of", "normal", "cell", "growth,", "it", "is", "important", "to", "determine", "whether", "defects", "in", "one", "or", "more", "of", "these", "loci", "contribute", "functionally", "in", "the", "progression", "to", "malignancy", "in", "colorectal", "cancer", "and", "whether", "correction", "of", "any", "of", "these", "defects", "restores", "normal", "growth", "control", "in", "vitro", "and", "in", "vivo.", "To", "address", "this", "question,", "we", "have", "utilized", "the", "technique", "of", "microcell-mediated", "chromosome", "transfer", "to", "introduce", "normal", "human", "chromosomes", "5,", "17,", "and", "18", "individually", "into", "recipient", "colorectal", "cancer", "cells.", "Additionally,", "chromosome", "15", "was", "introduced", "into", "SW480", "cells", "as", "an", "irrelevant", "control", "chromosome.", "While", "the", "introduction", "of", "chromosome", "17", "into", "the", "tumorigenic", "colorectal", "cell", "line", "SW480", "yielded", "no", "viable", "clones,", "cell", "lines", "were", "established", "after", "the", "introduction", "of", "chromosomes", "15,", "5,", "and", "18.", "Hybrids", "containing", "chromosome", "18", "are", "morphologically", "similar", "to", "the", "parental", "line,", "whereas", "those", "containing", "chromosome", "5", "are", "morphologically", "distinct", "from", "the", "parental", "cell", "line,", "being", "small,", "polygonal,", "and", "tightly", "packed.", "SW480-chromosome", "5", "hybrids", "are", "strongly", "suppressed", "for", "tumorigenicity,", "while", "SW480-chromosome", "18", "hybrids", "produce", "slowly", "growing", "tumors", "in", "some", "of", "the", "animals", "injected.", "Hybrids", "containing", "the", "introduced", "chromosome", "18", "but", "was", "significantly", "reduced", "in", "several", "of", "the", "tumor", "reconstitute", "cell", "lines.", "Introduction", "of", "chromosome", "5", "had", "little", "to", "no", "effect", "on", "responsiveness,", "whereas", "transfer", "ot", "chromosome", "18", "restored", "responsiveness", "to", "some", "degree.", "Our", "findings", "indicate", "that", "while", "multiple", "defects", "in", "tumor", "suppressor", "genes", "seem", "to", "be", "required", "for", "progression", "to", "the", "malignant", "state", "in", "colorectal", "cancer,", "correction", "of", "only", "a", "single", "defect", " ", "can", "have", "significant", "effects", "in", "vivo", "and/or", "in", "vitro." ]

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[]

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[ "##", "DESIGN" ]

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[ "Marfan-like", "habitus", "and", "familial", "adenomatous", "polyposis", "in", "two", "unrelated", "males:", "a", "significant", "association?" ]

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[ "##", "MATERIAL", "AND", "METHODS" ]

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[]

[]

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[ "##", "CONCLUSIONS" ]

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[ "##", "CONCLUSIONS" ]

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[ "##", "RESULTS" ]

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[ "##", "RESULTS" ]

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[ "##", "CONCLUSIONS" ]

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[ "##", "MEASUREMENTS" ]

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[ "Decision", "about", "a", "cancer", "prevention", "strategy", "at", "the", "time", "of", "a", "positive", "result", "on", "genetic", "testing." ]

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[ "RER-positive", "phenotypes", "were", "found", "in", "17", "(22.1%)", "of", "77", "cases.", "In", "young", "patients", "(under", "40", "years)", "RER-positive", "phenotype", "was", "found", "in", "9", "(22.5%)", "of", "40", "cases,", "and", "in", "elderly", "patients", "8", "(21.6%)", "of", "37", "cases.", "Moderately", "differentiated", "carcinoma", "revealed", "a", "significantly", "high", "frequency", "of", "RER-positive", "phenotype", "than", "well", "differentiated", "carcinoma(p", "<", "0.001).", "Tumors", "arising", "from", "the", "middle", "third", "(p", "<", "0.001)", "or", "lower", "third", "(p", "<", "0.001)", "revealed", "higher", "frequency", "of", "RER-positive", "phenotype", "than", "the", "tumors", "arising", "from", "the", "upper", "third", "of", "the", "stomach.", "The", "RER-positive", "phenotype", "was", "not", "significantly", "affected", "by", "the", "sex,", "histologic", "type", "or", "stage", "of", "carcinoma." ]

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[ "##", "MATERIALS", "AND", "METHODS" ]

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[ "##", "METHODS", "AND", "RESULTS" ]

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[ "Colorectal", "cancer", "in", "HNPCC:", "cumulative", "lifetime", "incidence,", "survival", "and", "tumour", "distribution.", "A", "report", "of", "121", "families", "with", "proven", "mutations." ]

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[ "##", "RESULTS" ]

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[ "We", "genotyped", "seven", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "(SNPs)", "from", "seven", "genes.", "We", "selected", "588", "patients", "with", "gastric", "cancer", "and", "449", "with", "colorectal", "cancer,", "along", "with", "703", "healthy", "controls.", "All", "these", "SNPs", "were", "evaluated", "using", "the", "χ²", "test", "and", "genetic", "model", "analysis." ]

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[ ":", "To", "derive", "a", "more", "precise", "estimation", "of", "the", "prognostic", "significance", "of", "K-ras", " ", "gene", "mutations", ",", "a", "systematic", "review", "and", "meta-analysis", "were", "performed." ]

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[ "A", "hospital-based", "case-control", "study", "of", "440", "CRC", "patients", "and", "800", "cancer-free", "controls", "was", "conducted.", "Personal", "information", "was", "collected", "by", "a", "Semi-Quantitative", "Food", "Frequency", "Questionnaire.", "The", "tagSNPs", "were", "screened", "in", "the", "HapMap", "with", "Haploview", "by", "setting", "the", "minor", "allele", "frequency", "at", "0.03", "with", "the", "highest", "score", "of", "r(2)", "form", "each", "block.", "Genotypes", "were", "identified", "by", "using", "the", "SNPLex", "System.", "Both", "crude", "and", "adjusted", "odds", "ratio", "(OR)", "and", "95%", "confidence", "interval", "(CI)", "were", "used", "to", "evaluate", "the", "risk", "of", "each", "SNP." ]

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[ ":", "The", "effect", "of", "K-ras", " ", "gene", "mutations", " ", "on", "the", "overall", "survival", "was", "measured", "by", "the", "HR", "and", "95%", "CIs." ]

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[ "Familial", "adenomatous", "polyposis", "(FAP)", "and", "Peutz-Jeghers", "syndrome", "are", "genetic", "diseases", "characterized", "by", "gastrointestinal", "polyps,", "extraintestinal", "manifestations,", "and", "autosomal", "dominant", "inheritance.", "The", "carriers", "of", "these", "diseases", "from", "early", "childhood", "are", "at", "risk", "for", "neoplasias", "at", "different", "sites,", "which", "are", "symptomatic", "at", "various", "ages." ]

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[ "From", "genomic", "DNA,", "114", "British", "Caucasians", "(49", "colorectal", "cancer", "cases", "and", "65", "controls)", "were", "genotyped", "for", "the", "CYP1A2", "polymorphisms", "-3858G-->A", "(allele", "CYP1A2*1C),", "-2464T-->delT", "(CYP1A2*1D),", "-740T-->G", "(CYP1A2*1E", "and", "*1G),", "-164A-->C", "(CYP1A2*1F),", "63C-->G", "(CYP1A2*2),", "and", "1545T-->C", "(alleles", "CYP1A2*1B,", "*1G,", "*1H", "and", "*3),", "using", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction-restriction", "fragment", "length", "polymorphism", "assays.", "All", "patients", "and", "controls", "were", "phenotyped", "for", "CYP1A2", "by", "h.p.l.c.", "analysis", "of", "urinary", "caffeine", "metabolites." ]

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[ "##", "RESULTS" ]

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[ "The", "BRAF", "gene", "encodes", "a", "serine/threonine", "kinase", "and", "plays", "an", "important", "role", "in", "the", "mitogen-activated", "protein", "kinase", "signaling", "pathway.", "BRAF", "mutations", "in", "sporadic", "colorectal", "cancer", "with", "microsatellite", "instability", "(MSI)", "are", "more", "frequently", "detected", "than", "those", "in", "microsatellite", "stable", "cancer.", "In", "this", "study,", "we", "sought", "to", "compare", "the", "frequencies", "of", "BRAF", "mutations", "in", "sporadic", "colorectal", "cancer", "with", "MSI", "with", "those", "in", "hereditary", "nonpolyposis", "colorectal", "cancer", "(HNPCC)." ]

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[ "Gastric", "and", "colorectal", "cancers", "have", "a", "major", "impact", "on", "public", "health,", "and", "are", "the", "most", "common", "malignant", "tumors", "in", "China.", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "research", "was", "to", "study", "whether", "polymorphisms", " ", "of", "CHCHD3P1-HSP90AB7P", ",", "GRID1,", "HSPA12A,", "PRLHR,", "SBF2,", "POLD3", "and", "C11orf93-C11orf92", "genes", "are", "associated", "with", "the", "risk", "of", "gastric", "and", "colorectal", "cancers", "in", "the", "Chinese", "Han", "population." ]

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[ "Predictive", "carrier", "testing", "for", "the", "inherited", "disorder", "of", "familial", "adenomatous", "polyposis", "(FAP)", "can", "be", "conducted", "using", "DNA", "markers", "linked", "to", "the", "FAP", "locus", ".", "The", "presence", "of", "characteristic", "hypertrophic", "retinal", "lesions", "has", "been", "advocated", "as", "useful", "biomarkers", "for", "FAP.", "We", "have", "compared", "molecular", "linkage", "and", "retinal", "screening", "techniques", "by", "evaluating", "the", "presymptomatic", "carrier", "risk", "of", "40", "at-risk", "individuals", "from", "15", "FAP", "families.", "Linkage", "analysis", "was", "informative", "in", "all", "and", "retinal", "lesion", "analysis", "in", "25", "cases.", "For", "informative", "at-risk", "population,", "predictive", "diagnosis", "by", "both", "techniques", "was", "completely", "concordant", "and", "identified", "15", "members", "at", "\"high\"", "and", "10", "at", "\"low\"", "risk", "of", "inheriting", "FAP.", "Because", "of", "the", "unique", "advantages", "offered", "by", "each", "technique,", "a", "strategy", "integrating", "both", "techniques", "will", "increase", "the", "number", "of", "FAP", "families", "that", "can", "be", "screened", "presymptomatically.", "Identification", "of", "individuals", "at", "high", "risk", "of", "polyposis", "will", "improve", "their", "clinical", "surveillance", "and", "further", "reduce", "the", "incidence", "of", "colorectal", "cancer", "in", "FAP", "families." ]

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[ "Endometrial", "cancer", "patients", "(N", "=", "58),", "who", "were", "diagnosed", "at", "less", "than", "50", "years", "of", "age,", "were", "included", "and", "questioned", "about", "their", "family", "history.", "Mutation", "analysis", "of", "the", "MLH1", ",", "MSH2", ",", "and", "MSH6", " ", "genes", "was", "performed", "(denaturing", "gradient", "gel", "electrophoresis", "and", "sequence", "analysis", "to", "detect", "small", "mutations", "and", "multiplex", "ligation-dependent", "probe", "amplification", "to", "detect", "large", "deletions", "or", "duplications).", "For", "MSI", "analysis,", "five", "consensus", "markers", "were", "used,", "and", "immunostaining", "of", "the", "three", "MMR", "proteins", "was", "performed." ]

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[ "##", "CONCLUSIONS" ]

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[]

[]

[ "##", "RESULTS" ]

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[ "Of", "208", "cases,", "91", "cases", "of", "K-ras", "gene", "mutation", "were", "detected.", "The", "12", "or", "13", "codon", "had", "a", "mutation", "rate", "of", "43.8%.", "There", "were", "no", "significant", "differences", "in", "gender,", "tumor", "location,", "histopathological", "grading", "and", "Duke's", "stage", "between", "the", "wild", "and", "mutated", "groups." ]

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[ "We", "evaluated", "the", "incidence", "of", "rectal", "cancer", "in", "polyposis", "patients", "who", "had", "undergone", "IRA,", "and", "examined", "whether", "the", "requirement", "for", "subsequent", "rectal", "excision", "because", "of", "cancer", "or", "uncontrollable", "polyps", "was", "related", "to", "the", "site", "of", "mutation." ]

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[ "Cellular", "genetic", "makeup", "(K-Ras-/p53-)", "was", "not", "likely", "to", "impose", "limitations", "on", "targeting", "EA", "in", "treatment", "of", "colon", "cancer.", "EA", "had", "a", "multi-disciplinary", "pro-apoptotic", "anti-proliferative", "approach,", "having", "inhibited", "Akt", "phosphorylation,", "induced", "cell", "cycle", "arrest", "and", "showed", "an", "anti-proliferative", "potential", "in", "HCT-116", "cells", "(expressing", "mutant", "K-Ras", "mutations", " ", "have", "been", "reported", "in", "about", "40%", "of", "colorectal", "cancer", "patients.", "These", "mutations", "have", "always", "been", "responsible", "for", "enhancing", "malignancy", "and", "silencing", "them", "is", "associated", "with", "attenuation", "of", "tumorigenicity.", "Among", "downstream", "effectors", "are", "the", "RAF/MEK/ERK", "and", "the", "PI3K/Akt", "signaling", "pathways.", "PI3K/Akt", "signaling", "leads", "to", "reduction", "of", "apoptosis,", "stimulated", "cell", "growth", "and", "enhanced", "proliferation.", "Ellagic", "acid", "(EA),", "a", "naturally", "occurring", "antioxidant,", "has", "recently", "emerged", "as", "a", "promising", "anti-cancer", "agent." ]

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[ "##", "METHODS" ]

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[ "Nuclear", "DNA", "content", "was", "measured", "in", "72", "colorectal", "carcinomas", "using", "single-cell", "microspectrophotometry", "on", "Feulgen-stained", "smears.", "Four", "samples", "were", "analyzed", "from", "each", "tumor.", "Patients", "were", "followed", "for", "41-65", "months", "(average,", "53).", "DNA", "heterogeneity", "(both", "aneuploid", "and", "nonaneuploid", "patterns)", "was", "present", "in", "44%", "of", "the", "cases.", "Sixty-eight", "percent", "of", "the", "tumors", "showed", "an", "aneuploid", "DNA", "pattern", "in", "at", "least", "one", "of", "the", "samples.", "Patients", "with", "nonaneuploid", " ", "tumors", "tended", "to", "have", "a", "survival", "advantage", "over", "patients", "with", "homogeneously", "aneuploid", "tumors", "and", "demonstrated", "a", "significantly", "longer", "disease-free", "survival.", "The", "DNA", "ploidy", "pattern", "is", "of", "potential", "value", "in", "conjunction", "with", "histopathologic", "prognostic", "parameters", "in", "colorectal", "carcinoma.", "Since", "colorectal", "tumors", "exhibit", "pronounced", "DNA", "heterogeneity", ",", "multiple", "samples", "are", "required", "from", "each", "tumor", "to", "permit", "a", "proper", "evaluation", "of", "its", "DNA", "pattern.", "The", "DNA", "heterogeneity", "DNA", "heterogeneity", " ", "(both", "aneuploid", "and", "nonaneuploid", "aneuploid", " ", "and", "nonaneuploid", "patterns)", "was", "present", "in", "44%", "of", "the", "cases.", "Sixty-eight", "percent", "of", "the", "tumors", "showed", "an", "aneuploid", " ", "DNA", "pattern", "in", "at", "least", "one", "of", "the", "samples.", "Patients", "with", "nonaneuploid", "tumors", "tended", "to", "have", "a", "survival", "advantage", "over", "patients", "with", "homogeneously", "aneuploid", "DNA", "ploidy", "pattern", " ", "and", "prognosis", "with", "reference", "to", "tumor", "DNA", "heterogeneity", "." ]

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[ "We", "evaluated", "the", "association", "between", "the", "BRAF", "c.1799T>A", "(p.V600E)", "mutation", "and", "survival", "in", "individuals", "with", "incident", "invasive", "CRC", "diagnosed", "between", "1997", "and", "2007", "in", "Western", "Washington", "State.", "Tumor", "specimens", "were", "tested", "for", "this", "BRAF", "mutation", "and", "MSI", "status.", "We", "used", "Cox", "regression", "to", "estimate", "HRs", "and", "95%", "confidence", "intervals", "(CI)", "for", "the", "association", "between", "BRAF", "mutation", "status", "and", "disease-specific", "and", "overall", "survival.", "Stratified", "analyses", "were", "conducted", "by", "age,", "sex,", "tumor", "site,", "stage,", "and", "MSI", "status." ]

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[ "##", "CONCLUSIONS" ]

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